Engineering thermodynamics Books

Book SynopsisThe definitive text/reference for students, researchers and practicing engineers This book provides comprehensive coverage on refrigeration systems and applications, ranging from the fundamental principles of thermodynamics to food cooling applications for a wide range of sectoral utilizations. Energy and exergy analyses as well as performance assessments through energy and exergy efficiencies and energetic and exergetic coefficients of performance are explored, and numerous analysis techniques, models, correlations and procedures are introduced with examples and case studies. There are specific sections allocated to environmental impact assessment and sustainable development studies. Also featured are discussions of important recent developments in the field, including those stemming from the author's pioneering research. Refrigeration is a uniquely positioned multi-disciplinary field encompassing mechanical, chemical, industrial and food engineering, as well Table of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgments xix 1 General Aspects of Thermodynamics 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Dimensions and Units 2 1.2.1 Systems of Units 2 1.2.1.1 Mass 2 1.2.1.2 Length 2 1.2.1.3 Force 3 1.2.1.4 Density and Specific Volume 3 1.2.1.5 Mass Flow Rate and Volumetric Flow Rate 3 1.2.1.6 Temperature 4 1.2.1.7 Pressure 6 1.3 Thermodynamics 9 1.3.1 Thermodynamic Systems 9 1.3.2 Thermodynamic Laws 10 1.3.3 First Law of Thermodynamics 10 1.3.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics 12 1.3.4.1 Exergy and its Importance 13 1.3.4.2 Reversibility and Irreversibility 15 1.3.4.3 Reversible Work and Exergy Destruction 15 1.3.5 Dincer’s Six-step Approach 15 1.3.6 Pure Substances 25 1.3.6.1 State and Change of State 25 1.3.6.2 Vapor States 27 1.3.6.3 Sensible Heat, Latent Heat and Latent Heat of Fusion 27 1.3.6.4 Specific Heat 27 1.3.6.5 Specific Internal Energy 28 1.3.6.6 Specific Enthalpy 28 1.3.6.7 Specific Entropy 28 1.3.6.8 Energy Change and Energy Transfer 29 1.3.6.9 Flow Energy 29 1.3.6.10 Heat Transfer 29 1.3.6.11 Work 30 1.3.6.12 Thermodynamic Tables 30 1.4 Ideal and Real Gases 30 1.5 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps 36 1.5.1 The Carnot Refrigerators and Heat Pumps 38 1.6 Psychrometrics 49 1.6.1 Common Definitions in Psychrometrics 50 1.6.2 Balance Equations for Air and Water Vapor Mixtures 52 1.6.3 The Psychrometric Chart 53 1.7 Concluding Remarks 64 Nomenclature 64 Study Problems 67 References 70 2 Refrigerants 71 2.1 Introduction 71 2.2 Classification of Refrigerants 72 2.2.1 Halocarbons 72 2.2.2 Hydrocarbons 73 2.2.3 Inorganic Compounds 74 2.2.3.1 Ammonia (R-717) 74 2.2.3.2 Carbon dioxide (R-744) 75 2.2.3.3 Air (R-729) 75 2.2.4 Azeotropic mixtures 75 2.2.5 Nonazeotropic mixtures 76 2.3 Prefixes and Decoding of Refrigerants 76 2.3.1 Prefixes 76 2.3.2 Decoding the Number 77 2.3.3 Isomers 78 2.4 Secondary Refrigerants 79 2.5 Refrigerant–absorbent Combinations 80 2.6 Stratospheric Ozone Layer 82 2.6.1 Stratospheric Ozone Layer Depletion 84 2.6.2 Ozone Depletion Potential 85 2.6.3 Montreal Protocol 88 2.7 Global Warming 89 2.7.1 Global Warming Potential 93 2.8 Clean Air Act 94 2.8.1 Significant New Alternative Policies Program 94 2.8.2 Classification of Substances 96 2.9 Key Refrigerants 103 2.9.1 R-134a 103 2.9.2 R- 123 105 2.9.3 Nonazeotropic (Zeotropic) Mixtures 106 2.9.4 Azeotropic Mixtures 108 2.9.5 Ammonia (R-717) 110 2.9.6 Propane (R-290) 111 2.9.7 Carbon Dioxide (R-744) 113 2.10 Selection of Refrigerants 115 2.11 Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants 116 2.12 Lubricating Oils and their Effects 120 2.13 Concluding Remarks 122 Study Problems 122 References 125 3 Refrigeration System Components 127 3.1 Introduction 127 3.2 History of Refrigeration 128 3.3 Main Refrigeration Systems 130 3.4 Refrigeration System Components 131 3.5 Compressors 132 3.5.1 Hermetic Compressors 133 3.5.2 Semi-hermetic Compressors 135 3.5.3 Open Compressors 136 3.5.4 Classification of Compressors 136 3.5.5 Positive Displacement Compressors 137 3.5.5.1 Reciprocating Compressors 137 3.5.5.2 Rotary Compressors 137 3.5.6 Dynamic Compressors 144 3.5.6.1 Centrifugal Compressors 144 3.5.6.2 Axial Compressors 147 3.5.7 Thermodynamic Analysis of Compressor 147 3.5.8 Compressor Capacity and Performance Assessment 149 3.5.8.1 Compression Ratio 149 3.5.8.2 Compressor Efficiency 150 3.5.8.3 Compressor Capacity Control for Better Performance 151 3.6 Condensers 156 3.6.1 Water-cooled Condensers 157 3.6.2 Air-cooled Condensers 157 3.6.3 Evaporative Condensers 158 3.6.4 Cooling Towers 159 3.6.5 Thermodynamic Analysis of Condenser 160 3.7 Evaporators 165 3.7.1 Liquid Coolers 165 3.7.2 Air and Gas Coolers 166 3.7.3 Thermodynamic Analysis of Evaporator 167 3.8 Throttling Devices 172 3.8.1 Thermostatic Expansion Valves 172 3.8.2 Constant Pressure Expansion Valves 173 3.8.3 Float Valves 173 3.8.4 Capillary Tubes 174 3.8.5 Thermodynamic Analysis of Throttling Valve 174 3.9 Auxiliary Devices 177 3.9.1 Accumulators 177 3.9.2 Receivers 178 3.9.3 Oil Separators 178 3.9.4 Strainers 179 3.9.5 Dryers 179 3.9.6 Check Valves 179 3.9.7 Solenoid Valves 179 3.9.8 Defrost Controllers 179 3.10 Concluding Remarks 180 Nomenclature 180 Study Problems 182 References 187 4 Refrigeration Cycles and Systems 189 4.1 Introduction 189 4.2 Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems 189 4.2.1 Evaporation 190 4.2.2 Compression 190 4.2.3 Condensation 190 4.2.4 Expansion 191 4.3 Energy Analysis of Vapor-compression Refrigeration Cycle 192 4.4 Exergy Analysis of Vapor-compression Refrigeration Cycle 195 4.5 Actual Vapor-compression Refrigeration Cycle 200 4.5.1 Superheating and Subcooling 201 4.5.1.1 Superheating 201 4.5.1.2 Subcooling 203 4.5.2 Defrosting 204 4.5.3 Purging Air in Refrigeration Systems 205 4.5.3.1 Air Purging Methods 206 4.5.4 Twin Refrigeration System 209 4.6 Air-standard Refrigeration Systems 210 4.6.1 Energy and Exergy Analyses of a Basic Air-standard Refrigeration Cycle 211 4.7 Absorption Refrigeration Systems 216 4.7.1 Basic Absorption Refrigeration Systems 218 4.7.2 Ammonia–water (NH3–H2O) Absorption Refrigeration Systems 219 4.7.3 Energy Analysis of an Absorption Refrigeration System 221 4.7.4 Three-fluid (Gas Diffusion) Absorption Refrigeration Systems 224 4.7.5 Water–lithium Bromide (H2O –LiBr) Absorption Refrigeration Systems 225 4.7.5.1 Single-effect Absorption Refrigeration Systems 226 4.7.5.2 Double-effect Absorption Refrigeration Systems 227 4.7.5.3 Crystallization 229 4.7.6 Steam Ejector Recompression Absorption Refrigeration Systems 230 4.7.7 Electrochemical Absorption Refrigeration Systems 231 4.7.8 Absorption-augmented Refrigeration System 232 4.7.9 Exergy Analysis of an Absorption Refrigeration System 239 4.7.10 Performance Evaluation of an Absorption Refrigeration System 243 4.8 Concluding Remarks 245 Nomenclature 245 Study Problems 247 References 258 5 Advanced Refrigeration Cycles and Systems 261 5.1 Introduction 261 5.2 Multistage Refrigeration Cycles 262 5.3 Cascade Refrigeration Systems 268 5.3.1 Two-stage Cascade Systems 269 5.3.2 Three-stage (Ternary) Cascade Refrigeration System 274 5.4 Multi-effect Absorption Refrigeration Systems 280 5.5 Steam-jet Refrigeration Systems 311 5.6 Adsorption Refrigeration 317 5.7 Stirling Cycle Refrigeration 322 5.7.1 Performance Assessment 325 5.8 Thermoelectric Refrigeration 328 5.8.1 Performance Assessment of Thermoelectric Coolers 329 5.9 Thermoacoustic Refrigeration 332 5.10 Metal Hydride Refrigeration 334 5.10.1 Operational Principles 335 5.10.2 Regeneration Process 336 5.10.3 Refrigeration Process 336 5.11 Magnetic Refrigeration 337 5.11.1 Magnetic Refrigeration Cycle 339 5.11.2 Active Magnetic Regenerators 340 5.12 Supermarket Refrigeration Practices 345 5.12.1 Direct Expansion Systems 346 5.12.2 Distributed Systems 347 5.12.3 Secondary Loop Systems 348 5.13 Concluding Remarks 349 Nomenclature 349 Study Problems 351 References 354 6 Renewable Energy-based Integrated Refrigeration Systems 357 6.1 Introduction 357 6.2 Solar-powered Absorption Refrigeration Systems 358 6.3 Solar-powered Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems 364 6.4 Wind-powered Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems 368 6.5 Hydropowered Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems 371 6.6 Geothermal-powered Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems 375 6.7 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Powered Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems 379 6.8 Biomass-powered Absorption Refrigeration Systems 383 6.9 Concluding Remarks 393 Nomenclature 394 Study Problems 395 Reference 398 7 Heat Pipes 399 7.1 Introduction 399 7.2 Heat Pipes 400 7.2.1 Heat Pipe Use 403 7.3 Heat Pipe Applications 403 7.3.1 Heat Pipe Coolers 404 7.3.2 Insulated Water Coolers 404 7.3.3 Heat Exchanger Coolers 404 7.4 Heat Pipes for Electronics Cooling 405 7.5 Types of Heat Pipes 407 7.5.1 Micro Heat Pipes 408 7.5.2 Cryogenic Heat Pipes 408 7.6 Heat Pipe Components 408 7.6.1 Container 410 7.6.2 Working Fluid 411 7.6.3 Selection of Working Fluid 413 7.6.4 Wick or Capillary Structure 414 7.7 Operational Principles of Heat Pipes 417 7.7.1 Heat Pipe Operating Predictions 418 7.7.1.1 Gravity-aided Orientation 419 7.7.1.2 Horizontal Orientation 419 7.7.1.3 Against Gravity Orientation 420 7.7.2 Heat Pipe Arrangement 421 7.8 Heat Pipe Performance 421 7.8.1 Effective Heat Pipe Thermal Resistance 423 7.9 Design and Manufacture of Heat Pipes 424 7.9.1 Thermal Conductivity of a Heat Pipe 427 7.9.2 Common Heat Pipe Diameters and Lengths 427 7.10 Heat-transfer Limitations 428 7.11 Heat Pipes in Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning 429 7.11.1 Dehumidifier Heat Pipes 430 7.11.1.1 Working Principle 431 7.11.1.2 Indoor Dehumidifier Heat Pipes 432 7.11.2 Energy Recovery Heat Pipes 433 7.12 Concluding Remarks 436 Nomenclature 436 Study Problems 437 References 439 8 Food Refrigeration 441 8.1 Introduction 441 8.2 Food Deterioration 442 8.3 Food Preservation 443 8.4 Food Quality 444 8.5 Food Precooling and Cooling 446 8.6 Food Precooling Systems 448 8.6.1 Energy Coefficient 449 8.6.2 Hydrocooling 450 8.6.2.1 Hydrocooling using Ice or Ice–slush Cooling 453 8.6.2.2 Hydrocooling using Artificial Ice 453 8.6.2.3 Hydrocooling using Natural Ice 454 8.6.2.4 Hydrocooling using Natural Snow 455 8.6.2.5 Hydrocooling using Compacted Snow 455 8.6.3 Forced-air Cooling 456 8.6.3.1 Methods of Forced-air Cooling 459 8.6.3.2 Cold-wall-type Tunnel Forced-air Cooling 461 8.6.3.3 Serpentine Cooling 463 8.6.3.4 Single-pallet Forced-air Cooling 464 8.6.3.5 Room Cooling (with Storage and Shipping) 464 8.6.3.6 Ice-bank Forced-air Cooling System 464 8.6.3.7 Forced-air Cooling with Winter Coldness 465 8.6.3.8 Technical Details of Forced-air Cooling Systems 466 8.6.3.9 Engineering/economic Model for Forced-air Cooling Systems 468 8.6.4 Hydraircooling 469 8.6.5 Vacuum Cooling 471 8.6.6 Hydrovac Cooling 475 8.6.7 Evaporative Cooling 475 8.6.8 Ice Cooling 476 8.7 Precooling of Milk 477 8.8 Food Freezing 479 8.9 Cool and Cold Storage 480 8.9.1 Chilling Injury 481 8.9.2 Optimum Storage Conditions 481 8.9.2.1 Optimum Temperature 481 8.9.2.2 Optimum Relative Humidity 482 8.9.3 Technical Aspects of Cold Stores 485 8.9.3.1 Shape and Size 486 8.9.3.2 Construction Methods 486 8.9.3.3 Insulation 487 8.9.3.4 Vapor Barriers 488 8.9.3.5 Floors 488 8.9.3.6 Cold-air Distribution 488 8.9.3.7 Defrosting 489 8.9.3.8 Cold Store Planning 489 8.9.3.9 Refrigeration 490 8.9.4 Calculation of Cold Store Refrigeration Loads 490 8.9.5 Energy-efficient Cold Store 492 8.9.6 Photovoltaic-powered Cold Store 493 8.10 Controlled Atmosphere Storage 496 8.10.1 Controlled Atmosphere Storage Ripening and Waxing 500 8.10.2 Container-controlled Atmospheres 501 8.10.2.1 Controlled Modified Atmosphere Systems 501 8.10.2.2 Modified Atmospheres in Containers 502 8.10.2.3 Modified Atmospheres in Packaging 502 8.10.2.4 Pressure Swing Absorption Systems 502 8.10.2.5 Membrane Separation Systems 502 8.10.3 Packaging 503 8.10.4 Definitions 503 8.10.5 Modified Atmosphere Packaging 503 8.10.6 Modified Atmosphere Cooling 505 8.11 Refrigerated Transport 506 8.11.1 Reefer Technology 507 8.11.1.1 Controlled-atmosphere Reefer Containers 507 8.11.2 Quality Aspects of Products 507 8.11.3 Effective Packaging for Quality 508 8.11.4 Transport Storage 509 8.11.5 Temperature Control 511 8.11.5.1 Temperature Control and Monitoring 512 8.11.5.2 Temperature Monitoring Systems 513 8.11.6 Transportation Aspects 513 8.11.7 Recommended Transit and Storage Procedures 514 8.11.8 Developments in Refrigerated Transport 514 8.11.8.1 Sea and Land Transport 515 8.11.8.2 Air Transport 515 8.12 Respiration (Heat Generation) 515 8.12.1 Measurement of Respiratory Heat Generation 516 8.13 Transpiration (Moisture Loss) 516 8.13.1 Shrinkage 521 8.14 Cooling Process Parameters 522 8.14.1 Cooling Coefficient 522 8.14.2 Lag Factor 523 8.14.3 Half Cooling Time 523 8.14.4 Seven-eighths Cooling Time 523 8.15 Analysis of Cooling Process Parameters 524 8.15.1 Lin et al.’s Model for Irregular Shapes 527 8.16 Fourier–Reynolds Correlations 529 8.16.1 Development of Fourier–Reynolds Correlations 530 8.17 Cooling Heat-transfer Parameters 533 8.17.1 Specific Heat 533 8.17.1.1 Some Correlations for Specific Heat 534 8.17.2 Thermal Conductivity 535 8.17.2.1 Some Correlations for Thermal Conductivity 536 8.17.3 Thermal Diffusivity 538 8.17.4 Effective Heat-transfer Coefficients 540 8.17.4.1 Smith et al.’s Model 543 8.17.4.2 Ansari’s Model 544 8.17.4.3 Stewart et al.’s Model 544 8.17.4.4 Dincer and Dost’s Models 545 8.17.4.5 Some Methods for Effective Heat-transfer Coefficients 546 8.17.5 Modeling for Thermal Diffusivity and Heat-transfer Coefficient 547 8.17.6 Effective Nusselt–Reynolds Correlations 555 8.17.7 The Dincer Number 557 8.18 Conclusions 560 Nomenclature 561 Study Problems 563 References 565 9 Food Freezing 573 9.1 Introduction 573 9.2 Food Freezing Aspects 574 9.2.1 Enzymatic Reactions 575 9.2.2 Microbiological Activities 576 9.3 Quick Freezing 577 9.4 Enthalpy 577 9.5 Crystallization 578 9.6 Moisture Migration 579 9.7 Weight Loss 579 9.8 Blanching 580 9.9 Packaging 582 9.10 Quality of Frozen Foods 582 9.10.1 Objective Tests 583 9.10.2 Sensory Tests 583 9.10.3 Tests on the Kinetics of Quality Loss 583 9.11 Food Freezing Process 585 9.11.1 Freezing of Fruits 586 9.11.2 Freezing of Vegetables 586 9.12 Freezing Point 588 9.13 Freezing Rate 589 9.14 Freezing Times 590 9.14.1 Plank’s Model 592 9.14.2 Mellor’s Model 592 9.14.3 Pham’s Model 593 9.14.4 Cleland and Earle’s Model 594 9.14.5 Mannapperuma et al.’s Model 595 9.15 Freezing Equipment 598 9.15.1 Tunnel Freezers 599 9.15.1.1 Packaged Tunnel Freezers 600 9.15.1.2 Modular Tunnel Freezers 601 9.15.1.3 Multipass Tunnel Freezers 602 9.15.1.4 Contact Belt Tunnel Freezers 603 9.15.1.5 Drag Thru Doly Freezers 603 9.15.2 Spiral Freezers 604 9.15.2.1 Packaged Spiral Freezers 605 9.15.2.2 Site-built Spiral Freezers 606 9.15.3 Plate (Tray) Freezers 606 9.15.3.1 Packaged Tray Freezers 608 9.15.4 Impingement Jet Freezers 608 9.15.5 Cryogenic Freezers 609 9.15.5.1 Immersing Cryogenic Freezers 611 9.15.5.2 Tunnel Cryogenic Freezers 612 9.15.6 Control in Freezers 612 9.16 Ice Making 613 9.16.1 Block Ice Manufacture 613 9.16.2 Shell Ice Manufacture 614 9.16.3 Flake Ice Manufacture 614 9.16.4 Tube Ice Manufacture 614 9.16.5 Plate Ice Manufacture 615 9.16.6 Slush, Slurry or Binary Ice Manufacture 615 9.17 Thawing 615 9.18 Freeze-drying 616 9.18.1 Operation Principles 617 9.18.2 Freeze-drying Times 619 9.18.3 Freeze-dryers 621 9.18.3.1 Batch-type Freeze-dryers 622 9.18.3.2 Continuous-type Freeze-dryers 624 9.18.3.3 Microwave and Dielectric Freeze-dryers 625 9.18.4 Atmospheric Freeze-drying 625 9.19 Conclusions 625 Nomenclature 626 Study Problems 627 References 628 10 Environmental Impact and Sustainability Assessment of Refrigeration Systems 631 10.1 Introduction 631 10.2 Environmental Concerns 633 10.3 Energy and Environmental Impact 637 10.4 Dincer’s Six Pillars 638 10.5 Dincer’s 3S Concept 638 10.6 System Greenization 639 10.7 Sustainability 641 10.8 Energy and Sustainability 643 10.9 Exergy and Sustainability 645 10.10 Concluding Remarks 667 Study Problems 668 References 668 Appendix A Conversion Factors 671 Appendix B Thermophysical Properties 675 Appendix C Food Refrigeration Data 701 Index 719

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Book SynopsisThermodynamic degradation science is a new and exciting discipline. This book merges the science of physics of failure with thermodynamics and shows how degradation modeling is improved and enhanced when using thermodynamic principles. The author also goes beyond the traditional physics of failure methods and highlights the importance of having new tools such as Mesoscopic noise degradation measurements for prognostics of complex systems, and a conjugate work approach to solving physics of failure problems with accelerated testing applications. Key features: Demonstrates how the thermodynamics energy approach uncovers key degradation models and their application to accelerated testing. Demonstrates how thermodynamic degradation models accounts for cumulative stress environments, effect statistical reliability distributions, and are key for reliability test planning. Provides coverage of the four types of Physics of Failure Table of ContentsList of Figures xiii List of Tables xvi About the Author xvii Preface xviii 1 Equilibrium Thermodynamic Degradation Science 1 1.1 Introduction to a New Science 1 1.2 Categorizing Physics of Failure Mechanisms 2 1.3 Entropy Damage Concept 3 1.3.1 The System (Device) and its Environment 4 1.3.2 Irreversible Thermodynamic Processes Cause Damage 5 1.4 Thermodynamic Work 6 1.5 Thermodynamic State Variables and their Characteristics 7 1.6 Thermodynamic Second Law in Terms of System Entropy Damage 9 1.6.1 Thermodynamic Entropy Damage Axiom 11 1.6.2 Entropy and Free Energy 13 1.7 Work, Resistance, Generated Entropy, and the Second Law 14 1.8 Thermodynamic Catastrophic and Parametric Failure 16 1.8.1 Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Aging States in Terms of the Free Energy or Entropy Change 16 1.9 Repair Entropy 17 1.9.1 Example 1.1: Repair Entropy: Relating Non-Damage Entropy Flow to Entropy Damage 17 Summary 18 References 22 2 Applications of Equilibrium Thermodynamic Degradation to Complex and Simple Systems: Entropy Damage, Vibration, Temperature, Noise Analysis, and Thermodynamic Potentials 23 2.1 Cumulative Entropy Damage Approach in Physics of Failure 23 2.1.1 Example 2.1: Miner’s Rule Derivation 25 2.1.2 Example 2.2: Miner’s Rule Example 26 2.1.3 Non-Cyclic Applications of Cumulative Damage 27 2.2 Measuring Entropy Damage Processes 27 2.3 Intermediate Thermodynamic Aging States and Sampling 29 2.4 Measures for System-Level Entropy Damage 29 2.4.1 Measuring System Entropy Damage with Temperature 29 2.4.2 Example 2.3: Resistor Aging 30 2.4.3 Example 2.4: Complex Resistor Bank 31 2.4.4 System Entropy Damage with Temperature Observations 32 2.4.5 Example 2.5: Temperature Aging of an Operating System 32 2.4.6 Comment on High-Temperature Aging for Operating and Non-Operating Systems 32 2.5 Measuring Randomness due to System Entropy Damage with Mesoscopic Noise Analysis in an Operating System 33 2.5.1 Example 2.6: Gaussian Noise Vibration Damage 35 2.5.2 Example 2.7: System Vibration Damage Observed with Noise Analysis 36 2.6 How System Entropy Damage Leads to Random Processes 37 2.6.1 Stationary versus Non-Stationary Entropy Process 40 2.7 Example 2.8: Human Heart Rate Noise Degradation 41 2.8 Entropy Damage Noise Assessment Using Autocorrelation and the Power Spectral Density 42 2.8.1 Noise Measurements Rules of Thumb for the PSD and R 43 2.8.2 Literature Review of Traditional Noise Measurement 44 2.8.3 Literature Review for Resistor Noise 48 2.9 Noise Detection Measurement System 48 2.9.1 System Noise Temperature 49 2.9.2 Environmental Noise Due to Pollution 50 2.9.3 Measuring System Entropy Damage using Failure Rate 50 2.10 Entropy Maximize Principle: Combined First and Second Law 51 2.10.1 Example 2.9: Thermal Equilibrium 52 2.10.2 Example 2.10: Equilibrium with Charge Exchange 53 2.10.3 Example 2.11: Diffusion Equilibrium 55 2.10.4 Example 2.12: Available Work 55 2.11 Thermodynamic Potentials and Energy States 57 2.11.1 The Helmholtz Free Energy 58 2.11.2 The Enthalpy Energy State 60 2.11.3 The Gibbs Free Energy 60 2.11.4 Summary of Common Thermodynamic State Energies 62 2.11.5 Example 2.13: Work, Entropy Damage, and Free Energy Change 62 2.11.6 Example 2.14: System in Contact with a Reservoir 65 Summary 68 References 76 3 NE Thermodynamic Degradation Science Assessment Using the Work Concept 77 3.1 Equilibrium versus Non-Equilibrium Aging Approach 77 3.1.1 Conjugate Work and Free Energy Approach to Understanding Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamic Degradation 78 3.2 Application to Cyclic Work and Cumulative Damage 79 3.3 Cyclic Work Process, Heat Engines, and the Carnot Cycle 81 3.4 Example 3.1: Cyclic Engine Damage Quantified Using Efficiency 84 3.5 The Thermodynamic Damage Ratio Method for Tracking Degradation 86 3.6 Acceleration Factors from the Damage Ratio Principle 87 Summary 89 References 92 4 Applications of NE Thermodynamic Degradation Science to Mechanical Systems: Accelerated Test and CAST Equations, Miner’s Rule, and FDS 93 4.1 Thermodynamic Work Approach to Physics of Failure Problems 93 4.2 Example 4.1: Miner’s Rule 93 4.2.1 Acceleration Factor Modification of Miner’s Damage Rule 95 4.3 Assessing Thermodynamic Damage in Mechanical Systems 96 4.3.1 Example 4.2: Creep Cumulative Damage and Acceleration Factors 96 4.3.2 Example 4.3: Wear Cumulative Damage and Acceleration Factors 99 4.3.3 Example 4.4: Thermal Cycle Fatigue and Acceleration Factors 101 4.3.4 Example 4.5: Mechanical Cycle Vibration Fatigue and Acceleration Factors 102 4.3.5 Example 4.6: Cycles to Failure under a Resonance Condition: Q Effect 105 4.4 Cumulative Damage Accelerated Stress Test Goal: Environmental Profiling and Cumulative Accelerated Stress Test (CAST) Equations 107 4.5 Fatigue Damage Spectrum Analysis for Vibration Accelerated Testing 108 4.5.1 Fatigue Damage Spectrum for Sine Vibration Accelerated Testing 109 4.5.2 Fatigue Damage Spectrum for Random Vibration Accelerated Testing 110 Summary 111 References 117 5 Corrosion Applications in NE Thermodynamic Degradation 118 5.1 Corrosion Damage in Electrochemistry 118 5.1.1 Example 5.1: Miner’s Rule for Secondary Batteries 119 5.2 Example 5.2: Chemical Corrosion Processes 121 5.2.1 Example 5.3: Numerical Example of Linear Corrosion 123 5.2.2 Example 5.4: Corrosion Rate Comparison of Different Metals 124 5.2.3 Thermal Arrhenius Activation and Peukert’s Law 124 5.3 Corrosion Current in Primary Batteries 126 5.3.1 Equilibrium Thermodynamic Condition: Nernst Equation 127 5.4 Corrosion Rate in Microelectronics 128 5.4.1 Corrosion and Chemical Rate Processes Due to Temperature 129 Summary 130 References 133 6 Thermal Activation Free Energy Approach 134 6.1 Free Energy Roller Coaster 134 6.2 Thermally Activated Time-Dependent (TAT) Degradation Model 135 6.2.1 Arrhenius Aging Due to Small Parametric Change 136 6.3 Free Energy Use in Parametric Degradation and the Partition Function 138 6.4 Parametric Aging at End of Life Due to the Arrhenius Mechanism: Large Parametric Change 140 Summary 141 References 143 7 TAT Model Applications: Wear, Creep, and Transistor Aging 144 7.1 Solving Physics of Failure Problems with the TAT Model 144 7.2 Example 7.1: Activation Wear 144 7.3 Example 7.2: Activation Creep Model 146 7.4 Transistor Aging 148 7.4.1 Bipolar Transistor Beta Aging Mechanism 148 7.4.2 Capacitor Leakage Model for Base Leakage Current 149 7.4.3 Thermally Activated Time-Dependent Model for Transistors and Dielectric Leakage 150 7.4.4 Field-Effect Transistor Parameter Degradation 152 Summary 154 References 156 8 Diffusion 157 8.1 The Diffusion Process 157 8.2 Example 8.1: Describing Diffusion Using Equilibrium Thermodynamics 157 8.3 Describing Diffusion Using Probability 159 8.4 Diffusion Acceleration Factor with and without Temperature Dependence 161 8.5 Diffusion Entropy Damage 161 8.5.1 Example 8.2: Package Moisture Diffusion 162 8.6 General Form of the Diffusion Equation 163 Summary 164 Reference 166 9 How Aging Laws Influence Parametric and Catastrophic Reliability Distributions 167 9.1 Physics of Failure Influence on Reliability Distributions 167 9.2 Log Time Aging (or Power Aging Laws) and the Lognormal Distribution 168 9.3 Aging Power Laws and the Weibull Distribution: Influence on Beta 171 9.4 Stress and Life Distributions 175 9.4.1 Example 9.1: Cumulative Distribution Function as a Function of Stress 176 9.5 Time- (or Stress-) Dependent Standard Deviation 177 Summary 178 References 180 10 The Theory of Organization: Final Thoughts 181 Special Topics A: Key Reliability Statistics 183 A.1 Introduction 183 A.1.1 Reliability and Accelerated Testing Software to Aid the Reader 183 A.2 The Key Reliability Functions 184 A.3 More Information on the Failure Rate 186 A.4 The Bathtub Curve and Reliability Distributions 187 A.4.1 Exponential Distribution 188 A.4.2 Weibull Distribution 190 A.4.3 Normal (Gaussian) Distribution 191 A.4.4 The Lognormal Reliability Function 194 A.5 Confidence Interval for Normal Parametric Analysis 195 A.5.1 Example A.4: Power Amplifier Confidence Interval 196 A.6 Central Limit Theorem and Cpk Analysis 197 A.6.1 Cpk Analysis 197 A.6.2 Example A.5: Cpk and Yield for the Power Amplifiers 197 A.7 Catastrophic Analysis 199 A.7.1 Censored Data 199 A.7.2 Example A.6: Weibull and Lognormal Analysis of Semiconductors 199 A.7.3 Example A.7: Mixed Modal Analysis Inflection Point Method 201 A.8 Reliability Objectives and Confidence Testing 203 A.8.1 Chi-Squared Confidence Test Planning for Few Failures: The Exponential Case 204 A.8.2 Example A.8: Chi-Squared Accelerated Test Plan 205 A.9 Comprehensive Accelerated Test Planning 205 References 206 Special Topics B: Applications to Accelerated Testing 207 B.1 Introduction 207 B.1.1 Reliability and Accelerated Testing Software to Aid the Reader 208 B.1.2 Using the Arrhenius Acceleration Model for Temperature 209 B.1.3 Example B.2: Estimating the Activation Energy 211 B.1.4 Example B.3: Estimating Mean Time to Failure from Life Test 212 B.2 Power Law Acceleration Factors 212 B.2.1 Example B.4: Generalized Power Law Acceleration Factors 214 B.3 Temperature–Humidity Life Test Model 214 B.3.1 Temperature–Humidity Bias and Local Relative Humidity 215 B.4 Temperature Cycle Testing 216 B.4.1 Example B.6: Using the Temperature Cycle Model 217 B.5 Vibration Acceleration 217 B.5.1 Example B.7: Accelerated Testing Using Sine and Random Vibration 220 B.6 Multiple-Stress Accelerated Test Plans for Demonstrating Reliability 220 B.6.1 Example B.8: Designing Multi-Accelerated Tests Plans: Failure-Free 221 B.7 Cumulative Accelerated Stress Test (CAST) Goals and Equations Usage in Environmental Profiling 222 B.7.1 Example B.9: Cumulative Accelerated Stress Test (CAST) Goals and Equation in Environmental Profiling 222 References 223 Special Topics C: Negative Entropy and the Perfect Human Engine 224 C.1 Spontaneous Negative Entropy: Growth and Repair 224 C.2 The Perfect Human Engine: How to Live Longer 225 C.2.1 Differences and Similarities of the Human Engine to Other Systems 226 C.2.2 Knowledge of Cyclic Work to Improve Our Chances of a Longer Life 226 C.2.3 Example C.1: Exercise and the Human Heart Life Cycle 228 C.3 Growth and Self-Repair Part of the Human Engine 229 C.3.1 Example C.2: Work for Human Repair 230 C.4 Act of Spontaneous Negative Entropy 231 C.4.1 Repair Aging Rate: An RC Electrical Model 232 References 233 Overview of New Terms, Equations, and Concepts 234 Index 236

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Book SynopsisA much-needed, up-to-date guide on conventional and alternative power generation This book goes beyond the traditional methods of power generation. It introduces the many recent innovations on the production of electricity and the way they play a major role in combating global warming and improving the efficiency of generation. It contains a strong analytical approach to underpin the theory of power plantsfor those using conventional fuels, as well as those using renewable fuelsand looks at the problems from a unique environmental engineering perspective. The book also includes numerous worked examples and case studies to demonstrate the working principles of these systems. Conventional and Alternative Power Generation: Thermodynamics, Mitigation and Sustainability is divided into 8 chapters that comprehensively cover: thermodynamic systems; vapor power cycles, gas power cycles, combustion; control of particulates; carbon capture and storage; air pollutioTable of ContentsPreface xi Structure of the Book xiii Notation xvii 1 Thermodynamic Systems 1 1.1 Overview 1 Learning Outcomes 1 1.2 Thermodynamic System Definitions 1 1.3 Thermodynamic Properties 1 1.4 Thermodynamic Processes 3 1.5 Formation of Steam and the State Diagrams 4 1.5.1 Property Tables and Charts for Vapours 6 1.6 Ideal Gas Behaviour in Closed and Open Systems and Processes 7 1.7 First Law ofThermodynamics 9 1.7.1 First Law of Thermodynamics Applied to Open Systems 10 1.7.2 First Law of Thermodynamics Applied to Closed Systems 10 1.8 Worked Examples 11 1.9 Tutorial Problems 17 2 Vapour Power Cycles 19 2.1 Overview 19 Learning Outcomes 19 2.2 Steam Power Plants 19 2.3 Vapour Power Cycles 20 2.3.1 The Carnot Cycle 21 2.3.2 The Simple Rankine Cycle 22 2.3.3 The Rankine Superheat Cycle 22 2.3.4 The Rankine Reheat Cycle 23 2.3.4.1 Analysis of the Rankine Reheat Cycle 24 2.3.5 Real Steam Processes 25 2.3.6 Regenerative Cycles 25 2.3.6.1 Single Feed Heater 26 2.3.6.2 Multiple Feed Heaters 27 2.3.7 Organic Rankine Cycle (ORc) 29 2.3.7.1 Choice of theWorking Fluid for ORc 29 2.4 Combined Heat and Power 30 2.4.1 Scenario One: Power Only 30 2.4.2 Scenario Two: Heat Only 31 2.4.3 ScenarioThree: Heat and Power 32 2.4.4 Cogeneration, Trigeneration and Quad Generation 33 2.5 Steam Generation Hardware 33 2.5.1 Steam Boiler Components 34 2.5.2 Types of Boiler 35 2.5.3 Fuel Preparation System 35 2.5.4 Methods of Superheat Control 36 2.5.5 Performance of Steam Boilers 36 2.5.5.1 Boiler Efficiency 36 2.5.5.2 Boiler Rating 37 2.5.5.3 Equivalent Evaporation 38 2.5.6 Steam Condensers 38 2.5.6.1 Condenser Calculations 38 2.5.7 Cooling Towers 39 2.5.8 Power-station Pumps 39 2.5.8.1 Pump Applications 39 2.5.9 Steam Turbines 41 2.6 Worked Examples 41 2.7 Tutorial Problems 54 3 Gas Power Cycles 57 3.1 Overview 57 Learning Outcomes 57 3.2 Introduction to Gas Turbines 57 3.3 Gas Turbine Cycle 57 3.3.1 Irreversibilities in Gas Turbine Processes 58 3.3.2 The Compressor Unit 58 3.3.3 The Combustion Chamber 59 3.3.4 The Turbine Unit 60 3.3.5 Overall Performance of Gas Turbine Plants 60 3.4 Modifications to the Simple Gas Turbine Cycle 61 3.4.1 Heat Exchanger 61 3.4.2 Intercooling 61 3.4.3 Reheating 62 3.4.4 Compound System 63 3.4.5 Combined Gas Turbine/Steam Turbine Cycle 65 3.5 Gas Engines 68 3.5.1 Internal Combustion Engines 68 3.5.2 The Otto Cycle 68 3.5.2.1 Analysis of the Otto Cycle 69 3.5.3 The Diesel Cycle 69 3.5.3.1 Analysis of the Diesel Cycle 70 3.5.4 The Dual Combustion Cycle 71 3.5.4.1 Analysis of the Dual Cycle 72 3.5.5 Diesel Engine Power Plants 72 3.5.6 External Combustion Engines –The Stirling Engine 72 3.6 Worked Examples 75 3.7 Tutorial Problems 84 4 Combustion 87 4.1 Overview 87 Learning Outcomes 87 4.2 Mass and Matter 87 4.2.1 Chemical Quantities 88 4.2.2 Chemical Reactions 88 4.2.3 Physical Quantities 88 4.3 Balancing Chemical Equations 89 4.3.1 Combustion Equations 90 4.4 Combustion Terminology 90 4.4.1 Oxidizer Provision 90 4.4.2 Combustion Product Analyses 91 4.4.3 Fuel mixtures 92 4.5 Energy Changes During Combustion 92 4.6 First Law ofThermodynamics Applied to Combustion 93 4.6.1 Steady-flow Systems (SFEE) [Applicable to Boilers, Furnaces] 93 4.6.2 Closed Systems (NFEE) [Applicable to Engines] 93 4.6.3 Flame Temperature 94 4.7 Oxidation of Nitrogen and Sulphur 94 4.7.1 Nitrogen and Sulphur 95 4.7.2 Formation of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) 95 4.7.3 NOx Control 97 4.7.3.1 Modify the Combustion Process 97 4.7.3.2 Post-flame Treatment 97 4.7.4 Formation of Sulphur Oxides (SOx) 98 4.7.5 SOx Control 98 4.7.5.1 Flue Gas Sulphur Compounds from Fossil-fuel Consumption 98 4.7.5.2 Sulphur Compounds from Petroleum and Natural Gas Streams 100 4.7.6 Acid Rain 100 4.8 Worked Examples 101 4.9 Tutorial Problems 111 5 Control of Particulates 115 5.1 Overview 115 Learning Outcomes 115 5.2 Some Particle Dynamics 115 5.2.1 Nature of Particulates 115 5.2.2 Stokes’s Law and Terminal Velocity 116 5.3 Principles of Collection 119 5.3.1 Collection Surfaces 119 5.3.2 Collection Devices 119 5.3.3 Fractional Collection Efficiency 121 5.4 Control Technologies 121 5.4.1 Gravity Settlers 121 5.4.1.1 Model 1: Unmixed Flow Model 122 5.4.1.2 Model 2:Well-mixed Flow Model 123 5.4.2 Centrifugal Separators or Cyclones 124 5.4.3 Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs) 128 5.4.4 Fabric Filters 132 5.4.5 Spray Chambers and Scrubbers 135 5.5 Worked Examples 137 5.6 Tutorial Problems 140 6 Carbon Capture and Storage 145 6.1 Overview 145 Learning Outcomes 145 6.2 Thermodynamic Properties of CO2 146 6.2.1 General Properties 146 6.2.2 Equations of State 148 6.2.2.1 The Ideal or Perfect Gas Law 148 6.2.2.2 The Compressibility Factor 148 6.2.2.3 Van derWaal Equation of State 148 6.2.2.4 Beattie–Bridgeman Equation (1928) 149 6.2.2.5 Benedict–Webb–Rubin Equation (1940) 150 6.2.2.6 Peng–Robinson Equation of State (1976) 150 6.3 Gas Mixtures 150 6.3.1 Fundamental Mixture Laws 151 6.3.2 PVT Behaviour of Gas Mixtures 151 6.3.2.1 Dalton’s Law 152 6.3.2.2 Amagat’s Law 152 6.3.3 Thermodynamic Properties of Gas Mixtures 153 6.3.4 Thermodynamics of Mixture Separation 155 6.3.4.1 Minimum SeparationWork 155 6.3.4.2 Separation of a Two-component Mixture 156 6.4 Gas SeparationMethods 157 6.4.1 Chemical Absorption by Liquids 157 6.4.1.1 Aqueous Carbon Dioxide and Alkanolamine Chemistry 158 6.4.1.2 Alternative Absorber Solutions 159 6.4.2 Physical Absorption by Liquids 160 6.4.3 Oxyfuel, Cryogenics and Chemical Looping 161 6.4.4 Gas Membranes 162 6.4.4.1 Membrane Flux 163 6.4.4.2 Maximizing Flux 163 6.4.4.3 Membrane Types 163 6.5 Aspects of CO2 Conditioning and Transport 164 6.5.1 Multi-stage Compression 165 6.5.2 Pipework Design 167 6.5.2.1 Pressure Drop 167 6.5.2.2 Materials 167 6.5.2.3 Maintenance and Control 167 6.5.3 Carbon Dioxide Hazards 168 6.5.3.1 Respiration 168 6.5.3.2 Temperature 168 6.5.3.3 Ventilation 168 6.6 Aspects of CO2 Storage 169 6.6.1 Biological Sequestration 169 6.6.2 Mineral Carbonation 171 6.6.3 Geological Storage Media 172 6.6.4 Oceanic Storage 174 6.7 Worked Examples 176 6.8 Tutorial Problems 182 7 Pollution Dispersal 185 7.1 Overview 185 Learning Outcomes 185 7.2 Atmospheric Behaviour 186 7.2.1 The Atmosphere 186 7.2.2 Atmospheric Vertical Temperature Variation and Air Motion 187 7.3 Atmospheric Stability 189 7.3.1 Stability Classifications 190 7.3.2 Stability and Stack Dispersal 191 7.3.2.1 Non-inversion Conditions 191 7.3.2.2 Inversion Conditions 192 7.3.3 Variation inWind Velocity with Elevation 192 7.4 Dispersion Modelling 193 7.4.1 Point Source Modelling 193 7.4.2 Plume Rise 198 7.4.3 Effect of Non-uniform Terrain on Dispersal 199 7.5 Alternative Expressions of Concentration 200 7.6 Worked Examples 200 7.7 Tutorial Problems 203 8 Alternative Energy and Power Plants 207 8.1 Overview 207 Learning Outcomes 207 8.2 Nuclear Power Plants 208 8.2.1 Components of a Typical Nuclear Reactor 208 8.2.2 Types of Nuclear Reactor 209 8.2.3 Environmental Impact of Nuclear Reactors 209 8.3 Solar Power Plants 210 8.3.1 Photovoltaic Power Plants 211 8.3.2 Solar Thermal Power Plants 215 8.4 Biomass Power Plants 216 8.4.1 Forestry, Agricultural and Municipal Biomass for Direct Combustion 217 8.4.1.1 Bulk Density (kg/m3) 217 8.4.1.2 Moisture Content (% by Mass) 217 8.4.1.3 Ash Content (% by Mass) 218 8.4.1.4 Calorific Value (kJ/kg) and Combustion 218 8.4.2 Anaerobic Digestion 220 8.4.3 Biofuels 222 8.4.3.1 Biodiesel 222 8.4.3.2 Bioethanol 222 8.4.4 Gasification and Pyrolysis of Biomass 223 8.5 Geothermal Power Plants 224 8.6 Wind Energy 226 8.6.1 Theory ofWind Energy 227 8.6.1.1 Actual Power Output of the Turbine 229 8.6.2 Wind Turbine Types and Components 230 8.7 Hydropower 230 8.7.1 Types of Hydraulic Power Plant 231 8.7.1.1 Run-of-river Hydropower 231 8.7.1.2 Storage Hydropower 232 8.7.2 Estimation of Hydropower 233 8.7.3 Types of Hydraulic Turbine 233 8.8 Wave and Tidal (or Marine) Power 233 8.8.1 Characteristics ofWaves 234 8.8.2 Estimation ofWave Energy 235 8.8.3 Types ofWave Power Device 235 8.8.4 Tidal Power 237 8.8.4.1 Tidal Barrage Energy 238 8.8.4.2 Tidal Stream Energy 239 8.9 Thermoelectric Energy 239 8.9.1 DirectThermal Energy to Electrical Energy Conversion 240 8.9.2 Thermoelectric Generators (TEGs) 241 8.10 Fuel Cells 242 8.10.1 Principles of Simple Fuel Cell Operation 243 8.10.2 Fuel Cell Efficiency 243 8.10.3 Fuel Cell Types 244 8.11 Energy Storage Technologies 244 8.11.1 Energy Storage Characteristics 246 8.11.2 Energy Storage Technologies 246 8.11.2.1 Hydraulic Energy 246 8.11.2.2 Pneumatic Energy 247 8.11.2.3 Ionic Energy 247 8.11.2.4 Rotational Energy 248 8.11.2.5 Electrostatic Energy 249 8.11.2.6 Magnetic Energy 249 8.12 Worked Examples 250 8.13 Tutorial Problems 255 A Properties ofWater and Steam 257 B Thermodynamic Properties of Fuels and Combustion Products 263 Bibliography 265 Index 267

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Book SynopsisThis volume fills the need for a textbook presenting basic governing and constitutive equations, followed by several engineering problems on multiphase flow and transport that are not provided in current advanced texts, monographs, or handbooks. The unique emphasis of this book is on the sound formulation of the basic equations describing multiphase transport and how they can be used to design processes in selected industrially important fields. The clear underlying mathematical and physical bases of the interdisciplinary description of multiphase flow and transport are the main themes, along with advances in the kinetic theory for particle flow systems. The book may be used as an upper-level undergraduate or graduate textbook, as a reference by professionals in the design of processes that deal with a variety of multiphase systems, and by practitioners and experts in multiphase science in the area of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) at U.S. national laboratories, international universities, research laboratories and institutions, and in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and petroleum industries. Distinct from other books on multiphase flow, this volume shows clearly how the basic multiphase equations can be used in the design and scale-up of multiphase processes. The authors represent a combination of nearly two centuries of experience and innovative application of multiphase transport representing hundreds of publications and several books. This book serves to encapsulate the essence of their wisdom and insight, and:Table of ContentsIntroduction to Multiphase Flow Basic Equations.- Multiphase Flow Constitutive Equations and Boundary Conditions.- Phenomena Associated with Multiphase Flow (Gas-Solids and Gas-Liquid Systems).- CO2 Capture.- Synthetic Gas Conversion to Liquid Fuel Using Slurry Bubble-Column Reactors.- Fluidized-Bed Reactor for Polymerization.- Fluidized-Bed Reactors for Solar-Grade Silicon and Silane Production.- Hemodynamics Simulation (Blood Flow).- Multiphase Flow Modeling of Volcanic Eruptions.- Pharmaceutical Processes.- Multiphase Flow Modeling of Wind Turbines at Rainy Condition.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook is intended for post-graduate students in mechanical and allied engineering disciplines. It will also be helpful to scientists and engineers working in the areas of combustion to recapitulate the fundamental and generally applied aspects of combustion. This textbook comprehensively covers the fundamental aspects of combustion. It includes physical descriptions of premixed and non-premixed flames. It provides a detailed analysis of the basic ideas and design characteristics of burners for gaseous, liquid and solid fuels. A chapter on alternative renewable fuels has also been included to bring out the need, characteristics and usage of alternative fuels. Review questions have been provided at the end of each chapter which will help the students to evaluate their understanding of the important concepts covered in that chapter. Several standard text books have been cited in the chapters and are listed towards the end, as suggested reading, to enable the readers to refer them when required. The textbook will be useful for students in mechanical, aerospace and related fields of engineering. It will also be a good resource for professionals and researchers working in the areas of combustion technology.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Review of Combustion Thermodynamics and Kinetics.- Review of Combustion Phenomena.- Burners for Gaseous Fuels.- Burners for Liquid Fuels.- Solid Fuel Systems.- Alternative Fuels.- Numerical Modelling of Laminar Flames.

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Book SynopsisThis book systematically presents the consolidated findings of the phenomenon of self-organization observed during the onset of thermoacoustic instability using approaches from dynamical systems and complex systems theory. Over the last decade, several complex dynamical states beyond limit cycle oscillations such as quasiperiodicity, frequency-locking, period-n, chaos, strange non-chaos, and intermittency have been discovered in thermoacoustic systems operated in laminar and turbulent flow regimes. During the onset of thermoacoustic instability in turbulent systems, an ordered acoustic field and large coherent vortices emerge from the background of turbulent combustion. This emergence of order from disorder in both temporal and spatiotemporal dynamics is explored in the contexts of synchronization, pattern formation, collective interaction, multifractality, and complex networks. For the past six decades, the spontaneous emergence of large amplitude, self-sustained, tonal oscillations in confined combustion systems, characterized as thermoacoustic instability, has remained one of the most challenging areas of research. The presence of such instabilities continues to hinder the development and deployment of high-performance combustion systems used in power generation and propulsion applications. Even with the advent of sophisticated measurement techniques to aid experimental investigations and vast improvements in computational power necessary to capture flow physics in high fidelity simulations, conventional reductionist approaches have not succeeded in explaining the plethora of dynamical behaviors and the associated complexities that arise in practical combustion systems. As a result, models and theories based on such approaches are limited in their application to mitigate or evade thermoacoustic instabilities, which continue to be among the biggest concerns for engine manufacturers today. This book helps to overcome these limitations by providing appropriate methodologies to deal with nonlinear thermoacoustic oscillations, and by developing control strategies that can mitigate and forewarn thermoacoustic instabilities. The book is also beneficial to scientists and engineers studying the occurrence of several other instabilities, such as flow-induced vibrations, compressor surge, aeroacoustics and aeroelastic instabilities in diverse fluid-mechanical environments, to graduate students who intend to apply dynamical systems and complex systems approach to their areas of research, and to physicists who look for experimental applications of their theoretical findings on nonlinear and complex systems.Table of Contents1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction to thermoacoustic instability and its consequences 1.2 Mechanisms that cause thermoacoustic instability 1.2.1 Flame surface area modulations 1.2.2 Equivalence ratio fluctuations 1.2.3 Coherent structures in the flow 1.2.4 Entropy waves 1.3 Mechanisms that damp thermoacoustic instability 1.4 Current approaches: Acoustic oscillations driven by unsteady combustion, network modelling, and eigenvalues 1.5 Why do we need a nonlinear description? 1.6 Nonlinearities in a thermoacoustic system 1.7 Thermoacoustic stability analysis: Acoustic vs dynamical systems approach 1.8 Beyond limit cycles 1.9 Thermoacoustic instability in turbulent combustors 1.10 Transition to thermoacoustic instability in turbulent reacting flow systems 1.10.1 Is combustion noise deterministic or stochastic? 1.10.2 Studying the transition to thermoacoustic instability in “noisy” systems 1.10.3 Noise induced transition, stochastic bifurcation and Fokker-Planck equation 1.10.4 Is ‘signal plus noise’ paradigm the right way to go about? 1.11 Alternate perspectives 1.11.1 Combustion noise is chaos 1.11.2 Intermittency presages the onset of thermoacoustic instability 1.11.3 Multifractal description of combustion noise and its transition to thermoacoustic instability 1.11.4 Complex networks 1.11.5 On the importance of being nonlinear 1.11.6 Reductionist vs complex systems approach 1.12 References 2 Introduction to Dynamical Systems Theory 2.1 Dynamical system 2.1.1 Conservative and dissipative dynamical systems 2.1.2 Modeling dynamical systems as discrete and continuous functions of time 2.2 Linear approximation of one-dimensional systems 2.2.1 Two-dimensional linear systems 2.3 Bifurcations and their classification 2.3.1 Saddle-node bifurcation 2.3.2 Transcritical bifurcation 2.3.3 Pitchfork bifurcation 2.3.4 Hopf bifurcation 2.4 Signals and their classification 2.4.1 Limit cycle oscillations 2.4.2 Period-= oscillations 2.4.3 Quasiperiodic oscillations 2.4.4 Chaotic oscillations 2.4.5 Difference between strange chaotic, strange nonchaotic, and chaotic nonstrange attractors 2.4.6 Intermittency 2.5 Routes to chaos 2.5.1 Period-doubling route to chaos 2.5.2 Quasiperiodic route to chaos 2.5.3 Intermittency route to chaos 2.6 Phase space reconstruction 2.6.1 Selection of optimum time delay () 2.6.2 Selection of the minimum emending dimension (d) 2.7 Poincaré map (or Poincaré section or return map) 2.8 Recurrence plots 2.8.1 Cross recurrence plots 2.8.2 Joint recurrence plot 2.8.3 Recurrence quantification analysis 2.9 References 3 Bifurcation to Limit Cycle Oscillations in Laminar Thermoacoustic Systems 3.1 A brief history of Rijke-type thermoacoustic systems 3.2 Bifurcation characteristics of a deterministic thermoacoustic system 3.3 Noise-induced transition, triggering, and stochastic bifurcation to limit cycle 3.3.1 Effect of noise on hysteresis (or bistability) of a subcritical Hopf bifurcation 3.3.2 Stochastic (or P) bifurcation 3.3.3 Triggering in thermoacoustic systems 3.4 References 4 Thermoacoustic Instability: Beyond Limit Cycle Oscillations 4.1 Bifurcation of thermoacoustic instability beyond the state of limit cycle 4.2 Other dynamical states of thermoacoustic instability 4.2.1 Strange nonchaos 4.2.2 Intermittency 4.3 Routes to chaos for thermoacoustic oscillations 4.3.1 Period-doubling route to chaos 4.3.2 Ruelle-Takens-Newhouse route to chaos 4.3.3 Intermittency route to chaos 4.4 Nonlinear nature of flame-acoustic interactions 4.5 References 5 Thermoacoustic Instability is Self-Organization in a Complex System 5.1 Examples of complex systems 5.2 Nonlinearity: The reductionist’s nightmare 5.3 Emergence 5.4 Pattern formation 5.5 Order emerging from chaos 5.6 Onset of thermoacoustic instability in turbulent combustors 5.7 Fractals and multifractals 5.8 Collective interaction in complex systems 5.9 Complex networks 5.10 Why should we use complex systems approach to study thermoacoustic instability in turbulent combustors? 5.11 Practical applications 5.12 References 6 Intermittency - A State Precedes Thermoacoustic Instability and Blowout in Turbulent Combustors 6.1 Classification of sound waves generated by turbulent flame in a combustor 6.2 What is combustion noise? 6.2.1 Phase space dynamics of acoustic pressure fluctuations during combustion noise 6.2.2 0-1 test for chaos 6.3 What is thermoacoustic instability? 6.4 Transition from combustion noise to thermoacoustic instability in turbulent combustors 6.4.1 Reformulating the onset of thermoacoustic instability as a loss of chaos 6.4.2 Intermittency route to thermoacoustic instability 6.4.3 Characteristics of the intermittency signal 6.4.4 Bifurcation analysis of intermittency route to thermoacoustic instability 6.5 Phase space and recurrence analysis of the intermittency route to thermoacoustic instability 6.6 Intermittency route to flame blowout 6.7 Type of intermittency en-route to thermoacoustic instability and its scaling laws 6.8 References 7 Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Flow, Flame, and Acoustic Fields during the Onset of Thermoacoustic Instability 7.1 Pattern formation 7.2 The emergence of patterns during the onset of thermoacoustic instability 7.3 Collective interaction of large-scale vortices during thermoacoustic instability 7.4 References 8 Synchronization of Self-excited Acoustics and Turbulent Reacting Flow Dynamics 8.1 Basics of synchronization of coupled oscillators 8.2 Mutual synchronization of the acoustic and turbulent reactive flow fields during the transition to thermoacoustic instability 8.2.1 Coupled behavior of the acoustic field and the heat release rate field in a turbulent combustor 8.2.2 Synchronization of the acoustic pressure and the global heat release rate signals during the onset of thermoacoustic instability 8.2.3 Spatiotemporal synchronization of the turbulent reacting flow field with the duct acoustics 8.3 Forced synchronization of limit cycle oscillations in thermoacoustic systems 8.3.1 Forced response of the self-excited acoustic field 8.3.2 Forced synchronization of limit cycle oscillations in a horizontal Rijke tube 8.3.3 Characteristics of the acoustic field and the heat release rate field during forced synchronization in a laminar combustor 8.3.4 Forced synchronization of multi-frequency (quasiperiodic and chaotic) thermoacoustic oscillations 8.3.5 Characteristics of forced synchronization of limit cycle oscillations in turbulent combustors 8.3.6 Forced synchronization of self-excited oscillations in the hydrodynamic field 8.4 References 9 Model for Intermittency Route to Thermoacoustic Instability 9.1 Governing equations for the one-dimensional fluid flow. 9.1.1 Continuity equation 9.1.2 Momentum equation 9.1.3 Energy equation 9.1.4 Linearized governing equations for the acoustic field 9.2 Model for intermittency route to thermoacoustic instability 9.3 References 10 Multifractal Analysis of a Turbulent Thermoacoustic System 10.1 Fractals 10.2 The Hurst exponent and fractal properties 10.3 Multifractals 10.4 Methods of multifractal analysis 10.4.1 Multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MFDFA) 10.4.2 Box-counting method 10.5 Combustion noise is multifractal and thermoacoustic instability is a loss of multifractality 10.6 Multifractal analysis during the transition to a flame blowout 10.7 Multifractal analysis of spatial flame structures during stable and unstable operation 10.8 References 11 Complex Network Approach to Thermoacoustic Systems 11.1 An introduction to complex networks 11.2 Measures of complex networks 11.3 Types of complex networks 11.3.1 Regular networks 11.3.2 Random network 11.3.3 Small-world networks 11.3.4 Scale-free networks 11.4 Complex network approach to study temporal dynamics of thermoacoustic systems 11.4.1 Combustion noise is scale-free 11.4.2 The onset of thermoacoustic instability as a transition from scale-free to regular networks 11.4.3 Small-world-like behavior of thermoacoustic instability using cycle network 11.4.4 Recurrence network topologies of different dynamical states of a thermoacoustic system 11.4.5 Directional dependence between the coupled acoustic pressure and heat release rate fluctuations using recurrence networks 11.5 Complex network approach to study spatial dynamics of thermoacoustic systems 11.5.1 Unweighted spatial networks of the time-averaged flow field using the Pearson coefficient 11.5.2 Weighted time-varying spatial networks obtained though acoustic power and vorticity fields 11.5.3 Weighted time-varying turbulence networks obtained though vorticity fields 11.6 References 12 Early Warning and Mitigation Strategies for Thermoacoustic Instability 12.1 Precursors for the onset of impending thermoacoustic instability . . . 418 12.2 Traditional approaches for passive and active controls of thermoacoustic instability 12.3 Control of thermoacoustic instability using methodologies from synchronization theory 12.3.1 Mitigation of thermoacoustic instability using amplitude death phenomenon 12.3.2 Open-loop control of thermoacoustic instability through asynchronous quenching 12.4 Identification of critical regions in the spatial reacting field 12.5 References 13 Oscillatory Instabilities in Other Fluid Systems 13.1 Aeroacoustic instabilities 13.2 Aeroelastic instabilities 13.3 References 14 Summary and Perspective 14.1 Temporal analysis 14.2 Spatiotemporal analysis 14.3 Mitigation Strategies 14.3.1 Evasion 14.3.2 Strategies based on the framework of synchronization theory 14.3.3 Smart passive control 14.4 Future issues 14.5 Final thoughts 14.6 References

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Book SynopsisThis book offers a complete panorama of the pressurized water reactor industry, beginning from its origin in the USA and the realization of nuclear engines for naval propulsion, to its most recent developments in the field of civil energy production, particularly in France with the 56 reactors of the multinational electric utility company, Electricité de France (EDF). This comprehensive two-volume masterwork features detailed descriptions of all the crucial components driving a pressurized water nuclear reactor. Volume 1 deals with the main components, such as the main primary circuit, the reactor core, and the steam generators. Volume 2 covers the secondary circuit and the cold source, including components such as the turbine, condenser, alternator, transformers and power supply. Written by Serge Marguet, a leading specialist in reactor physics and author of several books on the subject, this book draws on his experience of more than 35 years in research and development at EDF, a global leader in civil nuclear energy. Featuring a richly illustrated, full-color iconography, as well as a detailed index and bibliography, The Technology of Pressurized Water Reactors is an indispensable work for seasoned nuclear energy professionals, as well as inquisitive newcomers to the field.Table of ContentsHistory of the pressurized water reactor type.- The nuclear island.- The primary circuit.- The vessel and its internals.- Reactor core and fuel.- The secondary circuit.- The main circuits.- The turbine-generator unit and electricity production.- Towards the pressurized water reactors of the 21st century.

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Book SynopsisThe book provides design engineers an elemental understanding of the variables that influence pressure drop and heat transfer in plain and micro-fin tubes to thermal systems using liquid single-phase flow in different industrial applications. It also provides design engineers using gas-liquid, two-phase flow in different industrial applications the necessary fundamentals of the two-phase flow variables. The author and his colleagues were the first to determine experimentally the very important relationship between inlet geometry and transition. On the basis of their results, they developed practical and easy to use correlations for the isothermal and non-isothermal friction factor (pressure drop) and heat transfer coefficient (Nusselt number) in the transition region as well as the laminar and turbulent flow regions for different inlet configurations and fin geometry. This work presented herein provides the thermal systems design engineer the necessary design tools. The author further presents a succinct review of the flow patterns, void fraction, pressure drop and non-boiling heat transfer phenomenon and recommends some of the well scrutinized modeling techniques.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Single-Phase Flow Experimental Setup .- Friction Factor Results in Plain Tube.- Proposed Correlations for Friction Factor in Plain Tube.- Heat Transfer Results in Plain Tube.- Proposed Correlations for Heat Transfer in Plain Tube.- Simultaneous Heat Transfer and Friction Factor Analysis.- Friction Factor Results in Micro-fin Tubes.- Proposed Correlations for Friction Factor in Micro-fin Tubes.- Heat Transfer Results in Micro-fin Tubes.- Proposed Correlations for Heat Transfer in Micro-fin Tubes.

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Book SynopsisThis book explore how exergy analysis can be an important tool for assessing the sustainability of buildings.Building's account or around 40 percent of total energy conditions depending on local climatic conditions. Due to its nature, exergy analysis should become a valuable tool for the assessment of building sustainability, first of all considering their scope and the dependence of their energy demands on the local environmental and climatic conditions.Nonetheless, methodological bottlenecks do exist and a solution to some of them is proposed in this monograph. First and foremost, there is the still-missing thermodynamically viable method to apply the variable reference environment temperature in exergy analysis. The monograph demonstrates that a correct approach to the directions of heat exergy flows, when the reference temperature is considered variable, allows reflecting the specifics of energy transformation processes in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems in a thermodynamically viable way. The outcome of the case analysis, which involved coordinated application of methodologies based on the Carnot factor and coenthalpies, was exergy analysis indicators – exergy efficiency and exergy destroyed – obtained for air handling units and their components. These methods can be used for the purposes of analysing and improving building technical systems that, as a rule, operate at a variable environment temperature. Exergy analysis becomes more reliable in designing dynamic models of such systems and their exergy-based control algorithms. This would improve the possibility to deploy them in building information modelling (BIM) technologies and the application of life cycle analysis (LCA) principles in designing buildings, thus improving the quality of the decision-making process. Furthermore, this would benefit other systems where variable reference environment plays a key role.This book is relevant to academics, students and researchers in the field of thermodynamic analysis considering HVAC equipment, building energy systems, energy efficiency, sustainable development of technical systems of energy, mechanics, and construction, as well as preservation of natural resources. Planners, designers, engineers of HVAC equipment, building energy systems, and developers of appropriate simulation tools (e.g., BIM) will also find it of use.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Theoretical bases of exergy analysis with variable reference temperature.- Heat recovery exchanger of air handling unit.- Air handling unit heat pump operation modes.- Comparative exergy analysis of air handling unit cases.- Seasonal exergy efficiency of an air handling unit.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents different numerical modeling and nature-inspired optimization methods in advanced manufacturing processes for understanding the process characteristics. Particular emphasis is devoted to applications in non-conventional machining, nano-finishing, precision casting, porous biofabrication, three-dimensional printing, and micro-/nanoscale modeling. The book includes practical implications of empirical, analytical, and numerical models for predicting the vital output responses. Especial attention is given to finite element methods (FEMs) for understanding the design of novel highly complex engineering products, their performances, and behaviors under simulated processing conditions.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Parametric Appraisal of Plastic Injection Moulding for Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE): A Novel Taguchi based Honey Badger Algorithm and Capuchin Search Algorithm (Siddharth Jeet).- Chapter 2. A Comparison of ferrofluid flow models for a curved rough porous circular squeeze film considering slip velocity and various shapes (Jimit R. Patel).- Chapter 3. Simulation and optimization study on polishing of spherical steel by non-Newtonian fluids (Duc-Nam Nguyen).- Chapter 4. 3D Modeling and Analysis of Femur Bone during Jogging and Stumbling Condition (Imran Ahemad Khan).- Chapter 5. On Parametric Optimization of TSE for PVDF-Graphene-MnZnO Composite Based Filament Fabrication for 3D /4D Printing Applications (Vinay Kumar).- Chapter 6. Multi-factor Optimization for Joining of Polylactic acid-Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan based Scaffolds by Rapid Joining Process (N. Ranjan).- Chapter 7. Analysis of Dimensional Accuracy of Fused Filament Fabrication Parts Using Genetic Algorithm and Taguchi Analysis (J.S. Chohan).- Chapter 8. Introduction to Optimization in Manufacturing Operations (Debojyoti Sarkar).- Chapter 9. Potential Application of CEM43℃ and Arrhenius Model in Neurosurgical Bone Grinding (Atul Babbar).- Chapter 10. An effective selection of laser cutter used in Stent manufacturing through Fuzzy TOPSIS

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Book SynopsisThis textbook presents the fundamental concepts and theories in thermal physics and elementary statistical mechanics in a very simple, systematic and comprehensive way. This book is written in a way that it presents the topics in a holistic manner with end-of-chapter exercises and examples where concepts are supported by numerous solved examples and multiple-choice questions to aid self-learning. The textbook also contains illustrated diagrams for better understanding of the concepts. The book will benefit students who are taking introductory courses in thermal physics, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- The Laws of Thermodynamics.- Second Law of Thermodynamics.- Entropy.- Thermodynamic Potentials and Maxwell Relations.- Kinetic Theory of Gases.- Real Gases.- Applications to Some Irreversible Changes, Cooling of Real Gases.- Theory of Radiation.- Elementary Statistical Mechanics.

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Book Synopsis This book presents the developments of the finite volume method applied to fluid flows, starting from the foundations of the method and reaching the latest approaches using unstructured grids. It helps students learn progressively, creating a strong background on CFD. The text is divided into two parts. The first one is about the basic concepts of the finite volume method, while the second one presents the formulation of the finite volume method for any kind of domain discretization. In the first part of the text, for the sake of simplicity, the developments are done using the Cartesian coordinate system, without prejudice to the complete understanding. The second part extends this knowledge to curvilinear and unstructured grids. As such, the book contains material for introductory courses on CFD for under and graduate students, as well as for more advanced students and researchers.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction.- Chapter 2. Conservation Equations Physical and Mathematical Aspects.- Chapter 3. The Finite Volume Method.- Chapter 4. Solution of the Linear System.- Chapter 5. Advection and Diffusion Interpolation Functions.- Chapter 6. .- Three-Dimensional Advection/Diffusion of.- Chapter 7. Finding the Velocity Field Pressure-Velocity Couplings.- Chapter 8. All Speed Flows Calculation Coupling.- Chapter 9. Two and Three-Dimensional Parabolic Flows.- Chapter 10. General Recommendations for Conceiving and Testing Your Code.- Chapter 11. Introducing General Grids Discretization.- Chapter 12. Coordinate Transformation General Curvilinear Coordinate Systems.- Chapter 13. Unstructured Grids.- Chapter 14. Pressure Instabilities from Navier-Stokes to Biot’s Consolidation.- Chapter 15. Applications

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Book SynopsisThis book presents an overview of geothermal heating systems using ground source heat pumps in different countries. It evaluates the emissions and energy costs generated by the operation of low enthalpy geothermal systems, with heat pumps fed by different energy sources, and assesses, from an international point of view, those policies whose aim is a sustainable, low-carbon economy.The use of low-impact energy sources is gradually growing with the aim of reducing greenhouse gases emission and air pollution. The alternatives offered by geothermal systems are one of the key solutions for a future renewable development, enabling the electrification of heating systems and the use of biofuels.The book will be of interest to energy professionals and researchers.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Geothermal heating systems and heat pumps.- Energy sources to supply a geothermal heat pump.- Economics of heat pumps.- Polygeneration systems.

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Book SynopsisThis book systematically discusses state-of-the-art dew-point evaporative cooling and provides key insights into current research efforts and future research interests. Novel energy-efficient and environment-friendly cooling technologies are essential to reduce the sharply rising energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions and achieve carbon neutrality. Conventional air-conditioners which adopt a vapor compression cycle are neither energy-efficient nor sustainable due to the use of compressors and chemical refrigerants, as well as their intrinsic coupling of sensible and latent cooling loads. With the merits of high energy efficiency and the ability to decouple cooling loads without using chemical refrigerants, indirect dew-point evaporative cooling provides an ideal alternative solution to air conditioning in a variety of applications. A comprehensive review of evaporative cooling and their underlying engineering challenges is included. Advanced engineering and modeling experience critical to the development of dew-point evaporative coolers are highlighted. The effective analysis techniques for dew-point evaporative coolers are documented, and their intrinsic characteristics captured by these methods are reported. Lastly, advanced dew-point evaporative cooling systems in various energy-connected applications are discussed by providing multiple case studies. Specifically targeted at HVAC engineers, thermal scientists, and energy-engineering researchers, this book will balance fundamental concepts, industrial applications, and leading-edge research. As this book provides readers with depth and breadth of coverage, it can also be used by graduate-level students in relevant fields.Table of ContentsState-of-the-art air conditioning technologies.- Fundamental principles of evaporative cooling.- Engineering of dew-point evaporative coolers.- Modelling of dew-point evaporative coolers.- Fundamental analysis of dew-point evaporative cooler.- Applications of dew-point evaporative cooling systems.

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Book SynopsisThis open access conference proceedings contains all the papers presented at the ICTIMT 2023, the 3rd International Conference on Thermal Issues in Machine Tools. The event takes place in Dresden, the capital of Saxony, from March 21-23 2023. The conference is organized by the Chair of Machine Tools Development and Adaptive Controls of the Technische Universität Dresden.Table of ContentsThermal interactions between workpiece, tool, machine.- Testing and simulation methods to identify thermal errors.- Reference workpieces and assessment.- Energy efficient compensation and correction of thermal errors.- Improving thermal robustness of machine tools through design changes.- Thermo-energetic optimization of machine tools.

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Book SynopsisThis open access conference proceedings contains all the papers presented at the ICTIMT 2023, the 3rd International Conference on Thermal Issues in Machine Tools. The event takes place in Dresden, the capital of Saxony, from March 21-23 2023. The conference is organized by the Chair of Machine Tools Development and Adaptive Controls of the Technische Universität Dresden.Table of ContentsThermal interactions between workpiece, tool, machine.- Testing and simulation methods to identify thermal errors.- Reference workpieces and assessment.- Energy efficient compensation and correction of thermal errors.- Improving thermal robustness of machine tools through design changes.- Thermo-energetic optimization of machine tools.

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Grundlagen.- 1.1. Allgemeines.- 1.1.1. Thermodynamisches System.- 1.1.2. SI-Einheiten; Dichte, spezifisches Volumen.- 1.2. Gesetze von Gay-Lussac und Boyle-Mariotte.- 1.3. Zustandsgleichung.- 1.4. Volumen im Normzustand.- 1.5. Absoluter Druck.- Beispiele 1–38.- 1.6. Mol und Molvolumen.- Beispiele 39–42.- 1.7. Gasmischungen.- 1.8. Mischen von Gasen.- Beispiele 43–56.- 1.9. Erster Hauptsatz.- 1.10. Spezifische Wärmekapazität.- 1.10.1. Allgemeines.- 1.10.2. Spezifische Wärmekapazität von Gasen.- 1.10.3. Spezifische Wärmekapazität von Gasmischungen.- 1.10.4. Mittlere spezifische Wärmekapazität.- Beispiele 57–76.- 2. Allgemeine Wärmegleichung Energie, Zustandsänderungen (Raumänderungsarbeit).- 2.1. Allgemeines.- 2.2. Energie der Gase.- 2.3 Wärmegleichung der Gase.- 2.4. Zustandsänderung bei gleichbleibendem Volumen.- 2.5. Zustandsänderung bei gleichbleibendem Druck.- 2.6. Zustandsänderung bei gleichbleibender Temperatur..- 2.7. Zustandsänderung ohne Wärmezufuhr oder Wärmeentzug.- 2.8. Polytrope Zustandsänderung.- 2.9. Konstruktion der Polytrope nach dem Verfahren von Brauer.- Beispiele 77–107..- 3. Kreisprozesse, Entropie.- 3.1. Allgemeines und 2. Hauptsatz.- 3.2. Mittlerer Brack.- 3.3. Carnot-Prozeß.- 3.4. Entropie und Wärmediagramm.- 3.4.1. Entropie der Gase.- Beispiele 108–114.- 3.5. Kompressor.- Beispiele 115–119.- 3.5.1. Kompressor mit Stufenbetrieb.- Beispiele 120–122.- 3.6. Kreisprozeß der Ottomotoren.- Beispiele 123–126.- 3.7. Kreisprozeß der Dieselmotoren.- Beispiele 127–130.- 3.8. Seiliger-Prozeß.- Beispiel 131.- 4. Wasserdampf.- 4.1. Schmelzen und Erstarren.- 4.2. Allgemeines.- 4.2.1. Naßdampf.- 4.2.2. Heißdampf.- Beispiele 132–167.- 4.3. Verdampfungsziffer.- Beispiele 168, 169.- 4.4. Entropie des Wasserdampfes.- 4.4.1. T,s-Diagramm.- 4.4.2. h,s-Diagramm.- Beispiele 170–173.- 5. Dampfmaschine.- Beispiele 174–179.- 6. Kältekreisprozeß.- Beispiel 180.- 6.1. lg p,h-Diagramm (Ammoniak).- Beispiel 181.- 7. Verbrennung.- 7.1. Raumverhältnisse bei der vollkommenen Verbrennung von Gasen.- Beispiel 182.- 7.2. Massenverhältnisse bei der vollkommenen Verbrennung von Gasen, flüssigen und festen Brennstoffen.- Beispiel 183.- 7.3. Ermittlung des Luftverhältnisses aus der Abgasanalyse.- Beispiele 184, 185.- 7.3.1. Berechnung eines Verbrennungsdreiecks für gasförmige Brennstoffe nach Ostwald.- 7.3.1.1. Vollkommene Verbrennung.- 7.3.1.2. Unvollkommene Verbrennung.- 7.3.1.3. Konstruktion des Verbrennungsdreiecks.- Beispiel 186.- 8. Heizwert.- 8.1. Allgemeines.- 8.2. Heizwert fester, flüssiger und gasförmiger Brennstoffe.- Beispiele 187–191.- 9. Feuchte Luft.- 9.1. Allgemeines.- 9.2. h,x-Diagramm nach Mollier.- 9.3. Mischen feuchter Luft.- Beispiele 192–203.- 9.4. Taupunkt von Abgasen.- Beispiele 204, 205..- 10. Wärmeübertragung.- 10.1. Wärmedurchgang durch die ebene Wand.- 10.2. Wärmedurchgang durch die Rohrwand.- 10.3. Mittlere Temperaturdifferenz bei Gegenstrom, Gleichstrom, Kreuz- und Querstrom.- Beispiele 206–216.- 10.4. Wärmeübergang und Anwendung auf den Wärmedurchgang.- Beispiele 217–224.- 10.5. Wärmestrahlung.- Beispiele 225–228.- 11. Ausströmung von Gasen und Dampf.- 11.1. Kritisches Druckverhältnis.- 11.2. Ausströmungsgeschwindigkeit.- 11.3. Ausströmende Masse.- 11.4. Ausströmung von Dampf.- Beispiele 229–234.- 12. Anhang (Tabellen).- 1. Stoffeigenschaften einiger Gase.- 2. Mittlere Zusammensetzung fester und flüssiger Brennstoffe.- 3. Mittlere Zusammensetzung gasförmiger Brennstoffe.- 4. Entzündungstemperatur verschiedener Stoffe.- 5. Verbrennungswärme und Heizwert einiger Stoffe.- 6. Mittlere spezifische Wärmekapazität cpm in kJ/kg K von Gasen zwischen 0°C und t bei konstantem Druck p = 0.- 7. Wahre spezifische Wärmekapazität cp in kJ/kg K von Gasen bei konstantem Druck p = 0..- 8. Wahre molare Wärmekapazität c?p in kJ/kmol K von Gasen bei konstantemDruck p = 0.- 9. Spezifische Wärmekapazität fester und flüssiger Stoffe.- 10. Zustandsgrößen von Wasser und Dampf nach VDI-Wasserdampftafeln.- 11. Zustandsgrößen von Wasser und Dampf bei Sättigung nach Wukalowitsch.- 12. Mittlere spez. Wärmekapazität des überhitzten Wasserdampfes.- 13. Zustandsgrößen für überhitzten Wasserdampf nach Wukalowitsch.- 14. Werte für Feuchtluft, Temperatur, Druck, Dampfdichte, Enthalpie, Wassergehalt für Temperaturen von ?20°C–95°C.- 15. Dampftabelle für Ammoniak (NH3).- 16. Strahlungszahl C verschiedener Oberflächen in W/m2 K4 bei 0–200°C.- 17. Temperaturfaktor ? in K3.- 18. Wärmeleitfähigkeit von Metallen und Legierungen.- 19. Wärmeleitfähigkeit von Wärmeschutzstoffen.- 20. Wärmeleitfähigkeit (Wasser und Wasserdampf).- 21. Kennzeichnende Stoffwerte für die Wärmeübertragung.- 22. Dynamische Viskosität ? in Ns/m2.- 23. Zusammenstellung einiger gebräuchlicher Formeln für den Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten ?.- 24. Umrechnung von Einheiten.- Benutzte Formelzeichen.- Quellenverzeichnis.- Sachwortverzeichnis.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a rigorous treatment of the coupling of chemical reactions and fluid flow. Combustion-specific topics of chemistry and fluid mechanics are considered and tools described for the simulation of combustion processes. This edition is completely restructured. Mathematical Formulae and derivations as well as the space-consuming reaction mechanisms have been replaced from the text to appendix. A new chapter discusses the impact of combustion processes on the atmosphere, the chapter on auto-ignition is extended to combustion in Otto- and Diesel-engines, and the chapters on heterogeneous combustion and on soot formation are heavily revised.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews of the fourth edition: "This book, now in its fourth edition, is intended as a text for beginning graduate students who are interested in some of the basic elements of combustion processes. …Throughout the book, the level of mathematics is fairly elementary. Thus, the subject can be followed by the targeted audience. … The authors have done an excellent job of organization. … In summary, I enjoyed reading this book and I recommend it. I may consider adopting it as a required text when I teach combustion again." (Peyman Givi, AIAA Journal, Vol. 45 (10), 2007)Table of ContentsIntroduction, Fundamental Definitions and Phenomena.- Experimental Investigation of Flames.- Mathematical Description of Premixed Laminar Flat Flames.- Thermodynamics of Combustion Processes.- Transport Phenomena.- Chemical Kinetics.- Reaction Mechanisms.- Laminar Premixed Flames.- Laminar Nonpremixed Flames.- Ignition Processes.- Low Temperature Oxidation, Engine Knock.- The Navier-Stokes Equations for Three-Dimensional Reacting Flows.- Turbulent Reacting Flows.- Turbulent Nonpremixed Flames.- Turbulent Premixed Flames.- Combustion of Liquid and Solid Fuels.- Formation of Nitric Oxides.- Formation of Hydrocarbons and Soot.- Effects of Combustion Processes on the Atmosphere.- Appendix 1: Mathematics.- Appendix 2: Reaction Mechanisms.

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Book SynopsisWarum kann man einen Raum nicht mit einem Kühlschrank abkühlen? Oder: Die Kunst ein Steak richtig zu braten. 50 thermofluiddynamische Alltagsphänomene werden nach folgendem Schema einheitlich behandelt: Beschreibung des Phänomens / Prinzipielle Erklärung / Weitergehende Betrachtungen. Ein ausführliches Glossar hilft beim physikalischen Verständnis der Fachbegriffe.Trade Review“... Leser allgemein verständlich an das Thema heran und gibt ihnen aufschlussreiches Wissen an die Hand. Anschließend geht der Autor zu weiterführenden Betrachtungen über, bei denen er zunehmend Formeln und Fachbegriffe verwendet. Mit diesen Passagen spricht er eher Naturwissenschaftler und Ingenieure an, die über einschlägige Vorkenntnisse verfügen. Am Ende des Buchs erklärt Herwig die verwendeten Fachwörter in einem Glossar.” (MARIA LUBS, in: Spektrum Der Wissenschaft, April 2015)“... Das Buch regt zum Hinterfragen von Vorgängen und zur Anwendung des erworbenen Wissens auf andere als in der Ausbildung häufig verwendete Beispiele an. ... kann allen, die naturwissenschaftlich und technisch interessiert sind, empfohlen werden.“ (Bernd Platzer, in: ZAMM Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik, Jg. 95, Heft 4, 2015)“... ein ausführliches Glossar ... Viele der Phänomene werden dem Leser vertraut sein – dies macht den Reiz des Buches aus. Er bekommt verständliche und doch hinreichend tiefgehende Erklärungen für bekannte Effekte und kann gleichzeitig sein Verständnis für die Fluiddynamik verbessern ...” (in: MM MaschinenMarkt, maschinenmarkt.vogel.de, 9. Februar 2015)“... Das Buch wendet sich nicht nur an Studierende technischer Fächer, sondern auch an den Interessierten Laien ...“ (in: f+h Fördern und Heben, Heft 1-2, 2015)Table of Contents​Kategorien: Haus und Garten.- Speisen und Getränke.- Reisen und Freizeit.- Energie und Umwelt.

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Book SynopsisHeinz Herwig stellt den fundamentalen Zusammenhang zwischen den beiden Größen Wärme und Entropie heraus und eröffnet damit eine neue Sichtweise. Die Betrachtung der Entropie bei der Energieübertragung in Form von Wärme erlaubt es, Verluste bei der Wärmeübertragung zu benennen und zu bestimmen. Mit dem Konzept des entropischen Potentials einer Energie gelingt es, eine Energieentwertungszahl zu definieren, die einzelne Teilprozesse einer Prozesskette bewerten kann. Für dieses essential werden Kenntnisse über die verschiedenen Arten von Wärmeübertragungen in technischen Systemen vorausgesetzt. Grundlagen hierzu finden sich in dem Band Wärmeübertragung – ein nahezu allgegenwärtiges Phänomen desselben Autors. Table of ContentsWarum Wärme und Entropie eng miteinander verbunden sind.- Wärmeübertragung aus thermodynamischer und ingenieurwissenschaftlicher Sicht.- Reine Wärmeleitung und konvektive Wärmeübertragung.- Vollständige Bewertung konvektiver Wärmeübertragungen.

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Book SynopsisGeschrieben von Spezialisten aus Industrie und Wissenschaft, ermöglicht das Standardwerk die Auslegung technischer Apparate und Anlagen, z. B. in der Verfahrens- und der Energietechnik. Dafür werden Daten bereitgestellt, Berechnungsmethoden eingehend erläutert und Konstruktionen vorgestellt. Die 11. deutsche Auflage enthält zahlreiche neue Beiträge, die Kapitel wurden komplett überarbeitet und dem Stand der Technik angepasst. Seit über 50 Jahren ein unentbehrliches Arbeitsmittel für Ingenieure, die sich mit Fragen der Wärmeübertragung beschäftigen.Table of ContentsFormelzeichen, Einheiten und dimensionslose Kenngrößen für die Berechnung von Wärmeübertragern und wärmetechnischen Apparaten.- Grundlagen der Wärmeübertragung.- Grundlagen der Berechnung von Wärmeübertragern.- Thermophysikalische Stoffeigenschaften.- Wärmeleitung.- Wärmeübertragung durch freie Konvektion.- Wärmeübertragung bei erzwungener Konvektion.- Wärmeübergang beim Sieden.- Wärmeübergang bei der Kondensation.- Wärmestrahlung.- Strömungsdynamik und Druckverlust, Einphasige Strömungen.- Strömungsdynamik und Druckverlust, Zweiphasige Gas-Flüssigkeitsströmungen.- Strömungsdynamik und Druckverlust, Zweiphasige Gas-Festkörper-Strömungen.- Strömungsdynamik und Druckverlust, Blasen und Tropfen in technischen Apparaten.- Sonderprobleme der Wärmeübertragung.- Spezielle Wärmeübertrager.- Konstruktion von Wärmeübertragern.

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Book SynopsisDieses Buch, geschrieben von einem Praktiker mit über 25jähriger Erfahrung auf diesem Gebiet, ist ein Standardwerk auf dem neuesten Stand der Technik zur Thermoelektrizität sowie zur Theorie metallischer Thermomaterialen. Die dargestellten technischen Verfahren und Anwendungen sind für junge Ingenieure und angewandte Physiker von großem Interesse. Theoretische Grundlagen werden erweitert bzw. erstmals eingebracht, so z.B. die theoretischen Seebeckkoeffizienten von Übergangsmetallen und Übergangslegierungen sowie der Einfluss der thermischen Ausdehnung auf die Seebeckkoeffizienten.Diese 2. Auflage enthält, neben erheblichen Überarbeitungen und Erweiterungen, die neueren Erkenntnisse der Wissenschaft und der gerätetechnischen Weiterentwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Temperaturmesstechnik, einschließlich der Fachthemen Drift und Selbstüberwachung.Table of ContentsEinleitung.- Zur Geschichte der Thermoelektrik.- Elektrophysikalische Effekte mit thermischem Einfluss oder thermischer Wirkung.- Thermoeelektrischer Basiseffekt.- Verknüpfung des thermoelektrischen Basiseffektes.- Thermoelektrische Basisapplikationen.- Temperaturmesspraxis mit Thermoelementen.- Werkstoffe und Bauteile für Thermoelemente.- Ausblick und Perspektive.

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Book SynopsisThis publication is aimed at students, teachers, and researchers of Continuum Mechanics and focused extensively on stating and developing Initial Boundary Value equations used to solve physical problems. With respect to notation, the tensorial, indicial and Voigt notations have been used indiscriminately. The book is divided into twelve chapters with the following topics: Tensors, Continuum Kinematics, Stress, The Objectivity of Tensors, The Fundamental Equations of Continuum Mechanics, An Introduction to Constitutive Equations, Linear Elasticity, Hyperelasticity, Plasticity (small and large deformations), Thermoelasticity (small and large deformations), Damage Mechanics (small and large deformations), and An Introduction to Fluids. Moreover, the text is supplemented with over 280 figures, over 100 solved problems, and 130 references.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“The book is meant as a textbook for master and doctoral students and researchers. It is based on lecture notes of civil engineering courses of the author given at the University of Castillia-La Mancha (Spain). So the reader can expect a careful and detailed introduction to the subject without too much novelty. … The book is perhaps helpful for those readers who have already a strong background in continuum mechanics and want to find additional information on topics … .” (Albrecht Bertram, zbMATH, Vol. 1277, 2014)Table of ContentsPreface.- Abbreviations.- Operators And Symbols.- Si-Units.- Introduction.- 1 Mechanics.- 2 What Is Continuum Mechanics.- 3 Scales Of Material Studies.- 4 The Initial Boundary Value Problem (Ibvp).- 1 Tensors.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Algebraic Operations With Vectors.- 1.3 Coordinate Systems.- 1.4 Indicial Notation.- 1.5 Algebraic Operations With Tensors.- 1.6 The Tensor-Valued Tensor Function.- 1.7 The Voigt Notation.- 1.8 Tensor Fields.- 1.9 Theorems Involving Integrals.- Appendix A: A Graphical Representation Of A Second-Order Tensor.- A.1 Projecting A Second-Order Tensor Onto A Particular Direction.- A.2 Graphical Representation Of An Arbitrary Second-Order Tensor.- A.3 The Tensor Ellipsoid.- A.4 Graphical Representation Of The Spherical And Deviatoric Parts.- 2 Continuum Kinematics.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 The Continuous Medium.- 2.3 Description Of Motion.- 2.4 The Material Time Derivative.- 2.5 The Deformation Gradient.- 2.6 Finite Strain Tensors.- 2.7 Particular Cases Of Motion.- 2.8 Polar Decomposition Of F.- 2.9 Area And Volume Elements Deformation.- 2.10 Material And Control Domains.- 2.11 Transport Equations.- 2.12 Circulation And Vorticity.- 2.13 Motion Decomposition: Volumetric And Isochoric Motions.- 2.14 The Small Deformation Regime.- 2.15 Other Ways To Define Strain.- 3 Stress.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Forces.- 3.3 Stress Tensors.- 4 Objectivity Of Tensors.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The Objectivity Of Tensors.- 4.3 Tensor Rates.- 5 The Fundamental Equations Of Continuum Mechanics.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Density.- 5.3 Flux.- 5.4 The Reynolds Transport Theorem.- 5.5 Conservation Law.- 5.6 The Principle Of Conservation Of Mass. The Mass Continuity Equation.- 5.7 The Principle Of Conservation Of Linear Momentum. The Equations Of Motion.- 5.8 The Principle Of Conservation Of Angular Momentum. Symmetry Of The Cauchy Stress Tensor.- 5.9 The Principle Of Conservation Of Energy. The Energy Equation.- 5.10 The Principle Of Irreversibility. Entropy Inequality.- 5.11 Fundamental Equations Of Continuum Mechanics.- 5.12 Flux Problems.- 5.13 Fluid Flow In Porous Media (Filtration).- 5.14 The Convection-Diffusion Equation.- 5.15 Initial Boundary Value Problem (Ibvp) And Computational Mechanics.- 6 Introduction To Constitutive Equations.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 The Constitutive Principles.- 6.3 Characterization Of Constitutive Equations For Simple Thermoelastic Materials.- 6.4 Characterization Of The Constitutive Equations For A Thermoviscoelastic Material.- 6.5 Some Experimental Evidence.- 7 Linear Elasticity.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Initial Boundary Value Problem Of Linear Elasticity.- 7.3 Generalized Hooke’s Law.- 7.4 The Elasticity Tensor.- 7.5 Isotropic Materials.- 7.6 Strain Energy Density.- 7.7 The Constitutive Law For Orthotropic Material.- 7.8 Transversely Isotropic Materials.- 7.9 The Saint-Venant’s And Superposition Principles.- 7.10 Initial Stress/Strain.- 7.11 The Navier-Lamé Equations.- 7.12 Two-Dimensional Elasticity.- 7.13 The Unidimensional Approach.- 8 Hyperelasticity.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Constitutive Equations.- 8.3 Isotropic Hyperelastic Materials.- 8.4 Compressible Materials.- 8.5 Incompressible Materials.- 8.6 Examples Of Hyperelastic Models.- 8.7 Anisotropic Hyperelasticity.- 9 Plasticity.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 The Yield Criterion.- 9.3 Plasticity Models In Small Deformation Regime (Uniaxial Cases).- 9.4 Plasticity In Small Deformation Regime (The Classical Plasticity Theory).- 9.5 Plastic Potential Theory.- 9.6 Plasticity In Large Deformation Regime.- 9.7 Large-Deformation Plasticity Based On The Multiplicative Decomposition Of The Deformation Gradient.- 10 Thermoelasticity.- 10.1 Thermodynamic Potentials.- 10.2 Thermomechanical Parameters.- 10.3 Linear Thermoelasticity.- 10.4 The Decoupled Thermo-Mechanical Problem In A Small Deformation Regime.- 10.5 The Classical Theory Of Thermoelasticity In Finite Strain (Large Deformation Regime).- 10.6 Thermoelasticity Based On The Multiplicative Decomposition Of The Deformation Gradient..- 10.7 Thermoplasticity In A Small Deformation Regime.- 11 Damage Mechanics.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 The Isotropic Damage Model In A Small Deformation Regime.- 11.3 The Generalized Isotropic Damage Model.- 11.4 The Elastoplastic-Damage Model In A Small Deformation Regime.- 11.5 The Tensile-Compressive Plastic-Damage Model.- 11.6 Damage In A Large Deformation Regime.- 12 Introduction To Fluids.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Fluids At Rest And In Motion.- 12.3 Viscous And Non-Viscous Fluids.- 12.4 Laminar Turbulent Flow.- 12.5 Particular Cases.- 12.6 Newtonian Fluids.- 12.7 Stress, Dissipated And Recoverable Powers.- 12.8 The Fundamental Equations For Newtonian Fluids.- Bibliography.- Index.

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Book SynopsisThis publication is aimed at students, teachers, and researchers of Continuum Mechanics and focused extensively on stating and developing Initial Boundary Value equations used to solve physical problems. With respect to notation, the tensorial, indicial and Voigt notations have been used indiscriminately. The book is divided into twelve chapters with the following topics: Tensors, Continuum Kinematics, Stress, The Objectivity of Tensors, The Fundamental Equations of Continuum Mechanics, An Introduction to Constitutive Equations, Linear Elasticity, Hyperelasticity, Plasticity (small and large deformations), Thermoelasticity (small and large deformations), Damage Mechanics (small and large deformations), and An Introduction to Fluids. Moreover, the text is supplemented with over 280 figures, over 100 solved problems, and 130 references.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“The book is meant as a textbook for master and doctoral students and researchers. It is based on lecture notes of civil engineering courses of the author given at the University of Castillia-La Mancha (Spain). So the reader can expect a careful and detailed introduction to the subject without too much novelty. … The book is perhaps helpful for those readers who have already a strong background in continuum mechanics and want to find additional information on topics … .” (Albrecht Bertram, zbMATH, Vol. 1277, 2014)Table of ContentsPreface.- Abbreviations.- Operators And Symbols.- Si-Units.- Introduction.- 1 Mechanics.- 2 What Is Continuum Mechanics.- 3 Scales Of Material Studies.- 4 The Initial Boundary Value Problem (Ibvp).- 1 Tensors.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Algebraic Operations With Vectors.- 1.3 Coordinate Systems.- 1.4 Indicial Notation.- 1.5 Algebraic Operations With Tensors.- 1.6 The Tensor-Valued Tensor Function.- 1.7 The Voigt Notation.- 1.8 Tensor Fields.- 1.9 Theorems Involving Integrals.- Appendix A: A Graphical Representation Of A Second-Order Tensor.- A.1 Projecting A Second-Order Tensor Onto A Particular Direction.- A.2 Graphical Representation Of An Arbitrary Second-Order Tensor.- A.3 The Tensor Ellipsoid.- A.4 Graphical Representation Of The Spherical And Deviatoric Parts.- 2 Continuum Kinematics.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 The Continuous Medium.- 2.3 Description Of Motion.- 2.4 The Material Time Derivative.- 2.5 The Deformation Gradient.- 2.6 Finite Strain Tensors.- 2.7 Particular Cases Of Motion.- 2.8 Polar Decomposition Of F.- 2.9 Area And Volume Elements Deformation.- 2.10 Material And Control Domains.- 2.11 Transport Equations.- 2.12 Circulation And Vorticity.- 2.13 Motion Decomposition: Volumetric And Isochoric Motions.- 2.14 The Small Deformation Regime.- 2.15 Other Ways To Define Strain.- 3 Stress.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Forces.- 3.3 Stress Tensors.- 4 Objectivity Of Tensors.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The Objectivity Of Tensors.- 4.3 Tensor Rates.- 5 The Fundamental Equations Of Continuum Mechanics.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Density.- 5.3 Flux.- 5.4 The Reynolds Transport Theorem.- 5.5 Conservation Law.- 5.6 The Principle Of Conservation Of Mass. The Mass Continuity Equation.- 5.7 The Principle Of Conservation Of Linear Momentum. The Equations Of Motion.- 5.8 The Principle Of Conservation Of Angular Momentum. Symmetry Of The Cauchy Stress Tensor.- 5.9 The Principle Of Conservation Of Energy. The Energy Equation.- 5.10 The Principle Of Irreversibility. Entropy Inequality.- 5.11 Fundamental Equations Of Continuum Mechanics.- 5.12 Flux Problems.- 5.13 Fluid Flow In Porous Media (Filtration).- 5.14 The Convection-Diffusion Equation.- 5.15 Initial Boundary Value Problem (Ibvp) And Computational Mechanics.- 6 Introduction To Constitutive Equations.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 The Constitutive Principles.- 6.3 Characterization Of Constitutive Equations For Simple Thermoelastic Materials.- 6.4 Characterization Of The Constitutive Equations For A Thermoviscoelastic Material.- 6.5 Some Experimental Evidence.- 7 Linear Elasticity.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Initial Boundary Value Problem Of Linear Elasticity.- 7.3 Generalized Hooke’s Law.- 7.4 The Elasticity Tensor.- 7.5 Isotropic Materials.- 7.6 Strain Energy Density.- 7.7 The Constitutive Law For Orthotropic Material.- 7.8 Transversely Isotropic Materials.- 7.9 The Saint-Venant’s And Superposition Principles.- 7.10 Initial Stress/Strain.- 7.11 The Navier-Lamé Equations.- 7.12 Two-Dimensional Elasticity.- 7.13 The Unidimensional Approach.- 8 Hyperelasticity.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Constitutive Equations.- 8.3 Isotropic Hyperelastic Materials.- 8.4 Compressible Materials.- 8.5 Incompressible Materials.- 8.6 Examples Of Hyperelastic Models.- 8.7 Anisotropic Hyperelasticity.- 9 Plasticity.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 The Yield Criterion.- 9.3 Plasticity Models In Small Deformation Regime (Uniaxial Cases).- 9.4 Plasticity In Small Deformation Regime (The Classical Plasticity Theory).- 9.5 Plastic Potential Theory.- 9.6 Plasticity In Large Deformation Regime.- 9.7 Large-Deformation Plasticity Based On The Multiplicative Decomposition Of The Deformation Gradient.- 10 Thermoelasticity.- 10.1 Thermodynamic Potentials.- 10.2 Thermomechanical Parameters.- 10.3 Linear Thermoelasticity.- 10.4 The Decoupled Thermo-Mechanical Problem In A Small Deformation Regime.- 10.5 The Classical Theory Of Thermoelasticity In Finite Strain (Large Deformation Regime).- 10.6 Thermoelasticity Based On The Multiplicative Decomposition Of The Deformation Gradient..- 10.7 Thermoplasticity In A Small Deformation Regime.- 11 Damage Mechanics.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 The Isotropic Damage Model In A Small Deformation Regime.- 11.3 The Generalized Isotropic Damage Model.- 11.4 The Elastoplastic-Damage Model In A Small Deformation Regime.- 11.5 The Tensile-Compressive Plastic-Damage Model.- 11.6 Damage In A Large Deformation Regime.- 12 Introduction To Fluids.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Fluids At Rest And In Motion.- 12.3 Viscous And Non-Viscous Fluids.- 12.4 Laminar Turbulent Flow.- 12.5 Particular Cases.- 12.6 Newtonian Fluids.- 12.7 Stress, Dissipated And Recoverable Powers.- 12.8 The Fundamental Equations For Newtonian Fluids.- Bibliography.- Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides state-of-the-art advances in several areas of importance in energy, combustion, power, propulsion, environment using fossil fuels and alternative fuels, and biofuels production and utilization. Availability of clean and sustainable energy is of greater importance now than ever before in all sectors of energy, power, mobility and propulsion. Written by internationally renowned experts, the latest fundamental and applied research innovations on cleaner energy production as well as utilization for a wide range of devices extending from micro scale energy conversion to hypersonic propulsion using hydrocarbon fuels are provided. The tailored technical tracks and contributions from the world renowned technical experts are portrayed in the respective field to highlight different but complementary views on fuels, combustion, power and propulsion and air toxins with special focus on current and future R&D needs and activities. The energy and environment sustainability require a multi-pronged approach involving development and utilization of new and renewable fuels, design of fuel-flexible combustion systems that can be easily operated with the new fuels, and develop novel and environmentally friendly technologies for improved utilization of all kinds of gas, liquid and solid fuels. This volume is a useful book for practicing engineers, research engineers and managers in industry and research labs, academic institutions, graduate students, and final year undergraduate students in Mechanical, Chemical, Aerospace, Energy and Environmental Engineering.Table of ContentsInjector Dynamics and Pressure Gain in Rotating Detonation Engines.- Low Emissions Propulsion Engine Characterization Process.- Aerodynamic and Aero-Acoustic Performance of an Adjustable Pitch Axial Flow Fan.- Proposed Thrust Profile Design of Pulse Detonation Engine (PDE) for Aerospace Applications.- The Formation of PAH Compounds from the Combustion of Biofuels.- Review of Biomass Energy Resources with Livestock Manure.- Higher Alcohols as Diesel Engine Fuel.- Photocatalytic Hydrogen from Water over Semiconductors.- Evaluation of Hazard Correlations for Hydrogen Rich Fuels using Stretched Transient Flames.- Experimental Investigation of Turbulent Flow/Flame Structure of Double Swirler Burner.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the select proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Sustainable Technologies (ICAST 2020), organized by Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India. It gives an overview of recent developments in the field of fluid dynamics and thermal engineering. Some of the topics covered in this book include HVAC systems, alternative fuels, renewable energy, nano fluids, industrial advancements in energy systems, energy storage, multiphase transport and phase change, conventional and non-conventional energy theoretical and experimental fluid dynamics, numerical methods in heat transfer and fluid mechanics, different modes of heat transfer, fluid machinery, turbo machinery, and fluid power. The book will be useful for researchers and professionals working in the field of fluid dynamics and thermal engineering. Table of ContentsExperimental Study on Rice Straw Based Thermal Insulation.- Experimental Exploration of Effect of Hydrogen Enrichment on the Performance and Emissions of CRDI Diesel Engine by Varying Injection Duration.- Numerical and Analytical Investigation of Automotive Exhaust Gas Waste-Heat Recovery module using Thermoelectric Generator.- Experimental Investigation on the Performance of VCRs based Liquid Desiccant De-Humidification System Integrated with Cellulose Pads of Variable Flute Heights.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents select proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Computational and Experimental Methods in Mechanical Engineering (ICCEMME 2021). It gives an overview of recent developments in the field of fluid dynamics and thermal engineering. Topics covered include case studies in thermal engineering, combustion engines, computational fluid dynamics (cfd), cooling systems, energy conservation, energy conversion, renewable energy, bio fuels, gas turbines, heat exchangers and heat transfer systems, heat pipes and pumps, heat transfer augmentation, refrigeration and HVAC systems, fluids engineering, energy and process, and thermal power plants. The book will be useful for researchers and professionals working in the area of thermal engineering and allied fields.Table of ContentsTransport Phenomena in a PWR Sub channel Replete with Al2O3-TiO2/Water Hybrid Nano fluid: A CFD Approach.- Performance Analysis and Optimization of Ammonia-CO2 and Ammonia-propylene refrigerant pairs for Cascade Refrigeration.- A comprehensive review of performance, combustion, and emission Characteristics of biodiesel fuelled diesel engines.- Analysis of Different Techniques of Superconductivity.- Prediction of the dynamic viscosity of MXene/palm oil nanofluid using support vector regression.- Experimental and Computational investigation of Coefficient of discharge of Venturimeter.- A comprehensive review of performance, combustion, and emissionCharacteristics of biodiesel blend with nanoparticles in diesel engines.

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Book SynopsisSupercritical pressure fluids have been exploited in many engineering fields, where binary mixtures are frequently encountered. This book focuses on the coupled heat and mass transfer in them, where the coupling comes from cross-diffusion effects (i.e., Soret and Dufour effects) and temperature-dependent boundary reactions. Under this configuration, three main topics are discussed: relaxation and diffusion problems, hydrodynamic stability, and convective heat and mass transfer. This book reports a series of new phenomena, novel mechanisms, and an innovative engineering design in hydrodynamics and transport phenomena of binary mixtures at supercritical pressures. This book covers not only current research progress but also basic knowledge and background. It is very friendly to readers new to this field, especially graduate students without a deep theoretical background.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Mass Piston Effect: Theory on the Acoustic Timescale.- Mass Piston Effect: Dynamic Relaxation on the Diffusion Timescale.- Binary Rayleigh-Bénard Instability: Model and Linear Theory.- Binary Rayleigh-Bénard Instability: Nonlinear Theory.- A Novel Application: Coupled Extraction and Crystal Growth.- Conclusions.

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Book SynopsisThis book comprises select papers presented at the conference on Technology Innovation in Mechanical Engineering (TIME-2021). The book discusses the latest innovation and advanced research in the diverse field of Mechanical Engineering such as materials, manufacturing processes, evaluation of materials properties for the application in automotive, aerospace, marine, locomotive and energy sectors. The topics covered include advanced metal forming, Energy Efficient systems, Material Characterization, Advanced metal forming, bending, welding & casting techniques, Composite and Polymer Manufacturing, Intermetallics, Future generation materials, Laser Based Manufacturing, High-Energy Beam Processing, Nano materials, Smart Material, Super Alloys, Powder Metallurgy and Ceramic Forming, Aerodynamics, Biological Heat & Mass Transfer, Combustion & Propulsion, Cryogenics, Fire Dynamics, Refrigeration & Air Conditioning, Sensors and Transducers, Turbulent Flows, Reactive Flows, Numerical Heat Transfer, Phase Change Materials, Micro- and Nano-scale Transport, Multi-phase Flows, Nuclear & Space Applications, Flexible Manufacturing Technology & System, Non-Traditional Machining processes, Structural Strength and Robustness, Vibration, Noise Analysis and Control, Tribology. In addition, it discusses industrial applications and cover theoretical and analytical methods, numerical simulations and experimental techniques in the area of Mechanical Engineering. The book will be helpful for academics, including graduate students and researchers, as well as professionals interested in interdisciplinary topics in the areas of materials, manufacturing, and energy sectors.Table of ContentsBeacon Based Smart Shopping System Using IoT.- Cache Memory Design Analysis for Single Bit Architecture for Core Processor.- Impact of Acoustics Impingement on Proliferating Fires.- Analytical Study of Fluid Pressure Sensing Mechanism in Microchannel for Microfluidic Device.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook for courses in gas dynamics will be of interest to students and teachers in aerospace and mechanical engineering disciplines. It provides an in-depth explanation of compressible flows and ties together various concepts to build an understanding of the fundamentals of gas dynamics. The book is written in an easy to understand manner, with pedagogical aids such as chapter overviews, summaries, and descriptive and objective questions to help students evaluate their progress. The book contains example problems as well as end-of-chapter exercises. Detailed bibliographies are included at the end of each chapter to provide students with further resources. The book can be used as a core text in engineering coursework and also in professional development courses. Table of ContentsKinetic Theory of Gases and Fluid Properties.- Conservation Laws for Inviscid Flows.- Thermodynamics of Compressible Flows.- Propagation of Acoustic Wave.- Steady One-Dimensional Compressible Flows.- Normal Shock Waves.- Flow in Constant-Area Ducts with Friction.- Flow in Constant-Area Ducts with Heat Transfer.- Quasi-One-Dimensional Compressible Flows.- Oblique Shock and Expansion Waves.- Velocity Potential Equation for Compressible Flows.- Small Perturbation Theory.- Similarity Rules of Compressible Flows.- Method of Characteristics.

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Book SynopsisThe book presents the select proceedings of the Third International Conference on Emerging Research in Civil, Aeronautical and Mechanical Engineering (ERCAM 2021) and focuses on the broad themes of mechanical and aeronautical engineering. The book covers research developments in the field of materials, mechanics, structures, systems and sustainability. Various topics covered in this book include smart and multifunctional composite materials, nano materials, computational mechanics, solid mechanics, kinematics and dynamics, fatigue, fracture and life cycle analysis, smart structures-vibration and noise control, vibration, acoustics and condition monitoring, thermal/fluid systems and analysis. The book will be useful for students, researchers and professionals working in the various areas of mechanical engineering.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a detailed overview of high entropy materials and alloys, discussing their structure, the processing of bulk and nanostructured alloys as well as their mechanical and functional properties and applications. It covers the exponential growth in research which has occurred over the last decade, discussing novel processing techniques, estimation of mechanical, functional and physical properties, and utility of these novel materials for various applications. Given the expanding scope of HEAs in ceramics, polymers, thin films and coating, this book will be of interest to material scientists and engineers alike. Table of Contents Chapter 1. Historical Perspective of High Entropy: Paradigm Shift and Origin of Path Breaking Concept 1.1 Introduction: Alloys and Their Importance in Civilization 1.2 The Alloy World: Solid Solutions and Compounds 1.4 Solid Solutions in Alloys and Ceramics 1.3 Special Alloys 1.4 Ceramics: Oxides, Borides, Nitride and Carbides 1.5 The Multicomponent Materials in Metals and Ceramics 1.6. High Entropy Materials 1.7 The Scope of This Book in the Present Context Chapter 2. High-Entropy Materials: Basic Concepts 2.1 Introduction 2.2 High Entropy Alloys and Ceramics: Definition and Classification 2.3. Entropy of Mixing : It Estimation and Effects on Alloy Development 2.3 High Entropy Effects 2.4 Composition Notation 2.5 Thermodynamics of Multicoponent systems 2.6 Kinetics: Intermixing and diffusion Chapter 3. Phase and Microstructural Selection in High-Entropy Materials 3.1 Alloy Design Strategies 3.2 Predicting Solid Solubility from Hume-Rothery Rules 3.3 Solid Solution Formation in Equiatomic and Nonequiatomic HEMs 3.4 Mutual Solubility and Phase Formation Tendency in HEAs 3.5 Parametric Approaches to Predict Crystalline Solid Solution 3.5 CALPHAD and Ab Initio Approaches 3.6 Pettifor Map Approach to Predict the Formation of Intermetallic Compound, Quasicrystal, and Glass 3.7 Phase Selection Approach to Find Single-Phase vs. Multiphase HEMs 3.7 Design Strategies for High Entropy Oxides and Borides 3.8 Microstructure of HEMs · Chapter 4 : Diffusion in HEMs 4.1. Diffusion in Multicomponent Systems: Theory and Experiment 4.2 Diffusivities of HEAs: Measured vs. Postulated 4.3 Diffusional Solid State Phase Transformation in HEAs Eutectoid, Phase Separation and Precipitation 4.4. Integration of diffusional transformation with models of phase transformation Chapter 5. High Entropy Material Design using ICME and Materials Genome 5.1 Introduction to ICME 5.2 Integrated Computational Materials Engineering Approach to Design and Develop New Materials 5.3 HEMs and their link to ICME 5.4 Development of Materials Database for HEMs Chapter 6. Synthesis and Processing of Bulk HEMs 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Processing of HEAs 6.2.1 Melting and Casting Route 6.2.2 Powder Metallurgical Processing Route 6.3 HEA-Based Composites 6.4 High Entropy Ceramics: Oxide and Borides 6.5 Combinatorial Materials Synthesis 6.6 Additive manufacturing Chapter 7. Synthesis and Processing of HEA Coating and Thin Films 7.1 Introduction 7.2. HEA Coatings : Challenges 7.3 HEA Thin Films: Preparation and Challenges 7.4 Combinatorial Synthesis Approach for Coating and Thin Films Chapter 8. Structural Properties 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Hot and cold working of HEA 8.3 Mechanical Properties 8.4 Corrosion Behavior 8.5 Oxidation Behavior Chapter 9. Functional Applications 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Electronics 9.3 Thermoelectrics 9.4 Magnetism 9.5 Hydrogen Storage 9.6 Waste Management Chapter 10. Applications 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Goals of Property Improvement 10.3 Advanced Applications Demanding New Materials 10.4 Examples of Applications 10.5 Patents on HEAs and Related Materials 10.6 Future Directions References Appendix

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Book SynopsisThis book is in the field of Engineering Thermophysics. It first introduces the authors’ academic thoughts of photo-thermal energy cascade conversion in the fuel combustion. Afterward, a series of thermal radiation theories and models have been developed based on the aim of radiative energy utilization, including spectral radiation available energy theory, gas radiation model under complex combustion conditions, and calculation model of radiation available energy transfer in combustion medium. Based on simulation and experimental results, the radiative energy characteristics of different fuel combustion are introduced. This book develops the radiation theory of the combustion process from a new perspective, integrating theories, models, and experimental results. This book can be used as a reference for scientists, engineers, and graduate students engaged in energy environment, combustion, and thermal radiation.Table of ContentsChapter1. Introduction.- Chapter2 Spectral Radiation Thermodynamic Theory for Combustion.- Chapter3 Gas Radiation Model under Complex Combustion Conditions.- Chapter4. Thermodynamic Calculation of Radiative Energy in Combustion Medium.- Chapter5. Radiative Energy Characteristics of Solid Fuel Combustion.- Chapter6. Outlook.

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Book SynopsisThis open access book surveys the development of OCAC technology in the last decade for solid fuel conversion in fluidized beds. The scientific concerns, including combustion and emission characteristics, ash-related problems, OC aging, and so on, are summarized and analyzed. Beyond this, new concepts like OCAC with Oxy-PFBC, OCAC coupled with staged fuel conversion, OCAC in rotatory kilns and multi-functional OCAC are proposed, so as to promote the applications of OCAC to various fields in the future. Moreover, this book also outlines the perspectives for future research and development of OCAC. As an emerging technology, extensive studies and investigations are still necessary to fill in the gap from the fundamental understanding of the technology to its industrial demonstrations. Nevertheless, we believe that this book provides novel insights for the readership of energy and combustion and stimulate meaningful follow-on research on OCAC technology.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- The evolution of OCAC and its basic working principles.- OCAC for fuel conversion without CO2 capture.- OCAC technology in oxy-fuel combustion for carbon capture.- New concepts for OCAC in other applications.- Perspectives on future research.- Conclusions.

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Book SynopsisChapter 1. Advancements in IC Engines.- Chapter 2. Automobile and Applications.- Chapter 3. Combustion Technologies.- Chapter 4. Propulsion Systems.- Chapter 5. Bio-Fuels: Production and Application.- Chapter 6. Alternative Fuels.- Chapter 7. Energy Storage and Utilization.- Chapter 8. Summary.

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Book SynopsisChapter 1. Recent Advances in Thermal Infrastructure.- Chapter 2. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) .- Chapter 3. Renewable energy and carbon capture .- Chapter 4. Automotive infrastructure.- Chapter 5.  Heat and mass transfer.-Chapter 6. Refrigeration and air conditioning (RAC).

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Book Synopsis"Thermodynamic Tables to Accompany Modern Engineering Thermodynamics".Table of ContentsAppendix C Thermodynamic Tables C.1a Saturated Water, Temperature Table (English Units) C.1b Saturated Water, Temperature Table (Metric Units) C.2a Saturated Water, Pressure Table (English Units) C.2b Saturated Water, Pressure Table (Metric Units) C.3a Superheated Water (English Units) C.3b Superheated Water (Metric Units) C.4a Compressed Water (English Units) C.4b Compressed Water (Metric Units) C.5a Saturated Ammonia (English Units) C.5b Saturated Ammonia (Metric Units) C.6a Superheated Ammonia (English Units) C.6b Superheated Ammonia (Metric Units) C.7a Saturated Refrigerant-134a, Temperature Table (English Units) C.7b Saturated Refrigerant-134a, Pressure Table (English Units) C.7c Saturated Refrigerant-134a, Temperature Table (Metric Units) C.7d Saturated Refrigerant-134a, Pressure Table (Metric Units) C.8a Superheated Refrigerant-134a (English Units) C.8b Superheated Refrigerant-134a (Metric Units) C.9a Saturated Refrigerant-22, Temperature Table (English Units) C.9b Saturated Refrigerant-22, Temperature Table (Metric Units) C.10a Superheated Refrigerant-22 (English Units) C.10b Superheated Refrigerant-22 (Metric Units) C.11a Saturated Mercury, Pressure Table (English Units) C.11b Saturated Mercury, Pressure Table (Metric Units) C.12a Critical Point Data (English Units) C.12b Critical Point Data (Metric Units) C.13a Gas Constant Data (English Units) C.13b Gas Constant Data (Metric Units) C.14a Constant Pressure, Specific Heat Ideal Gas Temperature Relations (English Units) C.14b Constant Pressure, Specific Heat Ideal Gas Temperature Relations (Metric Units) C.15a Equation of State Constants (English Units) C.15b Equation of State Constants (Metric Units) C.16a Air Tables (English Units) C.16b Air Tables (Metric Units) C.16c Other Gases (English Units) C.17 Base-10 Logarithms of the Equilibrium Constants C.18 Isentropic Compressible Flow Tables for Air (k = 1.4) C.19 Normal Shock Tables for Air (k = 1.4) C.20 The Elements Appendix D Thermodynamic Charts D.1 v-u Chart for Nitrogen D.2 p-h Chart for Oxygen D.3 T-s Chart for Water D.4 T-s Chart for Carbon Dioxide D.5 Psychrometric Chart for Water (English Units) D.6 Psychrometric Chart for Water (Metric Units

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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