Engineering thermodynamics Books
Oxford University Press Experimental Techniques for LowTemperature
Book SynopsisThis book presents a highly integrated, step-by-step approach to the design and construction of low-temperature measurement apparatus. It is effectively two books in one: A textbook on cryostat design techniques and an appendix data handbook that provides materials-property data for carrying out that design. The main text encompasses a wide range of information, written for specialists, without leaving beginning students behind. After summarizing cooling methods, Part I provides core information in an accessible style on techniques for cryostat design and fabrication - including heat-transfer design, selection of materials, construction, wiring, and thermometry, accompanied by many graphs, data, and clear examples. Part II gives a practical user''s perspective of sample mounting techniques and contact technology. Part III applies the information from Parts I and II to the measurement and analysis of superconductor critical currents, including in-depth measurement techniques and the latest developments in data analysis and scaling theory. The appendix is a ready reference handbook for cryostat design, encompassing seventy tables compiled from the contributions of experts and over fifty years of literature.Trade ReviewThis book presents a highly integrated, step-by-step approach to the design and construction of low-temperature measurement apparatus. * Bulletin of the Institute of Refrigeration *Overall, I highly recommend Ekin's book. It is informative and well written, for beginners who are starting research at low temperatures and for veterans who will benefit from the author's experience. George O. Zimmerman, Physics Today, May 2007, page 67This extensively illustrated book presents a step-by-step approach to the design and constuction of low-temperature measurement apparatus. Many recent developments in the field not previously published are covered in this volume. * CERN Courier *I could not wait for this book to appear in print. I will make it required reading for anyone designing cryogenic probes for use in our laboratory. * Bruce Brandt, U.S.National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida *I am very impressed with the mixture of rigour and practicality that the book offers.[...] The charts are a treasure trove of practical information. * Mark Colclough, University of Birmingham *Beginners as well as [specialists] should have such a text, including the copious data on cryogenics ... * Hisayasu Kobayashi, University of Tokyo *I really liked the example calculations [...] If you don't find the information in the text, one can be sure that it's in the Appendix. This makes the text a 'stand-alone' book on cryostat design. * Karsten Guth, Universität Göttingen *Table of ContentsPART I ; PART II ; PART III
£121.12
Elsevier Science Thermodynamic Tables to Accompany Modern Engineering Thermodynamics
Book Synopsis"Thermodynamic Tables to Accompany Modern Engineering Thermodynamics".Table of ContentsAppendix C Thermodynamic Tables C.1a Saturated Water, Temperature Table (English Units) C.1b Saturated Water, Temperature Table (Metric Units) C.2a Saturated Water, Pressure Table (English Units) C.2b Saturated Water, Pressure Table (Metric Units) C.3a Superheated Water (English Units) C.3b Superheated Water (Metric Units) C.4a Compressed Water (English Units) C.4b Compressed Water (Metric Units) C.5a Saturated Ammonia (English Units) C.5b Saturated Ammonia (Metric Units) C.6a Superheated Ammonia (English Units) C.6b Superheated Ammonia (Metric Units) C.7a Saturated Refrigerant-134a, Temperature Table (English Units) C.7b Saturated Refrigerant-134a, Pressure Table (English Units) C.7c Saturated Refrigerant-134a, Temperature Table (Metric Units) C.7d Saturated Refrigerant-134a, Pressure Table (Metric Units) C.8a Superheated Refrigerant-134a (English Units) C.8b Superheated Refrigerant-134a (Metric Units) C.9a Saturated Refrigerant-22, Temperature Table (English Units) C.9b Saturated Refrigerant-22, Temperature Table (Metric Units) C.10a Superheated Refrigerant-22 (English Units) C.10b Superheated Refrigerant-22 (Metric Units) C.11a Saturated Mercury, Pressure Table (English Units) C.11b Saturated Mercury, Pressure Table (Metric Units) C.12a Critical Point Data (English Units) C.12b Critical Point Data (Metric Units) C.13a Gas Constant Data (English Units) C.13b Gas Constant Data (Metric Units) C.14a Constant Pressure, Specific Heat Ideal Gas Temperature Relations (English Units) C.14b Constant Pressure, Specific Heat Ideal Gas Temperature Relations (Metric Units) C.15a Equation of State Constants (English Units) C.15b Equation of State Constants (Metric Units) C.16a Air Tables (English Units) C.16b Air Tables (Metric Units) C.16c Other Gases (English Units) C.17 Base-10 Logarithms of the Equilibrium Constants C.18 Isentropic Compressible Flow Tables for Air (k = 1.4) C.19 Normal Shock Tables for Air (k = 1.4) C.20 The Elements Appendix D Thermodynamic Charts D.1 v-u Chart for Nitrogen D.2 p-h Chart for Oxygen D.3 T-s Chart for Water D.4 T-s Chart for Carbon Dioxide D.5 Psychrometric Chart for Water (English Units) D.6 Psychrometric Chart for Water (Metric Units
£13.99
John Wiley & Sons Inc Classical and Geometrical Theory of Chemical and
Book SynopsisBecause it is grounded in math, chemical thermodynamics is often perceived as a difficult subject and many students are never fully comfortable with it.Table of ContentsPREFACE. PART I INDUCTIVE FOUNDATIONS OF CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS. 1. Mathematical Preliminaries: Functions and Differentials. 1.1 Physical Conception of Mathematical Functions and Differentials. 1.2 Four Useful Identities. 1.3 Exact and Inexact Differentials. 1.4 Taylor Series. 2. Thermodynamic Description of Simple Fluids. 2.1 The Logic of Thermodynamics. 2.2 Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Gases: Equations of State. 2.3 Thermometry and the Temperature Concept. 2.4 Real and Ideal Gases. 2.5 Condensation and the Gas–Liquid Critical Point. 2.6 Van der Waals Model of Condensation and Critical Behavior. 2.7 The Principle of Corresponding States. 2.8 Newtonian Dynamics in the Absence of Frictional Forces. 2.9 Mechanical Energy and the Conservation Principle. 2.10 Fundamental Definitions: System, Property, Macroscopic, State. 2.11 The Nature of the Equilibrium Limit. 3. General Energy Concept and the First Law. 3.1 Historical Background of the First Law. 3.2 Reversible and Irreversible Work. 3.3 General Forms of Work. 3.4 Characterization and Measurement of Heat. 3.5 General Statements of the First Law. 3.6 Thermochemical Consequences of the First Law. 4. Engine Efficiency, Entropy, and the Second Law. 4.1 Introduction: Heat Flow, Spontaneity, and Irreversibility. 4.2 Heat Engines: Conversion of Heat to Work. 4.3 Carnot’s Analysis of Optimal Heat-Engine Efficiency. 4.4 Theoretical Limits on Perpetual Motion: Kelvin’s and Clausius’ Principles. 4.5 Kelvin’s Temperature Scale. 4.6 Carnot’s Theorem and the Entropy of Clausius. 4.7 Clausius’ Formulation of the Second Law. 4.8 Summary of the Inductive Basis of Thermodynamics. PART II GIBBSIAN THERMODYNAMICS OF CHEMICAL AND PHASE EQUILIBRIA. 5. Analytical Criteria for Thermodynamic Equilibrium. 5.1 The Gibbs Perspective. 5.2 Analytical Formulation of the Gibbs Criterion for a System in Equilibrium. 5.3 Alternative Expressions of the Gibbs Criterion. 5.4 Duality of Fundamental Equations: Entropy Maximization versus Energy Minimization. 5.5 Other Thermodynamic Potentials: Gibbs and Helmholtz Free Energy. 5.6 Maxwell Relations. 5.7 Gibbs Free Energy Changes in Laboratory Conditions. 5.8 Post-Gibbsian Developments. 6. Thermodynamics of Homogeneous Chemical Mixtures. 6.1 Chemical Potential in Multicomponent Systems. 6.2 Partial Molar Quantities. 6.3 The Gibbs–Duhem Equation. 6.4 Physical Nature of Chemical Potential in Ideal and Real Gas Mixtures. 7. Thermodynamics of Phase Equilibria. 7.1 The Gibbs Phase Rule. 7.2 Single-Component Systems. 7.3 Binary Fluid Systems. 7.4 Binary Solid–Liquid Equilibria. 7.5 Ternary and Higher Systems. 8. Thermodynamics of Chemical Reaction Equilibria. 8.1 Analytical Formulation of Chemical Reactions in Terms of the Advancement Coordinate. 8.2 Criterion of Chemical Equilibrium: The Equilibrium Constant. 8.3 General Free Energy Changes: de Donder’s Affinity. 8.4 Standard Free Energy of Formation. 8.5 Temperature and Pressure Dependence of the Equilibrium Constant. 8.6 Le Chatelier’s Principle. 8.7 Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Cells. 8.8 Ion Activities in Electrolyte Solutions. 8.9 Concluding Synopsis of Gibbs’ Theory. PART III METRIC GEOMETRY OF EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS. 9. Introduction to Vector Geometry and Metric Spaces. 9.1 Vector and Matrix Algebra. 9.2 Dirac Notation. 9.3 Metric Spaces. 10. Metric Geometry of Thermodynamic Responses. 10.1 The Space of Thermodynamic Response Vectors. 10.2 The Metric of Thermodynamic Response Space. 10.3 Linear Dependence, Dimensionality, and Gibbs–Duhem Equations. 11. Geometrical Representation of Equilibrium Thermodynamics. 11.1 Thermodynamic Vectors and Geometry. 11.2 Conjugate Variables and Conjugate Vectors. 11.3 Metric of a Homogeneous Fluid. 11.4 General Transformation Theory in Thermodynamic Metric Space. 11.5 Saturation Properties Along the Vapor-Pressure Curve. 11.6 Self-Conjugate and Normal Response Modes. 11.7 Geometrical Characterization of Common Fluids. 11.8 Stability Conditions and the “Third Law” for Homogeneous Phases. 11.9 The Critical Instability Limit. 11.10 Critical Divergence and Exponents. 11.11 Phase Heterogeneity and Criticality. 12. Geometrical Evaluation of Thermodynamic Derivatives. 12.1 Thermodynamic Vectors and Derivatives. 12.2 General Solution for Two Degrees of Freedom and Relationship to Jacobian Methods. 12.3 General Partial Derivatives in Higher-Dimensional Systems. 12.4 Phase-Boundary Derivatives in Multicomponent Systems. 12.5 Stationary Points of Phase Diagrams: Gibbs–Konowalow Laws. 12.6 Higher-Order Derivatives and State Changes. 13. Further Aspects of Thermodynamic Geometry. 13.1 Reversible Changes of State: Riemannian Geometry. 13.2 Near-Equilibrium Irreversible Thermodynamics: Diffusional Geometry. 13.3 Quantum Statistical Thermodynamic Origins of Chemical and Phase Thermodynamics. Appendix: Units and Conversion Factors. AUTHOR INDEX. SUBJECT INDEX.
£135.85
John Wiley & Sons Inc Thermodynamics for the Practicing Engineer
Book SynopsisThis book concentrates specifically on the applications of thermodynamics, rather than the theory. It addresses both technical and pragmatic problems in the field, and covers such topics as enthalpy effects, equilibrium thermodynamics, non-ideal thermodynamics and energy conversion applications.Table of ContentsPREFACE. Part I INTRODUCTION. 1. Basic Calculations. Introduction. Units and Dimensions. Conversion of Units. The Gravitational Constant, gc. Significant Figures and Scientific Notation. References. 2. Process Variables. Introduction. Temperature. Pressure. Moles and Molecular Weights. Mass and Volume. Viscosity. Heat Capacity. Thermal Conductivity. Reynolds Number. pH. Vapor Pressure. Property Estimation. References. 3. Gas Laws. Introduction. Boyle's and Charles' Laws. The Ideal Gas Law. Standard Conditions. Partial Pressure and Partial Volume. Critical and Reduced Properties. Non-Ideal Gas Behavior. Non-Ideal Mixtures. References. 4. Conservation Laws. Introduction. The Conservation Laws. The Conservation Law for Momentum. The Conservation Law for Mass. The Conservation Law for Energy. References. 5. Stoichiometry. Introduction. Combustion of Methane. Excess and Limiting Reactant(s). Combustion of Ethane. Combustion of Chlorobenzene. References. 6. The Second Law of Thermodynamics. Introduction. Qualitative Review of the Second Law. Quantitative Review of the Second Law. Ideal Work and Lost Work. The Heat Exchanger Dilemma. Chemical Plant and Process Applications. The Third Law of Thermodynamics. References. Part II ENTHALPY EFFECTS. 7. Sensible Enthalpy Effects. Introduction. The Gibbs Phase Rule (GPR). Enthalpy Values. Heat Capacity Values. Predictive Methods for Heat Capacity. References. 8. Latent Enthalpy Effects. Introduction. The Clausius-Clapeyron (C-C) Equation. Predictive Methods: Normal Boiling Point. Predictive Methods: Other Temperatures. Industrial Applications. References. 9. Enthalpy of Mixing Effects. Introduction. Enthalpy-Concentration Diagrams. H2SO4-H2O Diagram. NaOH-H2O Diagram. Enthalpy of Mixing at Infinite Dilution. Evaporator Design. References. 10. Chemical Reaction Enthalpy Effects. Introduction. Standard Enthalpy of Formation. Standard Enthalpy of Reaction. Effect of Temperature on Enthalpy of Reaction. Gross and Net Heating Values. References. Part III EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS. 11. Phase Equilibrium Principles. Introduction. Psychometric Chart. Raoult's Law. Henry's Law. Raoult's Law vs Henry's Law. Vapor-Solid Equilibrium. Liquid-Solid Equilibrium. References. 12. Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Calculations. Introduction. The DePriester Charts. Raoult’s Law Diagrams. Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Nonideal Solutions. NRTL Diagrams. Wilson Diagrams. Relative Volatility. References. 13. Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Principles. Introduction. Standard Free Energy of Formation, ∆Gof. Standard Free Energy of Reaction, ∆Go. The Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Constant, K. Effect of Temperature on ∆Go and K: Simplified Approach. Effect of Temperature on ∆Go and K: α, β, and γ Data. Effect of Temperature on ∆Go and K: a, b, and c Data. Procedures to Determine K. References. 14. Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Applications. Introduction. Rate vs Equilibrium Considerations. Extent of Reaction. The Reaction Coordinate. Gas Phase Reactions. Equilibrium Conversion Calculations: Simplified Approach. Equilibrium Conversion Calculations: Rigorous Approach. Other Reactions. References. Part IV OTHER TOPICS. 15. Economic Considerations. Introduction. Capital Costs. Operating Costs. Project Evaluation. Perturbation Studies in Optimization. References. 16. Open-Ended Problems. Introduction. Developing Students’ Power of Critical Thinking. Creativity. Brainstorming. Inquiring Minds. References. 17. Other ABET Topics. Introduction. Environmental Management. Health, Safety, and Accident Management. Numerical Methods. Ethics. References. 18. Fuel Options. Introduction. Fuel Properties. Natural Gas. Liquid Fuels. Coal. Fuel Selection. Stoichiometric Calculations. References. 19. Exergy: The Concept of "Quality Energy". Introduction. The Quality of Heat vs Work. Exergy. Quantitative Exergy Analysis. Environmental Impact. Exergy Efficiency. References. Appendix. I. Steam Tables. A. Saturated Steam. B. Superheated Steam. C. Saturated Steam-Ice. II. SI Units. III. Conversion Constants. IV. Selected Common Abbreviations. References. Index.
£109.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc An Introduction to Mass and Heat Transfer
Book SynopsisThis text is the outgrowth of Stanley Middleman''s years of teaching and contains more than sufficient materials to support a one-semester course in fluid dynamics. His primary belief in the classroom?and hence the material in this textbook?is that the development of a mathematical is central to the analysis and design of an engineering system or process. His text is therefore oriented toward teaching students how to develop mathematical representations of physical phenomena.Great effort has been put forth to provide many examples of experimental data against which the results of modeling exercises can be compared and to expose students to the wide range of technologies of interest to chemical, environmental and bio engineering students.Examples presented are motivated by real engineering applications and may of the problems are derived from the author''s years of experience as a consultant to companies whose businesses cover a broad spectrum of engineering technologieTable of ContentsPart I * What Is Mass Transfer? * Fundamentals of Diffusive Mass Transfer * Steady and Quasi-Steady Mass Transfer * Unsteady State Mass Transfer * Diffusion with Laminar Convection * Convective Mass Transfer Coefficients * Continuous Gas/Liquid Contactors * Membrane Transfer and Membrane Separation Systems Part II * Heat Transfer Introduction * Heat Transfer by Conduction * Transient Heat Transfer by Conduction * Convection Heat Transfer by Coefficients * Simple Heat Exchangers * Natural Convection Heat Transfer * Heat Transfer by Radiation * Simultaneous Heat Mass Transfer Appendix
£252.86
Wiley Liquid Cooling of Electronic Devices by
Book SynopsisChanneling or controlling the heat generated by electronics products is a vital concern of product developers: fail to confront this issue and the chances of product failure escalate. This third book in the series explores yet another method of heat management-the use of liquids to absorb and remove heat away from vital parts of the electronic systems.Table of ContentsFundamentals of Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. Natural Convection. Channel Flows. Jet Impingement Cooling. Heat Transfer Enhancement. Appendices. References. Indexes.
£104.36
Wiley Cooling Techniques for Electronic Equipment
Book SynopsisDetails infallible techniques for designing electronic hardware to withstand severe thermal environments. Using both SI and English units throughout, it presents methods for the development of various reliable electronic systems without the need of high-speed computers. It also offers mathematical modeling applications, using analog resistor networks, to provide the breakup of complex systems into numerous individual thermal resistors and nodes for those who prefer high-speed digital computer solutions to thermal problems.Table of ContentsEvaluating the Cooling Requirements. Designing the Electronic Chassis. Conduction Cooling for Chassis and Circuit Boards. Mounting and Cooling Techniques for Electronic Components. Practical Guides for Natural Convection and RadiationCooling. Forced-Air Cooling for Electronics. Thermal Stresses in Lead Wires, Solder Joints, and PlatedThroughholes. Predicting the Fatigue Life in Thermal Cycling and VibrationEnvironment. Transient Cooling for Electronic Systems. Special Applications for Tough Cooling Jobs. Effective Cooling for Large Racks and Cabinets. Finite Element Methods for Mathematical Modeling. Environmental Stress Screening Techniques. References. Index.
£204.26
John Wiley & Sons Inc Thermal Design and Optimization
Book SynopsisA comprehensive and rigorous introduction to thermal system designfrom a contemporary perspective Thermal Design and Optimization offers readers a lucid introductionto the latest methodologies for the design of thermal systems andemphasizes engineering economics, system simulation, andoptimization methods. The methods of exergy analysis, entropygeneration minimization, and thermoeconomics are incorporated in anevolutionary manner. This book is one of the few sources available that addresses therecommendations of the Accreditation Board for Engineering andTechnology for new courses in design engineering. Intended forclassroom use as well as self-study, the text provides a review offundamental concepts, extensive reference lists, end-of-chapterproblem sets, helpful appendices, and a comprehensive case studythat is followed throughout the text. Contents include: * Introduction to Thermal System Design * Thermodynamics, Modeling, and Design Analysis *Table of ContentsIntroduction to Thermal System Design. Thermodynamics, Modeling, and Design Analysis. Exergy Analysis. Heat Transfer, Modeling, and Design Analysis. Applications with Heat and Fluid Flow. Applications with Thermodynamics and Heat and Fluid Flow. Economic Analysis. Thermoeconomic Analysis and Evaluation. Thermoeconomic Optimization. Appendices. Index.
£131.35
John Wiley & Sons Inc Boilers Evaporators and Condensers
Book SynopsisThis up-to-date reference covers the thermal design, operation and maintenance of the three major components in industrial heating and air conditioning systems including fossil fuel-fired boilers, waste heat boilers and air conditioning evaporators.Table of ContentsBasic Design Methods of Heat Exchangers (S. Kakac & E.Paykoc). Forced Convection Correlations for Single-Phase Side of HeatExchangers (S. Kakac & R. Oskay). Heat Exchanger Fouling (A. Agrawal & S. Kakac). Industrial Heat Exchanger Design Practices (J. Taborek). Fossil-Fuel-Fired Boilers: Fundamentals and Elements (J. Kitto& M. Albrecht). Once-Through Boilers (R. Leithner). Thermohydraulic Design of Fossil-Fuel-Fired Boiler Components (Z.Lin). Nuclear Steam Generators and Waste Heat Boilers (J. Collier). Heat Transfer in Condensation (P. Marto). Steam Power Plant and Process Condensers (D. Butterworth). Evaporators and Condensers for Refrigeration and Air-ConditioningSystems (M. Pate). Evaporators and Reboilers in the Process and Chemical Industries(P. Whalley). Appendix. Tables. Index.
£292.46
John Wiley & Sons Inc The Finite Element Method in Heat Transfer
Book SynopsisHeat transfer analysis is a problem of major significance in vast range of industrial applcations. Heat conduction, phase change, coupled heat and mass transfer and thermal stress analysis can all pose key engineering problems. The use of numerical techniques to solve such problems is considered essential.Table of ContentsConduction Heat Transfer and Formulation. Linear Steady State Problems. Time Stepping Methods for Heat Transfer. Non-Linear Heat Conduction Analysis. Phase Change Problems--Solidification and Melting. Convective Heat Transfer. Nomenclature. Index.
£77.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Experimentation Modeling and Computation in Flow
Book SynopsisThis volume contains the proceedings of the 2nd French-Russian Workshop on Experiment, Modelisation, Computation in Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, held in Sophia-Antipolis, France, in 1993. Contributors from the fields of experimental and computational fluid mechanics present the latest advances.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: A Mortar Element Method for an Approximate Navier-Stokes Solver (Y.Achdou, et al.). Recent Shock Tube and Shock Tunnel Studies Using the MarseilleFacilities (R. Brun). Chemical Non-Equilibrium Flows: Precision of Calculations withEmphasis on Diffusion Approximations (G. Duffa, et al.). Dissipative Implicit Centred Methods for MultidimensionalHyperbolic Problems (A. Lerat). The Experimental Investigation of Unsteady Separated Flows (A.Antonov). Kinetically Consistent Finite Difference Schemes and TheirApplication to Transient Flow Prediction (B. Chetverushkin). Numerical Simulation of Compressible Gas Flow (Yu.Golovachov). Real-Gas Effects on Rarefied Hypersonic Flow Over a Concave Body(M. Ivanov, et al.). Numerical and Asymptotic Investigation of 3D Non-Uniform ViscousGas Flows Over Bodies with Permeable Surface (S. Peigin). Index.
£442.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Foundation and Electroheat
Book SynopsisFoundations of Electroheat unifies an extremely diverse area ofelectricity utilisation in a coherent and concise reference. Fromlaser welding to plasma furnaces for waste treatment and inductionheating for forging to radio frequency drying textiles, the varioustopics that comprise electroheat are presented as a whole. Theunified approach concentrates on three major themes: * Electromagnetic heating, embracing direct resistance, inductionheating of metals and radio frequency and microwave heating ofdielectrics * The ionised state, dealing with laser processing, plasma torchesand furnaces, glow discharges for nitriding and arc furnaces formelting scrap * Heat and mass transfer The impact of computers on electrotechnology is explored byconsidering topics such as expert systems, neural networks andcomputational electromagnetics. Featuring industrial applicationsand case studies, as well as worked examples of the principlesinvolved, this text is essential reading for the engTable of ContentsMaterials and Their Properties. Electromagnetic Heating and Melting. Applicators and Sources for Electromagnetic Heating. The Ionised State. Other Applications of Electrotechnology. Heat and Mass Transfer. Computers in Electroheat. Industrial Applications. Appendices. Indexes.
£161.95
John Wiley & Sons Inc Computational Heat Transfer Volume 1
Book SynopsisThis book, which is published in two volumes, studies heat transfer problems by modern numerical methods. Basic mathematical models of heat transfer are considered. The main approaches to the analysis of the models by traditional means of applied mathematics are described. Numerical methods for the approximate solution of steady and unsteady-state heat conduction problems are discussed. Investigation of difference schemes is based on the general stability theory. Much emphasis is put on problems in which phase transitions are involved and on heat and mass transfer problems. Problems of controlling and optimizing heat processes are discussed in detail. These processes are described by partial differential equations, and the main approaches to numerical solution of the optimal control problems involved here are discussed. Aspects of numerical solution of inverse heat exchange problems are considered. Much attention is paid to the most important applied problems of identifying coefficientTable of ContentsMathematical Models of Physics of Heat. Analytical Methods of Heat Transfer. Stationary Problems of Heat Transfer. Nonstationary Problems of Heat Transfer. Economical Difference Schemes for Nonstationary Heat Conduction Problems. Heat Conduction Problems with Phase Transitions. Index.
£420.26
John Wiley & Sons Inc Computational Heat Transfer Volume 2
Book SynopsisThis book, which is published in two volumes, studies heat transfer problems by modern numerical methods. Basic mathematical models of heat transfer are considered. The main approaches, to the analysis of the models by traditional means of applied mathematics are described. Numerical methods for the approximate solution of steady- and unsteady state heat conduction problems are discussed. Investigation of difference schemes is based on the general stability theory. Much emphasis is put on problems in which phase transitions are involved and on heat and mass transfer problems. Problems of controlling and optimizing heat processes are discussed in detail. These processes are described by partial differential equations, and the main approaches to numerical solution of the optimal control problems involved here are discussed. Aspects of numerical solution of inverse heat exchange problems are considered. Much attention is paid to the most important applied problems of identifying coefficieTable of ContentsRadiative Heat Exchange. Convective Heat Exchange. Problems of Thermoelasticity. Problems of Control Over Heat Processes. Inverse Problems of Heat Exchange. Examples of Numerical Modelling for Thermophysical Processes. Appendix. Index.
£539.96
Cambridge University Press Phase Equilibria Phase Diagrams and Phase Transformations Their Thermodynamic Basis
Book SynopsisComputational tools allow material scientists to model and analyze increasingly complicated systems to appreciate material behavior. Accurate use and interpretation however, requires a strong understanding of the thermodynamic principles that underpin phase equilibrium, transformation and state. This fully revised and updated edition covers the fundamentals of thermodynamics, with a view to modern computer applications. The theoretical basis of chemical equilibria and chemical changes is covered with an emphasis on the properties of phase diagrams. Starting with the basic principles, discussion moves to systems involving multiple phases. New chapters cover irreversible thermodynamics, extremum principles, and the thermodynamics of surfaces and interfaces. Theoretical descriptions of equilibrium conditions, the state of systems at equilibrium and the changes as equilibrium is reached, are all demonstrated graphically. With illustrative examples - many computer calculated - and worked eTrade ReviewA review of the first edition: 'To sum up, for students of chemistry wishing to apply themselves to problems of the material sciences, this book provides an excellent foundation for understanding the thermodynamics of complex systems. It also offers much useful information for scientists who want to be able to handle problems of multicomponent systems, provided they will take the trouble to work through the text carefully to identify the formulas used, despite the shortage of cross-references.' Volkmar Leute, Angewandte ChemieTable of Contents1. Basic concepts of thermodynamics; 2. Manipulation of thermodynamic quantities; 3. Systems with variable composition; 4. Practical handling of multicomponent systems; 5. Thermodynamics of processes; 6. Stability; 7. Applications of molar Gibbs energy diagrams; 8. Phase equilibria and potential phase diagrams; 9. Molar phase diagrams; 10. Projected and mixed phase diagrams; 11. Direction of phase boundaries; 12. Sharp and gradual phase transformations; 13. Transformations in closed systems; 14. Partitionless transformations; 15. Limit of stability, critical phenomena and interfaces; 16. Interfaces; 17. Kinetics of transport processes; 18. Methods of modelling; 19. Modelling of disorder; 20. Mathematical modelling of solution phases; 21. Solution phases with sublattices; 22. Physical solution models.
£75.99
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Fluids
Book SynopsisThe fifth edition has been issued to incorporate two new tables -- Data of Refrigerant 134a and a table containing for selected substances, molar enthalpies and molar Gibbs functions of formation, Equilibirum constants of formation, as well as molar heat capacities and absolute entropies.Table of Contents1. Notation and Units. 2. Saturated Water and Steam. 3. Superheated and Supercritical Steam. 4. Further Properties of Water and Steam. 5. Mercury – Hg. 6. Ammonia – NH3 (Refrigerant 717). 7. Dichlorodifluoromethane – CF2-Cl3 (Refrigerant 12). 8. Tetrafluoroethane – CH2F-CF3 (Refrigarent 134a). 9. Dry Air at Low Pressure. 10. Specific Heat Capacity cp/[kJ/kgK] of Some gases and Vapours. 11. Molar Properties of Some Gases and Vapours. 12. Enthalpies of Reaction and Equilibrium Constants. 13. A Selection of Chemical Thermodynamic Data. 14. Miscellaneous Liquids, Vapours and Gases. 15. International Standard Atmosphere. 16. SI – British Conversion Factors. 17. General Information. 18. Principal Sources.
£10.95
Princeton University Press Hot Molecules Cold Electrons
Book SynopsisTrade Review"[A] treat . . . I think that students studying this material would not only find Paul’s treatments easy to follow, but would benefit greatly by learning something of the history that surrounds the development of the analysis and applications of the heat equation."---Jim Stein, New Books in Mathematics"Nahin knows how to write a book mixing physics and (a lot of) mathematics and (still) make it readable."---Adhemar Bultheel, European Mathematical Society"Hot Molecules, Cold Electrons has provided me with a new perspective on what I thought to be a rather tedious topic. . . . I would recommend it to anyone who wants to work out their maths muscles and learn something along the way."---Louis Ammon, Chemistry World
£18.00
Princeton University Press Hot Molecules Cold Electrons
Book SynopsisTrade Review"[A] treat . . . I think that students studying this material would not only find Paul’s treatments easy to follow, but would benefit greatly by learning something of the history that surrounds the development of the analysis and applications of the heat equation."---Jim Stein, New Books in Mathematics"Nahin knows how to write a book mixing physics and (a lot of) mathematics and (still) make it readable."---Adhemar Bultheel, European Mathematical Society"Hot Molecules, Cold Electrons has provided me with a new perspective on what I thought to be a rather tedious topic. . . . I would recommend it to anyone who wants to work out their maths muscles and learn something along the way."---Louis Ammon, Chemistry World
£13.49
Taylor & Francis Inc Thermodynamic Cycles ComputerAided Design and
Book SynopsisThis reference illustrates the efficacy of CyclePad software for enhanced simulation of thermodynamic devices and cycles. It improves thermodynamic studies by reducing calculation time, ensuring design accuracy, and allowing for case-specific analyses. Offering a wide-range of pedagogical aids, chapter summaries, review problems, and worked examples, this reference offers a user-friendly and effective approach to thermodynamic processes and computer-based experimentation and design. Thermodynamic Cycles allows students to change any parameter and understand its effect on device performance, run experiments and investigate results, and run valuable sensitivity and cost-benefit analyses.Table of ContentsThermodynamic concepts: intelligent computer-aided software; review of thermodynamic concepts; thermodynamic cyclic systems; cycles; Carnot cycle; Carnot corollaries. Vapour cycles: Carnot vapour cycle; basic Rankine vapour cycle; improvements toRankine cycle; actual Rankine cycle; reheat Rankine cycle; regenerative Rankine cycle; low-temperature Rankine cycles; solar heat engines; geothermal heat engines; ocean thermal energy conversion; solar point heat engine; waste heat engine; vapour cycleworking fluids; kaline cycle; non-azeotropic mixture; Rankine cycle; super-critical cycle; design examples. Gas closed system cycles: Otto cycle; diesel cycle; Atkinson cycle; dual cycle; Lenoir cycle; Stirling cycle; Miller cycle; Wicks cycle; Ralliscycle; design examples. Gas open system cycles: Brayton or Joule cycle; split-shaft gas turbine cycle; improvement to Brayton cycle; reheat and inter-cool Brayton cycle; regenerative Brayton cycle; bleed air Brayton cycle; Feher cycle; Ericsson cycle;Braysson cycle; steam infection gas turbine cycle; Field cycle; Wicks cycle; ice cycle; design examples. Combines cycle and co-generation; combined cycle; triple cycle in series; triple cycle in parallel; cascaded cycle; Brayton/Rankine combined cycle;Brayton/Brayton combined cycle; Rankine/Rankine combined cycle; field cycleo co-generation; design examples. Refrigeration and heat pump open system cycles: Carnot refrigeration and heat pump cycle; basic vapour refrigeration cycle; actual vapourrefrigeration cycle; basic vapour heat pump cycle; actual vapour heat pump cycle working fluids for vapour refrigeration and heat pump systems; cascade and multi-stage vapour refrigeration cycles; domestic refrigerator-freezer and air conditioning-heatpump systems; absorption air-conditioning; Brayton gas refrigeration cycle; Stirling refrigeration cycle; Ericsson refrigeration cycle; liquefaction of gases; non-azeotropic mixture refrigeration cycle; design examples. Finite time thermodynamics: h
£237.50
Taylor & Francis Ltd (Sales) Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow
Book SynopsisThis book focuses on heat and mass transfer, fluid flow, chemical reaction, and other related processes that occur in engineering equipment, the natural environment, and living organisms. Using simple algebra and elementary calculus, the author develops numerical methods for predicting these processes mainly based on physical considerations. Through this approach, readers will develop a deeper understanding of the underlying physical aspects of heat transfer and fluid flow as well as improve their ability to analyze and interpret computed results.Table of ContentsScope of the Book, Methods of Prediction, Outline of the Book, 2 Mathematical Description of Physical Phenomena, Governing Differential Equations, Nature Coordinates, 3 Discretization Methods, The Nature of Numerical Methods, Methods of Deriving the Discretization Equations, An Illustrative Example, The Four Basic Rules, Closure, 4 Heat Conduction, Objectives of the Chapter, Steady One-dimensional Conduction, Unsteady One-dimensional Conduction, Two- and Three-dimensional Situations, Overrelaxatioin and Underrelaxation, Some Geometric Considerations, Closure, 5 Convection and Diffusion, The Task, Steady One-dimensional Convection and Diffusion, Discretization Equation for Two Dimensions, Discretization Equation for Three Dimensions, A One-Way Space Coordinate, False Diffusion, Closure, 6 Calculation of the Flow Field, Some Related Difficulties, A Remedy: The Staggered Grid, The Momentum Equation, The Pressure and Velocity Corrections, The Pressure-Correction Equation, The SIMPLE Algorithm, A Revised Algorithm: SIMPLER, 7 Finishing Touches, The Iterative Nature of the Procedure, Source-Term Linearization, Irregular Geometries, Suggestions for Computer-Program Preparation and Testing, 8 Special Topics, Two-dimensional Parabolic Flow, Three-dimensional Parabolic Flow, Partially Parabolic Flow, The Finite-Element Method, 9 Illustrative Applications, Developing Flow in a Curved Pipe, Combined Convection in a Horizontal Tube, Melting around a Vertical Pipe, Turbulent Flow and Heat Transfer in Internally Finned Tubes, A Deflected Turbulent Jet, A Hypermixing Jet within a Thrust-Augmenting Ejector, A Periodic Fully Developed Duct Flow, Thermal Hydraulic Analysis of a Steam Generator, Closing Remarks, Nomenclature, References, Index
£228.00
Maney Publishing The SGTE Casebook
Book SynopsisThe Scientific Group Thermodata Europe (SGTE) is a consortium involved in the development and application of thermodynamic databanks for materials such as metals. Building on SGTE research, the second edition of this standard reference presents thermodynamic calculations as the basic tools in developing and optimizing various materials and processes. The SGTE Casebook: Thermodynamics at Work, Second Edition shows how this data can optimize the production and quality of steel and other alloys. The book explores phases stable at equilibrium as well as their amounts and compositions, and provides information about the degree of instability of the phases not present at equilibrium
£99.75
Cambridge University Press Measurement in Fluid Mechanics
Book SynopsisRevised and expanded, this book equips students with a robust understanding of experimental fluid mechanics. With improved pedagogical features, coverage of key techniques, and instructor support including solutions, slides, and laboratory support materials, it is ideal for a senior undergraduate or graduate laboratory course in fluid mechanics.
£71.24
Cambridge University Press Introduction to Marine Dynamics
Book SynopsisStudents will master the fundamentals of complex marine systems with this concrete introduction, linking theoretical concepts to real-world engineering applications. Includes over 60 multi-part homework problems, Matlab code, and full-colour illustrations. Ideal for senior undergraduate and graduate students in marine and mechanical engineering.
£85.49
Cambridge University Press Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
Book SynopsisThis book provides a fresh approach to the subjects, integrating classical thermodynamics and statistical mechanics to give students a solid understanding of the fundamentals and how macroscopic and microscopic ideas interweave. Includes numerous worked examples, and well over 400 guided, often multi-step, end-of-chapter problems that address conceptual, fundamental, and applied skill sets.Trade Review'This textbook presents an accessible (but still rigorous) treatment of the material at a beginning-graduate level, including many worked examples. By making the concept of entropy central to the book, Professor Shell provides an organizing principle that makes it easier for the students to achieve mastery of this important area.' Athanassios Z. Panagiotopoulos, Princeton University'Other integrated treatments of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics exist, but this one stands out as remarkably thoughtful and clear in its selection and illumination of key concepts needed for understanding and modeling materials and processes.' Thomas Truskett, University of Texas, Austin'This text provides a long-awaited and modern approach that integrates statistical mechanics with classical thermodynamics, rather than the traditional sequential approach, in which teaching of the molecular origins of thermodynamic laws and models only follows later, after classical thermodynamics. The author clearly shows how classical thermodynamic concepts result from the underlying behavior of the molecules themselves.' Keith E. Gubbins, North Carolina State UniversityTable of Contents1. Introduction and guide to this text; 2. Equilibrium and entropy; 3. Energy and how the microscopic world works; 4. Entropy and how the macroscopic world works; 5. The fundamental equation; 6. The first law and reversibility; 7. Legendre transforms and other potentials; 8. Maxwell relations and measurable quantities; 9. Gases; 10. Phase equilibrium; 11. Stability; 12. Solutions - fundamentals; 13. Solutions - advanced and special cases; 14. Solids; 15. The third law; 16. The canonical partition function; 17. Fluctuations; 18. Statistical mechanics of classical systems; 19. Other ensembles; 20. Reaction equilibrium; 21. Reaction coordinates and rates; 22. Molecular simulation methods.
£96.90
Cambridge University Press Computational Fluid Dynamics for Engineers
Book SynopsisAn introduction to a fast growing discipline, this book delivers the knowledge required to use CFD successfully in a wide range of engineering applications. Ideal for engineers wanting to enter the field or widen their understanding and project managers requiring the basics in order to negotiate with consulting companies.Table of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Modelling; 3. Numerical aspects of CFD; 4. Turbulent flow modelling; 5. Turbulent mixing and chemical reactions; 6. Multiphase flow modelling; 7. Best practice guidelines; 8. References and further reading; Appendix.
£94.99
Cambridge University Press Nonequilibrium Gas Dynamics and Molecular Simulation Hardback
Book SynopsisThis current, comprehensive book provides an updated treatment of molecular gas dynamics topics for aerospace engineers, and is aimed at graduate students, engineers, and scientists. It features an explanation of the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method, a numerical technique based on molecular simulation, through equations, algorithms, and physical models.Table of ContentsPart I. Theory: 1. Kinetic theory; 2. Quantum mechanics; 3. Statistical mechanics; 4. Finite-rate processes; Part II. Numerical Simulation: 5. Relations between molecular and continuum gas dynamics; 6. Direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC); 7. DSMC models for nonequilibrium thermochemistry.
£137.74
Cambridge University Press Fatigue Design of Marine Structures
Book SynopsisFatigue Design of Marine Structures provides students and professionals with a theoretical and practical background for fatigue design of marine structures including sailing ships, offshore structures for oil and gas production, and other welded structures subject to dynamic loading such as wind turbine structures. Industry expert Inge Lotsberg brings more than forty years of experience in design and standards-setting to this comprehensive guide to the basics of fatigue design of welded structures. Topics covered include laboratory testing, S-N data, different materials, different environments, stress concentrations, residual stresses, acceptance criteria, non-destructive testing, improvement methods, probability of failure, bolted connections, grouted connections, and fracture mechanics. Featuring twenty chapters, three hundred diagrams, forty-seven example calculations, and resources for further study, Fatigue Design of Marine Structures is intended as the complete reference work forTrade Review'… contains very comprehensive information and a large number of interesting examples of fatigue assessments particularly of welded joints … It is written well and with great care and illustrated by numerous figures and diagrams. The reader finds the experience and personal views of the author throughout the book. … a very important and valuable contribution in the quite complex field of fatigue design which should be found in all bookshelfs or computers of structural engineers of marine structures.' Wolfgang Fricke, Marine StructuresTable of Contents1. Preface; 2. Introduction; 3. Fatigue degradation mechanism and failure modes; 4. Fatigue testing and assessment of test data; 5. Fatigue design approaches; 6. S-N curves; 7. Stresses in plated structures; 8. Stress concentration factors for tubular and shell structures subjected to axial loads; 9. Stresses at welds in pipelines, risers, and storage tanks; 10. Stress concentration factor for joints; 11. Finite element analysis; 12. Fatigue assessment based on stress range distributions; 13. Fabrication; 14. Probability of fatigue failure; 15. Design of bolted and threaded connections; 16. Fatigue analysis of jacket structures; 17. Fatigue analysis of floating platforms; 18. Fracture mechanics and unstable fracture; 19. Fatigue design of grouted connections; 20. Planning of in-service inspection for fatigue cracks; References; Appendix A: examples of fatigue analysis; Appendix B: stress intensity factors.
£94.04
Cambridge University Press Mathematical Aspects of Fluid Mechanics 402
Book SynopsisThis volume contains a selection of survey articles and original research papers concerned with the rigorous mathematical theory of fluid mechanics, written by leading researchers. The book serves both as a helpful overview for graduate students new to the area and as a useful resource for more established researchers.Table of ContentsPreface; List of contributors; 1. Towards fluid equations by approximate deconvolution models L. C. Berselli; 2. On flows of fluids described by an implicit constitutive equation characterized by a maximal monotone graph M. Bulíček, P. Gwiazda, J. Málek, K. R. Rajagopal and A. Świerczewska-Gwiazda; 3. A continuous model for turbulent energy cascade A. Cheskidov, R. Shvydkoy and S. Friedlander; 4. Remarks on complex fluid models P. Constantin; 5. A naive parametrization for the vortex-sheet problem A. Castro, D. Córdoba and F. Gancedo; 6. Sharp and almost-sharp fronts for the SQG equation C. L. Fefferman; 7. Feedback stabilization for the Navier–Stokes equations: theory and calculations A. V. Fursikov and A. A. Kornev; 8. Interacting vortex pairs in inviscid and viscous planar flows T. Gallay; 9. Stretching and folding diagnostics in solutions of the three-dimensional Euler and Navier–Stokes equations J. D. Gibbon and D. D. Holm; 10. Exploring symmetry plane conditions in numerical Euler solutions R. M. Kerr and M. D. Bustamante; 11. On the decay of solutions of the Navier–Stokes system with potential forces I. Kukavica; 12. Leray–Hopf solutions to Navier–Stokes equations with weakly converging initial data G. Seregin.
£36.52
Cambridge University Press Principles of Turbomachinery in AirBreathing Engines
Book SynopsisAcquire complete knowledge of the basics of air-breathing turbomachinery with this hands-on practical text. This updated new edition for students in mechanical and aerospace engineering discusses the role of entropy in assessing machine performance, provides a review of flow structures, and includes an applied review of boundary layer principles. New coverage describes approaches used to smooth initial design geometry into a continuous flow path, the development of design methods associated with the flow over blade shape (cascades loss theory) and annular type flows, as well as a discussion of the mechanisms for the setting of shaft speed. This essential text is also fully supported by over 200 figures, numerous examples, and homework problems, many of which have been revised for this edition.Trade Review'Principles of Turbomachinery in Air-Breathing Engines distinguishes itself as an extraordinary text with the exceptional detail and clarity of the annotated figures and illustrations, which truly exemplify and support the development of the corresponding aerothermodynamic mathematics. The work is a very thorough and clear treatment of the subject, suitable for upperclassmen and graduate students, as well as practitioners.' Jani Macari Pallis, University of BridgeportTable of Contents1. Introduction to Gas Turbine Engines; 2. Overview of Turbomachinery Nomenclature; 3. Aerothermodynamics of Turbomachines and Design-Related Topics; 4. Energy Transfer Between a Fluid and a Rotor; 5. Dimensional Analysis, Maps and Specific Speed; 6. Radial Equilibrium Theory; 7. Polytropic (Small-Stage) Efficiency; 8. Axial-Flow Turbines; 9. Axial Flow Compressors; 10. Radial Inflow Turbines; 11. Centrifugal Compressors; 12. Turbine-Compressor Matching.
£69.34
John Wiley & Sons Inc Introduction to ThermoFluids Systems Design
Book SynopsisA fully comprehensive guide to thermal systems design covering fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, heat transfer and thermodynamic power cycles Bridging the gap between the fundamental concepts of fluid mechanics, heat transfer and thermodynamics, and the practical design of thermo-fluids components and systems, this textbook focuses on the design of internal fluid flow systems, coiled heat exchangers and performance analysis of power plant systems. The topics are arranged so that each builds upon the previous chapter to convey to the reader that topics are not stand-alone items during the design process, and that they all must come together to produce a successful design. Because the complete design or modification of modern equipment and systems requires knowledge of current industry practices, the authors highlight the use of manufacturer's catalogs to select equipment, and practical examples are included throughout to give readers an exhaustive illustratiTrade Review“Useful for undergraduate mechanical engineering design curricula. Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates, faculty, and professionals/practitioners.” (Choice, 1 June 2013) Table of ContentsPreface xi List of Figures xv List of Tables xix List of Practical Notes xxi List of Conversion Factors xxiii 1 Design of Thermo-Fluids Systems 1 1.1 Engineering Design—Definition 1 1.2 Types of Design in Thermo-Fluid Science 1 1.3 Difference between Design and Analysis 2 1.4 Classification of Design 2 1.5 General Steps in Design 2 1.6 Abridged Steps in the Design Process 2 2 Air Distribution Systems 5 2.1 Fluid Mechanics—A Brief Review 5 2.2 Air Duct Sizing—Special Design Considerations 12 2.3 Minor Head Loss in a Run of Pipe or Duct 18 2.4 Minor Losses in the Design of Air Duct Systems—Equal Friction Method 20 2.5 Fans—Brief Overview and Selection Procedures 44 2.6 Design for Advanced Technology—Small Duct High-Velocity (SDHV) Air Distribution Systems 54 Problems 66 References and Further Reading 72 3 Liquid Piping Systems 73 3.1 Liquid Piping Systems 73 3.2 Minor Losses: Fittings and Valves in Liquid Piping Systems 73 3.3 Sizing Liquid Piping Systems 75 3.4 Fluid Machines (Pumps) and Pump–Pipe Matching 83 3.5 Design of Piping Systems Complete with In-Line or Base-Mounted Pumps 103 Problems 121 References and Further Reading 126 4 Fundamentals of Heat Exchanger Design 127 4.1 Definition and Requirements 127 4.2 Types of Heat Exchangers 127 4.3 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 130 4.4 The Convection Heat Transfer Coefficients—Forced Convection 138 4.5 Heat Exchanger Analysis 142 4.6 Heat Exchanger Design and Performance Analysis: Part 1 147 4.7 Heat Exchanger Design and Performance Analysis: Part 2 157 4.8 Manufacturer’s Catalog Sheets for Heat Exchanger Selection 202 Problems 208 References and Further Reading 211 5 Applications of Heat Exchangers in Systems 213 5.1 Operation of a Heat Exchanger in a Plasma Spraying System 213 5.2 Components and General Operation of a Hot Water Heating System 216 5.3 Boilers for Water 217 5.4 Design of Hydronic Heating Systems c/w Baseboards or Finned-Tube Heaters 227 5.5 Design Considerations for Hot Water Heating Systems 236 Problems 258 References and Further Reading 265 6 Performance Analysis of Power Plant Systems 267 6.1 Thermodynamic Cycles for Power Generation—Brief Review 267 6.2 Real Steam Power Plants—General Considerations 271 6.3 Steam-Turbine Internal Efficiency and Expansion Lines 272 6.4 Closed Feedwater Heaters (Surface Heaters) 280 6.5 The Steam Turbine 282 6.6 Turbine-Cycle Heat Balance and Heat and Mass Balance Diagrams 286 6.7 Steam-Turbine Power Plant System Performance Analysis Considerations 288 6.8 Second-Law Analysis of Steam-Turbine Power Plants 300 6.9 Gas-Turbine Power Plant Systems 307 6.10 Combined-Cycle Power Plant Systems 324 Problems 332 References and Further Reading 338 Appendix A: Pipe and Duct Systems 339 Appendix B: Symbols for Drawings 365 Appendix C: Heat Exchanger Design 373 Appendix D: Design Project— Possible Solution 383 D.1 Fuel Oil Piping System Design 383 Appendix E: Applicable Standards and Codes 413 Appendix F: Equipment Manufacturers 415 Appendix G: General Design Checklists 417 G.1 Air and Exhaust Duct Systems 417 G.2 Liquid Piping Systems 418 G.3 Heat Exchangers, Boilers, and Water Heaters 419 Index 421
£90.86
John Wiley & Sons Inc Modern Thermodynamics
Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xiii Preface to the First Edition: Why Thermodynamics? xv Acknowledgments xxi Notes for Instructors xxiii List of Variables xxv I Historical Roots: From Heat Engines to Cosmology 1 Basic Concepts and the Laws of Gases 3 Introduction 3 1.1 Thermodynamic Systems 4 1.2 Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Systems 6 1.3 Biological and Other Open Systems 8 1.4 Temperature, Heat and Quantitative Laws of Gases 9 1.5 States of Matter and the van der Waals Equation 17 1.6 An Introduction to the Kinetic Theory of Gases 24 Appendix 1.1 Partial Derivatives 32 Appendix 1.2 Elementary Concepts in Probability Theory 33 Appendix 1.3 Mathematica Codes 34 References 39 Examples 39 Exercises 41 2 The First Law of Thermodynamics 45 The Idea of Energy Conservation Amidst New Discoveries 45 2.1 The Nature of Heat 46 2.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics: The Conservation of Energy 50 2.3 Elementary Applications of the First Law 57 2.4 Thermochemistry: Conservation of Energy in Chemical Reactions 61 2.5 Extent of Reaction: A State Variable for Chemical Systems 68 2.6 Conservation of Energy in Nuclear Reactions and Some General Remarks 69 2.7 Energy Flows and Organized States 71 Appendix 2.1 Mathematica Codes 79 Appendix 2.2 Energy Flow in the USA for the Year 2013 79 References 82 Examples 82 Exercises 85 3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Arrow of Time 89 3.1 The Birth of the Second Law 89 3.2 The Absolute Scale of Temperature 96 3.3 The Second Law and the Concept of Entropy 99 3.4 Modern Formulation of the Second Law 104 3.5 Examples of Entropy Changes due to Irreversible Processes 112 3.6 Entropy Changes Associated with Phase Transformations 114 3.7 Entropy of an Ideal Gas 115 3.8 Remarks about the Second Law and Irreversible Processes 116 Appendix 3.1 The Hurricane as a Heat Engine 117 Appendix 3.2 Entropy Production in Continuous Systems 120 References 121 Examples 122 Exercises 123 4 Entropy in the Realm of Chemical Reactions 125 4.1 Chemical Potential and Affinity: The Thermodynamic Force for Chemical Reactions 125 4.2 General Properties of Affinity 132 4.3 Entropy Production Due to Diffusion 135 4.4 General Properties of Entropy 136 Appendix 4.1 Thermodynamics Description of Diffusion 138 References 139 Example 139 Exercises 140 II Equilibrium Thermodynamics 5 Extremum Principles and General Thermodynamic Relations 145 Extremum Principles in Nature 145 5.1 Extremum Principles Associated with the Second Law 145 5.2 General Thermodynamic Relations 153 5.3 Gibbs Energy of Formation and Chemical Potential 156 5.4 Maxwell Relations 159 5.5 Extensivity with Respect to N and Partial Molar Quantities 160 5.6 Surface Tension 162 References 165 Examples 165 Exercises 166 6 Basic Thermodynamics of Gases, Liquids and Solids 169 Introduction 169 6.1 Thermodynamics of Ideal Gases 169 6.2 Thermodynamics of Real Gases 172 6.3 Thermodynamics Quantities for Pure Liquids and Solids 180 Reference 183 Examples 183 Exercises 184 7 Thermodynamics of Phase Change 187 Introduction 187 7.1 Phase Equilibrium and Phase Diagrams 187 7.2 The Gibbs Phase Rule and Duhem’s Theorem 192 7.3 Binary and Ternary Systems 194 7.4 Maxwell’s Construction and the Lever Rule 198 7.5 Phase Transitions 201 References 203 Examples 203 Exercises 204 8 Thermodynamics of Solutions 207 8.1 Ideal and Nonideal Solutions 207 8.2 Colligative Properties 211 8.3 Solubility Equilibrium 217 8.4 Thermodynamic Mixing and Excess Functions 222 8.5 Azeotropy 225 References 225 Examples 225 Exercises 227 9 Thermodynamics of Chemical Transformations 231 9.1 Transformations of Matter 231 9.2 Chemical Reaction Rates 232 9.3 Chemical Equilibrium and the Law of Mass Action 239 9.4 The Principle of Detailed Balance 243 9.5 Entropy Production due to Chemical Reactions 245 9.6 Elementary Theory of Chemical Reaction Rates 248 9.7 Coupled Reactions and Flow Reactors 251 Appendix 9.1 Mathematica Codes 256 References 260 Examples 260 Exercises 261 10 Fields and Internal Degrees of Freedom 265 The Many Faces of Chemical Potential 265 10.1 Chemical Potential in a Field 265 10.2 Membranes and Electrochemical Cells 270 10.3 Isothermal Diffusion 277 10.4 Chemical Potential for an Internal Degree of Freedom 281 References 284 Examples 284 Exercises 285 11 Thermodynamics of Radiation 287 Introduction 287 11.1 Energy Density and Intensity of Thermal Radiation 287 11.2 The Equation of State 291 11.3 Entropy and Adiabatic Processes 293 11.4 Wien’s Theorem 295 11.5 Chemical Potential of Thermal Radiation 296 11.6 Matter–Antimatter in Equilibrium with Thermal Radiation: The State of Zero Chemical Potential 297 11.7 Chemical Potential of Radiation not in Thermal Equilibrium with Matter 299 11.8 Entropy of Nonequilibrium Radiation 300 References 302 Example 302 Exercises 302 III Fluctuations and Stability 12 The Gibbs Stability Theory 307 12.1 Classical Stability Theory 307 12.2 Thermal Stability 308 12.3 Mechanical Stability 309 12.4 Stability and Fluctuations in Nk 310 References 313 Exercises 313 13 Critical Phenomena and Configurational Heat Capacity 315 Introduction 315 13.1 Stability and Critical Phenomena 315 13.2 Stability and Critical Phenomena in Binary Solutions 317 13.3 Configurational Heat Capacity 320 Further Reading 321 Exercises 321 14 Entropy Production, Fluctuations and Small Systems 323 14.1 Stability and Entropy Production 323 14.2 Thermodynamic Theory of Fluctuations 326 14.3 Small Systems 331 14.4 Size-Dependent Properties 333 14.5 Nucleation 336 References 339 Example 339 Exercises 340 IV Linear Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics 15 Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics: The Foundations 343 15.1 Local Equilibrium 343 15.2 Local Entropy Production 345 15.3 Balance Equation for Concentration 346 15.4 Energy Conservation in Open Systems 348 15.5 The Entropy Balance Equation 351 Appendix 15.1 Entropy Production 354 References 356 Exercises 356 16 Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics: The Linear Regime 357 16.1 Linear Phenomenological Laws 357 16.2 Onsager Reciprocal Relations and the Symmetry Principle 359 16.3 Thermoelectric Phenomena 363 16.4 Diffusion 366 16.5 Chemical Reactions 371 16.6 Heat Conduction in Anisotropic Solids 375 16.7 Electrokinetic Phenomena and the Saxen Relations 377 16.8 Thermal Diffusion 379 References 382 Further Reading 382 Exercises 383 17 Nonequilibrium Stationary States and Their Stability: Linear Regime 385 17.1 Stationary States under Nonequilibrium Conditions 385 17.2 The Theorem of Minimum Entropy Production 391 17.3 Time Variation of Entropy Production and the Stability of Stationary States 398 References 400 Exercises 400 V Order Through Fluctuations 18 Nonlinear Thermodynamics 405 18.1 Far-from-Equilibrium Systems 405 18.2 General Properties of Entropy Production 405 18.3 Stability of Nonequilibrium Stationary States 407 18.4 Linear Stability Analysis 411 Appendix 18.1 A General Property of dFP/dt 415 Appendix 18.2 General Expression for the Time Derivative of 𝛿 2S 416 References 418 Exercises 418 19 Dissipative Structures 421 19.1 The Constructive Role of Irreversible Processes 421 19.2 Loss of Stability, Bifurcation and Symmetry Breaking 421 19.3 Chiral Symmetry Breaking and Life 424 19.4 Chemical Oscillations 431 19.5 Turing Structures and Propagating Waves 436 19.6 Dissipative Structures and Machines 440 19.7 Structural Instability and Biochemical Evolution 441 Appendix 19.1 Mathematica Codes 442 References 447 Further Reading 448 Exercises 449 20 Elements of Statistical Thermodynamics 451 Introduction 451 20.1 Fundamentals and Overview 452 20.2 Partition Function Factorization 454 20.3 The Boltzmann Probability Distribution and Average Values 456 20.4 Microstates, Entropy and the Canonical Ensemble 457 20.5 Canonical Partition Function and Thermodynamic Quantities 460 20.6 Calculating Partition Functions 461 20.7 Equilibrium Constants 467 20.8 Heat Capacities of Solids 469 20.9 Planck’s Distribution Law for Thermal Radiation 472 Appendix 20.1 Approximations and Integrals 474 Reference 475 Example 475 Exercises 475 21 Self-Organization and Dissipative Structures in Nature 477 21.1 Dissipative Structures in Diverse Disciplines 477 21.2 Towards a Thermodynamic Theory of Organisms 483 References 485 Epilogue 487 Physical Constants and Data 489 Standard Thermodynamic Properties 491 Energy Units and Conversions 501 Answers to Exercises 503 Author Index 511 Subject Index 513
£51.26
John Wiley & Sons Inc Refrigeration Systems and Applications
Book SynopsisThe definitive text/reference for students, researchers and practicing engineers This book provides comprehensive coverage on refrigeration systems and applications, ranging from the fundamental principles of thermodynamics to food cooling applications for a wide range of sectoral utilizations. Energy and exergy analyses as well as performance assessments through energy and exergy efficiencies and energetic and exergetic coefficients of performance are explored, and numerous analysis techniques, models, correlations and procedures are introduced with examples and case studies. There are specific sections allocated to environmental impact assessment and sustainable development studies. Also featured are discussions of important recent developments in the field, including those stemming from the author's pioneering research. Refrigeration is a uniquely positioned multi-disciplinary field encompassing mechanical, chemical, industrial and food engineering, as well Table of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgments xix 1 General Aspects of Thermodynamics 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Dimensions and Units 2 1.2.1 Systems of Units 2 1.2.1.1 Mass 2 1.2.1.2 Length 2 1.2.1.3 Force 3 1.2.1.4 Density and Specific Volume 3 1.2.1.5 Mass Flow Rate and Volumetric Flow Rate 3 1.2.1.6 Temperature 4 1.2.1.7 Pressure 6 1.3 Thermodynamics 9 1.3.1 Thermodynamic Systems 9 1.3.2 Thermodynamic Laws 10 1.3.3 First Law of Thermodynamics 10 1.3.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics 12 1.3.4.1 Exergy and its Importance 13 1.3.4.2 Reversibility and Irreversibility 15 1.3.4.3 Reversible Work and Exergy Destruction 15 1.3.5 Dincer’s Six-step Approach 15 1.3.6 Pure Substances 25 1.3.6.1 State and Change of State 25 1.3.6.2 Vapor States 27 1.3.6.3 Sensible Heat, Latent Heat and Latent Heat of Fusion 27 1.3.6.4 Specific Heat 27 1.3.6.5 Specific Internal Energy 28 1.3.6.6 Specific Enthalpy 28 1.3.6.7 Specific Entropy 28 1.3.6.8 Energy Change and Energy Transfer 29 1.3.6.9 Flow Energy 29 1.3.6.10 Heat Transfer 29 1.3.6.11 Work 30 1.3.6.12 Thermodynamic Tables 30 1.4 Ideal and Real Gases 30 1.5 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps 36 1.5.1 The Carnot Refrigerators and Heat Pumps 38 1.6 Psychrometrics 49 1.6.1 Common Definitions in Psychrometrics 50 1.6.2 Balance Equations for Air and Water Vapor Mixtures 52 1.6.3 The Psychrometric Chart 53 1.7 Concluding Remarks 64 Nomenclature 64 Study Problems 67 References 70 2 Refrigerants 71 2.1 Introduction 71 2.2 Classification of Refrigerants 72 2.2.1 Halocarbons 72 2.2.2 Hydrocarbons 73 2.2.3 Inorganic Compounds 74 2.2.3.1 Ammonia (R-717) 74 2.2.3.2 Carbon dioxide (R-744) 75 2.2.3.3 Air (R-729) 75 2.2.4 Azeotropic mixtures 75 2.2.5 Nonazeotropic mixtures 76 2.3 Prefixes and Decoding of Refrigerants 76 2.3.1 Prefixes 76 2.3.2 Decoding the Number 77 2.3.3 Isomers 78 2.4 Secondary Refrigerants 79 2.5 Refrigerant–absorbent Combinations 80 2.6 Stratospheric Ozone Layer 82 2.6.1 Stratospheric Ozone Layer Depletion 84 2.6.2 Ozone Depletion Potential 85 2.6.3 Montreal Protocol 88 2.7 Global Warming 89 2.7.1 Global Warming Potential 93 2.8 Clean Air Act 94 2.8.1 Significant New Alternative Policies Program 94 2.8.2 Classification of Substances 96 2.9 Key Refrigerants 103 2.9.1 R-134a 103 2.9.2 R- 123 105 2.9.3 Nonazeotropic (Zeotropic) Mixtures 106 2.9.4 Azeotropic Mixtures 108 2.9.5 Ammonia (R-717) 110 2.9.6 Propane (R-290) 111 2.9.7 Carbon Dioxide (R-744) 113 2.10 Selection of Refrigerants 115 2.11 Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants 116 2.12 Lubricating Oils and their Effects 120 2.13 Concluding Remarks 122 Study Problems 122 References 125 3 Refrigeration System Components 127 3.1 Introduction 127 3.2 History of Refrigeration 128 3.3 Main Refrigeration Systems 130 3.4 Refrigeration System Components 131 3.5 Compressors 132 3.5.1 Hermetic Compressors 133 3.5.2 Semi-hermetic Compressors 135 3.5.3 Open Compressors 136 3.5.4 Classification of Compressors 136 3.5.5 Positive Displacement Compressors 137 3.5.5.1 Reciprocating Compressors 137 3.5.5.2 Rotary Compressors 137 3.5.6 Dynamic Compressors 144 3.5.6.1 Centrifugal Compressors 144 3.5.6.2 Axial Compressors 147 3.5.7 Thermodynamic Analysis of Compressor 147 3.5.8 Compressor Capacity and Performance Assessment 149 3.5.8.1 Compression Ratio 149 3.5.8.2 Compressor Efficiency 150 3.5.8.3 Compressor Capacity Control for Better Performance 151 3.6 Condensers 156 3.6.1 Water-cooled Condensers 157 3.6.2 Air-cooled Condensers 157 3.6.3 Evaporative Condensers 158 3.6.4 Cooling Towers 159 3.6.5 Thermodynamic Analysis of Condenser 160 3.7 Evaporators 165 3.7.1 Liquid Coolers 165 3.7.2 Air and Gas Coolers 166 3.7.3 Thermodynamic Analysis of Evaporator 167 3.8 Throttling Devices 172 3.8.1 Thermostatic Expansion Valves 172 3.8.2 Constant Pressure Expansion Valves 173 3.8.3 Float Valves 173 3.8.4 Capillary Tubes 174 3.8.5 Thermodynamic Analysis of Throttling Valve 174 3.9 Auxiliary Devices 177 3.9.1 Accumulators 177 3.9.2 Receivers 178 3.9.3 Oil Separators 178 3.9.4 Strainers 179 3.9.5 Dryers 179 3.9.6 Check Valves 179 3.9.7 Solenoid Valves 179 3.9.8 Defrost Controllers 179 3.10 Concluding Remarks 180 Nomenclature 180 Study Problems 182 References 187 4 Refrigeration Cycles and Systems 189 4.1 Introduction 189 4.2 Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems 189 4.2.1 Evaporation 190 4.2.2 Compression 190 4.2.3 Condensation 190 4.2.4 Expansion 191 4.3 Energy Analysis of Vapor-compression Refrigeration Cycle 192 4.4 Exergy Analysis of Vapor-compression Refrigeration Cycle 195 4.5 Actual Vapor-compression Refrigeration Cycle 200 4.5.1 Superheating and Subcooling 201 4.5.1.1 Superheating 201 4.5.1.2 Subcooling 203 4.5.2 Defrosting 204 4.5.3 Purging Air in Refrigeration Systems 205 4.5.3.1 Air Purging Methods 206 4.5.4 Twin Refrigeration System 209 4.6 Air-standard Refrigeration Systems 210 4.6.1 Energy and Exergy Analyses of a Basic Air-standard Refrigeration Cycle 211 4.7 Absorption Refrigeration Systems 216 4.7.1 Basic Absorption Refrigeration Systems 218 4.7.2 Ammonia–water (NH3–H2O) Absorption Refrigeration Systems 219 4.7.3 Energy Analysis of an Absorption Refrigeration System 221 4.7.4 Three-fluid (Gas Diffusion) Absorption Refrigeration Systems 224 4.7.5 Water–lithium Bromide (H2O –LiBr) Absorption Refrigeration Systems 225 4.7.5.1 Single-effect Absorption Refrigeration Systems 226 4.7.5.2 Double-effect Absorption Refrigeration Systems 227 4.7.5.3 Crystallization 229 4.7.6 Steam Ejector Recompression Absorption Refrigeration Systems 230 4.7.7 Electrochemical Absorption Refrigeration Systems 231 4.7.8 Absorption-augmented Refrigeration System 232 4.7.9 Exergy Analysis of an Absorption Refrigeration System 239 4.7.10 Performance Evaluation of an Absorption Refrigeration System 243 4.8 Concluding Remarks 245 Nomenclature 245 Study Problems 247 References 258 5 Advanced Refrigeration Cycles and Systems 261 5.1 Introduction 261 5.2 Multistage Refrigeration Cycles 262 5.3 Cascade Refrigeration Systems 268 5.3.1 Two-stage Cascade Systems 269 5.3.2 Three-stage (Ternary) Cascade Refrigeration System 274 5.4 Multi-effect Absorption Refrigeration Systems 280 5.5 Steam-jet Refrigeration Systems 311 5.6 Adsorption Refrigeration 317 5.7 Stirling Cycle Refrigeration 322 5.7.1 Performance Assessment 325 5.8 Thermoelectric Refrigeration 328 5.8.1 Performance Assessment of Thermoelectric Coolers 329 5.9 Thermoacoustic Refrigeration 332 5.10 Metal Hydride Refrigeration 334 5.10.1 Operational Principles 335 5.10.2 Regeneration Process 336 5.10.3 Refrigeration Process 336 5.11 Magnetic Refrigeration 337 5.11.1 Magnetic Refrigeration Cycle 339 5.11.2 Active Magnetic Regenerators 340 5.12 Supermarket Refrigeration Practices 345 5.12.1 Direct Expansion Systems 346 5.12.2 Distributed Systems 347 5.12.3 Secondary Loop Systems 348 5.13 Concluding Remarks 349 Nomenclature 349 Study Problems 351 References 354 6 Renewable Energy-based Integrated Refrigeration Systems 357 6.1 Introduction 357 6.2 Solar-powered Absorption Refrigeration Systems 358 6.3 Solar-powered Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems 364 6.4 Wind-powered Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems 368 6.5 Hydropowered Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems 371 6.6 Geothermal-powered Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems 375 6.7 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Powered Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems 379 6.8 Biomass-powered Absorption Refrigeration Systems 383 6.9 Concluding Remarks 393 Nomenclature 394 Study Problems 395 Reference 398 7 Heat Pipes 399 7.1 Introduction 399 7.2 Heat Pipes 400 7.2.1 Heat Pipe Use 403 7.3 Heat Pipe Applications 403 7.3.1 Heat Pipe Coolers 404 7.3.2 Insulated Water Coolers 404 7.3.3 Heat Exchanger Coolers 404 7.4 Heat Pipes for Electronics Cooling 405 7.5 Types of Heat Pipes 407 7.5.1 Micro Heat Pipes 408 7.5.2 Cryogenic Heat Pipes 408 7.6 Heat Pipe Components 408 7.6.1 Container 410 7.6.2 Working Fluid 411 7.6.3 Selection of Working Fluid 413 7.6.4 Wick or Capillary Structure 414 7.7 Operational Principles of Heat Pipes 417 7.7.1 Heat Pipe Operating Predictions 418 7.7.1.1 Gravity-aided Orientation 419 7.7.1.2 Horizontal Orientation 419 7.7.1.3 Against Gravity Orientation 420 7.7.2 Heat Pipe Arrangement 421 7.8 Heat Pipe Performance 421 7.8.1 Effective Heat Pipe Thermal Resistance 423 7.9 Design and Manufacture of Heat Pipes 424 7.9.1 Thermal Conductivity of a Heat Pipe 427 7.9.2 Common Heat Pipe Diameters and Lengths 427 7.10 Heat-transfer Limitations 428 7.11 Heat Pipes in Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning 429 7.11.1 Dehumidifier Heat Pipes 430 7.11.1.1 Working Principle 431 7.11.1.2 Indoor Dehumidifier Heat Pipes 432 7.11.2 Energy Recovery Heat Pipes 433 7.12 Concluding Remarks 436 Nomenclature 436 Study Problems 437 References 439 8 Food Refrigeration 441 8.1 Introduction 441 8.2 Food Deterioration 442 8.3 Food Preservation 443 8.4 Food Quality 444 8.5 Food Precooling and Cooling 446 8.6 Food Precooling Systems 448 8.6.1 Energy Coefficient 449 8.6.2 Hydrocooling 450 8.6.2.1 Hydrocooling using Ice or Ice–slush Cooling 453 8.6.2.2 Hydrocooling using Artificial Ice 453 8.6.2.3 Hydrocooling using Natural Ice 454 8.6.2.4 Hydrocooling using Natural Snow 455 8.6.2.5 Hydrocooling using Compacted Snow 455 8.6.3 Forced-air Cooling 456 8.6.3.1 Methods of Forced-air Cooling 459 8.6.3.2 Cold-wall-type Tunnel Forced-air Cooling 461 8.6.3.3 Serpentine Cooling 463 8.6.3.4 Single-pallet Forced-air Cooling 464 8.6.3.5 Room Cooling (with Storage and Shipping) 464 8.6.3.6 Ice-bank Forced-air Cooling System 464 8.6.3.7 Forced-air Cooling with Winter Coldness 465 8.6.3.8 Technical Details of Forced-air Cooling Systems 466 8.6.3.9 Engineering/economic Model for Forced-air Cooling Systems 468 8.6.4 Hydraircooling 469 8.6.5 Vacuum Cooling 471 8.6.6 Hydrovac Cooling 475 8.6.7 Evaporative Cooling 475 8.6.8 Ice Cooling 476 8.7 Precooling of Milk 477 8.8 Food Freezing 479 8.9 Cool and Cold Storage 480 8.9.1 Chilling Injury 481 8.9.2 Optimum Storage Conditions 481 8.9.2.1 Optimum Temperature 481 8.9.2.2 Optimum Relative Humidity 482 8.9.3 Technical Aspects of Cold Stores 485 8.9.3.1 Shape and Size 486 8.9.3.2 Construction Methods 486 8.9.3.3 Insulation 487 8.9.3.4 Vapor Barriers 488 8.9.3.5 Floors 488 8.9.3.6 Cold-air Distribution 488 8.9.3.7 Defrosting 489 8.9.3.8 Cold Store Planning 489 8.9.3.9 Refrigeration 490 8.9.4 Calculation of Cold Store Refrigeration Loads 490 8.9.5 Energy-efficient Cold Store 492 8.9.6 Photovoltaic-powered Cold Store 493 8.10 Controlled Atmosphere Storage 496 8.10.1 Controlled Atmosphere Storage Ripening and Waxing 500 8.10.2 Container-controlled Atmospheres 501 8.10.2.1 Controlled Modified Atmosphere Systems 501 8.10.2.2 Modified Atmospheres in Containers 502 8.10.2.3 Modified Atmospheres in Packaging 502 8.10.2.4 Pressure Swing Absorption Systems 502 8.10.2.5 Membrane Separation Systems 502 8.10.3 Packaging 503 8.10.4 Definitions 503 8.10.5 Modified Atmosphere Packaging 503 8.10.6 Modified Atmosphere Cooling 505 8.11 Refrigerated Transport 506 8.11.1 Reefer Technology 507 8.11.1.1 Controlled-atmosphere Reefer Containers 507 8.11.2 Quality Aspects of Products 507 8.11.3 Effective Packaging for Quality 508 8.11.4 Transport Storage 509 8.11.5 Temperature Control 511 8.11.5.1 Temperature Control and Monitoring 512 8.11.5.2 Temperature Monitoring Systems 513 8.11.6 Transportation Aspects 513 8.11.7 Recommended Transit and Storage Procedures 514 8.11.8 Developments in Refrigerated Transport 514 8.11.8.1 Sea and Land Transport 515 8.11.8.2 Air Transport 515 8.12 Respiration (Heat Generation) 515 8.12.1 Measurement of Respiratory Heat Generation 516 8.13 Transpiration (Moisture Loss) 516 8.13.1 Shrinkage 521 8.14 Cooling Process Parameters 522 8.14.1 Cooling Coefficient 522 8.14.2 Lag Factor 523 8.14.3 Half Cooling Time 523 8.14.4 Seven-eighths Cooling Time 523 8.15 Analysis of Cooling Process Parameters 524 8.15.1 Lin et al.’s Model for Irregular Shapes 527 8.16 Fourier–Reynolds Correlations 529 8.16.1 Development of Fourier–Reynolds Correlations 530 8.17 Cooling Heat-transfer Parameters 533 8.17.1 Specific Heat 533 8.17.1.1 Some Correlations for Specific Heat 534 8.17.2 Thermal Conductivity 535 8.17.2.1 Some Correlations for Thermal Conductivity 536 8.17.3 Thermal Diffusivity 538 8.17.4 Effective Heat-transfer Coefficients 540 8.17.4.1 Smith et al.’s Model 543 8.17.4.2 Ansari’s Model 544 8.17.4.3 Stewart et al.’s Model 544 8.17.4.4 Dincer and Dost’s Models 545 8.17.4.5 Some Methods for Effective Heat-transfer Coefficients 546 8.17.5 Modeling for Thermal Diffusivity and Heat-transfer Coefficient 547 8.17.6 Effective Nusselt–Reynolds Correlations 555 8.17.7 The Dincer Number 557 8.18 Conclusions 560 Nomenclature 561 Study Problems 563 References 565 9 Food Freezing 573 9.1 Introduction 573 9.2 Food Freezing Aspects 574 9.2.1 Enzymatic Reactions 575 9.2.2 Microbiological Activities 576 9.3 Quick Freezing 577 9.4 Enthalpy 577 9.5 Crystallization 578 9.6 Moisture Migration 579 9.7 Weight Loss 579 9.8 Blanching 580 9.9 Packaging 582 9.10 Quality of Frozen Foods 582 9.10.1 Objective Tests 583 9.10.2 Sensory Tests 583 9.10.3 Tests on the Kinetics of Quality Loss 583 9.11 Food Freezing Process 585 9.11.1 Freezing of Fruits 586 9.11.2 Freezing of Vegetables 586 9.12 Freezing Point 588 9.13 Freezing Rate 589 9.14 Freezing Times 590 9.14.1 Plank’s Model 592 9.14.2 Mellor’s Model 592 9.14.3 Pham’s Model 593 9.14.4 Cleland and Earle’s Model 594 9.14.5 Mannapperuma et al.’s Model 595 9.15 Freezing Equipment 598 9.15.1 Tunnel Freezers 599 9.15.1.1 Packaged Tunnel Freezers 600 9.15.1.2 Modular Tunnel Freezers 601 9.15.1.3 Multipass Tunnel Freezers 602 9.15.1.4 Contact Belt Tunnel Freezers 603 9.15.1.5 Drag Thru Doly Freezers 603 9.15.2 Spiral Freezers 604 9.15.2.1 Packaged Spiral Freezers 605 9.15.2.2 Site-built Spiral Freezers 606 9.15.3 Plate (Tray) Freezers 606 9.15.3.1 Packaged Tray Freezers 608 9.15.4 Impingement Jet Freezers 608 9.15.5 Cryogenic Freezers 609 9.15.5.1 Immersing Cryogenic Freezers 611 9.15.5.2 Tunnel Cryogenic Freezers 612 9.15.6 Control in Freezers 612 9.16 Ice Making 613 9.16.1 Block Ice Manufacture 613 9.16.2 Shell Ice Manufacture 614 9.16.3 Flake Ice Manufacture 614 9.16.4 Tube Ice Manufacture 614 9.16.5 Plate Ice Manufacture 615 9.16.6 Slush, Slurry or Binary Ice Manufacture 615 9.17 Thawing 615 9.18 Freeze-drying 616 9.18.1 Operation Principles 617 9.18.2 Freeze-drying Times 619 9.18.3 Freeze-dryers 621 9.18.3.1 Batch-type Freeze-dryers 622 9.18.3.2 Continuous-type Freeze-dryers 624 9.18.3.3 Microwave and Dielectric Freeze-dryers 625 9.18.4 Atmospheric Freeze-drying 625 9.19 Conclusions 625 Nomenclature 626 Study Problems 627 References 628 10 Environmental Impact and Sustainability Assessment of Refrigeration Systems 631 10.1 Introduction 631 10.2 Environmental Concerns 633 10.3 Energy and Environmental Impact 637 10.4 Dincer’s Six Pillars 638 10.5 Dincer’s 3S Concept 638 10.6 System Greenization 639 10.7 Sustainability 641 10.8 Energy and Sustainability 643 10.9 Exergy and Sustainability 645 10.10 Concluding Remarks 667 Study Problems 668 References 668 Appendix A Conversion Factors 671 Appendix B Thermophysical Properties 675 Appendix C Food Refrigeration Data 701 Index 719
£96.26
John Wiley & Sons Inc Thermodynamic Degradation Science
Book SynopsisThermodynamic degradation science is a new and exciting discipline. This book merges the science of physics of failure with thermodynamics and shows how degradation modeling is improved and enhanced when using thermodynamic principles. The author also goes beyond the traditional physics of failure methods and highlights the importance of having new tools such as Mesoscopic noise degradation measurements for prognostics of complex systems, and a conjugate work approach to solving physics of failure problems with accelerated testing applications. Key features: Demonstrates how the thermodynamics energy approach uncovers key degradation models and their application to accelerated testing. Demonstrates how thermodynamic degradation models accounts for cumulative stress environments, effect statistical reliability distributions, and are key for reliability test planning. Provides coverage of the four types of Physics of Failure Table of ContentsList of Figures xiii List of Tables xvi About the Author xvii Preface xviii 1 Equilibrium Thermodynamic Degradation Science 1 1.1 Introduction to a New Science 1 1.2 Categorizing Physics of Failure Mechanisms 2 1.3 Entropy Damage Concept 3 1.3.1 The System (Device) and its Environment 4 1.3.2 Irreversible Thermodynamic Processes Cause Damage 5 1.4 Thermodynamic Work 6 1.5 Thermodynamic State Variables and their Characteristics 7 1.6 Thermodynamic Second Law in Terms of System Entropy Damage 9 1.6.1 Thermodynamic Entropy Damage Axiom 11 1.6.2 Entropy and Free Energy 13 1.7 Work, Resistance, Generated Entropy, and the Second Law 14 1.8 Thermodynamic Catastrophic and Parametric Failure 16 1.8.1 Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Aging States in Terms of the Free Energy or Entropy Change 16 1.9 Repair Entropy 17 1.9.1 Example 1.1: Repair Entropy: Relating Non-Damage Entropy Flow to Entropy Damage 17 Summary 18 References 22 2 Applications of Equilibrium Thermodynamic Degradation to Complex and Simple Systems: Entropy Damage, Vibration, Temperature, Noise Analysis, and Thermodynamic Potentials 23 2.1 Cumulative Entropy Damage Approach in Physics of Failure 23 2.1.1 Example 2.1: Miner’s Rule Derivation 25 2.1.2 Example 2.2: Miner’s Rule Example 26 2.1.3 Non-Cyclic Applications of Cumulative Damage 27 2.2 Measuring Entropy Damage Processes 27 2.3 Intermediate Thermodynamic Aging States and Sampling 29 2.4 Measures for System-Level Entropy Damage 29 2.4.1 Measuring System Entropy Damage with Temperature 29 2.4.2 Example 2.3: Resistor Aging 30 2.4.3 Example 2.4: Complex Resistor Bank 31 2.4.4 System Entropy Damage with Temperature Observations 32 2.4.5 Example 2.5: Temperature Aging of an Operating System 32 2.4.6 Comment on High-Temperature Aging for Operating and Non-Operating Systems 32 2.5 Measuring Randomness due to System Entropy Damage with Mesoscopic Noise Analysis in an Operating System 33 2.5.1 Example 2.6: Gaussian Noise Vibration Damage 35 2.5.2 Example 2.7: System Vibration Damage Observed with Noise Analysis 36 2.6 How System Entropy Damage Leads to Random Processes 37 2.6.1 Stationary versus Non-Stationary Entropy Process 40 2.7 Example 2.8: Human Heart Rate Noise Degradation 41 2.8 Entropy Damage Noise Assessment Using Autocorrelation and the Power Spectral Density 42 2.8.1 Noise Measurements Rules of Thumb for the PSD and R 43 2.8.2 Literature Review of Traditional Noise Measurement 44 2.8.3 Literature Review for Resistor Noise 48 2.9 Noise Detection Measurement System 48 2.9.1 System Noise Temperature 49 2.9.2 Environmental Noise Due to Pollution 50 2.9.3 Measuring System Entropy Damage using Failure Rate 50 2.10 Entropy Maximize Principle: Combined First and Second Law 51 2.10.1 Example 2.9: Thermal Equilibrium 52 2.10.2 Example 2.10: Equilibrium with Charge Exchange 53 2.10.3 Example 2.11: Diffusion Equilibrium 55 2.10.4 Example 2.12: Available Work 55 2.11 Thermodynamic Potentials and Energy States 57 2.11.1 The Helmholtz Free Energy 58 2.11.2 The Enthalpy Energy State 60 2.11.3 The Gibbs Free Energy 60 2.11.4 Summary of Common Thermodynamic State Energies 62 2.11.5 Example 2.13: Work, Entropy Damage, and Free Energy Change 62 2.11.6 Example 2.14: System in Contact with a Reservoir 65 Summary 68 References 76 3 NE Thermodynamic Degradation Science Assessment Using the Work Concept 77 3.1 Equilibrium versus Non-Equilibrium Aging Approach 77 3.1.1 Conjugate Work and Free Energy Approach to Understanding Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamic Degradation 78 3.2 Application to Cyclic Work and Cumulative Damage 79 3.3 Cyclic Work Process, Heat Engines, and the Carnot Cycle 81 3.4 Example 3.1: Cyclic Engine Damage Quantified Using Efficiency 84 3.5 The Thermodynamic Damage Ratio Method for Tracking Degradation 86 3.6 Acceleration Factors from the Damage Ratio Principle 87 Summary 89 References 92 4 Applications of NE Thermodynamic Degradation Science to Mechanical Systems: Accelerated Test and CAST Equations, Miner’s Rule, and FDS 93 4.1 Thermodynamic Work Approach to Physics of Failure Problems 93 4.2 Example 4.1: Miner’s Rule 93 4.2.1 Acceleration Factor Modification of Miner’s Damage Rule 95 4.3 Assessing Thermodynamic Damage in Mechanical Systems 96 4.3.1 Example 4.2: Creep Cumulative Damage and Acceleration Factors 96 4.3.2 Example 4.3: Wear Cumulative Damage and Acceleration Factors 99 4.3.3 Example 4.4: Thermal Cycle Fatigue and Acceleration Factors 101 4.3.4 Example 4.5: Mechanical Cycle Vibration Fatigue and Acceleration Factors 102 4.3.5 Example 4.6: Cycles to Failure under a Resonance Condition: Q Effect 105 4.4 Cumulative Damage Accelerated Stress Test Goal: Environmental Profiling and Cumulative Accelerated Stress Test (CAST) Equations 107 4.5 Fatigue Damage Spectrum Analysis for Vibration Accelerated Testing 108 4.5.1 Fatigue Damage Spectrum for Sine Vibration Accelerated Testing 109 4.5.2 Fatigue Damage Spectrum for Random Vibration Accelerated Testing 110 Summary 111 References 117 5 Corrosion Applications in NE Thermodynamic Degradation 118 5.1 Corrosion Damage in Electrochemistry 118 5.1.1 Example 5.1: Miner’s Rule for Secondary Batteries 119 5.2 Example 5.2: Chemical Corrosion Processes 121 5.2.1 Example 5.3: Numerical Example of Linear Corrosion 123 5.2.2 Example 5.4: Corrosion Rate Comparison of Different Metals 124 5.2.3 Thermal Arrhenius Activation and Peukert’s Law 124 5.3 Corrosion Current in Primary Batteries 126 5.3.1 Equilibrium Thermodynamic Condition: Nernst Equation 127 5.4 Corrosion Rate in Microelectronics 128 5.4.1 Corrosion and Chemical Rate Processes Due to Temperature 129 Summary 130 References 133 6 Thermal Activation Free Energy Approach 134 6.1 Free Energy Roller Coaster 134 6.2 Thermally Activated Time-Dependent (TAT) Degradation Model 135 6.2.1 Arrhenius Aging Due to Small Parametric Change 136 6.3 Free Energy Use in Parametric Degradation and the Partition Function 138 6.4 Parametric Aging at End of Life Due to the Arrhenius Mechanism: Large Parametric Change 140 Summary 141 References 143 7 TAT Model Applications: Wear, Creep, and Transistor Aging 144 7.1 Solving Physics of Failure Problems with the TAT Model 144 7.2 Example 7.1: Activation Wear 144 7.3 Example 7.2: Activation Creep Model 146 7.4 Transistor Aging 148 7.4.1 Bipolar Transistor Beta Aging Mechanism 148 7.4.2 Capacitor Leakage Model for Base Leakage Current 149 7.4.3 Thermally Activated Time-Dependent Model for Transistors and Dielectric Leakage 150 7.4.4 Field-Effect Transistor Parameter Degradation 152 Summary 154 References 156 8 Diffusion 157 8.1 The Diffusion Process 157 8.2 Example 8.1: Describing Diffusion Using Equilibrium Thermodynamics 157 8.3 Describing Diffusion Using Probability 159 8.4 Diffusion Acceleration Factor with and without Temperature Dependence 161 8.5 Diffusion Entropy Damage 161 8.5.1 Example 8.2: Package Moisture Diffusion 162 8.6 General Form of the Diffusion Equation 163 Summary 164 Reference 166 9 How Aging Laws Influence Parametric and Catastrophic Reliability Distributions 167 9.1 Physics of Failure Influence on Reliability Distributions 167 9.2 Log Time Aging (or Power Aging Laws) and the Lognormal Distribution 168 9.3 Aging Power Laws and the Weibull Distribution: Influence on Beta 171 9.4 Stress and Life Distributions 175 9.4.1 Example 9.1: Cumulative Distribution Function as a Function of Stress 176 9.5 Time- (or Stress-) Dependent Standard Deviation 177 Summary 178 References 180 10 The Theory of Organization: Final Thoughts 181 Special Topics A: Key Reliability Statistics 183 A.1 Introduction 183 A.1.1 Reliability and Accelerated Testing Software to Aid the Reader 183 A.2 The Key Reliability Functions 184 A.3 More Information on the Failure Rate 186 A.4 The Bathtub Curve and Reliability Distributions 187 A.4.1 Exponential Distribution 188 A.4.2 Weibull Distribution 190 A.4.3 Normal (Gaussian) Distribution 191 A.4.4 The Lognormal Reliability Function 194 A.5 Confidence Interval for Normal Parametric Analysis 195 A.5.1 Example A.4: Power Amplifier Confidence Interval 196 A.6 Central Limit Theorem and Cpk Analysis 197 A.6.1 Cpk Analysis 197 A.6.2 Example A.5: Cpk and Yield for the Power Amplifiers 197 A.7 Catastrophic Analysis 199 A.7.1 Censored Data 199 A.7.2 Example A.6: Weibull and Lognormal Analysis of Semiconductors 199 A.7.3 Example A.7: Mixed Modal Analysis Inflection Point Method 201 A.8 Reliability Objectives and Confidence Testing 203 A.8.1 Chi-Squared Confidence Test Planning for Few Failures: The Exponential Case 204 A.8.2 Example A.8: Chi-Squared Accelerated Test Plan 205 A.9 Comprehensive Accelerated Test Planning 205 References 206 Special Topics B: Applications to Accelerated Testing 207 B.1 Introduction 207 B.1.1 Reliability and Accelerated Testing Software to Aid the Reader 208 B.1.2 Using the Arrhenius Acceleration Model for Temperature 209 B.1.3 Example B.2: Estimating the Activation Energy 211 B.1.4 Example B.3: Estimating Mean Time to Failure from Life Test 212 B.2 Power Law Acceleration Factors 212 B.2.1 Example B.4: Generalized Power Law Acceleration Factors 214 B.3 Temperature–Humidity Life Test Model 214 B.3.1 Temperature–Humidity Bias and Local Relative Humidity 215 B.4 Temperature Cycle Testing 216 B.4.1 Example B.6: Using the Temperature Cycle Model 217 B.5 Vibration Acceleration 217 B.5.1 Example B.7: Accelerated Testing Using Sine and Random Vibration 220 B.6 Multiple-Stress Accelerated Test Plans for Demonstrating Reliability 220 B.6.1 Example B.8: Designing Multi-Accelerated Tests Plans: Failure-Free 221 B.7 Cumulative Accelerated Stress Test (CAST) Goals and Equations Usage in Environmental Profiling 222 B.7.1 Example B.9: Cumulative Accelerated Stress Test (CAST) Goals and Equation in Environmental Profiling 222 References 223 Special Topics C: Negative Entropy and the Perfect Human Engine 224 C.1 Spontaneous Negative Entropy: Growth and Repair 224 C.2 The Perfect Human Engine: How to Live Longer 225 C.2.1 Differences and Similarities of the Human Engine to Other Systems 226 C.2.2 Knowledge of Cyclic Work to Improve Our Chances of a Longer Life 226 C.2.3 Example C.1: Exercise and the Human Heart Life Cycle 228 C.3 Growth and Self-Repair Part of the Human Engine 229 C.3.1 Example C.2: Work for Human Repair 230 C.4 Act of Spontaneous Negative Entropy 231 C.4.1 Repair Aging Rate: An RC Electrical Model 232 References 233 Overview of New Terms, Equations, and Concepts 234 Index 236
£73.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Conventional and Alternative Power Generation
Book SynopsisA much-needed, up-to-date guide on conventional and alternative power generation This book goes beyond the traditional methods of power generation. It introduces the many recent innovations on the production of electricity and the way they play a major role in combating global warming and improving the efficiency of generation. It contains a strong analytical approach to underpin the theory of power plantsfor those using conventional fuels, as well as those using renewable fuelsand looks at the problems from a unique environmental engineering perspective. The book also includes numerous worked examples and case studies to demonstrate the working principles of these systems. Conventional and Alternative Power Generation: Thermodynamics, Mitigation and Sustainability is divided into 8 chapters that comprehensively cover: thermodynamic systems; vapor power cycles, gas power cycles, combustion; control of particulates; carbon capture and storage; air pollutioTable of ContentsPreface xi Structure of the Book xiii Notation xvii 1 Thermodynamic Systems 1 1.1 Overview 1 Learning Outcomes 1 1.2 Thermodynamic System Definitions 1 1.3 Thermodynamic Properties 1 1.4 Thermodynamic Processes 3 1.5 Formation of Steam and the State Diagrams 4 1.5.1 Property Tables and Charts for Vapours 6 1.6 Ideal Gas Behaviour in Closed and Open Systems and Processes 7 1.7 First Law ofThermodynamics 9 1.7.1 First Law of Thermodynamics Applied to Open Systems 10 1.7.2 First Law of Thermodynamics Applied to Closed Systems 10 1.8 Worked Examples 11 1.9 Tutorial Problems 17 2 Vapour Power Cycles 19 2.1 Overview 19 Learning Outcomes 19 2.2 Steam Power Plants 19 2.3 Vapour Power Cycles 20 2.3.1 The Carnot Cycle 21 2.3.2 The Simple Rankine Cycle 22 2.3.3 The Rankine Superheat Cycle 22 2.3.4 The Rankine Reheat Cycle 23 2.3.4.1 Analysis of the Rankine Reheat Cycle 24 2.3.5 Real Steam Processes 25 2.3.6 Regenerative Cycles 25 2.3.6.1 Single Feed Heater 26 2.3.6.2 Multiple Feed Heaters 27 2.3.7 Organic Rankine Cycle (ORc) 29 2.3.7.1 Choice of theWorking Fluid for ORc 29 2.4 Combined Heat and Power 30 2.4.1 Scenario One: Power Only 30 2.4.2 Scenario Two: Heat Only 31 2.4.3 ScenarioThree: Heat and Power 32 2.4.4 Cogeneration, Trigeneration and Quad Generation 33 2.5 Steam Generation Hardware 33 2.5.1 Steam Boiler Components 34 2.5.2 Types of Boiler 35 2.5.3 Fuel Preparation System 35 2.5.4 Methods of Superheat Control 36 2.5.5 Performance of Steam Boilers 36 2.5.5.1 Boiler Efficiency 36 2.5.5.2 Boiler Rating 37 2.5.5.3 Equivalent Evaporation 38 2.5.6 Steam Condensers 38 2.5.6.1 Condenser Calculations 38 2.5.7 Cooling Towers 39 2.5.8 Power-station Pumps 39 2.5.8.1 Pump Applications 39 2.5.9 Steam Turbines 41 2.6 Worked Examples 41 2.7 Tutorial Problems 54 3 Gas Power Cycles 57 3.1 Overview 57 Learning Outcomes 57 3.2 Introduction to Gas Turbines 57 3.3 Gas Turbine Cycle 57 3.3.1 Irreversibilities in Gas Turbine Processes 58 3.3.2 The Compressor Unit 58 3.3.3 The Combustion Chamber 59 3.3.4 The Turbine Unit 60 3.3.5 Overall Performance of Gas Turbine Plants 60 3.4 Modifications to the Simple Gas Turbine Cycle 61 3.4.1 Heat Exchanger 61 3.4.2 Intercooling 61 3.4.3 Reheating 62 3.4.4 Compound System 63 3.4.5 Combined Gas Turbine/Steam Turbine Cycle 65 3.5 Gas Engines 68 3.5.1 Internal Combustion Engines 68 3.5.2 The Otto Cycle 68 3.5.2.1 Analysis of the Otto Cycle 69 3.5.3 The Diesel Cycle 69 3.5.3.1 Analysis of the Diesel Cycle 70 3.5.4 The Dual Combustion Cycle 71 3.5.4.1 Analysis of the Dual Cycle 72 3.5.5 Diesel Engine Power Plants 72 3.5.6 External Combustion Engines –The Stirling Engine 72 3.6 Worked Examples 75 3.7 Tutorial Problems 84 4 Combustion 87 4.1 Overview 87 Learning Outcomes 87 4.2 Mass and Matter 87 4.2.1 Chemical Quantities 88 4.2.2 Chemical Reactions 88 4.2.3 Physical Quantities 88 4.3 Balancing Chemical Equations 89 4.3.1 Combustion Equations 90 4.4 Combustion Terminology 90 4.4.1 Oxidizer Provision 90 4.4.2 Combustion Product Analyses 91 4.4.3 Fuel mixtures 92 4.5 Energy Changes During Combustion 92 4.6 First Law ofThermodynamics Applied to Combustion 93 4.6.1 Steady-flow Systems (SFEE) [Applicable to Boilers, Furnaces] 93 4.6.2 Closed Systems (NFEE) [Applicable to Engines] 93 4.6.3 Flame Temperature 94 4.7 Oxidation of Nitrogen and Sulphur 94 4.7.1 Nitrogen and Sulphur 95 4.7.2 Formation of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) 95 4.7.3 NOx Control 97 4.7.3.1 Modify the Combustion Process 97 4.7.3.2 Post-flame Treatment 97 4.7.4 Formation of Sulphur Oxides (SOx) 98 4.7.5 SOx Control 98 4.7.5.1 Flue Gas Sulphur Compounds from Fossil-fuel Consumption 98 4.7.5.2 Sulphur Compounds from Petroleum and Natural Gas Streams 100 4.7.6 Acid Rain 100 4.8 Worked Examples 101 4.9 Tutorial Problems 111 5 Control of Particulates 115 5.1 Overview 115 Learning Outcomes 115 5.2 Some Particle Dynamics 115 5.2.1 Nature of Particulates 115 5.2.2 Stokes’s Law and Terminal Velocity 116 5.3 Principles of Collection 119 5.3.1 Collection Surfaces 119 5.3.2 Collection Devices 119 5.3.3 Fractional Collection Efficiency 121 5.4 Control Technologies 121 5.4.1 Gravity Settlers 121 5.4.1.1 Model 1: Unmixed Flow Model 122 5.4.1.2 Model 2:Well-mixed Flow Model 123 5.4.2 Centrifugal Separators or Cyclones 124 5.4.3 Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs) 128 5.4.4 Fabric Filters 132 5.4.5 Spray Chambers and Scrubbers 135 5.5 Worked Examples 137 5.6 Tutorial Problems 140 6 Carbon Capture and Storage 145 6.1 Overview 145 Learning Outcomes 145 6.2 Thermodynamic Properties of CO2 146 6.2.1 General Properties 146 6.2.2 Equations of State 148 6.2.2.1 The Ideal or Perfect Gas Law 148 6.2.2.2 The Compressibility Factor 148 6.2.2.3 Van derWaal Equation of State 148 6.2.2.4 Beattie–Bridgeman Equation (1928) 149 6.2.2.5 Benedict–Webb–Rubin Equation (1940) 150 6.2.2.6 Peng–Robinson Equation of State (1976) 150 6.3 Gas Mixtures 150 6.3.1 Fundamental Mixture Laws 151 6.3.2 PVT Behaviour of Gas Mixtures 151 6.3.2.1 Dalton’s Law 152 6.3.2.2 Amagat’s Law 152 6.3.3 Thermodynamic Properties of Gas Mixtures 153 6.3.4 Thermodynamics of Mixture Separation 155 6.3.4.1 Minimum SeparationWork 155 6.3.4.2 Separation of a Two-component Mixture 156 6.4 Gas SeparationMethods 157 6.4.1 Chemical Absorption by Liquids 157 6.4.1.1 Aqueous Carbon Dioxide and Alkanolamine Chemistry 158 6.4.1.2 Alternative Absorber Solutions 159 6.4.2 Physical Absorption by Liquids 160 6.4.3 Oxyfuel, Cryogenics and Chemical Looping 161 6.4.4 Gas Membranes 162 6.4.4.1 Membrane Flux 163 6.4.4.2 Maximizing Flux 163 6.4.4.3 Membrane Types 163 6.5 Aspects of CO2 Conditioning and Transport 164 6.5.1 Multi-stage Compression 165 6.5.2 Pipework Design 167 6.5.2.1 Pressure Drop 167 6.5.2.2 Materials 167 6.5.2.3 Maintenance and Control 167 6.5.3 Carbon Dioxide Hazards 168 6.5.3.1 Respiration 168 6.5.3.2 Temperature 168 6.5.3.3 Ventilation 168 6.6 Aspects of CO2 Storage 169 6.6.1 Biological Sequestration 169 6.6.2 Mineral Carbonation 171 6.6.3 Geological Storage Media 172 6.6.4 Oceanic Storage 174 6.7 Worked Examples 176 6.8 Tutorial Problems 182 7 Pollution Dispersal 185 7.1 Overview 185 Learning Outcomes 185 7.2 Atmospheric Behaviour 186 7.2.1 The Atmosphere 186 7.2.2 Atmospheric Vertical Temperature Variation and Air Motion 187 7.3 Atmospheric Stability 189 7.3.1 Stability Classifications 190 7.3.2 Stability and Stack Dispersal 191 7.3.2.1 Non-inversion Conditions 191 7.3.2.2 Inversion Conditions 192 7.3.3 Variation inWind Velocity with Elevation 192 7.4 Dispersion Modelling 193 7.4.1 Point Source Modelling 193 7.4.2 Plume Rise 198 7.4.3 Effect of Non-uniform Terrain on Dispersal 199 7.5 Alternative Expressions of Concentration 200 7.6 Worked Examples 200 7.7 Tutorial Problems 203 8 Alternative Energy and Power Plants 207 8.1 Overview 207 Learning Outcomes 207 8.2 Nuclear Power Plants 208 8.2.1 Components of a Typical Nuclear Reactor 208 8.2.2 Types of Nuclear Reactor 209 8.2.3 Environmental Impact of Nuclear Reactors 209 8.3 Solar Power Plants 210 8.3.1 Photovoltaic Power Plants 211 8.3.2 Solar Thermal Power Plants 215 8.4 Biomass Power Plants 216 8.4.1 Forestry, Agricultural and Municipal Biomass for Direct Combustion 217 8.4.1.1 Bulk Density (kg/m3) 217 8.4.1.2 Moisture Content (% by Mass) 217 8.4.1.3 Ash Content (% by Mass) 218 8.4.1.4 Calorific Value (kJ/kg) and Combustion 218 8.4.2 Anaerobic Digestion 220 8.4.3 Biofuels 222 8.4.3.1 Biodiesel 222 8.4.3.2 Bioethanol 222 8.4.4 Gasification and Pyrolysis of Biomass 223 8.5 Geothermal Power Plants 224 8.6 Wind Energy 226 8.6.1 Theory ofWind Energy 227 8.6.1.1 Actual Power Output of the Turbine 229 8.6.2 Wind Turbine Types and Components 230 8.7 Hydropower 230 8.7.1 Types of Hydraulic Power Plant 231 8.7.1.1 Run-of-river Hydropower 231 8.7.1.2 Storage Hydropower 232 8.7.2 Estimation of Hydropower 233 8.7.3 Types of Hydraulic Turbine 233 8.8 Wave and Tidal (or Marine) Power 233 8.8.1 Characteristics ofWaves 234 8.8.2 Estimation ofWave Energy 235 8.8.3 Types ofWave Power Device 235 8.8.4 Tidal Power 237 8.8.4.1 Tidal Barrage Energy 238 8.8.4.2 Tidal Stream Energy 239 8.9 Thermoelectric Energy 239 8.9.1 DirectThermal Energy to Electrical Energy Conversion 240 8.9.2 Thermoelectric Generators (TEGs) 241 8.10 Fuel Cells 242 8.10.1 Principles of Simple Fuel Cell Operation 243 8.10.2 Fuel Cell Efficiency 243 8.10.3 Fuel Cell Types 244 8.11 Energy Storage Technologies 244 8.11.1 Energy Storage Characteristics 246 8.11.2 Energy Storage Technologies 246 8.11.2.1 Hydraulic Energy 246 8.11.2.2 Pneumatic Energy 247 8.11.2.3 Ionic Energy 247 8.11.2.4 Rotational Energy 248 8.11.2.5 Electrostatic Energy 249 8.11.2.6 Magnetic Energy 249 8.12 Worked Examples 250 8.13 Tutorial Problems 255 A Properties ofWater and Steam 257 B Thermodynamic Properties of Fuels and Combustion Products 263 Bibliography 265 Index 267
£98.96
Taylor & Francis Inc Fuel Cells
Book SynopsisFuel Cells: Principles, Design, and Analysis considers the latest advances in fuel cell system development and deployment, and was written with engineering and science students in mind. This book provides readers with the fundamentals of fuel cell operation and design, and incorporates techniques and methods designed to analyze different fuel cell systems. It builds on three main themes: basic principles, analysis, and design. The section on basic principles contains background information on fuel cells, including fundamental principles such as electrochemistry, thermodynamics, and kinetics of fuel cell reactions as well as mass and heat transfer in fuel cells. The section on design explores important characteristics associated with various fuel cell components, electrodes, electrocatalysts, and electrolytes, while the section on analysis examines phenomena characterization and modeling both at the component and system levels. Trade Review"This book covers all essential themes of fuel cells ranging from fundamentals to applications. It includes key advanced topics important for understanding correctly the underlying multi-science phenomena of fuel cell processes. The book does not only cope with traditional fuel cells but also discusses the future concepts of fuel cells. The book is rich on examples and solutions important for applying the theory into practical use."—Peter Lund, Aalto University, Helsinki "A good introduction to the range of disciplines needed to design, build and test fuel cells."—Nigel Brandon, Imperial College "This is a one of a kind book that is comprehensive in covering key topics on fuel cell from extensive reviews of electrochemistry and thermodynamics, to modeling and simulation, to fuel processing and environmental impact. The book lays out in-depth theoretical aspects on fuel cell multi-science processes and yet presents material easy to comprehend. It is well written and sufficiently consistent in style embedded with practical examples to serve as an excellent textbook for both undergraduate and graduate course works. The level of thoroughness and detail is impressive and material presented is useful for the broader fuel cell community, including engineers, industry and researchers."—Suddhasatwa Basu, Ph.D., professor and head of the chemical engineering department, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Table of ContentsIntroduction. Review of Electrochemistry. Review of Thermodynamics. Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Fuel Cell. Electrochemical Kinetics. Charge Transport in Fuel Cell. Fuel Cell Characterization. Fuel cell Components and Design. Heat and Mass Transport in Fuel Cell. Gas Flow Channel Analysis and Design. Computational Model for Analysis and Design of Fuel Cell. Dynamic Simulation and Fuel Cell Control System. Fuel Cell Power Generation Systems. Fuel Cell Application, Codes and Standards, and Environmental Effects.
£147.25
Taylor & Francis Inc The John Zink Hamworthy Combustion Handbook
Book SynopsisDespite the length of time it has been around, its importance, and vast amounts of research, combustion is still far from being completely understood. Issues regarding the environment, cost, and fuel consumption add further complexity, particularly in the process and power generation industries. Dedicated to advancing the art and science of industrial combustion, The John Zink Hamworthy Combustion Handbook, Second Edition: Volume 3 Applications offers comprehensive, up-to-date coverage of equipment used in the process and power generation industries.Under the leadership of Charles E. Baukal, Jr., top engineers and technologists from John Zink Hamworthy Combustion examine industry applications such as process burners, boiler burners, process flares, thermal oxidizers, and vapor control. This volume builds on the concepts covered in the first two volumes and shows how they are used in combustion applications. The book also features a wealth of color illustratiTable of ContentsProcess Burners. Oil Burners. Burners and Combustion for Industrial and Utility Boilers. Duct Burners. Process Heaters. Air Heaters. Thermal Oxidizer Basics. Thermal Oxidizer Control and Configurations. Selected Pollution Control Equipment. Flares. Flare Ignition Systems. Biogas Flaring. Flare Gas Recovery. Hydrocarbon Vapor Control Technology. Marine and Offshore Applications. Index.
£147.25
Taylor & Francis Inc The Coen Hamworthy Combustion Handbook
Book SynopsisThe rigorous treatment of combustion can be so complex that the kinetic variables, fluid turbulence factors, luminosity, and other factors cannot be defined well enough to find realistic solutions. Simplifying the processes, The Coen & Hamworthy Combustion Handbook provides practical guidance to help you make informed choices about fuels, burners, and associated combustion equipmentand to clearly understand the impacts of the many variables. Editors Stephen B. Londerville and Charles E. Baukal, Jr, top combustion experts from John Zink Hamworthy Combustion and the Coen Company, supply a thorough, state-of-the-art overview of boiler burners that covers Coen, Hamworthy, and Todd brand boiler burners.A Refresher in Fundamentals and State-of-the-Art Solutions for Combustion System ProblemsRoughly divided into two parts, the book first reviews combustion engineering fundamentals. It then uses a building-block approach to present spTrade Review"I consider that the main strength of this book is the elaboration of both ... the theoretical and practical, to make it of great interest and relevance to practicing engineers. The language is simple and the arrangement of chapters is good, moving from theory to practice progressively. Besides various types of burners, all the associated equipment like fans, furnaces, controls, and safeties are all covered, making the topic complete. ... Designers, operators, consulting engineers and also students of heat power should find this book extremely useful."—Kumar Rayaprolu, author of Boilers: A Practical Reference and Boilers for Power and Process"I consider that the main strength of this book is the elaboration of both ... the theoretical and practical, to make it of great interest and relevance to practicing engineers. The language is simple and the arrangement of chapters is good, moving from theory to practice progressively. Besides various types of burners, all the associated equipment like fans, furnaces, controls, and safeties are all covered, making the topic complete. ... Designers, operators, consulting engineers and also students of heat power should find this book extremely useful."—Kumar Rayaprolu, author of Boilers: A Practical Reference and Boilers for Power and ProcessTable of ContentsIntroduction. Engineering Fundamentals. Combustion Fundamentals. Fuels. Oil Atomization. Solid Fuel Combustion in Suspension. Heat Transfer. Fundamentals of Fluid Dynamics. CFD-Based Combustion Modeling. Pollutant Emissions. Noise. Combustion Controls, Burner Management, and Safety Systems. Blowers for Combustion Systems. Burners and Combustion for Industrial and Utility Boilers. Duct Burners. Air Heaters. Marine and Offshore Applications. Appendices. Index.
£237.50
Springer Schlieren and Shadowgraph Methods in Heat and Mass Transfer
Book SynopsisOptical Methods - an Overview.- Laser Schlieren and Shadowgraph.- Rainbow Schlieren.- Principles of Tomography.- Validation Studies.- Closure.Table of ContentsOptical Methods - an Overview.- Laser Schlieren and Shadowgraph.- Rainbow Schlieren.- Principles of Tomography.- Validation Studies.- Closure.
£42.74
Taylor & Francis Inc Heat Transfer Enhancement with Nanofluids
Book Synopsis Nanofluids are gaining the attention of scientists and researchers around the world. This new category of heat transfer medium improves the thermal conductivity of fluid by suspending small solid particles within it and offers the possibility of increased heat transfer in a variety of applications. Bringing together expert contributions from across the globe, Heat Transfer Enhancement with Nanofluids presents a complete understanding of the application of nanofluids in a range of fields and explains the main techniques used in the analysis of nanofuids flow and heat transfer. Providing a rigorous framework to help readers develop devices employing nanofluids, the book addresses basic topics that include the analysis and measurements of thermophysical properties, convection, and heat exchanger performance. It explores the issues of convective instabilities, nanofluids in porous media, and entropy generation in nanofluids. The book also contains the latest Trade Review"… an excellent source of information for researchers and engineers to understand the application of heat transfer enhancement using nanofluids."—Heat Transfer Engineering, 2016"… an interesting journey in the area of nanofluids and covers almost all aspects starting with properties estimation methods and continuing with convection heat transfer particularities and special applications. … I found this book very useful for all professionals in the heat transfer enhancement area, with particular focus on nanofluids new capabilities."—Alina Adriana Minea, Technical University "Gheorghe Asachi" from Iasi, Romania"The topics covered in the "Heat Transfer Enhancement with Nanofluids" ma[t]ched the required information which students whom have not been exposed to Nanofluid area previously. The book includes numerous applications of nanofluids as different chapters which make it a good text book for engineers and researchers."—Dr Mohsen Sharifpur, Nanofluids Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria" an up-to-date and thought-provoking book on a rich but still evolving field of a considerable theoretical interest and possible future applications."—Gennady Ziskind, Dept. of Mech. Engineering, Ben-Gurion University"The 16 chapters collected in this book cover a broad range of fundamental and applied research on the heat transfer enhancement with nanofluids by theoretical, numerical and experimental studies, from scientific enquiries to practical applications. They disseminate the latest research discoveries and can serve as an important source of reference for fundamentals and applications of heat transfer in nanofluids. … highly recommended for students and professionals in mechanical, civil, environmental, energy, power, chemical, aerospace, and biomedical engineering."—Professor Liqiu Wang, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"I think that the present book should be in the shelf of all libraries of faculties or departments in which heat transfer researchers work."—Moghtada Mobedi, Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka UniversityTable of ContentsProperties of Nanofluid. Exact Solutions and Their Implications in Anomalous Heat Transfer. Mechanisms and Models of Thermal Conductivity in Nanofluids. Experimental Methods for the Characterization of Thermophysical Properties of Nanofluids. Nanofluid Forced Convection. Experimental Study of Convective Heat Transfer in Nanofluids. Performance of Heat Exchangers Using Nanofluids. Thermal Nanofluid Flow in Microchannels with Applications. Use of Nanofluids for Heat Transfer Enhancement in Mixed Convection. Buoyancy-Driven Convection of Enclosed Nanoparticle Suspensions. Modeling Convection in Nanofluids: From Clear Fluids to Porous Media. Convection and Instability Phenomena in Nanofluid-Saturated Porous Media. Nanofluid Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer. Heat Pipes and Thermosyphons Operated with Nanofluids. Entropy Generation Minimization in Nanofluid Flow. Gas-Based Nanofluids (Nanoaerosols). Index.
£185.25
Nova Science Publishers Inc Energy & Exergy Currents: An Introduction to
Book SynopsisEnergy & Exergy Currents An Introduction To Exergonomics.
£106.39
Nova Science Publishers Inc Recent Advances in Finite-Time Thermodynamics
Book SynopsisFinite-time thermodynamics (FTT) is one of the newest and most challenging areas in thermodynamics. The objective of this book is to provide results from research, which continues at an impressive rate. The authors make a concentrated effort to reach out and encourage academic and industrial participation in this book and to select papers that are relevant to current problems and practice. The numerous contributions from the international community are indicative of the continuing global interest in finite-time thermodynamics. All represent the newest developments in their respective areas.
£113.59
New Age International (UK) Ltd Steam Tables
Book Synopsis
£15.00
New Age International (UK) Ltd Fundamentals of Engineering Heat and Mass
Book Synopsis
£38.00
World Scientific Europe Ltd Stirling And Thermal-lag Engines: Motive Power
Book SynopsisExisting literature focuses on the alleged merits of the Stirling engine. These are indeed latent but, decades on, remain to be fully realised. This is despite the fact that Stirling and other closed-cycle prime-movers offer a contribution to an ultra-low carbon economy. By contrast with solar panels, the initial manufacture of Stirling engines makes no demands on scarce or exotic raw materials. Further, calculating embodied carbon per kWh favours the Stirling engine by a wide margin.However, the reader expecting to find the Stirling engine promoted as a panacea for energy problems may be surprised to find the reverse. Stirling and Thermal-Lag Engines reflects upon the fact that there is more to be gained by approaching its subject as a problem than as a solution. The Achilles heel of the Stirling engine is a low numerical value of specific work, defined as work per cycle per swept volume per unit of charge pressure and conventionally denoted Beale number NB. Measured values remain unimproved since 1818, quantified here for the first time at 2% of the NB of the modern internal combustion engine! The low figure is traced to incomplete utilisation of the working gas. Only a small percentage of the charge gas — if any — is processed through a complete cycle, i.e., between temperature extremes.The book offers ready-made tools including a simplified algorithm for particle trajectory map construction; an author-patented mechanism delivering optimised working-gas distribution; flow and heat transfer data re-acquired in context and an illustrated re-derivation of the academically respected Method of Characteristics which now copes with shock formation and flow-area discontinuities. All formulations are presented in sufficient detail to allow the reader to 'pick up and run' with them using the data offered in the book.The various strands are drawn together in a comprehensively engineered design of an internally focusing solar Stirling engine, presented in a form allowing a reader with access to basic machining facilities to construct one.The sun does not always shine. But neither will the oil always flow. This new title offers an entrée to technology appropriate to the 21st century.
£121.50
WIT Press Plate Heat Exchangers: Design, Applications and Performance
Book SynopsisHeat exchangers are important, and used frequently in the processing, heat and power, air-conditioning and refrigeration, heat recovery, transportation and manufacturing industries. Such equipment is also important in electronics cooling and for environmental issues like thermal pollution, waste disposal and sustainable development. The present book concerns plate heat exchangers (PHEs), which are one of the most common types in practice. The overall objectives are to present comprehensive descriptions of such heat exchangers and their advantages and limitations, to provide in-depth thermal and hydraulic design theory for PHEs, and to present state-of-the-art knowledge.The book starts with a general introduction and historical background to PHEs, then discusses construction and operation (PHE types, plate pattern, etc.) and gives examples of PHEs in different application areas. Material issues (plates, gaskets, brazing materials) and manufacturing methods are also treated.The major part of the book concerns the basic design methods for both single-phase and two-phase flow cases, various flow arrangements, thermal-hydraulic performance in single-phase flow and for PHEs operating as condensers and evaporators. Fouling problems are also discussed and in a section on extended design and operation issues, modern Research and Development (R & D) tools like computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods are discussed. Unique features for PHEs are discussed throughout.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Basic features and development of plate heat exchangersIntroduction; Historical background; Basic principle; General characteristicsChapter 2: Construction and operationGasketed heat exchanger; Evolution of plate heat exchangers; Operation and selectionChapter 3: Industrial applicationsFood processing; Air-conditioning and refrigeration systems; Service heating and cogeneration; Offshore gas and oil applications; Marine applications; Chemical processing; Pulp and paper industry applications; Solar energy applications; Closing remarksChapter 4: Materials and manufacturingPlate material; Gasket material; ManufacturingChapter 5: Basic design methodsIntroduction; Basic energy balance and design equations; Thermal design methods; Hydrodynamic design methods; Variable overall heat transfer coefficient; Thermal mixingChapter 6: Single- and multi-pass flow arrangementFlow arrangement and distribution; Pass arrangement classification; General thermal model; Performance comparison; Guidelines of pass selection; Correction factors and effectivenessChapter 7: Thermal-hydraulic performance in single-phase flowsIntroduction; Chevron-plate performance literature; Thermal-hydraulic characteristics; Heat transfer enhancementChapter 8: Thermal-hydraulic performance in condensers and evaporatorsFlow patterns; Performance of plate condensers; Performance of plate evaporatorsChapter 9: Fouling, corrosion, and erosionFouling; Corrosion; ErosionChapter 10: Extended design and operation issuesFlow distribution; Numerical prediction of performance; Multi-stream plate heat exchangers; Dynamic behaviour; Future developments
£124.45
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Essential Classical Thermodynamics
Book SynopsisThis book is a concise, readable, yet authoritative primer of basic classic thermodynamics. Many students have difficulty with thermodynamics, and find at some stage of their careers in academia or industry that they have forgotten what they learned, or never really understood these fundamental physical laws. As the title of the book suggests, the author has distilled the subject down to its essentials, using many simple and clear illustrations, instructive examples, and key equations and simple derivations to elucidate concepts. Based on many years of teaching experience at the undergraduate and graduate levels, “Essential Classical Thermodynamics” is intended to provide a positive learning experience, and to empower the reader to explore the many possibilities for applying thermodynamics in other fields of science, engineering, and even economics where energy plays a central role. Thermodynamics is fun when you understand it!Table of ContentsChapter1: An introduction to thermodynamics and the first law.- Chapter2: The second and third laws.- Chapter3: Gibbs and Helmholtz free energies.- Chapter4: A comprehensive view of the state functions including Maxwell’s relations.- Chapter5: Chemical potential and partial molar properties.- Chapter6: One component systems: transitions and phase diagrams.- Chapter7: Solutions, phase-separated systems colligative properties and phase diagrams.- Chapter8: Chemical equilibrium.- Chapter9: Thermodynamics problems.- Chapter10: Solutions to problems.- Chapter11: Mathematics useful for the thermodynamics.
£47.49
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Lectures in Classical Thermodynamics with an
Book SynopsisThis textbook facilitates students’ ability to apply fundamental principles and concepts in classical thermodynamics to solve challenging problems relevant to industry and everyday life. It also introduces the reader to the fundamentals of statistical mechanics, including understanding how the microscopic properties of atoms and molecules, and their associated intermolecular interactions, can be accounted for to calculate various average properties of macroscopic systems. The author emphasizes application of the fundamental principles outlined above to the calculation of a variety of thermodynamic properties, to the estimation of conversion efficiencies for work production by heat interactions, and to the solution of practical thermodynamic problems related to the behavior of non-ideal pure fluids and fluid mixtures, including phase equilibria and chemical reaction equilibria. The book contains detailed solutions to many challenging sample problems in classical thermodynamics and statistical mechanics that will help the reader crystallize the material taught. Class-tested and perfected over 30 years of use by nine-time Best Teaching Award recipient Professor Daniel Blankschtein of the Department of Chemical Engineering at MIT, the book is ideal for students of Chemical and Mechanical Engineering, Chemistry, and Materials Science, who will benefit greatly from in-depth discussions and pedagogical explanations of key concepts. Distills critical concepts, methods, and applications from leading full-length textbooks, along with the author’s own deep understanding of the material taught, into a concise yet rigorous graduate and advanced undergraduate text; Enriches the standard curriculum with succinct, problem-based learning strategies derived from the content of 50 lectures given over the years in the Department of Chemical Engineering at MIT; Reinforces concepts covered with detailed solutions to illuminating and challenging homework problems. Table of ContentsLecture 1:Book Overview.- Lecture 2:Basic Concepts and Definitions.- Lecture 3:First Law - Closed Systems: Derivation.- Lecture 4:First Law - Closed Systems: Derivation, Solution to Sample Problem 1.- Lecture 5:First Law - Closed Systems: Solution to Sample Problem 1, Continued.- Lecture 6:First Law - Open Systems: Derivation, Solution to Sample Problem 2.- Lecture 7:Second-Law Concepts.- Lecture 8:Heat Engine, Carnot Efficiency.- Lecture 9:Entropy, Reversibility.- Lecture 10:The Second Law of Thermodynamics, Maximum Work.- Lecture 11:The Combined First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics, Availability.- Lecture 12:Flow Work, Solution to Sample Problem 3.- Lecture 13:Fundamental Equations.- Lecture 14:Manipulation of Partial Derivatives.- Lecture 15:Gibbs Free Energy Formulation.- Lecture 16:Evaluation of Thermodynamic Data.- Lecture 17:Equation of State (EOS), Binodal, Spinodal, Critical Point.- Lecture 18:Principle of Corresponding States.- Lecture 19:Departure Functions.- Lecture 20:Review for Part I.- .- Lecture 21:Extensive and Intensive Mixture Properties, Partial Molar Properties.- Lecture 22:Generalized Gibbs-Duhem Relations for Mixtures, Calculation of Partial Molar Properties.- Lecture 23:Mixture EOS, Mixture Departure Functions, Ideal-Gas Mixtures, Ideal Solutions.- Lecture 24:Mixing Functions, Excess Functions.- Lecture 25:Fugacity, Fugacity Coefficient.- Lecture 26:Activity, Activity Coefficient.- Lecture 27:Criteria of Phase Equilibria, Gibbs Phase Rule.- Lecture 28:Applications of the Gibbs Phase Rule, Azeotrope.- Lecture 29:Differential Approach to Phase Equilibria, Pressure-Temperature-Composition Relations, Clausius-Clapeyron Equation.- Lecture 30:Integral Approach to Phase Equilibria, Composition Models.- Lecture 31:Chemical Equilibria: Stoichiometric Formulation.- Lecture 32:Equilibrium Constants for Gas-Phase and Condensed-Phase Reactions.- Lecture 33:Response of Chemical Reactions to Temperature, Le Chatelier’s Principle.- Lecture 34:Response of Chemical Reactions to Pressure, Applications.- Lecture 35:Gibbs Phase Rule for Chemically- Reacting Systems, Applications.- Lecture 36:Effect of Chemical Equilibrium on Thermodynamic Properties.- Lecture 37:Review for Part II.- Lecture 38:Quantum Statistical Mechanics, Canonical Ensemble, Probability and the Boltzmann Factor, Canonical Partition Function.- Lecture 39:Calculation of Thermodynamic Properties from the Canonical Partition Function, Treatment of Distinguishable and Indistinguishable Molecules.- Lecture 40:Translational, Vibrational, Rotational, and Electronic Partition Functions of Ideal Gases.- Lecture 41:Calculation of Thermodynamic Properties of Ideal Gases from the Partition Functions.- Lecture 42:Microcanonical Ensemble, Statistical Mechanical Definition and Interpretation of Entropy and Work.- Lecture 43:Statistical Mechanical Interpretation of the First, Second, and Third Laws of Thermodynamics.- .- Lecture 44:Grand Canonical Ensemble, Statistical Fluctuations.- Lecture 45:Classical Statistical Mechanics.- Lecture 46:Configurational Integral, Statistical Mechanical Derivation of the Virial Equation of State.- Lecture 47:Virial Coefficients in the Classical Limit, Statistical Mechanical Derivation of the van der Waals Equation of State.- Lecture 48:Statistical Mechanical Treatment of Chemical Equilibrium.- Lecture 49:Statistical Mechanical Treatment of Binary Mixtures.- Lecture 50:Review for Part III and Book Overview.
£75.99
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Building Physics: From physical principles to
Book SynopsisThis book offers a comprehensive presentation of the most important phenomena in building physics: heat transfer, moisture/humidity, sound/acoustics and illumination. As the book is primarily aimed at engineers, it addresses technical issues with the necessary pragmatism and incorporates many practical examples and related international standards. In order to ensure a complete understanding, it also explains the underlying physical principles and relates them to practical aspects in a simple and clear manner. The relationships between the various phenomena of building physics are clarified through consistent cross-referencing of formulas and ideas. The second edition features both new and revised sections on topics such as energy balance, solar gain, ventilation, road traffic and daylighting and takes into account new developments in international standards. It newly features almost 200 illustrations and 21 videos worth of supplementary material. The book is primarily aimed at students of civil engineering and architecture, as well as scientists and practitioners in these fields who wish to deepen or broaden their knowledge of topics within building physics.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Basics of thermodynamics.- Heat transfer.- Heat transfer in building components.- Moisture in building components.- Basics of waves.- Sound propagation.- Building acoustics.- Illumination.- Appendix A.- Tables.- Bibliography.- Index.
£52.24
