Engineering: general Books

Book SynopsisThis reference describes advanced computer modeling and simulation procedures to predict material properties and component design including mechanical properties, microstructural evolution, and materials behavior and performance. The book illustrates the most effective modeling and simulation technologies relating to surface-engineered compounds, fastener design, quenching and tempering during heat treatment, and residual stresses and distortion during forging, casting, and heat treatment. Written by internationally recognized experts in the field, it enables researchers to enhance engineering processes and reduce production costs in materials and component development. Table of ContentsPreface, Contributors, 1. A Mathematical Model for Predicting Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Hot-Rolled Steels, 2. Design Simulation of Kinetics of Multicomponent Grain Boundary Segregations in the Engineering Steels Under Quenching and Tempering, 3. Designing for Control of Residual Stress and Distortion, 4. Modeling and Simulation of Mechanical Behvior, 5. Tribology and the Design of Surface-Engineered Materials for Cutting Tool Applications, 6. Designing Fastening Systems, Index

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Book SynopsisMost books on standardization describe the impact of ISO and related organizations on many industries. While this is great for managing an organization, it leaves engineers asking questions such as âœwhat are the effects of standards on my designs?â and âœhow can I use standardization to benefit my work?â Standards for Engineering Design and Manufacturing provides hands-on knowledge for incorporating standards into the entire process from design bench to factory floor.The bookâs five self-contained sections consider the scope of design and manufacturing, standards for the design of discrete products, standards for the manufacture of discrete products, standards for the use of discrete products, as well as support standards. The authors survey in detail the major standards-setting organizations and outline the procedure for developing standards. They consider standards from the perspective of product, equipment, and end-user, using this as a platform to explain the econTable of ContentsEngineering Design and Manufacturing of Discrete Products: The Scope. Engineering Design and Manufacturing. Standards and Standards Organizations. Parametric Design and Manufacturing of Hand Tools: A Case Study. Standards in Engineering Design of Discrete Products. Review of Standards Related to Techniques for Engineering Design: A Product Perspective. Discrete Product Development with Pertinent Standards: A Case Study. Standards in Manufacturing of Discrete Products. Review of Standards for Manufacturing: Equipment Perspective. Process Planning for a Revolute Robot using Pertinent Standards: A Case Study. Standards for the Use of Discrete Products. Review of Standards Related to the Usage of Discrete Product: A User’s Perspective. Application of Human Factors to Design and Manufacturing of Discrete Products: A Case Study. Support Standards in Design and Manufacture of Discrete Products. Review of Support Standards. Digital Interfacing and Control Software Development: A Case Study. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisHow to integrate safety skills into job training through behavior modification and various instructional methods. The price is high for this compendium of training suggestions and techniques. Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portland, Or.

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Book SynopsisConsiders cost and optimization problems from the manufacturer's and the buyer's points of view. The work discusses a variety of warranty policies and the mathematical models for the analysis of related engineering and management issues. All standard consumer product warranties are covered.Table of ContentsAn Overview Warranty Policy and Modeling Issues Stochastic Processes for Warranty Modeling Analysis of the Basic Free-Replacement Warranty Analysis of the Basic Pro-Rata Warranty Complex One-Dimensional Warranties Reliability Improvement Warranties Two-Dimensional Warranty Policies Warranty Servicing Warranty and Engineering The Simulation Approach to Warranty Analysis Statistical Estimation of Warranty Costs Case Studies A Comprehensive Framework for the Study of Warranty Symbols and Notations Appendix A: Basic Results from Probability Theory Appendix B: Proofs of Results in Chapter 3 Appendix C: Calculation of Renewal Functions Index for Policies

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Book SynopsisComprehensively covers all phases of the application of Total Quality Management (TQM) to product design and development--from initial concept to customer support--addressing statistical quality control, manufacturing engineering, processes and procedures management, and motivation management. Provides rigorous definitions of the principles of TQM.Table of ContentsPart 1 Total quality management: introduction; what is TQM?; TQM's Japanese-American heritage; defining and measuring total quality; once again, what is TQM?; what does TQM methodology consist of?; standards for TQM implementation programmes; quality in manufacturing; managing processes and procedures for quality improvement; implementing the management of total quality; the coming of the knowledge of revolution. Part 2 Total quality in the engineering of tangible products: the product realization continuum; product design as system integration; concurrent engineering; application-specific qualities inherent in the design; generic qualities inherent in the design; the Taguchi method; impact of design on manufacturing quality; pricing the benefits of design quality improvement; managing the procurement of design quality. Part 3 Practical application of reliability, maintainability and availability: introduction to RMA; reliability; maintainability; availability; system failure analysis; preventive maintenance analysis; corrective maintenance analysis; maintenance planning; fundamentals of reliability/availability analysis; RMA analysis of complex systems.

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Book SynopsisResoundingly popular in its first edition, the second edition of Mechanics of Structures: Variational and Computational Methods promises to be even more so, with broader coverage, expanded discussions, and a streamlined presentation.The authors begin by describing the behavior of deformable solids through the differential equations for the strength of materials and the theory of elasticity. They next introduce variational principles, including mixed or generalized principles, and derive integral forms of the governing equations. Discussions then move to computational methods, including the finite element method, and these are developed to solve the differential and integral equations.New in the second edition:A one-dimensional introduction to the finite element method, complete with illustrations of numerical mesh refinement Expansion of the use of Galerkin''s method. Discussion of recent developments in the theory of bending and torTrade Review"[This book] represents clear progress in this recent custom of popularizing structural mechanics … . The book includes several important and deep topics that are often neglected in other works of the same kind. It shows a great effort towards completeness. It collects all classical variational principles of continuum mechanics … . … [T]he merit of the book resides in its colossal attempt to recombine three branches of the theory of elasticity (foundations, structures, numerical methods), which tend to diverge." - Meccanica, Vol. 39, 2004 Table of ContentsFormulations for Linear Problems of Elasticity. Formulations for Dynamic and Stability Problems. Bars and Plates. Appendices.

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Book SynopsisFacilities increasingly rely on computerized systems to optimize their buildings' systems operation and reduce the costs of maintenance and management. Therefore, facility managers and engineers must rise to the challenge of a new discipline-systems networking and integration-as more computerized systems become implemented. This book helps them meeTable of ContentsPreface. Integration of Facilities Computerized Systems. Basics of Network Communications. DDC Open Systems-An Overview. Network Protocols. Serial Communications. Case Study-Yale Serial Communications. Case Study-Heterogeneous Interconnected Fieldbuses. Lower Level Industrial Networks-Fieldbus. Canadian Automated Building Protocol. LonTalk Protocol. The Development of BACnet. A Data Communication Protocol for Building Automation and Control Networks: BACnet. Institutional Energy Metering-Challenges and Opportunities. Case Study-Yale Maxnet NTI/Sales Copy

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Book SynopsisIn the competitive business arena companies must continually strive to create new and better products faster, more efficiently, and more cost effectively than their competitors to gain and keep the competitive advantage. Computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided engineering (CAE), and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) are now the industry standard. These seven volumes give the reader a comprehensive treatment of the techniques and applications of CAD, CAE, and CAM.Table of ContentsLong-Range Planning of Chemical Manufacturing Systems. Feature-Based Design in Integrated Manufacturing. Flexible Factory Layouts: Issues in Design, Modeling, and Analysis. Structural Control of Large-Scale Flexibility Automated Manufacturing Systems. The Design of Human-Centered Manufacturing Systems. Model-Based Flexible PCBA Rework Cell Design. Model of Conceptual Design Phase and its Applications in the Design of Mechanical Drive Units. Computer Assembly Planners in Manufacturing Systems and their Applications in Aircraft Frame Assemblies. Petri Net Modeling in Flexible Manufacturing Systems with Shared Resources.

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Book SynopsisIn the competitive business arena companies must continually strive to create new and better products faster, more efficiently, and more cost effectively than their competitors to gain and keep the competitive advantage. Computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided engineering (CAE), and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) are now the industry standard. These seven volumes give the reader a comprehensive treatment of the techniques and applications of CAD, CAE, and CAM.Table of ContentsKnowledge-Based System in the Design, Implementation, and Validation of Resource Scheduling on the Shop Floor of Manufacturing Systems. Neural Network Systems Techniques in the Intelligent Control of Chemical Manufacturing Plants. Rule-Based Expert System for Designing Flexible Manufacturing Systems. Tool Condition Monitoring in Manufacturing System Machine Tools Using Neural Networks. Intelligent Real-Time Expert System Environment in Process Control. Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Control Methods for Milling Operations in Manufacturing Systems. Instrumental Robots Design with Applications to Manufacturing. Object-Oriented Techniques and Automated Methods for Robotic Assembly in Manufacturing Systems. CAD-Based Techniques in Task Planning and Programming of Robots in Computer Integrated Manufacturing. Physical Model Techniques for Design of Robotic Manipulators in Manufacturing Systems.

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Book SynopsisUnique and informative, Water Properties of Food, Pharmaceutical, and Biological Materials is based on lectures and papers given by leading international researchers at the 9th International Symposium of the Properties of Water in Foods (ISOPOW 9) that took place in September 2004. Each chapter presents an authoritative account of the latest research on the physical and chemical properties of water in relation to the stability of food, pharmaceutical, and biological materials.The first part of the text focuses on presentations given by invited speakers, whereas the second part is dedicated to oral presentations and discussions. Topics include the role of water in structural and functional properties, preserving biomolecule functionality in restricted water environments, and micro- and nano- techniques used for assessing water-solid interactions in food and drug development. This book is an invaluable resource that synthesizes cutting-edge information with innovaTable of ContentsOverview of Water Science. Dynamics and Relaxation in Amorphous Aqueous Systems. Advances in Assessing Water-Solid Interactions in Food and Drug Development. Role of Water in Structural and Functional Properties. Water and Structure and Stability of Microdisperse Systems. Responses to Water Stress in Living Organisms. Preserving Biomolecule Functionality in Restricted Water Environments. Overlapping Food, Pharmaceutical and Material Sciences for the Improvement of Quality Products.

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Book SynopsisThe latest advances in process monitoring, data analysis, and control systems are increasingly useful for maintaining the safety, flexibility, and environmental compliance of industrial manufacturing operations. Focusing on continuous, multivariate processes, Chemical Process Performance Evaluation introduces statistical methods and modeling techniques for process monitoring, performance evaluation, and fault diagnosis.This book introduces practical multivariate statistical methods and empirical modeling development techniques, such as principal components regression, partial least squares regression, input-output modeling, state-space modeling, and modeling process signals for trend analysis. Then the authors examine fault diagnosis techniques based on episodes, hidden Markov models, contribution plots, discriminant analysis, and support vector machines. They address controller process evaluation and sensor failure detection, including methods for differentiating between sTrade Review"Most texts that attempt to combine SPC or SPM (statistical process monitoring) with automated control methods fail to incorporate multivariate methods as well. This text does an excellent job of covering all the bases in that regard . . . I highly recommend this text for chemical engineers and statisticians interested in learning how statistical methods can be integrated with process control methods." – Dean V. Neubauer, Corning Inc., in Technometrics, February 2008, Vol. 50, No. 1Table of ContentsIntroduction. Univariate SPM. Statistical Methods for Performance Evaluation. Empirical Model Development. SPM of Continuous Processes. Modelling of Process Signals. Process Fault Diagnosis. Sensor Failure Detection and Diagnosis (FDD). Controller Performance Assessment. Web and Sheet Processes.

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Book SynopsisA large portion of the network capacity of an ad hoc network can be wasted by the medium access mechanisms of omni-directional antennas. To overcome this problem, researchers propose the use of directional or adaptive antennas that largely reduce radio interference, improving the utilization of wireless medium and the resulting network throughput.Enhancing the Performance of Ad Hoc Wireless Networks with Smart Antennas discusses these issues and challenges. Following an introduction to ad hoc networks, it presents an overview of basic Media Access Control (MAC) and routing protocols in ad hoc networks with omni-directional antennas. The book then focuses on the use of smart antennas in ad hoc networks and reviews the strategies used in designing MAC and routing protocols for improved medium utilization and improved routing performance with effective load balancing. Finally, it analyzes the design issues related to priority based quality-of-service (QoS) routing protocols, illusTable of ContentsIntroductionAd Hoc Networks: A PreambleCharacteristics of Ad Hoc Networks Some Prospective Usages of Ad Hoc Networks Some Research ChallengesPerformance Evaluation Techniques Organization of the Book The Issues and Challenges in Designing MAC and Routing ProtocolsMedia Access Control TechniquesRouting Protocols in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks Performance Evaluation Techniques Location Tracking and Media Access Control Using Smart AntennasIntroduction Introduction to Smart AntennasLocation-Tracking Mechanisms for Neighborhood DiscoveryDirectional Media Access Control Protocols A Few Assumptions and the RationalesPerformance Evaluation Discussion Location Tracking and Location Estimation of Nodes in Ad Hoc Networks: A Testbed ImplementationIntroduction Location Tracking and Neighborhood Discovery Location EstimationImplementation Results Error in Location Estimation: A Simulation StudyDiscussionA Routing Strategy for Effective Load Balancing Using SmartAntennas Introduction System Description Network-Aware Routing with Maximally Zone-Disjoint Shortest Path: An AnalysisMaximally Zone-Disjoint Multipath RoutingPerformance Evaluation DiscussionsPriority-Based QoS Routing Protocols Using Smart Antennas Introduction A Few Related DefinitionsPriority-Based QoS Routing Using Zone ReservationPriority-Based Flow-Rate Control for QoS ProvisioningUsing Feedback ControlService Differentiation in Multi-Hop Intervehicular CommunicationDiscussionsConclusion

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Book SynopsisRecognized for their superior strength, corrosion/oxidation resistance, and biocompatibility, titanium alloys are particularly intriguing to engineers, scientists, and metallurgists in aerospace, biomedical, and other industrial applications. Titanium Alloys: An Atlas of Structures and Fracture Features uses award-winning micrographs and fractographs to illustrate how alloy microstructures are affected by various thermomechanical treatments present in real world operating conditions.This book is the first of its kind to compile microstructural and fracture features for titanium alloys and titanium aluminides as well as capture its fractographic features together with the conditions that produced failure. The author discusses the physical metallurgy of titanium alloys as a standard for observing microstructures and their failures. Then she combines the skillful use of scanning electron microscopy in fracture analysis and an eye for detail to deliver a visual presentatioTrade Review“This would be a useful addition to the shelves of many libraries. It covers pure titanium, the common titanium alloys and titanium aluminides. The text is based around fractography and gives much advice on failure analysis of titanium alloys in practical situations.” —Brian Ralph, Emeritus Professor, School of Engineering and Design, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK, in Materials CharacterizationTable of ContentsIntroduction to Fractography. Physical Metallurgy of Titanium Alloys. Chemical Compositions. Alpha Alloys. Near-Alpha Alloys. Alpha + Beta Alloys. Beta Alloys. Titanium Aluminides. Case Study: Failure Investigation Report of IMI 550 High-Pressure Compressor (HPC-I) Aero Engine Blade. References. Related Titles. Index.

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Book SynopsisTwo of the most important yet often overlooked aspects of a medical device are its usability and accessibility. This is important not only for health care providers, but also for older patients and users with disabilities or activity limitations. Medical Instrumentation: Accessibility and Usability Considerations focuses on how lack of usability and accessibility pose problems for designers and users of medical devices, and how to overcome these limitations. Divided into five broad sections, the book first addresses the nature and extent of the problem by identifying access barriers, human factors, and policy issues focused on the existing infrastructure. The subsequent sections examine responses to the problem, beginning with tools for usability and accessibility analysis and principles of design for medical instrumentation. Building on this foundation, the third section focuses on recommendations for design guidelines while the fourth section explores emerging trends andTable of ContentsBackground: The Problem, Existing Infrastructure, and Possible Solutions. Tools for Usability and Accessibility Analysis. Considerations in Design Guideline Development. Considerations in Emerging Trends and Technologies. Outputs of the Workshop: Key Knowledge Gaps, Barriers, Recommendations. Appendices. Glossary of Terms.

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Book SynopsisThe effect Lean Manufacturing programs have on profit and loss statements during the early months of their implementation often causes them to be viewed as failures. The length of time it will take traditional financial reports to reflect lean manufacturing improvements depends upon how poorly the operation was doing in terms of inventory management prior to the initiation of the lean effort. As yet, no one has put forth a set of methods for dealing with the finances and financial reporting issues dynamically during the implementation of lean practices, until now. Financial Models and Tools for Managing Lean Manufacturing provides an understanding of the impact that traditional accounting practices have on operational improvement programs. The book shows managers of supply chains how to prepare for and present the impact of Lean Manufacturing to top management and stakeholders. To illustrate the impact of lean manufacturing on the income statement, the authors present a multTable of ContentsIntroduction. Review of Professional Literature. Analytical Framework. Findings and Results. Conclusions and Implications.

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Book SynopsisEnvironmental restoration has entered an era of faster, better, cheaper. Uniquely suited to meet all of those requirements, macroengineering has become one of the hottest concepts in the field. Macroengineering: An Environmental Restoration Management Process provides a comprehensive understanding of all the technical, cost, and regulatory issues that an environmental project manager would potentially face on a large scale environmental restoration project. The author makes the case for integrated planning and management of environmental restoration projects and provides money-saving solutions.The text delineates the many issues a project or program manager will typically face on a complex, large-scale environmental restoration project. The author addresses unique technical issues encountered during DOD and DOE environmental cleanup efforts, such as radionuclide contamination, unexploded ordinance, heavy metals, and other common contaminants. Referencing the most recent reguTable of ContentsMacroengineering as an Integral Environmental Restoration Management Process: Introduction. Preparation of Preconceptual Engineering Baseline Study. Macroengineering Technical Approaches. Assessing Innovative Techniques and Innovative Technologies. Site Characterization. Discussion on Mobile Laboratory Requirements. Regulatory Strategy. Establishing Cleanup Objectives and Natural Resource Damages. Risk Assessment and Emergency Response Analysis. Establishing Project Hazards and Safety Control Measures. Cost, Productivity and Scheduling Issues. Summary.

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Book SynopsisModal analysis is a discipline that has developed considerably during the last 30 years. Theoretical and Experimental Modal Analysis is a new book on modal analysis aimed at a wide range of readers, from academics such as post-graduate students and researchers, to engineers in many industries who use modal analysis tools and need to improve their knowledge of the subject. Divided into eight chapters, the book ranges from the basics of vibration theory and signal processing to more advanced topics, including identification techniques, substructural coupling, structural modification, updating of finite element models and nonlinear modal analysis. There is also an entire chapter dedicated to vibration testing techniques. It has been written with a diversity of potential readers in mind, so that all will be able to follow the book easily and assimilate the concepts involved.Table of ContentsSignal processing; modal testing practice; modal identification methods; coupling; structural modification; updating; non-linear modal analysis.

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Book SynopsisThis nuts and bolts book addresses specific waste minimization and pollution prevention techniques that work in specific types of laboratories for specific wastestreams. Concepts in the book may be directly applied to laboratory operations. In addition, the book illustrates other approaches to laboratory pollution prevention, such as reducing wastewater discharges and fume hood emissions. A wide range of waste types, including hazardous, infectious, medical, PCB, and radioactive, are discussed. This book helps you to develop a broad, institutional framework to plan and set priorities for pollution prevention. It responds to your laboratory''s critical need to have readily available techniques and concepts for waste minimization and pollution prevention.Trade Review"I highly recommend this book to anyone who is looking for a starting point in waste minimization in laboratories." --Chemical Health & Safety"Pollution Prevention and Waste Minimization in Laboratories is the only book devoted to this subject...it is the current bible." --Laboratory Safety & Environmental Management "A thorough guide for laboratory directors interested in incorporating pollution prevention practices in laboratory waste management procedures." --Profile and Management Options for EPA Laboratory Generated Mixed Waste, USEPA 1996"I found this book to be one of the most informative and practical that I have read on the subject of waste minimization... This book will make an excellent resource for those practicing in the area of laboratory waste management or general laboratory safety and health."-AIHA JournalTable of ContentsPrefaceIntroduction and OverviewWhy Pollution Prevention? K.L. LeonardA Survey of Laboratory Waste Management and Minimization Practices, K.L. Leonard and P.A. ReinhardtInvestigating Waste Minimization Possibilities, C. Klein-BanaiThe Law on Waste Minimization in Laboratories, J.L. Hernandez, Esq.Effecting Pollution Prevention and Waste MinimizationPlanning and Development of a Model Waste Minimization Program, R. CharbonneauInstitutional Policy, Commitment, and Support, F.M. ThompsonOvercoming Impediments to Waste Minimization, P.A. ReinhardtApproaches by Media, Source, and Waste TypeManagement of Laboratory Air Emissions, R. Stuart and M. ArcherManagement of Laboratory Effluents to the Sanitary Sewer, L. Wundrock and J. ChristensenPollution Prevention in Clinical Laboratories, R.J. Vetter, J.F. O'Brien, and G.D. SmithMinimization of Waste Generation in Medical Laboratories, J.G. Gordon and G.A. DenysMinimization of Low-Level Radioactive Wastes from Laboratories, P.C. Ashbrook, J. Brandon, and H. MandelWhat Individual Laboratories Can DoThe Microscale Chemical Laboratory, R.M. Pike, Z. Szafran, and M.M. SinghAt the Lab Bench: Finding the Right Balance in Source Separation, P.A. ReinhardtSolvent Recycling by Spinning Band Distillation: Theory, Equipment, and Limitations, J.A. Mangravite and R.R. Roark, Jr.Chemical Treatment Methods to Minimize Waste, M-A. ArmourWhat Organizations Can DoRecruiting Vendors To Achieve Waste Minimization and Pollution Prevention, K.L. LeonardSurplus Chemical Exchange: Successes and Potential, J. ChristensenCost Savings and Volume Reduction By Commingling Wastes, P.C. AshbrookCase Studies and ApplicationsApplications for Waste Solvent Recovery Using Spinning Band Distillation, J. A. Mangravite, R.R. Roark, Jr., and P. VanTriestThe Implementation of Waste Minimization Strategies in a Biotechnology Research and Development Laborat

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Book SynopsisSoon, robots will leave the factories and make their way into living rooms, supermarkets, and care facilities. They will cooperate with humans in everyday life, taking on more than just practical tasks. How should they communicate with us? Do they need eyes, a screen, or arms? Should they resemble humans? Or may they enrich social situations precisely because they act so differently from humans?Meaningful Futures with Robots: Designing a New Coexistence provides insight into the opportunities and risks that arise from living with robots in the future, anchored in current research projects on everyday robotics. As well as generating ideas for robot developers and designers, it also critically discusses existing theories and methods for social robotics from different perspectives - ethical, design, artistical and technological â and presents new approaches to meaningful human-robot interaction design.Key Features: Provides insights into current Table of Contents1. Towards Designing Meaningful Relationships with Robots 2. Concept and Content of the Book Part 1 Designing a New Species Interaction Design and Product Design of Robots 3. How to Design Robots with Superpowers Robin Neuhaus, Ronda Ringfort Felner, Judith Dörrenbächer, Marc Hassenzahl 4. Social Robots Should Mediate, not Replace, Social Interactions Timo Kaerlein 5. Neither Human Nor Computer —A Symbiotic Human-Robot Collaboration in Autism Therapy Ronda Ringfort-Felner, Judith Dörrenbächer 6. Counting Characters and Spaces—On Robot Disabilities, Robot Care, and Technological Dependencies Lenneke Kuijer 7. Designing Robots with Personality Lara Christoforakos, Sarah Diefenbach, Daniel Ullrich 8. Designing Robots as Social Counterparts— A Discussion about a Technology Claiming its Own Needs Lara Christoforakos, Tobias Störzinger 9. Falling in Love With a Machine— What Happens if the Only Affection a Person Gets is From Machines? Felix Carros (F.C.), Anne Wierling (A.W.), Adrian Preussner (A.P.) 10. I am Listening to You!—How to Make Different Robotic Species Speak the Same Language Judith Dörrenbächer, Anne Wierling 11. How to Really Get in Touch with Robots—Haptic Interaction Technologies for VR and Teleoperation Bernhard Weber, Thomas Hulin, Lisa Schiffer Part 2 Designing Future Enviroments—Social Innovation Initiated by Robots 12. Design Fiction—The Future of Robots Needs Imagination Ronda Ringfort-Felner, Robin Neuhaus, Judith Dörrenbächer, Marc Hassenzahl 13. Cramer’s Funeral Service for Androids Uwe Post 14. Googly Eyes Marc Hassenzahl 15 Empathizing with Robots—Animistic and Performative Methods to Anticipate a Robot’s Impact Judith Dörrenbächer, Marc Hassenzahl 16. From the Lab to a Real-World Supermarket— About Anticipating the Chances and Challenges of a Shopping Robot Robin Neuhaus, Judith Dörrenbächer 17. Dominant, Persuasive or Polite?— About Human Curiosity, Provocative Users and Solving Conflicts between Humans and Robots Judith Dörrenbächer 18. Seven Observations, or Why Domestic Robots are Struggling to Enter the Habitats of Everyday Life James Auger 19. Is this a Patient or a Wall?— Adapting Robots from an Industrial Context to a Rehabilitation Clinic Jochen Feitsch, Bernhard Weber 20. Robotics x Book Studies Imagining a Robotic Archive of Embodied Knowledge Corinna Norrick-Rühl 21. "That’s the Future, I’m Telling You.” Antje Herden 22. Graphic Recording Cool Johanna Benz Part 3 Designing together with People— Civic Participation and Ethical Implications Concerning Robots 23. Citizen Participation in Social Robotics Research Felix Carros, Johanna Langendorf, Dave Randall, Rainer Wieching, Volker Wulf 24. Learning from Each Other— How Roboticists Learn from Users and how Users Teach their Robots Felix Carros, Adrian Preussner 25. My Friend Simsala, the Robot Edi Haug, Laura M. Schwengber 26. Move Away from the Stereotypical User in the Picture-perfect Scenario—A Plea for Early and Broad User Integration Stephanie Häusler Weiss, Kilian Röhm, Tobias Störzinger 27. Is it Good?— A Philosophical Approach Towards Ethics Centered- Design (ECD) Catrin Misselhorn, Manuel Scheidegger, Tobias Störzinger 28. Are Robots Good at Everything? A Robot in an Elementary School Elke Buttgereit 29. The Medium has a Message Educational Robots in a Didactic Triangle Scarlet Schaffrath 30. The Friendly Siblings of Workhorses and Killer Robots—About Becoming Alive Through the Nonliving, and Feeling Blessed by a Religious Machine Ilona Nord

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Book SynopsisResponding to the developments of the past twenty years, Les Kirkup has thoroughly updated his popular book on experimental methods, while retaining the extensive coverage and practical advice from the first edition. Many topics from that edition remain, including keeping a record of work, how to deal with measurement uncertainties, understanding the statistical basis of data analysis and reporting the results of experiments. However, with new technologies influencing how experiments are devised, carried out, analyzed, presented and reported, this new edition reflects the digital changes which have taken place and the increased emphasis on the importance of communication skills in reporting results. Bringing together key elements of experimental methods into one coherent book, it is perfect for students seeking guidance with their experimental work, including how to acquire, analyse and present data. Exercises, worked examples and end-of-chapter problems are provided throughout the booTrade Review'As an instructor in electrical engineering and a researcher in photonic engineering, I am quite confident to say that this book exceptionally explains the methods of experimentation and their presentation in terms of an article, poster, etc … This book is ideal for first-year undergraduates and postgraduate research students for making the perfect lab reports. Furthermore, this book can be used as a reference and textbook by faculty and the lab instructors who want to instil the method of experimentation, analysis and presentation of the results into the students … the book will address the needs of all the readers and students from various disciplines … the current edition of the book is amply illustrated, and deserves to be considered as a textbook for first-year undergraduate students in physics and engineering disciplines, and a reference book for early career researchers and laboratory instructors.' Muhammad Mahmood Ali, Contemporary Physics'… a very valuable book for physical science and engineering undergraduates, introducing them to the experimental processes of data gathering and analysis, then turning what was found into formal oral or written presentations … a great resource for academics teaching … significant value to science teachers …' Australian PhysicsTable of ContentsPreface to the second edition; Preface to the first edition; 1. Introduction to experimentation; 2. Characteristics of experimental data; 3. Graphical presentation of data; 4. Dealing with uncertainties; 5. Statistical approach to variability in measurements; 6. Fitting a line to x-y data using the method of least squares; 7. Report writing and presentations; 8. Using Excel to present and analyse data; 9. Computer-aided data capture; Appendix 1; Appendix 2; Solutions to exercises and problems; Further reading; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisVarious systems science and engineering disciplines are covered and challenging new research issues in these disciplines are revealed. They will be extremely valuable for the readers to search for some new research directions and problems.Table of ContentsContributors xxiii Preface xxix I Systems Science are Engineering Methodologies 1 1 A Systems Framework For Sustainability 3Ali G. Hessami, Feng Hsu, are Hamid Jahankhani 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 A Unified Systems Sustainability Concept 5 1.3 Sustainability Assurance: the Framework 6 1.3.1 Weighted Factors Analysis 6 1.3.2 the Framework 7 1.3.3 the Macro Concept of a Sustainable Architecture (G4.1) 10 1.3.4 the Micro Concept of a Sustainable System 11 1.3.5 A Top-Down Hierarchy of a Multi-Level Sustainability Concept 12 1.4 Technological Sustainability Case Study—Information Systems Security 13 1.4.1 Network Security as a Business Issue 14 1.4.2 the Focus of Investment on Network Security 15 1.5 Conclusions 17 References 18 2 System of Systems Thinking In Policy Development: Challenges are Opportunities 21Keith W. Hipel, Liping Fang, are Michele Bristow 2.1 Introduction 21 2.1.1 A World in Crisis 21 2.1.2 System of Systems 23 2.2 Value Systems are Ethics 26 2.2.1 Conflicting Value Systems 27 2.2.2 Modeling Value Systems 28 2.3 Complex Adaptive Systems 32 2.3.1 Emergent Behavior 32 2.3.2 Modeling Complex Systems 34 2.4 Risk, Uncertainty, are Unpredictability 37 2.4.1 Risk Management 37 2.4.2 Modeling Risk are Adaptation Processes 40 2.5 System of Systems Modeling are Policy Development 42 2.5.1 Global Food System Model 43 2.5.2 Policy Implications 51 2.6 Conclusions 58 References 59 3 Systemic Yoyos: An Intuition are Playground For General Systems Research 71Yi Lin, Yi Dongyun, are Zaiwu Gong 3.1 Introduction 71 3.1.1 the Concept of General Systems 72 3.1.2 A Look at the Success of Calculus-Based Theories 75 3.1.3 Whole Evolution are Yoyo Fields 78 3.2 Theoretical are Empirical Justifications 81 3.2.1 Transitional Changes in Whole Evolutions 81 3.2.2 Quantitative Infinity are Equal Quantitative Effects 83 3.2.3 Fluid Circulation, Informational Infrastructure, are Human Communications 86 3.3 Elementary Properties of Yoyo Fields 91 3.3.1 Eddy are Meridian Fields 91 3.3.2 Interactions Between Systemic Yoyos 94 3.3.3 Laws on State of Motion 98 3.4 Applications in Social Sciences 102 3.4.1 Systemic Structures of Civilizations 102 3.4.2 Systemic Structures Beneath Business Organizations 108 3.4.3 Systemic Structure in Human Mind 109 3.5 Applications in Economics 113 3.5.1 Becker’s Rotten Kid Theorem 113 3.5.2 Interindustry Wage Differentials 117 3.5.3 Price Behaviors of Projects 122 3.6 Applications in the Foundations of Mathematics 127 3.6.1 Historical Crises in the Foundations of Mathematics 128 3.6.2 Actual are Potential Infinities 131 3.6.3 Vase Puzzle are the Fourth Crisis 132 3.7 Applications in Extreme Weather Forecast 137 3.7.1 V-3𝜃 Graphs: A Structural Prediction Method 137 3.7.2 Digitization of Irregular Information 140 3.8 Conclusions 143 References 146 4 Grey System: Thinking, Methods, are Models With Applications 153Sifeng Liu, Jeffrey Y.L. Forrest, are Yingjie Yang 4.1 Introduction 153 4.1.1 Inception are Growth of Grey System Theory 153 4.1.2 Basics of Grey System 155 4.2 Sequence Operators 157 4.2.1 Buffer Operators 158 4.2.2 Generation of Grey Sequences 160 4.2.3 Exponentiality of Accumulating Generations 162 4.3 Grey Incidence Analysis 163 4.3.1 Grey Incidence Factors are Set of Grey Incidence Operators 163 4.3.2 Degrees of Grey Incidences 164 4.3.3 General Grey Incidence Models 165 4.3.4 Grey Incidence Models Based on Similarity and Nearness 167 4.4 Grey Cluster Evaluation Models 168 4.4.1 Grey Incidence Clustering 169 4.4.2 Grey Variable Weight Clustering 169 4.4.3 Grey Fixed Weight Clustering 171 4.4.4 Grey Evaluation Using Triangular Whitenization Functions 172 4.4.5 Practical Applications 175 4.5 Grey Prediction Models 176 4.5.1 GM(1,1) Model 176 4.5.2 Improvements on GM(1,1) Models 177 4.5.3 Applicable Ranges of GM(1,1) Models 180 4.5.4 Discrete Grey Models 180 4.5.5 GM(r,h) Models 182 4.5.6 Grey System Predictions 188 4.6 Grey Models for Decision-Making 193 4.6.1 Grey Target Decisions 193 4.6.2 Multi-Attribute Intelligent Grey Target Decision Models 201 4.7 Practical Applications 202 4.7.1 To Analyze the Time Difference of Economic Indices 202 4.7.2 the Evaluation of Science are Technology Park 206 4.7.3 To Select the Supplier of Key Components of Large Commercial Aircrafts 209 4.8 Introduction to the Software of Grey System Modeling 211 4.8.1 Features are Functions 211 4.8.2 Operation Guide 213 Acknowledgments 220 References 222 5 Building Resilience: Naval Expeditionary Command are Control 225Christopher Nemeth, Thomas Miller, Michael Polidoro, and C. Matthew O’Connor 5.1 Introduction 225 5.2 Expeditionary Operations Command are Control 226 5.2.1 Systems Acquisition 227 5.3 Human-Centered System Development 228 5.3.1 Envisioned World Problem 229 5.3.2 Cognitive Systems Engineering 229 5.3.3 Application: Navy Expeditionary Combat Command 230 5.3.4 Reasonable Scientific Criteria 231 5.4 Discussion 232 5.4.1 Resilience Engineering 232 5.4.2 the Data Hub 234 5.4.3 Implementation Challenges 234 5.4.4 Limitations 234 5.5 Future Work 236 5.5.1 Human Performance Research 236 5.5.2 Transition from Qualitative Research to Design 236 5.5.3 Resilience Engineering 236 5.6 Conclusions 237 Acknowledgments 237 References 237 II Learning are Control 241 6 Advances are Challenges On Intelligent Learning In Control Systems 243Ching-Chih Tsai, Kao-Shing Hwang, Alan Liu, are Chia-Feng Juang 6.1 Introduction 243 6.2 Reinforcement Learning 245 6.2.1 Reinforcement Learning 245 6.2.2 Q-Learning Algorithm 247 6.2.3 Reinforcement Learning in Robots 249 6.2.4 Soccer Robot Behaviors 250 6.2.5 Concluding Remarks 251 6.3 Bio-Inspired Evolutionary Learning Control 252 6.3.1 Bio-Inspired Evolutionary Learning Control 252 6.3.2 Bio-Inspired Evolutionary Robots 253 6.4 Intelligent Learning Control Using Fuzzy Neural Networks 254 6.4.1 Introduction 254 6.4.2 Intelligent Learning Control Using FNNs 255 6.5 Case-Based Reasoning are Learning 257 6.5.1 Case-Based Reasoning Process 257 6.5.2 Case Design are Reuse 257 6.5.3 Hybrid Learning Method Architectures in CBR 258 6.5.4 Applications in Human–Robot Interaction 259 6.6 Conclusions 260 References 261 7 Adaptive Classifiers For Nonstationary Environments 265Cesare Alippi, Giacomo Boracchi, Manuel Roveri, Gregory Ditzler, and Robi Polikar 7.1 Introduction 265 7.2 Definition of the Problem 266 7.3 Learning Concept Drifts 268 7.4 Change Detection 272 7.4.1 Change-Detection Tests: A Review 273 7.4.2 Change-Detection Tests in Adaptive Classifiers 276 7.5 Assessing the Performance: Figures of Merit 278 7.5.1 Raw Classification Accuracy 279 7.5.2 Confusion Matrix 279 7.5.3 Geometric Mean 280 7.5.4 Precision are Recall 280 7.5.5 F-measure 281 7.5.6 Receiver Operator Characteristic Curve are Area Under the Curve 281 7.6 Conclusions 282 References 283 8 Modeling, Analysis, Scheduling, are Control of Cluster Tools In Semiconductor Fabrication 289Nai Qi Wu, Mengchu Zhou, Feng Chu, are Sa¨ıd Mammar 8.1 Introduction 289 8.2 Cluster Tools are Their Operations 290 8.2.1 Architecture of Cluster Tools 290 8.2.2 Wafer Flow Patterns 291 8.2.3 Operation Requirements 294 8.3 Modeling are Performance Evaluation 295 8.3.1 Analysis Based on Timing Diagram Model 295 8.3.2 Analysis Based on Marked Graph 296 8.3.3 Analysis Based on Resource-Oriented Petri Nets 299 8.3.4 Discussion 302 8.4 Single Cluster Tool Scheduling 302 8.4.1 Scheduling with Wafer Residency Time Constraints 302 8.4.2 Scheduling with Both Wafer Residency Constraints and Activity Time Variation 305 8.4.3 Scheduling with Wafer Revisiting 306 8.4.4 Schedule Implementation 307 8.4.5 Discussion 307 8.5 Scheduling of Multi-cluster Tools 308 8.5.1 Deadlock Control are Scheduling of Track Systems 308 8.5.2 Schedule Optimization 309 8.5.3 Discussion 311 8.6 Conclusions 311 References 311 9 Design, Simulation, are Dynamic Control Of Large-Scale Manufacturing Process With Different Forms of Uncertainties 317Hyunsoo Lee are Amarnath Banerjee 9.1 Introduction 317 9.1.1 Issues in Design of Large-Scale Manufacturing Processes 318 9.1.2 Simulation Model for Dynamic Control 320 9.2 Background are Literature Review 322 9.3 Different Types of Uncertainties are FCPN-std 327 9.3.1 Definition of FCPN-std 327 9.3.2 Modular Design are Five-Stage Modeling Methodology 329 9.3.3 Simulation Using FCPN-std 332 9.4 Design of Large-Scale Manufacturing Processes 333 9.5 Dynamic Control of Manufacturing Processes 335 9.6 Conclusions 339 References 340 10 Model Identification are Synthesis of Discrete-Event Systems 343Maria Paola Cabasino, Philippe Darondeau, Maria Pia Fanti, and Carla Seatzu 10.1 Introduction 343 10.2 Background on Finite State Automata are Petri Nets 344 10.2.1 Finite State Automata 344 10.2.2 Petri Nets 346 10.3 Identification are Synthesis of Languages are Finite State Automata 347 10.4 Identification are Synthesis of Petri Nets 349 10.4.1 Synthesis from Graphs 350 10.4.2 Identification are Synthesis from Finite Languages Over T 352 10.4.3 Identification are Synthesis from Finite Languages Over E 355 10.4.4 Related Problems in the PN Framework 360 10.5 Process Mining are Workflow Problems 361 10.6 Conclusions 363 References 363 III Human–Machine Systems Design 367 11 Advances are Challenges In Intelligent Adaptive Interface Design 369Ming Hou, Haibin Zhu, Mengchu Zhou, are Robert Arrabito 11.1 Introduction 369 11.2 Evolution of Interface Technologies are IAI Concept 372 11.2.1 Evolution of Interface Technologies 373 11.2.2 A Conceptual Framework of IAI Systems 377 11.3 Challenges of IAI Design, Alternative Solutions, are Empirical Investigations 381 11.3.1 Challenges of IAI Design 381 11.3.2 User-Centered Design Approach 382 11.3.3 Agent-Based Interface Design Approaches 383 11.3.4 Analytical Methodologies 385 11.3.5 Empirical Investigations 387 11.4 Multiagent-Based Design are Operator–Agent Interaction 389 11.4.1 AIA Concept 389 11.4.2 Operator–Agent Interaction Model 391 11.4.3 Difference Between Human–Human Interaction, Human–Machine Interaction, are Operator–Agent Interaction 393 11.4.4 Optimization of Operator–Agent Interaction 396 11.5 A Generic IAI System Architecture are AIA Components 397 11.5.1 Generic IAI System Architecture 397 11.5.2 AIA Structure 402 11.5.3 Adaptation Processes 403 11.6 An IAI are AIA Design: Case Study 405 11.6.1 Interface Design Requirements for the Control of Multiple UAVs 406 11.6.2 Issues 407 11.6.3 How the IAI Design Method Was Used 407 11.6.4 Task Network Modeling are Simulation 409 11.6.5 AIA Implementation 411 11.6.6 Human-in-the-Loop Experimentation 413 11.6.7 AIA Evaluation 413 11.6.8 Discussions are Implications 413 11.7 Conclusions 415 Acknowledgments 417 References 417 12 A Complex Adaptive System of Systems Approach to Human–Automation Interaction In Smart Grid 425Alireza Fereidunian, Hamid Lesani, Mohammad Ali Zamani, Mohamad Amin Sharifi Kolarijani, Negar Hassanpour, are Sina Sharif Mansouri 12.1 Introduction 425 12.2 Complexity in Systems Science are Engineering 426 12.2.1 the Nature of Complexity 426 12.2.2 Complex Systems 429 12.2.3 Complexity Measures 431 12.2.4 Complexity-Related Terms in Literature 433 12.3 Complex Adaptive Systems 436 12.3.1 What are Complex Adaptive Systems? 436 12.3.2 Characteristics of Complex Adaptive Systems 437 12.4 System of Systems 442 12.4.1 Necessity are Definition 442 12.4.2 Characteristics of System of Systems 444 12.4.3 System of Systems Types 448 12.4.4 A Taxonomy of Systems Family 448 12.5 Complex Adaptive System of Systems 453 12.6 Human–Automation Interaction 454 12.6.1 Automation 454 12.6.2 HAI: Where Humans Interact with Automation 455 12.6.3 HAI are Function Allocation 456 12.6.4 Evolution of HAI Models: Dimensions 457 12.6.5 Evolution of HAI Models: Dynamism 458 12.6.6 Adaptive Autonomy Implementation 460 12.7 HAI in Smart Grid as a Casos 462 12.7.1 Smart Grid 462 12.7.2 HAI in Smart Grid as a CAS 465 12.7.3 HAI in Smart Grid as an SoS 467 12.8 Petri Nets for Complex Systems Modeling 467 12.8.1 Definition 468 12.8.2 Graph Representation of Petri Nets 468 12.8.3 Transition Firing 469 12.8.4 Reachability 470 12.8.5 Incidence Matrix are State Equation 470 12.8.6 Inhibitor Arc 470 12.8.7 IF–THEN Rules by Petri Net 470 12.9 Model-Based Implementation of Adaptive Autonomy 471 12.9.1 the Implementation Framework 471 12.9.2 Case Study: Adaptive Autonomy in Smart Grid 472 12.10 Adaptive Autonomy Realization Using Petri Nets 473 12.10.1 Implementation Methodology 473 12.10.2 Realization of AAHPNES 475 12.10.3 Results are Discussions 482 12.11 Conclusions 483 Acknowledgments 485 References 485 13 Virtual Training For Procedural Skills Development: Case Studies are Lessons Learnt 501Dawei Jia, Asim Bhatti, are Saeid Nahavandi 13.1 Introduction 501 13.2 Related Work 502 13.2.1 Background 502 13.2.2 Human Side of VT System Efficacy—Issues and Concerns 503 13.3 Present Study 505 13.3.1 Motivation are Aims 505 13.3.2 System Architecture are Human–Machine Interface 506 13.3.3 Measures 508 13.4 Case Study 1 509 13.4.1 Method 509 13.4.2 Results 511 13.4.3 Discussion 515 13.5 Case Study 2 516 13.5.1 Method 516 13.5.2 Results 519 13.5.3 Discussion 524 13.6 Lessons Learnt are Future Work 527 13.6.1 Training Design are Method 527 13.6.2 Measurement Methods 528 13.6.3 Prior Experience with a Force-Reflective Haptic Interface 530 13.6.4 Future Work 531 13.7 Conclusions 531 References 532 14 Computer Supported Collaborative Design: Technologies, Systems, are Applications 537Weiming Shen, Jean-Paul Barthés, are Junzhou Luo 14.1 Introduction 537 14.2 History of Computer Supported Collaborative Design 538 14.2.1 CSCD 538 14.2.2 CSCD Eve: 1980s 539 14.2.3 CSCD Emergence: 1990s 541 14.2.4 CSCD: Today 542 14.3 Methods, Techniques, are Technologies 542 14.3.1 Communication, Coordination, are Cooperation 542 14.3.2 Negotiation are Conflict Resolution 546 14.3.3 Ontology are Semantic Integration 548 14.3.4 Personal Assistance are Human–Machine Interaction 548 14.3.5 Collaborative Workflows 550 14.3.6 Collaborative Virtual Workspaces are Environments 552 14.3.7 New Representation Schemes for Collaborative Design 552 14.3.8 New Visualization Systems for Collaborative Design 553 14.3.9 Product Data Management are Product Lifecycle Management Systems 553 14.3.10 Security are Privacy 554 14.4 Collaborative Design Systems 555 14.4.1 System Architectures 555 14.4.2 Web-Based/Centralized Systems 557 14.4.3 Agent-Based/Distributed Systems 558 14.4.4 Service-Oriented Systems 558 14.4.5 Collaborative Design Over Supply Chain (Virtual Enterprise) 559 14.5 Applications 560 14.6 Research Challenges are Opportunities 561 14.7 Conclusions 564 References 564 15 Support Collaboration With Roles 575Haibin Zhu, Mengchu Zhou, are Ming Hou 15.1 Introduction 575 15.2 Benefits of Roles in Collaboration 577 15.2.1 Establishing Trust in Collaboration 577 15.2.2 Establishing Dynamics 578 15.2.3 Facilitating Interaction 580 15.2.4 Support Adaptation 582 15.2.5 Information Sharing 583 15.2.6 Other Benefits 585 15.3 Role-Based Collaboration 585 15.4 E-Cargo Model 590 15.5 A Case Study with RBC are E-Cargo 592 15.6 Conclusions 595 References 595 IV Cloud are Service-Oriented Computing 599 16 Control-Based Approaches to Dynamic Resource Management In Cloud Computing 601Pengcheng Xiong, Calton Pu, Zhikui Wang, are Gueyoung Jung 16.1 Introduction 601 16.1.1 Public Cloud Computing 602 16.1.2 Dynamic Resource Management: Control-Based Approaches 602 16.2 Experimental Setup are Application Models 603 16.2.1 Test Bed are Control Architecture for a Multi-Tier Application 604 16.2.2 System Models for the Application: Open or Closed 606 16.3 Dynamic Resource Allocation Through Utilization Control 607 16.3.1 Design of Experiments 607 16.3.2 Performance of the Application Under Control 608 16.4 Performance Guarantee Through Dynamic Resource Allocation 612 16.5 Conclusions 614 References 615 17 A Petri Net Solution to Protocol-Level Mismatches In Service Composition 619Pengcheng Xiong, Mengchu Zhou, Calton Pu, are Yushun Fan 17.1 Introduction 619 17.1.1 Interface Mismatches 621 17.1.2 Protocol-Level Mismatches 622 17.2 Modeling Service Interaction with Petri Nets 624 17.2.1 Basic Petri Nets 624 17.2.2 Model Web Service Interaction with C-Net 627 17.3 Protocol-Level Mismatch Analysis 630 17.3.1 Protocol-Level Mismatch Detection 630 17.3.2 Core Algorithm 632 17.3.3 Comprehensive Solution to Protocol-Level Mismatch 634 17.4 Illustrating Examples 636 17.5 Conclusions 638 References 641 18 Service-Oriented Workflow Systems 645Wei Tan are Mengchu Zhou 18.1 Introduction 645 18.2 Workflow in SOC: State of the Art 647 18.2.1 Languages for Service Composition 647 18.2.2 Automatic Service Composition 649 18.2.3 Mediation-Aided Service Composition 649 18.2.4 Verification of Service Workflows 650 18.2.5 Decentralized Execution of Workflows 651 18.3 Open Issues 652 18.3.1 Social Network Meets Service Computing 652 18.3.2 More Practical are Flexible Service Composition 652 18.3.3 Workflow as a Service 653 18.3.4 Novel Applications 654 18.4 Conclusions 656 References 657 V Sensing, Networking, are Optimization In Robotics are Manufacturing 661 19 Rehabilitation Robotic Prostheses For Upper Extremity 663Han-Pang Huang, Yi-Hung Liu, Wei-Chen Lee, Jiun-Yih Kuan, and Tzu-Hao Huang 19.1 Introduction 663 19.2 Rehabilitation Robot Arm are Control 664 19.2.1 Mechanism Design 666 19.2.2 Dynamic Model of an Individual Joint 669 19.2.3 LTR-Observer-Based Individual Joint Dynamic Sliding Mode Control with Gravity Compensation 671 19.2.4 Simulation of the NTU Rehabilitation Robot Arm II 676 19.2.5 Experimental Results for the NTU Rehabilitation Robot Arm II 677 19.3 Rehabilitation Robot Hand 678 19.4 Stability of Neuroprosthesis 683 19.4.1 SVDD-Based Target EMG Pattern Estimation 685 19.4.2 Nontarget EMG Pattern Filtering Scheme 686 19.4.3 Illustrative Example 688 19.5 Conclusions 691 References 692 20 Accelerometer-Based Body Sensor Network (Bsn) For Medical Diagnosis Assessment are Training 699Ming-Yih Lee, Kin Fong Lei, Wen-Yen Lin, Wann-Yun Shieh, Wen-Wei Tsai, Simon H. Fu, are Chung-Hsien Kuo 20.1 Introduction 699 20.2 Body Sensor Network 700 20.3 Information Retrieved from Accelerometer 702 20.4 Recent Advances in Accelerometer-Based BSN 703 20.4.1 Tilting Angle Identification 703 20.4.2 Muscle Strength Identification 706 20.4.3 Gait Performance Identification 708 20.5 Applications of Accelerometer-Based BSN for Rehabilitation 711 20.5.1 Human Stability Evaluation System 711 20.5.2 Postural Stability Evaluation for Stroke Patients 712 20.5.3 Postural Stability Training for Stroke Patients 713 20.6 BSN Simulation System 715 20.7 Conclusions 718 References 719 21 Telepresence Robots For Medical are Homecare Applications 725Jun-Ming Lu are Yeh-Liang Hsu 21.1 Introduction 725 21.2 Surgery, Diagnosis, are Consultation 727 21.3 Rehabilitation are Therapy 728 21.4 Monitoring are Assistance 728 21.5 Communication 729 21.6 Key Factors Contributing to the Success of Telepresence Robots 729 21.6.1 Robot Factors of Acceptance 729 21.6.2 Human Factors of Acceptance 731 21.6.3 Summary 732 21.7 Conclusions 732 References 732 22 Advances In Climbing Robots 737Jizhong Xiao are Hongguang Wang 22.1 Introduction 737 22.2 Technologies for Adhering to Surfaces 738 22.2.1 Magnetic Adhesion 739 22.2.2 Vacuum Suction Techniques 740 22.2.3 Aerodynamic Attraction 744 22.2.4 Grasping Grippers 748 22.2.5 Bio-Mimetic Approaches Inspired by Climbing Animals 749 22.2.6 Emerging Technologies for Climbing Robots 753 22.3 Locomotion Techniques of Climbing Robots 755 22.4 Conclusions 759 Acknowledgment 760 References 760 23 Data Processing In Current 3D Robotic Perception Systems 767Cang YE 23.1 Introduction 767 23.1.1 Stereovision 767 23.1.2 LIDAR 769 23.1.3 Flash LIDAR Camera (FLC) 770 23.2 An LIDAR-Based Terrain Mapping are Navigation System 771 23.2.1 Overview of the Mapping are Navigation System 772 23.2.2 Terrain Mapping 773 23.2.3 Terrain Traversability Analysis 776 23.2.4 PTI Histogram for Path Planning 777 23.2.5 Experimental Results 779 23.3 FLC-Based Systems 781 23.3.1 VR-Odometry 782 23.3.2 Three-Dimensional Data Segmentation 787 23.4 Conclusions 791 Acknowledgments 792 References 792 24 Hybrid/Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing: The State-Of-The-Art 795Claudia P. Arenas Guerrero, Feng Ju, Jingshan Li, Guoxian Xiao, and Stephan Biller 24.1 Introduction 795 24.2 Vehicle Battery Requirements 796 24.3 Hybrid, Plug-In Hybrid, are Electric Vehicle 797 24.3.1 Hybrid Electric Vehicle 797 24.3.2 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle 797 24.3.3 Electric Vehicle 798 24.4 Battery Technology Development 798 24.5 Nickel-Metal Hydride Battery 799 24.5.1 NiMH Battery Manufacturing 800 24.5.2 NiMH Batteries in Commercial Vehicles 800 24.5.3 Cost 801 24.5.4 Recycling 801 24.6 Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Battery 802 24.6.1 Lithium Technology 802 24.6.2 Manufacturing Processes 803 24.6.3 Li-Ion Batteries in Commercial Vehicles 807 24.6.4 Safety 808 24.6.5 Cost 809 24.6.6 Environmental Issues 809 24.6.7 Recycling 809 24.7 Challenges 810 24.8 Conclusions 812 References 812 25 Recent Advances are Issues In Facility Location Problems 817Feng Chu, Zhanguo Zhu, are Saïıd Mammar 25.1 Introduction 817 25.2 A Capacitated Plant Location Problem with Multicommodity Flow 819 25.2.1 Problem Description 819 25.2.2 Problem Formulation 819 25.3 A Multitype Transshipment Point Location Problem with Multicommodity Flow 821 25.3.1 Problem Description 821 25.3.2 Problem Formulation 822 25.4 A Large Scale New Variant of Capacitated Clustering Problem 824 25.4.1 Problem Description 824 25.4.2 Problem Formulation 825 25.5 A Location Problem with Selective Matching are Vehicles Assignment 826 25.5.1 Problem Description 826 25.5.2 Problem Formulation 826 25.6 Competitive Facility Location are Design with Reactions of Competitors Already in the Market 828 25.6.1 Problem Description 829 25.6.2 Problem Formulation 829 25.7 Conclusions are Future Research Directions 831 References 832 Index 835

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Book SynopsisPraise for the first edition: This excellent text will be useful to every system engineer (SE) regardless of the domain.It covers ALL relevant SE material and does so in a very clear, methodical fashion.The breadth and depth of the author''s presentation of SE principles and practices is outstanding.Philip Allen This textbook presents a comprehensive, step-by-step guide to System Engineering analysis, design, and development via an integrated set of concepts, principles, practices, and methodologies. The methods presented in this text apply to any type of human system -- small, medium, and large organizational systems and system development projects delivering engineered systems or services across multiple business sectors such as medical, transportation, financial, educational, governmental, aerospace and defense, utilities, political, and charity, among others. Provides a common focal point for bridging the gap between and unifying SyTable of ContentsForeword xv Preface to The Second Edition xvii About The Companion Website xxi Introduction—How to Use This Text xxiii 1 Systems Engineering and Systems Engineering 1 1.1 Definitions of Key Terms 2 1.2 Approach to this Chapter 2 1.3 What is a System? 3 1.4 Learning to Recognize Types of Systems 7 1.5 What is SE? 8 1.6 System Versus Systems Engineering 12 1.7 SE: Historical Notes 13 1.8 Systems Thinking and SE 13 1.9 Chapter Summary 15 1.10 Chapter Exercises 15 1.11 References 16 2 The Evolving State of SE Practice-Challenges and Opportunities 17 2.1 Definitions of Key Terms 19 2.2 Approach to this Chapter 20 2.3 The State of SE and System Development Performance 20 2.4 Understanding the Problem: Root Cause Analysis 24 2.5 Industry Government Academic Professional and Standards Organizations Solutions 27 2.6 Defining the Problem 32 2.7 Engineering Education Challenges and Opportunities 42 2.8 Chapter Summary 43 2.9 Chapter Exercises 46 2.10 References 46 Part I System Engineering and Analysis Concepts 49 3 System Attributes Properties and Characteristics 51 3.1 Definition of Key Terms 51 3.2 Analytical Representation of a System 53 3.3 System Stakeholders: User and End User Roles 55 3.4 System Attributes 56 3.5 System Properties 56 3.6 System Characteristics 60 3.7 The System’s State of Equilibrium and the Balance of Power 61 3.8 System/Product Life Cycle Concepts 64 3.9 System Acceptability: Challenges for Achieving Success 71 3.10 Chapter Summary 74 3.11 Chapter Exercises 74 3.12 References 75 4 User Enterprise Roles Missions and System Applications 76 4.1 Definitions of Key Terms 76 4.2 Approach to this Chapter 77 4.3 User Roles and Missions 78 4.4 Understanding and Defining User Missions 83 4.5 Understanding the User’s Problem Opportunity and Solution Spaces 88 4.6 Chapter Summary 97 4.7 Chapter Exercises 97 4.8 References 98 5 User Needs Mission Analysis Use Cases and Scenarios 99 5.1 Definitions of Key Terms 100 5.2 Approach to this Chapter 101 5.3 Commercial/Consumer Product Versus Contract System Development 101 5.4 User Operational Needs Identification 103 5.5 Mission Analysis 107 5.6 Mission Operational Effectiveness 114 5.7 Defining Mission and System UCs and Scenarios 117 5.8 Chapter Summary 127 5.9 Chapter Exercises 127 5.10 References 128 6 System Concepts Formulation and Development 129 6.1 Definitions of Key Terms 129 6.2 Conceptualization of System Operations 131 6.3 The System Operations Model 131 6.4 Formulating and Developing the System Concepts 138 6.5 Chapter Summary 144 6.6 Chapter Exercises 145 6.7 References 145 7 System Command and Control (C2) - Phases Modes and States of Operation 147 7.1 Definitions of Key Terms 148 7.2 Approach to this Chapter 149 7.3 System Phases of Operation 150 7.4 Introduction to System Modes and States 151 7.5 Enterprise Perspective—Engineered System States 154 7.6 Engineering Perspective—Modes and States 157 7.7 Applying Phases Modes and States of Operation 168 7.8 Modes and States Constraints 169 7.9 Chapter Summary 172 7.10 Chapter Exercises 172 7.11 References 173 8 System Levels of Abstraction Semantics and Elements 174 8.1 Definitions of Key Terms 174 8.2 Establishing and Bounding the System’s Context 175 8.3 System Levels of Abstraction and Semantics 176 8.4 System Decomposition Versus Integration Entity Relationships 181 8.5 Logical–Physical Entity Relationship (ER) Concepts 183 8.6 Architectural System Element Concepts 186 8.7 Chapter Summary 196 8.8 Chapter Exercises 196 8.9 References 197 9 Architectural Frameworks of the SOI and Its Operating Environment 198 9.1 Definitions of Key Terms 198 9.2 Approach to this Chapter 199 9.3 Introduction to the SOI Architecture 199 9.4 Understanding the OE Architecture 201 9.5 Other Architectural Frameworks 209 9.6 Understanding The System Threat Environment 209 9.7 SOI Interfaces 211 9.8 Chapter Summary 218 9.9 Chapter Exercises 218 9.10 References 218 10 Modeling Mission System and Enabling System Operations 219 10.1 Definitions of Key Terms 219 10.2 Approach to this Chapter 219 10.3 The System Behavioral Response Model 220 10.4 System Command & Control (C2) Interaction Constructs 221 10.5 Modeling System Control Flow and Data Flow Operations 225 10.6 Modeling Mission System and Enabling System Operations 230 10.7 Modeling an Operational Capability 235 10.8 Nested Operational Cycles 241 10.9 Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) 241 10.10 Chapter Summary 243 10.11 Chapter Exercises 243 10.12 References 243 11 Analytical Problem-Solving and Solution Development Synthesis 245 11.1 Definitions of Key Terms 245 11.2 Part I: System Engineering and Analysis Concepts Synthesis 245 11.3 Shifting to a New Systems Engineering Paradigm 246 11.4 The Four Domain Solutions Methodology 248 11.5 Chapter Summary 251 11.6 References 254 Part II System Engineering and Development Practices 255 12 Introduction to System Development Strategies 257 12.1 Definitions of Key Terms 258 12.2 Approach to this Chapter 259 12.3 System Development Workflow Strategy 260 12.4 Multi-Level Systems Design and Development Strategy 262 12.5 Chapter Summary 268 12.6 Chapter Exercises 268 12.7 References 269 13 System Verification and Validation (V&V) Strategy 270 13.1 Definitions of Key Terms 270 13.2 Approach to this Chapter 272 13.3 System V&V Concepts Overview 275 13.4 System Verification Practices 278 13.5 System Validation Practices 283 13.6 Applying V&V to the System Development Workflow Processes 285 13.7 Independent Verification & Validation (IV&V) 290 13.8 Chapter Summary 291 13.9 Chapter Exercises 292 13.10 References 292 14 The Wasson Systems Engineering Process 293 14.1 Definitions of Key Terms 293 14.2 Approach to this Chapter 294 14.3 Evolution of SE Processes 294 14.4 The Wasson SE Process Model 296 14.5 Wasson SE Process Model Characteristics 306 14.6 Application of the Wasson SE Process Model 310 14.7 The Strength of the Wasson SE Process Model 311 14.8 Chapter Summary 311 14.9 Chapter Exercises 312 14.10 References 312 15 System Development Process Models 313 15.1 Definitions of Key Terms 314 15.2 Introduction to the System Development Models 315 15.3 Waterfall Development Strategy and Model 316 15.4 “V” System Development Strategy and Model 318 15.5 Spiral Development Strategy and Model 322 15.6 Iterative and Incremental Development Model 324 15.7 Evolutionary Development Strategy and Model 325 15.8 Agile Development Strategy and Model 326 15.9 Selection of System Versus Component Development Models 341 15.10 Chapter Summary 342 15.11 Chapter Exercises 342 15.12 References 342 16 System Configuration Identification and Component Selection Strategy 344 16.1 Definitions of Key Terms 345 16.2 Items: Building Blocks of Systems 347 16.3 Understanding Configuration Identification Semantics 347 16.4 Configuration Item (CI) Implementation 352 16.5 Developmental Configuration Baselines 355 16.6 Component Selection and Development 358 16.7 Vendor Product Semantics 359 16.8 Component Selection Methodology 360 16.9 Driving Issues that Influence COTS/NDI Selection 361 16.10 Chapter Summary 363 16.11 Chapter Exercises 363 16.12 References 364 17 System Documentation Strategy 365 17.1 Definitions of Key Terms 366 17.2 Quality System and Engineering Data Records 366 17.3 System Design and Development Data 367 17.4 Data Accession List (DAL) and Data Criteria List (DCL) 368 17.5 SE and Development Documentation Sequencing 369 17.6 Documentation Levels of Formality 370 17.7 Export Control of Sensitive Data and Technology 371 17.8 System Documentation Issues 373 17.9 Chapter Summary 374 17.10 Chapter Exercises 374 17.11 References 375 18 Technical Reviews Strategy 376 18.1 Definitions of Key Terms 376 18.2 Approach to this Chapter 378 18.3 Technical Reviews Overview 378 18.4 Conduct of Technical Reviews 380 18.5 Contract Review Requirements 381 18.6 In-Process Reviews (IPRs) 383 18.7 Contract Technical Reviews 384 18.8 Chapter Summary 395 18.9 Chapter Exercises 395 18.10 References 396 19 System Specification Concepts 397 19.1 Definitions of Key Terms 397 19.2 What is a Specification? 398 19.3 Attributes of a Well-Defined Specification 400 19.4 Types of Specifications 403 19.5 Key Elements of a Specification 405 19.6 Specification Requirements 408 19.7 Chapter Summary 413 19.8 Chapter Exercises 413 19.9 References 414 20 Specification Development Approaches 415 20.1 Definitions of Key Terms 415 20.2 Approach to this Chapter 416 20.3 Introduction to Specification Development 416 20.4 Specification Development Approaches 420 20.5 Special Topics 426 20.6 Specification Reviews 426 20.7 Chapter Summary 428 20.8 Chapter Exercises 428 20.9 Reference 428 21 Requirements Derivation Allocation Flow Down and Traceability 429 21.1 Definitions of Key Terms 429 21.2 Approach to this Chapter 430 21.3 Introduction to Requirements Derivation Allocation Flowdown & Traceability 430 21.4 Requirements Derivation Methods 436 21.5 Requirements Derivation and Allocation Across Entity Boundaries 436 21.6 Requirements Allocation 438 21.7 Requirements Traceability 439 21.8 Technical Performance Measures (TPMs) 442 21.9 Chapter Summary 445 21.10 Chapter Exercises 445 21.11 References 445 22 Requirements Statement Development 446 22.1 Definition of Key Terms 446 22.2 Approach to this Chapter 446 22.3 Introduction to Requirements Statement Development 447 22.4 Preparing the Requirement Statement 449 22.5 Selection of Requirement Verification Methods 453 22.6 Requirements Traceability and Verification Tools 456 22.7 Requirements Statement Development Guidelines 459 22.8 When Does a Requirement Become “Official”? 462 22.9 Chapter Summary 462 22.10 Chapter Exercises 464 22.11 References 464 23 Specification Analysis 465 23.1 Definition of Key Terms 465 23.2 Analyzing Existing Specifications 466 23.3 Specification Assessment Checklist 467 23.4 Specification Analysis Methods 471 23.5 Specification Deficiencies Checklist 472 23.6 Resolution of Specification COI/CTI Issues 476 23.7 Requirements Compliance 477 23.8 Chapter Summary 478 23.9 Chapter Exercises 478 23.10 References 479 24 User-Centered System Design (UCSD) 480 24.1 Definitions of Key Terms 481 24.2 Approach to this Chapter 483 24.3 Introduction to UCSD 484 24.4 Understanding Human Factors (HF) and Ergonomics 493 24.5 Situational Assessment: Areas of Concern 509 24.6 Complex System Development 512 24.7 SE HF and Ergonomics Actions 512 24.8 Chapter Summary 514 24.9 Chapter Exercises 515 24.10 References 515 25 Engineering Standards of Units Coordinate Systems and Conventions 518 25.1 Definitions of Key Terms 518 25.2 Approach to this Chapter 519 25.3 Engineering Standards 520 25.4 Standards for Units Weights and Measures 520 25.5 Coordinate Reference Systems 522 25.6 Defining a System’s Free Body Dynamics 534 25.7 Applying Engineering Standards and Conventions 538 25.8 Engineering Standards and Conventions Lessons Learned 538 25.9 Chapter Summary 540 25.10 Chapter Exercises 540 25.11 References 541 26 System and Entity Architecture Development 542 26.1 Definitions of Key Terms 542 26.2 Approach to this Chapter 543 26.3 Introduction to System Architecture Development 544 26.4 Development of System Architectures 554 26.5 Advanced System Architecture Topics 559 26.6 Chapter Summary 572 26.7 Chapter Exercises 573 26.8 References 574 27 System Interface Definition Analysis Design and Control 575 27.1 Definitions of Key Terms 576 27.2 Approach to this Chapter 576 27.3 Interface Ownership Work Products and Control Concepts 577 27.4 Interface Definition Methodology 583 27.5 Interface Design—Advanced Topics 588 27.6 Interface Definition and Control Challenges and Solutions 592 27.7 Chapter Summary 597 27.8 Chapter Exercises 598 27.9 References 598 28 System Integration Test and Evaluation (SITE) 599 28.1 Definitions of Key Terms 599 28.2 SITE Fundamentals 601 28.3 Key Elements of Site 604 28.4 Planning for Site 610 28.5 Establishing the Test Organization 612 28.6 Developing Test Cases (TCs) and Acceptance Test Procedures (ATPs) 613 28.7 Performing SITE Tasks 614 28.8 Common Integration and Test Challenges and Issues 617 28.9 Chapter Summary 621 28.10 Chapter Exercises 621 28.11 References 622 29 System Deployment OM&S Retirement and Disposal 623 29.1 Definitions of Key Terms 624 29.2 Approach to this Chapter 625 29.3 System Deployment Operations 626 29.4 System Operation Maintenance & Sustainment (OM&S) 638 29.5 System Retirement (Phase-Out) Operations 645 29.6 System Disposal Operations 646 29.7 Chapter Summary 646 29.8 Chapter Exercises 646 29.9 References 647 Part III Analytical Decision Support Practices 649 30 Introduction to Analytical Decision Support 651 30.1 Definitions of Key Terms 651 30.2 What is Analytical Decision Support? 652 30.3 Attributes of Technical Decisions 652 30.4 Types of Engineering Analyses 654 30.5 System Performance Analysis and Evaluation 654 30.6 Statistical Influences on System Design 659 30.7 Chapter Summary 664 30.8 General Exercises 665 30.9 References 665 31 System Performance Analysis Budgets and Safety Margins 666 31.1 Definitions of Key Terms 667 31.2 Performance “Design-To” Budgets and Safety Margins 667 31.3 Analyzing System Performance 672 31.4 Real-Time Control and Frame-Based Systems 679 31.5 System Performance Optimization 679 31.6 System Analysis Reporting 680 31.7 Chapter Summary 680 31.8 Chapter Exercises 680 31.9 References 681 32 Trade Study Analysis of Alternatives (AoA) 682 32.1 Definitions of Key Terms 682 32.2 Introduction to Multivariate Analysis of Alternatives (AoA) 683 32.3 Chartering a Trade Study 688 32.4 Establishing the Trade Study Methodology 689 32.5 Trade Study Quantitative Approaches 690 32.6 Trade Study Utility or Scoring Functions 695 32.7 Sensitivity Analysis 696 32.8 Trade Study Reports (TSRs) 696 32.9 Trade Study Decision 697 32.10 Trade Study Risk Areas 699 32.11 Trade Study Lessons Learned 701 32.12 Chapter Summary 701 32.13 Chapter Exercises 701 32.14 References 701 33 System Modeling and Simulation (M&S) 703 33.1 Definitions of Key Terms 704 33.2 Technical Decision-Making Aids 705 33.3 Simulation-Based Models 705 33.4 Application Examples of M&S 709 33.5 M&S Challenges and Issues 717 33.6 Chapter Summary 719 33.7 Chapter Exercises 719 33.8 References 720 34 System Reliability Maintainability and Availability (RMA) 721 34.1 Definitions of Key Terms 722 34.2 Approach to this Chapter 723 34.3 System Reliability 725 34.4 Understanding System Maintainability 768 34.5 System Availability 779 34.6 Optimizing RMA Trade-Offs 781 34.7 Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) 783 34.8 System RMA Challenges 788 34.9 Chapter Summary 789 34.10 Chapter Exercises 789 34.11 References 790 Epilog 792 Appendix A Acronyms and Abbreviations 795 Appendix B INCOSE Handbook Traceability 801 Appendix C System Modeling Language (SysML™) Constructs 811 Index 821

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Book SynopsisFree Mathematica 10 Update Included! Now available from www.wiley.com/go/magrab Updated material includes:- Creating regions and volumes of arbitrary shape and determining their properties: arc length, area, centroid, and area moment of inertia- Performing integrations, solving equations, and determining the maximum and minimum values over regions of arbitrary shape- Solving numerically a class of linear second order partial differential equations in regions of arbitrary shape using finite elements An Engineer''s Guide to Mathematica enables the reader to attain the skills to create Mathematica 9 programs that solve a wide range of engineering problems and that display the results with annotated graphics. This book can be used to learn Mathematica, as a companion to engineering texts, and also as a reference for obtaining numerical and symbolic solutions to a wide range of engineTable of ContentsPreface xiii Table of Engineering Applications xvii Part 1 Introduction 1 Mathematica Environment and Basic Syntax 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Selecting Notebook Characteristics 4 1.3 Notebook Cells 8 1.4 Delimiters 12 1.5 Basic Syntax 12 1.5.1 Introduction 12 1.5.2 Templates: Greek Symbols and Mathematical Notation 15 1.5.3 Variable Names and Global Variables 18 1.6 Mathematical Constants 19 1.7 Complex Numbers 21 1.8 Elementary, Trigonometric, Hyperbolic, and a Few Special Functions 22 1.9 Strings 25 1.9.1 String Creation: StringJoin[] and ToString[] 25 1.9.2 Labeled Output: Print[], NumberForm[], EngineeringForm[], and TraditionalForm[] 26 1.10 Conversions, Relational Operators, and Transformation Rule 28 1.11 Engineering Units and Unit Conversions: Quantity[] and UnitConvert[] 30 1.12 Creation of CDF Documents and Documents in Other Formats 33 1.13 Functions Introduced in Chapter 1 34 Exercises 35 2 List Creation and Manipulation: Vectors and Matrices 39 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 Creating Lists and Vectors 39 2.2.1 Introduction 39 2.2.2 Creating a List with Table[] 45 2.2.3 Summing Elements of a List: Total[] 46 2.2.4 Selecting Elements of a List 47 2.2.5 Identifying List Elements Matching a Pattern: Position[] 49 2.3 Creating Matrices 51 2.3.1 Introduction 51 2.3.2 Matrix Generation Using Table[] 54 2.3.3 Accessing Elements of Arrays 55 2.4 Matrix Operations on Vectors and Arrays 56 2.4.1 Introduction 56 2.4.2 Matrix Inverse and Determinant: Inverse[] and Det[] 57 2.5 Solution of a Linear System of Equations: LinearSolve[] 58 2.6 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors: EigenSystem[] 59 2.7 Functions Introduced in Chapter 2 61 References 61 Exercises 61 3 User-Created Functions, Repetitive Operations, and Conditionals 69 3.1 Introduction 69 3.2 Expressions and Procedures as Functions 69 3.2.1 Introduction 69 3.2.2 Pure Function: Function[] 74 3.2.3 Module[] 78 3.3 Find Elements of a List that Meet a Criterion: Select[] 80 3.4 Conditionals 82 3.4.1 If[] 82 3.4.2 Which[] 83 3.5 Repetitive Operations 83 3.5.1 Do[] 83 3.5.2 While[] 83 3.5.3 Nest[] 84 3.5.4 Map[] 84 3.6 Examples of Repetitive Operations and Conditionals 85 3.7 Functions Introduced in Chapter 3 92 Exercises 92 4 Symbolic Operations 95 4.1 Introduction 95 4.2 Assumption Options 101 4.3 Solutions of Equations: Solve[] 101 4.4 Limits: Limit[] 105 4.5 Power Series: Series[], Coefficient[], and CoefficientList[] 108 4.6 Optimization: Maximize[]/Minimize[] 112 4.7 Differentiation: D[] 114 4.8 Integration: Integrate[] 120 4.9 Solutions of Ordinary Differential Equations: DSolve[] 126 4.10 Solutions of Partial Differential Equations: DSolve[] 136 4.11 Laplace Transform: LaplaceTransform[] and InverseLaplaceTransform[] 138 4.12 Functions Introduced in Chapter 4 145 References 145 Exercises 146 5 Numerical Evaluations of Equations 151 5.1 Introduction 151 5.2 Numerical Integration: NIntegrate[] 151 5.3 Numerical Solutions of Differential Equations: NDSolveValue[] and ParametricNDSolveValue[] 154 5.4 Numerical Solutions of Equations: NSolve[] 178 5.5 Roots of Transcendental Equations: FindRoot[] 180 5.6 Minimum and Maximum: FindMinimum[] and FindMaximum[] 182 5.7 Fitting of Data: Interpolation[] and FindFit[] 186 5.8 Discrete Fourier Transforms and Correlation: Fourier[], InverseFourier[], and ListCorrelate[] 189 5.9 Functions Introduced in Chapter 5 194 References 195 Exercises 196 6 Graphics 209 6.1 Introduction 209 6.2 2D Graphics 209 6.2.1 Basic Plotting 209 6.2.2 Basic Graph Enhancements 213 6.2.3 Common 2D Shapes: Graphics[] 217 6.2.4 Additional Graph Enhancements 222 6.2.5 Combining Figures: Show[] and GraphicsGrid[] 238 6.2.6 Tooltip[] 241 6.2.7 Exporting Graphics 244 6.3 3D Graphics 244 6.4 Summary of Functions Introduced in Chapter 6 253 References 254 Exercises 254 7 Interactive Graphics 263 7.1 Interactive Graphics: Manipulate[] 263 References 287 Exercises 287 Part 2 Engineering Applications 8 Vibrations of Spring–Mass Systems and Thin Beams 293 8.1 Introduction 293 8.2 Single Degree-of-Freedom Systems 294 8.2.1 Periodic Force on a Single Degree-of-Freedom System 294 8.2.2 Squeeze Film Damping and Viscous Fluid Damping 298 8.2.3 Electrostatic Attraction 302 8.2.4 Single Degree-of-Freedom System Energy Harvester 304 8.3 Two Degrees-of-Freedom Systems 307 8.3.1 Governing Equations 307 8.3.2 Response to Harmonic Excitation: Amplitude Response Functions 307 8.3.3 Enhanced Energy Harvester 310 8.4 Thin Beams 315 8.4.1 Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes of a Cantilever Beam with In-Span Attachments 315 8.4.2 Effects of Electrostatic Force on the Natural Frequency and Stability of a Beam 318 8.4.3 Response of a Cantilever Beam with an In-Span Attachment to an Impulse Force 323 References 326 9 Statistics 327 9.1 Descriptive Statistics 327 9.1.1 Introduction 327 9.1.2 Location Statistics: Mean[], StandardDeviation[], and Quartile[] 327 9.1.3 Continuous Distribution Functions: PDF[] and CDF[] 329 9.1.4 Histograms and Probability Plots: Histogram[] and ProbabilityScalePlot [] 331 9.1.5 Whisker Plot: BoxWhiskerChart[] 332 9.1.6 Creating Data with Specified Distributions: RandomVariate[] 334 9.2 Probability of Continuous Random Variables 334 9.2.1 Probability for Different Distributions: NProbability[] 334 9.2.2 Inverse Cumulative Distribution Function: InverseCDF[] 337 9.2.3 Distribution Parameter Estimation: EstimatedDistribution[] and FindDistributionParameters[] 337 9.2.4 Confidence Intervals: ⋯CI[] 340 9.2.5 Hypothesis Testing: LocationTest[] and VarianceTest[] 342 9.3 Regression Analysis: LinearModelFit[] 343 9.3.1 Simple Linear Regression 343 9.3.2 Multiple Linear Regression 347 9.4 Nonlinear Regression Analysis: NonLinearModelFit[] 351 9.5 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Factorial Designs: ANOVA[] 354 9.6 Functions Introduced in Chapter 9 358 10 Control Systems and Signal Processing 359 10.1 Introduction 359 10.2 Model Generation: State-Space and Transfer Function Representation 359 10.2.1 Introduction 359 10.2.2 State-Space Models: StateSpaceModel[] 360 10.2.3 Transfer Function Models: TransferFunctionModel[] 362 10.3 Model Connections – Closed-Loop Systems and System Response: SystemsModelFeedbackConnect[] and SystemsModelSeriesConnect[] 363 10.4 Design Methods 369 10.4.1 Root Locus: RootLocusPlot[] 369 10.4.2 Bode Plot: BodePlot[] 371 10.4.3 Nichols Plot: NicholsPlot[] 372 10.5 Signal Processing 374 10.5.1 Filter Models: ButterworthFilterModel[], EllipticFilterModel[], ... 374 10.5.2 Windows: HammingWindow[], HannWindow[], ... 381 10.5.3 Spectrum Averaging 385 10.6 Aliasing 388 10.7 Functions Introduced in Chapter 10 390 Reference 391 11 Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics 393 11.1 Introduction 393 11.2 Conduction Heat Transfer 394 11.2.1 One-Dimensional Transient Heat Diffusion in Solids 394 11.2.2 Heat Transfer in Concentric Spheres: Ablation of a Tumor 398 11.2.3 Heat Flow Through Fins 401 11.3 Natural Convection Along Heated Plates 405 11.4 View Factor Between Two Parallel Rectangular Surfaces 408 11.5 Internal Viscous Flow 411 11.5.1 Laminar Flow in Horizontal Cylindrical Pipes 411 11.5.2 Flow in Three Reservoirs 412 11.6 External Flow 416 11.6.1 Pressure Coefficient of a Joukowski Airfoil 416 11.6.2 Surface Profile in Nonuniform Flow in Open Channels 419 References 423 Index 425

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Book SynopsisBridges the gap between the realistic needs and questions of scientists and engineers and the legal skills of professionals in the patent field at a level accessible to those with no legal training Written for inventors in lay terms that they can relate to or easily follow Lays out the new features of patent law introduced by the America Invents Act of 2012 Explains the differences between the first-to-invent and first-to-file rules and why the two rules will coexist Focuses on the growth of new technologies in industry versus the laws protecting themTrade Review“Overall it represents a distillation of a very wide experience gained from many years of hands-on practice. This is a must-have buy for research establishments that do not have an in-house patent department.” (Chromatographia, 20 March 2015)Table of ContentsList of Figures ix List of Tables xi Preface xiii Introduction xvii About the Author xix 1. The First-to-File Rule: Evolution and Application 1 1.1 History of the First-to-File Rule in the United States 2 1.2 “Who’s on First?”: The Rule and Its Application 5 1.3 Adapting Business Routines to the First-to-File Rule 7 2. Prior Art before and after the AIA: Two Standards Compared 9 2.1 Prior Art and the First-to-File Rule 9 2.2 “But is It Art?”: The Art of Prior Art 10 2.3 And is It “Prior”?: Pre-AIA Law vs. the AIA 11 2.3.1 U.S. Patents and Published U.S. Patent Applications 11 2.3.2 Patents and Patent Applications Other than those of the United States 14 2.3.3 Other Published Literature 16 2.3.4 Commercial Activities 17 2.3.5 Otherwise Available to the Public 21 2.4 A Servant of Two Masters?: The “Effective Filing Date” and Its Role in Determining the Governing Rule 21 2.5 Conclusion 23 3. Creating One’s Own Prior Art: Self-Imposed Barriers to Patentability 25 3.1 The On-Sale Bar 26 3.1.1 Ready for Patenting? 26 3.1.2 Exceptions for Experimental Use 33 3.2 The Publication Bar: Publish and Perish? 35 3.2.1 Posting on an Internet Server 36 3.2.2 Slide Presentations and Posters at a Conference 37 3.2.3 Submission of a Thesis to a University Library 38 3.2.4 Grant Proposals 39 3.3 Observations 41 4. Canceling Prior Art and Other Benefits of Record Keeping 42 4.1 Derivation Proceedings 42 4.2 Disqualifying Reference Materials as Prior Art 45 4.3 Records Showing Collaboration 46 4.4 Records of Public Disclosures and Commercial Uses 48 4.5 Laboratory Notebooks 50 5. Inventing in an Employment Environment: The AIA’s New Recognition of Employer Interests and Project Management 52 5.1 Project Management and the New Definition of Prior Art 53 5.2 Allowing the Employer to Stand in for the Inventor 54 5.3 What Constitutes an Obligation to Assign? 56 5.4 Implying an Obligation to Assign When There is No Express Agreement 60 5.5 Having a “Sufficient Proprietary Interest” Other than by Assignment or Obligation to Assign 63 5.6 When No Assignment, Obligation to Assign, or Proprietary Interest: The “Shop Right” 63 6. The Novelty Threshold: Can You Recognize It When You See It? 67 6.1 Anticipation and the “All Elements in a Single Reference” Rule 68 6.1.1 “Incorporation by Reference” of the Missing Element from Another Source 70 6.1.2 Inherent Disclosure of the Missing Element 72 6.2 Novelty in the Arrangement of Parts 73 6.3 Another Argument Against Anticipation: The “Nonenabling Reference” 77 6.4 Caution: A Reference Can Anticipate an Invention Even if It “Teaches Away” from the Invention 79 6.5 Novelty versus Anticipation among Genus, Subgenus, and Species 84 6.5.1 Species Anticipating a Genus 84 6.5.2 Specific Value Anticipating a Range 85 6.5.3 “Shotgun” Disclosures in the Prior Art 85 6.5.4 Species or Subgenus Novel over a Larger, Encompassing Genus 86 6.5.5 Narrow Range Novel over a Broad Range Encompassing the Narrow Range 86 6.6 Are We Done? 87 7. Confronting the Prior Art: What Makes an Invention Nonobvious? 88 7.1 “But Every Invention is a Combination of Old Elements!” 90 7.1.1 Synergism and Changes in Function 90 7.1.2 “But Why Would a Munitions Manufacturer Go to a Horse Trainer (for the Missing Element)?” 92 7.1.3 “But Nobody Knew What the Problem Was (Before I Came Along)!” 94 7.1.4 “But They Said It Couldn’t Be Done!” 95 7.2 Pursuing the Unpredictable 99 7.2.1 Predictable Now but Unpredictable Then? 101 7.2.2 Finding a Needle in a Haystack 103 7.2.3 Unpredictability versus Optimization 105 7.3 In Hindsight (and Other Obvious or Nonobvious Thoughts) 107 8. The View from the Infringer’s Side: Challenging a Patent’s Validity 108 8.1 Do You Really Want to Go to Court? 109 8.2 Selecting Claims 111 8.3 Options for Challenge before the Patent is Granted 115 8.4 Options for Challenge after the Patent is Granted 118 8.4.1 Citation of Prior Art and Written Statements 118 8.4.2 Post-Grant Review and Inter Partes Review 119 9. Patent Eligibility: Pushing the Envelope on Subject Matter Appropriate for Patenting 122 9.1 Medical Diagnostic Methods 123 9.2 Computer-Implemented Processes 127 9.3 Business Methods 130 9.4 The AIA’s New Procedure for Challenging Business Method Patents 133 9.5 Conclusion: A Rule for Patent Eligibility? or a Case of “I’ll Know It When I See It”? 135 10. Selected Topics in Patent Strategy 139 10.1 Provisional Patent Applications 139 10.2 Strategies in Claim Construction 145 11. Patents and Beyond: The Variety and Scope of Intellectual Property 157 11.1 Trade Secrets 157 11.1.1 Scope 159 11.1.2 The Right of an Individual to Use Fundamental Skills 159 11.1.3 Comparing Trade Secrets to Patents 160 11.2 Trademarks 163 11.2.1 Choosing a Trademark 163 11.2.2 Securement, Maintenance, and Infringement of Trademark Rights 164 11.3 Copyrights 164 11.4 Design Patents 166 11.5 IP Coverage for Plants 167 11.6 Conclusion 167 Appendix A Selected Fees Charged by U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and Other U.S. Agencies for Intellectual Property as of January 1, 2014 170 Appendix B Patent Searchers 175 Acronym Glossary 178 Glossary 179 Bibliography, Websites, and Blogs 185 Patents and Published Patent Applications Cited 188 Cases Cited 191 Index 194

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Book SynopsisAn introductory text on the investigation of industrial accidents Forensic engineering should be seen as a rigorous approach to the discovery of root causes that lead to an accident or near-miss. The approach should be suitable to identify both the immediate causes as well as the underlying factors that affected, amplified, or modified the events in terms of consequences, evolution, dynamics, etc., as well as the contribution of an eventual human error. This book is a concise and introductory volume to the forensic engineering discipline which helps the reader to recognize the link among those important, very specialized aspects of the same problem in the global strategy of learning from accidents (or near-misses). The reader will benefit from a single point of access to this very large, technical literature that can be only correctly understood with the right terms, definitions, and links in mind. Keywords: Presents simple (real) cases, as well as giving an overview of more compTable of ContentsForeword by Giomi xiii Foreword by Chiaia xv Foreword by Tee xvii Preface xix Acknowledgement xxi List of Acronyms xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Who Should ReadThis Book? 1 1.2 Going Beyond theWidget! 2 1.3 Forensic Engineering as a Discipline 5 References 7 Further Reading 7 2 Industrial Accidents 9 2.1 Accidents 9 2.1.1 Principles of Combustion 14 2.1.1.1 Flammable Gases and Vapors 17 2.1.1.2 Flammable Liquids 21 2.1.1.3 The Ignition 22 2.1.2 Fires 23 2.1.3 Explosions 27 2.1.4 Incidental Scenarios 33 2.2 Near Misses 39 2.3 Process Safety 40 2.3.1 Management of Safety 41 2.4 The Importance of Accidents 47 2.4.1 Seveso disaster 48 2.4.2 Bhopal Disaster 51 2.4.3 Flixborough Disaster 55 2.4.4 Deepwater Horizon Drilling Rig Explosion 58 2.4.5 San Juanico Disaster 60 2.4.6 Buncefield Disaster 64 2.5 Performance Indicators 68 2.6 The Role of ‘Uncertainty’ and ‘Risk’ 72 References 75 Further reading 78 3 What is Accident Investigation?What is Forensic Engineering?What is Risk Assessment?Who is the Forensic Engineer and what is his Role? 79 3.1 Investigation 79 3.2 Forensic Engineering 87 3.3 Legal Aspects 91 3.4 Ethic Issues 95 3.5 Insurance Aspects 96 3.6 Accident Prevention and Risk Assessment 98 3.6.1 “What-if ” Analysis 100 3.6.2 Hazard and Operability Analysis (HAZOP) & Hazard Identification (HAZID) 101 3.6.3 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) 105 3.7 Technical Standards 105 References 112 Further Reading 113 4 The Forensic EngineeringWorkflow 115 4.1 TheWorkflow 115 4.2 Team and Planning 118 4.3 Preliminary and Onsite Investigation (Collecting the Evidence) 124 4.3.1 Sampling 127 4.3.1.1 Selection of the Sample 127 4.3.1.2 Collection of the Sample 128 4.3.1.3 Packaging of the Sample 129 4.3.1.4 Sealing the Packaging 130 4.4 Sources and Type of Evidence to be Considered 130 4.4.1 People 133 4.4.1.1 Conducting the Interview 136 4.4.2 Paper Documentation 138 4.4.3 Digital Documentation and Electronic Data 140 4.4.3.1 An Example about the Value of Digital Evidence 141 4.4.4 Physical Evidence 145 4.4.5 Position Data 146 4.4.6 Photographs 147 4.4.6.1 The Collection of the Photographs 148 4.4.6.2 Photograph Cataloguing 150 4.5 Recognise the Evidence 152 4.5.1 Short Case Studies 155 4.5.1.1 Explosion of Flour at the Mill of Cordero in Fossano 156 4.5.1.2 Explosion at the Pettinatura Italiana Plant 157 4.5.1.3 Explosion of the Boiler of the SISAS Plant of Pioltello 160 4.5.1.4 Explosion of the Steam Generator of the Plant Enichem Synthesis at Villadossola 163 4.5.1.5 Aluminium Dust Explosion at Nicomax in Verbania 163 4.6 Organize the Evidence 166 4.7 Conducting the Investigation and the Analysis 168 4.7.1 Method of the Conic Spiral 172 4.7.2 Evidence Analysis 173 4.8 Reporting and Communication 175 References 180 Further Reading 182 5 Investigation Methods 183 5.1 Causes and Causal Mechanism Analysis 183 5.2 Time and Events Sequence 192 5.2.1 STEP Method 196 5.3 Human Factor 199 5.3.1 Human Error 204 5.3.2 Analysis of Operative Instructions andWorking Procedures 208 5.4 Methods 212 5.4.1 Expert Judgment and Brainstorming 213 5.4.2 Structured Methods and Approaches 214 5.4.2.1 Pre-structured Methods 218 5.4.2.2 Barrier-based Systematic Cause Analysis Technique (BSCATTM) 222 5.4.2.3 Tripod Beta 228 5.4.2.4 Barrier Failure Analysis (BFA) 232 5.4.2.5 Root Cause Analysis (RCA) 238 5.4.2.6 QRA derived tools 253 References 263 Further Reading 266 6 Derive Lessons 267 6.1 Pre and Post Accident Management 267 6.2 Develop Recommendations 274 6.2.1 An Application of Risk Analysis to Choose the Best Corrective Measure 284 6.3 Communication 290 6.4 Safety (and Risk) Management and Training 296 6.5 Organization Systems and Safety Culture 298 6.6 Behavior-based Safety (BBS) 303 6.7 Understanding Near-misses and Treat Them 304 References 307 Further Reading 308 7 CaseStudies 309 7.1 Jet Fire at a Steel Plant 309 7.1.1 Introduction 309 7.1.2 How it Happened (Incident Dynamics) 310 7.1.3 Why it Happened 314 7.1.4 Findings 321 7.1.5 Lessons Learned and Recommendations 322 7.1.6 Forensic Engineering Highlights 326 7.1.7 References and Further Readings 328 7.2 Fire on Board a Ferryboat 329 7.2.1 Introduction 329 7.2.2 How it Happened (Incident Dynamics) 330 7.2.3 Why it Happened 330 7.2.4 Findings 338 7.2.5 Lessons Learned and Recommendations 342 7.2.6 Forensic Engineering Highlights 342 7.2.6.1 The Discharge Activity and the Evidence Collection 342 7.2.6.2 Use of and Issues Regarding Digital Evidences 345 7.2.6.3 Expected Performances of the Installed DigitalMemories 348 7.2.6.4 The VDR (Voyage Data Recorder) System 348 7.2.6.5 Data Extraction from the “Black Box” (i.e.: FRM Module) 350 7.2.6.6 Analysis and Use of Extracted Data 351 7.2.6.7 Documentation Analysis of the Fire Detection System 352 7.2.7 References and Further Readings 354 7.3 LOPC of Toxic Substance at a Chemical Plant 354 7.3.1 Introduction 354 7.3.2 How it Happened (Incident Dynamics) 354 7.3.3 Why it Happened 355 7.3.4 Findings 358 7.3.5 Lessons Learned and Recommendations 363 7.3.6 Forensic Engineering Highlights 364 7.4 Refinery’s Pipeway Fire 366 7.4.1 Introduction 366 7.4.2 How it Happened (Incident Dynamics) 367 7.4.3 Why it Happened 371 7.4.4 Findings 373 7.4.5 Lessons Learned and Recommendations 375 7.4.6 Forensic Engineering Highlights 378 7.4.7 References and Further Readings 379 7.5 Flash Fire at a Lime Furnace Fuel Storage Silo 381 7.5.1 Introduction 381 7.5.2 How it Happened (Incident Dynamics) 382 7.5.3 Why it Happened 385 7.5.4 Findings 388 7.5.5 Lessons Learned and Recommendations 388 7.5.6 Forensic Engineering Highlights 388 7.5.7 Further Readings 388 7.6 Explosion of a Rotisserie Van Oven Fueled by an LPG System 389 7.6.1 Introduction 389 7.6.2 How it Happened (Incident Dynamics) 390 7.6.3 Why it Happened 394 7.6.4 Findings 398 7.6.5 Lessons Learned and Recommendations 399 7.6.6 Forensic Engineering Highlights 399 7.6.7 Further Readings 406 7.7 Fragment Projection inside a Congested Process Area 407 7.7.1 Introduction 407 7.7.2 How it Happened (Incident Dynamics) 408 7.7.3 Why it Happened 408 7.7.4 Findings 409 7.7.4.1 Collection of Evidences and Data 410 7.7.4.2 Initial Plate Velocity and Box Deformation 410 7.7.4.3 Development of a Piping Damage Criteria 415 7.7.4.4 Evaluation of Damages 421 7.7.4.5 Results for Impacts for Some Pipes 421 7.7.4.6 FI-BLAST© Adaptation to Perform a Parametric Study 422 7.7.4.7 Results of the Parametric Study 426 7.7.5 Lessons Learned and Recommendations 427 7.7.6 Forensic Engineering Highlights 428 7.7.7 References and Further Readings 429 7.8 Refinery Process Unit Fire 429 7.8.1 Introduction 429 7.8.2 How it Happened (Incident Dynamics) 429 7.8.3 Why it Happened 433 7.8.4 Findings 435 7.8.4.1 Examination of the Effects of the Fire 437 7.8.4.2 Water and Foam Consumption 438 7.8.4.3 Damages 438 7.8.5 Lessons Learned and Recommendations 438 7.8.6 Forensic Engineering Highlights 439 7.8.7 References and Further Readings 448 7.9 Crack in an Oil Pipeline 449 7.9.1 Introduction 449 7.9.2 How it Happened (Accident Dynamics) 450 7.9.3 Why it Happened 453 7.9.4 Experimental Campaign on the Pipeline Segment 453 7.9.5 Findings 457 7.9.6 Lessons Learned and Recommendations 460 7.9.7 Forensic Engineering Highlights 462 7.9.8 References and Further Readings 463 7.10 Storage Building on Fire 463 7.10.1 Introduction 463 7.10.2 How it Happened (Accident Dynamics) 464 7.10.3 Why it Happened 464 7.10.4 Findings 465 7.10.5 Lessons Learned and Recommendations 466 7.10.6 Forensic Engineering Highlights 467 7.10.7 Further Readings 467 8 Conclusions and Recommendations 469 References 471 9 A Look Into the Future 473 References 476 A Principles on Probability 477 A.1 Basic Notions on Probability 477 Index 479

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Book SynopsisPresents the methodology and applications of ODE and PDE models within biomedical science and engineering With an emphasis on the method of lines (MOL) for partial differential equation (PDE) numerical integration, Method of Lines PDE Analysis in Biomedical Science and Engineering demonstrates the use of numerical methods for the computer solution of PDEs as applied to biomedical science and engineering (BMSE). Written by a well-known researcher in the field, the book provides an introduction to basic numerical methods for initial/boundary value PDEs before moving on to specific BMSE applications of PDEs. Featuring a straightforward approach, the book's chapters follow a consistent and comprehensive format. First, each chapter begins by presenting the model as an ordinary differential equation (ODE)/PDE system, including the initial and boundary conditions. Next, the programming of the model equations is introduced through a series of R routines that primarily implement MOL for PDETrade Review"This book demonstrates the use of numerical methods for the computer solution of partial differential equations (PDEs) as applied to biomedical science and engineering...The book is worth reading not only for mathematicians but also for, e.g., chemical engineers, medical researchers, clinicians, epidemiologists and statisticians." (Mathematical Reviews/MathSciNet June 2017)Table of ContentsPreface xiAbout the Companion Website xiii1 An Introduction to MOL Analysis of PDEs: Wave Front Resolution in Chromatography 11.1 1D 2-PDE model, 21.2 MOL routines, 71.2.1 Main program, 71.2.2 MOL/ODE routine, 161.2.3 Subordinate routines, 201.3 Model output, single component chromatography, 211.3.1 FDs, step BC, 211.3.2 Flux limiters, step BC, 391.3.3 FDs, pulse BC, 481.3.4 Flux limiters, pulse BC, 501.4 Multi component model, 531.5 MOL routines, 541.5.1 Main program, 541.5.2 MOL/ODE routine, 621.6 Model output, multi component chromatography, 67References, 682 Wave Front Resolution in VEGF Angiogenesis 692.1 1D 2-PDE model, 702.2 MOL routines, 722.2.1 Main program, 722.2.2 MOL/ODE routine, 812.2.3 Subordinate routines, 852.3 Model output, 862.3.1 Comparison of numerical and analytical solutions, 862.3.2 Effect of diffusion on the traveling-wave solution, 882.4 Conclusions, 88References, 893 Thermographic Tumor Location 913.1 2D, 1-PDE model, 923.2 MOL analysis, 943.2.1 ODE routine, 943.2.2 Main program, 1003.3 Model output, 1053.4 Summary and conclusions, 110References, 1114 Blood-Tissue Transport 1134.1 1D 2-PDE model, 1144.2 MOL routines, 1154.2.1 MOL/ODE routine, 1154.2.2 Main program, 1194.2.3 Bessel function routine, 1284.3 Model output, 1294.4 Model extensions, 1334.5 Conclusions and summary, 142References, 1435 Two-Fluid/Membrane Model 1455.1 2D, 3-PDE model, 1465.2 MOL analysis, 1475.2.1 MOL/ODE routine, 1485.2.2 Main program, 1535.3 Model output, 1605.4 Summary and conclusions, 1626 Liver Support Systems 1656.1 2-ODE patient model, 1666.2 Patient ODE model routines, 1676.2.1 Main program, 1676.2.2 ODE routine, 1726.3 Model output, 1746.4 8-PDE ALSS model, 1766.4.1 Membrane unit MU1, 1776.4.2 Adsorption unit AU1, 1776.4.3 Adsorption unit AU2, 1786.4.4 Membrane unit MU2, 1796.5 Patient-ALSS ODE/PDE model routines, 1806.5.1 Main program, 1806.5.2 ODE routine, 1886.6 Model output, 1956.7 Summary and conclusions, 196Appendix - Derivation of PDEs for Membrane and Adsorption Units, 200A.1 PDEs for Membrane Units, 200A.2 PDEs for Adsorption Units, 202References, 2037 Cross Diffusion Epidemiology Model 2057.1 2-PDE model, 2057.2 Model routines, 2077.2.1 Main program, 2077.2.2 ODE routine, 2157.3 Model output, 2187.3.1 ncase = 1, time-invariant solution, 2187.3.2 ncase = 2, transient solution, no cross diffusion, 2207.3.3 ncase = 3, transient solution with cross diffusion, 2227.4 Summary and conclusions, 224Reference, 2258 Oncolytic Virotherapy 2278.1 1D 4-PDE model, 2288.2 MOL routines, 2298.2.1 Main program, 2308.2.2 MOL/ODE routine, 2408.2.3 Subordinate routine, 2458.3 Model output, 2468.4 Summary and conclusions, 273Reference, 2749 Tumor Cell Density in Glioblastomas 2759.1 1D PDE model, 2769.2 MOL routines, 2779.2.1 Main program, 2779.2.2 MOL/ODE routine, 2869.3 Model output, 2899.3.1 Output for ncase = 1, linear, 2909.3.2 Output for ncase = 2, logistic, 2959.3.3 Output for ncase = 3, Gompertz, 2969.4 p-refinement error analysis, 2999.5 Summary and conclusions, 301References, 30110 MOL Analysis with a Variable Grid: Antigen-Antibody Binding Kinetics 30310.1 ODE/PDE model, 30310.2 MOL routines, 30610.2.1 Main program, 30610.2.2 MOL/ODE routine, 31410.3 Model output, 31810.3.1 Uniform grid, 31810.3.2 Variable grid, 32110.4 Summary and conclusions, 325Appendix: Variable Grid Analysis, 327A.1 Derivation of numerical differentiators, 327A.2 Testing of numerical differentiators, 331A.2.1 Differentiation matrix, 331A.2.2 Test functions, 332References, 340AppendicesAppendix A Derivation of Convection-Diffusion-ReactionPartial Differential Equations 341Appendix B Functions dss012, dss004, dss020, vanl 345Index 351

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Book SynopsisExplores how we judge engineering education in order to effectively redesign courses and programs that will prepare new engineers for various professional and academic careers Shows how present approaches to assessment were shaped and what the future holds Analyzes the validity of teaching and judging engineering education Shows the integral role that assessment plays in curriculum design and implementation Examines the sociotechnical system's impact on engineering curricula Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xv 1 Prologue 1 1.1 General Introduction: The Functions of Assessment 1 1.2 Health Warning: Ambiguities in the Use of the Term “Assessment” 6 1.3 The Assessment of Persons for the Professions 8 1.4 The Engineering Profession 10 1.5 The Development of Higher and Engineering Education as Areas of Academic Study in the 1960s 12 1.6 Assumptions About Examinations: Reliability 12 1.7 Myths Surrounding Examinations 14 1.8 The Introduction of Coursework Assessment 17 1.9 Rethinking Validity 19 1.10 Wastage (Dropout): The Predictive Value of School Examinations for Satisfactory Performance in Higher Education 20 1.11 Factors Influencing Performance in College Courses 22 1.12 Assessment: Results and Accountability 25 1.13 Assessing the Learner 26 Notes 27 References 27 2 Assessment and the Preparation of Engineers for Work 35 2.1 Engineers at Work 36 2.2 An Alternative Approach to the Education and Training of Engineers for Industry 37 2.3 Toward an Alternative Curriculum for Engineering 42 2.4 Creativity in Engineering and Design 43 2.5 Furneaux’s Study of a University’s Examinations in First-Year Mechanical Engineering: The Argument for “Objectives” 48 2.6 Discussion 51 Notes 53 References 54 3 The Development of a Multiple-Objective (Strategy) Examination and Multidimensional Assessment and Evaluation 61 3.1 The Development of an Advanced Level Examination in Engineering Science (For 17/18-Year-Old High School Students): The Assessment of Achievement and Competency 62 3.2 Skills Involved in Writing Design Proposals and Practical Laboratory Work 72 3.3 A Balanced System of Assessment 74 3.4 Pictures of the Curriculum Process 75 3.5 Multidimensional Assessment and Evaluation: A Case Study 79 3.6 Discussion 83 Notes 84 References 85 4 Categorizing the Work Done by Engineers: Implications for Assessment and Training 89 4.1 Introduction 90 4.2 A Study of Engineers at Work in a Firm in the Aircraft Industry 91 4.3 The Application of The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives to the Task Analysis of Managers in a Steel Plant 96 4.4 The Significance of Interpersonal Competence 96 4.5 A Comparative Study of British and German Production Engineers (Managers) 101 4.6 Engineering Knowledge 103 4.7 Discussion 105 Notes 105 References 107 5 Competency-Based Qualifications in the United Kingdom and United States and Other Developments 111 5.1 The Development of Competency-Based Vocational Qualifications in the United Kingdom 112 5.2 Outcomes Approaches in High Schools in the United Kingdom 115 5.3 Standards in Schools in the United States 116 5.4 Education for Capability: Capability vs. Competence 117 5.5 Ability (Assessment)-Led Curricula: The Alverno College Model 119 5.6 The Enterprise in Higher Education Initiative in the United Kingdom and the SCANS Report in the United States 122 5.7 The College Outcome Measures Program 125 5.8 Discussion 127 Notes 130 References 130 6 The Impact of Accreditation 133 6.1 ABET, European Higher Education Area (Bologna Process), and the Regulation of the Curriculum 134 6.2 Taxonomies 135 6.3 Outcomes-Based Engineering Education 142 6.4 Mastery Learning and Personalized Systems of Instruction 147 6.5 Discussion 152 References 152 7 Student Variability: The Individual the Organization, and Evaluation 157 7.1 Introduction 158 7.2 Learning and Teaching Styles 161 7.3 Study Habits/Strategies 163 7.4 Intellectual Development 165 7.5 Critical Thinking 168 7.6 The Assessment of Development 172 7.7 The Reflective Practitioner 174 7.8 Adaptive Expertise 180 7.9 Discussion 181 Notes 182 References 183 8 Emotional Intelligence, Peer and Self-Assessment, Journals and Portfolios, and Learning-How-to-Learn 189 8.1 Introduction 190 8.2 Emotional Intelligence 191 8.3 Self- and Peer Assessment 193 8.4 Learning Journals and Portfolios 206 8.5 Learning-How-to-Learn 209 8.6 Discussion 210 Note 211 References 211 9 Experiential Learning, Interdisciplinarity, Projects, and Teamwork 217 9.1 Introduction 218 9.2 Project Work as a Vehicle for Integrated Learning and Interdisciplinarity 219 9.3 Learning to Collaborate 220 9.4 Constructive Controversy 224 9.5 Communication Teamwork ,and Collegial Impediments to the Development of Good Engineering Practice 225 9.6 The Demand for Skill in Innovation: Can It Be Taught? 227 9.7 Creativity Teamwork and Reflective Practice (See Also Section 2.4) 228 9.8 Can Teamwork Be Taught? 229 9.9 Discussion 235 References 236 10 Competencies 241 10.1 Introduction 242 10.2 The Iowa Studies (ISU) 244 10.3 The Outcomes Approach in Australia Europe, and Elsewhere 246 10.4 The CDIO Initiative 247 10.5 A Standards-Based Approach to the Curriculum 248 10.6 Recent European Studies 252 10.7 Impact of Subjects (Courses) on Person-Centered Interventions 255 10.8 The Potential for Comparative Studies: Choosing Competencies 256 10.9 Expressive Outcomes 258 10.10 Discussion 259 References 260 11 “Outside” Competency 265 11.1 Introduction 266 11.2 Accidental Competencies 267 11.3 Understanding Competence at Work 269 11.4 Contextual Competence 270 11.5 A Post-Technician Cooperative Apprenticeship 272 11.6 Theories of Competence Development in Adult Life 275 11.7 Discussion 278 Notes 279 References 280 12 Assessment, Moral Purpose and Social Responsibility 283 12.1 Introduction 283 12.2 Moral Purpose and the Power of Grading 284 12.3 From Reliability to Validity: Toward a Philosophy of Engineering Education 284 12.4 Screening the Aims of Engineering Education 285 12.5 The Role of Educational Institutions in the Preparation for Industry (the Development of Professional Skills) 287 12.6 The Role of Industry in Professional Development 289 12.7 Assessment and the Curriculum 290 12.8 Changing Patterns in the Workforce the Structure of Higher Education 291 12.9 Lifelong Education and Credentialing 293 12.10 Conclusion 295 Notes 297 References 298 A A Quick Guide to the Changing Terminology in the Area of “Assessment” 301 A.1 Objectives and Outcomes 301 A.2 Assessment and Evaluation 307 References 308 B Extracts from the Syllabus and Notes for the Guidance of Schools for GCE Engineering Science (Advanced) 1972 Joint Matriculation Board Manchester 311 B. 1 Extract 1 (pp. 2–6) 311 B. 2 Extract 2 (p. 9) 317 B. 3 Extract 3 (pp. 13–16) 318 Author Index 325 Subject Index 339

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface iii Acknowledgments vii 1 Engineers and Writing 1 Engineers Write a Lot 2 Engineers Write Many Kinds of Documents 2 Successful Engineering Careers Require Strong Writing Skills 4 Engineers Can Learn to Write Well 5 Noise and the Communication Process 5 Controlling the Writing System 7 Exercises 8 Check Your Understanding 8 Engineering Communication Challenge 9 2 Eliminating Sporadic Noise in Engineering Writing 10 Spelling and Spell Checkers 10 Punctuation 11 Traditional Sentence Errors 18 Technical Usage 24 Edit, Edit, Edit, 31 Exercises 32 Check Your Understanding 32 Engineering Communication Challenge 34 3 Guidelines for Writing Noise-Free Engineering Documents 35 Focus on Why You are Writing 35 Focus on Your Readers 36 Satisfy Document Specifications 37 Get to the Point 38 Provide Accurate Information 39 Present Your Material Logically 39 Explain the Technical to Nonspecialists 40 Make Your Ideas Accessible 41 Use Efficient Wording 45 Format Your Pages Carefully 50 Express Yourself Clearly 52 Manage Your Time Efficiently 56 Edit at Different Levels 57 Share the Load: Write as a Team 58 Exercises 59 Check Your Understanding 60 Engineering Communication Challenge 61 4 Letters Memoranda Email and Other Media for Engineers 62 Which to Use? 62 Writing Style for Business Correspondence 64 Communication Strategies for Tricky Situations 65 Business Letters: Components and Format 66 Business Memoranda 70 Email: Functions, Style, Format 72 New Internet Media 73 Exercises 75 Check Your Understanding 76 Engineering Communication Challenge 77 5 Writing Common Engineering Documents 78 Some Preliminaries 79 Inspection and Trip Reports 80 Research, Laboratory, and Field Reports 81 Specifications 84 Proposals 87 Progress Reports 90 Instructions 93 Recommendation Reports 96 Exercises 100 Check Your Understanding 101 Engineering Communication Challenge 102 6 Writing Research and Design Reports 103 Engineering Research Reports 103 Engineering Design Reports 111 General Report Design and Format 114 Generating Portable Document Files 116 Using CMS and Other Applications for Team Reports 117 Exercises 118 Check Your Understanding 119 Engineering Communication Challenge 120 7 Constructing Engineering Tables and Graphics 121 Tables 121 Charts and Graphs 124 Illustrations 126 Graphics and Tables: Guidelines 126 Exercises 127 Check Your Understanding 127 Engineering Communication Challenge 128 8 Accessing Engineering Information 129 Basic Search Strategies 129 Sources of Engineering Information 132 Internet Engineering Information Resources 145 Internet Search Tools 147 Exercises 148 Check Your Understanding 148 Engineering Communication Challenge 149 9 Engineering Your Speaking 150 Preparing the Presentation 150 Delivering The Presentation 159 Presenting as a Team 163 Checklist for Oral Presentations 164 Listening to Presentations 165 The Importance of Informal Communication 166 Exercises 166 Check Your Understanding 167 Engineering Communication Challenge 167 10 Writing to Get an Engineering Job 168 How to Write an Engineering Résumé 168 How to Write an Application Letter 179 How to Write a Follow-Up Letter 188 Exercises 189 Check Your Understanding 190 Engineering Communication Challenge 191 11 Ethics and Documentation in Engineering Writing 192 Engineering Ethics 192 The Ethics of Honest Research 197 Exercises 203 Check Your Understanding 203 Engineering Communication Challenge 204 12 Engineering Your Online Reputation 205 Introduction to Social Media Management 205 Creating a Wordpress Blog 206 Building a Facebook Page for a Business 209 Using Twitter to Connect and Share Information 213 Generating Your Interactive Résumé on LinkedIn 215 Check Your Understanding 218 Engineering Communication Challenge 219 Index 221

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisMASTER AND INTEGRATE THE GEOMETRY AND MECHANICS OF RAILROAD VEHICLE SYSTEM ENGINEERING WITH ONE PRACTICAL RESOURCEMathematical Foundation of Railroad Vehicle Systems: Geometry and Mechanics delivers a comprehensive treatment of the mathematical foundations of railroad vehicle systems. The book includes a strong emphasis on the integration of geometry and mechanics to create an accurate and accessible formulation of nonlinear dynamic equations and general computational algorithms that can be effectively used in the virtual prototyping, analysis, design, and performance evaluation of railroad vehicle systems. Using basic concepts, formulations, and computational algorithms, including mechanics-based approaches like the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF), readers will understand how to integrate the geometry and mechanics of railroad vehicle systems. The book also discusses new problems and issues in this area and describes how geometric and mechanical approaches can be used in derailment investigations. Mathematical Foundation of Railroad Vehicle Systems covers:The mathematical foundation of railroad vehicle systems through the integration of geometry and mechanics Basic concepts, formulations, and computational algorithms used in railroad vehicle system dynamics New mechanics-based approaches, like the ANCF, and their use to achieve an integration of geometry and mechanics Use of geometry and mechanics to study derailments New problems and issues in the area of railroad vehicle systemsDesigned for researchers and practicing engineers who work with railroad vehicle systems, Mathematical Foundation of Railroad Vehicle Systems: Geometry and Mechanics can also be used in senior undergraduate and graduate mechanical, civil, and electrical engineering programs and courses.Table of ContentsPreface ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Differential Geometry 4 1.2 Integration of Geometry and Mechanics 9 1.3 Hunting Oscillations 14 1.4 Wheel and Track Geometries 17 1.5 Centrifugal Forces and Balance Speed 22 1.6 Contact Formulations 26 1.7 Computational MBS Approaches 28 1.8 Derailment Criteria 33 1.9 High-Speed Rail Systems 36 1.10 Linear Algebra and Book Notations 41 2 Differential Geometry 45 2.1 Curve Geometry 46 2.2 Surface Geometry 54 2.3 Application to Railroad Geometry 57 2.4 Surface Tangent Plane and Normal Vector 60 2.5 Surface Fundamental Forms 62 2.6 Normal Curvature 69 2.7 Principal Curvatures and Directions 72 2.8 Numerical Representation of the Profile Geometry 76 2.9 Numerical Representation of Surface Geometry 78 3 Motion and Geometry Descriptions 83 3.1 Rigid-Body Kinematics 84 3.2 Direction Cosines and Simple Rotations 86 3.3 Euler Angles 88 3.4 Euler Parameters 91 3.5 Velocity and Acceleration Equations 95 3.6 Generalized Coordinates 97 3.7 Kinematic Singularities 100 3.8 Euler Angles and Track Geometry 102 3.9 Angle Representation of the Curve Geometry 107 3.10 Euler Angles as Field Variables 108 3.11 Euler-Angle Description of the Track Geometry 111 3.12 Geometric Motion Constraints 114 3.13 Trajectory Coordinates 119 4 Railroad Geometry 125 4.1 Wheel Surface Geometry 126 4.2 Wheel Curvatures and Global Vectors 132 4.3 Semi-analytical Approach for Rail Geometry 135 4.4 ANCF Rail Geometry 142 4.5 ANCF Interpolation of Rail Geometry 145 4.6 ANCF Computation of Tangents and Normal 146 4.7 Track Geometry Equations 148 4.8 Numerical Representation of Track Geometry 152 4.9 Track Data 155 4.10 Irregularities and Measured Track Data 162 4.11 Comparison of the Semi-Analytical and ANCF Approaches 169 5 Contact Problem 175 5.1 Wheel/Rail Contact Mechanism 177 5.2 Constraint Contact Formulation (CCF) 183 5.3 Elastic Contact Formulation (ECF) 184 5.4 Normal Contact Forces 187 5.5 Contact Surface Geometry 188 5.6 Contact Ellipse and Normal Contact Force 194 5.7 Creepage Definitions 199 5.8 Creep Force Formulations 203 5.9 Creep Force and Wheel/Rail Contact Formulations 213 5.10 Maglev Forces 219 6 Equations of Motion 225 6.1 Newtonian and Lagrangian Approaches 226 6.2 Virtual Work Principle and Constrained Dynamics 227 6.3 Summary of Rigid-Body Kinematics 232 6.4 Inertia Forces 235 6.5 Applied Forces 239 6.6 Newton–Euler Equations 241 6.7 Augmented Formulation and Embedding Technique 244 6.8 Wheel/Rail Constraint Contact Forces 254 6.9 Wheel/Rail Elastic Contact Forces 259 6.10 Other Force Elements 261 6.11 Trajectory Coordinates 268 6.12 Longitudinal Train Dynamics (LTD) 274 6.13 Hunting Stability 280 6.14 MBS Modeling of Electromechanical Systems 288 7 Pantograph/Catenary Systems 291 7.1 Pantograph/Catenary Design 292 7.2 ANCF Catenary Kinematic Equations 298 7.3 Catenary Inertia and Elastic Forces 304 7.4 Catenary Equations of Motion 306 7.5 Pantograph/Catenary Contact Frame 308 7.6 Constraint Contact Formulation (CCF) 310 7.7 Elastic Contact Formulation (ECF) 314 7.8 Pantograph/Catenary Equations and MBS Algorithms 317 7.9 Pantograph/Catenary Contact Force Control 321 7.10 Aerodynamic Forces 322 7.11 Pantograph/Catenary Wear 324 Appendix Contact Equations and Elliptical Integrals 329 A.1 Derivation of the Contact Equations 329 A.2 Elliptical Integrals 332 Bibliography 335 Index 355

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsForeword xv Preface xvii About the Companion Website xxi 1 Introduction 1 2 An Example: The Scalable Observation and Rescue System 5 3 Better Products – The Value of Systems Architecting 9 3.1 The Share of Systems Architecting in Making Better Products 9 3.2 Benefits that can be Achieved 10 3.2.1 Benefit for the Customer 10 3.2.2 Benefit for the Organization 12 3.3 Benefits that can be Communicated Inside the Organization 14 3.4 Beneficial Elements of Systems Architecting 15 3.5 Benefits of Model-Based Systems Architecting 16 4 Systems, Systems of Systems, and Cyber-Physical Systems 17 4.1 Definition of “System” 17 4.1.1 System Elements 19 4.1.2 System Context 20 4.1.3 System Characteristics 21 4.1.4 Purpose 22 4.1.5 System Evolution 23 4.2 Definition of “System of Systems” 23 4.3 Definition of “Cyber-Physical System” 26 4.4 Composition of a “Cyber-Physical System of Systems” 27 5 Definition of System Architecture 31 5.1 What Is Architecture? – Discussion of Some Existing Definitions 31 5.2 Relations Between Concepts of “System,” “Architecture,” and “Architecture Description” 33 5.3 Definition of “Architecture” 35 5.3.1 Interactions 36 5.3.2 Principles 37 5.3.3 Architecture Decisions 37 5.4 Functional and Physical Architecture 37 5.5 Taxonomy of Physical Architectures 39 5.5.1 Logical Architecture 40 5.5.2 Product Architecture 41 5.5.3 Base Architecture 41 5.6 Architecture Landscape for Systems 41 5.6.1 System Architecture 42 5.6.2 System Design 43 5.6.3 Discipline-Specific Architecture and Design 44 6 Model-Based Systems Architecting 45 7 Model Governance 51 7.1 Overview 51 7.2 Model Governance in Practice 52 8 Architecture Description 57 8.1 Architecture Descriptions for Stakeholders 58 8.2 Definition of “Architecture Description” 60 8.2.1 Architecture Viewpoints 62 8.2.2 Architecture Views 65 8.2.3 Architecture Decisions 67 8.2.4 Architecture Rationales 69 8.3 How to Get Architecture Descriptions? 69 8.3.1 Model-Based Vision 69 8.3.2 Forms and Templates 71 9 Architecture Patterns and Principles 75 9.1 The SYSMOD Zigzag Pattern 76 9.2 The Base Architecture 82 9.3 Cohesion and Coupling 85 9.4 Separation of Definition, Usage, and Run-Time 87 9.5 Separate Stable from Unstable Parts 89 9.6 The Ideal System 89 9.7 View and Model 90 9.8 Diagram Layout 92 9.9 System Model Structure 93 9.10 System Architecture Principles 95 9.11 Heuristics 95 9.11.1 Heuristics as a Tool for the System Architect 95 9.11.2 Simplify, Simplify, Simplify: Strength and Pitfall 97 10 Model-Based Requirements Engineering and Use Case Analysis 99 10.1 Requirement and Use Case Definitions 99 10.2 Model-Based Requirements and Use Case Analysis from the MBSA Viewpoint 102 10.2.1 Identify and Define Requirements 103 10.2.2 Specify the System Context 104 10.2.3 Identify Use Cases 105 10.2.4 Describe Use Case Flows 109 10.2.5 Model the Domain Knowledge 110 10.3 The SAMS Method 112 10.3.1 SAMS Method Definitions 113 10.3.2 SAMS Method 114 10.4 Use Cases 2.0 117 11 Perspectives, Viewpoints and Views in System Architecture 119 11.1 Introduction 119 11.2 The Functional Perspective 121 11.2.1 SysML Modeling of Functional Blocks 123 11.2.2 Architecture Views for the System Architect 124 11.2.3 Different Architecture Views for the Stakeholders of Different Functions 124 11.3 The Physical Perspective 125 11.3.1 Logical Architecture Example 126 11.3.2 Product Architecture Example 127 11.4 The Behavioral Perspective 130 11.5 The Layered Perspective 130 11.5.1 The Layered Approach 130 11.5.2 The Layered Perspective in Systems Architecting 132 11.5.3 Relation to the Domain Knowledge Model 134 11.5.4 Architecting the Layers 136 11.5.5 SysML Modeling of Layers 136 11.6 System Deployment Perspective 142 11.7 Other Perspectives 144 11.8 Relation to the System Context 146 11.8.1 Validity of the System Boundary 146 11.8.2 Using the System Context as a Part of the Stakeholder-Specific Views 146 11.8.3 Special System Context View for Verification 147 11.9 Mapping Different System Elements Across Different Levels 148 11.9.1 Functional-to-Physical Perspective Mapping 149 11.9.2 Mapping More Perspectives 153 11.9.3 Mapping Different Levels 153 11.10 Traceability 155 11.11 Perspectives and Architecture Views in Model-based Systems Architecting 155 11.11.1 Creating Different Architecture Views in a Model-Based Approach 155 11.11.2 Using SysML for Working with Different Perspectives and Architecture Views 157 11.11.3 The Importance of Architecture Viewpoints in Model-Based Systems Architecting 159 12 Typical Architecture Stakeholders 161 12.1 Overview 161 12.2 Requirements Engineering 162 12.3 Verification 163 12.4 Configuration Management 166 12.5 Engineering and Information Technology Disciplines 167 12.6 Project and Product Management 171 12.7 Risk Managers 174 12.8 Development Roadmap Planners 174 12.9 Production and Distribution 177 12.10 Suppliers 178 12.11 Marketing and Brand Management 178 12.12 Management 180 13 Roles 185 13.1 Roles 185 13.2 The System Architect Role 186 13.2.1 Objective 186 13.2.2 Responsibilities 186 13.2.3 Tasks 187 13.2.4 Competences 188 13.2.5 Required Skills of a System Architect 188 13.2.6 Required Skills for Model-Based Systems Architecting 190 13.3 System Architecture Teams 190 13.4 System Architecture Stakeholders 192 13.5 Recruiting System Architecture People 192 13.6 Talent Development for System Architects 194 14 Processes 199 14.1 Systems Architecting Processes 199 14.1.1 Overview 199 14.1.2 Example of Generic Process Steps 201 14.1.3 Example of Concrete Process Steps 202 14.1.4 Validation, Review, and Approval in a Model-Based Environment 203 14.2 Design Definition Process 207 14.3 Change and Configuration Management Processes 207 14.4 Other Processes Involving the System Architect 207 15 Tools for the Architect 209 16 Agile Approaches 213 16.1 The History of Iterative–Incremental Approaches 214 16.1.1 Project Mercury (NASA, 1958) 214 16.1.2 The New New Product Development Game (1986) 215 16.1.3 Boehm’s Spiral Model (1988) 216 16.1.4 Lean (1945 Onwards) 217 16.1.5 Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM, 1994) 219 16.1.6 Scrum (1995) 220 16.2 The Manifesto for Agile Software Development (2001) 221 16.3 Agile Principles in Systems Engineering 223 16.3.1 Facilitate Face-to-Face Communication 223 16.3.2 Create a State of Confidence 224 16.3.3 Build Transdisciplinary and Self-Organized Teams 225 16.3.4 Create a Learning Organization 225 16.3.5 Design, but No Big Design (Up-Front) 226 16.3.6 Reduce Dependencies 227 16.3.7 Foster a Positive Error Culture 228 16.4 Scaling Agile 228 16.5 System Architects in an Agile Environment 230 17 The FAS Method 233 17.1 Motivation 234 17.2 Functional Architectures for Systems 236 17.3 How the FAS Method Works 239 17.4 FAS Heuristics 242 17.5 FAS with SysML 244 17.5.1 Identifying Functional Groups 244 17.5.2 Modeling the Function Structure 246 17.5.3 Modeling the Functional Architecture 249 17.6 SysML Modeling Tool Support 250 17.6.1 Create Initial Functional Groups 251 17.6.2 Changing and Adding Functional Groups 254 17.6.3 Creating Functional Blocks and their Interfaces 254 17.7 Mapping of a Functional Architecture to a Physical Architecture 254 17.8 Experiences with the FAS Method 256 17.9 FAS Workshops 258 17.10 Quality Requirements and the Functional Architecture 259 17.11 Functional Architectures and the Zigzag Pattern 262 17.12 CPS-FAS for Cyber-physical Systems 263 18 Product Lines and Variants 269 18.1 Definitions Variant Modeling 270 18.2 Variant Modeling with SysML 271 18.3 Other Variant Modeling Techniques 276 19 Architecture Frameworks 279 19.1 Enterprise Architectures 280 19.2 Characteristics of System of Systems (SoS) 282 19.2.1 Emergence 283 19.3 An Overview of Architecture Frameworks 285 19.3.1 Zachman FrameworkTM 285 19.3.2 The TOGAF® Standard 286 19.3.3 Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework (FEAF) 288 19.3.4 Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF) 289 19.3.5 Ministry of Defense Architecture Framework (MODAF) 290 19.3.6 NATO Architecture Framework (NAF) 291 19.3.7 TRAK 292 19.3.8 European Space Agency Architectural Framework (ESA-AF) 293 19.3.9 OMG Unified Architecture Framework® (UAF®) 295 19.4 System Architecture Framework (SAF) 296 Together with Michael Leute 296 19.4.1 SAF and Enterprise Frameworks 296 19.4.2 SAF Ontology 298 19.5 What to Do When We Come in Touch With Architecture Frameworks 298 20 Cross-cutting Concerns 301 20.1 The Game-Winning Nonfunctional Aspects 301 20.2 Human System Interaction and Human Factors Engineering 303 20.3 Risk Management 304 20.4 Trade Studies 305 20.5 Budgets 306 21 Architecture Assessment 307 22 Making It Work in the Organization 313 22.1 Overview 313 22.2 Organizational Structure for Systems Architecting 314 22.3 Recipes from the Authors’ Experience 318 22.3.1 Be Humble 319 22.3.2 Appraise the Stakeholders 319 22.3.3 Care About Organizational Interfaces 319 22.3.4 Show that it Was Always There 321 22.3.5 Lead by Good Example 321 22.3.6 Collect Success Stories and Share them When Appropriate 322 22.3.7 Acknowledge that Infections Beat Dictated Rollout 323 22.3.8 Assign the System Architect Role to Yourself 324 22.3.9 Be a Leader 324 23 Soft Skills 327 23.1 It’s All About Communication 328 23.1.1 Losses in Communication 329 23.1.2 The Anatomy of a Message 330 23.1.3 Factors Influencing Communication 333 23.1.3.1 The Language 333 23.1.3.2 The Media Used 333 23.1.3.3 Spatial Distance 333 23.1.3.4 Various Connotations of Words 335 23.1.4 The Usage of Communication Aids and Tools 335 23.2 Personality Types 338 23.2.1 Psychological Types by C. G. Jung 338 23.2.2 The 4MAT System by Bernice McCarthy 340 23.3 Team Dynamics 341 23.4 Diversity and Psychological Safety 342 23.4.1 Project Aristotle (Google) 342 23.4.2 Elements of Psychological Safety 343 23.5 Intercultural Collaboration Skills 344 24 Outlook: The World After Artificial Intelligence 347 Appendix A OMG Systems Modeling Language 349 A.1 Architecture of the Language 350 A.2 Diagram and Model 352 A.3 Structure Diagrams 353 A.3.1 Block Definition Diagram 354 A.3.2 Internal Block Diagram 357 A.3.3 Parametric Diagram 361 A.3.4 Package Diagram 362 A.4 Behavior Diagrams 363 A.4.1 Use Case Diagram 364 A.4.2 Activity Diagram 366 A.4.3 State Machine Diagram 369 A.4.4 Sequence Diagram 371 A.5 Requirements Diagram 372 A.6 Extension of SysML with Profiles 374 A.7 Next-Generation Modeling Language SysML v2 376 Appendix B The V-Model 381 B.1 A Brief History of the V-Model or the Systems Engineering Vee 381 B.2 A Handy Illustration but No Comprehensive Process Description 383 B.3 Critical Considerations 385 B.3.1 The V-Model as Process Description 386 B.3.2 The V-Model Does Not Impose a Waterfall Process 386 B.3.3 The V-Model Accommodates Iterations 387 B.3.4 The V-Model Permits Incremental Development 387 B.3.5 The V-Model and Concurrent Engineering 388 B.3.6 The V-Model Accommodates Change 388 B.3.7 The V-Model Permits Early Verification Planning 388 B.3.8 The V-Model Shows Where to Prevent Dissatisfaction 388 B.4 Reading Instruction for a Modern Systems Engineering Vee 389 B.4.1 The Vertical Dimension 389 B.4.2 The Horizontal Dimension 389 B.4.3 The Left Side 389 B.4.4 The Right Side 390 B.4.5 The Levels 390 B.4.6 Life Cycle Processes 390 B.4.7 The Third Dimension 390 Appendix C Glossary 391 C.1 Heritage of the Term “Glossary” 391 C.2 Terms with Specific Meaning 393 References 399 Index 417

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