Geology, geomorphology and the lithosphere Books

Book SynopsisThis book is of interest to all of you willing to gain perspective both in time and in depth about the global environmental crises we are facing in the Anthropocene as well as pondering potential solutions. Humans are dominating the Earth’s environment and causing global changes in the most recent geologic time called the Anthropocene. Global changes are caused by both natural events like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans like global warming and pollution of air, water, and soil. The author documents all types of global changes, beyond climate change, pointing out the risks for humanity when all these changes combine in time. Hans Nelson describes global changes while traveling through an earth scientist’s 60-year global journey. Throughout his memoirs, the author provides many humorous examples of adventures taking place during the scientific studies on land and at sea. He makes suggestions for a sustainable planet and shows that humans worldwide in the past, and can in the future, work together on solutions for global change problems. Students can use this book to learn about the many aspects of global change and methods that marine geologists use to obtain data on geologic hazards, resources, and environmental changes.Table of ContentsPREFACE INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE CHAPTER 1 GLOBAL WARMING PATTERNS PROVIDING EVIDENCE FOR GLOBAL WARMING Increased CO2 and CH4 in the atmosphere and warming climate Ocean acidification from increased absorbtion of atmospheric CO2 Rising ocean temperatures and sea levels Diminishing polar ice, mountain glaciers, permafrost and gas hydrates 16 record breaking air temperatures of the past 136 years since 2001 More intense extreme weather events e.g hurricanes, droughts, wildfires Increasing animal extinction rates CHAPTER 2 MY GLOBAL CHANGE STUDIESMY EARLY ADVENTURES RELATED TO POSSIBLE GLOBAL CHANGE MY FIRST SCIENTIFIC LESSONS FOR GLOBAL CHANGE UNIVERSITY LESSONS FOR GLOBAL CHANGE MASTERS DEGREE LESSONS FOR GLOBAL CHANGE ADVENTURES WHILE STUDYING CRATER LAKE PhD GRADUATE SCHOOL LESSONS FOR GLOBAL CHANGE ADVENTURES DURING PhD STUDIES WORLDWIDE INTRODUCTION TO GLOBAL CHANGE FIRST USGS LESSONS IN ALASKAN GLOBAL CHANGE LOOKING FOR GOLD RESOURCES IN OFFSHORE ALASKA 1960s ALASKAN ADVENTURES EARLY 1970s RESOURCE & ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES IN ALASKA EARLY 1970s ALASKAN ADVENTURES ALASKAN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS IN 1976 1976 ALASKAN ADVENTURES ALASKAN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS IN 1977 1977 ALASKAN ANDVENTURES 1978 AND 1980 ALASKAN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS 1978 ALASKAN ANDVENTURES POTENTIAL VOLCANIC HAZARDS IN CRATER LAKE, OREGON CRATER LAKE ADVENTURES HOW POLITICS AFFECTS GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH GLOBAL CHANGE RELATED TO MARINE MAMMALS IN ALASKA GLOBAL CHANGE EFFECTS ON WALRUS GLOBAL CHANGE LESSONS FROM SPANISH STUDIES IN THE 1980s RESOURCE AND GLOBAL CHANGE LESSONS IN GULF OF MEXICO GULF OF MEXICO ANVENTURES AND GLOBAL CHANGE HAZARDS RESOURCE AND GLOBAL CHANGE LESSONS IN LAKE BAIKAL LAKE BAIKAL ADVENTURES AND GLOBAL CHANGE LESSONS VAR & CORSICA HUMAN & NATURAL GLOBAL CHANGE LESSONS ANTARCTIC ADVENTURES IN A NATURAL LANDSCAPE GLOBAL CHANGES RELATED TO EARTHQUAKES GLOBAL CHANGE STUDIES IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM GLOBAL CHANGE LESSONS AND A SUSTAINABLE PLANET CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL CHANGE AND EARTH SUSTAINABILITY Introduction Energy The energy future Clean air Potable or safe drinking water Arable soil or farmland Radioactive global contamination of air, water and soil Ocean fisheries, coastal habitats and pollution Population control Lake Tanganyika, an example of combined global change Education as a solution for global sustainability Summary for earth sustainability TAKE HOME POINTS FOR A SUSTAINABLE PLANET FINAL WORD ON GLOBAL WARMING MESSAGE TO GLOBAL WARMING DENIERS AND SKEPTICS POSITIVE SIGNS FOR FUTURE SOLUTIONS TO GLOBAL CHANGE INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS AND COOPERATION NATIONAL AND LOCAL AGREEMENTS TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION IMPROVEMENTS FOR HUMAN-CAUSED AND NATURAL GLOBAL CHANGE 178 IMPROVED MEDIA COVERAGE FOR GLOBAL CHANGE GLOBAL CHANGE AND THE FUTURE FOR HUMANS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES CITED ADDITIONAL READING

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Book SynopsisThis book delivers the present state-of-the-art of scientific characteristics of the unique Ciomadul volcano (Romania, East-Central Europe) from as many aspects as possible.. Multidisciplinary research results obtained on this geologically young volcanic complex are presented to a wider audience (geologists, volcanologists, botanists, archaeologists, historians and teachers). Moreover, the book provides information at a general level for interested laypersons and decision-makers. The first part of the book, after summarizing the research history of Ciomadul, presents the details of the volcanism and related topics (volcanology, geology, landscape evolution, minerals, post-volcanic activity and spa culture) in eight chapters; the second part deals with the palaeo-environmental issues of the larger area, along with human history, in nine chapters.Table of ContentsForeword (Dávid Karátson) Acknowledgements (Dávid Karátson, Daniel Veres, Ralf Gertisser, Enikő Magyari, Csaba Jánosi, Ulrich Hambach) Part I 1 History of Research: Geoscientific Exploration of Ciomadul Hills (Csaba Jánosi, Dávid Karátson, Ferenc Wanek) 2 Introduction to the Tectonic Evolution of the South-East Carpathians (Liviu Matenco) 3 Evolution of the Ciomadul Volcanic Field – Lava Domes and Explosive Eruptions (Dávid Karátson, Daniel Veres, Pierre Lahitte, Tamás Telbisz, Sabine Wulf, Ralf Gertisser, Stéphane Dibacto, Enikő Magyari, Ágnes Novothny, Csaba Jánosi) 4 Petrology of Ciomadul volcano: the rock record (Alexandru Szakács, Ágnes Gál) 5 Gone with the Wind: Dispersal of Ciomadul Tephra (Sabine Wulf, Daniel Veres, Ralf Gertisser, Ulrich Hambach, Enikő K. Magyari, Dávid Karátson) 6 Paleogeography of Syn- and Post-Eruptive Landscape Evolution around Ciomadul (Daniel Veres, Dávid Karátson, Sabine Wulf, Ulrich Hambach, Ágnes Novothny, Ralf Gertisser, Enikő Magyari6, Frank Lehmkuhl) 7 Ciomadul Volcano: Dormant or Extinct? (Alexandru Szakács) 8 Minerals, Mofettas, Mineral Waters and Spa Culture at Ciomadul (Csaba Jánosi, Sándor Szakáll, Boglárka-Mercédesz Kis, Ferenc Kristály, Szabolcs Harangi, Éva Péter) Part II 9 Paleoenvironmental Changes during the Last Glacial Period in the Ciomadul Hills (Enikő Magyari, Ildikó Vincze, Mónika Tóth, Katalin Hubay, Daniel Veres, Aritina Hialiuc, Mihály Molnár, Gusztáv Jakab, Mihály Braun, Frank Schäbitz, István Máthé, Krisztina Buczkó) 10 Limnological Changes in Lake Sf. Ana (Krisztina Buczkó, János Korponai, István Máthé, Gusztáv Jakab, Mónika Tóth, Mihály Braun, Éva Ács, Dávid Karátson, Enikő Magyari) 11 Vegetation History and Human Impact in the Ciomadul Area during the Holocene (Ioan Tanţău1, Roxana Grindean2, Enikő Magyari) 12 Hydroclimate Variability and Pollution History of the Mohoș Peatbog (Jack Longman, Daniel Veres, Aritina Haliuc, Vasile Ersek) 13 Modern Flora and Fauna of the Ciomadul Region (Zoltán-Róbert Para, Krisztina Tóth) 14 The Paleolithic in the Karst Aarea of Vârghiș (Vargyas) Gorges (Marian Cosac, Daniel Veres, Loredana Niţă, George Murătoreanu, ştefan Vasile, Valentin Dumitraşcu, Alexandru Petculescu, Dan Lucian Buzea) 15 Prehistory of the Ciomadul Region from the Neolithic to the Late Iron Age (Sándor-József Sztáncsuj, József Puskás) 16 Migration period and Medieval History of the Ciomadul Region (István Botár) 17 Landscape History, Land Use, and Tourism of the Ciomadul–Balvanyos Region (Ágnes Herzeg, Levente Dósa, Péter Szmolka)

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Book SynopsisWhat motivates a scientist? One key factor is the pressure from the competition to be the first to discover something new. The moral consequences of this are the subject of the play "Oxygen", dealing with the discovery of this all-important element. The focus of the play is on chemical and political revolutions, as well as the Nobel Prize, which will be awarded for the 100th time in 2001. The action takes place in 1777 and 2001; and the play is written for 3 actors and 3 actresses who play a total of 11 characters. The world premiere will take place in early 2001 in San Diego, and the German premiere in September. The world-famous authors Carl Djerassi and Roald Hoffmann are a guarantee of excellence and suspense, both in their role as scientists -- Carl Djerassi is known as the "Father of the Pill" while Roald Hoffmann received the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1982 - as well as in their role as authors -- Djerassi has written several successful novels, while Hoffmann is renowned for his poetry.Trade ReviewPart of a feature story on Carl Djerassi: "It is 50 years since Carl Djerassi invented the contraceptive pill... and changed human behaviour for good. He has not stood still since... His latest work... a play called... "Oxygen"... examines the nature of achievement and accolades." (The Economist Technology Quarterly, June 23, 2001) Part of the information regarding the ACS meeting on the editor's page: "If you are one of those lucky chemists going to San Diego, be sure to... see on of the performances of the world premiere of "Oxygen"... If you're not coming,... you might want to read the play, which is being published by Wiley-VCH." (Chemical and Engineering News, March 5, 2001) "...the mere existence of the play is to be applauded, and the authors congratulated." (Education in Chemistry, November 2001) "The play works very well." (The Lancet, 17 November 2001) "Oxygen is an important stage in the move towards a more inclusive form of education and plays testimony to the power of theatre to open up the possibility of an interdisciplinary way of viewing the world." (Irish Times, 23 November 2001) As the play's cover notes declare, 'the ethical issues around priority and discovery at the heart of this play are as timely today as they were in 1777'...Harold Varmus, Nobel Prize in Medicine, comments ‘With wit, scholarship, and stage craftsmanship, Oxygen shows us how much scientists have learned about the world and how little they have changed.'" (Advanced Materials & Processes, July 2001) "The book of the play is stylishly produced.... If you have not seen the play, I thoroughly commend the book to you." (Interdisciplinary Science Review, Vol.27, No.1, 2002) "...We give Oxygen, an enjoyable, engrossing, and above all provocative and thought-provoking play and enthusiastic two thumbs up."(The Chemical Educator, Vol.8, No.2, 2003)Table of ContentsBy the same Authors. Foreword. Production History. Cast of Characters. Scene 1. Intermezzo 1. Scene 2. Intermezzo 2. Scene 3. Scene 4. Intermezzo 3. Scene 5. Scene 6. Scene 7. Scene 8. Scene 9. Intermezzo 4. Scene 10. Intermezzo 5. Scene 11. Scene 12. Acknowledgments.

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Book SynopsisTopics covered: Geochemical record of terrestrial environmental change, and global geochemical cycles; Chemical weathering and climate, river catchment studies; Environmental geochemistry of the terrestrial environment and its effect on health; Organic geochemistry; Marine and sedimentary geochemistry; Mineralogy, microbes and chemistry of weathering; Geochemical thermodynamics and kinetics; Geochemistry of crustal fluids and of catastrophic events.

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"This is an ambitious little field guide, which aims to allow amateurs to identify basic rocks and rock formations, for the first time, in a systematic way."---Jon Trevelyan, Deposits Magazine"The book . . . gives any amateur geologist a genuine opportunity to identify rock types out in the field."---David Swales, British Naturalists Association

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Book SynopsisWest Somerset is an area of great geological diversity, straddling the TeesExe Line between highland and lowland Britain. The story of the last 400 million years of Earth history can be gleaned from its rocks: the opening and closing of oceans, the collision of continents and a journey across the Equator. The area may also provide the key to settle the controversy about the origin of South-West England, whose ancient geology is so different from the rest of the country. This unique and diverse geology is also the reason why it is one of the most beautiful and varied stretches of landscape in England. With nearly 170 illustrations, including maps, charts, diagrams and colour photographs, this book describes and explains the evidence for the geological history of the area, from the Palaeozoic, through the Mesozoic to the Pleistocene and Holocene. Regional guides, which discuss the factors that led to the landscape we see today and offer places of interest to visit, cover: the Northern B

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Book SynopsisExplains why an awareness of Earth's temporal rhythms is critical to planetary survival and offers suggestions for how to create a more time-literate society.Trade Review"Shortlisted for the Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science, Phi Beta Kappa Society""Finalist for the 2019 Los Angeles Times Book Prize in Science & Technology""Winner of the 2019 PROSE Award in Popular Science & Popular Mathematics, Association of American Publishers""Longlisted for the 2019 PEN/E.O. Wilson Prize for Literary Science Writing Award, PEN American Center""One of EcoLit Books' Best Environmental Books of 2018""A Choice Outstanding Academic Title of the Year""[Timefulness is] a profound meditation on the richness, depth and entanglements of geologic time . . . elegantly condensing the landmark tomes of geology, from James Hutton’s Theory of the Earth . . . to John McPhee’s Annals of the Former World."---Robert M. Thorson, Wall Street Journal"In this trenchant study, Bjornerud calls for a new geological literacy to instill deeper knowledge of planetary rhythms and processes."---Barbara Kiser, Nature"Timefulness is a delightful and interesting read. The author’s cadence and the illustrator’s aforementioned figures made me feel as though I was having a glass of wine with a friend who was explaining geologic history while sketching on a napkin."---David R. Wunsch, Science"With Timefulness . . . [Bjornerud] delivers a brisk biography of Earth. Aside from charting the rise of mountains and the transformation of the atmosphere, she shows us why–given an uncertain future–taking the long view is more critical than ever before."---Matt Huston, Psychology Today"Timefulness is a charmer and makes a strong case for thinking like Bjornerud."---Heather Smith, Sierra"It is always a challenge to make geology accessible to a popular audience, but Timefulness is never impenetrable and is sparing in its use of jargon. New Scientist readers will have little difficulty following the heartfelt narrative. Bjornerud’s book is a manifesto for humanity – but on a very long timescale."---Mick O'Hare, New Scientist"Bored? Anxious? Busy? Try considering time as a geologist would—in segments of years, or hundreds of years. Understanding the rhythm and pace of the planet we live on is what Bjornerud calls ‘timefulness.’ It all seems unfathomable, until we begin to fathom it—and realize that thinking on this scale might be the only way we can truly understand (and save) the world."---Emily Temple, Literary Hub"Being timeful, in [Bjornerud’s] formulation, means allowing ourselves to be daunted by events and landscapes whose scale strains the imagination; it means seeing Earth, and not our own short-lived species, as the main character in the story."---Geoff Manaugh, WIRED"[Timefulness] is an antidote to the new climate report (not to mention raging fires and floods around the world) that seems bereft of hope for humanity’s future. . . . Bjornerud argues that if we all can change the way we view our world and our place in it, adopting an approach grounded in ‘timefulness,’ we’ll be able to create a more sustainable future not just for ourselves and the next generation but for many generations to come."---Sarah Rothbard, Zócalo Public Square"One of the most important books of recent times."---Marcus Smith, host, BYU Radio's Constant Wonder"We need to understand the Earth more intimately than ever now, Bjornerud argues, as we change it in unprecedented ways (a fact that only becomes more terrifying the more you know about Earth’s long history). A more grounded view of time—zooming out and looking at the Earth’s entire life thus far from a remove—practically begs for saner, longer term decision-making for the future. And this perspective is something we can only get from acquainting ourselves with geology, Bjornerud posits, because ‘fathoming deep time is arguably geology’s single greatest contribution to humanity.’"---Chelsea Leu, Bay Nature"Bjornerud’s lucid writing gives geology an energy it rarely has in popular imagination, with just enough warm autobiographical moments to make a personal connection. In both content and prose, she skillfully makes the case that this sort of knowledge (even using the what more than the how) offers us great opportunity to think about our contemporary situation, particularly regarding climate change."---Justin Cober-Lake, Englewood Review of Books"Clear, well-paced, [and] witty."---John Wilson, First Things"Marcia Bjornerud’s book tells the story of the deep history of Earth, a history that’s been punctuated by cataclysmic and unfathomable violence. Oddly, I found comfort in learning about the processes by which this little ball of rock has evolved into a habitable planet and, despite our best efforts, will continue to be so for billions of years to come."---Stephen Sparks, co-owner of Point Reyes Books,, Literary Hub"Bjornerud’s vision of Earth science is poetic and lovely. . . . [Timefulness] feels essential and timely. It encapsulates the mismatch between the long-term sense of who we are and where we came from with the short-term-thinking that dominates our election cycles and our stock markets. Recommended to all."---Callan Bentley, Mountain Beltway"Timefulness transforms geological phenomena, from atmospheric carbon molecules to ancient mountains, into a meditation on life itself."---Alistair Scrutton, Anthropocene"In reading Timefulness, one encounters a clear, engaging text grounded in years of teaching, thinking, and conversations about the struggles of humans to relate themselves to geologic time."---J. S. Lackey, Pomona College"Bjornerud has made sure that her message reaches audiences without being crippled by jargon."---Ishan Kukret, Down to Earth"[Timefulness] offers the reader the underlying science in sufficient detail to develop an understanding and perhaps an opinion on the challenges before us."---Ben van der Pluijm, Holocene"[Bjornerud] positions geology as a field of study ready to tackle the larger philosophical questions being posed by climate change experts."---Jennifer Ferng, Leonardo Reviews"One of the most interesting and informative books I have read for a long time."---Jane A. Michael, Proceedings of the Open University Geological Society"[Timefulness] must cause us to pause and reflect on the sudden speed at which we are undoing processes that have taken millennia to evolve."---Paul Sorensen, International Journal of Environment Studies"This is, frankly, the most poetic rendering of geology I have read since Darwin’s Origin of Species. "---Christiana Zenner, America Magazine"I fear I cannot give justice to this eloquent presentation of how important geologic knowledge is to an intellectually healthy society. I thoroughly enjoyed Timefulness and, more importantly, have been affected by this book. Timefulness: How Thinking Like a Geologist Can Help Save the World has pushed to the front of my mind the importance of looking after the environmental health of my grandchildren and their grandchildren. It is now my desire to find a way to influence people to be environmentally involved and what should be done to assure a healthy planet for our current and future well-being."---Roy Van Arsdale, Environmental & Engineering Geoscience

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Book SynopsisClimate scientists, geologists, ecologists, and archaeologists recognize the profound effects of human activity on Earth, though whether and how this should be recognized as a formal geological epoch - the Anthropocene - remains under debate, Erle Ellis describes how the Anthropocene concept is affecting the sciences, humanities, and politics.Trade ReviewIn this Very Short Introduction, Professor Ellis illustrates the issues of establishing a new epoch beautifully and also gives an excellent history of the Anthropocene's development as an idea. * Jonathan Scafidi, Geoscientist *This little book provides a refreshing read ... Every geography teacher would benefit from reading this short introduction, not least for the powerful knowledge it lends for understanding human relations with, and actions on, the environment. * Duncan Hawley, Geography Magazine *[an] excellent, concise and foundational book * Jim Richardson, Eyes on Earth *Ellis provides us with an authoritative introduction to the Anthropocene ... a fascinating and erudite book" * Leslie Sklair, LSE Review of Books *An easy-to understand new release offers a compact introduction to the age of man * Tanja Traxler, Der Standard *Anthropocene: A Very Short Introduction provides an exceptionally well-organized, sufficiently detailed, and encompassing overview of why the Anthropocene should be clearly recognized, in some form, as an unprecedented time in Earth history ... My initial reaction after reading Ellis's contribution was to think about just how enlightened our world would be if everyone would read this book. * John Geissman, Reports of the National Center for Science Education (NCSE) *an interesting, succinct and concerning exposé that explains both the controversy and the science of the Anthropocene. * GrrlScientist for Medium *An excellent in"roduction to this still controversial concept * David Lorimer, Paradigm Explorer *Ellis offers an insightful discussion of our role in shaping the planet, and how this will influence our future on many fronts. * Michael Svoboda, Yale Climate Connections *This is a welcome addition to the Very Short Introductions series and would be a cheap, useful addition as a reference work to anyone concerned as to how we are transforming our world. * Jonathan Cowie, Science Fact & Science Fiction Concatenation *Ellis's slim book does an excellent job of cutting through the complexity [of the topic]. He has produced an impressive overview of the Anthropocene concept as both a scientific and cultural discussion ... Overall the book is fair, comprehensive, and clearly written. * Nicole E. Heller, Environmental History *Table of Contents1: Origins 2: Earth System 3: Geologic Time 4: The Great Acceleration 5: Anthropos 6: Oikos 7: Politikos 8: Prometheus Further Reading Index

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Book SynopsisFor advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students in atmospheric, oceanic, and climate science, this book provides an introduction on the circulations of the atmosphere and ocean and their interaction, with an emphasis on global scales. It discusses the role of the oceans in climate and paleoclimate.Trade Review"Marshall and Plumb have nicely presented the basics of both meteorology and oceanography in this work. The book begins with a discusssion of atmospheric characteristics; the final chapter on climate and climatic variability nicely leads into the subject of global warming, and should be read by anyone with an interest in the future of the planet. . . . Highly recommended." --A.E. Staver, Northern Illinois University, in CHOICE, June 2008Table of Contents1. Characteristics of the atmosphere. 2. The global energy balance. 3. The vertical structure of the atmosphere. 4. Convection. 5. The Meridional structure of the atmosphere. 6. The equations of fluid motion. 7. Balanced flow. 8. The general circulation of the atmosphere. 9. The ocena and its circulation. 10. The wind-driven circulation. 11. The thermohaline circulation of the ocean. 12. Climate and climate variability. 13. Appendices.

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Book Synopsis1. Introduction to Soil Erosion and Landscape Evolution Modeling.- 1. Soil Erosion Management and Model Development.- 2. Soil Erosion Processes.- 3. Models and Modeling Approaches.- 4. Linking Reality and Modeling.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 2. Erosion Problems on U.S. Army Training Lands.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Regulatory Controls.- 3. Plant Material Development and Use on Military Lands.- 4. Physical Erosion and Sediment Controls.- 5. Applying Science in Erosion and Sediment Control.- References.- 3. Effects of Freeze-Thaw Cycling on Soil Erosion.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Effects of Soil Freeze-Thaw Cycling.- 3. Summary and Conclusions.- 4. Future Research Needs.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 4. Determination of Slope Displacement Mechanisms and Causes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Bluff Geometry and Stratigraphy.- 3. Ground Water Conditions.- 4. Soil Characteristics.- 5. Slope Displacement Monitoring Methods.- 6. Displacement Models.- 7. Causes of Displacement.- 8. Processes of Bluff Trade Review`In summary, this volume provides an excellent reference book on the state of current erosion modelling, and should be required reading on that topic, including the historical summary and the final review.' The Holocene, 13:5 (2003)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. Contributors. 1. Introduction to Soil Erosion and Landscape Evolution Modeling. 2. Erosion Problems on U.S. Army Training Lands. 3. Effects of Freeze-Thaw Cycling on Soil Erosion. 4. Determination of Slope Displacement Mechanisms and Causes. 5. Using Cosmogenic Nuclide Measurements in Sediments to Understand Background Rates of Erosion and Sediment Transport. 6. Erosion Modelling. 7. The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) Model. 8. A Simulation Model for Erosion and Sediment Yield at the Hillslope Scale. 9. Waterbots. 10. Two-Dimensional Watershed-Scale Erosion Modeling with CASC2D. 11. Multiscale Soil Erosion Simulations for Land Use Management. 12. The Channel-Hillslope Integrated Landscape Development Model (CHILD). 13. Simulation of Streambank Erosion Processes with a Two-Dimensional Numerical Model. 14. Spatial Analysis of Erosion Conservation Measures with LISEM. 15. Numerical Simulation of Sediment Yield, Storage, and Channel Bed Adjustments. 16. The Limits of Erosion Modeling. 17. Envisioning a Future Framework for Managing Land and Water Resources. Index.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPART I. Introduction 1. Introduction 2. The Terminations of the Glacial Cycles. 3. Previous synthesis of Last Deglaciation in Europe PART II. Climate changes during the Last Deglaciation in the Eastern North Atlantic region 4. Introduction 5. The Heinrich-1 Stadial 6. The Bølling-Allerød Interstadial 7. The Younger Dryas Stadial PART III. The European glacial landforms during main deglaciation (18.9-14.6 ka) 8. Concept and global context of the glacial landforms from deglaciation SECTION 1. European regions that were covered by the European Ice Sheet Complex (EISC) 9. European Ice Sheet Complex evolution during main deglaciation (18.9-14.6 ka) 10. Fennoscandia: glacial landforms during deglaciation (18.9-14.6 ka) 11. Northern Central Europe: glacial landforms during deglaciation (18.9-14.6 ka) 12. European Russia: glacial landforms during deglaciation (18.9-14.6 ka) 13. The Eurasian Arctic: Glacial landforms during main deglaciation (18.9-14.6 ka) 14. The North Sea and Mid Norwegian Continental Margin: glacial landforms during deglaciation, the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial and the Younger Dryas. 15. Britain and Ireland: glacial landforms during deglaciation (18.9-14.6 ka). SECTION 2. European regions that were not covered by the EISC 16. The Polar Ural Mountains: Deglaciation history. 17. Iceland: glacial landforms during deglaciation (18.9-14.6 ka) 18. The evolution of glacial landforms in the Tatra Mountains during deglaciation (18.9-14.6 ka). 19. The Romanian Carpathians: glacial landforms during deglaciation (18.9-14.6 ka). 20. The Alps: glacial landforms during deglaciation (18.9 to 14.6 ka). 21. The Pyrenees: environments and landforms in the aftermath of the LGM (18.9–14.6 ka). 22. The evolution of glacial landforms in Iberian Mountains during deglaciation (18.9–14.6 ka). 23. The Italian Mountains: glacial landforms during deglaciation (18.9–14.6 ka). 24. The Balkans: glacial landforms during deglaciation (18.9–14.6 ka). 25. The Anatolian Mountains: glacial landforms during deglaciation (18.9–14.6 ka). SECTION 3. Synthesis of Part III 26. The European glacial landscapes from the main deglaciation PART IV. The European glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial (14.6-12.9 ka) 27. Concept and global context of the glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial SECTION 1. European regions that were covered by the European Ice Sheet Complex (EISC) 28. European Ice Sheet Complex evolution during the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial (14.6-12.9 ka) 29. Fennoscandia: glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial (14.6-12.9 ka). 30. Northern Central Europe: glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial 31. European Russia: glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial 32. The Eurasian Arctic: Glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial (14.6-12.9 ka BP). 33. Britain and Ireland: glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial. SECTION 2: European regions that were not covered by the EISC 34. Iceland: Glacial landforms and raised shorelines from the Bølling-Allerød interstadial. 35. The evolution of glacial landforms in the Tatra Mountains during the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial. 36. The Romanian Carpathians: glacial landforms during Bølling –Allerød Interstadial. 37. The Alps: glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial 38. The Pyrenees: glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial 39. The evolution of glacial landforms in the Iberian Mountains during Bølling-Allerød Interstadial. 40. The Italian Mountains: glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial 41. The Balkans: glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial 42. The Anatolian Mountains: glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial SECTION 3. Synthesis of the Part IV 43. European glacial landscapes from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial PART V. The European glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial (12.9-11.7 ka) 44. Concept and global context of the glacial landforms from Younger Dryas SECTION 1. European regions that were covered by the European Ice Sheet Complex (EISC) 45. The EISC evolution during the Younger Dryas Stadial (12.9-11.7 ka). 46. The Fennoscandian Ice Sheet during the Younger Dryas Stadial. 47. Younger Dryas local moraines in western and northern Norway 48. Northern Central Europe: glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial. 49. European Russia: glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial. 50. The Eurasian Arctic:?Glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial. 51. Britain and Ireland: glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial SECTION 2. European regions that not were covered by the EISC 52. Iceland: glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial 53. The evolution of glacial landforms in the Tatra Mountains during the Younger Dryas Stadial. 54. The Romanian Carpathians: glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas 55. The Alps: glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial 56. The Pyrenees: glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial 57. The evolution of glacial landforms in Iberian Mountains during the Younger Dryas Stadial. 58. The Italian Mountains: glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial. 59. The Balkans: glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial. 60. The Anatolian Mountains: glacial landforms from the Younger Dryas Stadial. SECTION 3. Synthesis of Part V 61. The European glacial landscapes from the Younger Dryas Stadial PART VI. The Synthesis of the European Landscapes from Last Deglaciation 62. The importance of European glacial landscapes in a context of great climatic variability

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Book SynopsisOne The Biosphere in the Cosmos.- The Biosphere in the Cosmic Medium.- The Biosphere as a Region of Transformation of Cosmic Energy.- The Empirical Generalization and the Hypothesis.- Living Matter in the Biosphere.- The Multiplication of Organisms and Geochemical Energy in Living Matter 6o.- Photosynthetic Living Matter.- Some Remarks on Living Matter in the Mechanism of the Biosphere.- Two The Domain of Life.- The Biosphere: An Envelope of the Earth.- Living Matter of the First and Second Orders in the Biosphere 103 The Limits of Life.- The Limits of Life in the Biosphere.- Life in the Hydrosphere.- Geochemical Cycles of the Living Concentrations and Films of the Hydrosphere.- Living Matter on Land.- The Relationship Between the Living Films and Concentrations of the Hydrosphere and Those of Land.- Appendix I: A Biographical Chronology.- Appendix II: Vernadsky's Publications in English.- Acknowledgments.Table of ContentsOne The Biosphere in the Cosmos.- The Biosphere in the Cosmic Medium.- The Biosphere as a Region of Transformation of Cosmic Energy.- The Empirical Generalization and the Hypothesis.- Living Matter in the Biosphere.- The Multiplication of Organisms and Geochemical Energy in Living Matter 6o.- Photosynthetic Living Matter.- Some Remarks on Living Matter in the Mechanism of the Biosphere.- Two The Domain of Life.- The Biosphere: An Envelope of the Earth.- Living Matter of the First and Second Orders in the Biosphere 103 The Limits of Life.- The Limits of Life in the Biosphere.- Life in the Hydrosphere.- Geochemical Cycles of the Living Concentrations and Films of the Hydrosphere.- Living Matter on Land.- The Relationship Between the Living Films and Concentrations of the Hydrosphere and Those of Land.- Appendix I: A Biographical Chronology.- Appendix II: Vernadsky’s Publications in English.- Acknowledgments.

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Book SynopsisNow in full colour, the third edition of this well established book provides a readable and highly illustrated overview of the aspects of geology that are most significant to civil engineers.Sections in the book include those devoted to the main rock types, weathering, ground investigation, rock mass strength, failures of old mines, subsidence on peats and clays, sinkholes on limestone and chalk, water in landslides, slope stabilization and understanding ground conditions. The roles of both natural and man-induced processes are assessed, and this understanding is developed into an appreciation of the geological environments potentially hazardous to civil engineering and construction projects. For each style of difficult ground, available techniques of site investigation and remediation are reviewed and evaluated.Each topic is presented as a double page spread with a careful mix of text and diagrams, with tabulated reference material on parameters such as bearing strengTrade Review"A useful source for a quick insight into the subject or a reminder for the practising engineer when difficult ground is encountered."—Ground Engineering"This is an excellent book that will be invaluable not only as a textbook for students taking an engineering geology, geology or civil engineering course but also as a reference book/aide memoire in later years as they (and we more advanced practitioners) follow their careers."—Geological MagazineTable of ContentsGeology. Igneous Rocks. Surface Processes. Sedimentary Rocks. Metamorphic Rocks. Geological Structures. Geological Maps. Map Interpretation. Tectonics. Boundary Hazards. Rocks of Britain. Rocks of the US. Weathering and Soils. Floodplains and Alluvium. Glacial Deposits. Climatic Variants. Coastal Processes. Groundwater. Ground Investigation. Desk Study. Ground Investigation Boreholes. Geophysical Surveys. Assessment of Difficult Ground. Rock Strength. Rock Mass Strength. Soil Strength. Ground Subsidence. Subsidence on Clays. Subsidence on Limestone. Subsidence Over Old Mines. Mining Subsidence. Slope Failure and Landslides. Water in Landslides. Soil Failures and Flowslides. Landslide Hazards. Slope Stabilization. Ground Conditions. Rock Excavation. Tunnels in Rock. Stone and Aggregate. Appendices. Rock Mass Quality Q System. Abbreviations and Notation. Further Reading. Index.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisThe oil and gas industry is one of the richest and most powerful industries in the world. In recent years, company avowals in support of diversity, much-touted programs for women in STEM, and, most importantly, a tight labor market with near parity in women pursuing geoscience credentials might lead us to expect progress for women in this industry's corporate ranks. Yet, for all the talk of the great crew change, the industry remains overwhelmingly white and male. Sociologist Christine L. Williams asks, where are the women? To answer this question, Williams embarked on a decade-long investigationone involving one hundred in-depth interviews, a longitudinal survey, and ethnographic researchthat allowed her to observe the industry in times of boom and bust. She found that when the industry expands, women may be able to walk through the door,but whenthe industry contracts,the door becomes a revolving one, whirling ever faster,as companies retreat to their white male core. These gendered oTrade Review"A quick and engaging read, Gaslighted is of particular interest to researchers studying gender, work, and organizations, and is accessible for undergraduate students and those working in industry." * Social Forces *"Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates. Graduate students, faculty, and professionals." * CHOICE *"Gaslighted makes an important contribution to understanding the reinforcement of inequality in gendered and racialized organizations. . . . An excellent book that exposes the mechanisms that reinforce the many forms of inequality in organizational settings." * Gender and Society *Table of ContentsList of Illustrations Acknowledgments 1. Gender, Geology, and the Oil and Gas Industry 2. The Oil and Gas Pipeline 3. The Stayers 4. Voluntary Separations 5. Corporate Downsizing 6. Organizational Gaslighting Methodological Appendix Notes References Illustration Credits Index

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Book SynopsisA fully updated third edition of this classic textbook, containing two new chapters on numerical modelling supported by online MATLAB codes.Trade Review'Geodynamics continues to be the essential introduction to how the solid Earth evolves, through tectonic, volcanic and near-surface activity as well as processes deep within our planet. It sets the standard for rigor, clarity and accessibility to all geoscience students. With important new computational tools in this edition, providing hands-on programming examples in MATLAB®, the authors have enhanced even further the enormous utility of this excellent book.' David Bercovici, Yale University, Connecticut'The definitive reference in the field; a unique book that is invaluable for students and researchers alike. The new chapters on numerics and computation are a great addition that bring it firmly into the modern computational era. Highly recommended!' Paul J. Tackley, ETH Zentrum, Switzerland'For the past thirty years, Geodynamics has served as the primary textbook in the field. The core of the book provides a deterministic, physics-based exposition of solid-earth processes at a mathematical level accessible to most students. This third edition's new sections provide numerical solutions to problems in heat conduction, flexure, faulting, and thermal convection, making the connection between the fundamental analytical solutions and the more sophisticated numerical methods used by researchers today. The numerical examples can be run with MATLAB software or emulators such as Octave or Python.' Professor David T. Sandwell, University of California, San Diego'Essential reading for any Earth scientist, this classic textbook has been providing advanced undergraduate and graduate students with the fundamentals needed to develop a quantitative understanding of the physical processes of the solid Earth for over thirty years. The book has been brought fully up to date with the inclusion of new material on planetary geophysics and other cutting edge topics.' GeoQTable of ContentsPreface to the third edition; 1. Plate tectonics; 2. Stress and strain in solids; 3. Elasticity and flexure; 4. Heat transfer; 5. Gravity; 6. Fluid mechanics; 7. Rock rheology; 8. Faulting; 9. Flows in porous media; 10. Chemical geodynamics; 11. Fundamentals of MATLAB®-based numerical computation; 12. Geodynamical applications using MATLAB®; Appendix A. Symbols and units; Appendix B. Physical constants and properties; Appendix C. Answers to selected problems; Appendix D. MATLAB® solutions to selected problems; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis guide to the geology of the diverse landforms of the north and west Highlands of Scotland offers the answers to questions as diverse as where fossils can be found on Skye to where the oldest rocks in Europe are located.

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Book SynopsisThis comprehensive handbook covers all aspects of design, production, and construction of precast concrete tunnel segmental lining, with the best practices in the field included in one book for the first time.New and current design methods and quantitative analyses are considered in line with ACI and ASTM codes, as well as a full selection of global standards for the reliable design of the product and all components. Also incorporated are new applications of science and technology, such as new admixtures, and the latest manufacturing processes and precisions, such as tight dimensional controls and high repeatability cycles.With detailed guidance from world-leading practitioners, this is the definitive international technical and practical manual on these linings, forming a one-stop reference for tunnel engineers and an invaluable resource for advanced students in civil, mechanical, and mining engineering.

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Book SynopsisAn ethnographic study showing how Western women living in Pakistan as international development workers constructed new identities in a Muslim community. Cook shows how these transnational migrants both perpetuate and resist unequal global power relations in everyday life, tracing the legacy of this from the colonial period to the present.Trade Review"An enjoyable and insightful read with a strong, interesting narrative. Cook provides a well-researched ethnographic study that centers on issues of migration, ethnicity and racial identity, and assimilation." - Nupur Chaudhuri, Texas Southern University "An ethnographic study showing how Western women living in Pakistan as international development workers built new identities." - The Times Higher Education SupplementTable of ContentsIntroduction: Points of Arrival and Departure Bazaar Situations Vulnerable and Spatialising Subjects "Free" Travellers and Developers Navigating Boundaries Another One in the Oven Conclusion: Ruptures and Recuperations?

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Book Synopsis1. Introduction.- 2. Statistical Tools and Concepts.- 3. Geological Controls and Block Modeling.- 4. Definition of Estimation Domains.- 5. Data Collection and Handling.- 6. Spatial Continuity.- 7. Mining Dilution.- 8. Recoverable Resources: Estimation.- 9. Recoverable Resources: Probabilistic Estimation.- 10. Recoverable Resources: Simulation.- 11. Resource Model Validations and Reconciliations.- 12. Uncertainty and Risk.- 13. Short Term Models.- 14. Case Studies.- 15. Conclusions.- Index.Table of Contents1 Introduction1.1 Objectives and Approach1.2 Scope of Resource Modeling1.3 Critical Aspects1.4 Historical Perspective1.5 References 2 Statistical Tools and Concepts2.1 Basic Concepts2.2 Probability Distributions2.3 Spatial Data Analysis2.4 Gaussian Distribution and Data Transformations2.5 Data Integration and Inference2.6 Exercises2.7 References 3 Geological Controls and Block Modeling3.1 Geological and Mineralization Controls3.2 Geologic Interpretation and Modeling3.3 Visualization3.4 Block Model Setup and Geometry3.5 Summary of Minimum, Good and Best Practices3.6 Exercises3.7 References 4 Definition of Estimation Domains4.1 Estimation Domains4.2 Defining the Estimation Domains4.3 Case Study: Estimation Domains Definition for the Escondida Mine4.4 Boundaries and Trends4.5 Uncertainties Related to Estimation Domain Definition4.6 Summary of Minimum, Good and Best Practices4.7 Exercises4.8 References 5 Data Collection and Handling5.1 Data5.2 Basics of Sampling Theory5.3 Sampling Quality Assurance and Quality Control 5.4 Variables and Data Types5.5 Compositing and Outliers5.6 Density Determinations5.7 Geometallurgical Data5.8 Summary of Minimum, Good and Best Practices5.9 Exercises5.10 References 6 Spatial Continuity6.1 Concepts6.2 Experimental Variograms and Exploratory Analysis6.3 Modeling 3-D Variograms6.4 Multivariate Case6.5 Summary of Minimum, Good and Best Practices6.6 Exercises6.7 References 7 Mining Dilution7.1 Recoverable vs. In-Situ Resources7.2 Types of Dilution and Ore Loss7.3 Volume-Variance Correction7.4 Information Effect7.5 Summary of Minimum, Good and Best Practices7.6 Exercises7.7 References 8 Recoverable Resources: Estimation8.1 Goals and Purpose of Estimation8.2 Kriging Estimators8.3 CoKriging8.4 Block Kriging8.5 Kriging Plans8.6 Summary of Minimum, Good and Best Practices8.7 Exercises8.8 References 9 Recoverable Resources: Probabilistic Estimation9.1 Conditional Distributions9.2 Gaussian-based Kriging Methods9.3 Indicator Kriging9.4 Summary of Minimum, Good and Best Practices9.5 Exercises9.6 References 10 Recoverable Resources: Simulation10.1 Simulation versus Estimation10.2 Continuous Variables: Gaussian-based Simulation10.3 Continuous Variables: Indicator-based Simulation10.4 Simulated Annealing10.5 Simulating Categorical Variables10.6 Co-simulation: Using Secondary Information and Joint Conditional Simulations10.7 Post Processing Simulated Realizations10.8 Summary of Minimum, Good and Best Practices10.9 Exercises10.10 Reference 11 Resource Model Validations and Reconciliations11.1 The Need for Checking and Validating the Resource Model11.2 Resource Model Integrity11.3 Resampling11.4 Resource Model Validation11.5 Comparisons with Prior and Alternate Models11.6 Reconciliations11.7 Summary of Minimum, Good and Best Practices11.8 Exercises11.9 References 12 Uncertainty and Risk12.1 Models of Uncertainty12.2 Assessment of Risk12.3 Resource Classification and Reporting Standards12.4 Summary of Minimum, Good and Best Practices12.5 Exercises12.6 References 13 Short Term Models13.1 Limitations of Long-term Models for Medium-term Planning13.2 Medium- and Short-term Modeling13.3 Selection of Ore and Waste13.4 Selection of Ore and Waste: Simulation-based Methods13.5 Practical and Operational Aspects of Grade Control13.6 Summary of Minimum, Good and Best Practices13.7 Exercises13.8 References 14 Case Studies14.1 The 2003 Cerro Colorado Resource Model14.2 Multiple Indicator Kriging: São Francisco Gold Deposit14.3 Modeling Escondida Norte’s Oxide Units with Indicators14.4 Multivariate Geostatistical Simulation at Red Dog Mine14.5 Uncertainty Models and Resource Classification: The Michilla Mine Case Study14.6 Grade Control at the San Cristóbal Mine14.7 Geometallurgical Modeling at Olympic Dam, South Australia14.8 References 15 Conclusions15.1 Building a Mineral Resource Model15.2 Assumptions and Limitations of the Models Used15.3 Documentation and Audit Trail Required15.4 Future Trends15.5 References Index

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAcknowledgements xvii Website xix 1 A Framework for Structural Geology 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 Deformation 1 1.1.2 Empirical vs. Theoretical Approaches 1 1.1.3 Continuum Mechanics and its Applicability to Structural Geology 6 1.1.4 How to use this Book 6 References 8 2 Structures Produced by Deformation 10 2.1 Geological Structures 10 2.1.1 Structural Fabrics 10 2.1.2 Folds and Boudinage 12 2.1.3 Fractures and Stylolites 15 2.1.4 Faults and Fault Zones 17 2.1.5 Shear Zones 22 2.2 Additional Considerations 25 3 Microstructures 26 3.1 Introduction 26 3.1.1 Overview 26 3.1.2 Framework 27 3.1.3 Imaging of Microstructures 27 3.2 Fractures 28 3.3 Fault Rocks 30 3.4 Overgrowths, Pressure Shadows and Fringes, and Veins 33 3.5 Indenting, Truncating and Interpenetrating Grain Contacts, Strain Caps, and Stylolites 37 3.6 Aligned Grain Boundaries, T Grain Boundaries, and Foam Texture 38 3.7 Undulose Extinction, Subgrains, Deformation and Kink Bands, Deformation Lamellae, Grain Boundary Bulges, and Core-and-Mantle Microstructure 40 3.8 Deformation Twins 43 3.9 Grain Shape Fabrics, Ribbon Grains, and Gneissic Banding 43 3.10 Porphyroblasts 47 3.11 Crystallographic Fabrics (Crystallographic Preferred Orientations) 49 3.12 Shear Sense Indicators, Mylonites, and Porphyroclasts 49 3.12.1 Asymmetric Pressure Shadows and Fringes 53 3.12.2 Foliation Obliquity and Curvature 55 3.12.3 SC, SC′, and SCC′ Fabrics 55 3.12.4 Porphyroclast Systems 56 3.12.5 Precautions with Shear Sense Determination 59 3.13 Collecting Oriented Samples and Relating Sample to Geographic Frames of Reference 60 References 65 4 Displacements 66 4.1 Overview 66 4.2 Chapter Organization 66 4A Displacements: Conceptual Foundation 67 4A.1 Specifying Displacements or Individual Particles 67 4A.1.1 Basic Ideas 67 4A.1.2 Geological Example 69 4A.2 Particle Paths and Velocities 70 4A.2.1 Particle Paths 70 4A.2.2 Velocities 71 4A.3 Displacements of Collections of Particles – Displacement Fields 74 4A.3.1 Displacement Fields 74 4A.3.2 Uniform vs. Nonuniform and Distributed vs. Discrete Displacement Fields 76 4A.3.3 Classes of Displacement Fields 77 4A.4 Components of Displacement Fields: Translation, Rotation, and Pure Strain 79 4A.5 Idealized, Two-Dimensional Displacement Fields 85 4A.5.1 Simple Shear 87 4A.5.2 Pure Shear 88 4A.6 Idealized, Three-Dimensional Displacement Fields 89 4A.7 Summary 90 4B Displacements: Comprehensive Treatment 90 4B.1 Specifying Displacements for Individual Particles 90 4B.1.1 Defining Vector Quantities 90 4B.1.2 Types of Vectors 92 4B.1.3 Relating Position and Displacement Vectors 94 4B.1.4 Characterizing Vector Quantities 95 4B.2 Particle Paths and Velocities 97 4B.2.1 Incremental Displacements for Particles 97 4B.2.2 Particle Paths and Movement Histories 98 4b.2.3 Dated Particle Paths, Instantaneous Movement Directions, and Velocities 99 4B.3 Displacements of Collections of Particles – Displacement Fields 101 4B.3.1 Concept of a Displacement Field 101 4B.3.2 Field Quantities 103 4b.3.3 Gradients of the Displacement Field: Discrete and Distributed Deformation 103 4B.3.4 Idealized Versus True Gradients of the Displacement Field 104 4B.4 The Displacement Gradient Tensor – Relating Position and Displacement Vectors 106 4b.4.1 Components of Displacement Fields: Translation, Rotation, and Pure Strain 107 4B.4.2 Translation Displacement Fields 107 4B.4.3 Rigid Rotation Displacement Fields 107 4B.4.4 Pure Strain Displacement Fields 109 4B.4.5 Total Displacement Fields 110 4b.4.6 Using Displacement Gradient Matrices to Represent Displacement Fields 110 4B.5 Idealized, Two- dimensional Displacement Fields 111 4B.5.1 Simple Shear Displacement Fields 111 4B.5.2 Uniaxial Convergence or Uniaxial Divergence Displacement Fields 113 4B.5.3 Pure Shear Displacement Fields 115 4B.5.4 General Shear Displacement Fields 117 4B.6 Idealized, Three-Dimensional Displacement Fields 117 4B.6.1 Three-Dimensional Simple Shear Displacement Fields 119 4b.6.2 Three-Dimensional Orthogonal Convergence and Divergence Displacement Fields 121 4B.6.3 Pure Shearing Displacement Fields 121 4B.6.4 Constrictional Displacement Fields 122 4B.6.5 Flattening Displacement Fields 123 4B.6.6 Three-Dimensional General Shearing Displacement Fields 124 4B.7 Summary 124 Appendix 4-I: Vectors 124 4-I.1 Simple Mathematical Operations with Vectors 124 4-I.2 Vector Magnitudes 126 4-I.3 Properties of Vector Quantities 126 4-I.4 Relating Magnitude and Orientation to Cartesian Coordinates 127 4-I.5 Vector Products 129 Appendix 4-II: Matrix Operations 130 4-II.1 Defining Matrices 130 4-II.2 Matrix Addition and Subtraction 130 4-II.3 Matrix Multiplication 131 4-II.3.1 Multiplying Two “2 × 2” Matrices 132 4-II.3.2 Multiplying Two “3 × 3” Matrices 132 4-II.3.3 Multiplying a 2 × 2 Matrix Times a 2 × 1 Matrix 133 4-II.3.4 Multiplying a 3 × 3 Matrix Times a 3 × 1 Matrix 133 4-II.3.5 Scalar Multiplication 134 4-II.4 Transpose of a Matrix 134 4-II.5 Determinant of a Square Matrix 135 4-II.6 Inverse of a Square Matrix 135 4-II.7 Rotation Matrices 136 References 137 5 Strain 138 5.1 Overview 138 5.2 Chapter Organization 139 5A Strain: Conceptual Foundation 139 5A.1 Specifying Strain in Deformed Rocks 139 5A.2 One-dimensional Manifestations of Strain 141 5A.2.1 Basic Ideas 141 5A.2.2 Geological Example 142 5A.3 Two-dimensional Manifestations of Strain 143 5A.3.1 Longitudinal Strains in Different Directions 143 5A.3.2 Shear Strain 147 5A.4 Relating Strain to Displacements 151 5A.5 Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Strain 153 5A.6 Finite Strain Ellipse and Finite Strain Ellipsoid 154 5A.6.1 Finite Strain Ellipse 154 5A.6.2 Finite Strain Ellipsoid 159 5A.7 States of Strain and Strain Paths 163 5A.7.1 States of Strain 163 5A.7.2 Strain Paths and Dated Strain Paths 163 5A.7.3 Coaxial Versus Non-Coaxial Strain Paths 164 5A.8 Instantaneous Strains and Strain Rates 166 5A.9 Infinitesimal Strains 166 5A.10 Summary 167 5A.11 Practical Methods for Measuring Strain 167 5A.11.1 Using Fabrics to Estimate Strain Ellipsoid Shape 167 5A.11.2 Types of Methods for Measuring Strain in Two Dimensions 168 5A.11.3 Measuring Strain in Two Dimensions Using Deformed Markers 169 5B Strain: Comprehensive Treatment 176 5B.4 Relating Strain to Displacements 176 5B.4.1 Longitudinal Strains and Displacement Gradients 177 5B.4.2 Longitudinal Strains and Position Gradients 179 5B.4.3 Relating Displacement Gradients and Position Gradients 179 5B.4.4 Longitudinal Strain in Continuous Deformation 179 5B.4.5 Consequences of Longitudinal Strains 181 5B.4.6 Displacement Gradients and Longitudinal Strains in Different Directions 182 5B.4.7 Position Gradients and Longitudinal Strains in Different Directions 184 5B.4.8 Relating Displacement Gradients and Position Gradients in Two Dimensions 185 5B.4.9 Area Ratios in Two-Dimensional Deformation 186 5B.4.10 Discontinuous Deformation in Two Dimensions 186 5B.4.11 Displacement Gradients and Shear Strains 187 5B.4.12 Shear Strains and Position Gradients 188 5B.4.13 Applying Matrix Algebra to Two-dimensional Deformation 188 5B.4.14 Applying Matrix Algebra to Three-dimensional Deformation 195 5B.5 Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Deformation 197 5B.5.1 Homogeneous Deformation 197 5B.5.2 Inhomogeneous Deformation 198 5B.6 Finite Strain Ellipse and Finite Strain Ellipsoid 200 5B.6.1 Homogeneous Deformations and the Finite Strain Ellipse 200 5B.6.2 Working with Strain Markers 200 5B.6.3 Finite Strain Ellipsoid 205 5B.7 States of Strain and Strain Paths 205 5B.7.1 States of Strain 205 5B.7.2 Strain Paths 206 5B.7.3 Velocity Gradient Tensor and Decomposition 207 5B.8 Vorticity 210 5B.8.1 Vorticity Vector 211 5B.8.2 Kinematic Vorticity Number 213 5B.9 Summary 213 Appendix 5-I 214 References 216 6 Stress 217 6.1 Overview 217 6A Stress: Conceptual Foundation 218 6A.1 Forces, Tractions, and Stress 220 6A.1.1 Accelerations and the Forces that Act on Objects 220 6A.1.2 Forces Transmitted Through Objects 221 6A.1.3 Traction – A Measure of “Force Intensity” within Objects 221 6A.1.4 Stress 223 6A.2 Characteristics of Stress in Two Dimensions 225 6A.2.1 Normal and Tangential Stress Components 225 6A.2.2 Stresses on Planes with Different Orientations 227 6A.2.3 Principal Stresses and Differential Stress 227 6A.2.4 The Fundamental Stress Equations 231 6A.3 State of Stress in Two Dimensions 233 6A.3.1 The Stress Matrix 233 6A.3.2 The Stress Ellipse 234 6A.3.3 The Mohr circle 235 6A.3.4 Hydrostatic vs. Non-hydrostatic Stress 246 6A.3.5 Homogeneous vs. Inhomogeneous Stress 248 6A.4 Stress in Three Dimensions 248 6A.4.1 The Stress Ellipsoid 251 6A.4.2 Hydrostatic, Lithostatic, and Deviatoric Stresses 251 6A.5 Pore-fluid Pressure and Effective Stress 253 6A.6 Three-dimensional States of Stress 254 6A.7 The State of Stress in Earth 255 6A.8 Change of Stress: Paleostress, Path, and History 256 6A.9 Comparison of Displacements, Strain and Stress 257 6A.10 Summary 259 6A.11 Practical Methods for Measuring Stress 261 6A.11.1 In situ Stress Measurements 261 6A.11.2 Paleostress 268 6B Stress: Comprehensive Treatment 272 6B.1 Force, Traction, and Stress Vectors 272 6B.1.1 Accelerations and Forces 272 6B.1.2 Traction or Stress Vectors 273 6b.1.3 Relating Traction or Stress Vector Components in Different Coordinate Frames 274 6B.1.4 Stress Transformation Law in Two Dimensions and the Mohr Circle 277 6b.1.5 Stress Transformation Law in Three Dimensions and the Mohr Diagram 279 6B.1.6 An Alternative Way to Define Traction or Stress Vectors 281 6B.1.7 Determining Stress Principal Directions and Magnitudes 282 6B.1.8 Stress Invariants 284 6B.1.9 Spatial Variation in Stress 285 Appendix 6-I 289 References 291 7 Rheology 292 7.1 Overview 292 7A Rheology: Conceptual Foundation 293 7A.1 Moving Beyond Equilibrium 293 7A.1.1 Conducting and Interpreting Deformation Experiments 294 7A.1.2 Recoverable Deformation versus Material Failure 297 7A.1.3 Moving from Deformation Experiments to Mathematical Relations 301 7A.2 Models of Rock Deformation 303 7A.2.1 Elastic Behavior 303 7A.2.2 Criteria for Fracture or Fault Formation 308 7A.2.3 Yield and Creep 321 7A.2.4 Viscous Behavior 322 7A.2.5 Plastic Behavior 322 7A.2.6 Constitutive Equations for Viscous Creep and Plastic Yield 324 7A.3 Summary 327 7B Rheology: Comprehensive Treatment 328 7B.1 Combining Deformation Models to Describe Rock Properties 328 7B.2 Rock Deformation Modes 332 7B.2.1 Elasticity 332 7B.2.2 Fracture or Fault Formation 337 7B.2.3 Differential Stress, Pore Fluid Pressure, and Failure Mode 356 7B.2.4 Yield and Creep 359 7B.2.5 Viscous Behavior 360 7B.2.6 Plastic Behavior 363 7B.2.7 Lithospheric Strength Profiles 363 References 364 8 Deformation Mechanisms 367 8.1 Overview 367 8A Deformation Mechanisms: Conceptual Foundation 370 8A.1 Elastic Distortion 371 8A.2 Cataclastic Deformation Mechanisms 373 8A.2.1 Fracture of Geological Materials 373 8A.2.2 Frictional Sliding 376 8A.2.3 Microstructures Associated with Cataclasis and Frictional Sliding 380 8A.2.4 Cataclasis and Frictional Sliding as a Deformation Mechanism 380 8A.3 Diffusional Deformation Mechanisms 380 8A.3.1 Diffusion 380 8A.3.2 Grain Shape Change by Diffusion 385 8A.3.3 Microstructures Associated with Diffusional Mass Transfer 387 8A.3.4 Diffusional Mass Transfer as a Deformation Mechanism 390 8a.3.5 Flow Laws for Three Diffusional Mass Transfer Deformation Mechanisms 391 8A.4 Dislocational Deformation Mechanisms 393 8A.4.1 Dislocations as Elements of Lattice Distortion 393 8A.4.2 Dislocation Interactions 403 8A.4.3 Recovery and Recrystallization 405 8a.4.4 Microstructures Indicative of Dislocation- Accommodated Deformation 409 8A.4.5 Dislocation Glide: A Deformation Mechanism 414 8A.4.6 Flow Law for Dislocation Glide 415 8A.4.7 Dislocation Creep: A Deformation Mechanism 415 8A.4.8 Flow Law for Dislocation Creep 415 8A.4.9 Other Lattice Deformation Processes – Twinning and Kinking 416 8A.5 Diffusion- and/or Dislocation-Accommodated Grain Boundary Sliding 418 8A.6 Deformation Mechanism Maps 419 8A.7 Summary 422 8B Deformation Mechanisms: Comprehensive Treatment 423 8B.1 Cataclastic Deformation Mechanisms 423 8B.1.1 Joints, Fractures, and Mesoscopic Faults 423 8B1.2 Fault Zones 431 8B.2 Diffusional Deformation Mechanisms 448 8B.2.1 Diffusional Mass Transfer Structures 448 8B.2.2 Understanding Diffusion Through Crystalline Materials 453 8B.2.3 The Effect of Differential Stress 455 8B.2.4 Flow Laws for Diffusional Deformation Mechanisms 456 8B.2.5 Paths of Rapid Diffusion – Dislocations and Grain Boundaries 458 8B.2.6 The Effect of Fluid Phases Along Grain Boundaries 459 8B.3 Dislocational Deformation Mechanisms 460 8B.3.1 Origin of Dislocations 460 8B.3.2 Dislocation Movement 461 8B.3.3 Dislocation Interactions 467 8B.3.4 Stresses Associated with Dislocations 470 8B.3.5 Strains Accommodated by the Glide of Dislocations 470 8B.3.6 Constitutive Equations for Dislocation Creep 473 8B.3.7 Recovery, Recrystallization, and Dislocation Creep Regimes 475 8B.3.8 Twinning and Kinking 477 8B.4 Grain Boundary Sliding and Superplasticity 482 Appendix 8-I 484 Appendix 8-II 486 References 487 9 Case Studies of Deformation and Rheology 496 9.1 Overview 496 9.2 Integrating Structural Geology and Geochronology: Ruby Gap Duplex, Redbank Thrust Zone, Australia 497 9.2.1 Geological Setting and Deformation Character 497 9.2.2 Microstructures and Deformation Mechanisms 502 9.2.3 Rheological Analysis Using Microstructures by Comparison to Experimental Deformation 508 9.2.4 Geochronology 508 9.2.5 Evaluating Displacement Through Time 510 9.2.6 Orogenic Development Through Time 512 9.2.7 Summarizing Deformation in the Ruby Gap Duplex 512 9.3 The Interplay of Deformation Mechanisms and Rheologies in the Mid-Crust: Copper Creek Thrust Sheet, Appalachian Valley and Ridge, Tennessee, United States 514 9.3.1 Introduction 514 9.3.2 General Characteristics of the Southern Appalachian Fold-Thrust Belt 514 9.3.3 Deformation of the Copper Creek Thrust Sheet 518 9.3.4 Summarizing Deformation of the Copper Creek Thrust Sheet 534 9.4 Induced Seismicity 535 9.4.1 Overview of Induced Seismicity 535 9.4.2 Earthquakes in the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa 536 9.4.3 Basel, Switzerland 539 9.4.4 Blackpool, United Kingdom 540 9.4.5 Oklahoma, United States 543 9.4.6 Koyna and Warna, India 545 9.4.7 A Framework for Understanding Induced Seismicity 549 9.5 Using Case Studies to Assess Lithospheric Strength Profiles 556 9.5.1 Lithospheric Strength Profiles 556 9.5.2 Comparing Stress Magnitudes Inferred from the Case Studies to Lithospheric Strength Profiles 562 9.5.3 Recap 564 9.6 Broader Horizons 565 References 566 Index 573

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Book SynopsisEmphasizing the interconnected nature of environmental geology and the multidimensional processes of the Earth, this new edition of Merritt''s classic text provides a balanced approach to environmental issues and builds student understanding with case studies, conceptual explanations, and relevant presentation of material.

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Book SynopsisFollowing two successful editions, the third edition of GIS: A Computing Perspective has been completely revised and updated, with extensive new content reflecting the significant progress that has been made in the realm of GIS within the last 20 years. Major new topics covered for the first time in this edition include: graph databases and graph query languages, ontology engineering and qualitative spatial reasoning, geosensor networks and GeoAI, decentralized computing and online algorithms, and critical GIS and data sovereignty.Features Includes an entirely new chapter on AI and GIS, including ontologies and the Semantic Web, knowledge representation (KR) and spatial reasoning, machine learning and spatial analysis, and neural networks and deep learning Presents new material reflecting the advances made in cloud computing, stream computing, and sensor networks, as well as extensively revised and updated content on cartogTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. Fundamental Database Concepts 3. Fundamental Spatial Concepts 4. Models of Geospatial Information 5. Representation and Algorithms 6. Structures and Access Methods 7. Architectures 8. Cartography and Geo-visualization 9. Artificial Intelligence and GIS 10. Spatial Information in Context

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Book SynopsisGo on an outdoor treasure hunt and enjoy all nature has to offer with this field guide to rockhounding, perfect for armchair geologists or anyone headed out on an adventure!Geology meets treasure hunting with this field guide to rockhounding! If you’ve ever kept an interesting rock or shell, bought a polished stone from a gift shop, or even just enjoyed a ’gram of a really cool crystal, congratulations! You’ve already experienced a rockhounding adventure! Rockhouding for Beginners shows you how to take your rockhounding to the next level, providing everything you need to know from tips for finding local sources for really cool finds to techniques for safely cleaning, cutting, polishing, and caring for the best samples. Complete with full-color photos to help you identify each rock and mineral wherever you find them, this guide has all the rockhounding information you need whether you’re ready to get down and dirty or simply want to learn more from the comfort of your couch.

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Book SynopsisStretching 1,200 kilometres across six countries, the colossal mountains of the Alps dominate Europe, geographically and historically. Enlightenment thinkers felt the sublime and magisterial peaks were the very embodiment of nature, Romantic poets looked to them for divine inspiration, and Victorian explorers tested their ingenuity and courage against them. Located at the crossroads between powerful states, the Alps have played a crucial role in the formation of European history, a place of intense cultural fusion as well as fierce conflict between warring nations. A diverse range of flora and fauna have made themselves at home in this harsh environment, which today welcomes over 100 million tourists a year. Leading Alpine scholar Jon Mathieu tells the story of the people who have lived in and been inspired by these mountains and valleys, from the ancient peasants of the Neolithic to the cyclists of the Tour de France. Far from being a remote and backward corner of Europe, the Alps are shown by Mathieu to have been a crucible of new ideas and technologies at the heart of the European story.Trade Review‘In the realm of Alpine history, Jon Mathieu is the leading voice – he knows the mountains as Braudel knew the sea. This compact but comprehensive overview of one of the world’s most famous mountain regions stands out for its sophistication, clarity and wry humour.’Donald Worster, author of A Passion for Nature: The Life of John Muir​ ‘If I could recommend only one book about the Alps, it would be this one! Jon Mathieu’s book crosses national borders and historic periods with the greatest of ease. It introduces us to cultural and ecological challenges. And – most importantly – it is a great and enjoyable read. A book full of surprises and insights and wonderful illustrations.’Christof Mauch, Director, Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society, LMU Munich ‘An engaging, rigorous overview of Alpine history from earliest times to the present. This book represents in some ways the culmination of a life’s work by Mathieu, and offers the most up-to-date account of Alpine history possible, while being at the same time accessible and enjoyable to read.’Tait Keller, Rhodes College ‘Mathieu is a leading authority on the history and culture of the Alps, and it shows.’Stewart A. Weaver, University of Rochester “Mathieu addresses the deep connection between humans and nature in the cultural landscape of the European Alps, ranging from the Mediterranean coast to Slovenia… The Alps is an indispensable book in any Alpine connoisseur’s collection.” Prof. Jörg Balsiger, University of Geneva “Mathieu’s episodic but informative narrative tacks back and forth, from the arrival of hunter-gatherers millennia ago through milestones such as the first recorded ascent of Mont Blanc, in 1786, and wolves’ resurgence in the twentieth century.”NatureTable of Contents Preface Writing a History of the Alps Personal Note and Acknowledgements List of Maps and Figures Timeline 1. The Alps in European History 2. Modern Scholars on the Alps 3. In the Beginning was Hannibal 4. Coping with Life – High and Low 5. Paths to the Nation State 6. Religious Culture, Early Science 7. The Perception of the Alps 8. Which Modernity? 9. Europeanisation and Environmentalism 10. Conclusion Notes References Index

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Book SynopsisOn Solid Ground is intended to inform a general audience about what geologists know about the earth. It will do so by telling the stories of the people who made the discoveries. It will also chronicle the doubters and nay-sayers who have worked so hard to undermine our understanding of the earth. We know, for example, that the earth is old, in part because William Smith created our modern system of dating fossils to win a bar bet. The warming properties of atmospheric carbon dioxide were first discovered by Eunice Newton Foote, when she wasn’t pursuing her other passion –fighting for women’s rights at Seneca Falls. We are sure the earth is round despite the efforts of Samuel Birley Rowbotham, a conman who convinced thousands of people that it was flat before moving on from science to sell bogus health tonics .Each of its nine chapters will contain three things: the human story of a geologic controversy, an explanation of why geologists are so sure about the right answer to that controversy, and a short discussion of the logical fallacies being used by those still unwilling to accept geologic expertise

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Book SynopsisThe incredible story of the creation of a continent—our continent— from the acclaimed author of The Last Volcano and Mask of the Sun."Exuberant. Dvorak is a wonderful storyteller [and] challenges the conventional wisdom. This will enrich your everyday personal experiences.”—The Wall Street Journal The immense scale of geologic time is difficult to comprehend. Our lives—and the entirety of human history—are mere nanoseconds on this timescale. Yet we hugely influenced by the land we live on. From shales and fossil fuels, from lake beds to soil composition, from elevation to fault lines, what could be more relevant that the history of the ground beneath our feet?For most of modern history, geologists could say little more about why mountains grew than the obvious: there were forces acting inside the Earth that caused mountains to rise. But what were those forces? And why did they act in some places of the planet and not at others? When the theory of plate tectonics was proposed, our concept of how the Earth worked experienced a momentous shift. As the Andes continue to rise, the Atlantic Ocean steadily widens, and Honolulu creeps ever closer to Tokyo, this seemingly imperceptible creep of the Earth is revealed in the landscape all around us. But tectonics cannot—and do not—explain everything about the wonders of the North American landscape. What about the Black Hills? Or the walls of chalk that stand amongst the rolling hills of west Kansas? Or the fact that the states of Washington and Oregon are slowly rotating clockwise, and there a diamond mine in Arizona?It all points to the geologic secrets hidden inside the 2-billion-year-old-continental masses. A whopping ten times older than the rocky floors of the ocean, continents hold the clues to the long history of our planet.With a sprightly narrative that vividly brings this science to life, this revised edition of John Dvorak's monumental How the Mountains Grew will fill readers with a newfound appreciation for the wonders of the land we live on.Trade Review“Earth scientist John Dvorak’s exuberant new book How the Mountains Grew: A New Geological History of North America puts these Anthropocene fires into the context of deep time. Dvorak is a wonderful storyteller. He weaves disparate threads of past worlds into a coherent fabric of time, place and life that provides the ultimate context for all specific modern environmental issues. When reading How the Mountains Grew, I could easily imagine being outdoors with him breaking rocks in a search for fossils, crawling up some canyon wall to count the sands of time or trekking across one of our great ice sheets. His human stories are also fascinating, especially those involving serendipitous discoveries. Is this really a ‘new’ geologic history? Yes. Dvorak challenges the conventional wisdom. [The book] has a vast scope and an envelope-pushing narrative. This new geologic history of North America will enrich your everyday personal experiences.” -- Robert M. Thorson * The Wall Street Journal *“Imagine a world where pigeon-sized dragonflies soar above spiders with half-meter-long legs, where 2-meter-long millipedes slither and 20-kilogram scorpions hunt. About 300 million years ago, such surreal creatures thrived; today, rocks hint at how these and other creatures in the deep past lived. These clues allow geologist and writer John Dvorak to vividly re-create ancient landscapes in How the Mountains Grew.Far from a dusty tome plodding through plate tectonics, the book teems with life as Dvorak establishes inextricable links between geology and biology. Dvorak’s storytelling shines bright.” * Science News *Praise for John Dvorak “Dvorak has done earthquake science sterling service by writing what is unarguably the best, the most comprehensive and compellingly readable book about the great fault that will one day affect all our lives.” -- Simon Winchester, New York Times bestselling author“For a more expansive look at how eclipses have been mythologized throughout history, turn to Mask of the Sun. Dvorak offers useful, engaging background, and provides a deeper understanding.” * The New York Times *“A lively biography. Dvorak is a great storyteller with a keen eye for details. His descriptions of the intense heat almost singe the page. Riveting.” * Wall Street Journal *"Bubbling and sloughing under the surface of John Dvorak's terrific new book is the quietly terrifying reminder that we somehow manage to live on a tectonically active planet. A remarkable story.” * The Christian Science Monitor *“Dvorak’s meticulously researched book covers the history of human reactions and interpretations from Homer to the Bible and beyond. A well-rounded, entertaining, and authoritative survey.” * Omnivoracious *“A rich chronicle.” * NATURE *“The story of Thomas Jagger and Isabel Maydwell is an inspiring tale of devotion, both to science and to each other.” * Scientific American *“Jaggar's thrilling adventures to volcanic hot zones like Alaska and Hawaii, where he explored inside active volcanoes, makes one appreciate the fearless nature required for a life of volcanology. Riveting.” * The American Scholar *“Dvorak brings Jagger to life in a richly researched narrative as thrilling as his topic, creating the sort of popular science history that flies off the shelves.” * Booklist (starred review) *“Earth scientist John Dvorak’s exuberant new book How the Mountains Grew: A New Geological History of North America puts these Anthropocene fires into the context of deep time. Dvorak is a wonderful storyteller. He weaves disparate threads of past worlds into a coherent fabric of time, place and life that provides the ultimate context for all specific modern environmental issues. When reading How the Mountains Grew, I could easily imagine being outdoors with him breaking rocks in a search for fossils, crawling up some canyon wall to count the sands of time or trekking across one of our great ice sheets. His human stories are also fascinating, especially those involving serendipitous discoveries. Is this really a ‘new’ geologic history? Yes. Dvorak challenges the conventional wisdom. [The book] has a vast scope and an envelope-pushing narrative. This new geologic history of North America will enrich your everyday personal experiences.” -- Robert M. Thorson * The Wall Street Journal *“Earth scientist John Dvorak’s exuberant new book How the Mountains Grew: A New Geological History of North America puts these Anthropocene fires into the context of deep time. Dvorak is a wonderful storyteller. He weaves disparate threads of past worlds into a coherent fabric of time, place and life that provides the ultimate context for all specific modern environmental issues. When reading How the Mountains Grew, I could easily imagine being outdoors with him breaking rocks in a search for fossils, crawling up some canyon wall to count the sands of time or trekking across one of our great ice sheets. His human stories are also fascinating, especially those involving serendipitous discoveries. Is this really a ‘new’ geologic history? Yes. Dvorak challenges the conventional wisdom. [The book] has a vast scope and an envelope-pushing narrative. This new geologic history of North America will enrich your everyday personal experiences.” -- Robert M. Thorson * The Wall Street Journal *

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Book SynopsisArgyll and the islands that lie off from the west coast of the Kintyre are some of the most historically resonant places in Scotland. But the rocks beneath tell a story of an even more ancient world that stretches back billions of years. In this book Alan McKirdy explains how much of the ancient bedrock of the area was created from a once-towering mountain; how granites were formed deep in the Earth's crust as a result of the white heat of collision; how volcanoes left an indelible print on the landscape; how coal swamps briefly covered the land, only to be succeeded by desert sands; and how glaciers shaped the landscape into the familiar mountains and glens we see today. Islands included are: Islay, Colonsay, Oronsay, Lismore, Jura, Scarba, Kerrera, Lunga, Garvellachs.Trade Review'Alan McKirdy’s insights are valuable because he is the author of a string of accessible and informative short illustrated books on the geological history of Scotland' * West Highland Free Press *'Not only are they a wealth of information on Scotland's past, they offer valuable insight as Scotland's future becomes increasingly uncertain due to climate change' * Dundee Courier *

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Book SynopsisVolcanoes are intimately tied to the history of humanity, they help forge the Earth's crust and atmosphere, and they are very much an active feature of today. The archaeology of most ancient civilizations of Europe preserves the imprint of spectacular and volcanic phenomena while, in modern times life is still affected by large eruptions from Europe’s active volcanic systems. The eruption of Santorini, some 3600 years ago in the Aegean, probably inspired the Greek fables of Atlantis; the eruptions of Etna on Sicily are the origin of the forges of Cyclops and other myths; and the regular eruptions from Stromboli earned its Roman name, ‘the Lighthouse of the Mediterranean’. Eruptions in Iceland over the past few centuries have shaped more recent European history and highlight the dramatic effects that distant large eruptions can have on our modern way of living. This thoroughly revised and updated edition reflects modern research and is now illustrated in colour throughout. It presents the volcanoes of Europe, as they are today and tells how they have shaped our past. The volcanic systems of the Mediterranean basin, the Atlantic, and of mainland Europe are introduced and described in clear prose with a minimum of technical jargon. Some of Europe’s ancient volcanic systems is also described as these have been fundamental in shaping the science of volcanology. The origins, history and development of Europe’s volcanoes is presented against a background of their environmental aspects and contemporary activity. Special attention is given to the impact of volcanoes on the people who live on or around them. The book is written for student, amateur and professional earth scientists alike. To help guide the reader, a glossary of volcanic terms is included together with a vocabulary of volcanic terms used in European languages.Trade Review'The strength of the book is the clear, crisp language and the plethora of data, both in text and in graphics. Each volcano is characterised according to age, geological setting, types of lava, types of volcanic eruption and the most famous eruptions in historical or recent times. The appendix 'Eruptions in Europe in historical times' lists all known eruptions of all volcanoes covered in this tome, which is an excellent summary of volcanic activities in Europe. The reader can complement his or her knowledge of the most famous volcanoes, but also of lesser-known ones. To sum up, 'Volcanoes of Europe' can be recommended to everyone who is interested in volcanic phenomena. It would certainly be good to have a comparable tome devoted to other parts of the world, written in the same style by the same authors, in the near future.'Geologos'This highly attractive, superbly illustrated book provides a comprehensive review of ‘European’ volcanoes that have been active in the past 10 000 years. It includes all active and dormant volcanoes and some that can probably be regarded as extinct. ‘Europe’ is meant in a political rather than a geographical sense and hence includes oceanic islands of the North Atlantic and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Tectonically, most occurrences do lie on the Eurasian Plate, though the Canary Islands are on the African Plate and half of Iceland and the two most westerly Azores are on the North American Plate.'Edinburgh GeologistTable of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. Part 1: Introduction. Part 2: The Mediterranean: Italy; Greece. Part 3: The Atlantic: Spain: Canary Islands; Portugal: The Azores; Iceland; Jan Mayen. Part 4: Northern Europe: France; Germany. Glossary. Vocabulary. Eruptions in Europe in historical times. Index of places and features. Index of topics and themes.

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Book SynopsisThe first 2,500 million years of the geological history of Britain are stored in the gneisses of the Lewisian Complex of North West Scotland. This book explores the long journey of discovery in which this history has been gradually deciphered since the end of the 19th Century when these rocks were first investigated in detail. The usual tools of stratigraphic investigation were of no value in dealing with such a complex assemblage of highly deformed and metamorphosed rocks; there was no fossil evidence and few signs of recognisable sedimentary strata.This book charts the increasing sophistication of the geochronological and geochemical techniques used to decipher the complex. The first important breakthrough was the recognition that a set of intrusive metamorphosed dykes could be used, perhaps, to separate episodes of deformation and metamorphism that occurred before the dykes were intruded, from those that occurred subsequently.Geochronological dating methods evolved from the first relatively crude potassium-argon and uranium-lead dates in the 1950s to the present amazingly accurate lead isotope dates. Geochemical techniques have also advanced to the point when mafic igneous assemblages can be identified as having oceanic volcanic arc signatures or were the products of intra-continental magmatism. Thus, from a stratigraphy composed of three events, Scourian, dyke intrusion and Laxfordian, has grown a complex history covering many separate events of igneous, metamorphic and tectonic activity spanning 2,500 million years of Precambrian time.Much of the extensive literature on the Lewisian is highly specialised and not easily accessible to the general reader; this book is an attempt to distil the most important results of this research into a more user-friendly form. It will appeal to many geologists including students, geological visitors to the North West of Scotland and academics seeking a readable account of remarkable and significant advances in earth science.Trade Review'… this is an outstanding major new contribution to the geology of the Lewisian that will stand the test of time and will be of use to anyone interested in the Lewisian, or Precambrian geology in general, and in the development of ideas in structural and metamorphic geology and geochronology. Graham Park is to be congratulated on producing a work of the highest academic standard that will remain a key reference and is a tribute to his life’s work. I recommend it wholeheartedly, it has been a pleasure to read it, and I will doubtless re-read it several times over.'The Edinburgh GeologistTable of ContentsEarly ideas: McCulloch, Jehu & Craig The 1907 Geological Survey Memoir Sutton & Watson 1951: the 'Scourian' and the 'Laxfordian' Investigation of the Loch Maree Group and discovery of the 'Inverian' Loch Torridon revisited Assault on the Outer Hebrides The Scourie-Laxford area revisited The 1971 Lewisian Conference Application of the shear zone concept Comparisons abroad The origins of the 'Fundamental Complex' The Scourian and the Badcallian The Scourie dykes: one swarm or two (or more?) Improvements in geochronology The terrane controversy Remaining problems

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Book SynopsisRiver Planet introduces readers to the epic geological history of the world’s rivers, from the first drop of rain on the Earth to the modern environmental crisis. The river journey begins with the first evidence of flowing water four billion years ago and continues with enormous rivers on the first supercontinents, after which terrestrial vegetation engineered new river forms in the Devonian period. The dramatic breakup of Pangea some 200 million years ago led to our familiar modern rivers as continents drifted and collided, mountains rose, and plains tilted. Among many remarkable cases, the book explores the rapid carving of the Grand Canyon, the reversal of the Amazon, and the lost rivers of Antarctica. There are gigantic meltwater floods from the Ice Age, which may be linked to accounts of the Deluge, and river systems drowned by rising sea level as the ice melted. Early human civilizations sought to control rivers through agriculture and irrigation, leading in the nineteenth century to hydraulic mining, the rise of big dams, and the burial of rivers below cities such as London. Rivers are now endangered worldwide, and the book celebrates people who preserve rivers around the world, bringing hope to river ecosystems and communities. River Planet is designed to be accessible for a general audience ranging from advanced high-school students to mature readers. The book will also interest professional scientists and students of geology, geography, and environmental science.Trade Review‘River Planet is unique in providing an integrated view of rivers in the context of geologic and human history. Gibling describes rivers as endangered species. This insight grows from a geologist’s understanding of deep time, geological history, and biological evolution. Gibling also writes with a humanist scholar’s appreciation of the individual personalities offamous historical scientists and engineers. The heartfelt writing makes the text a pleasure to read and the abundant, visually appealing colour photographs and diagrams effectively illustrate concepts described in the text. Gibling also brings himself into the book, opening and closing the text with descriptions of his own experiences with rivers and deftly weaving personal narrative into technical material throughout the book. In a sense, River Planet is a personal retrospective on a successful life and a career that included rivers across the planet and from contemporary environments to those interpreted from the rock record. The later sections of the book seem less coherent in terms of a clear structure and progression of information between chapters, but I think the book succeeds as a collection of brief explorations of the diverse rivers of the world. As such, it engages both the professional scientist and the reader interested in natural history and provides a distinctive, geological perspective on the world’s rivers.’ Geoscience Canada'The book is divided into 5 parts and 22 chapters, loosely chronologically arranged from the evidence for the first rivers in the geological record through the evolution of vegetation and the development of new river styles. Subsequent chapters evolve the story of rivers blending scientific concepts with thumbnail sketches of the scientists, past and present, who developed the ideas and theories that explain how our knowledge of rivers has played out over the world. In this respect, the book succeeds in making the science accessible to a lay audience and adds a layer of information that personalises the otherwise arcane subjects that Martin Gibling deals with (e.g. cratons or superimposition). Laced throughout this narrative are quotes and stories that help enrich the history of the development of river science. The author refers to personal experiences of certain river locations, a reality that draws the reader into the concepts being discussed rather than remaining remote – in much the same way that a lecturer can inject their own personal experience into a subject as opposed to simply reflecting with work of others… The book is divided into 5 parts and 22 chapters, loosely chronologically arranged from the evidence for the first rivers in the geological record through the evolution of vegetation and the development of new river styles. Subsequent chapters evolve the story of rivers blending scientific concepts with thumbnail sketches of the scientists, past and present, who developed the ideas and theories that explain how our knowledge of rivers has played out over the world. In this respect, the book succeeds in making the science accessible to a lay audience and adds a layer of information that personalises the otherwise arcane subjects that Martin Gibling deals with (e.g. cratons or superimposition). Laced throughout this narrative are quotes and stories that help enrich the history of the development of river science. The author refers to personal experiences of certain river locations, a reality that draws the reader into the concepts being discussed rather than remaining remote – in much the same way that a lecturer can inject their own personal experience into a subject as opposed to simply reflecting with work of others.' The HoloceneTable of ContentsCONTENTS: Sourced Illustrations. Acknowledgements. Prologue. Part 1: Rivers in Deep Time: 1. Rivers and Geological Time; 2. The First Drop of Rain on the Nascent Earth; 3. How Plants Bent and Split Rivers. Part 2: Our Modern Rivers: 4. Breaking Pangea: The Ancestral Rivers of Africa; 5. Hot and Cold: The River Histories of Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica; 6. Young and Restless: The Evolving Rivers of Asia; 7. The Conflicted Rivers of Europe; 8. The Reversing Rivers of South America; 9. Canyons and Cataracts in North America; 10. A Canadian Amazon. Part 3: How the Ice Age Changed Rivers: 11. Frozen Out: Northern Rivers Sculpted by Ice; 12. Megafloods and Noah’s Ark; 13. Rivers Drowned by the Sea. Part 4: Humans and Rivers: 14. From Stone Age Streams to River Civilizations; 15. The Lost Saraswati River of the Indian Subcontinent; 16. Confucian Engineers on the Yellow River of China. Part 5: Engineered Rivers: 17. Dead and Wounded Rivers; 18. Collapsing and Closing Dams; 19. Between the Dams: An Elegy for the Saskatchewan River; 20. Without Spoiling the Land: Rivers and Agriculture; 21. London’s Buried Rivers; 22. Restored Rivers. Epilogue. Glossary. Further Reading. Endnotes. Index.

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Book SynopsisAn increasing number of enthusiasts are attracted by the rich variety of rocks and minerals around us, and new ways of looking at them.In this book, Walther Cloos views the Earth as a living organism, with different kingdoms of nature -- mineral, plant and animal – as stages left behind as the earth developed. He argues that everything currently inert and static was once dynamic and living.The author considers many different aspects of geology, including chapters on oil, sedimentary rocks, radioactivity, volcanoes and metals.Written over fifty years ago, this book is a classic, pioneering a scientific, geological understanding of Rudolf Steiner's spiritual insights into the evolution of the earthThe previous edition of this book was published as 'The Living Earth'.

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