Engineering thermodynamics Books
Springer Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of Superfluid Helium and Quantum Turbulence
Book Synopsis.- Introduction.- The two-fluid model of superfluid hydrodynamics.- The one-fluid extended model.- Superfluid hydrodynamics in rotating systems.- Turbulence in superfluids.- Coupled heat and vortex flows.- Coupling between mass flow, heat flux and vortices.- Microscopic approach to Helium II.- Quantized vortices.- Classical vs quantum turbulence.- Thermodynamics of vortex tangles and of cosmic strings.- Perspectives and suggestions.
£71.24
Springer Introduction to Rocket Propulsion for Astronautics
Book SynopsisIntroduction to Rocket Propulsion and Astronautics.- Rocket Propulsion Fundamentals.- From Earth to Orbit and Spaceflight Maneuvering.- Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines.- Solid Propellant Rocket Propulsion.
£34.99
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Advances in Computational Heat and Mass Transfer II
£170.99
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Advances in Computational Heat and Mass Transfer II
£170.99
De Gruyter Thermodynamics of Biological Processes
Table of ContentsFrontmatter -- List of authors -- Preface -- Contents -- I. General Problems of Biological Thermodynamics -- Introduction -- Application of the Concepts of Classical Thermodynamics in Biology -- The Second Law, Negentropy, Thermodynamics of Linear Irreversible Processes -- Formalism of Non-Equilibrium Phenomenolagical Thermodynamics -- II. Qualitative Phenomenological Theory of the Development of Organisms -- Introduction -- Experimental Basis for Qualitative Phenomenological Theory of Development -- Theoretical Basis for a Qualitative Phenomenological Theory of Development -- Stochastic Consideration of Constitutive Processes and of the Evolution Criterion -- Strengthened Evolution Criterion in Developmental Biology -- III. Quantitative Phenomenological Theory of Development of Organisms -- Introduction -- Non-Linear Phenomenological Equations -- Differential Equations of Developmental Biology -- Computer Analysis of Non-Linear Growth Equations -- Modern Theories Concerning the Growth Equations -- IV. Heat Production of Living Systems -- Introduction -- Heat Production in Life Processes -- The Change of ?? the Function During the Growth of Microbial Cultures -- Changes of ?? and ?? Functions During Oogenesis of Xenopus Laevis -- Heat Production and Respiration During Development and Growth of two Insects -- Heat Production and Respiration of Axolotle at the Early Stages of Growth -- Relationship Between Heat Production and Body Weight in Growing Organisms -- V. Some Problems of Energetics of Developmental Processes -- Introduction -- Changes in Mitochondria During Development and Growth of Animals -- The Role of Mitochondria in Regulation of Respiration During Oogenesis -- The Energetics of Regeneration Processes -- VI. Dissipative Structures -- Introduction -- Review of the Theory of Dissipative Structures -- Stationary Dissipative Structures -- Dynamic Dissipative Structures -- Dissipative Structures and ?? Function -- The Role of Cyclization of Free Energy in Bio-Physico-Chemical Processes -- VII. Probability State and Orderliness of Biological Systems -- Introduction -- Possible Mechanism of the Origin of Bacteria -- Direction of the Evolutionary Progress of Organisms -- Criterion of Orderliness and some Problems of Taxonomy -- The Questions of Non-Linearity for Using Criterion of Orderliness -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Index -- Backmatter
£172.90
De Gruyter Chemical Reaction Technology
Book SynopsisThe book discusses the sciences of operations, converting raw materials into desired products on an industrial scale by applying chemical transformations and other industrial technologies. Basics of chemical technology combining chemistry, physical transport, unit operations and chemical reactors are thoroughly prepared for an easy understanding.
£63.18
De Gruyter Process Engineering: Addressing the Gap between Study and Chemical Industry
Book Synopsis"Reading the book, you can feel the long practical experience of the author. The text is easy to read, even where concepts can be complex. The strong theoretical background of the author is well known from other publications. In this book, however, the topics are presented on a level that every engineer and scientist in the chemical industry and process industry should know and can understand... This book would have been very helpful at the beginning of my career to close the addressed gap. Therefore, I can strongly recommend it not only to all students close to their degree, but also to engineers and scientists just starting their industrial career in the related industrial sectors that are subsumed under the term process industry (chemical or petrochemical industry, pharmaceutical industry, food industry, biochemical industry, environmental technology, etc.). The book is like an investment. Doing a better job and getting a better job evaluation might pay for the book …" Prof. Dr.-Ing. Claus Fleischer, Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences Process Engineering is based on almost 30 years of practical experience of the author in process simulation, design and development. The book is a missing link between students and practitioners. The author has coached many graduates in their first months and knows what the typical questions are. Coming from the university, graduates often do not know which relevance their knowledge has and how to apply it in real life, whereas established practitioners often stick to the narrow way of their experience, forgetting that science continuously makes progress. There is a gap to be bridged. From his own professional experience, the author covers many topics of the process engineering business, but three guest contributions are a valuable supplement to the content of the third edition. Already in the 2nd edition, Verena Haas from BASF SE wrote an excellent chapter on dynamic process simulation. For the new 3rd edition, Gökce Adali and Michael Benje added two chapters on digitalization and patents, respectively. Preparing the reader for the everyday business!
£86.45
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Hypoelliptic Estimates and Spectral Theory for Fokker-Planck Operators and Witten Laplacians
Book SynopsisThere has recently been a renewal of interest in Fokker-Planck operators, motivated by problems in statistical physics, in kinetic equations, and differential geometry. Compared to more standard problems in the spectral theory of partial differential operators, those operators are not self-adjoint and only hypoelliptic. The aim of the analysis is to give, as generally as possible, an accurate qualitative and quantitative description of the exponential return to the thermodynamical equilibrium. While exploring and improving recent results in this direction, this volume proposes a review of known techniques on: the hypoellipticity of polynomial of vector fields and its global counterpart, the global Weyl-Hörmander pseudo-differential calculus, the spectral theory of non-self-adjoint operators, the semi-classical analysis of Schrödinger-type operators, the Witten complexes, and the Morse inequalities.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews of the first edition: "The aim of this text is to give an account of how the known techniques from partial differential equations and spectral theory can be applied for the analysis of Fokker-Plank operators or Witten Laplacians … . This synthetic text is very challenging and useful for researchers in partial differential equations, probability theory and mathematical physics." (Viorel Iftimie, Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 1072, 2005)Table of Contents1. Introduction.- 2. Kohn's Proof of the Hypoellipticity of the Hörmander Operators.- 3. Compactness Criteria for the Resolvent of Schrödinger Operators.- 4. Global Pseudo-differential Calculus.- 5. Analysis of some Fokker-Planck Operator.- 6. Return to Equillibrium for the Fokker-Planck Operator.- 7. Hypoellipticity and nilpotent groups.- 8. Maximal Hypoellipticity for Polynomial of Vector Fields and Spectral Byproducts.- 9. On Fokker-Planck Operators and Nilpotent Techniques.- 10. Maximal Microhypoellipticity for Systems and Applications to Witten Laplacians.- 11. Spectral Properties of the Witten-Laplacians in Connection with Poincaré inequalities for Laplace Integrals.- 12. Semi-classical Analysis for the Schrödinger Operator: Harmonic Approximation.- 13. Decay of Eigenfunctions and Application to the Splitting.- 14. Semi-classical Analysis and Witten Laplacians: Morse Inequalities.- 15. Semi-classical Analysis and Witten Laplacians: Tunneling Effects.- 16. Accurate Asymptotics for the Exponentially Small Eigenvalues of the Witten Laplacian.- 17. Application to the Fokker-Planck Equation.- 18. Epilogue.- References.- Index.
£44.99
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG A History of Thermodynamics: The Doctrine of
Book SynopsisThis book offers an easy to read, all-embracing history of thermodynamics. It describes the long development of thermodynamics, from the misunderstood and misinterpreted to the conceptually simple and extremely useful theory that we know today. Coverage identifies not only the famous physicists who developed the field, but also engineers and scientists from other disciplines who helped in the development and spread of thermodynamics as well.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: "Müller … summarizes the historical development of thermodynamic concepts, going into great depth to detail how certain discoveries were interconnected and how numerous researchers developed these theories based on current available knowledge. … Readers will appreciate how researchers in the 19th century had to develop basic concepts … . Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals." (H. Giesche, CHOICE, Vol. 45 (2), 2007) "An exhaustive history and presentation of current state of research in the subject of thermodynamics. … This book is too good … . The author is an important leader in this field, with most impressive record of research publications. This is a great book, which should be in the library of any scientist interested in thermodynamics. It is easy to read … . It contains a lot of information about thermodynamics, certainly the history, and biographies of prominent creators of our knowledge." (Vadim Komkov, Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 1131 (9), 2008)Table of ContentsTemperature.- Energy.- Entropy.- Entropy as S = k ln W.- Chemical Potentials.- Third Law of Thermodynamics.- Radiation Thermodynamics.- Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes.- Fluctuations.- Relativistic Thermodynamics.- Metabolism.
£142.49
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Introduction to Physics and Chemistry of Combustion: Explosion, Flame, Detonation
Book SynopsisMost of the material covered in this book deals with the fundamentals of chemistry and physics of key processes and fundamental mechanisms for various combustion and combustion related phenomena in gaseous combustible mixture. It provides the reader with basic knowledge of burning processes and mechanisms of reaction wave propagation. The combustion of a gas mixture (flame, explosion, detonation) is necessarily accompanied by motion of the gas. The process of combustion is therefore not only a chemical phenomenon but also one of gas dynamics. The material selection focuses on the gas phase and with premixed gas combustion. Premixed gas combustion is of practical importance in engines, modern gas turbine and explosions, where the fuel and air are essentially premixed, and combustion occurs by the propagation of a front separating unburned mixture from fully burned mixture. Since premixed combustion is the most fundamental and potential for practical applications, the emphasis in the present work is be placed on regimes of premixed combustion. This text is intended for graduate students of different specialties, including physics, chemistry, mechanical engineering, computer science, mathematics and astrophysics. Trade ReviewAus den Rezensionen: "Das vorliegende Buch richtet sich vor allem an ‘Graduate Students’, also an Studierende, die bereits mindestens einen Bachelorabschluss ... haben. ... Wer sich durch den 360-seitigen Text durcharbeitet, bekommt auf jeden Fall eine hervorragende Einführung in die Komplexität von Verbrennungsprozessen von Gasmischungen. ... Gut ist sicher, dass jedes Kapitel am Ende einige Aufgaben enthält … Das Buch liefert insgesamt eine sehr gute Einführung in das Thema und fundierte Kenntnisse auf dem Gebiet der Physik, speziell der Gasdynamik für Verbrennungsprozesse von Gasmischungen." (Thomas M. Klapötke, in: Nachrichtenb aus der Chemie, 2009, Vol. 57, Issue 1, S. 60 f.)Table of ContentsBasic Concepts of Thermodynamics.- Chemical Thermodynamics.- Combustion Chemistry.- Self-Accelerating Reactions, Explosions.- Velocity and Temperature of Laminar Flames.- to Hydrodynamics of Ideal Fluids.- Energy Dissipation in Gases and Liquids.- Detonation and Shock Waves.- Hydrodynamics of Propagating Flame.- Regimes of Premixed Flames.- Internal Combustion Engines.- Combustion and Environmental Concerns.
£103.99
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Non-Equilibrium Reacting Gas Flows: Kinetic Theory of Transport and Relaxation Processes
Book SynopsisIn the present monograph, we develop the kinetic theory of transport phenomena and relaxation processes in the flows of reacting gas mixtures and discuss its applications to strongly non-equilibrium conditions. The main attention is focused on the influence of non-equilibrium kinetics on gas dynamics and transport properties. Closed systems of fluid dynamic equations are derived from the kinetic equations in different approaches. We consider the most accurate approach taking into account the state-to-state kinetics in a flow, as well as simplified multi-temperature and one-temperature models based on quasi-stationary distributions. Within these approaches, we propose the algorithms for the calculation of the transport coefficients and rate coefficients of chemical reactions and energy exchanges in non-equilibrium flows; the developed techniques are based on the fundamental kinetic theory principles. The theory is applied to the modeling of non-equilibrium flows behind strong shock waves, in the boundary layer, and in nozzles. The comparison of the results obtained within the frame of different approaches is presented, the advantages of the new state-to-state kinetic model are discussed, and the limits of validity for simplified models are established. The book can be interesting for scientists and graduate students working on physical gas dynamics, aerothermodynamics, heat and mass transfer, non-equilibrium physical-chemical kinetics, and kinetic theory of gases.Table of ContentsKinetic Equations and Method of Small Parameter.- State-to-State Approach.- Multi-Temperature Models in Transport and Relaxation Theory.- One-Temperature Model for Chemically Non-equilibrium Gas Mixtures.- Algorithms for the Calculation of Transport Coefficients.- Reaction Rate Coefficients.- Non-equilibrium Kinetics and its Influence on the Transport Processes Behind Strong Shock Waves.- Heat Transfer and Diffusion in a Non-equilibrium Boundary Layer.- Non-equilibrium Kinetics and Its Influence on the Parameters of Nozzle Flows.
£152.05
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Operation of a Cryogenic Rocket Engine: An
Book SynopsisThis book presents the operational aspects of the rocket engine on a test facility. It will be useful to engineers and scientists who are in touch with the test facility. To aerospace students it shall provide an insight of the job on the test facility. And to interested readers it shall provide an impression of this thrilling area of aerospace.Table of ContentsOperational Aspects of the Rocket Engine and the Test Facility.- Test Periods.- Engine Test.- Bench Systems.- Simulation of Flight Conditions.- Test Procedures.- Safety.- Documents.
£123.49
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Introduction to Modeling and Control of Internal
Book SynopsisInternal combustion engines (ICE) still have potential for substantial improvements, particularly with regard to fuel efficiency and environmental compatibility. In order to fully exploit the remaining margins, increasingly sophisticated control systems have to be applied. This book offers an introduction to cost-effective model-based control-system design for ICE. The primary emphasis is put on the ICE and its auxiliary devices. Mathematical models for these processes are developed and solutions for selected feedforward and feedback control-problems are presented. The discussions concerning pollutant emissions and fuel economy of ICE in automotive applications constantly intensified since the first edition of this book was published. Concerns about the air quality, the limited resources of fossil fuels and the detrimental effects of greenhouse gases exceedingly spurred the interest of both the industry and academia in further improvements. The most important changes and additions included in this second edition are: restructured and slightly extended section on superchargers, short subsection on rotational oscillations and their treatment on engine test-benches, complete section on modeling, detection, and control of engine knock, improved physical and chemical model for the three-way catalytic converter, new methodology for the design of an air-to-fuel ratio controller, short introduction to thermodynamic engine-cycle calculation and corresponding control-oriented aspects.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: "The topic of this book is modeling and control of internal combustion engines for automotive applications. … In summary, this book is an essential text for anyone interested in engine control design. It seems appropriate for a graduate-level course in particular, for students with some control background. According to the authors, the book is intended for students … . I would also like to add that engine control practitioners can also learn a lot from this book … ." (Mrdjan Jankovic, IEEE Control Systems Magazine, December 2005)Table of ContentsMean-Value Models.- Discrete-Event Models.- Control of Engine Systems.
£104.49
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Handbook for Heat Exchangers and Tube Banks design
Book SynopsisThe recently published book by the author, "Engineering Heat Transfer", already dealt with exact computation of heat exchangers and tube banks. In design c- putationthisisaccomplishedviacorrectivefactors;thelattermakesitpossibleto compute the actual mean temperature difference by starting from the logarithmic onerelativeto?uidsinparallel?oworcounter?ow. As far as veri?cation computation is concerned, corrective factors were int- ducedtocomputeacertaincharacteristicfactorcorrectly,asisfundamentalforthis typeofcomputation. Basedontheabove,theauthordecidedtoinvestigatefurther,re?ne,andwiden thistopic:theoutcomeofthisworkhasresultedinthishandbook. Newtypesofexchangerswereexamined;thecalculationwasre?nedtoproduce practicallyexactvaluesforthefactors. Thescopeoftheinvestigationwasincreased by widening the range of the starting factors. Furthermore, a greater number of valuestobeincludedinthetableswasconsidered. Finally,afewcharacteristicsof certainvaluesofthecorrectivefactorswerehighlighted. The?rstsectionisanintroduction;itsummarizesthefundamentalcriteriaofheat transferandproceedstoillustratethebehaviorof?uidsinbothparallelandcounter ?ow. Italsoshowshowtocomputethemeanisobaricspeci?cheatforsome? uids; itillustratesthesigni?canceofdesigncomputationandveri?cationcomputation. In addition,itillustrateshowtoproceedwithheatexchangersandtubebankstocarry outbothdesignandveri?cationcomputationcorrectly. AppendixAthenincludes36tablesasareferencefordesigncomputation,The tablescontainthecorrectivefactorsrequiredtoobtaintheactualmeantemperature differencebystartingfromthemeanlogarithmictemperaturedifferencerelativeto ?uidsinparallel?oworcounter?ow. Finally, Appendix B includes 35 tables for veri?cation computation. As far as heatexchangers areconcerned, itshowsthevaluesoffactor ? whichisrequired forthistypeofcomputation. Thevaluesofthecorrectivefactorsforcoilsandtube banksarealsopresented. Milano,Italy DonatelloAnnaratone v Notation c=speci?cheat(J/kgK) d=diameter(m) E=ef?ciencyfactor h=enthalpy(kJ/kg) k=thermalconductivity(W/mK) M=mass?owrate(kg/s) m=massmoisturepercentage(%) q=heatpertimeunit(W) 2 S=surface(m ) ? t=temperature( C) 2 U=overallheattransfercoef?cient(W/m K) x=thickness(m) 2 ? =heattransfercoef?cient(W/m K) ? =characteristicfactor ? =characteristicfactor ? =ef?ciency ? =correctivefactor ? =correctivefactor ? =characteristicfactor ? ?t =temperaturedifference( C) vii viii Notation Superscripts =heating?uid =heated?uid Subscripts c=counter?ow e=exchanger i=inside l=logarithmic m=mean o=outside p=constantpressure(isobaric),parallel?ow w=wall 1=inlet(forheatingorheated?uid) 2=outlet(forheatingorheated?uid) Contents 1 Introduction to Computation ...1 1. 1 GeneralConsiderations ...1 1. 2 MeanIsobaricSpeci?cHeat ...3 1. 2. 1 WaterandSuperheatedSteam ...4 1. 2. 2 AirandOtherGases...4 2 Design Computation...7 2. 1 Introduction ...7 2. 2 FluidsinParallelFloworinCounterFlow ...8 2. 3 TheMeanDifferenceinTemperatureinReality ...12 2. 3. 1 FluidsinCrossFlow...14 2. 3. 2 HeatExchangers...15 2. 3. 3 Coils...19 2. 3. 4 TubeBankswithVariousPassagesoftheExternalFluid . 21 3 Veri?cation Computation ...25 3. 1 Introduction ...25 3. 2 FluidsinParallelFloworinCounterFlow ...25 3. 3 Factor?inRealCases...33 3. 3. 1 FluidswithCrossFlow ...Table of Contentsto Computation.- Design Computation.- Verification Computation.
£113.99
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG Vehicle Propulsion Systems: Introduction to Modeling and Optimization
Book SynopsisThis text provides an introduction to the mathematical modeling and subsequent optimization of vehicle propulsion systems and their supervisory control algorithms.Automobiles are responsible for a substantial part of the world's consumption of primary energy, mostly fossil liquid hydrocarbons and the reduction of the fuel consumption of these vehicles has become a top priority. Increasing concerns over fossil fuel consumption and the associated environmental impacts have motivated many groups in industry and academia to propose new propulsion systems and to explore new optimization methodologies. This third edition has been prepared to include many of these developments.In the third edition, exercises are included at the end of each chapter and the solutions are available on the web.Table of ContentsVehicle Energy and Fuel Consumption - Basic Concepts.- IC-Engine-Based Propulsion Systems.- Electric and Hybrid-Electric Propulsion Systems.- Non-electric Hybrid Propulsion Systems.- Fuel-Cell Propulsion Systems.- Supervisory Control Algorithms.
£54.99
Taylor & Francis Inc Thermodynamic Cycles ComputerAided Design and
Book SynopsisThis reference illustrates the efficacy of CyclePad software for enhanced simulation of thermodynamic devices and cycles. It improves thermodynamic studies by reducing calculation time, ensuring design accuracy, and allowing for case-specific analyses. Offering a wide-range of pedagogical aids, chapter summaries, review problems, and worked examples, this reference offers a user-friendly and effective approach to thermodynamic processes and computer-based experimentation and design. Thermodynamic Cycles allows students to change any parameter and understand its effect on device performance, run experiments and investigate results, and run valuable sensitivity and cost-benefit analyses.Table of ContentsThermodynamic concepts: intelligent computer-aided software; review of thermodynamic concepts; thermodynamic cyclic systems; cycles; Carnot cycle; Carnot corollaries. Vapour cycles: Carnot vapour cycle; basic Rankine vapour cycle; improvements toRankine cycle; actual Rankine cycle; reheat Rankine cycle; regenerative Rankine cycle; low-temperature Rankine cycles; solar heat engines; geothermal heat engines; ocean thermal energy conversion; solar point heat engine; waste heat engine; vapour cycleworking fluids; kaline cycle; non-azeotropic mixture; Rankine cycle; super-critical cycle; design examples. Gas closed system cycles: Otto cycle; diesel cycle; Atkinson cycle; dual cycle; Lenoir cycle; Stirling cycle; Miller cycle; Wicks cycle; Ralliscycle; design examples. Gas open system cycles: Brayton or Joule cycle; split-shaft gas turbine cycle; improvement to Brayton cycle; reheat and inter-cool Brayton cycle; regenerative Brayton cycle; bleed air Brayton cycle; Feher cycle; Ericsson cycle;Braysson cycle; steam infection gas turbine cycle; Field cycle; Wicks cycle; ice cycle; design examples. Combines cycle and co-generation; combined cycle; triple cycle in series; triple cycle in parallel; cascaded cycle; Brayton/Rankine combined cycle;Brayton/Brayton combined cycle; Rankine/Rankine combined cycle; field cycleo co-generation; design examples. Refrigeration and heat pump open system cycles: Carnot refrigeration and heat pump cycle; basic vapour refrigeration cycle; actual vapourrefrigeration cycle; basic vapour heat pump cycle; actual vapour heat pump cycle working fluids for vapour refrigeration and heat pump systems; cascade and multi-stage vapour refrigeration cycles; domestic refrigerator-freezer and air conditioning-heatpump systems; absorption air-conditioning; Brayton gas refrigeration cycle; Stirling refrigeration cycle; Ericsson refrigeration cycle; liquefaction of gases; non-azeotropic mixture refrigeration cycle; design examples. Finite time thermodynamics: h
£237.50
Maney Publishing The SGTE Casebook
Book SynopsisThe Scientific Group Thermodata Europe (SGTE) is a consortium involved in the development and application of thermodynamic databanks for materials such as metals. Building on SGTE research, the second edition of this standard reference presents thermodynamic calculations as the basic tools in developing and optimizing various materials and processes. The SGTE Casebook: Thermodynamics at Work, Second Edition shows how this data can optimize the production and quality of steel and other alloys. The book explores phases stable at equilibrium as well as their amounts and compositions, and provides information about the degree of instability of the phases not present at equilibrium
£99.75
Taylor & Francis Inc The John Zink Hamworthy Combustion Handbook
Book SynopsisDespite the length of time it has been around, its importance, and vast amounts of research, combustion is still far from being completely understood. Issues regarding the environment, cost, and fuel consumption add further complexity, particularly in the process and power generation industries. Dedicated to advancing the art and science of industrial combustion, The John Zink Hamworthy Combustion Handbook, Second Edition: Volume 2 Design and Operations serves as a field manual for operators, engineers, and managers working in design and operations. Under the leadership of Charles E. Baukal, Jr., top engineers and technologists from John Zink Hamworthy Combustion examine equipment design and operations in the context of the process and power generation industries. Coverage includes testing, installation, maintenance, and troubleshooting. This second volume features color illustrations and photographs throughout, and extensive appendices contain property dataTable of ContentsSafety. Combustion Controls. Blowers for Combustion Systems. Metallurgy. Refractory for Combustion Systems. Burner Design. Combustion Diagnostics. Burner Testing. Flare Testing. Thermal Oxidizer Testing. Burner Installation and Maintenance. Burner/Heater Operations. Burner Troubleshooting. Flare Operations and Troubleshooting. Thermal Oxidizer Installation and Maintenance. Thermal Oxidizer Operations and Troubleshooting. Appendix A: Units and Conversions. Appendix B: Physical Properties of Materials. Appendix C: Properties of Gasses and Liquids. Appendix D: Properties of Solids. Index.
£147.25
Taylor & Francis Inc The John Zink Hamworthy Combustion Handbook
Book SynopsisDespite the length of time it has been around, its importance, and vast amounts of research, combustion is still far from being completely understood. Issues regarding the environment, cost, and fuel consumption add further complexity, particularly in the process and power generation industries. Dedicated to advancing the art and science of industrial combustion, The John Zink Hamworthy Combustion Handbook, Second Edition: Volume 3 Applications offers comprehensive, up-to-date coverage of equipment used in the process and power generation industries.Under the leadership of Charles E. Baukal, Jr., top engineers and technologists from John Zink Hamworthy Combustion examine industry applications such as process burners, boiler burners, process flares, thermal oxidizers, and vapor control. This volume builds on the concepts covered in the first two volumes and shows how they are used in combustion applications. The book also features a wealth of color illustratiTable of ContentsProcess Burners. Oil Burners. Burners and Combustion for Industrial and Utility Boilers. Duct Burners. Process Heaters. Air Heaters. Thermal Oxidizer Basics. Thermal Oxidizer Control and Configurations. Selected Pollution Control Equipment. Flares. Flare Ignition Systems. Biogas Flaring. Flare Gas Recovery. Hydrocarbon Vapor Control Technology. Marine and Offshore Applications. Index.
£147.25
Taylor & Francis Inc The Coen Hamworthy Combustion Handbook
Book SynopsisThe rigorous treatment of combustion can be so complex that the kinetic variables, fluid turbulence factors, luminosity, and other factors cannot be defined well enough to find realistic solutions. Simplifying the processes, The Coen & Hamworthy Combustion Handbook provides practical guidance to help you make informed choices about fuels, burners, and associated combustion equipmentand to clearly understand the impacts of the many variables. Editors Stephen B. Londerville and Charles E. Baukal, Jr, top combustion experts from John Zink Hamworthy Combustion and the Coen Company, supply a thorough, state-of-the-art overview of boiler burners that covers Coen, Hamworthy, and Todd brand boiler burners.A Refresher in Fundamentals and State-of-the-Art Solutions for Combustion System ProblemsRoughly divided into two parts, the book first reviews combustion engineering fundamentals. It then uses a building-block approach to present spTrade Review"I consider that the main strength of this book is the elaboration of both ... the theoretical and practical, to make it of great interest and relevance to practicing engineers. The language is simple and the arrangement of chapters is good, moving from theory to practice progressively. Besides various types of burners, all the associated equipment like fans, furnaces, controls, and safeties are all covered, making the topic complete. ... Designers, operators, consulting engineers and also students of heat power should find this book extremely useful."—Kumar Rayaprolu, author of Boilers: A Practical Reference and Boilers for Power and Process"I consider that the main strength of this book is the elaboration of both ... the theoretical and practical, to make it of great interest and relevance to practicing engineers. The language is simple and the arrangement of chapters is good, moving from theory to practice progressively. Besides various types of burners, all the associated equipment like fans, furnaces, controls, and safeties are all covered, making the topic complete. ... Designers, operators, consulting engineers and also students of heat power should find this book extremely useful."—Kumar Rayaprolu, author of Boilers: A Practical Reference and Boilers for Power and ProcessTable of ContentsIntroduction. Engineering Fundamentals. Combustion Fundamentals. Fuels. Oil Atomization. Solid Fuel Combustion in Suspension. Heat Transfer. Fundamentals of Fluid Dynamics. CFD-Based Combustion Modeling. Pollutant Emissions. Noise. Combustion Controls, Burner Management, and Safety Systems. Blowers for Combustion Systems. Burners and Combustion for Industrial and Utility Boilers. Duct Burners. Air Heaters. Marine and Offshore Applications. Appendices. Index.
£237.50
Taylor & Francis Inc Heat Transfer Enhancement with Nanofluids
Book Synopsis Nanofluids are gaining the attention of scientists and researchers around the world. This new category of heat transfer medium improves the thermal conductivity of fluid by suspending small solid particles within it and offers the possibility of increased heat transfer in a variety of applications. Bringing together expert contributions from across the globe, Heat Transfer Enhancement with Nanofluids presents a complete understanding of the application of nanofluids in a range of fields and explains the main techniques used in the analysis of nanofuids flow and heat transfer. Providing a rigorous framework to help readers develop devices employing nanofluids, the book addresses basic topics that include the analysis and measurements of thermophysical properties, convection, and heat exchanger performance. It explores the issues of convective instabilities, nanofluids in porous media, and entropy generation in nanofluids. The book also contains the latest Trade Review"… an excellent source of information for researchers and engineers to understand the application of heat transfer enhancement using nanofluids."—Heat Transfer Engineering, 2016"… an interesting journey in the area of nanofluids and covers almost all aspects starting with properties estimation methods and continuing with convection heat transfer particularities and special applications. … I found this book very useful for all professionals in the heat transfer enhancement area, with particular focus on nanofluids new capabilities."—Alina Adriana Minea, Technical University "Gheorghe Asachi" from Iasi, Romania"The topics covered in the "Heat Transfer Enhancement with Nanofluids" ma[t]ched the required information which students whom have not been exposed to Nanofluid area previously. The book includes numerous applications of nanofluids as different chapters which make it a good text book for engineers and researchers."—Dr Mohsen Sharifpur, Nanofluids Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria" an up-to-date and thought-provoking book on a rich but still evolving field of a considerable theoretical interest and possible future applications."—Gennady Ziskind, Dept. of Mech. Engineering, Ben-Gurion University"The 16 chapters collected in this book cover a broad range of fundamental and applied research on the heat transfer enhancement with nanofluids by theoretical, numerical and experimental studies, from scientific enquiries to practical applications. They disseminate the latest research discoveries and can serve as an important source of reference for fundamentals and applications of heat transfer in nanofluids. … highly recommended for students and professionals in mechanical, civil, environmental, energy, power, chemical, aerospace, and biomedical engineering."—Professor Liqiu Wang, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"I think that the present book should be in the shelf of all libraries of faculties or departments in which heat transfer researchers work."—Moghtada Mobedi, Faculty of Engineering, Shizuoka UniversityTable of ContentsProperties of Nanofluid. Exact Solutions and Their Implications in Anomalous Heat Transfer. Mechanisms and Models of Thermal Conductivity in Nanofluids. Experimental Methods for the Characterization of Thermophysical Properties of Nanofluids. Nanofluid Forced Convection. Experimental Study of Convective Heat Transfer in Nanofluids. Performance of Heat Exchangers Using Nanofluids. Thermal Nanofluid Flow in Microchannels with Applications. Use of Nanofluids for Heat Transfer Enhancement in Mixed Convection. Buoyancy-Driven Convection of Enclosed Nanoparticle Suspensions. Modeling Convection in Nanofluids: From Clear Fluids to Porous Media. Convection and Instability Phenomena in Nanofluid-Saturated Porous Media. Nanofluid Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer. Heat Pipes and Thermosyphons Operated with Nanofluids. Entropy Generation Minimization in Nanofluid Flow. Gas-Based Nanofluids (Nanoaerosols). Index.
£185.25
de Gruyter Physikalische Chemie Kapieren
Book Synopsis
£50.96
de Gruyter Physikalische Chemie Kapieren
Book Synopsis
£50.96
de Gruyter Thermal Engineering
Book Synopsis
£49.05
Walter de Gruyter Advanced Mathematical Models and Integration Methods
£173.40
Pan Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd Thermoelectric Materials: Advances and
Book SynopsisEnvironmental and economic concerns have significantly spurred the search for novel, high-performance thermoelectric materials for energy conversion in small-scale power generation and refrigeration devices. This quest has been mainly fueled by the introduction of new designs and the synthesis of new materials. In fact, good thermoelectric materials must simultaneously exhibit extreme properties: they must have very low thermal conductivity values and both electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient high values as well. Since these transport coefficients are interrelated, the required task of optimization is a formidable one. Thus, thermoelectric materials provide a full-fledged example of interdisciplinary research connecting fields such as solid-state physics, materials science engineering, and structural chemistry and raise the need of gaining proper knowledge of the role played by the electronic structure in the thermal and electrical transport properties of solid matter. This book presents a detailed, updated introduction to the field of thermoelectric materials in a tutorial way, focusing on both basic notions and fundamental questions and illustrating the abstract concepts with suitable application examples. It discusses thermoelectric effects, the transport coefficients and their mutual relations, the efficiency of thermoelectric devices, and some notions on the characterization and related industry standards. It also reviews the two basic strategies for optimizing the thermoelectric performance of materials: the control of thermal conductivity and the power factor enhancement. It discusses structural complexity approach, focusing on complex enough lattice structures with heavy atoms in the unit-cell or nanostructured systems characterized by low-dimensional effects, and introducing different kinds of bulk materials of growing chemical and structural complexity. It also discusses the electronic structure engineering approach that focuses on obtaining a guiding principle, in terms of an electronic band structure tailoring process, and describes the role played by the electronic structure in the thermoelectric performance of different materials.Trade Review"Prof. Maciá-Barber has been a leading theoretical force in the thermoelectric properties of quasicrystals for many years and we have had numerous exchanges on the subject, as well as shared our papers. I am thrilled to see him put these extreme talents into a more general but extremely timely and up-to-date book on thermoelectrics to share with this entire research community. Many people will benefit greatly from this book."—Prof. Terry M. Tritt, Clemson University, USATable of ContentsBasic Notions. Fundamental Aspects. The Structural Complexity Approach. The Role of the Electronic Structure. Beyond the Periodic Order. Organic Semiconductors and Polymers.
£133.00
John Wiley & Sons Inc Classical and Geometrical Theory of Chemical and
Book SynopsisBecause it is grounded in math, chemical thermodynamics is often perceived as a difficult subject and many students are never fully comfortable with it.Table of ContentsPREFACE. PART I INDUCTIVE FOUNDATIONS OF CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS. 1. Mathematical Preliminaries: Functions and Differentials. 1.1 Physical Conception of Mathematical Functions and Differentials. 1.2 Four Useful Identities. 1.3 Exact and Inexact Differentials. 1.4 Taylor Series. 2. Thermodynamic Description of Simple Fluids. 2.1 The Logic of Thermodynamics. 2.2 Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Gases: Equations of State. 2.3 Thermometry and the Temperature Concept. 2.4 Real and Ideal Gases. 2.5 Condensation and the Gas–Liquid Critical Point. 2.6 Van der Waals Model of Condensation and Critical Behavior. 2.7 The Principle of Corresponding States. 2.8 Newtonian Dynamics in the Absence of Frictional Forces. 2.9 Mechanical Energy and the Conservation Principle. 2.10 Fundamental Definitions: System, Property, Macroscopic, State. 2.11 The Nature of the Equilibrium Limit. 3. General Energy Concept and the First Law. 3.1 Historical Background of the First Law. 3.2 Reversible and Irreversible Work. 3.3 General Forms of Work. 3.4 Characterization and Measurement of Heat. 3.5 General Statements of the First Law. 3.6 Thermochemical Consequences of the First Law. 4. Engine Efficiency, Entropy, and the Second Law. 4.1 Introduction: Heat Flow, Spontaneity, and Irreversibility. 4.2 Heat Engines: Conversion of Heat to Work. 4.3 Carnot’s Analysis of Optimal Heat-Engine Efficiency. 4.4 Theoretical Limits on Perpetual Motion: Kelvin’s and Clausius’ Principles. 4.5 Kelvin’s Temperature Scale. 4.6 Carnot’s Theorem and the Entropy of Clausius. 4.7 Clausius’ Formulation of the Second Law. 4.8 Summary of the Inductive Basis of Thermodynamics. PART II GIBBSIAN THERMODYNAMICS OF CHEMICAL AND PHASE EQUILIBRIA. 5. Analytical Criteria for Thermodynamic Equilibrium. 5.1 The Gibbs Perspective. 5.2 Analytical Formulation of the Gibbs Criterion for a System in Equilibrium. 5.3 Alternative Expressions of the Gibbs Criterion. 5.4 Duality of Fundamental Equations: Entropy Maximization versus Energy Minimization. 5.5 Other Thermodynamic Potentials: Gibbs and Helmholtz Free Energy. 5.6 Maxwell Relations. 5.7 Gibbs Free Energy Changes in Laboratory Conditions. 5.8 Post-Gibbsian Developments. 6. Thermodynamics of Homogeneous Chemical Mixtures. 6.1 Chemical Potential in Multicomponent Systems. 6.2 Partial Molar Quantities. 6.3 The Gibbs–Duhem Equation. 6.4 Physical Nature of Chemical Potential in Ideal and Real Gas Mixtures. 7. Thermodynamics of Phase Equilibria. 7.1 The Gibbs Phase Rule. 7.2 Single-Component Systems. 7.3 Binary Fluid Systems. 7.4 Binary Solid–Liquid Equilibria. 7.5 Ternary and Higher Systems. 8. Thermodynamics of Chemical Reaction Equilibria. 8.1 Analytical Formulation of Chemical Reactions in Terms of the Advancement Coordinate. 8.2 Criterion of Chemical Equilibrium: The Equilibrium Constant. 8.3 General Free Energy Changes: de Donder’s Affinity. 8.4 Standard Free Energy of Formation. 8.5 Temperature and Pressure Dependence of the Equilibrium Constant. 8.6 Le Chatelier’s Principle. 8.7 Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Cells. 8.8 Ion Activities in Electrolyte Solutions. 8.9 Concluding Synopsis of Gibbs’ Theory. PART III METRIC GEOMETRY OF EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS. 9. Introduction to Vector Geometry and Metric Spaces. 9.1 Vector and Matrix Algebra. 9.2 Dirac Notation. 9.3 Metric Spaces. 10. Metric Geometry of Thermodynamic Responses. 10.1 The Space of Thermodynamic Response Vectors. 10.2 The Metric of Thermodynamic Response Space. 10.3 Linear Dependence, Dimensionality, and Gibbs–Duhem Equations. 11. Geometrical Representation of Equilibrium Thermodynamics. 11.1 Thermodynamic Vectors and Geometry. 11.2 Conjugate Variables and Conjugate Vectors. 11.3 Metric of a Homogeneous Fluid. 11.4 General Transformation Theory in Thermodynamic Metric Space. 11.5 Saturation Properties Along the Vapor-Pressure Curve. 11.6 Self-Conjugate and Normal Response Modes. 11.7 Geometrical Characterization of Common Fluids. 11.8 Stability Conditions and the “Third Law” for Homogeneous Phases. 11.9 The Critical Instability Limit. 11.10 Critical Divergence and Exponents. 11.11 Phase Heterogeneity and Criticality. 12. Geometrical Evaluation of Thermodynamic Derivatives. 12.1 Thermodynamic Vectors and Derivatives. 12.2 General Solution for Two Degrees of Freedom and Relationship to Jacobian Methods. 12.3 General Partial Derivatives in Higher-Dimensional Systems. 12.4 Phase-Boundary Derivatives in Multicomponent Systems. 12.5 Stationary Points of Phase Diagrams: Gibbs–Konowalow Laws. 12.6 Higher-Order Derivatives and State Changes. 13. Further Aspects of Thermodynamic Geometry. 13.1 Reversible Changes of State: Riemannian Geometry. 13.2 Near-Equilibrium Irreversible Thermodynamics: Diffusional Geometry. 13.3 Quantum Statistical Thermodynamic Origins of Chemical and Phase Thermodynamics. Appendix: Units and Conversion Factors. AUTHOR INDEX. SUBJECT INDEX.
£135.85
John Wiley & Sons Inc An Introduction to Mass and Heat Transfer
Book SynopsisThis text is the outgrowth of Stanley Middleman''s years of teaching and contains more than sufficient materials to support a one-semester course in fluid dynamics. His primary belief in the classroom?and hence the material in this textbook?is that the development of a mathematical is central to the analysis and design of an engineering system or process. His text is therefore oriented toward teaching students how to develop mathematical representations of physical phenomena.Great effort has been put forth to provide many examples of experimental data against which the results of modeling exercises can be compared and to expose students to the wide range of technologies of interest to chemical, environmental and bio engineering students.Examples presented are motivated by real engineering applications and may of the problems are derived from the author''s years of experience as a consultant to companies whose businesses cover a broad spectrum of engineering technologieTable of ContentsPart I * What Is Mass Transfer? * Fundamentals of Diffusive Mass Transfer * Steady and Quasi-Steady Mass Transfer * Unsteady State Mass Transfer * Diffusion with Laminar Convection * Convective Mass Transfer Coefficients * Continuous Gas/Liquid Contactors * Membrane Transfer and Membrane Separation Systems Part II * Heat Transfer Introduction * Heat Transfer by Conduction * Transient Heat Transfer by Conduction * Convection Heat Transfer by Coefficients * Simple Heat Exchangers * Natural Convection Heat Transfer * Heat Transfer by Radiation * Simultaneous Heat Mass Transfer Appendix
£252.86
Wiley Liquid Cooling of Electronic Devices by
Book SynopsisChanneling or controlling the heat generated by electronics products is a vital concern of product developers: fail to confront this issue and the chances of product failure escalate. This third book in the series explores yet another method of heat management-the use of liquids to absorb and remove heat away from vital parts of the electronic systems.Table of ContentsFundamentals of Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. Natural Convection. Channel Flows. Jet Impingement Cooling. Heat Transfer Enhancement. Appendices. References. Indexes.
£104.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Thermal Design and Optimization
Book SynopsisA comprehensive and rigorous introduction to thermal system designfrom a contemporary perspective Thermal Design and Optimization offers readers a lucid introductionto the latest methodologies for the design of thermal systems andemphasizes engineering economics, system simulation, andoptimization methods. The methods of exergy analysis, entropygeneration minimization, and thermoeconomics are incorporated in anevolutionary manner. This book is one of the few sources available that addresses therecommendations of the Accreditation Board for Engineering andTechnology for new courses in design engineering. Intended forclassroom use as well as self-study, the text provides a review offundamental concepts, extensive reference lists, end-of-chapterproblem sets, helpful appendices, and a comprehensive case studythat is followed throughout the text. Contents include: * Introduction to Thermal System Design * Thermodynamics, Modeling, and Design Analysis *Table of ContentsIntroduction to Thermal System Design. Thermodynamics, Modeling, and Design Analysis. Exergy Analysis. Heat Transfer, Modeling, and Design Analysis. Applications with Heat and Fluid Flow. Applications with Thermodynamics and Heat and Fluid Flow. Economic Analysis. Thermoeconomic Analysis and Evaluation. Thermoeconomic Optimization. Appendices. Index.
£131.35
John Wiley & Sons Inc Boilers Evaporators and Condensers
Book SynopsisThis up-to-date reference covers the thermal design, operation and maintenance of the three major components in industrial heating and air conditioning systems including fossil fuel-fired boilers, waste heat boilers and air conditioning evaporators.Table of ContentsBasic Design Methods of Heat Exchangers (S. Kakac & E.Paykoc). Forced Convection Correlations for Single-Phase Side of HeatExchangers (S. Kakac & R. Oskay). Heat Exchanger Fouling (A. Agrawal & S. Kakac). Industrial Heat Exchanger Design Practices (J. Taborek). Fossil-Fuel-Fired Boilers: Fundamentals and Elements (J. Kitto& M. Albrecht). Once-Through Boilers (R. Leithner). Thermohydraulic Design of Fossil-Fuel-Fired Boiler Components (Z.Lin). Nuclear Steam Generators and Waste Heat Boilers (J. Collier). Heat Transfer in Condensation (P. Marto). Steam Power Plant and Process Condensers (D. Butterworth). Evaporators and Condensers for Refrigeration and Air-ConditioningSystems (M. Pate). Evaporators and Reboilers in the Process and Chemical Industries(P. Whalley). Appendix. Tables. Index.
£292.46
John Wiley & Sons Inc The Finite Element Method in Heat Transfer
Book SynopsisHeat transfer analysis is a problem of major significance in vast range of industrial applcations. Heat conduction, phase change, coupled heat and mass transfer and thermal stress analysis can all pose key engineering problems. The use of numerical techniques to solve such problems is considered essential.Table of ContentsConduction Heat Transfer and Formulation. Linear Steady State Problems. Time Stepping Methods for Heat Transfer. Non-Linear Heat Conduction Analysis. Phase Change Problems--Solidification and Melting. Convective Heat Transfer. Nomenclature. Index.
£77.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Experimentation Modeling and Computation in Flow
Book SynopsisThis volume contains the proceedings of the 2nd French-Russian Workshop on Experiment, Modelisation, Computation in Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, held in Sophia-Antipolis, France, in 1993. Contributors from the fields of experimental and computational fluid mechanics present the latest advances.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: A Mortar Element Method for an Approximate Navier-Stokes Solver (Y.Achdou, et al.). Recent Shock Tube and Shock Tunnel Studies Using the MarseilleFacilities (R. Brun). Chemical Non-Equilibrium Flows: Precision of Calculations withEmphasis on Diffusion Approximations (G. Duffa, et al.). Dissipative Implicit Centred Methods for MultidimensionalHyperbolic Problems (A. Lerat). The Experimental Investigation of Unsteady Separated Flows (A.Antonov). Kinetically Consistent Finite Difference Schemes and TheirApplication to Transient Flow Prediction (B. Chetverushkin). Numerical Simulation of Compressible Gas Flow (Yu.Golovachov). Real-Gas Effects on Rarefied Hypersonic Flow Over a Concave Body(M. Ivanov, et al.). Numerical and Asymptotic Investigation of 3D Non-Uniform ViscousGas Flows Over Bodies with Permeable Surface (S. Peigin). Index.
£442.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Foundation and Electroheat
Book SynopsisFoundations of Electroheat unifies an extremely diverse area ofelectricity utilisation in a coherent and concise reference. Fromlaser welding to plasma furnaces for waste treatment and inductionheating for forging to radio frequency drying textiles, the varioustopics that comprise electroheat are presented as a whole. Theunified approach concentrates on three major themes: * Electromagnetic heating, embracing direct resistance, inductionheating of metals and radio frequency and microwave heating ofdielectrics * The ionised state, dealing with laser processing, plasma torchesand furnaces, glow discharges for nitriding and arc furnaces formelting scrap * Heat and mass transfer The impact of computers on electrotechnology is explored byconsidering topics such as expert systems, neural networks andcomputational electromagnetics. Featuring industrial applicationsand case studies, as well as worked examples of the principlesinvolved, this text is essential reading for the engTable of ContentsMaterials and Their Properties. Electromagnetic Heating and Melting. Applicators and Sources for Electromagnetic Heating. The Ionised State. Other Applications of Electrotechnology. Heat and Mass Transfer. Computers in Electroheat. Industrial Applications. Appendices. Indexes.
£161.95
John Wiley & Sons Inc Computational Heat Transfer Volume 1
Book SynopsisThis book, which is published in two volumes, studies heat transfer problems by modern numerical methods. Basic mathematical models of heat transfer are considered. The main approaches to the analysis of the models by traditional means of applied mathematics are described. Numerical methods for the approximate solution of steady and unsteady-state heat conduction problems are discussed. Investigation of difference schemes is based on the general stability theory. Much emphasis is put on problems in which phase transitions are involved and on heat and mass transfer problems. Problems of controlling and optimizing heat processes are discussed in detail. These processes are described by partial differential equations, and the main approaches to numerical solution of the optimal control problems involved here are discussed. Aspects of numerical solution of inverse heat exchange problems are considered. Much attention is paid to the most important applied problems of identifying coefficientTable of ContentsMathematical Models of Physics of Heat. Analytical Methods of Heat Transfer. Stationary Problems of Heat Transfer. Nonstationary Problems of Heat Transfer. Economical Difference Schemes for Nonstationary Heat Conduction Problems. Heat Conduction Problems with Phase Transitions. Index.
£420.26
John Wiley & Sons Inc Computational Heat Transfer Volume 2
Book SynopsisThis book, which is published in two volumes, studies heat transfer problems by modern numerical methods. Basic mathematical models of heat transfer are considered. The main approaches, to the analysis of the models by traditional means of applied mathematics are described. Numerical methods for the approximate solution of steady- and unsteady state heat conduction problems are discussed. Investigation of difference schemes is based on the general stability theory. Much emphasis is put on problems in which phase transitions are involved and on heat and mass transfer problems. Problems of controlling and optimizing heat processes are discussed in detail. These processes are described by partial differential equations, and the main approaches to numerical solution of the optimal control problems involved here are discussed. Aspects of numerical solution of inverse heat exchange problems are considered. Much attention is paid to the most important applied problems of identifying coefficieTable of ContentsRadiative Heat Exchange. Convective Heat Exchange. Problems of Thermoelasticity. Problems of Control Over Heat Processes. Inverse Problems of Heat Exchange. Examples of Numerical Modelling for Thermophysical Processes. Appendix. Index.
£539.96
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Fluids
Book SynopsisThe fifth edition has been issued to incorporate two new tables -- Data of Refrigerant 134a and a table containing for selected substances, molar enthalpies and molar Gibbs functions of formation, Equilibirum constants of formation, as well as molar heat capacities and absolute entropies.Table of Contents1. Notation and Units. 2. Saturated Water and Steam. 3. Superheated and Supercritical Steam. 4. Further Properties of Water and Steam. 5. Mercury – Hg. 6. Ammonia – NH3 (Refrigerant 717). 7. Dichlorodifluoromethane – CF2-Cl3 (Refrigerant 12). 8. Tetrafluoroethane – CH2F-CF3 (Refrigarent 134a). 9. Dry Air at Low Pressure. 10. Specific Heat Capacity cp/[kJ/kgK] of Some gases and Vapours. 11. Molar Properties of Some Gases and Vapours. 12. Enthalpies of Reaction and Equilibrium Constants. 13. A Selection of Chemical Thermodynamic Data. 14. Miscellaneous Liquids, Vapours and Gases. 15. International Standard Atmosphere. 16. SI – British Conversion Factors. 17. General Information. 18. Principal Sources.
£10.95
John Wiley & Sons Inc Introduction to ThermoFluids Systems Design
Book SynopsisA fully comprehensive guide to thermal systems design covering fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, heat transfer and thermodynamic power cycles Bridging the gap between the fundamental concepts of fluid mechanics, heat transfer and thermodynamics, and the practical design of thermo-fluids components and systems, this textbook focuses on the design of internal fluid flow systems, coiled heat exchangers and performance analysis of power plant systems. The topics are arranged so that each builds upon the previous chapter to convey to the reader that topics are not stand-alone items during the design process, and that they all must come together to produce a successful design. Because the complete design or modification of modern equipment and systems requires knowledge of current industry practices, the authors highlight the use of manufacturer's catalogs to select equipment, and practical examples are included throughout to give readers an exhaustive illustratiTrade Review“Useful for undergraduate mechanical engineering design curricula. Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates, faculty, and professionals/practitioners.” (Choice, 1 June 2013) Table of ContentsPreface xi List of Figures xv List of Tables xix List of Practical Notes xxi List of Conversion Factors xxiii 1 Design of Thermo-Fluids Systems 1 1.1 Engineering Design—Definition 1 1.2 Types of Design in Thermo-Fluid Science 1 1.3 Difference between Design and Analysis 2 1.4 Classification of Design 2 1.5 General Steps in Design 2 1.6 Abridged Steps in the Design Process 2 2 Air Distribution Systems 5 2.1 Fluid Mechanics—A Brief Review 5 2.2 Air Duct Sizing—Special Design Considerations 12 2.3 Minor Head Loss in a Run of Pipe or Duct 18 2.4 Minor Losses in the Design of Air Duct Systems—Equal Friction Method 20 2.5 Fans—Brief Overview and Selection Procedures 44 2.6 Design for Advanced Technology—Small Duct High-Velocity (SDHV) Air Distribution Systems 54 Problems 66 References and Further Reading 72 3 Liquid Piping Systems 73 3.1 Liquid Piping Systems 73 3.2 Minor Losses: Fittings and Valves in Liquid Piping Systems 73 3.3 Sizing Liquid Piping Systems 75 3.4 Fluid Machines (Pumps) and Pump–Pipe Matching 83 3.5 Design of Piping Systems Complete with In-Line or Base-Mounted Pumps 103 Problems 121 References and Further Reading 126 4 Fundamentals of Heat Exchanger Design 127 4.1 Definition and Requirements 127 4.2 Types of Heat Exchangers 127 4.3 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 130 4.4 The Convection Heat Transfer Coefficients—Forced Convection 138 4.5 Heat Exchanger Analysis 142 4.6 Heat Exchanger Design and Performance Analysis: Part 1 147 4.7 Heat Exchanger Design and Performance Analysis: Part 2 157 4.8 Manufacturer’s Catalog Sheets for Heat Exchanger Selection 202 Problems 208 References and Further Reading 211 5 Applications of Heat Exchangers in Systems 213 5.1 Operation of a Heat Exchanger in a Plasma Spraying System 213 5.2 Components and General Operation of a Hot Water Heating System 216 5.3 Boilers for Water 217 5.4 Design of Hydronic Heating Systems c/w Baseboards or Finned-Tube Heaters 227 5.5 Design Considerations for Hot Water Heating Systems 236 Problems 258 References and Further Reading 265 6 Performance Analysis of Power Plant Systems 267 6.1 Thermodynamic Cycles for Power Generation—Brief Review 267 6.2 Real Steam Power Plants—General Considerations 271 6.3 Steam-Turbine Internal Efficiency and Expansion Lines 272 6.4 Closed Feedwater Heaters (Surface Heaters) 280 6.5 The Steam Turbine 282 6.6 Turbine-Cycle Heat Balance and Heat and Mass Balance Diagrams 286 6.7 Steam-Turbine Power Plant System Performance Analysis Considerations 288 6.8 Second-Law Analysis of Steam-Turbine Power Plants 300 6.9 Gas-Turbine Power Plant Systems 307 6.10 Combined-Cycle Power Plant Systems 324 Problems 332 References and Further Reading 338 Appendix A: Pipe and Duct Systems 339 Appendix B: Symbols for Drawings 365 Appendix C: Heat Exchanger Design 373 Appendix D: Design Project— Possible Solution 383 D.1 Fuel Oil Piping System Design 383 Appendix E: Applicable Standards and Codes 413 Appendix F: Equipment Manufacturers 415 Appendix G: General Design Checklists 417 G.1 Air and Exhaust Duct Systems 417 G.2 Liquid Piping Systems 418 G.3 Heat Exchangers, Boilers, and Water Heaters 419 Index 421
£90.86
John Wiley & Sons Inc Refrigeration Systems and Applications
Book SynopsisThe definitive text/reference for students, researchers and practicing engineers This book provides comprehensive coverage on refrigeration systems and applications, ranging from the fundamental principles of thermodynamics to food cooling applications for a wide range of sectoral utilizations. Energy and exergy analyses as well as performance assessments through energy and exergy efficiencies and energetic and exergetic coefficients of performance are explored, and numerous analysis techniques, models, correlations and procedures are introduced with examples and case studies. There are specific sections allocated to environmental impact assessment and sustainable development studies. Also featured are discussions of important recent developments in the field, including those stemming from the author's pioneering research. Refrigeration is a uniquely positioned multi-disciplinary field encompassing mechanical, chemical, industrial and food engineering, as well Table of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgments xix 1 General Aspects of Thermodynamics 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Dimensions and Units 2 1.2.1 Systems of Units 2 1.2.1.1 Mass 2 1.2.1.2 Length 2 1.2.1.3 Force 3 1.2.1.4 Density and Specific Volume 3 1.2.1.5 Mass Flow Rate and Volumetric Flow Rate 3 1.2.1.6 Temperature 4 1.2.1.7 Pressure 6 1.3 Thermodynamics 9 1.3.1 Thermodynamic Systems 9 1.3.2 Thermodynamic Laws 10 1.3.3 First Law of Thermodynamics 10 1.3.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics 12 1.3.4.1 Exergy and its Importance 13 1.3.4.2 Reversibility and Irreversibility 15 1.3.4.3 Reversible Work and Exergy Destruction 15 1.3.5 Dincer’s Six-step Approach 15 1.3.6 Pure Substances 25 1.3.6.1 State and Change of State 25 1.3.6.2 Vapor States 27 1.3.6.3 Sensible Heat, Latent Heat and Latent Heat of Fusion 27 1.3.6.4 Specific Heat 27 1.3.6.5 Specific Internal Energy 28 1.3.6.6 Specific Enthalpy 28 1.3.6.7 Specific Entropy 28 1.3.6.8 Energy Change and Energy Transfer 29 1.3.6.9 Flow Energy 29 1.3.6.10 Heat Transfer 29 1.3.6.11 Work 30 1.3.6.12 Thermodynamic Tables 30 1.4 Ideal and Real Gases 30 1.5 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps 36 1.5.1 The Carnot Refrigerators and Heat Pumps 38 1.6 Psychrometrics 49 1.6.1 Common Definitions in Psychrometrics 50 1.6.2 Balance Equations for Air and Water Vapor Mixtures 52 1.6.3 The Psychrometric Chart 53 1.7 Concluding Remarks 64 Nomenclature 64 Study Problems 67 References 70 2 Refrigerants 71 2.1 Introduction 71 2.2 Classification of Refrigerants 72 2.2.1 Halocarbons 72 2.2.2 Hydrocarbons 73 2.2.3 Inorganic Compounds 74 2.2.3.1 Ammonia (R-717) 74 2.2.3.2 Carbon dioxide (R-744) 75 2.2.3.3 Air (R-729) 75 2.2.4 Azeotropic mixtures 75 2.2.5 Nonazeotropic mixtures 76 2.3 Prefixes and Decoding of Refrigerants 76 2.3.1 Prefixes 76 2.3.2 Decoding the Number 77 2.3.3 Isomers 78 2.4 Secondary Refrigerants 79 2.5 Refrigerant–absorbent Combinations 80 2.6 Stratospheric Ozone Layer 82 2.6.1 Stratospheric Ozone Layer Depletion 84 2.6.2 Ozone Depletion Potential 85 2.6.3 Montreal Protocol 88 2.7 Global Warming 89 2.7.1 Global Warming Potential 93 2.8 Clean Air Act 94 2.8.1 Significant New Alternative Policies Program 94 2.8.2 Classification of Substances 96 2.9 Key Refrigerants 103 2.9.1 R-134a 103 2.9.2 R- 123 105 2.9.3 Nonazeotropic (Zeotropic) Mixtures 106 2.9.4 Azeotropic Mixtures 108 2.9.5 Ammonia (R-717) 110 2.9.6 Propane (R-290) 111 2.9.7 Carbon Dioxide (R-744) 113 2.10 Selection of Refrigerants 115 2.11 Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants 116 2.12 Lubricating Oils and their Effects 120 2.13 Concluding Remarks 122 Study Problems 122 References 125 3 Refrigeration System Components 127 3.1 Introduction 127 3.2 History of Refrigeration 128 3.3 Main Refrigeration Systems 130 3.4 Refrigeration System Components 131 3.5 Compressors 132 3.5.1 Hermetic Compressors 133 3.5.2 Semi-hermetic Compressors 135 3.5.3 Open Compressors 136 3.5.4 Classification of Compressors 136 3.5.5 Positive Displacement Compressors 137 3.5.5.1 Reciprocating Compressors 137 3.5.5.2 Rotary Compressors 137 3.5.6 Dynamic Compressors 144 3.5.6.1 Centrifugal Compressors 144 3.5.6.2 Axial Compressors 147 3.5.7 Thermodynamic Analysis of Compressor 147 3.5.8 Compressor Capacity and Performance Assessment 149 3.5.8.1 Compression Ratio 149 3.5.8.2 Compressor Efficiency 150 3.5.8.3 Compressor Capacity Control for Better Performance 151 3.6 Condensers 156 3.6.1 Water-cooled Condensers 157 3.6.2 Air-cooled Condensers 157 3.6.3 Evaporative Condensers 158 3.6.4 Cooling Towers 159 3.6.5 Thermodynamic Analysis of Condenser 160 3.7 Evaporators 165 3.7.1 Liquid Coolers 165 3.7.2 Air and Gas Coolers 166 3.7.3 Thermodynamic Analysis of Evaporator 167 3.8 Throttling Devices 172 3.8.1 Thermostatic Expansion Valves 172 3.8.2 Constant Pressure Expansion Valves 173 3.8.3 Float Valves 173 3.8.4 Capillary Tubes 174 3.8.5 Thermodynamic Analysis of Throttling Valve 174 3.9 Auxiliary Devices 177 3.9.1 Accumulators 177 3.9.2 Receivers 178 3.9.3 Oil Separators 178 3.9.4 Strainers 179 3.9.5 Dryers 179 3.9.6 Check Valves 179 3.9.7 Solenoid Valves 179 3.9.8 Defrost Controllers 179 3.10 Concluding Remarks 180 Nomenclature 180 Study Problems 182 References 187 4 Refrigeration Cycles and Systems 189 4.1 Introduction 189 4.2 Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems 189 4.2.1 Evaporation 190 4.2.2 Compression 190 4.2.3 Condensation 190 4.2.4 Expansion 191 4.3 Energy Analysis of Vapor-compression Refrigeration Cycle 192 4.4 Exergy Analysis of Vapor-compression Refrigeration Cycle 195 4.5 Actual Vapor-compression Refrigeration Cycle 200 4.5.1 Superheating and Subcooling 201 4.5.1.1 Superheating 201 4.5.1.2 Subcooling 203 4.5.2 Defrosting 204 4.5.3 Purging Air in Refrigeration Systems 205 4.5.3.1 Air Purging Methods 206 4.5.4 Twin Refrigeration System 209 4.6 Air-standard Refrigeration Systems 210 4.6.1 Energy and Exergy Analyses of a Basic Air-standard Refrigeration Cycle 211 4.7 Absorption Refrigeration Systems 216 4.7.1 Basic Absorption Refrigeration Systems 218 4.7.2 Ammonia–water (NH3–H2O) Absorption Refrigeration Systems 219 4.7.3 Energy Analysis of an Absorption Refrigeration System 221 4.7.4 Three-fluid (Gas Diffusion) Absorption Refrigeration Systems 224 4.7.5 Water–lithium Bromide (H2O –LiBr) Absorption Refrigeration Systems 225 4.7.5.1 Single-effect Absorption Refrigeration Systems 226 4.7.5.2 Double-effect Absorption Refrigeration Systems 227 4.7.5.3 Crystallization 229 4.7.6 Steam Ejector Recompression Absorption Refrigeration Systems 230 4.7.7 Electrochemical Absorption Refrigeration Systems 231 4.7.8 Absorption-augmented Refrigeration System 232 4.7.9 Exergy Analysis of an Absorption Refrigeration System 239 4.7.10 Performance Evaluation of an Absorption Refrigeration System 243 4.8 Concluding Remarks 245 Nomenclature 245 Study Problems 247 References 258 5 Advanced Refrigeration Cycles and Systems 261 5.1 Introduction 261 5.2 Multistage Refrigeration Cycles 262 5.3 Cascade Refrigeration Systems 268 5.3.1 Two-stage Cascade Systems 269 5.3.2 Three-stage (Ternary) Cascade Refrigeration System 274 5.4 Multi-effect Absorption Refrigeration Systems 280 5.5 Steam-jet Refrigeration Systems 311 5.6 Adsorption Refrigeration 317 5.7 Stirling Cycle Refrigeration 322 5.7.1 Performance Assessment 325 5.8 Thermoelectric Refrigeration 328 5.8.1 Performance Assessment of Thermoelectric Coolers 329 5.9 Thermoacoustic Refrigeration 332 5.10 Metal Hydride Refrigeration 334 5.10.1 Operational Principles 335 5.10.2 Regeneration Process 336 5.10.3 Refrigeration Process 336 5.11 Magnetic Refrigeration 337 5.11.1 Magnetic Refrigeration Cycle 339 5.11.2 Active Magnetic Regenerators 340 5.12 Supermarket Refrigeration Practices 345 5.12.1 Direct Expansion Systems 346 5.12.2 Distributed Systems 347 5.12.3 Secondary Loop Systems 348 5.13 Concluding Remarks 349 Nomenclature 349 Study Problems 351 References 354 6 Renewable Energy-based Integrated Refrigeration Systems 357 6.1 Introduction 357 6.2 Solar-powered Absorption Refrigeration Systems 358 6.3 Solar-powered Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems 364 6.4 Wind-powered Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems 368 6.5 Hydropowered Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems 371 6.6 Geothermal-powered Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems 375 6.7 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Powered Vapor-compression Refrigeration Systems 379 6.8 Biomass-powered Absorption Refrigeration Systems 383 6.9 Concluding Remarks 393 Nomenclature 394 Study Problems 395 Reference 398 7 Heat Pipes 399 7.1 Introduction 399 7.2 Heat Pipes 400 7.2.1 Heat Pipe Use 403 7.3 Heat Pipe Applications 403 7.3.1 Heat Pipe Coolers 404 7.3.2 Insulated Water Coolers 404 7.3.3 Heat Exchanger Coolers 404 7.4 Heat Pipes for Electronics Cooling 405 7.5 Types of Heat Pipes 407 7.5.1 Micro Heat Pipes 408 7.5.2 Cryogenic Heat Pipes 408 7.6 Heat Pipe Components 408 7.6.1 Container 410 7.6.2 Working Fluid 411 7.6.3 Selection of Working Fluid 413 7.6.4 Wick or Capillary Structure 414 7.7 Operational Principles of Heat Pipes 417 7.7.1 Heat Pipe Operating Predictions 418 7.7.1.1 Gravity-aided Orientation 419 7.7.1.2 Horizontal Orientation 419 7.7.1.3 Against Gravity Orientation 420 7.7.2 Heat Pipe Arrangement 421 7.8 Heat Pipe Performance 421 7.8.1 Effective Heat Pipe Thermal Resistance 423 7.9 Design and Manufacture of Heat Pipes 424 7.9.1 Thermal Conductivity of a Heat Pipe 427 7.9.2 Common Heat Pipe Diameters and Lengths 427 7.10 Heat-transfer Limitations 428 7.11 Heat Pipes in Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning 429 7.11.1 Dehumidifier Heat Pipes 430 7.11.1.1 Working Principle 431 7.11.1.2 Indoor Dehumidifier Heat Pipes 432 7.11.2 Energy Recovery Heat Pipes 433 7.12 Concluding Remarks 436 Nomenclature 436 Study Problems 437 References 439 8 Food Refrigeration 441 8.1 Introduction 441 8.2 Food Deterioration 442 8.3 Food Preservation 443 8.4 Food Quality 444 8.5 Food Precooling and Cooling 446 8.6 Food Precooling Systems 448 8.6.1 Energy Coefficient 449 8.6.2 Hydrocooling 450 8.6.2.1 Hydrocooling using Ice or Ice–slush Cooling 453 8.6.2.2 Hydrocooling using Artificial Ice 453 8.6.2.3 Hydrocooling using Natural Ice 454 8.6.2.4 Hydrocooling using Natural Snow 455 8.6.2.5 Hydrocooling using Compacted Snow 455 8.6.3 Forced-air Cooling 456 8.6.3.1 Methods of Forced-air Cooling 459 8.6.3.2 Cold-wall-type Tunnel Forced-air Cooling 461 8.6.3.3 Serpentine Cooling 463 8.6.3.4 Single-pallet Forced-air Cooling 464 8.6.3.5 Room Cooling (with Storage and Shipping) 464 8.6.3.6 Ice-bank Forced-air Cooling System 464 8.6.3.7 Forced-air Cooling with Winter Coldness 465 8.6.3.8 Technical Details of Forced-air Cooling Systems 466 8.6.3.9 Engineering/economic Model for Forced-air Cooling Systems 468 8.6.4 Hydraircooling 469 8.6.5 Vacuum Cooling 471 8.6.6 Hydrovac Cooling 475 8.6.7 Evaporative Cooling 475 8.6.8 Ice Cooling 476 8.7 Precooling of Milk 477 8.8 Food Freezing 479 8.9 Cool and Cold Storage 480 8.9.1 Chilling Injury 481 8.9.2 Optimum Storage Conditions 481 8.9.2.1 Optimum Temperature 481 8.9.2.2 Optimum Relative Humidity 482 8.9.3 Technical Aspects of Cold Stores 485 8.9.3.1 Shape and Size 486 8.9.3.2 Construction Methods 486 8.9.3.3 Insulation 487 8.9.3.4 Vapor Barriers 488 8.9.3.5 Floors 488 8.9.3.6 Cold-air Distribution 488 8.9.3.7 Defrosting 489 8.9.3.8 Cold Store Planning 489 8.9.3.9 Refrigeration 490 8.9.4 Calculation of Cold Store Refrigeration Loads 490 8.9.5 Energy-efficient Cold Store 492 8.9.6 Photovoltaic-powered Cold Store 493 8.10 Controlled Atmosphere Storage 496 8.10.1 Controlled Atmosphere Storage Ripening and Waxing 500 8.10.2 Container-controlled Atmospheres 501 8.10.2.1 Controlled Modified Atmosphere Systems 501 8.10.2.2 Modified Atmospheres in Containers 502 8.10.2.3 Modified Atmospheres in Packaging 502 8.10.2.4 Pressure Swing Absorption Systems 502 8.10.2.5 Membrane Separation Systems 502 8.10.3 Packaging 503 8.10.4 Definitions 503 8.10.5 Modified Atmosphere Packaging 503 8.10.6 Modified Atmosphere Cooling 505 8.11 Refrigerated Transport 506 8.11.1 Reefer Technology 507 8.11.1.1 Controlled-atmosphere Reefer Containers 507 8.11.2 Quality Aspects of Products 507 8.11.3 Effective Packaging for Quality 508 8.11.4 Transport Storage 509 8.11.5 Temperature Control 511 8.11.5.1 Temperature Control and Monitoring 512 8.11.5.2 Temperature Monitoring Systems 513 8.11.6 Transportation Aspects 513 8.11.7 Recommended Transit and Storage Procedures 514 8.11.8 Developments in Refrigerated Transport 514 8.11.8.1 Sea and Land Transport 515 8.11.8.2 Air Transport 515 8.12 Respiration (Heat Generation) 515 8.12.1 Measurement of Respiratory Heat Generation 516 8.13 Transpiration (Moisture Loss) 516 8.13.1 Shrinkage 521 8.14 Cooling Process Parameters 522 8.14.1 Cooling Coefficient 522 8.14.2 Lag Factor 523 8.14.3 Half Cooling Time 523 8.14.4 Seven-eighths Cooling Time 523 8.15 Analysis of Cooling Process Parameters 524 8.15.1 Lin et al.’s Model for Irregular Shapes 527 8.16 Fourier–Reynolds Correlations 529 8.16.1 Development of Fourier–Reynolds Correlations 530 8.17 Cooling Heat-transfer Parameters 533 8.17.1 Specific Heat 533 8.17.1.1 Some Correlations for Specific Heat 534 8.17.2 Thermal Conductivity 535 8.17.2.1 Some Correlations for Thermal Conductivity 536 8.17.3 Thermal Diffusivity 538 8.17.4 Effective Heat-transfer Coefficients 540 8.17.4.1 Smith et al.’s Model 543 8.17.4.2 Ansari’s Model 544 8.17.4.3 Stewart et al.’s Model 544 8.17.4.4 Dincer and Dost’s Models 545 8.17.4.5 Some Methods for Effective Heat-transfer Coefficients 546 8.17.5 Modeling for Thermal Diffusivity and Heat-transfer Coefficient 547 8.17.6 Effective Nusselt–Reynolds Correlations 555 8.17.7 The Dincer Number 557 8.18 Conclusions 560 Nomenclature 561 Study Problems 563 References 565 9 Food Freezing 573 9.1 Introduction 573 9.2 Food Freezing Aspects 574 9.2.1 Enzymatic Reactions 575 9.2.2 Microbiological Activities 576 9.3 Quick Freezing 577 9.4 Enthalpy 577 9.5 Crystallization 578 9.6 Moisture Migration 579 9.7 Weight Loss 579 9.8 Blanching 580 9.9 Packaging 582 9.10 Quality of Frozen Foods 582 9.10.1 Objective Tests 583 9.10.2 Sensory Tests 583 9.10.3 Tests on the Kinetics of Quality Loss 583 9.11 Food Freezing Process 585 9.11.1 Freezing of Fruits 586 9.11.2 Freezing of Vegetables 586 9.12 Freezing Point 588 9.13 Freezing Rate 589 9.14 Freezing Times 590 9.14.1 Plank’s Model 592 9.14.2 Mellor’s Model 592 9.14.3 Pham’s Model 593 9.14.4 Cleland and Earle’s Model 594 9.14.5 Mannapperuma et al.’s Model 595 9.15 Freezing Equipment 598 9.15.1 Tunnel Freezers 599 9.15.1.1 Packaged Tunnel Freezers 600 9.15.1.2 Modular Tunnel Freezers 601 9.15.1.3 Multipass Tunnel Freezers 602 9.15.1.4 Contact Belt Tunnel Freezers 603 9.15.1.5 Drag Thru Doly Freezers 603 9.15.2 Spiral Freezers 604 9.15.2.1 Packaged Spiral Freezers 605 9.15.2.2 Site-built Spiral Freezers 606 9.15.3 Plate (Tray) Freezers 606 9.15.3.1 Packaged Tray Freezers 608 9.15.4 Impingement Jet Freezers 608 9.15.5 Cryogenic Freezers 609 9.15.5.1 Immersing Cryogenic Freezers 611 9.15.5.2 Tunnel Cryogenic Freezers 612 9.15.6 Control in Freezers 612 9.16 Ice Making 613 9.16.1 Block Ice Manufacture 613 9.16.2 Shell Ice Manufacture 614 9.16.3 Flake Ice Manufacture 614 9.16.4 Tube Ice Manufacture 614 9.16.5 Plate Ice Manufacture 615 9.16.6 Slush, Slurry or Binary Ice Manufacture 615 9.17 Thawing 615 9.18 Freeze-drying 616 9.18.1 Operation Principles 617 9.18.2 Freeze-drying Times 619 9.18.3 Freeze-dryers 621 9.18.3.1 Batch-type Freeze-dryers 622 9.18.3.2 Continuous-type Freeze-dryers 624 9.18.3.3 Microwave and Dielectric Freeze-dryers 625 9.18.4 Atmospheric Freeze-drying 625 9.19 Conclusions 625 Nomenclature 626 Study Problems 627 References 628 10 Environmental Impact and Sustainability Assessment of Refrigeration Systems 631 10.1 Introduction 631 10.2 Environmental Concerns 633 10.3 Energy and Environmental Impact 637 10.4 Dincer’s Six Pillars 638 10.5 Dincer’s 3S Concept 638 10.6 System Greenization 639 10.7 Sustainability 641 10.8 Energy and Sustainability 643 10.9 Exergy and Sustainability 645 10.10 Concluding Remarks 667 Study Problems 668 References 668 Appendix A Conversion Factors 671 Appendix B Thermophysical Properties 675 Appendix C Food Refrigeration Data 701 Index 719
£96.26
John Wiley & Sons Inc Thermodynamic Degradation Science
Book SynopsisThermodynamic degradation science is a new and exciting discipline. This book merges the science of physics of failure with thermodynamics and shows how degradation modeling is improved and enhanced when using thermodynamic principles. The author also goes beyond the traditional physics of failure methods and highlights the importance of having new tools such as Mesoscopic noise degradation measurements for prognostics of complex systems, and a conjugate work approach to solving physics of failure problems with accelerated testing applications. Key features: Demonstrates how the thermodynamics energy approach uncovers key degradation models and their application to accelerated testing. Demonstrates how thermodynamic degradation models accounts for cumulative stress environments, effect statistical reliability distributions, and are key for reliability test planning. Provides coverage of the four types of Physics of Failure Table of ContentsList of Figures xiii List of Tables xvi About the Author xvii Preface xviii 1 Equilibrium Thermodynamic Degradation Science 1 1.1 Introduction to a New Science 1 1.2 Categorizing Physics of Failure Mechanisms 2 1.3 Entropy Damage Concept 3 1.3.1 The System (Device) and its Environment 4 1.3.2 Irreversible Thermodynamic Processes Cause Damage 5 1.4 Thermodynamic Work 6 1.5 Thermodynamic State Variables and their Characteristics 7 1.6 Thermodynamic Second Law in Terms of System Entropy Damage 9 1.6.1 Thermodynamic Entropy Damage Axiom 11 1.6.2 Entropy and Free Energy 13 1.7 Work, Resistance, Generated Entropy, and the Second Law 14 1.8 Thermodynamic Catastrophic and Parametric Failure 16 1.8.1 Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Aging States in Terms of the Free Energy or Entropy Change 16 1.9 Repair Entropy 17 1.9.1 Example 1.1: Repair Entropy: Relating Non-Damage Entropy Flow to Entropy Damage 17 Summary 18 References 22 2 Applications of Equilibrium Thermodynamic Degradation to Complex and Simple Systems: Entropy Damage, Vibration, Temperature, Noise Analysis, and Thermodynamic Potentials 23 2.1 Cumulative Entropy Damage Approach in Physics of Failure 23 2.1.1 Example 2.1: Miner’s Rule Derivation 25 2.1.2 Example 2.2: Miner’s Rule Example 26 2.1.3 Non-Cyclic Applications of Cumulative Damage 27 2.2 Measuring Entropy Damage Processes 27 2.3 Intermediate Thermodynamic Aging States and Sampling 29 2.4 Measures for System-Level Entropy Damage 29 2.4.1 Measuring System Entropy Damage with Temperature 29 2.4.2 Example 2.3: Resistor Aging 30 2.4.3 Example 2.4: Complex Resistor Bank 31 2.4.4 System Entropy Damage with Temperature Observations 32 2.4.5 Example 2.5: Temperature Aging of an Operating System 32 2.4.6 Comment on High-Temperature Aging for Operating and Non-Operating Systems 32 2.5 Measuring Randomness due to System Entropy Damage with Mesoscopic Noise Analysis in an Operating System 33 2.5.1 Example 2.6: Gaussian Noise Vibration Damage 35 2.5.2 Example 2.7: System Vibration Damage Observed with Noise Analysis 36 2.6 How System Entropy Damage Leads to Random Processes 37 2.6.1 Stationary versus Non-Stationary Entropy Process 40 2.7 Example 2.8: Human Heart Rate Noise Degradation 41 2.8 Entropy Damage Noise Assessment Using Autocorrelation and the Power Spectral Density 42 2.8.1 Noise Measurements Rules of Thumb for the PSD and R 43 2.8.2 Literature Review of Traditional Noise Measurement 44 2.8.3 Literature Review for Resistor Noise 48 2.9 Noise Detection Measurement System 48 2.9.1 System Noise Temperature 49 2.9.2 Environmental Noise Due to Pollution 50 2.9.3 Measuring System Entropy Damage using Failure Rate 50 2.10 Entropy Maximize Principle: Combined First and Second Law 51 2.10.1 Example 2.9: Thermal Equilibrium 52 2.10.2 Example 2.10: Equilibrium with Charge Exchange 53 2.10.3 Example 2.11: Diffusion Equilibrium 55 2.10.4 Example 2.12: Available Work 55 2.11 Thermodynamic Potentials and Energy States 57 2.11.1 The Helmholtz Free Energy 58 2.11.2 The Enthalpy Energy State 60 2.11.3 The Gibbs Free Energy 60 2.11.4 Summary of Common Thermodynamic State Energies 62 2.11.5 Example 2.13: Work, Entropy Damage, and Free Energy Change 62 2.11.6 Example 2.14: System in Contact with a Reservoir 65 Summary 68 References 76 3 NE Thermodynamic Degradation Science Assessment Using the Work Concept 77 3.1 Equilibrium versus Non-Equilibrium Aging Approach 77 3.1.1 Conjugate Work and Free Energy Approach to Understanding Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamic Degradation 78 3.2 Application to Cyclic Work and Cumulative Damage 79 3.3 Cyclic Work Process, Heat Engines, and the Carnot Cycle 81 3.4 Example 3.1: Cyclic Engine Damage Quantified Using Efficiency 84 3.5 The Thermodynamic Damage Ratio Method for Tracking Degradation 86 3.6 Acceleration Factors from the Damage Ratio Principle 87 Summary 89 References 92 4 Applications of NE Thermodynamic Degradation Science to Mechanical Systems: Accelerated Test and CAST Equations, Miner’s Rule, and FDS 93 4.1 Thermodynamic Work Approach to Physics of Failure Problems 93 4.2 Example 4.1: Miner’s Rule 93 4.2.1 Acceleration Factor Modification of Miner’s Damage Rule 95 4.3 Assessing Thermodynamic Damage in Mechanical Systems 96 4.3.1 Example 4.2: Creep Cumulative Damage and Acceleration Factors 96 4.3.2 Example 4.3: Wear Cumulative Damage and Acceleration Factors 99 4.3.3 Example 4.4: Thermal Cycle Fatigue and Acceleration Factors 101 4.3.4 Example 4.5: Mechanical Cycle Vibration Fatigue and Acceleration Factors 102 4.3.5 Example 4.6: Cycles to Failure under a Resonance Condition: Q Effect 105 4.4 Cumulative Damage Accelerated Stress Test Goal: Environmental Profiling and Cumulative Accelerated Stress Test (CAST) Equations 107 4.5 Fatigue Damage Spectrum Analysis for Vibration Accelerated Testing 108 4.5.1 Fatigue Damage Spectrum for Sine Vibration Accelerated Testing 109 4.5.2 Fatigue Damage Spectrum for Random Vibration Accelerated Testing 110 Summary 111 References 117 5 Corrosion Applications in NE Thermodynamic Degradation 118 5.1 Corrosion Damage in Electrochemistry 118 5.1.1 Example 5.1: Miner’s Rule for Secondary Batteries 119 5.2 Example 5.2: Chemical Corrosion Processes 121 5.2.1 Example 5.3: Numerical Example of Linear Corrosion 123 5.2.2 Example 5.4: Corrosion Rate Comparison of Different Metals 124 5.2.3 Thermal Arrhenius Activation and Peukert’s Law 124 5.3 Corrosion Current in Primary Batteries 126 5.3.1 Equilibrium Thermodynamic Condition: Nernst Equation 127 5.4 Corrosion Rate in Microelectronics 128 5.4.1 Corrosion and Chemical Rate Processes Due to Temperature 129 Summary 130 References 133 6 Thermal Activation Free Energy Approach 134 6.1 Free Energy Roller Coaster 134 6.2 Thermally Activated Time-Dependent (TAT) Degradation Model 135 6.2.1 Arrhenius Aging Due to Small Parametric Change 136 6.3 Free Energy Use in Parametric Degradation and the Partition Function 138 6.4 Parametric Aging at End of Life Due to the Arrhenius Mechanism: Large Parametric Change 140 Summary 141 References 143 7 TAT Model Applications: Wear, Creep, and Transistor Aging 144 7.1 Solving Physics of Failure Problems with the TAT Model 144 7.2 Example 7.1: Activation Wear 144 7.3 Example 7.2: Activation Creep Model 146 7.4 Transistor Aging 148 7.4.1 Bipolar Transistor Beta Aging Mechanism 148 7.4.2 Capacitor Leakage Model for Base Leakage Current 149 7.4.3 Thermally Activated Time-Dependent Model for Transistors and Dielectric Leakage 150 7.4.4 Field-Effect Transistor Parameter Degradation 152 Summary 154 References 156 8 Diffusion 157 8.1 The Diffusion Process 157 8.2 Example 8.1: Describing Diffusion Using Equilibrium Thermodynamics 157 8.3 Describing Diffusion Using Probability 159 8.4 Diffusion Acceleration Factor with and without Temperature Dependence 161 8.5 Diffusion Entropy Damage 161 8.5.1 Example 8.2: Package Moisture Diffusion 162 8.6 General Form of the Diffusion Equation 163 Summary 164 Reference 166 9 How Aging Laws Influence Parametric and Catastrophic Reliability Distributions 167 9.1 Physics of Failure Influence on Reliability Distributions 167 9.2 Log Time Aging (or Power Aging Laws) and the Lognormal Distribution 168 9.3 Aging Power Laws and the Weibull Distribution: Influence on Beta 171 9.4 Stress and Life Distributions 175 9.4.1 Example 9.1: Cumulative Distribution Function as a Function of Stress 176 9.5 Time- (or Stress-) Dependent Standard Deviation 177 Summary 178 References 180 10 The Theory of Organization: Final Thoughts 181 Special Topics A: Key Reliability Statistics 183 A.1 Introduction 183 A.1.1 Reliability and Accelerated Testing Software to Aid the Reader 183 A.2 The Key Reliability Functions 184 A.3 More Information on the Failure Rate 186 A.4 The Bathtub Curve and Reliability Distributions 187 A.4.1 Exponential Distribution 188 A.4.2 Weibull Distribution 190 A.4.3 Normal (Gaussian) Distribution 191 A.4.4 The Lognormal Reliability Function 194 A.5 Confidence Interval for Normal Parametric Analysis 195 A.5.1 Example A.4: Power Amplifier Confidence Interval 196 A.6 Central Limit Theorem and Cpk Analysis 197 A.6.1 Cpk Analysis 197 A.6.2 Example A.5: Cpk and Yield for the Power Amplifiers 197 A.7 Catastrophic Analysis 199 A.7.1 Censored Data 199 A.7.2 Example A.6: Weibull and Lognormal Analysis of Semiconductors 199 A.7.3 Example A.7: Mixed Modal Analysis Inflection Point Method 201 A.8 Reliability Objectives and Confidence Testing 203 A.8.1 Chi-Squared Confidence Test Planning for Few Failures: The Exponential Case 204 A.8.2 Example A.8: Chi-Squared Accelerated Test Plan 205 A.9 Comprehensive Accelerated Test Planning 205 References 206 Special Topics B: Applications to Accelerated Testing 207 B.1 Introduction 207 B.1.1 Reliability and Accelerated Testing Software to Aid the Reader 208 B.1.2 Using the Arrhenius Acceleration Model for Temperature 209 B.1.3 Example B.2: Estimating the Activation Energy 211 B.1.4 Example B.3: Estimating Mean Time to Failure from Life Test 212 B.2 Power Law Acceleration Factors 212 B.2.1 Example B.4: Generalized Power Law Acceleration Factors 214 B.3 Temperature–Humidity Life Test Model 214 B.3.1 Temperature–Humidity Bias and Local Relative Humidity 215 B.4 Temperature Cycle Testing 216 B.4.1 Example B.6: Using the Temperature Cycle Model 217 B.5 Vibration Acceleration 217 B.5.1 Example B.7: Accelerated Testing Using Sine and Random Vibration 220 B.6 Multiple-Stress Accelerated Test Plans for Demonstrating Reliability 220 B.6.1 Example B.8: Designing Multi-Accelerated Tests Plans: Failure-Free 221 B.7 Cumulative Accelerated Stress Test (CAST) Goals and Equations Usage in Environmental Profiling 222 B.7.1 Example B.9: Cumulative Accelerated Stress Test (CAST) Goals and Equation in Environmental Profiling 222 References 223 Special Topics C: Negative Entropy and the Perfect Human Engine 224 C.1 Spontaneous Negative Entropy: Growth and Repair 224 C.2 The Perfect Human Engine: How to Live Longer 225 C.2.1 Differences and Similarities of the Human Engine to Other Systems 226 C.2.2 Knowledge of Cyclic Work to Improve Our Chances of a Longer Life 226 C.2.3 Example C.1: Exercise and the Human Heart Life Cycle 228 C.3 Growth and Self-Repair Part of the Human Engine 229 C.3.1 Example C.2: Work for Human Repair 230 C.4 Act of Spontaneous Negative Entropy 231 C.4.1 Repair Aging Rate: An RC Electrical Model 232 References 233 Overview of New Terms, Equations, and Concepts 234 Index 236
£73.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Conventional and Alternative Power Generation
Book SynopsisA much-needed, up-to-date guide on conventional and alternative power generation This book goes beyond the traditional methods of power generation. It introduces the many recent innovations on the production of electricity and the way they play a major role in combating global warming and improving the efficiency of generation. It contains a strong analytical approach to underpin the theory of power plantsfor those using conventional fuels, as well as those using renewable fuelsand looks at the problems from a unique environmental engineering perspective. The book also includes numerous worked examples and case studies to demonstrate the working principles of these systems. Conventional and Alternative Power Generation: Thermodynamics, Mitigation and Sustainability is divided into 8 chapters that comprehensively cover: thermodynamic systems; vapor power cycles, gas power cycles, combustion; control of particulates; carbon capture and storage; air pollutioTable of ContentsPreface xi Structure of the Book xiii Notation xvii 1 Thermodynamic Systems 1 1.1 Overview 1 Learning Outcomes 1 1.2 Thermodynamic System Definitions 1 1.3 Thermodynamic Properties 1 1.4 Thermodynamic Processes 3 1.5 Formation of Steam and the State Diagrams 4 1.5.1 Property Tables and Charts for Vapours 6 1.6 Ideal Gas Behaviour in Closed and Open Systems and Processes 7 1.7 First Law ofThermodynamics 9 1.7.1 First Law of Thermodynamics Applied to Open Systems 10 1.7.2 First Law of Thermodynamics Applied to Closed Systems 10 1.8 Worked Examples 11 1.9 Tutorial Problems 17 2 Vapour Power Cycles 19 2.1 Overview 19 Learning Outcomes 19 2.2 Steam Power Plants 19 2.3 Vapour Power Cycles 20 2.3.1 The Carnot Cycle 21 2.3.2 The Simple Rankine Cycle 22 2.3.3 The Rankine Superheat Cycle 22 2.3.4 The Rankine Reheat Cycle 23 2.3.4.1 Analysis of the Rankine Reheat Cycle 24 2.3.5 Real Steam Processes 25 2.3.6 Regenerative Cycles 25 2.3.6.1 Single Feed Heater 26 2.3.6.2 Multiple Feed Heaters 27 2.3.7 Organic Rankine Cycle (ORc) 29 2.3.7.1 Choice of theWorking Fluid for ORc 29 2.4 Combined Heat and Power 30 2.4.1 Scenario One: Power Only 30 2.4.2 Scenario Two: Heat Only 31 2.4.3 ScenarioThree: Heat and Power 32 2.4.4 Cogeneration, Trigeneration and Quad Generation 33 2.5 Steam Generation Hardware 33 2.5.1 Steam Boiler Components 34 2.5.2 Types of Boiler 35 2.5.3 Fuel Preparation System 35 2.5.4 Methods of Superheat Control 36 2.5.5 Performance of Steam Boilers 36 2.5.5.1 Boiler Efficiency 36 2.5.5.2 Boiler Rating 37 2.5.5.3 Equivalent Evaporation 38 2.5.6 Steam Condensers 38 2.5.6.1 Condenser Calculations 38 2.5.7 Cooling Towers 39 2.5.8 Power-station Pumps 39 2.5.8.1 Pump Applications 39 2.5.9 Steam Turbines 41 2.6 Worked Examples 41 2.7 Tutorial Problems 54 3 Gas Power Cycles 57 3.1 Overview 57 Learning Outcomes 57 3.2 Introduction to Gas Turbines 57 3.3 Gas Turbine Cycle 57 3.3.1 Irreversibilities in Gas Turbine Processes 58 3.3.2 The Compressor Unit 58 3.3.3 The Combustion Chamber 59 3.3.4 The Turbine Unit 60 3.3.5 Overall Performance of Gas Turbine Plants 60 3.4 Modifications to the Simple Gas Turbine Cycle 61 3.4.1 Heat Exchanger 61 3.4.2 Intercooling 61 3.4.3 Reheating 62 3.4.4 Compound System 63 3.4.5 Combined Gas Turbine/Steam Turbine Cycle 65 3.5 Gas Engines 68 3.5.1 Internal Combustion Engines 68 3.5.2 The Otto Cycle 68 3.5.2.1 Analysis of the Otto Cycle 69 3.5.3 The Diesel Cycle 69 3.5.3.1 Analysis of the Diesel Cycle 70 3.5.4 The Dual Combustion Cycle 71 3.5.4.1 Analysis of the Dual Cycle 72 3.5.5 Diesel Engine Power Plants 72 3.5.6 External Combustion Engines –The Stirling Engine 72 3.6 Worked Examples 75 3.7 Tutorial Problems 84 4 Combustion 87 4.1 Overview 87 Learning Outcomes 87 4.2 Mass and Matter 87 4.2.1 Chemical Quantities 88 4.2.2 Chemical Reactions 88 4.2.3 Physical Quantities 88 4.3 Balancing Chemical Equations 89 4.3.1 Combustion Equations 90 4.4 Combustion Terminology 90 4.4.1 Oxidizer Provision 90 4.4.2 Combustion Product Analyses 91 4.4.3 Fuel mixtures 92 4.5 Energy Changes During Combustion 92 4.6 First Law ofThermodynamics Applied to Combustion 93 4.6.1 Steady-flow Systems (SFEE) [Applicable to Boilers, Furnaces] 93 4.6.2 Closed Systems (NFEE) [Applicable to Engines] 93 4.6.3 Flame Temperature 94 4.7 Oxidation of Nitrogen and Sulphur 94 4.7.1 Nitrogen and Sulphur 95 4.7.2 Formation of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) 95 4.7.3 NOx Control 97 4.7.3.1 Modify the Combustion Process 97 4.7.3.2 Post-flame Treatment 97 4.7.4 Formation of Sulphur Oxides (SOx) 98 4.7.5 SOx Control 98 4.7.5.1 Flue Gas Sulphur Compounds from Fossil-fuel Consumption 98 4.7.5.2 Sulphur Compounds from Petroleum and Natural Gas Streams 100 4.7.6 Acid Rain 100 4.8 Worked Examples 101 4.9 Tutorial Problems 111 5 Control of Particulates 115 5.1 Overview 115 Learning Outcomes 115 5.2 Some Particle Dynamics 115 5.2.1 Nature of Particulates 115 5.2.2 Stokes’s Law and Terminal Velocity 116 5.3 Principles of Collection 119 5.3.1 Collection Surfaces 119 5.3.2 Collection Devices 119 5.3.3 Fractional Collection Efficiency 121 5.4 Control Technologies 121 5.4.1 Gravity Settlers 121 5.4.1.1 Model 1: Unmixed Flow Model 122 5.4.1.2 Model 2:Well-mixed Flow Model 123 5.4.2 Centrifugal Separators or Cyclones 124 5.4.3 Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs) 128 5.4.4 Fabric Filters 132 5.4.5 Spray Chambers and Scrubbers 135 5.5 Worked Examples 137 5.6 Tutorial Problems 140 6 Carbon Capture and Storage 145 6.1 Overview 145 Learning Outcomes 145 6.2 Thermodynamic Properties of CO2 146 6.2.1 General Properties 146 6.2.2 Equations of State 148 6.2.2.1 The Ideal or Perfect Gas Law 148 6.2.2.2 The Compressibility Factor 148 6.2.2.3 Van derWaal Equation of State 148 6.2.2.4 Beattie–Bridgeman Equation (1928) 149 6.2.2.5 Benedict–Webb–Rubin Equation (1940) 150 6.2.2.6 Peng–Robinson Equation of State (1976) 150 6.3 Gas Mixtures 150 6.3.1 Fundamental Mixture Laws 151 6.3.2 PVT Behaviour of Gas Mixtures 151 6.3.2.1 Dalton’s Law 152 6.3.2.2 Amagat’s Law 152 6.3.3 Thermodynamic Properties of Gas Mixtures 153 6.3.4 Thermodynamics of Mixture Separation 155 6.3.4.1 Minimum SeparationWork 155 6.3.4.2 Separation of a Two-component Mixture 156 6.4 Gas SeparationMethods 157 6.4.1 Chemical Absorption by Liquids 157 6.4.1.1 Aqueous Carbon Dioxide and Alkanolamine Chemistry 158 6.4.1.2 Alternative Absorber Solutions 159 6.4.2 Physical Absorption by Liquids 160 6.4.3 Oxyfuel, Cryogenics and Chemical Looping 161 6.4.4 Gas Membranes 162 6.4.4.1 Membrane Flux 163 6.4.4.2 Maximizing Flux 163 6.4.4.3 Membrane Types 163 6.5 Aspects of CO2 Conditioning and Transport 164 6.5.1 Multi-stage Compression 165 6.5.2 Pipework Design 167 6.5.2.1 Pressure Drop 167 6.5.2.2 Materials 167 6.5.2.3 Maintenance and Control 167 6.5.3 Carbon Dioxide Hazards 168 6.5.3.1 Respiration 168 6.5.3.2 Temperature 168 6.5.3.3 Ventilation 168 6.6 Aspects of CO2 Storage 169 6.6.1 Biological Sequestration 169 6.6.2 Mineral Carbonation 171 6.6.3 Geological Storage Media 172 6.6.4 Oceanic Storage 174 6.7 Worked Examples 176 6.8 Tutorial Problems 182 7 Pollution Dispersal 185 7.1 Overview 185 Learning Outcomes 185 7.2 Atmospheric Behaviour 186 7.2.1 The Atmosphere 186 7.2.2 Atmospheric Vertical Temperature Variation and Air Motion 187 7.3 Atmospheric Stability 189 7.3.1 Stability Classifications 190 7.3.2 Stability and Stack Dispersal 191 7.3.2.1 Non-inversion Conditions 191 7.3.2.2 Inversion Conditions 192 7.3.3 Variation inWind Velocity with Elevation 192 7.4 Dispersion Modelling 193 7.4.1 Point Source Modelling 193 7.4.2 Plume Rise 198 7.4.3 Effect of Non-uniform Terrain on Dispersal 199 7.5 Alternative Expressions of Concentration 200 7.6 Worked Examples 200 7.7 Tutorial Problems 203 8 Alternative Energy and Power Plants 207 8.1 Overview 207 Learning Outcomes 207 8.2 Nuclear Power Plants 208 8.2.1 Components of a Typical Nuclear Reactor 208 8.2.2 Types of Nuclear Reactor 209 8.2.3 Environmental Impact of Nuclear Reactors 209 8.3 Solar Power Plants 210 8.3.1 Photovoltaic Power Plants 211 8.3.2 Solar Thermal Power Plants 215 8.4 Biomass Power Plants 216 8.4.1 Forestry, Agricultural and Municipal Biomass for Direct Combustion 217 8.4.1.1 Bulk Density (kg/m3) 217 8.4.1.2 Moisture Content (% by Mass) 217 8.4.1.3 Ash Content (% by Mass) 218 8.4.1.4 Calorific Value (kJ/kg) and Combustion 218 8.4.2 Anaerobic Digestion 220 8.4.3 Biofuels 222 8.4.3.1 Biodiesel 222 8.4.3.2 Bioethanol 222 8.4.4 Gasification and Pyrolysis of Biomass 223 8.5 Geothermal Power Plants 224 8.6 Wind Energy 226 8.6.1 Theory ofWind Energy 227 8.6.1.1 Actual Power Output of the Turbine 229 8.6.2 Wind Turbine Types and Components 230 8.7 Hydropower 230 8.7.1 Types of Hydraulic Power Plant 231 8.7.1.1 Run-of-river Hydropower 231 8.7.1.2 Storage Hydropower 232 8.7.2 Estimation of Hydropower 233 8.7.3 Types of Hydraulic Turbine 233 8.8 Wave and Tidal (or Marine) Power 233 8.8.1 Characteristics ofWaves 234 8.8.2 Estimation ofWave Energy 235 8.8.3 Types ofWave Power Device 235 8.8.4 Tidal Power 237 8.8.4.1 Tidal Barrage Energy 238 8.8.4.2 Tidal Stream Energy 239 8.9 Thermoelectric Energy 239 8.9.1 DirectThermal Energy to Electrical Energy Conversion 240 8.9.2 Thermoelectric Generators (TEGs) 241 8.10 Fuel Cells 242 8.10.1 Principles of Simple Fuel Cell Operation 243 8.10.2 Fuel Cell Efficiency 243 8.10.3 Fuel Cell Types 244 8.11 Energy Storage Technologies 244 8.11.1 Energy Storage Characteristics 246 8.11.2 Energy Storage Technologies 246 8.11.2.1 Hydraulic Energy 246 8.11.2.2 Pneumatic Energy 247 8.11.2.3 Ionic Energy 247 8.11.2.4 Rotational Energy 248 8.11.2.5 Electrostatic Energy 249 8.11.2.6 Magnetic Energy 249 8.12 Worked Examples 250 8.13 Tutorial Problems 255 A Properties ofWater and Steam 257 B Thermodynamic Properties of Fuels and Combustion Products 263 Bibliography 265 Index 267
£98.96
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Transport Phenomena in Multiphase Systems
Book SynopsisThis volume fills the need for a textbook presenting basic governing and constitutive equations, followed by several engineering problems on multiphase flow and transport that are not provided in current advanced texts, monographs, or handbooks. The unique emphasis of this book is on the sound formulation of the basic equations describing multiphase transport and how they can be used to design processes in selected industrially important fields. The clear underlying mathematical and physical bases of the interdisciplinary description of multiphase flow and transport are the main themes, along with advances in the kinetic theory for particle flow systems. The book may be used as an upper-level undergraduate or graduate textbook, as a reference by professionals in the design of processes that deal with a variety of multiphase systems, and by practitioners and experts in multiphase science in the area of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) at U.S. national laboratories, international universities, research laboratories and institutions, and in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and petroleum industries. Distinct from other books on multiphase flow, this volume shows clearly how the basic multiphase equations can be used in the design and scale-up of multiphase processes. The authors represent a combination of nearly two centuries of experience and innovative application of multiphase transport representing hundreds of publications and several books. This book serves to encapsulate the essence of their wisdom and insight, and:Table of ContentsIntroduction to Multiphase Flow Basic Equations.- Multiphase Flow Constitutive Equations and Boundary Conditions.- Phenomena Associated with Multiphase Flow (Gas-Solids and Gas-Liquid Systems).- CO2 Capture.- Synthetic Gas Conversion to Liquid Fuel Using Slurry Bubble-Column Reactors.- Fluidized-Bed Reactor for Polymerization.- Fluidized-Bed Reactors for Solar-Grade Silicon and Silane Production.- Hemodynamics Simulation (Blood Flow).- Multiphase Flow Modeling of Volcanic Eruptions.- Pharmaceutical Processes.- Multiphase Flow Modeling of Wind Turbines at Rainy Condition.
£85.49
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Combustion Technology: Essentials of Flames and
Book SynopsisThis textbook is intended for post-graduate students in mechanical and allied engineering disciplines. It will also be helpful to scientists and engineers working in the areas of combustion to recapitulate the fundamental and generally applied aspects of combustion. This textbook comprehensively covers the fundamental aspects of combustion. It includes physical descriptions of premixed and non-premixed flames. It provides a detailed analysis of the basic ideas and design characteristics of burners for gaseous, liquid and solid fuels. A chapter on alternative renewable fuels has also been included to bring out the need, characteristics and usage of alternative fuels. Review questions have been provided at the end of each chapter which will help the students to evaluate their understanding of the important concepts covered in that chapter. Several standard text books have been cited in the chapters and are listed towards the end, as suggested reading, to enable the readers to refer them when required. The textbook will be useful for students in mechanical, aerospace and related fields of engineering. It will also be a good resource for professionals and researchers working in the areas of combustion technology.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Review of Combustion Thermodynamics and Kinetics.- Review of Combustion Phenomena.- Burners for Gaseous Fuels.- Burners for Liquid Fuels.- Solid Fuel Systems.- Alternative Fuels.- Numerical Modelling of Laminar Flames.
£49.49
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Thermoacoustic Instability: A Complex Systems
Book SynopsisThis book systematically presents the consolidated findings of the phenomenon of self-organization observed during the onset of thermoacoustic instability using approaches from dynamical systems and complex systems theory. Over the last decade, several complex dynamical states beyond limit cycle oscillations such as quasiperiodicity, frequency-locking, period-n, chaos, strange non-chaos, and intermittency have been discovered in thermoacoustic systems operated in laminar and turbulent flow regimes. During the onset of thermoacoustic instability in turbulent systems, an ordered acoustic field and large coherent vortices emerge from the background of turbulent combustion. This emergence of order from disorder in both temporal and spatiotemporal dynamics is explored in the contexts of synchronization, pattern formation, collective interaction, multifractality, and complex networks. For the past six decades, the spontaneous emergence of large amplitude, self-sustained, tonal oscillations in confined combustion systems, characterized as thermoacoustic instability, has remained one of the most challenging areas of research. The presence of such instabilities continues to hinder the development and deployment of high-performance combustion systems used in power generation and propulsion applications. Even with the advent of sophisticated measurement techniques to aid experimental investigations and vast improvements in computational power necessary to capture flow physics in high fidelity simulations, conventional reductionist approaches have not succeeded in explaining the plethora of dynamical behaviors and the associated complexities that arise in practical combustion systems. As a result, models and theories based on such approaches are limited in their application to mitigate or evade thermoacoustic instabilities, which continue to be among the biggest concerns for engine manufacturers today. This book helps to overcome these limitations by providing appropriate methodologies to deal with nonlinear thermoacoustic oscillations, and by developing control strategies that can mitigate and forewarn thermoacoustic instabilities. The book is also beneficial to scientists and engineers studying the occurrence of several other instabilities, such as flow-induced vibrations, compressor surge, aeroacoustics and aeroelastic instabilities in diverse fluid-mechanical environments, to graduate students who intend to apply dynamical systems and complex systems approach to their areas of research, and to physicists who look for experimental applications of their theoretical findings on nonlinear and complex systems.Table of Contents1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction to thermoacoustic instability and its consequences 1.2 Mechanisms that cause thermoacoustic instability 1.2.1 Flame surface area modulations 1.2.2 Equivalence ratio fluctuations 1.2.3 Coherent structures in the flow 1.2.4 Entropy waves 1.3 Mechanisms that damp thermoacoustic instability 1.4 Current approaches: Acoustic oscillations driven by unsteady combustion, network modelling, and eigenvalues 1.5 Why do we need a nonlinear description? 1.6 Nonlinearities in a thermoacoustic system 1.7 Thermoacoustic stability analysis: Acoustic vs dynamical systems approach 1.8 Beyond limit cycles 1.9 Thermoacoustic instability in turbulent combustors 1.10 Transition to thermoacoustic instability in turbulent reacting flow systems 1.10.1 Is combustion noise deterministic or stochastic? 1.10.2 Studying the transition to thermoacoustic instability in “noisy” systems 1.10.3 Noise induced transition, stochastic bifurcation and Fokker-Planck equation 1.10.4 Is ‘signal plus noise’ paradigm the right way to go about? 1.11 Alternate perspectives 1.11.1 Combustion noise is chaos 1.11.2 Intermittency presages the onset of thermoacoustic instability 1.11.3 Multifractal description of combustion noise and its transition to thermoacoustic instability 1.11.4 Complex networks 1.11.5 On the importance of being nonlinear 1.11.6 Reductionist vs complex systems approach 1.12 References 2 Introduction to Dynamical Systems Theory 2.1 Dynamical system 2.1.1 Conservative and dissipative dynamical systems 2.1.2 Modeling dynamical systems as discrete and continuous functions of time 2.2 Linear approximation of one-dimensional systems 2.2.1 Two-dimensional linear systems 2.3 Bifurcations and their classification 2.3.1 Saddle-node bifurcation 2.3.2 Transcritical bifurcation 2.3.3 Pitchfork bifurcation 2.3.4 Hopf bifurcation 2.4 Signals and their classification 2.4.1 Limit cycle oscillations 2.4.2 Period-= oscillations 2.4.3 Quasiperiodic oscillations 2.4.4 Chaotic oscillations 2.4.5 Difference between strange chaotic, strange nonchaotic, and chaotic nonstrange attractors 2.4.6 Intermittency 2.5 Routes to chaos 2.5.1 Period-doubling route to chaos 2.5.2 Quasiperiodic route to chaos 2.5.3 Intermittency route to chaos 2.6 Phase space reconstruction 2.6.1 Selection of optimum time delay () 2.6.2 Selection of the minimum emending dimension (d) 2.7 Poincaré map (or Poincaré section or return map) 2.8 Recurrence plots 2.8.1 Cross recurrence plots 2.8.2 Joint recurrence plot 2.8.3 Recurrence quantification analysis 2.9 References 3 Bifurcation to Limit Cycle Oscillations in Laminar Thermoacoustic Systems 3.1 A brief history of Rijke-type thermoacoustic systems 3.2 Bifurcation characteristics of a deterministic thermoacoustic system 3.3 Noise-induced transition, triggering, and stochastic bifurcation to limit cycle 3.3.1 Effect of noise on hysteresis (or bistability) of a subcritical Hopf bifurcation 3.3.2 Stochastic (or P) bifurcation 3.3.3 Triggering in thermoacoustic systems 3.4 References 4 Thermoacoustic Instability: Beyond Limit Cycle Oscillations 4.1 Bifurcation of thermoacoustic instability beyond the state of limit cycle 4.2 Other dynamical states of thermoacoustic instability 4.2.1 Strange nonchaos 4.2.2 Intermittency 4.3 Routes to chaos for thermoacoustic oscillations 4.3.1 Period-doubling route to chaos 4.3.2 Ruelle-Takens-Newhouse route to chaos 4.3.3 Intermittency route to chaos 4.4 Nonlinear nature of flame-acoustic interactions 4.5 References 5 Thermoacoustic Instability is Self-Organization in a Complex System 5.1 Examples of complex systems 5.2 Nonlinearity: The reductionist’s nightmare 5.3 Emergence 5.4 Pattern formation 5.5 Order emerging from chaos 5.6 Onset of thermoacoustic instability in turbulent combustors 5.7 Fractals and multifractals 5.8 Collective interaction in complex systems 5.9 Complex networks 5.10 Why should we use complex systems approach to study thermoacoustic instability in turbulent combustors? 5.11 Practical applications 5.12 References 6 Intermittency - A State Precedes Thermoacoustic Instability and Blowout in Turbulent Combustors 6.1 Classification of sound waves generated by turbulent flame in a combustor 6.2 What is combustion noise? 6.2.1 Phase space dynamics of acoustic pressure fluctuations during combustion noise 6.2.2 0-1 test for chaos 6.3 What is thermoacoustic instability? 6.4 Transition from combustion noise to thermoacoustic instability in turbulent combustors 6.4.1 Reformulating the onset of thermoacoustic instability as a loss of chaos 6.4.2 Intermittency route to thermoacoustic instability 6.4.3 Characteristics of the intermittency signal 6.4.4 Bifurcation analysis of intermittency route to thermoacoustic instability 6.5 Phase space and recurrence analysis of the intermittency route to thermoacoustic instability 6.6 Intermittency route to flame blowout 6.7 Type of intermittency en-route to thermoacoustic instability and its scaling laws 6.8 References 7 Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Flow, Flame, and Acoustic Fields during the Onset of Thermoacoustic Instability 7.1 Pattern formation 7.2 The emergence of patterns during the onset of thermoacoustic instability 7.3 Collective interaction of large-scale vortices during thermoacoustic instability 7.4 References 8 Synchronization of Self-excited Acoustics and Turbulent Reacting Flow Dynamics 8.1 Basics of synchronization of coupled oscillators 8.2 Mutual synchronization of the acoustic and turbulent reactive flow fields during the transition to thermoacoustic instability 8.2.1 Coupled behavior of the acoustic field and the heat release rate field in a turbulent combustor 8.2.2 Synchronization of the acoustic pressure and the global heat release rate signals during the onset of thermoacoustic instability 8.2.3 Spatiotemporal synchronization of the turbulent reacting flow field with the duct acoustics 8.3 Forced synchronization of limit cycle oscillations in thermoacoustic systems 8.3.1 Forced response of the self-excited acoustic field 8.3.2 Forced synchronization of limit cycle oscillations in a horizontal Rijke tube 8.3.3 Characteristics of the acoustic field and the heat release rate field during forced synchronization in a laminar combustor 8.3.4 Forced synchronization of multi-frequency (quasiperiodic and chaotic) thermoacoustic oscillations 8.3.5 Characteristics of forced synchronization of limit cycle oscillations in turbulent combustors 8.3.6 Forced synchronization of self-excited oscillations in the hydrodynamic field 8.4 References 9 Model for Intermittency Route to Thermoacoustic Instability 9.1 Governing equations for the one-dimensional fluid flow. 9.1.1 Continuity equation 9.1.2 Momentum equation 9.1.3 Energy equation 9.1.4 Linearized governing equations for the acoustic field 9.2 Model for intermittency route to thermoacoustic instability 9.3 References 10 Multifractal Analysis of a Turbulent Thermoacoustic System 10.1 Fractals 10.2 The Hurst exponent and fractal properties 10.3 Multifractals 10.4 Methods of multifractal analysis 10.4.1 Multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MFDFA) 10.4.2 Box-counting method 10.5 Combustion noise is multifractal and thermoacoustic instability is a loss of multifractality 10.6 Multifractal analysis during the transition to a flame blowout 10.7 Multifractal analysis of spatial flame structures during stable and unstable operation 10.8 References 11 Complex Network Approach to Thermoacoustic Systems 11.1 An introduction to complex networks 11.2 Measures of complex networks 11.3 Types of complex networks 11.3.1 Regular networks 11.3.2 Random network 11.3.3 Small-world networks 11.3.4 Scale-free networks 11.4 Complex network approach to study temporal dynamics of thermoacoustic systems 11.4.1 Combustion noise is scale-free 11.4.2 The onset of thermoacoustic instability as a transition from scale-free to regular networks 11.4.3 Small-world-like behavior of thermoacoustic instability using cycle network 11.4.4 Recurrence network topologies of different dynamical states of a thermoacoustic system 11.4.5 Directional dependence between the coupled acoustic pressure and heat release rate fluctuations using recurrence networks 11.5 Complex network approach to study spatial dynamics of thermoacoustic systems 11.5.1 Unweighted spatial networks of the time-averaged flow field using the Pearson coefficient 11.5.2 Weighted time-varying spatial networks obtained though acoustic power and vorticity fields 11.5.3 Weighted time-varying turbulence networks obtained though vorticity fields 11.6 References 12 Early Warning and Mitigation Strategies for Thermoacoustic Instability 12.1 Precursors for the onset of impending thermoacoustic instability . . . 418 12.2 Traditional approaches for passive and active controls of thermoacoustic instability 12.3 Control of thermoacoustic instability using methodologies from synchronization theory 12.3.1 Mitigation of thermoacoustic instability using amplitude death phenomenon 12.3.2 Open-loop control of thermoacoustic instability through asynchronous quenching 12.4 Identification of critical regions in the spatial reacting field 12.5 References 13 Oscillatory Instabilities in Other Fluid Systems 13.1 Aeroacoustic instabilities 13.2 Aeroelastic instabilities 13.3 References 14 Summary and Perspective 14.1 Temporal analysis 14.2 Spatiotemporal analysis 14.3 Mitigation Strategies 14.3.1 Evasion 14.3.2 Strategies based on the framework of synchronization theory 14.3.3 Smart passive control 14.4 Future issues 14.5 Final thoughts 14.6 References
£123.49
Springer Nature Switzerland AG The Technology of Pressurized Water Reactors:
Book SynopsisThis book offers a complete panorama of the pressurized water reactor industry, beginning from its origin in the USA and the realization of nuclear engines for naval propulsion, to its most recent developments in the field of civil energy production, particularly in France with the 56 reactors of the multinational electric utility company, Electricité de France (EDF). This comprehensive two-volume masterwork features detailed descriptions of all the crucial components driving a pressurized water nuclear reactor. Volume 1 deals with the main components, such as the main primary circuit, the reactor core, and the steam generators. Volume 2 covers the secondary circuit and the cold source, including components such as the turbine, condenser, alternator, transformers and power supply. Written by Serge Marguet, a leading specialist in reactor physics and author of several books on the subject, this book draws on his experience of more than 35 years in research and development at EDF, a global leader in civil nuclear energy. Featuring a richly illustrated, full-color iconography, as well as a detailed index and bibliography, The Technology of Pressurized Water Reactors is an indispensable work for seasoned nuclear energy professionals, as well as inquisitive newcomers to the field.Table of ContentsHistory of the pressurized water reactor type.- The nuclear island.- The primary circuit.- The vessel and its internals.- Reactor core and fuel.- The secondary circuit.- The main circuits.- The turbine-generator unit and electricity production.- Towards the pressurized water reactors of the 21st century.
£237.49
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Single- and Two-Phase Flow Pressure Drop and Heat
Book SynopsisThe book provides design engineers an elemental understanding of the variables that influence pressure drop and heat transfer in plain and micro-fin tubes to thermal systems using liquid single-phase flow in different industrial applications. It also provides design engineers using gas-liquid, two-phase flow in different industrial applications the necessary fundamentals of the two-phase flow variables. The author and his colleagues were the first to determine experimentally the very important relationship between inlet geometry and transition. On the basis of their results, they developed practical and easy to use correlations for the isothermal and non-isothermal friction factor (pressure drop) and heat transfer coefficient (Nusselt number) in the transition region as well as the laminar and turbulent flow regions for different inlet configurations and fin geometry. This work presented herein provides the thermal systems design engineer the necessary design tools. The author further presents a succinct review of the flow patterns, void fraction, pressure drop and non-boiling heat transfer phenomenon and recommends some of the well scrutinized modeling techniques.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Single-Phase Flow Experimental Setup .- Friction Factor Results in Plain Tube.- Proposed Correlations for Friction Factor in Plain Tube.- Heat Transfer Results in Plain Tube.- Proposed Correlations for Heat Transfer in Plain Tube.- Simultaneous Heat Transfer and Friction Factor Analysis.- Friction Factor Results in Micro-fin Tubes.- Proposed Correlations for Friction Factor in Micro-fin Tubes.- Heat Transfer Results in Micro-fin Tubes.- Proposed Correlations for Heat Transfer in Micro-fin Tubes.
£132.99
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Exergy Analysis of the Air Handling Unit at
Book SynopsisThis book explore how exergy analysis can be an important tool for assessing the sustainability of buildings.Building's account or around 40 percent of total energy conditions depending on local climatic conditions. Due to its nature, exergy analysis should become a valuable tool for the assessment of building sustainability, first of all considering their scope and the dependence of their energy demands on the local environmental and climatic conditions.Nonetheless, methodological bottlenecks do exist and a solution to some of them is proposed in this monograph. First and foremost, there is the still-missing thermodynamically viable method to apply the variable reference environment temperature in exergy analysis. The monograph demonstrates that a correct approach to the directions of heat exergy flows, when the reference temperature is considered variable, allows reflecting the specifics of energy transformation processes in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems in a thermodynamically viable way. The outcome of the case analysis, which involved coordinated application of methodologies based on the Carnot factor and coenthalpies, was exergy analysis indicators – exergy efficiency and exergy destroyed – obtained for air handling units and their components. These methods can be used for the purposes of analysing and improving building technical systems that, as a rule, operate at a variable environment temperature. Exergy analysis becomes more reliable in designing dynamic models of such systems and their exergy-based control algorithms. This would improve the possibility to deploy them in building information modelling (BIM) technologies and the application of life cycle analysis (LCA) principles in designing buildings, thus improving the quality of the decision-making process. Furthermore, this would benefit other systems where variable reference environment plays a key role.This book is relevant to academics, students and researchers in the field of thermodynamic analysis considering HVAC equipment, building energy systems, energy efficiency, sustainable development of technical systems of energy, mechanics, and construction, as well as preservation of natural resources. Planners, designers, engineers of HVAC equipment, building energy systems, and developers of appropriate simulation tools (e.g., BIM) will also find it of use.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Theoretical bases of exergy analysis with variable reference temperature.- Heat recovery exchanger of air handling unit.- Air handling unit heat pump operation modes.- Comparative exergy analysis of air handling unit cases.- Seasonal exergy efficiency of an air handling unit.
£104.49
Springer International Publishing AG Numerical Modelling and Optimization in Advanced
Book SynopsisThis book presents different numerical modeling and nature-inspired optimization methods in advanced manufacturing processes for understanding the process characteristics. Particular emphasis is devoted to applications in non-conventional machining, nano-finishing, precision casting, porous biofabrication, three-dimensional printing, and micro-/nanoscale modeling. The book includes practical implications of empirical, analytical, and numerical models for predicting the vital output responses. Especial attention is given to finite element methods (FEMs) for understanding the design of novel highly complex engineering products, their performances, and behaviors under simulated processing conditions.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Parametric Appraisal of Plastic Injection Moulding for Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE): A Novel Taguchi based Honey Badger Algorithm and Capuchin Search Algorithm (Siddharth Jeet).- Chapter 2. A Comparison of ferrofluid flow models for a curved rough porous circular squeeze film considering slip velocity and various shapes (Jimit R. Patel).- Chapter 3. Simulation and optimization study on polishing of spherical steel by non-Newtonian fluids (Duc-Nam Nguyen).- Chapter 4. 3D Modeling and Analysis of Femur Bone during Jogging and Stumbling Condition (Imran Ahemad Khan).- Chapter 5. On Parametric Optimization of TSE for PVDF-Graphene-MnZnO Composite Based Filament Fabrication for 3D /4D Printing Applications (Vinay Kumar).- Chapter 6. Multi-factor Optimization for Joining of Polylactic acid-Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan based Scaffolds by Rapid Joining Process (N. Ranjan).- Chapter 7. Analysis of Dimensional Accuracy of Fused Filament Fabrication Parts Using Genetic Algorithm and Taguchi Analysis (J.S. Chohan).- Chapter 8. Introduction to Optimization in Manufacturing Operations (Debojyoti Sarkar).- Chapter 9. Potential Application of CEM43℃ and Arrhenius Model in Neurosurgical Bone Grinding (Atul Babbar).- Chapter 10. An effective selection of laser cutter used in Stent manufacturing through Fuzzy TOPSIS
£142.49
