Geographical information systems Books

Book SynopsisNASA is composed of a vast and varied network of scientists across the academic spectrum involved in research and development programs that have wide application on planet Earth. This book, using case studies, reveals how the broad application of remote sensing and geophysical techniques is altering the usual conduct of dirt archaeology.

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Book SynopsisExplains how GIS enhances the development of chemical fate and transport models Over the past decade, researchers have discovered that geographic information systems (GIS) are not only excellent tools for managing and displaying maps, but also useful in the analysis of chemical fate and transport in the environment. Among its many benefits, GIS facilitates the identification of critical factors that drive chemical fate and transport. Moreover, GIS makes it easier to communicate and explain key model assumptions. Based on the author''s firsthand experience in environmental assessment, GIS Based Chemical Fate Modeling explores both GIS and chemical fate and transport modeling fundamentals, creating an interface between the two domains. It then explains how GIS analytical functions enable scientists to develop simple, yet comprehensive spatially explicit chemical fate and transport models that support real-world applications. In addition, the book features:<Table of ContentsPreface xiii Contributors xvii Chapter 1 | Chemicals, Models, and GIS: Introduction 1 1-1 Chemistry, Modeling, and Geography 1 1-2 Mr. Palomar and Models 2 1-3 What Makes a Model Different? 4 1-4 Simple, Complex, or Tiered? 7 Compatibility of Emissions and Concentrations 9 Spatiotemporal Variability 10 Spatial Patterns 12 More Complex Models and the Tale of Horatii and Curiatii 15 1-5 For Whom is this Book Written? 17 References 19 Chapter 2 | Basics of Chemical Compartment Models and Their Implementation with GIS Functions 23 2-1 Introduction 23 2-2 Phase Partitioning 24 Air Compartment 24 Surface Water Compartment 25 Soil Compartment 25 2-3 Diffusion, Dispersion, and Advection 26 2-4 Fluxes at the Interfaces 28 Air–Ground Surface Interface 28 Water–Air and Water–Bottom Sediment Interface 28 Soil–Air and Soil–Water Interface 29 Parameterization of Advection Velocities and Diffusion/Dispersion Rates 29 2-5 Reactions 32 2-6 Transport Within an Environmental Medium: The Advection–Diffusion Equation (ADE) 33 Soils 37 Surface Water 38 Atmosphere 39 2-7 Analytical Solutions 40 Example: The Domenico Model 40 Example: Implementation of a River Plug Flow Model in a Spreadsheet 45 2-8 Box Models, Multimedia and Multispecies Fate and Transport 47 Example: Implementing a Box Model of Soil Contamination and Water Pollution Loading in a Spreadsheet 51 2-9 Spatial Models: Implicit, Explicit, Detailed Explicit, and GIS-Based Schemes 57 References 65 Chapter 3 | Basics of GIS Operations 71 3-1 What is GIS? 71 3-2 GIS Data 72 Coordinate Systems 72 Example: Coordinate Transformation 75 Example: Georeference a Map from a Paper Using ArcGIS 77 GIS Formats 81 3-3 GIS Software 92 3-4 GIS Standards 93 Exercise: Browse and Export Geographic Objects in KML and Combine Them with Layers from a WMS 94 3-5 A Classification of GIS Operations for Chemical Fate Modeling 99 3-6 Spatial Thinking 100 3-7 Beyond GIS 103 3-8 Further Progress on GIS 104 References 104 Chapter 4 | Map Algebra 107 4-1 Map Algebra Operators and Syntaxes 109 4-2 Using Map Algebra to Compute a Gaussian Plume 112 Example: Using Map Algebra to Compute Volatilization Rates from Water Bodies 119 4-3 Using Map Algebra to Implement Isolated Box Models 121 References 124 Chapter 5 | Distance Calculations 127 5-1 Concepts of Distance Calculations 127 Example: Feature Buffering 127 Example: Join Based on Distance 129 5-2 Distance Along a Surface and Vertical Distance 134 5-3 Applications of Euclidean Distance in Pollution Problems 135 5-4 Cost Distance 139 Exercise: Euclidean and Cost distance Calculations 140 References 148 Chapter 6 | Spatial Statistics and Neighborhood Modeling in GIS 149 6-1 Variograms: Analyzing Spatial Patterns 149 Exercise: Computing Variograms of Observed Atmospheric Contaminants 154 6-2 Interpolation 160 6-3 Zonal Statistics 163 6-4 Neighborhood Statistics and Filters 164 Exercise: Creating a Population Map from Point and Polygon Data 169 References 170 Chapter 7 | Digital Elevation Models, Topographic Controls, and Hydrologic Modeling in GIS 171 7-1 Basic Surface Analysis 171 7-2 Drainage 178 Example: Pit Filling, Flow Direction, Flow Accumulation, and Flow Length in ArcGIS 178 Example: Catchment Population in India 183 Example: Travel Time 185 7-3 Using GIS Hydrological Functions in Chemical Fate and Transport Modeling 187 7-4 Non-D8 Methods and the TauDEM Algorithms 190 7-5 ESRI’s ‘‘Darcy Flow’’ and ‘‘Porous Puff’’ Functions 191 References 193 Chapter 8 | Elements of Dynamic Modeling in GIS 195 8-1 Dynamic GIS Models 195 8-2 Studying Time-Dependent Effects With Simple Map Algebra 200 Intermittent Emissions 200 Lagged Release from Historical Stockpiles 201 Stepwise Constant Emission and Removal Processes 202 8-3 Decoupling Spatial and Temporal Aspects of Models: The Mappe Global Approach 203 References 206 Chapter 9 | Metamodeling and Source–Receptor Relationship Modeling in GIS 209 9-1 Introduction 209 9-2 Metamodeling 210 9-3 Source–Receptor Relationships 213 References 215 Chapter 10 | Spatial Data Management in GIS and the Coupling of GIS and Environmental Models 217 10-1 Introduction 217 10-2 Historical Perspective of Emergence of Spatial Databases in Environmental Domain 218 10-3 Spatial Data Management in GIS: Theory and History 221 Spatial Database Definition 221 Relational Data Model Foundations 221 Object Relational Concepts: A Foundation Model for Spatial Databases—Theoretical Background 224 PostgreSQL/PostGIS Object Relational Support 225 Oracle Object Relational Support 225 10-4 Spatial Database Solutions 226 ESRI Geodatabase 226 PostgreSQL and PostGIS 229 Oracle Locator and Spatial 230 10-5 Simple Environmental Spatiotemporal Database Skeleton and GIS: Hands-On Examples 230 Simple PostgreSQL/PostGIS Environmental Spatiotemporal Database Skeleton and QuantumGIS 231 Simple Oracle XE Environmental Spatiotemporal Database Skeleton 237 10-6 Generalized Environmental Spatiotemporal Database Skeleton and Geographic Mashups 244 Spatiotemporal Database Skeleton 244 Geographic Mashup 246 References 249 Chapter 11 | Soft Computing Methods for the Overlaying of Chemical Data with Other Spatially Varying Parameters 253 11-1 Introduction 253 11-2 Fuzzy Logic and Expert Judgment 258 11-3 Spatial Multicriteria Analysis 262 11-4 An Example of Vulnerability Mapping of Water Resources to Pollution 266 References 276 Chapter 12 | Types of Data Required for Chemical Fate Modeling 279 12-1 Climate and Atmospheric Data 280 12-2 Soil Data 286 12-3 Impervious Surface Area 289 12-4 Vegetation 289 12-5 Hydrological Data 291 12-6 Elevation Data 293 12-7 Hydrography 296 12-8 Lakes 298 12-9 Stream Network Hydraulic Data 298 12-10 Ocean Parameters 299 12-11 Human Activity 301 Land Use/Land Cover 303 Population 305 Stable Lights at Night 306 12-12 Using Satellite Images for the Extraction of Environmental Parameters 306 12-13 Compilations of Data for Chemical Fate and Transport Modeling 307 References 307 Chapter 13 | Retrieval and Analysis of Emission Data 311 13-1 Characterization of Emissions 311 13-2 Emissions based on Production Volumes 312 13-3 Estimation from Usage or Release Inventories 313 13-4 Emission Factors 313 13-5 Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Emissions 314 Diffuse Emissions at Local to Regional Scale 317 Example: Estimating Urban Runoff Contaminants from Land Use and Population Data in the Province of Naples, Italy 318 Exercise: Apportionment of Emissions Using a Geographic Pattern 318 13-6 Modeling Traffic Flows 322 References 326 Chapter 14 | Characterization of Environmental Properties and Processes 329 14-1 Physicochemical Properties and Partition Coefficients 329 14-2 Aerosol and Suspended Sediments 330 Exercise: Computing SPM in Rivers Using the Formula of Hakanson and Co-workers 332 14-3 Diffusive Processes 335 14-4 Dispersion 335 14-5 Advective Processes 336 Atmospheric Deposition 336 Soil Water Budget Calculations 338 Soil Erosion 344 14-6 River and Lake Hydraulic Geometry 344 References 350 Chapter 15 | Complex Models, GIS, and Data Assimilation 353 15-1 Atmospheric Transport Models 353 Example: Dispersion Modeling of an Atmospheric Emission in Australia 354 15-2 Transport in Groundwater and the Analytic Element Method 361 15-3 GIS Functions of Modeling Systems and Data Assimilation 361 References 363 Chapter 16 | The Issue of Monitoring Data and the Evaluation of Spatial Models of Chemical Fate 365 16-1 Existing Monitoring Programs 366 16-2 Distributed Sampling 366 16-3 Methods for the Comparison of Measured and Modeled Concentrations 367 Exercise: Comparison of Two PCB Soil Concentration Models 368 References 375 Chapter 17 | From Fate to Exposure and Risk Modeling with GIS 377 17-1 Exposure and Risk for Human Health 377 17-2 Models for the Quantification of Chemical Intake by Humans 382 Exercise: Human Exposure, Intake, and Cancer Risk Related to Ingestion of Aboveground Produce Contaminated by Gas and Dust Deposition of 2,3,7,8-TCDD Emitted from an Industrial Emission Source 386 17-3 Ecological and Environmental Risk Assessment 393 Exercise: Mapping Patch Area and Ecotones in South America 398 17-4 Data for GIS Based Risk Assessment 400 References 401 Chapter 18 | GIS Based Models in Practice: The Multimedia Assessment of Pollutant Pathways in the Environment (MAPPE) Model 405 18-1 Introduction 405 18-2 Environmental Compartments Considered in the Model 407 Atmosphere Compartment 409 Soil Compartment 412 Inland Water Compartment 413 Seawater 415 18-3 Implementation in GIS: Example with Lindane 416 Scalar Input Quantities 416 Maps Describing Landscape and Climate Parameters 418 Air Compartment Calculations 419 Soil Compartment Calculations 422 Inland Water Compartment Calculations 427 Seawater Compartment Calculations 434 18-4 Using the Model For Scenario Assessment 436 References 441 Chapter 19 | Inverse Modeling and Its Application to Water Contaminants 443 19-1 Introduction 443 Exercise: Inverse Modeling of Caffeine in Europe 447 References 451 Chapter 20 | Chemical Fate and Transport Indicators and the Modeling of Contamination Patterns 453 20-1 The Relative Risk Model 453 Example: Relative Risk Assessment for Coastal Ecosystems Due to Wastewater Emission in South Africa 456 20-2 Use of Chemical Fate and Transport Indicators in the Context of Relative Risk Assessment: An Example with Contaminants Applied to Soil 459 Example: Generic Modeling of Sewage Sludge Soil Application in Mexico 464 References 472 Chapter 21 | Perspectives: The Challenge of Cumulative Impacts and Planetary Boundaries 475 References 478 Index 481

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Book SynopsisAn authoritative guide to the essential techniques and most recent advances in urban remote sensing Techniques and Methods in Urban Remote Sensing offers a comprehensive guide to the recent theories, methods, techniques, and applications in urban remote sensing. Written by a noted expert on the subject, this book explores the requirements for mapping impervious surfaces and examines the issue of scale. The book covers a range of topics and includes illustrative examples of commonly used methods for estimating and mapping urban impervious surfaces, explains how to determine urban thermal landscape and surface energy balance, and offers information on impacts of urbanization on land surface temperature, water quality, and environmental health. Techniques and Methods in Urban Remote Sensing brings together in one volume the latest opportunities for combining ever-increasing computational power, more plentiful and capable data, and more advanced algorithms. This allows the technologies Table of ContentsPreface ix Synopsis of the Book xiii Acknowledgments xvii About the Author xix 1 Urban Mapping Requirements 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Spectral Resolution Requirement 3 1.3 Temporal Resolution Requirement 6 1.4 Spatial Resolution Requirement 7 1.5 Linear Spectral Mixture Analysis of Urban Landscape 9 1.6 Summary 25 References 26 2 The Scale Issue 33 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Urban Land Mapping and Categorical Scale 34 2.3 Observational Scale and Image Scene Models 36 2.4 Operational Scale 40 2.5 Scale Dependency of Urban Phenomena 41 2.6 Summary 46 References 47 3 Building Extraction and Classification 55 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Building Reconstruction 56 3.3 Building Classification 64 References 66 4 Estimation and Mapping of Impervious Surfaces 69 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Methods for Impervious Surface Extraction 70 4.3 Case Studies 72 4.4 Summary 85 References 85 5 Land Surface Temperature Data Generation 91 5.1 Introduction 91 5.2 Generating Daily Land Surface Temperature by Data Fusion 95 5.3 Reconstructing Consistent LSTs at Landsat Resolution 111 References 121 6 Urban Heat Islands Modeling and Analysis 129 6.1 Introduction 129 6.2 Characterizing UHIs Using a Convolution Model 130 6.3 Object‐Based Extraction of Hot Spots 138 References 146 7 Estimation of Urban Surface Energy Fluxes 151 7.1 Introduction 151 7.2 Data and Methodology 154 7.3 Heat Fluxes in Four Seasons 160 7.4 Heat Fluxes by LULC Type 162 7.5 Extreme Values of Heat Fluxes 164 7.6 Anthropogenic Heat Discharge 166 7.7 Summary 167 References 169 8 Cities at Night 175 8.1 Introduction 175 8.2 Detecting Urban Extent Changes 177 8.3 Spatiotemporal Pattern of Energy Consumption in United States and China 185 References 197 9 Urban Runoff Modeling and Prediction 201 9.1 Introduction 201 9.2 Estimating Composite CN and Simulating Urban Surface Runoff 205 9.3 Surface Water Quality and Urban Land‐Cover Changes 212 References 227 10 Urban Ecology of West Nile Virus 233 10.1 Introduction 233 10.2 Research Background 235 10.3 Effect of Landscape and Socioeconomic Conditions on WNV Dissemination in Chicago 236 10.4 WNV‐Risk Areas in Southern California, 2007–2009 247 References 260 11 Impacts of Urbanization on Land Surface Temperature and Water Quality 267 11.1 Introduction 267 11.2 Impact of Urbanization‐Induced Land‐Use and Land‐Cover Change on LST 269 11.3 Simulating the Impacts of Future Land‐Use and Climate Changes on Surface Water Quality 283 11.4 Summary 299 References 300 12 Remote Sensing of Socioeconomic Attributes 307 12.1 Introduction 307 12.2 Population Estimation Using Landsat ETM+ Imagery 312 12.3 Assessing Urban Environmental Quality Change 322 References 337 Index 343

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Book SynopsisFollowing the successful publication of the 1st edition in 2009, the 2nd edition maintains its aim to provide an application-driven package of essential techniques in image processing and GIS, together with case studies for demonstration and guidance in remote sensing applications.Table of ContentsOverview of the book xi Part I Image processing 1 Digital image and display 3 1.1 What is a digital image? 3 1.2 Digital image display 4 1.3 Some key points 8 1.4 Questions 8 2 Point operations (contrast enhancement) 9 2.1 Histogram modification and lookup table 9 2.2 Linear contrast enhancement (LCE) 11 2.2.1 Derivation of a linear function from two points 12 2.3 Logarithmic and exponential contrast enhancement 13 2.4 Histogram equalisation (HE) 14 2.5 Histogram matching (HM) and Gaussian stretch 15 2.6 Balance contrast enhancement technique (BCET) 16 2.7 Clipping in contrast enhancement 18 2.8 Tips for interactive contrast enhancement 18 2.9 Questions 19 3 Algebraic operations (multi‐image point operations) 21 3.1 Image addition 21 3.2 Image subtraction (differencing) 22 3.3 Image multiplication 22 3.4 Image division (ratio) 22 3.5 Index derivation and supervised enhancement 26 3.6 Standardization and logarithmic residual 29 3.7 Simulated reflectance 29 3.8 Summary 33 3.9 Questions 34 4 Filtering and neighbourhood processing 35 4.1 FT: Understanding filtering in image frequency 35 4.2 Concepts of convolution for image filtering 37 4.3 Low pass filters (smoothing) 38 4.4 High pass filters (edge enhancement) 42 4.5 Local contrast enhancement 45 4.6 FFT selective and adaptive filtering 46 4.7 Summary 52 4.8 Questions 52 5 RGB‐IHS transformation 55 5.1 Colour co‐ordinate transformation 55 5.2 IHS de‐correlation stretch 57 5.3 Direct de‐correlation stretch technique 58 5.4 Hue RGB colour composites 60 5.5 Derivation of RGB‐IHS and IHS‐RGB transformation based on 3D geometry of the RGB colour cube 63 5.6 Mathematical proof of DDS and its properties 65 5.7 Summary 67 5.8 Questions 67 6 Image fusion techniques 69 6.1 RGB‐IHS transformation as a tool for data fusion 69 6.2 Brovey transform (intensity modulation) 71 6.3 Smoothing filter‐based intensity modulation 71 6.4 Summary 75 6.5 Questions 75 7 Principal component analysis 77 7.1 Principle of the PCA 77 7.2 PC images and PC colour composition 79 7.3 Selective PCA for PC colour composition 82 7.4 De‐correlation stretch 84 7.5 Physical property orientated coordinate transformation and tasselled cap transformation 85 7.6 Statistical methods for band selection 87 7.7 Remarks 88 7.8 Questions 89 8 Image classification 91 8.1 Approaches of statistical classification 91 8.2 Unsupervised classification (iterative clustering) 92 8.3 Supervised classification 96 8.4 Decision rules: Dissimilarity functions 97 8.5 Post‐classification processing: Smoothing and accuracy assessment 98 8.6 Summary 101 8.7 Questions 101 9 Image geometric operations 103 9.1 Image geometric deformation 103 9.2 Polynomial deformation model and image warping co‐registration 106 9.3 GCP selection and automation of image co‐registration 109 9.3.1 Manual and semi‐automatic GCP 9.4 Summary 110 9.5 Questions 110 10 Introduction to interferometric synthetic aperture radar technique 113 10.1 The principle of a radar interferometer 113 10.2 Radar interferogram and DEM 115 10.3 Differential InSAR and deformation measurement 117 10.4 Multi‐temporal coherence image and random change detection 119 10.5 Spatial de‐correlation and ratio coherence technique 121 10.6 Fringe smoothing filter 123 10.7 Summary 124 10.8 Questions 125 11 Sub‐pixel technology and its applications 127 11.1 Phase correlation algorithm 127 11.2 PC scanning for pixel‐wise disparity estimation 132 11.3 Pixel‐wise image co‐registration 134 11.4 Very narrow‐baseline stereo matching and 3D data generation 139 11.5 Ground motion/deformation detection and estimation 143 11.6 Summary 146 Part II Geographical information systems 12 Geographical information systems 151 12.1 Introduction 151 12.2 Software tools 152 12.3 GIS, cartography and thematic mapping 152 12.4 Standards, inter‐operability and metadata 153 12.5 GIS and the internet 154 13 Data models and structures 155 13.1 Introducing spatial data in representing geographic features 155 13.2 How are spatial data different from other digital data? 155 13.3 Attributes and measurement scales 156 13.4 Fundamental data structures 156 13.5 Raster data 157 13.6 Vector data 161 13.7 Data conversion between models and structures 171 13.8 Summary 174 13.9 Questions 175 14 Defining a coordinate space 177 14.1 Introduction 177 14.2 Datums and projections 177 14.3 How coordinate information is stored and accessed 188 14.4 Selecting appropriate coordinate systems 189 14.5 Questions 189 15 Operations 191 15.1 Introducing operations on spatial data 191 15.2 Map algebra concepts 192 15.3 Local operations 194 15.4 Neighbourhood operations 199 15.5 Vector equivalents to raster map algebra 206 15.6 Automating GIS functions 209 15.7 Summary 209 15.8 Questions 210 16 Extracting information from point data: Geostatistics 211 16.1 Introduction 211 16.2 Understanding the data 211 16.2.1 Histograms 212 16.3 Interpolation 214 16.4 Summary 224 16.5 Questions 225 17 Representing and exploiting surfaces 227 17.1 Introduction 227 17.2 Sources and uses of surface data 227 17.3 Visualising surfaces 230 17.4 Extracting surface parameters 236 17.5 Summary 245 17.6 Questions 246 18 Decision support and uncertainty 247 18.1 Introduction 247 18.2 Decision support 247 18.3 Uncertainty 248 18.4 Risk and hazard 250 18.5 Dealing with uncertainty in GIS‐based spatial analysis 250 18.6 Summary 254 18.7 Questions 255 19 Complex problems and multi‐criterion evaluation 257 19.1 Introduction 257 19.2 Different approaches and models 258 19.3 Evaluation criteria 259 19.4 Deriving weighting coefficients 260 19.5 Multi‐criterion combination methods 263 19.6 Summary 272 19.7 Questions 272 Part III Remote sensing applications 20 Image processing and GIS operation strategy 275 20.1 General image processing strategy 276 20.2 Remote sensing‐based GIS projects: From images to thematic mapping 284 20.3 An example of thematic mapping based on optimal visualisation and interpretation of multi‐spectral satellite imagery 284 20.4 Summary 292 21 Thematic teaching case studies in SE Spain 293 21.1 Thematic information extraction (1): Gypsum natural outcrop mapping and quarry change assessment 293 21.2 Thematic information extraction (2): Spectral enhancement and mineral mapping of epithermal gold alteration and iron‐ore deposits in ferroan dolomite 299 21.3 Remote sensing and GIS: Evaluating vegetation and landuse change in the Nijar Basin, SE Spain 308 21.4 Applied remote sensing and GIS: A combined interpretive tool for regional tectonics, drainage and water resources in the Andarax basin 318 22 Research case studies 335 22.1 Vegetation change in the Three Parallel Rivers region, Yunnan Province, China 335 22.2 GIS modelling of earthquake damage zones using satellite imagery and digital elevation model (DEM) data 345 22.3 Predicting landslides using fuzzy geohazard mapping: An example from Piemonte, north‐west Italy 369 22.4 Land surface change detection in a desert area in Algeria using multi‐temporal ERS SAR coherence images 380 23 Industrial case studies 389 23.1 Multi‐criteria assessment of mineral prospectivity in SE Greenland 389 23.2 Water resource exploration in Somalia 405 Part IV Summary 24 Concluding remarks 419 24.1 Image processing 419 24.2 Geographic Information Systems 422 24.3 Final remarks 425 Appendix A Imaging sensor systems and remote sensing satellites 427 A.1 Multi‐spectral sensing 427 A.2 Broadband multi‐spectral sensors 431 A.2.1 Digital camera 431 A.2.2 Across‐track mechanical scanner 432 A.2.3 Along‐track push‐broom scanner 433 A.3 Thermal sensing and TIR sensors 434 A.4 Hyperspectral sensors (imaging spectrometers) 434 A.5 Passive microwave sensors 436 A.6 Active sensing: SAR imaging systems 437 Appendix B Online resources for information, software and data 441 B.1 Software – proprietary, low cost and free (shareware) 441 B.2 Information and technical information on standards, best practice, formats, techniques and various publications 441 B.3 Data sources including online satellite imagery from major suppliers, DEM data plus GIS maps and data of all kinds 442 References 443 Index 451

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Book SynopsisUrban Remote Sensing The second edition of Urban Remote Sensing is a state-of-the-art review of the latest progress in the subject. The text examines how evolving innovations in remote sensing allow to deliver the critical information on cities in a timely and cost-effective way to support various urban management activities and the scientific research on urban morphology, socio-environmental dynamics, and sustainability. Chapters are written by leading scholars from a variety of disciplines including remote sensing, GIS, geography, urban planning, environmental science, and sustainability science, with case studies predominately drawn from North America and Europe. A review of the essential and emerging research areas in urban remote sensing including sensors, techniques, and applications, especially some critical issues that are shifting thedirections in urban remote sensing research. Illustrated in full color throughout, including numerous relevaTable of ContentsList of Contributors ix Authors Biography xv Preface xxvii Part I Introduction 1 Progress in Urban Remote Sensing: An Overview 3 Xiaojun Yang Part II Sensors and Systems for Urban Areas 2 Examining Urban Built-up Volume: Three-Dimensional Analyses with Lidar and Radar Data 17 Adam J. Mathews and Son V. Nghiem 3 Opportunities and Challenges of Unmanned Aircraft Systems for Urban Applications 47 Feilin Lai, Austin Bush, Xiaojun Yang, and David Merrick 4 Methods of Social Sensing for Urban Studies 71 Yu Liu, Song Gao, Yihong Yuan, Fan Zhang, Chaogui Kang, Yuhao Kang, and Keli Wang 5 Urban Remote Sensing Using Ground-Based Street View Images 91 Xiaojiang Li 6 Spatial Distribution of City Tweets and Their Densities 115 Bin Jiang, Ding Ma, Junjun Yin, and Mats Sandberg 7 Integrating Remote Sensing and Social Sensing to Examine Socioeconomic Dynamics: A Case Study of Twitter and Nighttime Light Imagery 131 Guofeng Cao and Naizhuo Zhao Part III Algorithms and Techniques for Urban Attribute Extraction 8 Deep Learning for Urban and Landscape Mapping from Remotely Sensed Imagery 153 Feilin Lai, Atharva Sharma, Xiuwen Liu, and Xiaojun Yang 9 Google Earth Engine Advancing Urban Land Change Science 175 Le Wang, Dameng Yin, Jinyan Tian, and Ying Lu 10 Use of Image Endmember Libraries for Multi-Sensor, Multi-Scale, and Multi-Site Mapping of Urban Areas 189 Frank Canters, Sam Cooper, Jeroen Degerickx, Uta Heiden, Marianne Jilge, Akpona Okujeni, Frederik Priem, Ben Somers, and Sebastian van der Linden 11 Satellite Monitoring of Urbanization and Environmental Impacts in Stockholm, Sweden, Through a Multiscale Approach 217 Dorothy Furberg and Yifang Ban Part IV Urban Socioeconomic Applications 12 Global Monitoring with the Atlas of Urban Expansion 247 Alejandro Blei and Shlomo Angel 13 Effect of Image Classification Accuracy on Dasymetric Population Estimation 283 Jacob McKee and Eric Weber 14 Mapping the Morphology of Urban Deprivation: The Role of Remote Sensing for Developing a Global Slum Repository 305 Monika Kuffer, Taïs Grippa, Claudio Persello, Hannes Taubenböck, Karin Pfeffer, and Richard Sliuzas 15 The City is the Medium and Satellite Imagery Are a Prism: Conceptualizing Urban Conflict Damage Monitoring with Multitemporal Remote Sensing Data 325 Jamon Van Den Hoek Part V Urban Environmental Applications 16 US Cities in the Dark: Mapping Man-Made Carbon Dioxide Emissions Over the Contiguous US Using NASA’s Black Marble Nighttime Lights Product 337 Tomohiro Oda, Miguel O. Román, Zhuosen Wang, Eleanor C. Stokes, Qingsong Sun, Ranjay M. Shrestha, Sha Feng, Thomas Lauvaux, Rostyslav Bun, Shamil Maksyutov, Srija Chakraborty, Ian Paynter, and Virginia L. Kalb 17 Thermal Infrared Imaging of the Urban Landscape to Understand Urban Microclimate 369 Jinxin Yang, Massimo Menenti, Man S. Wong, Zhifeng Wu, Xiaoying Ouyang, Yong Xu, and Sawaid Abbas 18 Monitoring Air Pollution in the Urban Environment by Remote Sensing 391 Alexandra A. Chudnovsky 19 Characterizing After-Rain Standing Waters in Urban Built Environments Through a Multilevel Image Analysis 423 Tzai-Hung Wen, Hao-Yu Liao, Kai-Ling Yang, and Tzu-Hsin Karen Chen 20 Remote Sensing and Urban Green Infrastructure: A Synthesis of Current Applications and New Advances 447 Yanhua Chen, Giovanni Sanesi, Xun Li, Wendy Y. Chen, and Raffaele Lafortezza 21 Remote Sensing for Urban Sustainability Research and Sustainable Development Goals: Green Space, Public Recreation Space, and Urban Climate 469 Arthur Lehner and Thomas Blaschke Index 495

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Book SynopsisSensing Technologies for Real Time Monitoring of Water Quality A comprehensive guide to the development and application of smart sensing technologies for water quality monitoring With contributions from a panel of experts on the topic, Sensing Technologies for Real Time Monitoring of Water Quality offers an authoritative resource that explores a complete set of sensing technologies designed to monitor, in real-time, water quality including agriculture. The contributing authors explore the fundamentals of sensing technologies and review the most recent advances of various materials and sensors for water quality??monitoring. This comprehensive resource includes information on a range of designs of smart electronics, communication systems, packaging, and innovative implementation approaches used for remote monitoring of water quality in various atmospheres. The book explores a variety of techniques for online water quality monitoring including internet of Things (IoT), communication systTable of ContentsAbout the Editors xiii List of Contributors xv Preface xix Section I Materials and Sensors Development Including Case Study 1 1 Smart Sensors for Monitoring pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Electrical Conductivity, and Temperature in Water 3 Kiranmai Uppuluri 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Water Quality Parameters and Their Importance 4 1.2.1 Impact of pH on Water Quality 4 1.2.2 Impact of Dissolved Oxygen on Water Quality 5 1.2.3 Impact of Electrical Conductivity on Water Quality 5 1.2.4 Impact of Temperature on Water Quality 5 1.3 Water Quality Sensors 6 1.3.1 pH 7 1.3.1.1 pH Sensors: Principles, Materials, and Designs 7 1.3.1.2 Glass Electrode 7 1.3.1.3 Solid- State Ion- Selective Electrodes 8 1.3.1.4 Metal Oxide pH Sensors 8 1.3.2 Dissolved Oxygen 10 1.3.2.1 DO Sensors: Principles, Materials, and Designs 10 1.3.2.2 Chemical Sensors 10 1.3.2.3 Electrochemical Sensors 11 1.3.2.4 Optical or Photochemical Sensors 12 1.3.3 Electrical Conductivity 13 1.3.3.1 Conductivity Sensors: Principles, Materials, and Designs 13 1.3.4 Temperature 15 1.3.4.1 Temperature Sensors: Principles, Materials, and Designs 16 1.3.4.2 Thermocouples 17 1.3.4.3 Resistance Temperature Detector 17 1.3.4.4 Thermistor 17 1.3.4.5 Integrated Circuit 18 1.4 Smart Sensors 18 1.5 Conclusion 18 Acknowledgment 19 References 19 2 Dissolved Heavy Metal Ions Monitoring Sensors for Water Quality Analysis 25 Tarun Narayan, Pierre Lovera, and Alan O’Riordan 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Sources and Effects of Heavy Metals 26 2.3 Detection Techniques 26 2.3.1 Analytical Detection: Conventional Detection Techniques of Heavy Metals 26 2.3.2 Electrochemical Detection Techniques of Heavy Metals 26 2.3.2.1 Nanomaterial- Modified Electrodes 29 2.3.2.2 Metal Nanoparticle- Based Modification 29 2.3.2.3 Metal Oxide Nanoparticle- Based Modification 33 2.3.2.4 Carbon Nanomaterials- Based Modification 34 2.3.3 Biomolecules Modification for Heavy Metal Detection 35 2.3.3.1 Antibody- Based Detection 35 2.3.3.2 Nucleic Acid- Based Detection 37 2.3.3.3 Cell- Based Sensor 38 2.4 Future Direction 40 2.5 Conclusions 40 Acknowledgment 41 References 42 3 Ammonia, Nitrate, and Urea Sensors in Aquatic Environments 51 Fabiane Fantinelli Franco 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Detection Techniques for Ammonia, Nitrate, and Urea in Water 53 3.2.1 Spectrophotometry 53 3.2.2 Fluorometry 54 3.2.3 Electrochemical Sensors 54 3.3 Ammonia 59 3.3.1 Ammonia in Aquatic Environments 59 3.3.2 Ammonia Detection Techniques 62 3.4 Nitrate 65 3.4.1 Nitrate in Aquatic Environments 65 3.4.2 Nitrate Detection Techniques 65 3.5 Urea 67 3.5.1 Urea in Aquatic Environment 67 3.5.2 Urea Detection Techniques 69 3.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 71 Acknowledgment 71 References 71 4 Monitoring of Pesticides Presence in Aqueous Environment 77 Yuqing Yang, Pierre Lovera, and Alan O’Riordan 4.1 Introduction: Background on Pesticides 77 4.1.1 Types and Properties 77 4.1.2 Risks 78 4.1.3 Regulation and Legislation 79 4.1.4 Occurrence of Pesticide Exceedance 80 4.2 Current Pesticides Detection Methods 80 4.2.1 Detection of Pesticides Based on Electrochemical Methods 82 4.2.1.1 Brief Overview of Electrochemical Methods 82 4.2.1.2 Detection of Pesticides by Electrochemistry 82 4.2.2 Detection of Pesticides Based on Optical Methods 83 4.2.2.1 Detection of Pesticides Based on Fluorescence 87 4.2.3 Detection of Pesticides Based on Raman Spectroscopy 89 4.2.3.1 Introduction to SERS 89 4.2.3.2 Fabrication of SERS Substrates 91 4.2.3.3 Detection of Pesticide by SERS 92 4.2.3.4 Challenges and Future Perspectives 95 4.3 Conclusion 96 Acknowledgment 96 References 96 5 Waterborne Bacteria Detection Based on Electrochemical Transducer 107 Nasrin Razmi, Magnus Willander, and Omer Nur 5.1 Introduction 107 5.2 Typical Waterborne Pathogens 108 5.3 Traditional Diagnostic Tools 108 5.4 Biosensors for Bacteria Detection in Water 110 5.4.1 Common Bioreceptors for Electrochemical Sensing of Foodborne and Waterborne Pathogenic Bacteria 110 5.4.1.1 Antibodies 111 5.4.1.2 Enzymes 111 5.4.1.3 DNA and Aptamers 111 5.4.1.4 Phages 112 5.4.1.5 Cell and Molecularly Imprinted Polymers 112 5.4.2 Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Sensing of Waterborne Pathogenic Bacteria 112 5.4.2.1 Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 113 5.4.2.2 Conducting Polymeric Nanoparticles 114 5.4.2.3 Carbon Nanomaterials 114 5.4.2.4 Silica Nanoparticles 114 5.5 Various Electrochemical Biosensors Available for Pathogenic Bacteria Detection in Water 115 5.5.1 Amperometric Detection 115 5.5.2 Impedimetric Detection 121 5.5.3 Conductometric Detection 123 5.5.4 Potentiometric Detection 124 5.6 Conclusion and Future Prospective 126 Acknowledgment 127 References 127 6 Zinc Oxide- Based Miniature Sensor Networks for Continuous Monitoring of Aqueous pH in Smart Agriculture 139 Akshaya Kumar Aliyana, Aiswarya Baburaj, Naveen Kumar S. K., and Renny Edwin Fernandez 6.1 Introduction 139 6.2 Metal Oxide- Based Sensors and Detection Methods 140 6.3 pH Sensor Fabrication 141 6.3.1 Detection of pH: Materials and Method 141 6.3.2 Detection of pH: Surface Morphology of the Nanostructured ZnO and IDEs 144 6.3.3 Detection of pH: Electrochemical Sensing Performance 145 6.3.4 Detection of Real- Time pH Level in Smart Agriculture: Wireless Sensor Networks and Embedded System 149 6.4 Conclusion 151 Acknowledgment 152 References 152 Section II Readout Electronic and Packaging 161 7 Integration and Packaging for Water Monitoring Systems 163 Muhammad Hassan Malik and Ali Roshanghias 7.1 Introduction 163 7.2 Advanced Water Quality Monitoring Systems 167 7.2.1 Multi- sensing on a Single Chip 167 7.2.2 Heterogeneous Integration 169 7.2.3 Case Study: MoboSens 169 7.3 Basics of Packaging 171 7.4 Hybrid Flexible Packaging 173 7.4.1 Interconnects 174 7.4.2 Thin Die Embedding 176 7.4.3 Encapsulation and Hermeticity 178 7.4.4 Roll to Roll Assembly 180 7.5 Conclusion 181 References 181 8 A Survey on Transmit and Receive Circuits in Underwater Communication for Sensor Nodes 185 Noushin Ghaderi and Leandro Lorenzelli 8.1 Introduction 185 8.2 Sensor Networks in an Underwater Environment 186 8.2.1 Acoustic Sensor Network 186 8.2.1.1 Energy Sink- Hole Problem 187 8.2.1.2 Acoustic Sensor Design Problems 188 8.2.1.3 The Underwater Transducer 189 8.2.1.4 Amplifier Design 190 8.2.1.5 Analog- to- Digital Converter 194 8.2.2 Electromagnetic (EM) Waves Underwater Sensors 197 8.2.2.1 Antenna Design 198 8.2.2.2 Multipath Propagation 198 8.3 Conclusion 199 Acknowledgment 199 References 200 Section III Sensing Data Assessment and Deployment Including Extreme Environment and Advanced Pollutants 203 9 An Introduction to Microplastics, and Its Sampling Processes and Assessment Techniques 205 Bappa Mitra, Andrea Adami, Ravinder Dahiya, and Leandro Lorenzelli 9.1 Introduction 205 9.1.1 Properties of Microplastics 208 9.1.2 Microplastics in Food Chain 209 9.1.3 Human Consumption of Microplastics and Possible Health Effects 209 9.1.4 Overview 210 9.2 Microplastic Sampling Tools 212 9.2.1 Non- Discrete Sampling Devices 212 9.2.1.1 Nets 212 9.2.1.2 Pump Tools 213 9.2.2 Discrete Sampling Devices 215 9.2.3 Surface Microlayer Sampling Devices 215 9.3 Microplastics Separation 215 9.3.1 Separating Microplastics from Liquid Samples 215 9.3.1.1 Filtration 215 9.3.1.2 Sieving 216 9.3.2 Separating Microplastics from Sediments 218 9.3.2.1 Density Separation 218 9.3.2.2 Elutriation 218 9.3.2.3 Froth Floatation 219 9.4 Microplastic Sample Digestion Process 220 9.4.1 Acidic Digestion 221 9.4.2 Alkaline Digestion 221 9.4.3 Oxidizing Digestion 221 9.4.4 Enzymatic Degradation 222 9.5 Microplastic Identification and Classification 222 9.5.1 Visual Counting 222 9.5.2 Fluorescence 223 9.5.3 Destructive Analysis 223 9.5.3.1 Thermoanalytical Methods 224 9.5.3.2 High- Performance Liquid Chromatography 225 9.5.4 Nondestructive Analysis 225 9.5.4.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 225 9.5.4.2 Raman Spectroscopy 226 9.6 Conclusions 228 Acknowledgment 229 References 229 10 Advancements in Drone Applications for Water Quality Monitoring and the Need for Multispectral and Multi- Sensor Approaches 235 Joao L. E. Simon, Robert J. W. Brewin, Peter E. Land, and Jamie D. Shutler 10.1 Introduction 235 10.2 Airborne Drones for Environmental Remote Sensing 237 10.3 Drone Multispectral Remote Sensing 239 10.4 Integrating Multiple Complementary Sensor Strategies with a Single Drone 241 10.5 Conclusion 242 Acknowledgment 243 References 243 11 Sensors for Water Quality Assessment in Extreme Environmental Conditions 253 Priyanka Ganguly 11.1 Introduction 253 11.2 Physical Parameters 255 11.2.1 Electrical Conductivity 255 11.2.2 Temperature 258 11.2.3 Pressure 260 11.3 Chemical Parameters 262 11.3.1 pH 262 11.3.2 Dissolved Oxygen and Chemical Oxygen Demand 265 11.3.3 Inorganic Content 268 11.4 Biological Parameters 271 11.5 Sensing in Extreme Water Environments 273 11.6 Discussion and Outlook 276 11.7 Conclusion 278 References 278 Section IV Sensing Data Analysis and Internet of Things with a Case Study 283 12 Toward Real- Time Water Quality Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor Networks 285 Sohail Sarang, Goran M. Stojanović, and Stevan Stankovski 12.1 Introduction 285 12.2 Water Quality Monitoring Systems 286 12.2.1 Laboratory- Based WQM (LB- WQM) 286 12.2.2 Wireless Sensor Networks- Based WQM (WSNs- WQM) 287 12.2.2.1 Solar- Powered Water Quality Monitoring 289 12.2.2.2 Battery- Powered Water Quality Monitoring 291 12.3 The Use of Industry 4.0 Technologies for Real- Time WQM 296 12.4 Conclusion 297 References 298 13 An Internet of Things- Enabled System for Monitoring Multiple Water Quality Parameters 305 Fowzia Akhter, H. R. Siddiquei, Md. E. E. Alahi, and S. C. Mukhopadhyay 13.1 Introduction 305 13.2 Water Quality Parameters and Related Sensors 306 13.3 Design and Fabrication of the Proposed Sensor 310 13.3.1 Sensor’s Working Principle 312 13.4 Experimental Process 312 13.5 Autonomous System Development 313 13.5.1 Algorithm for Data Classification 315 13.6 Experimental Results 318 13.6.1 Sensor Characterization for Temperature, pH, Nitrate, Phosphate, Calcium, and Magnesium Measurement 319 13.6.2 Repeatability 323 13.6.3 Reproducibility 325 13.6.4 Real Sample Measurement and Validation 327 13.6.5 Data Collection 330 13.6.6 Power Consumption 330 13.7 Conclusion 333 Acknowledgment 333 References 333 Index 339

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Book Synopsis* Takes readers step--by--step through the key stages of a GPS fieldwork project. * Explains complex background topics in clear, easy--to--understand language. * Provides simple guidelines for GPS equipment selection. * Provides practical solutions for real GPS data collection issues.Trade Review"An invaluable resource for social, economic or health researchers and practitioners who want to add a geographic component to their work." (Uwe Deichmann, Development Research Group, World Bank) "This information will help users collect data at an appropriate level of accuracy in the most effcient manner. This nuts-and-bolts approach addresses such topics as training field-workers; creating equipment checklists; logistics; and safety in the field." (ArcUser, October - December 2004) "An excellent introduction and field guide on GPS for the social sciences ... The book makes a valuable addition to any reference collection on geographical research." (Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography)Table of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. Acknowledgements. 1. Introduction. Part I: Understanding GPS. 2. Why Use GPS?. 3. What Is GPS?. 4. Coordinate Systems And Datums. 5. GPS Considerations: Getting Started. Part II: Utilizing GPS. 6. Developing A GPS Project. 7. Project Fundamentals. 8. Fieldwork Planning And Preparations: Data And Methods. 9. Fieldwork Planning And Preparations: Field Resources. 10. Fieldwork Planning And Preparations: Data Quality And Logistics. 11. Transitioning To Fieldwork. 12. Post-Fieldwork Processing. 13. Utilizing GPS Data Within Geographic Information Systems. 14. Conclusion. References Cited. Appendix A: GPS Manufacturers. Appendix B: Sample Field Instrument. Appendix C: UTM Zones. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides the reader a broad grounding in the science of Earth Observation (EO) of our changing planet. It contains a comprehensive sequenced discussion covering the significant themes of global change, their cause, and how they can be monitored through time.Trade Review"...the book provides a useful text and reference source for information on remote sensing of the Earth's surface for the study of global environmental change...the book's strengths include the comprehensive material presented in the chapters on remote sensing of the land, oceans and coastal regions, which are areas of expertise for the authors. For this reason alone it is a valuable addition to the bookshelf of any student of remote sensing." (Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, June 2013) “An exciting and informative book to read and a pleasure to review, this work constitutes a generalist’s dream. . . By that virtue, this book should also appeal to the informed public at large.” (Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 1 October 2012) "A comprehensive and accessible introduction to remote-sensing applications within the area of global environmental monitoring and should represent a welcome addition to the bookshelves of many university libraries, for undergraduate and postgraduate students, and non-specialists with an interest in applying remotely sensed data." (Rachel Gaulton, January 2013, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 34:2, 751-752) "This is an extremely valuable bock for educators and students alike, serving as a quick, high level, and accurate reference source for the basics, while offering current and solid examples of applications and results." (Demetrio Zourarakis, Photogrammatic Engineering & Remote Sensing, October 2012) “I would recommend this book to those unfamiliar with remote-sensing methods and applications and to others who want to see how these techniques can be applied to global environmental change.” (The Leading Edge, 1 May 2012) "I highly recommend the well explained and invaluable reference book Remote Sensing and Global Environmental Change by Samuel J. Purkis and Victor V. Klemas, to any students, professionals, and policy makers who are seeking a comprehensive and well presented approach to the application of remote sensing technology to global environmental change. This book will enhance and enrich your understanding of remote sensing, and of its accompanying technologies and environmental applications." (Blog Business World, 22 October 2011)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Key concepts. 2 Remote sensing basics. 2.1 Electromagnetic waves. 2.2 The electromagnetic spectrum. 2.3 Reflectance and radiance. 2.4 Atmospheric effects. 2.5 Multispectral feature recognition. 2.6 Resolution requirements. 2.7 Key concepts. 3 Remote sensors and systems. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Remote sensors. 3.2.1 Multispectral satellite sensors. 3.2.2 Digital aerial cameras. 3.2.3 Thermal infrared sensors. 3.2.4 Radar and microwave radiometers. 3.2.5 Laser profilers. 3.3 Remote sensing platforms. 3.3.1 Airborne platforms. 3.3.2 Medium-resolution satellites. 3.3.3 High-resolution satellites. 3.3.4 Global observation satellites. 3.4 The NASA Earth observing system. 3.5 Global Earth observation systems. 3.5.1 Global Climate Observing System. 3.5.2 Global Earth Observation System of Systems. 3.5.3 Integrated Ocean Observing System. 3.6 Existing image archives. 3.7 Key concepts. 4 Digital image analysis. 4.1 Image data format. 4.2 Image pre-processing. 4.3 Image enhancement and interpretation. 4.4 Image classification. 4.5 Image band selection. 4.6 Error assessment. 4.7 Time-series analysis and change detection. 4.8 Field sampling using GPS. 4.9 Use of Geographic Information Systems. 4.10 Key concepts. 5 Monitoring changes in global vegetation cover. 5.1 EM spectrum of vegetation. 5.2 Vegetation indices. 5.3 Biophysical properties and processes of vegetation. 5.4 Classification systems. 5.5 Global vegetation and land cover mapping programmes. 5.5.1 NASA Pathfinder global monitoring project. 5.5.2 International geosphere-biosphere program. 5.5.3 Application of new satellites and radar. 5.6 Remote sensing of vegetation as a monitor for global change. CASE STUDY: Desertification in the African Sahel. CASE STUDY: Deforestation of Amazonia. 5.7 Remote sensing of wetlands change. 5.8 Fire detection. 5.9 Key concepts. 6 Remote sensing of urban environments. 6.1 Urbanization. 6.2 Urban remote sensing. 6.2.1 Three-dimensional urban model generation. 6.2.2 Stereo imaging. 6.2.3 LiDAR. 6.2.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). 6.3 Microwave sensing of subsidence. 6.4 Textural metrics. 6.5 Monitoring city growth. 6.6 Assessing the ecology of cities. 6.7 Urban climatology. 6.8 Air quality and air pollution. 6.9 Climate change as a threat to urbanization. 6.10 Key concepts. 7 Surface and ground water resources. 7.1 Remote sensing of inland water quality. 7.2 Remote sensing sediment load and pollution of inland waters. 7.3 Remote sensing non-coastal flooding. 7.4 Bathymetry of inland waters. 7.5 Mapping watersheds at the regional scale. 7.6 Remote sensing of land surface moisture. 7.7 Remote sensing of groundwater. 7.8 Key concepts. 8 Coral reefs, carbon and climate. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 The status of the world's reefs. 8.3 Remote sensing of coral reefs. 8.4 Light, corals and water. 8.4.1 Light and the water surface. 8.4.2 Light and the water body. 8.4.3 Reflectance models for optically shallow waters. 8.4.4 Reflectance signatures of reef substrata. 8.5 Passive optical sensing. 8.6 Sensor-down versus reef-up sensing. 8.7 Spectral unmixing. 8.8 Image-derived bathymetry. 8.9 LiDAR. 8.10 Sonar. 8.11 Sub-bottom acoustic profiling. 8.12 Radar applications. 8.13 Class assemblages and the minimum mapping unit. 8.14 Change detection. 8.15 Key concepts. 9 Coastal impact of storm surges and sea level rise. 9.1 Predicting and monitoring coastal flooding. 9.2 Coastal currents and waves. 9.3 Mapping beach topography. 9.4 LiDAR bathymetry. CASE STUDY: LiDAR application to modelling sea level rise at the Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge. 9.5 Key concepts. 10 Observing the oceans. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Ocean colour, chlorophyll and productivity. 10.3 Hazardous algal blooms and other pollutants. 10.4 Sea surface temperature. CASE STUDY: Upwelling and El Niño. 10.5 Ocean salinity. 10.6 Physical ocean features. 10.6.1 Sea surface elevation and ocean currents. 10.6.2 Sea surface winds. 10.6.3 Ocean waves. 10.6.4 Oil slicks and other surface features. 10.7 Ocean observing systems. 10.8 Marine GIS. 10.9 Key concepts. 11 Monitoring Earth's atmosphere. 11.1 The status of Earth's atmosphere. 11.2 Atmospheric remote sensing. 11.3 The 'A- Train' satellite constellation. 11.3.1 Dancing on the A- Train. 11.4 Remote sensing atmospheric temperature. 11.5 Atmospheric remote sensing of ozone. 11.6 Atmospheric remote sensing of carbon dioxide. 11.7 Remote sensing atmospheric dust. CASE STUDY: Spaceborne monitoring of African dust events. 11.8 Clouds. 11.9 Forecasting Earth's atmosphere. 11.10 Atmospheric models and reality. 11.11 Hurricanes. CASE STUDY: Hurricane Katrina. 11.12 Key concepts. 12 Observing the cryosphere. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 The history and status of the polar ice sheets. 12.3 Ice and sea level. 12.4 Ice and climate. 12.5 Present ice loss in context. 12.6 Remote sensing of the Earth's ice sheets. 12.6.1 Passive optical and thermal remote sensing. 12.6.2 Passive microwave remote sensing. 12.6.3 Active microwave remote sensing. 12.6.4 Active optical remote sensing – ICESat. 12.7 Ice sheet mass balance. CASE STUDY: Disintegration of the Larsen and Wilkins ice shelves. 12.8 Remote sensing permafrost. 12.9 Key concepts. 13 Effective communication of global change information using remote sensing. 13.1 Global environmental change as an interdisciplinary issue. 13.2 Effective communication through accessibility of data. 14 Looking ahead: future developments. 14.1 Emerging technologies. 14.1.1 Fusion in remote sensing. 14.1.2 Hyper-spatial satellites. 14.1.3 Hyperspectral hyper-spatial satellites. 14.2 The near future. 14.3 The more distant future. 14.4 Advanced image analysis techniques. 14.5 Looking ahead at a changing Earth. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe iPhone and iPad allow user positioning via multiple methods, including GPS. This book walks you through the basic tools you need to build geo-aware applications before diving into the available third-party geo-SDKs available for the iOS platform.

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Book SynopsisOffers a practical state-of-the-field overview of big data as both a means and an object of research, with essays from prominent and emerging scholars. Part 1 explores how the advent of geoweb technologies and big data sets has influenced some of geography's major subdisciplines. Part 2 addresses how the geographic study of big data has implications for other disciplinary fields.Trade Review"In recent years, big data has been frequently touted as the new reality in research, business, and nearly everything else. This work examines the promise and realities of big data specifically as it relates to geographically referenced information."—J. Cummings, Choice“The drumbeat of ‘big data’ is reorganizing everyday life, for some. This important collection takes the pulse of this hype from the perspective of the discipline of geography, pursuing questions that highlight the peculiarities of this location-based, techno-cultural moment.”—Matthew W. Wilson, associate professor of geography at the University of Kentucky “This collection is a key step along the road from hyperbole to engagement with regard to the significance and impacts of big spatial data. It offers key insights into big spatial data as both means and object of researcher, tracing the socio-spatial and epistemological possibilities and limits of this dynamic phenomenon.”—Sarah Elwood, professor of geography at the University of Washington “Thinking Big Data in Geography delivers vital theoretical and empirical perspectives on the problems and possibilities of spatialized data in both extraordinary circumstances and everyday life.”—Craig Dalton, assistant professor of global studies and geography at Hofstra UniversityTable of ContentsList of Illustrations List of Tables Introduction Jim Thatcher, Andrew Shears, and Josef Eckert Part 1. What Is Big Data and What Does It Mean to Study It? 1. Toward Critical Data Studies: Charting and Unpacking Data Assemblages and Their Work Rob Kitchin and Tracey P. Lauriault 2. Big Data: Why (Oh Why?) This Computational Social Science? David O’Sullivan Part 2. Methods and Praxis in Big Data Research 3. Smaller and Slower Data in an Era of Big Data Renee Sieber and Matthew Tenney 4. Reflexivity, Positionality, and Rigor in the Context of Big Data Research Britta Ricker Part 3. Empirical Interventions 5. A Hybrid Approach to Geotweets: Reading and Mapping Tweet Contexts on Marijuana Legalization and Same-Sex Marriage in Seattle, Washington Jin-Kyu Jung and Jungyeop Shin 6. Geosocial Footprints and Geoprivacy Concerns Christopher D. Weidemann, Jennifer N. Swift, and Karen K. Kemp 7. Foursquare in the City of Fountains: Using Kansas City as a Case Study for Combining Demographic and Social Media Data Emily Fekete Part 4. Urban Big Data: Urban-Centric and Uneven 8. Big City, Big Data: Four Vignettes Jessa Lingel 9. Framing Digital Exclusion in Technologically Mediated Urban Spaces Matthew Kelley Part 5. Talking across Borders 10. Bringing the Big Data of Climate Change Down to Human Scale: Citizen Sensors and Personalized Visualizations in Climate Communication David Retchless 11. Synergizing Geoweb and Digital Humanitarian Research Ryan Burns Part 6. Conclusions 12. Rethinking the Geoweb and Big Data: Future Research Directions Mark Graham Bibliography List of Contributors Index

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Book SynopsisBy synthesizing scholarly work at the intersection of political ecology, digital geography, and science and technology studies, The Nature of Data analyzes how new digital technologies affect environments and their control.Trade Review"This book is a necessary piece to lay the groundwork for a political ecology of data and urge more research in this direction. . . . A welcome integration of digital social sciences, political ecology, critical GIS, and science and technology studies, and as such which will be of interest to scholars across these fields, but also to conservation practitioners. This collection of essays might also be useful as a methodological text for advanced graduate students."—Anne-Lise Boyer, H-Environment"Thanks to insights from ecomedia studies, environmental humanists are increasingly studying how the environment becomes digital and the digital becomes environmental. The Nature of Data ably contributes to this research."—Heather Houser, ISLE“Data may not grow on trees, but it increasingly shapes how humans know, govern, and struggle over forests—and indeed, much of the nonhuman world. The Nature of Data captures this moment empirically while advancing political ecology conceptually. An altogether stellar volume.”—Susanne Freidberg, author of Fresh: A Perishable History“In accelerating ways, environmental politics are data politics. This powerful book shows what this looks like in different settings and at different scales, persuasively calling for a new subfield focused on the political ecology of data. Extending from prior work on the delimitations and politics of environmental science, the collection draws out what environmental data can help us see, what it cuts out, and how environmental data production itself is both polluting and weighted by commercial interests.”—Kim Fortun, author of Advocacy after Bhopal: Environmentalism, Disaster, New Global Orders“This is an original, diverse, and scintillating collection. Researchers working on political ecology of conservation and conservation social science have not taken challenges of data justice or the political economy of data production seriously enough. We must—and this book shows us how and why.”—Dan Brockington, author of Celebrity Advocacy and International Development“As environments are reverse engineered to match the spreadsheets and management platforms in which they are tallied, the environmental politics of data control, organization, and proliferation will hugely influence ecologies and politics going forward. By putting that insight front and center, Goldstein and Nost assemble a sweeping set of essays that gaze into the sometimes-disturbing future of the planet.”—Paul Robbins, author of Political Ecology: A Critical Introduction“This volume contributes to the growing discourses around political ecological work on data and the infrastructures that sustain, produce, and exchange them. The volume is startling in both its depth and breadth of engagement with timely and important topics; it marks a significant contribution to a growing field.”—Jim Thatcher, author of Thinking Big Data in Geography: New Regimes, New Research“Throughout, the reader is plunged into the complexities of digital systems, the environments they monitor and conserve, and the limits to their governance and oversight across a variety of places and scales and sovereignties. What emerges is resolutely not an endorsement of further digitalization of nature but a recognition that digitalization is perhaps yet another set of processes in which nature is actively produced.”—Matthew W. Wilson, author of New Lines: Critical GIS and the Trouble of the MapTable of ContentsList of Illustrations List of Tables Introduction: Infrastructuring Environmental Data Jenny Goldstein and Eric Nost Part 1. Sensors, Servers, and Structures 1. Data’s Metropolis: The Physical Footprints of Data Circulation and Modern Finance Graham Pickren 2. An Emerging Satellite Ecosystem and the Changing Political Economy of Remote Sensing Luis F. Alvarez León 3. Smart Earth: Environmental Governance in a Wired World Karen Bakker and Max Ritts 4. Data, Colonialism, and the Transformation of Nature in the Pacific Northwest Anthony Levenda and Zbigniew Grabowski Part 2. Civic Science and Community-Driven Data 5. Environmental Sensing Infrastructures and Just Good Enough Data Jennifer Gabrys and Helen Pritchard 6. Collaborative Modeling as Sociotechnical Data Infrastructure in Rural Zimbabwe M. V. Eitzel, Jon Solera, K. B. Wilson, Abraham Mawere Ndlovu, Emmanuel Mhike Hove, Daniel Ndlovu, Abraham Changarara, Alice Ndlovu, Kleber Neves, Adnomore Chirindira, Oluwasola E. Omoju, Aaron C. Fisher, and André Veski 7. Citizen Scientists and Conservation in the Anthropocene: From Monitoring to Making Coral Irus Braverman 8. Data Infrastructures, Indigenous Knowledge, and Environmental Observing in the Arctic Noor Johnson, Colleen Strawhacker, and Peter Pulsifer 9. Digital Infrastructure and the Affective Nature of Value in Belize Patrick Gallagher 10. Infrastructuring Environmental Data Justice Dawn Walker, Eric Nost, Aaron Lemelin, Rebecca Lave, Lindsey Dillon, and Environmental Data and Governance Initiative (EDGI) Part 3. Governing Data, Infrastructuring Land and Resources 11. “A Poverty of Data”? Exporting the Digital Revolution to Farmers in the Global South Madeleine Fairbairn and Zenia Kish 12. Illicit Digital Environments: Monitoring and Surveilling Environmental Crime in Southeast Asia Hilary O. Faxon and Jenny Goldstein 13. Data Gaps: Penguin Science and Petrostate Formation in the Falkland Islands (Malvinas) James J. A. Blair 14. Data Structures, Indigenous Ontologies, and Hydropower in the U.S. Northwest Corrine Armistead 15. How Forest Became Data: The Remaking of Ground-Truth in Indonesia Cindy Lin Conclusion: Toward a Political Ecology of Data Rebecca Lave, Eric Nost, and Jenny Goldstein Source Acknowledgments Contributors Index

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Book SynopsisIn this new edition of an SPIE bestseller, R. C. Olsen examines the definition and uses of remote sensing from a military perspective. The book discusses the instruments and principles that support a wide range of systems, including optical, thermal, radar, and LiDAR. Full-color images, as well as detailed examples and problems sets, make this a valuable textbook for students and engineers alike.

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Book SynopsisOur four volumes propose to present innovative thematic applications implemented using the open source software QGIS. These are applications that use remote sensing over continental surfaces. The four volumes detail applications of remote sensing over continental surfaces, with a first one discussing applications for agriculture. A second one presents applications for forest, a third presents applications for the continental hydrology, and finally the last volume details applications for environment and risk issues.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Chapter 1. Monitoring Coastal Bathymetry Using Multispectral Satellite Images at High Spatial Resolution 1Bertrand LUBAC 1.1. Definition, context and objective 1 1.2. Description of the methodology 3 1.2.1. Step 1: selection and preprocessing of MSI images 5 1.2.2. Step 2: calibration of the bathymetry inversion model 7 1.2.3. Step 3: preparation and application of the masks 8 1.2.4. Step 4: characterization of the morphological evolution of the main sedimentary structures 9 1.3. Practical application 10 1.3.1. Software and data 10 1.3.2. Step 1: extraction of the region of interest and preprocessing 13 1.3.3. Step 2: calculation of bathymetry 20 1.3.4. Step 3: preparation and application of masks 25 1.3.5. Step 4: characterization of the morphological evolution of the main submarine sedimentary structures 31 1.4. Bibliography 33 Chapter 2. Contribution of the Integrated Topo-bathymetric Model for Coastal Wetland Evolution: Case of Geomorphologic and Biological Evolution of Ichkeul Marshes (North Tunisia) 35Zeineb KASSOUK, Zohra LILI-CHABAANE, Benoit DEFFONTAINES, Mohammad EL HAJJ and Nicolas BAGHDADI 2.1. Coastal wetland dynamic 35 2.2. Ichkeul marshes wetland 36 2.3. Object-oriented classification method integrating the topo-bathymetric terrain model 39 2.3.1. Construction of the topo-bathymetric DTM 40 2.3.2. Image preprocessing 44 2.3.3. Segmentation 48 2.3.4. Classification 49 2.3.5. Limitations of the methodology 51 2.3.6. Case example of topo-bathymetric transect with the associated vegetation communities 51 2.3.7. Conclusion 53 2.4. From a practical point of view in QGIS 53 2.4.1. Software and data 53 2.4.2. Computation of the topo-bathymetric DTM 55 2.4.3. Image preprocessing 58 2.4.4. Segmentation 65 2.4.5. Classification 71 2.5. Bibliography 76 Chapter 3. Reservoir Hydrological Monitoring by Satellite Image Analysis 77Paul PASSY and Adrien SELLES 3.1. Context and scientific issue 77 3.1.1. Scientific issue 77 3.1.2. Physical and human context 77 3.1.3. The importance of water resources in Central India 78 3.2. Methods and data set 78 3.2.1. Methods 78 3.2.2. Data set 79 3.2.3. Data set preparation 80 3.3. Extraction and quantification of the Singur reservoir area 82 3.3.1. Calculation of the AWEI Index. 82 3.3.2. Construction of the water–land binary raster 83 3.3.3. Vectorization of the binary raster 84 3.3.4. Selection of water polygons 85 3.3.5. Calculation of the water area of the reservoir 86 3.4. Characterization of vegetation 88 3.4.1. Choosing an indicator of the state of vegetation 88 3.4.2. Calculation of the SAVI on the study area 88 3.4.3. Creating a land–water mask 89 3.4.4. Statistics of the SAVI land surface index 90 3.5. Automation of the processing chain via the construction of a QGIS model 91 3.5.1. Model setting 91 3.5.2. Construction of the chain of treatments for the extraction of the reservoir 92 3.6. Conclusions 103 3.7. Bibliography 103 Chapter 4. Network Analysis and Routing with QGIS 105Hervé PELLA and Kenji OSE 4.1. Introduction 105 4.2. General notions 105 4.2.1. Definition of a network 105 4.2.2. Network topology 106 4.2.3. Topological relationships 107 4.2.4. Graph traversal – example of the shortest path (Dijkstra) 109 4.3. Examples of development and analysis of hydrographic networks 109 4.4. Thematic analysis 111 4.4.1. Introduction 111 4.4.2. Useful data 112 4.4.3. Step 1: verification of network consistency 113 4.4.4. Step 2: routes organization 119 4.4.5. Step 3: alignment of points on a network 121 4.4.6. Step 4: network classification 123 4.4.7. Step 5: stations characterization 124 4.4.8. Step 6: distance calculation between observation points 129 4.4.9. Step 7: upstream path and drainage basins calculation 133 4.4.10. Step 8: downstream path 135 4.4.11. Step 9: calculation of availability areas 140 4.5. Bibliography 144 Chapter 5. Representation of the Drainage Network in Urban and Peri-urban Areas Using a 2D Polygonal Mesh Composed of Pseudo-convex Elements 145Pedro SANZANA, Sergio VILLAROEL, Isabelle BRAUD, Nancy HITSCHFELD, Jorge GIRONAS, Flora BRANGER, Fabrice RODRIGUEZ, Ximena VARGAS and Tomas GOMEZ 5.1. Definitions and context 145 5.1.1. General context and objectives 145 5.1.2. Derivation of input GIS layers 148 5.1.3. Identification of badly-shaped HRUs and methodology to improve the model mesh quality 149 5.2. Implementation of the TriangleQGIS module and general methodology 153 5.2.1. Used technologies 153 5.2.2. Context and general methodology 153 5.2.3. Structure of the QGIS plugin 155 5.2.4. Basic used library: MeshPy 156 5.2.5. Installation of the plugin in Windows 156 5.2.6. Installation of the virtual box, QGIS plugin and Geo-PUMMA 160 5.3. Illustration of the TriangleQGIS plugin and some Geo-PUMMA scripts 167 5.3.1. Insertion of nodes for long and thin polygons 168 5.3.2. Triangulation using the TriangleQGIS plugin 169 5.3.3. Dissolution of tirangulated elements 178 5.3.4. Effect of the model mesh improvement 181 5.4. Acknowledgments 182 5.5. Bibliography 183 Chapter 6. Mapping of Drought 185Mohammad EL HAJJ, Mehrez ZRIBI, Nicolas BAGHDADI and Michel LE PAGE 6.1. Context 185 6.2. Satellite data 186 6.2.1. MODIS products 186 6.2.2. Land cover map 187 6.3. Drought index based on satellite NDVI data 187 6.4. Methodology 188 6.4.1. Preprocessing of MOD13Q1 images (step 1) 189 6.4.2. Delimitation of drought zones (steps 2–5) 189 6.4.3. Calculate the area of agricultural, urban and forest zones affected by the drought (step 6) 190 6.5. Implementation of the application via QGIS 191 6.5.1. Download MODIS MOD13Q1 data 191 6.5.2. Preprocessing of MODIS MOD13Q1 data (step 1) 193 6.5.3. Calculate VCI index (steps 1 and 2) 195 6.5.4. Delimitation of drought zones (steps 2–5) 199 6.5.5. Calculation of agricultural, forest and urban areas affected by drought (step 6) 204 6.5.6. Visualization of results (step 7) 206 6.6. Drought map 212 6.7. Bibliography 213 Chapter 7. A Spatial Sampling Design Based on Landscape Metrics for Pest Regulation: The Millet Head Miner Case Study in the Bambey Area, Senegal 215Valérie SOTI 7.1. Definition and context 215 7.2. The spatial sampling methodology 217 7.2.1. Step 1: quantification of landscape metrics 218 7.2.2. Step 2: sampling plan production 221 7.2.3. Step 3: exportation of selected sampling sites to a GPS 223 7.3. Practical application 223 7.3.1. Software and data 223 7.3.2. Step 1: landscape variables calculation 224 7.3.3. Step 2: sampling plan production 232 7.3.4. Step 3: integrating sampling points into a GPS device 238 7.3.5. Limits of the method 241 7.4. Bibliography 242 Chapter 8. Modeling Erosion Risk Using the RUSLE Equation 245Rémi ANDREOLI 8.1. Definition and context 245 8.2. RUSLE model 246 8.2.1. Climatic factor: rainfall aggressiveness R 248 8.2.2. Topographic factor: slope length and gradient 249 8.2.3. Soil types and land cover factors 251 8.2.4. Estimation of soil losses A 254 8.2.5. Limits of the method considered 254 8.3. Implementation of the RUSLE model 255 8.3.1. Software and data 255 8.3.2. Step 1: R factor calculation 257 8.3.3. Step 2: LS factor calculation 263 8.3.4. Step 3: preparation of the K factor 274 8.3.5. Step 4: C factor creation 275 8.3.6. Step 5: soil loss A calculation from the RUSLE equation 280 8.4. Bibliography 281 List of Authors 283 Index 285 Scientific Committee 289

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Book SynopsisProviding an authoritative assessment of the current landscape of spatial analysis in the social sciences, this cutting-edge Handbook covers the full range of standard and emerging methods across the social science domain areas in which these methods are typically applied. Accessible and comprehensive, it expertly answers the key questions regarding the dynamic intersection of spatial analysis and the social sciences. The chapters are split into insightful sections dedicated to foundational background material, methods, social science applications and the challenges on the horizon, using state-of-the-art coverage of the traditional and novel spatial methods. Leading scholars in the field use a range of applications to illustrate the diverse ways in which spatial analysis methods can inform research in the field of social sciences. Furthermore, the Handbook discusses the key challenges to that research including uncertainty, reproducibility and replicability. This Handbook of Spatial Analysis in the Social Sciences will be an excellent informative resource for scholars in the fields of geography, social sciences and public health. Established and early career researchers of the social sciences alike will appreciate the detailed overview of the methods and applications as well as the ability to expand their methodological knowledge.Trade Review‘Rey and Franklin introduce this new Handbook with an allusion to a rapidly changing landscape. And perhaps because any landscape, but especially a swiftly evolving one needs solid landmarks, this collection is a welcome addition to the literature that should appeal to any researchers in the social sciences working to learn the ropes of spatial analysis.’ -- Antonio Paez, McMaster University, Canada‘A comprehensive collection of chapters, carefully curated, spanning the current state of the art of spatial analysis in the social sciences written by established experts in the field ably accompanied by those creating the expertise of the future.’ -- Danny Dorling, Oxford University, UKTable of ContentsContents: Introduction: Spatial analysis and the social sciences in a rapidly changing landscape xi Sergio J. Rey and Rachel S. Franklin PART 1 THEORY, FRAMEWORKS AND FOUNDATIONS 1 GIScience through the looking glass 2 Barbara P. Buttenfield 2 Locating spatial data in the social sciences 16 Jonathan Reades 3 Analytical environments 36 Roger Bivand 4 Complexity 64 Li An 5 Linking spatial patterns to processes 85 Colin Robertson and Jed Long PART 2 METHODS 6 Spatial econometrics 101 Luc Anselin 7 Local modeling in a regression framework 123 Mehak Sachdeva, Taylor Oshan and A. Stewart Fotheringham 8 Simulating geographical systems using cellular automata and agent-based models 142 Alison Heppenstall, Andrew Crooks, Ed Manley and Nick Malleson 9 Microsimulation 158 Nik Lomax 10 Multilevel models 173 Richard Harris 11 Context-dependent movement analysis 187 Somayeh Dodge 12 Spatial interaction modeling 208 Taylor Oshan 13 Spatial optimization 223 Alan T. Murray 14 Cluster identification 245 Edward Helderop and Tony H. Grubesic 15 Spatial point patterns 262 Stuart Sweeney and Sophia Arabadjis 16 Spatial dynamics 277 Wei Kang 17 GeoAI in social science 291 Wenwen Li 18 Exploratory spatial data analysis 305 Ran Wei 19 Geovisualization and geovisual analysis 322 Alasdair Rae 20 Immersive virtual reality and spatial analysis 336 Trevor M. Harris 21 Spatiotemporal data mining 352 Arun Sharma, Zhe Jiang and Shashi Shekhar PART 3 APPLICATIONS 22 Neighborhood change 370 Elizabeth Delmelle 23 The spatial analysis of gentrification: Formalizing geography in models of a multidimensional urban process 384 Elijah Knaap 24 Social networks in space 400 Clio Andris and Dipto Sarkar 25 Analysing the dynamics of inter-regional inequality: The case of Canada 416 Sébastien Breau 26 Spatial approaches to energy poverty 434 Caitlin Robinson 27 The shape of bias: Understanding the relationship between compactness and bias in U.S. elections 451 Levi John Wolf 28 Space and New Urbanism 470 Emily Talen 29 Space for wellbeing 481 Victoria Houlden 30 Urban analytics: History, trajectory and critique 503 Geoff Boeing, Michael Batty, Shan Jiang and Lisa Schweitzer PART 4 EMERGING CHALLENGES AND ISSUES 31 Reproducibility and replicability in spatial science 518 Michael F. Goodchild 32 An image library: The potential of imagery in (quantitative) social sciences 528 Daniel Arribas-Bel, Francisco Rowe, Meixu Chen and Sam Comber 33 Uncertainty 544 David C. Folch Index 559

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Book SynopsisThis book reviews the contributions of Earth Observation (EO) to public health practices. It examines how EO is being used to understand, track, predict, and manage infectious and chronic diseases, and it provides discussion on the current challenges and the significant development potential of EO to a One Health approach. Its objective is to address a set of questions: How does EO currently assist public health activities? What are the challenges for operational use of EO in public health? What are the opportunities for EO to benefit public health in the near future? This review concentrates on the following priority themes to which EO and geomatics can make important contributions: mosquito-borne and tick-borne diseases; water-borne diseases; air quality and extreme heat effects; and geospatial indicators of vulnerable human populations. EO has also demonstrated potential during the COVID-19 pandemic as an efficient provider of data on rapid environmental and socio-economic changes and impacts. Remotely sensed data are particularly useful for risk modelling and mapping projects to help generate information on occurrence and spatio-temporal trends of disease risk. Similarly, EO can be used to identify risk factors for disease risk or emergence detected in surveillance, and support development of early warning systems. Risk maps enable public health professionals to anticipate and prepare for health threats, and they can support responses to infectious disease epidemics or existing endemic conditions. This book emerged from the collaboration of the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Canadian Space Agency with contributions of international experts. Their findings will be of great value to public health and EO professionals interested in developing and applying geospatial applications in the risk assessment and management of public health issues.Table of ContentsSection 1: Introduction to Public Health and Earth Observation Chapter 1: Public Health and Earth Observation Chapter 2: Work Programme Organization and Management Approaches Section 2: Earth Observation and Public Health Priority Application and Research Areas by Theme Chapter 3: Mosquito-Borne Diseases Chapter 4: Tick-Borne Diseases Chapter 5: Air Quality and Heat-Related Health Issues Chapter 6: Water-Borne Diseases- Earth Observation System for the Coastal Monitoring of Non-Cholera Vibrios Chapter 7: Vulnerable Populations Chapter 8: Earth Observation and Geospatial Data Utilization during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Preliminary Appraisal Chapter 9: Needs, Challenges, and Opportunities – A Review by Experts Chapter 10: Conclusions and Opportunities

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the field of geographic information extraction and retrieval from textual documents. Geographic information retrieval is a rapidly emerging subject, a trend fostered by the growing power of the Internet and the emerging possibilities of data dissemination.After positioning his work in this field in Chapter 1, the author makes proposals in the following two chapters. Chapter 2 focuses on spatial and temporal information indexing and retrieval in corpora of textual documents. Propositions for both spatial and temporal information retrieval (IR) are made. Chapter 3 tackles the use of generalized spatial and temporal indexes, which are produced from there in the framework of multi-criteria IR. Geographic IR (GIR) is discussed at length, since this IR combines the criteria of spatial, temporal and thematic research.The author provides a rich bibliographical study of the current approaches focused on the modeling and retrieval of spatial and temporal information in textual documents, and similarity measures developed thus far in the literature.The book concludes with a broad perspective of the remaining scientific challenges. Several areas of research are discussed, such as integration of a domain-based ontology, modeling of spatial footprints from the interpretation of spatial relation, and parsing of relations between features deemed relevant within a document resulting from a GIR process. Contents Foreword, Christophe Claramunt.1. Access by Geographic Content to Textual Corpora: What Orientations ?2. Spatial and Temporal Information Retrieval in Textual Corpora.3. Multicriteria Information Retrieval in Textual Corpora.4. General Conclusion. About the Authors Christian Sallaberry is currently Assistant Professor at the Law, Economics and Management Faculty in Pau, France. His current research interests are in the fields of geographical information retrieval (GIR) in textual corpora: spatial, temporal and thematic information recognition, analyzing, indexing and retrieval. He is interested in spatial, temporal and thematic criteria combinations within a GIR process.Table of ContentsFOREWORD ix Christophe CLARAMUNT ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi INTRODUCTION xiii CHAPTER 1. ACCESS BY GEOGRAPHIC CONTENT TO TEXTUAL CORPORA: WHAT ORIENTATIONS? 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Access by geographic content to textual corpora 1 1.2.1. Document retrieval and textual corpora 2 1.2.2. Textual corpora with “territorial” denotations 2 1.2.3. Access to textual content 6 1.3. Reinforcement of GIR by contributions from NLP, reasoning and multicriteria IR 7 1.4. Toward the construction of a multicriteria IR engine 9 1.4.1. Challenges, hypotheses and research objectives 10 1.4.2. Approach 11 1.4.3. Applications 13 CHAPTER 2. SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL INFORMATION RETRIEVAL IN TEXTUAL CORPORA 17 2.1. Introduction 17 2.2. Review of challenges, hypotheses and research objectives 18 2.3. Spatial and temporal information in textual documents: literature review 19 2.3.1. Geographic information in text and IR 19 2.3.2. Named entities 19 2.3.3. Modeling languages 21 2.3.4. Reasoning 24 2.3.5. Linguistic processing 26 2.3.6. GIR: systems and similarity measure models 27 2.3.7. Evaluation campaigns, corpora and resources 31 2.3.8. Summary 34 2.4. Proposition for spatial and temporal information indexing and retrieval in textual corpora 35 2.4.1. Reminder and focus on the notion of space and time in “heritage” corpora 35 2.4.2. Core spatial model and core temporal model 36 2.4.3. Spatial and temporal relations 37 2.4.4. Spatial and temporal indexing process flows: PIV prototype 39 2.4.5. Spatial and temporal IR: PIV prototype 42 2.4.6. Evaluation and discussion 45 2.5. Summary 47 2.5.1. Contributions 47 2.5.2. Perspectives 49 CHAPTER 3. MULTICRITERIA INFORMATION RETRIEVAL IN TEXTUAL CORPORA 53 3.1. Introduction 53 3.2. Review of challenges, hypotheses and research objectives 54 3.3. Standardization and combination of criteria: literature review 56 3.3.1. Criterion standardization 56 3.3.2. Combination of criteria 58 3.3.3. Summary and positioning of a partially compensatory GIR 64 3.4. Proposition for indexing by tiling and multicriteria IR in textual corpora 65 3.4.1. Standardization by tiling 65 3.4.2. Spatial and temporal IR applied to tiling: PIV2 70 3.4.3. Multicriteria IR applied to tiling: PIV3 72 3.5. Evaluation and discussion 77 3.5.1. Evaluation framework of geographic IRSs: proposal for a test collection and an experimental protocol 78 3.5.2. Evaluation of the spatial and temporal IR applied to tiling 79 3.5.3. Evaluation of the multicriteria IR applied to tiling 81 3.6. Summary 84 3.6.1. Contributions 84 3.6.2. Perspectives 86 CHAPTER 4. GENERAL CONCLUSION 87 4.1. Summary 87 4.1.1. Contributions to the access by geographic content to textual corpora 87 4.1.2. Spatial and temporal IR in texts 88 4.1.3. Multicriteria IR in texts 89 4.2. Perspectives 90 4.2.1. Intradimensional axis 92 4.2.2. Interdimensional axis 97 4.2.3. Expansion of the vocabulary for a qualitative representation of the geographic dimensions 103 BIBLIOGRAPHY 105 INDEX 123

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Book SynopsisStudying the Ocean Planet requires measuring and sampling instruments to feed models that take into account its complexity. This book presents the diversity of observation and monitoring techniques at various scales, but also different kinds of model that take into account some conceptual schemes incorporating various scientific knowledge. Sampling is approached via the efficiency of fishing gears; underwater acoustics is used to detect, count, identify and listen to live and mobile living resources. Bio-logging allows us to rely on the behavior of marine animals to help investigate environments that are difficult to sample by conventional means, while listing the physiological changes they undergo. Modeling is presented not only in a functional framework, but also in an exploratory design incorporating various scenarios for ecosystem changes under the pressure of global change. This ninth volume completes the "Seas and Oceans" Set that adopts a transversal approach leading to the governance and sustainable management of the marine environment.Table of ContentsForeword xi Chapter 1. For a Systemic and Transdisciplinary Approach to the Environment 1André MONACO, Patrick PROUZET and Patrick VINCENT 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. A complex and vulnerable ocean system 4 1.3. Suitable observation tools 9 1.3.1. For a systemic vision of the ocean 10 1.3.2. To assess our vulnerability to global change 11 1.3.3. The contribution of operational oceanography 13 1.3.4. New technologies applied to the living world 15 1.4. Conclusion 16 1.5. Acknowledgments 17 1.6. Bibliography 17 Chapter 2. Vulnerability to Global Change: Observation Strategies for the Marine Environment 19Patrick FARCY, Gilles REVERDIN and Philippe BERTRAND 2.1. Introduction 19 2.2. Marine environment observation strategies 20 2.2.1. Parameters to measure 21 2.2.2. Measurement techniques with wide-ranging applications 25 2.3. Some large observation domains 28 2.3.1. The open sea 28 2.3.2. The coastal and littoral ocean 30 2.3.3. The ocean floor: substratum and population 36 2.4. Satellite contribution to observation strategies 42 2.5. In situ observation 45 2.5.1. Lagrangian measurements at the surface and in the water column 45 2.5.2. Eulerian measurements 56 2.5.3. Other significant parameters 60 2.6. Observation strategies 64 2.6.1. The “observatory” approach 64 2.6.2. Some examples of the complementariness of the measurements taken by networks 66 2.6.3. What’s the point of modeling? 67 2.7. What next? 69 2.8. Bibliography 72 Chapter 3. Fishing Technology for Fisheries Research 75Pascal LARNAUD and Benoit VINCENT 3.1. Introduction 75 3.2. The methods employed to measure selectivity 77 3.2.1. What is selectivity? 77 3.2.2. The tools employed to measure meshes 79 3.2.3. The case of trawls 81 3.2.4. Fishing nets and other gear 89 3.3. The tools and observation methods of fishing gear 94 3.3.1. Hydrodynamic tank test 95 3.3.2. Submarine video recording 99 3.3.3. Measurement tools in the domain of fishing technology 103 3.4. Computer simulation tools 104 3.5. Perspectives 108 3.6. Bibliography 109 Chapter 4. Acoustics to Detect and Measure Underwater Organisms 113Verena TRENKEL, Aude PACINI and Laurent BERGER 4.1. Introduction 113 4.1.1. Physical principles of underwater acoustics 113 4.1.2. Instruments 117 4.2. How animals use acoustics 120 4.2.1. Marine mammals 121 4.2.2. Fish 123 4.2.3. Other marine animals 124 4.3. How researchers use acoustics 124 4.3.1. Widening the observation scope 124 4.3.2. Describing animal behavior 126 4.3.3. Estimating fish abundance 128 4.3.4. Ecosystem indicators 130 4.3.5. Seafloor and benthic habitat characterization 131 4.3.6. Quantifying the impact of human activities on ecosystems 131 4.4. Practical uses of acoustics 132 4.4.1. Equipment 132 4.4.2. Carrying out a research cruise 135 4.4.3. Data processing 137 4.4.4. Advantages and drawbacks of acoustics 139 4.5. Acknowledgments 140 4.6. Bibliography 140 Chapter 5. “Bio-logging” as a Tool to Study and Monitor Marine Ecosystems, or How to Spy on Sea Creatures 143Yann TREMBLAY and Sophie BERTRAND 5.1. Introduction 143 5.2. The variety of sensors and measurements 144 5.2.1. Position measurements 144 5.2.2. Physiological measurements 147 5.2.3. Behavioral measurements 147 5.2.4. Environmental measurements 148 5.2.5. Presence measurements 149 5.3. Attachment methods: limits and ethics 150 5.4. Current challenges 152 5.5. Some examples of discoveries resulting from bio-logging 153 5.5.1. The marine field is huge, and yet… 153 5.5.2. To adjust, yes, but how? 154 5.5.3. Animals as oceanographers 156 5.5.4. The impact of oceanographic structures 156 5.5.5. Interactions with fisheries, their management and conservation 157 5.6. Conclusion 161 5.7. Bibliography 162 Chapter 6. Modeling Strategies for Ecosystems 175Cédric BACHER and Nathalie NIQUIL 6.1. Definition of mathematical modeling 175 6.1.1. Introduction 175 6.1.2. The main currents of ecological modeling 177 6.2. Mathematical formalization 178 6.2.1. State variables, process variables and the equation of state 178 6.2.2. Functional responses 180 6.2.3. Simplified food web 187 6.3. Metabolic foundations of population dynamics 192 6.3.1. Metabolic laws 192 6.3.2. Population and communities 197 6.4. Modeling complexity 199 6.4.1. Introduction 199 6.4.2. From NPZD to trophodynamic models 203 6.4.3. Static holistic models 204 6.5. Conclusion 209 6.5.1. The ideal of end-to-end models 209 6.5.2. To find out more 210 6.6. Acknowledgments 212 6.7. Bibliography 212 Chapter 7. The Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries: Reconciling Conservation and Exploitation 221Philippe CURY, Arnaud BERTRAND, Sophie BERTRAND, Marta COLL, Philippe GROS, Souad KIFANI, François Le LOCH, Olivier MAURY, Frédéric MENARD, Florent RENAUD, Lynn SHANNON and Yunne-Jai SHIN 7.1. The ecosystem approach to fisheries: a shared view on the management of marine resources 221 7.1.1. The challenges of the ecosystem approach 221 7.1.2. Three bodies of the United Nations structure the ecosystem approach to global fisheries 223 7.1.3. The complex matter of scientific issues supporting governance 233 7.2. The way marine ecosystems work 236 7.2.1. Bottom-up, top-down and wasp-wait controls 236 7.2.2. Trophic relationships in marine ecosystems 248 7.3. EAF and research on marine ecosystems 256 7.3.1. Quantifying ecological interactions 256 7.3.2. Understanding spatial dynamics 258 7.3.3. Modeling as a tool to integrate knowledge 262 7.4. Ecological indicators Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) 271 7.4.1. Three current levels of organization: international, national and regional 273 7.4.2. The ecosystem approach of the MSFD 274 7.4.3. The assessment of food webs 275 7.5. Implementing the EAF: the Benguela and Humboldt examples 278 7.5.1. Benguela 278 7.5.2. The Humboldt 283 7.6. Dynamic approaches to the ecosystem management of fisheries 289 7.7. Bibliography 290 Chapter 8. Modeling in Contemporary Sciences: Efficiency and Limits Examples from Oceanography 313Alain PAVÉ 8.1. Introduction 313 8.2. A language to describe reality 314 8.3. Relationships between models and reality 315 8.4. What about marine ecological systems and their management? 323 8.5. Interdisciplinarity, transdisciplinarity and modeling 329 8.5. Bibliography 332 List of Authors 337 Index 339

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Book SynopsisThis book explains the concept of spatial data quality, a key theory for minimizing the risks of data misuse in a specific decision-making context. Drawing together chapters written by authors who are specialists in their particular field, it provides both the data producer and the data user perspectives on how to evaluate the quality of vector or raster data which are both produced and used. It also covers the key concepts in this field, such as: how to describe the quality of vector or raster data; how to enhance this quality; how to evaluate and document it, using methods such as metadata; how to communicate it to users; and how to relate it with the decision-making process. Also included is a Foreword written by Professor Michael F. Goodchild.Table of ContentsForeword. Introduction. Chapter 1. Development in the Treatment of Spatial Data Quality (Nicholas Chrisman). Chapter 2. Spatial Data Quality: Concepts (Rodolphe Devillers and Robert Jeansoulin). Chapter 3. Approaches to Uncertainty in Spatial Data (Peter Fisher, Alexis Comber and Richard Wadsworth). Chapter 4. Quality of Raster Data (Serge Riazanoff and Richard Santer). Chapter 5. Understanding the Nature and Magnitude of Uncertainty in Geopolitical and Interpretative Choropleth Maps (Kim Lowell). Chapter 6. The Impact of Positional Accuracy on the Computation of Cost Functions (Alfred Stein and Pepijn Van Oort). Chapter 7. Reasoning Methods for Handling Uncertain Information in Land Cover Mapping (Alexis Comber, Richard Wadsworth and Peter Fisher). Chapter 8. Vector Data Quality: A Data Provider’s Perspective (Jenny Harding). Chapter 9. Spatial Integrity Constraints: A Tool for Improving the Internal Quality of Spatial Data (Sylvain Vallières, Jean Brodeur and Daniel Pilon). Chapter 10. Quality Components, Standards and Metadata, Sylvie Servigne (Nicolas Lesage and Thérèse Libourel). Chapter 11. Spatial Data Quality Assessment and Documentation (Jean-François Hangouët). Chapter 12. Communication and Use of Spatial Data Quality Information in GIS (Rodolphe Devillers and Kate Beard). Chapter 13. External Quality Evaluation of Geographical Applications: An Ontological Approach (Bérengère Vasseur, Robert Jeansoulin, Rodolphe Devillers and Andrew Frank). Chapter 14. A Case Study in the Use of Risk Management to Assess Decision Quality (Gary Hunter and Sytze De Bruin). Chapter 15. On the Importance of External Data Quality in Civil Law (Marc Gervais). Appendix. Quality, and Poem Alike. List of Authors. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis open access peer-reviewed volume was inspired by the UNESCO UNITWIN Network for Underwater Archaeology International Workshop held at Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia in November 2016. Content is based on, but not limited to, the work presented at the workshop which was dedicated to 3D recording and interpretation for maritime archaeology. The volume consists of contributions from leading international experts as well as up-and-coming early career researchers from around the globe. The content of the book includes recording and analysis of maritime archaeology through emerging technologies, including both practical and theoretical contributions. Topics include photogrammetric recording, laser scanning, marine geophysical 3D survey techniques, virtual reality, 3D modelling and reconstruction, data integration and Geographic Information Systems. The principal incentive for this publication is the ongoing rapid shift in the methodologies of maritime archaeology within recent years and a marked increase in the use of 3D and digital approaches. This convergence of digital technologies such as underwater photography and photogrammetry, 3D sonar, 3D virtual reality, and 3D printing has highlighted a pressing need for these new methodologies to be considered together, both in terms of defining the state-of-the-art and for consideration of future directions. As a scholarly publication, the audience for the book includes students and researchers, as well as professionals working in various aspects of archaeology, heritage management, education, museums, and public policy. It will be of special interest to those working in the field of coastal cultural resource management and underwater archaeology but will also be of broader interest to anyone interested in archaeology and to those in other disciplines who are now engaging with 3D recording and visualization.Table of ContentsCalibration of Camera Systems for Underwater Photogrammetry - Mark ShortisPresenting Photogrammetric 3D Recording Essays in the Submerged Harbour Infrastructure of the Ancient and Medieval Harbour of Kyllene/Glarentza - Kalliopi BaikaUsing Digital Visualisation of Archival Sources to Enhance Archaeological Interpretation of the 'Life History' of Ships: Case Study of HMCS/HMAS Protector - J. Hunter IIIPresenting Computer Vision Photogrammetry (CVP) for Maritime Archaeology Research and Public Outreach: A Recording and Surveying Procedure Combining Photogrammetry and Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) - Barbara DaviddeHigh-Resolution Sub-Seabed Survey and Visualisation: Recent Korean Case Studies - YonHwa JungFrom Integration to Explanation: Moving from 3 to 4 Dimensions. Maximising the Temporal Potential of 3D Datasets with Regard to Integration and Comparison of Data from Multiple Sources - Fraser Sturt3D Scanning and Mapping of the City of Adelaide - Daniel AtkinsonRecent 3D Survey Work in Egypt - Ziad M. MorsyInnomar's Parametric Sub-Bottom Profiler (SBP) Survey of Sub-Seabed Viking Fortifications in the Baltic - Douglas BergersenEarly Results of the High-Resolution Imaging of HMAS Sydney and HSK Kormoran - Andrew HutchinsonUnderwater Archaeology using Riegl Bathymetric Lidars: An Overview - Jorg HackerThe 17th/18th Century Drumbeg Shipwreck in Scotland: Seamless Integration of Multi-Sensor Non-Intrusive 3D Survey - John McCarthyJames Matthews Trial Sub-Bottom Profile Survey - Trevor WintonImage-Based 3D Underwater Recording and Ocularcentrism - Madeline McAllister3D Photogrammetry for and by the Public - Kevin EdwardsIntegration of Topographical and Bathymetrical Surveys in High-Resolution Textured 3D Prints - Andrew Ternes

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Book SynopsisThis book presents cutting‐edge research on urban and regional systems applying modern spatial analytical techniques of Geographic Information Science & Technologies (GIS&T), spatial statistics, and location modeling. The contributions, written by leading scholars from around the globe, adopt a spatially explicit analytical perspective and highlight methodological innovations and substantive breakthroughs on many facets of the socioeconomic and environmental reality of urban and regional contexts. The book is divided into three parts: The first part offers an introduction to the research field, while the second part discusses critical issues in urban growth and urban management, presenting case studies on city and urban environments, their growth, data infrastructures and spatial and management issues. The third part then broadens the analysis to the regional scale, addressing growth, convergence and adaptation to new economic and information‐based realities. This book appeals to scholars of spatial and regional sciences as well as to policy decision-makers interested in advanced methods of spatial analysis, location modeling, and GIS&T. Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Part I: Urban Growth​.- Part II: Economic Restructuring, Convergence, Growth, and Regional Systems.- Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisThis practical handbook provides a clearly structured, concise and comprehensive account of the huge variety of atmospheric and related measurements relevant to meteorologists and for the purpose of weather forecasting and climate research, but also to the practitioner in the wider field of environmental physics and ecology. The Springer Handbook of Atmospheric Measurements is divided into six parts: The first part offers instructive descriptions of the basics of atmospheric measurements and the multitude of their influencing factors, fundamentals of quality control and standardization, as well as equations and tables of atmospheric, water, and soil quantities. The subsequent parts present classical in-situ measurements as well as remote sensing techniques from both ground-based as well as airborn or satellite-based methods. The next part focusses on complex measurements and methods that integrate different techniques to establish more holistic data. Brief discussions of measurements in soils and water, at plants, in urban and rural environments and for renewable energies demonstrate the potential of such applications. The final part provides an overview of atmospheric and ecological networks. Written by distinguished experts from academia and industry, each of the 64 chapters provides in-depth discussions of the available devices with their specifications, aspects of quality control, maintenance as well as their potential for the future. A large number of thoroughly compiled tables of physical quantities, sensors and system characteristics make this handbook a unique, universal and useful reference for the practitioner and absolutely essential for researchers, students, and technicians. Table of ContentsPart A: Basics of Atmospheric Measuring Techniques.- Introduction to Atmospheric Measurements.- Principles of Measurements.- Quality Assurance and Control.- Standardization in Atmospheric Measurements.- Physical Quantities.- Part B: In-situ Measuring Techniques.- Ground based platforms.- Temperature Sensors.- Humidity Sensors.- Wind Sensors.- Pressure Sensors.- Radiation Sensors.- Precipitation Measurements.- Visibility Sensors.- Electricity Measurements.- Radioactivity Sensors.- Gas Analysers and Laser Techniques.- Measurements of Stabile Isotopes.- Measurement of Fundamental Aerosol Physical Properies. Methods of Sampling Trace Substances in Air.- Optical Fiber-Based Distributed Sensing Methods.- Odor measurements.- Visual Observations.- Part C: Remote Sensing Techniques (Ground-Based).- Sodar and RASS.- Backscatter Lidar for Aerosol and Cloud Profiling.- Raman Lidar for Water-Vapor and Temperature Profiling.- Doppler Wind Lidar.- Spectrometers.- Passive Solar and Microwave Spectral Radiometers.- Radar Wind Profiler.- Radar in the mm-Range.- High-Frequency Radar.- Scintillometer.- Acoustic Tomography.- GNSS Water Vapor Tomography.- Part D: Remote Sensing Techniques (Space and Aircraft-based).- Satellite and Aircraft Remote Sensing Platforms.- Airborne Lidar.- Airborne Radar. - Airborne Solar Radiation Sensors.- Spaceborne Mircrowave Radiometry.- Spaceborne Microwave Radiometery.- Imaging Techniques.- Part E: Complex Measuring Systems – Methods and Applications.- Atmospherice Measurements for Different Purposes.- Crowdsourcing.- Mesometeorological Networks.- Aerological Measurements.- Composite Atmospheric Profiling.- Aircraft-Based Flux Density Measurements.- Unmanned Aircraft Systems.- Ground-based Mobile Measurement Systems.- Measurements Systems for Wind, Solar, and Hydro Power Applications.- Urban Measurement and their Interpretation.- Immission and Dry Deposition.- Eddy-Covariance Measurements.- Alternative Turbulent Trace GAs Flux Measurement Methods.- Evapotranspiration Measurements and Calculations.- Lysimeter.- Plant Chamber Measurements.- Soil Chamber Measurements.- Soil Measurements.- Water Measurements.- Part F: Measurements Networks.- Networks of Atmospheric Measurement Techniques.- Integration of Meteorological and Ecological Measurements.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a comprehensive introduction to well logging and the inverse problem. It explores challenges such as conventional data processing methods’ inability to handle local minima issues, and presents the explanations in an easy-to-follow way. The book describes statistical data interpretation by introducing the fundamentals behind the approach, as well as a range of sampling methods. In each chapter, a specific method is comprehensively introduced, together with representative examples. The book begins with basic information on well logging and logging while drilling, as well as a definition of the inverse problem. It then moves on to discuss the fundamentals of statistical inverse methods, Bayesian inference, and a new sampling method that can be used to supplement it, the hybrid Monte Carlo method. The book then addresses a specific problem in the inversion of downhole logging data, and the interpretation of earth model complexity, before concluding with a meta-technique called the tempering method, which serves as a supplement to statistical sampling methods. Given its scope, the book offers a valuable reference guide for drilling engineers, well logging tool physicists, and geoscientists, as well as students in the areas of petroleum engineering and electrical engineering. Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Foundation of Bayesian Inversion and Sampling Methods.- Beyond the Random Walk: a Hybrid Monte Carlo Sampling.- Interpret Model Complexity: Trans-Dimensional Markov Chain Monet Carlo Method.- Accelerated Bayesian Inversion Using Parallel Tempering

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Book SynopsisThis book focusses on hydrological modeling, water management, and water governance. It covers the applications of remote sensing and GIS tools and techniques for land use and land cover classifications, estimation of precipitation, evaluation of morphological changes, and monitoring of soil moisture variability. Moreover, remote sensing and GIS techniques have been applied for crop mapping to assess cropping patterns, computation of reference crop evapotranspiration, and crop coefficient. Hydrological modeling studies have been carried out to address various issues in the water sector. MODFLOW model was successfully applied for groundwater modeling and groundwater recharge estimation. Runoff modeling has been carried out to simulate the snowmelt runoff together with the rainfall and sub-surface flow contributions for snow-fed basins. A study has been included, which predicts the impact of the land use and land cover on stream flow. Various problems in the water sector have been addressed employing hydrological models such as SWAT, ArcSWAT, and VIC. An experimental study has been presented wherein the laboratory performance of rainfall simulator has been evaluated. Hydrological modeling studies involving modifications in the curve number methodology for simulation of floods and sediment load have also been presented. This book is useful for academicians, water practitioners, scientists, water managers, environmentalists, and administrators, NGOs, researchers, and students who are involved in water management with the focus on hydrological modeling, water management, and water governance. Table of Contents1. Application of RS and GIS in Watershed Management.- 2. Application of RS and GIS in Agricultural Water Management.- 3. Hydrological Modeling.- 4. Intelligent Water Management.- 5. Water Governance

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Book SynopsisThis book presents fundamental and applied research in developing geospatial modeling solutions to manage the challenges that urban areas are facing today. It aims to connect the academics, researchers, experts, town planners, investors and government officials to exchange ideas. The areas addressed include urban heat island analysis, urban flood vulnerability and risk mapping, green spaces, solar energy, infrastructure management, among others. The book suggests directions for smart city research and outlines practical propositions. As an emerging and critical area of research and development, much research is now being done with regard to cities. At the international level and in India alike, the “smart cities” concept is a vital topic for universities and research centers, and well as for civic bodies, town planners and policymakers. As such, the book offers a valuable resource for a broad readership.Table of ContentsAnalyzing the role of geospatial technology in smart city development .- Part II: Urban expansion and infrastructure.- The dark side of the earth: Benchmarking lighting access for all cities on Earth and the citynet dataset.- Object-oriented approach for urbanization growth by using remote sensing and Gis techniques: A case study in Hilla city, Babylon Governorate, Iraq.- Designing the streets for smart cities.- An automated approach to facilitate rooftop solar Pv installation in smart cities: Acomparative study between Bhopal, India and Trondheim, Norway.- Analyzing and predicting urban expansion and its effects on surface temperature for two Indian megacities: Bengaluru and Chennai.- Analyzing new frontiers in urban preference and perception research.- Land transformation and future projections of land consumption using high resolution remote sensing data for Allahabad, India.- The meta-analysis of studies on urban sprawl.- Four-dimensional slum urban simulation using hologram interferometry of Envisat satellite.- Geospatial technologies for public health management system.- Utilisation of geo spatial technology to study the variation in access of urban health care centres in Kamrup Metro, Assam.- Geo-spatial analysis of health care service centres for smart cities: A study of South East district, Delhi-India.- Usage of transport apps by Indian commuters: An empirical investigation.- Parking maximums and work place levies: Time to adopt new paradigms in India, the case of Kochi.- Assessing to append homeless people to plan smart regions to be more inclusive.- Part II: Urban ecology and disaster management.- Fire and flood vulnerability, and implications for evacuation.- An information and communication technology (ICT) driven disaster management system: A case of fire-fighting in Mumbai.- Selection of suitable site for biomedical waste disposal in Lucknow city, India using remote sensing data, GIS and AHP method.- How does tourism affect urban ecological standards? A geospatial analysis of wetland transformations in the coastal resort town of Digha, West Bengal, India.- Urban housing in Itanagar: Mountain geomorphology, hazard vulnerability vis-à-vis smart city framework.- Hydrogeological studies of urban-rural interface in the northwest part of Pune Metropolis, India.- Ground water analytics for measuring quality and quantity.- Status of ground water quality in Bhilwara district of Rajasthan: A geospatial approach.- Green infrastructure as a tool for improving livability of area based development projects under smart city mission.- Evaluating decadal change in green cover of Dehradun city.- Summary and way forward.

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Book SynopsisThis book integrates spatial analysis into the study and management of conflicts, and offers a model in conflict studies that incorporates theoretical explanations of conflict, its causes, and impacts, with a geospatial strategy for intervening in disputes over allocation and use of natural resources (connects theory and practice). Alongside a theoretical analysis of resource conflicts and an account of Participatory Mapping and PGIS development, this book provides a case study of GIS applications in conflict mediation. The book also lays out a practical and straightforward demonstration of PGIS applications in conflict management using a real-world case study, and traces the Participatory Mapping and PGIS movements’ evolution, compares PPGIS and PGIS practices, and makes distinctions between traditional GIS applications and PGIS practice. The approach embodies the enhanced use of spatial information and media, sets of tools for analyzing, mapping, and displaying spatial data and a platform for participatory discussions that enhances consensus-building. The book, therefore, contributes to the search for novel approaches for managing current and emerging conflicts. With this book, resource managers, development practitioners, students, and scholars of Participatory Mapping and PGIS applications and conflict studies will be equipped with the principles, skills, and the tools they need to manage non-violent resource conflicts and keep the disputes from slipping into violence. The book will also be a valuable text for basic and advanced studies in Participatory Mapping and PGIS applications, Conflict Resolution and Conflict Management. Table of ContentsPart1. Sources, impacts, and the perspectives on resource conflicts.- Chapter1. Natural Resources, Conflict of Interests and their Management.- Chapter2. Sources, Impacts and Management of Natural Resources Conflicts.- Chapter3. Perspectives on Natural Resource Conflicts.- Part2. Participatory Mapping and PGIS applications in conflict management.- Chapter4. Participatory Mapping and management of natural resource conflicts.- Chapter5. The Development of Community-based GIS Applications.- Chapter6. The impact of geospatial data processing on conflict-supporting beliefs.- Chapter7. Case study: Participatory mapping and management of conflict of interests over allocation of resources within the Aboma Forest Reserve at Kofiase, Ghana.- Part3. Assessment of Participatory Mapping and PGIS applications in conflict management.- Chapter8. Important factors in successful Participatory Mapping and PGIS applications in conflict management.- Chapter9. Appraisal of the roles of Participatory Mapping and PGIS applications in conflict management.- Chapter10. Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook introduces methods of geoscientific data acquisition using MATLAB in combination with inexpensive data acquisition hardware such as sensors in smartphones, sensors that come with the LEGO MINDSTORMS set, webcams with stereo microphones, and affordable spectral and thermal cameras. The text includes 35 exercises in data acquisition, such as using a smartphone to acquire stereo images of rock specimens from which to calculate point clouds, using visible and near-infrared spectral cameras to classify the minerals in rocks, using thermal cameras to differentiate between different types of surface such as between soil and vegetation, localizing a sound source using travel time differences between pairs of microphones to localize a sound source, quantifying the total harmonic distortion and signal-to-noise ratio of acoustic and elastic signals, acquiring and streaming meteorological data using application programming interfaces, wireless networks, and internet of things platforms, determining the spatial resolution of ultrasonic and optical sensors, and detecting magnetic anomalies using a smartphone magnetometer mounted on a LEGO MINDSTORMS scanner. The book’s electronic supplementary material (available online through Springer Link) contains recipes that include all the MATLAB commands featured in the book, the example data, the LEGO construction plans, photos and videos of the measurement procedures.Table of ContentsData Acquisition in Earth Sciences.- Introduction to MATLAB.- MATLAB Programming.- Geometric Properties.- Visible Light Images.- Spectral Imaging.- Acquisition of Elastic Signals.- Gravimetric, Magnetic and Weather Data.

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Book SynopsisThis volume discusses the concept of The Spatial University as part of the broad growth of spatial science and the need for spatial infrastructure in colleges and universities. The book centers on the development of U-Spatial, the spatial science infrastructure at the University of Minnesota that offers a range of spatial activities and services, including data access, training, and community building. Against a backdrop of the changing nature of research, teaching, and service in higher education, the story of U-Spatial anchors a broader discussion of what it means to be a spatial university. This narrative framing demonstrates—with specific examples—the importance of institutions offering dedicated spatial research infrastructure. In six chapters, the text explores the importance of spatial thinking, learning, and research for student and researcher success. The volume offers lessons that are applicable far beyond the University of Minnesota to apply to a broad array of domains and institutional specializations. The book will be useful to students, researchers, and policymakers concerned with how institutions can encourage spatial research, teaching, and service. It will also appeal to researchers and practitioners interested in broader uses of spatial science.This book shows how GIS can transform a university, speaking to the need for leadership in higher education around the power of bringing everything together using spatial and geographic concepts. Jack Dangermond Co-Founder and President, EsriTable of ContentsChapter 1. Three Scales of the Spatial University.- Chapter 2. U-Spatial: Nexus of the Spatial University.- Chapter 3. Spatial university for service and support.- Chapter 4. Spatial thinking and learning.- Chapter 5. Spatial science and research.- Chapter 6. Future of the Spatial University.

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the environmental challenges that Libya and similar countries in the regions are currently facing. Each chapter of this book provides a methodology using remote sensing (RS) and geographical information systems (GIS) dealing with one of these environmental challenges such as monitoring and mapping soil salinity and prediction of soil properties, monitoring and mapping of land degradation, spatiotemporal land use/cover, agricultural drought monitoring, hydrological applications such as spatial rainfall distribution, surface runoff, geo-morphometric analysis, flood hazard assessment and mapping, hydrologic and hydraulic modeling, pollution hazard assessment, and climate-related geophysical processes. This book also assesses the impacts of climate change on natural resources using both RS and GIS, as well as other applications, covering different parts of Libya. This book is beneficial for graduate students, researchers, policy planners, and stakeholders in Libya as well as other countries that share similar environmental issues. Also, the methodologies followed in the book's chapters can be applied to any other regions around the world with similar landscapes and climatic conditions.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction to “Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS in Libya” (Hamdi A. Zurqani)Chapter 2. Application of remote sensing and GIS in land cover/land use mapping and change detection using Google Earth Engine platform: a case study in northwestern Libya (Hamdi A. Zurqani, Abdulsalam Al-Bukhari, Mahmood B. Shanta)Chapter 3. Evaluation of selected vegetation indices to assess rangeland vegetation in eastern Libya (Abdulsalam Al-bukhari, Tim Brewer, and Stephen Hallett)Chapter 4. Spatiotemporal analysis of Vegetation Health Index (VHI) and drought patterns in Libya based on remote sensing time series (Khali I. Elfadli, and Hamdi A. Zurqani)Chapter 5. Integration of remotely sensed data and machine learning technique for spatial prediction of selected soil properties in northwestern Libya (Hamdi A. Zurqani)Chapter 6. Field and laboratory estimation of soil erodibility, erosion and degradation of the semi-arid Aljabal Alkhdar region, Libya (Murad M. Aburas, Asama S. Alferjani, and Mohammed, S. Yousuf)Chapter 7. DRAINMOD applications to design drainage systems in Libya using soil salinity data predicted by GIS, remote sensing and Artificial Neural Networks (Murad Ellafi, Hamdi A. Zurqani, Lynda K. Deeks, and Robert W. Simmons)Chapter 8. Surface water potential and suitable sites identification for RWH in the semi-arid and arid watershed of Wadi Sammalus, northeast Libya using GIS and Remote Sensing approach (Salah Hamad, and Nilanchal Patel)Chapter 9. Stepwise approach for morphometric modeling of Wadi Zamzam watershed in north-western Libya using GIS and remote sensing techniques (Ali Mustafa Salim, Ibtisam Abdulsalam Albira, and Safa Ahmed Ebsheer)Chapter 10. Geospatial mapping and analysis of the 2019 Flood Disaster extent and impact in the city of Ghat in southwestern Libya using Google Earth Engine and deep learning technique (Hamdi A. Zurqani, Abdulsalam Al-Bukhari, Alsaket Aldaikh, Khali I. Elfadli, and Ali Bataw)Chapter 11. Oil pollution monitoring and detection using GIS and remote sensing techniques: case study from Libya (Khalifa Abdunaser)Chapter 12. Conclusions, and Recommendations for Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS in Libya (Hamdi A. Zurqani)

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on the application of geospatial technologies for resource planning and management for the key natural resources, e.g. water, agriculture and forest as well as the decision support system (DSS) for infrastructure development. We have seen in the past four decades that the growing complexities of sustainable management of natural resources management have been very challenging. The book has been written to leverage the current geospatial technologies that integrate the remotely sensed data available from various platforms, the precise locational data providing geospatial intelligence, and the advanced integration tools of Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Geospatial technologies have been used for water resources management employing geomorphological characteristics, analysis of river migration pattern, understanding the large-scale hydrological process, wet land classification and monitoring, analysis of glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF), assessment of environmental flow and soil erosion studies, water quality modelling and assessment and rejuvenation of paleochannels through groundwater recharge. Geospatial technologies have been applied for crop classification and mapping, soil moisture determination using RISAT-1 C-band and PALSAR-2 L-band sensors, inventory of horticulture plantations, management of citrus orchards, crop yield forecasting, rice yield estimation, estimation of evapotranspiration and its evaluation against lysimeter and satellite-based evapotranspiration product for India to address the various issues of the agricultural system management. Geospatial technologies have been used for generation of digital elevation model, urban dynamics assessment, mobile GIS application at grass root level planning, cadastral level developmental planning and e-governance applications, system dynamics for sustainable development, micro-level water resources planning, site suitability for sewage treatment plant, traffic density assessment, geographical indications of India, archaeological applications and disasters interventions to elaborate various issues of DSS for infrastructure development and management. Geospatial technologies have been employed for the generation and reconciliation of the notified forest land boundaries, and also the land cover changes analysis within notified forest areas, forest resource assessment, management and monitoring and wildlife conservation and management. This book aims to present high-quality technical case studies representing the recent developments in the “application of geospatial technologies for resource planning and management”. The editors hope that this book will serve as a valuable resource for scientists and researchers to plan and manage land and water resources sustainably.Table of ContentsGeospatial Technology for Geomorphology Mapping and its Applications.- Geospatial technology for estimation of geomorphological characteristics of an ungauged watershed.- Long Term Analysis of River Migration Pattern using Geospatial Techniques – A case study of upper part of the Ganga River, India.- Space borne Scatterometers for understanding the large-scale land hydrological processes.- Wetland Classification and Monitoring Using Time Series Earth Observation Data and Machine Learning Algorithm: A Case Study in Upper Ganga River Stretch.

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Book SynopsisThis book collects ground-breaking works on the actual and potential impact of big data and data-integrated design for resilient urban environments, including human- and ecology-centred perspectives. Comprehending and designing for urban social, demographic and environmental change is a complex task. Big data, data structuring, data analysis (i.e. AI and ML) and data-integrated design can play a significant role in advancing approaches to this task. The themes presented in this book include urban adaptation, urban morphology, urban mobility, urban ecosystems, urban climate, urban ecology and agriculture. Given the compound nature of complex sustainability problems, most chapters address the correlation between several of these themes. The book addresses practitioners, researchers and graduate students concerned with the rapidly increasing role of data in developing urban environments.Table of ContentsThe introduction to informed urban environments.- The bigger picture en route to informed urban environments.- How we see now: Traversing a data-mosaic.- The role of information modelling and computational ontologies to support the design, planning and management of urban environments: Current status and future challenges.- Urban adaptation – Insights from information physics and complex system dynamics.- Decoding cool urban forms: Using open data to build a dialogue between microclimate and configurational morphology in urban environments.- From Amsterdam to New Amsterdam to Amsterdam: How urban mobility shapes cities.- urban microclimate spatiotemporal mapping: A method to evaluate thermal comfort availability in urban ecosystems.- Urban ecosystems and nature-based solutions: The role of data in optimizing the provision of ecosystem services.- Smart urban forestry: Is it the future?- Big data and decision support in rural and urban agriculture.

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Book SynopsisThis book reports on several advances in architectural graphics, with a special emphasis on education, training and research. It gathers a selection of contributions to the 19th International Conference on Graphic Design in Architecture, EGA 2022, held on June 2–4, 2022, in Cartagena, Spain, with the motto: "Beyond drawings. The use of architectural graphics".Table of ContentsMadrid and the Board of Houses of the Navy: Four Projects for Spain in the 1940s.- Framing, filling, linking: The drawing of elements for city description.- From historical and theoretical analysis of Representation and Geometry to Topology for Structural Optimization.- From image to investigation 3D reconstruction with perspective restitution.- From the "sacred theatres" of Andrea Pozzo to the international truncated calotte: history and representation of the Immacolatella church’s tribune in Trapani (1732).- Geometric and formal characterization of the church of Santa María de Tobed.

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses the problems in planning, building, and management strategies in the wake of application and expansion of remote sensing and GIS products in natural resources and infrastructure management. The book suggests proactive solutions to problems of natural resources and infrastructure management, providing alternatives for strategic planning, effective delivery, and growth perspectives. The uniqueness of the book is its broader spectrum of coverage with related interconnections and interdependences across science, engineering, and innovation. The book contains information that can be downscaled to the local level. Presenting a wide spectrum of viewpoints and approaches, the book is a collective of topics such as application to agriculture and forestry (land and landscape, agriculture, forestry management and deforestation), water resources and ecology (hydro-meteorological, climate diagnostics, and prognostics, water resources management, environment management, cross-scale ecology and resilience), urban management (urban planning, design, construction and operations of infrastructure, natural disasters, novel approaches to upgrade old infrastructure), hydro informatics, predictive and geospatial data analytics, synthesis, and management through the various processes, tools, and technologies.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Applications to Agriculture and Forestry.- Water Resources and Ecology.- Urban Management.- Case Studies.- Conclusions and Recommendations.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook presents a clear and accessible argument for sustainable planning and development. The book discusses multiple environmental issues and examines how potential solutions can and should be addressed in the context of space and place. The book also offers an invaluable discussion on the need for a framework for system-based thinking where various disciplines should work together to find innovative solutions. Students are provided with an appreciation of the need for an interdisciplinary approach to these issues combined with an underlying sense of space, an appreciation of cultural diversity and differences, as well as associated insights into human relationships. These core attributes put space at the heart of environmental and natural resources management, in terms of policy, planning and on-the-ground initiatives.This book will be an invaluable reference for advanced undergraduate, graduate students and researchers working in the field looking for an accessible overview of this interdisciplinary approach to the topic.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis open access book provides insights into the novel Locally Refined B-spline (LR B-spline) surface format, which is suited for representing terrain and seabed data in a compact way. It provides an alternative to the well know raster and triangulated surface representations. An LR B-spline surface has an overall smooth behavior and allows the modeling of local details with only a limited growth in data volume. In regions where many data points belong to the same smooth area, LR B-splines allow a very lean representation of the shape by locally adapting the resolution of the spline space to the size and local shape variations of the region. The iterative method can be modified to improve the accuracy in particular domains of a point cloud. The use of statistical information criterion can help determining the optimal threshold, the number of iterations to perform as well as some parameters of the underlying mathematical functions (degree of the splines, parameter representation). The resulting surfaces are well suited for analysis and computing secondary information such as contour curves and minimum and maximum points. Also deformation analysis are potential applications of fitting point clouds with LR B-splines.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Locally Refined Splines.- Adaptive surface Fitting with Local Refinement: LR B-spline Surfaces.- A Statistical Criterion to Judge the Goodness of Fit of LR B-splines Surface Approximation.- LR B-splines for Representation of Terrain and Seabed: Data Fusion, Outliers, and Voids.- LR B-spline Surfaces and Volumes for Deformation Analysis of Terrain Data.- Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisAndean dry forest ecosystems are threatened by deforestation and unsustainable land use methods. The negative effects for the livelihood of the local population, biodiversity, and the regional climate could be countered by reforestation measures; however, dry land forests have not attracted the same level of interest and investment like other ecosystems. This book describes the development of a priority-zone map for reforestation measures, showing where reforestation might have the greatest social and ecological benefits. To achieve this, a problem analysis of a case study region is conducted and thematic reforestation benefits are determined. Using remote sensing and GIS, the areas where benefits can be obtained are mapped in individual layers and compiled into a summarizing priority-zone map. It is thus possible to identify areas where reforestation would achieve multiple benefits. The concept of priority maps could be used to facilitate reforestation strategies by local communities and municipal governments and could thus contribute to initiate an integrated forest and landscape restoration of the Bolivian montane dry forests.

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Book SynopsisThis book covers methodology of the study for all aspects of human geography. As a comprehensive geography textbook, it consists of detailed research methodology for research in human geography including a few selected case studies in Asia. It explores different approaches, methodological possibilities, and challenges in conducting geographical research in human geography. New digital geographic data sources and GIS applications can help researchers to receive clearer concepts and obtain better measurements of the relevant attributes changes. Furthermore, the book provides an opportunity to critically examine the conceptualization and identification of the field in geographical research and how digital media has not only expanded the scope of what constitutes the field but has redefined the field in itself as well as the practices of observing, knowing, and analyzing the real world. The uniqueness of this book is due to the contribution of several professors and subject experts from South East and East Asia with special particular reference to cases studies from this region of the world. Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis volume LNCS 13912 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 20th International Symposium on Web and Wireless Geographical Information Systems, W2GIS 2023, in June 12-13, 2023 in Quebec City, QC, Canada. The 9 full papers presented together with 2 short papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 14 submissions. The conference focuses on topics such as Sensors Networks and Data Steaming; Mobility and Navigation; AI for Mobility Data Analytics; Volunteered Geographic information (VGI); Network Analysis and Geovisualization.Table of ContentsKeynote.- An approach for geosensor network optimization to support decisions at multiple Scale.- Sensors Networks and Data Steaming.- Towards Integration of Spatial Context in Building Energy Demand Assessment Supported by CityGML Energy Extension.- Three-stage Framework to Estimate Pedestrian Path by Using Signaling Data and Surveillance Video.- Mobility and Navigation.- Investigating the Navigational Behavior of Wheelchair Users in Urban Environments Using Eye Movement Data.- New Approach for Accessibility Assessment of Side-Walks for Wheelchair Users Considering the Sidewalk Traffic.- AI for Mobility Data Analytics.- Mobility Data Analytics with KNOT: the KNime mObility Toolkit.- Bus Journey Time Prediction with Machine Learning: An Empirical Experience in Two Cities.- A Novel GIS-Based Machine Learning Approach for the Classification of Multi-Motorized Transportation Modes.- Volunteered Geographic information (VGI).- Cimemountainbot: A Telegram Bot to Collect Mountain Images and to Communicate Information With Mountain Guides.- A New Feature Matching Method for Matching OpenStreetMap Buildings with Those of Reference Dataset.- Network Analysis and Geovisualization.- Geovisualisation generation from semantic models: a state of the art.- A Heterogeneous Information Attentive Network for the Identification of Tourist Attraction Competitors.- Poly-GAN: Regularizing Polygons with Generative Adversarial Networks.

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Book SynopsisThis book aims to provide a comprehensive study on various aspects of environmental pollution dynamics using geospatial technology and modeling techniques. The utility of geospatial technology will be demonstrated for the effective study of environmental pollution, as space and location are very important for effective environmental health surveillance. The timeliness of the work is due to the increasing relevance of geospatial technology applications in environmental health investigations. Moreover, different types of pollution are covered in detail, including air and soil, all of which are analyzed using latest Remote Sensing and GIS technology. The basics of environmental pollution and its impacts are covered in the book's first part, while the second part focuses on the use of geospatial technology in investigating and modeling various instances of environmental pollution. The third part discusses policy measures for mitigating environmental pollution hazards, using geospatial analyses and data to craft informed policy decisions. The primary audience for the book is researchers working in the field of environmental pollution with incorporation of geospatial technology, including upper-level undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in remote sensing and its environmental applications. The secondary audience is academicians, planners, environmentalists and policymakers working in the field of environment protection and management.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Types of Environmental Pollution and Its Effects On The Environment and Society.- Chapter 2: Geostatistical Methods and Framework For Pollution Modelling.- Chapter 3: GIS-based Modelling for Estimation of Water Quality Parameters: A Review.- Chapter 4: Air Quality Monitoring Using Geospatial Technology and Field Sensors.- Chapter 5: Geospatial Techniques and Methods for Monitoring and Assessment of Soil Contaminants.- Chapter 6: Geospatial Modelling and Framework For the Detection and Mapping of Noise Pollution.- Chapter 7: Urban Areas and Air Pollution: Causes, Concerns and Mitigation.- Chapter 8: Constructing The Dynamics of Water Quality Parameters Using Geospatial Technology and In Situ Observations.- Chapter 9: Urban Air Quality Monitoring and Modelling Using Ground Monitoring, Remote Sensing and GIS.- Chapter 10: Assessment of Soil Contamination Using Remote Sensing and Spatial Techniques.- Chapter 11: Noise Pollution Modelling Using Gis Techniques in Srinagar City.- Chapter 12: Geostatistics Interceded Groundwater Quality Study With Emphasis on Kriging Across the Andhra Pradesh State Of India.- Chapter 13: Air Quality and Human Health.- Chapter 14: Significance of Geo-Visualization Tools For Pollution Monitoring.- Chapter 15: Environmental Pollution Control Measures And Strategies: An Overview Of Recent Developments.- Chapter 16: Environmental Legislation and Global Initiatives.

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Book SynopsisThis book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 21st International Symposium on Web and Wireless Geographical Information Systems, W2GIS 2024, held in Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland, during June 1819, 2024. The 8 full papers and 7 short papers included in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 20 submissions.

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Book Synopsis1 Geospatial Technologies' Basic Concepts and Recent Applications in Natural Resources Management and Decision Support.- 2 Dam-Failure Induced Flood Simulation Modelling and Mapping using Space Technology.- 3 Assessing Drainage Characteristics Through Morphometric Evaluation in the Upper Wabe Shebelle Basin, Ethiopia.- 4 Changing Surface Water Scenario in Jhansi District of Bundelkhand Region.- 5 Hydro-Vegetation Dynamics in Godavari River Sub-Basins.- 6 Groundwater Potential Zoning in The Purulia District, West Bengal.- 7 Modelling and Predicting Forest Dynamics and Their Impacts on Ecosystem Services.- 8 Machine Learning-Based Algorithms for Mapping Mangrove Cover Changes in Mumbai Region Using Google Earth Engine.- 9 Geospatial Technologies' Concepts and Methods for Land-Use Land-Cover Dynamics Mapping.- 10 Mapping Soil Erosion Vulnerability in the Upper Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia.- 11 Advancements in Land Use Land Cover Classification.- 12 Assessment of Soil Erosion in Joshimath, Uttarakhand Using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and Machine Learning Approach.- 13 Comparison of Land Use Land Cover Classification Using Sentinel-2 Images with Different Deep Learning Approaches.- 14 Geospatial Techniques for Mapping and Monitoring Land Use Land Cover Change.- 15 Assessment of Salt-Affected Soil Using Remote Sensing-Based Salinity Indices.- 16 Estimating Soil Erosion in Surguja District, Chhattisgarh (India) Using the RUSLE Model and Geo-spatial Techniques.- 17 Benefits of Green and Blue Spaces (GBS) for Heat Mitigation and Emission Reduction in Urban Areas.- 18 Geospatial Techniques to Assess Green Equity in the City of Bhopal, India.- 19 Discriminating Maize and Soyabean in Mixed Cropping Systems Using Unmanned Aerial Systems Datasets and Random Forest.- 20 Chronology of Mangrove Destruction by Pond Expansion in the Mahakam Delta, Indonesia, Using Automatic Mangrove Map and Index (AMMI) and Automatic Shoreline Map (ASM) Index Through the Google Earth Engine Platform.- 21 Applications of Geospatial Technology in Wildfire Studies.- 22 Challenges and Future Opportunities of Geospatial Modelling for Natural Resource Assessment.

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Book SynopsisSection: I: Urban Space, Society and Urban Innovation.- Chapter I: Basic Services, Infrastructure for Urban Innovation and Sustainability.- Chapter II: Urban Community, Resilience and Quality of life.- Chapter III: Urban Informatics: Innovation and Challenges.- Section: II:Services, Decentralized Planning and Disparity.- Chapter IV: Cities Safety, Security and Smart Public Services.- Chapter V: Cities Well-Being, Health, Utility Services.- Chapter VI:  Urban Ecosystem Services and Sustainable Citi Planning.- Chapter VII:  Urban Migration and Regional Disparity.- Section: III:Environmental Management, GeorbIS and Smart Governance.- Chapter VIII: Environmental Quality and Variability in Cities.- Chapter IX:  Disaster risk reduction and sustainable cities.- Chapter X: Digital Technology and Participatory mapping in Megacities.- Chapter XI: Urban Heat Mapping.- Chapter XII: Smart Resource Monitoring and Assessment.- Section: IV:Smart City & Geospatial Technology.- Chapter XIII:  Smart City: Current Scenario and Practices.- Chapter XIV: Geospatial Technology for Smart City The Framework.- Chapter XV: Future Strategy for Sustainable Urban Landscape.- Section: V:Future Smart Cities and Sustainable Development.- Chapter XVI: Issues and Challenges in Smart Cities- An advanced Analysis.- Chapter XVII: Sustainable Urban Innovation & Geospatial Revolution, Internet of Things of smart cities.- Chapter- XVIII: Digital Sand Model and Sustainable smart City.

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Book SynopsisFundamentals of Inertial Navigation, Satellite-based Positioning and their Integration is an introduction to the field of Integrated Navigation Systems. It serves as an excellent reference for working engineers as well as textbook for beginners and students new to the area. The book is easy to read and understand with minimum background knowledge. The authors explain the derivations in great detail. The intermediate steps are thoroughly explained so that a beginner can easily follow the material. The book shows a step-by-step implementation of navigation algorithms and provides all the necessary details. It provides detailed illustrations for an easy comprehension. The book also demonstrates real field experiments and in-vehicle road test results with professional discussions and analysis. This work is unique in discussing the different INS/GPS integration schemes in an easy to understand and straightforward way. Those schemes include loosely vs tightly coupled, open loop vs closed loop, and many more. Table of ContentsReference Frames and Earth Geometry.- Global Positioning System.- Inertial Navigation System.- Inertial Navigation System Modeling.- Modeling INS Errors by Linear State Equations.- Kalman Filter.- INS/GPS integration.- Three Dimensional Reduced Inertial Sensor System / GPS Integration for Land-Based Vehicles.- Two Case Studies- full IMU/GPS and 3D RISS/GPS Integration.

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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