Engineering: general Books

Book SynopsisMetrology is an integral part of the structure of today’s world: navigation and telecommunications require highly accurate time and frequency standards; human health and safety relies on authoritative measurements in diagnosis and treatment, as does food production and trade; global climate studies also depend on reliable and consistent data. Moreover, international trade practices increasingly require institutions to display demonstrated conformity to written standards and specifications. As such, having relevant and reliable results of measurements and tests in compliance with mutually recognised standards can be a technical, commercial and statutory necessity for a company. This book, the results of a working group from the French College of Metrology and featuring chapters written by a range of experts from a variety of European countries, gives a comprehensive and international treatment of the subject. Academics involved in metrology as well as people involved in the metrology capacities of companies and institutions will find this book of great interest.Table of ContentsPreface 15 Foreword 17 Chapter 1. Analysis of the Metrological Requirements Needed to Ensure Quality 19 Jean-Yves ARRIAT and Klaus-Dieter SCHITTHELM 1.1. Introduction 19 1.2. Definition of the objectives 21 1.3. Choice of the method of measurement 22 1.3.1. Accounting for the selection of the method 22 1.3.2. Defining the method and the principle to implement 23 1.4. Choice of the means of measurement 24 1.4.1. Introduction 24 1.4.2. Analysis of what is already available 25 1.4.3. Assessment and acquisition of material 26 1.4.4. Technical criteria 27 1.4.5. Economic criteria 30 1.4.6. Grid of the analysis of the choice 31 1.4.7. Technical assistance for users of measuring instruments 33 1.5. The traceability of the measurements 36 1.5.1. The necessity of traceability of the measurements 36 1.5.2. Calibration requirements 38 1.5.3. The selection of standards 39 1.6. Conclusion 42 Chapter 2. Organization of Metrology: Industrial, Scientific, Legal 43 Luc ERARD, Jean-François MAGANA, Roberto PERISSI, Patrick REPOSEUR and Jean-Michel VIRIEUX 2.1. A metrological organization: why? 43 2.2. Metrology: how? 45 2.3. Scientific and technical metrology 47 2.3.1. The BIPM 48 2.3.2. Results of the international activities 50 2.3.3. Regional organizations 51 2.3.4. Organization at the national level 59 2.4. Legal metrology 67 2.4.1. Scope of legal metrology 67 2.4.2. The International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) 68 2.4.3. The European level 71 2.4.4. At national level 73 Chapter 3. Mastering Measurement Processes Approach to the Setting up of a Metrology Function 79 Marc PRIEL and Patrick REPOSEUR 3.1. What to do at the beginning? 79 3.2. Goals and role of the measurement management system – metrological function 80 3.3. The measurement processes 86 3.3.1. Conception and development of a new measurement process 86 3.3.2. Exploitation of a valid process 88 3.3.3. Continuous improvement of measurement processes 88 3.4. Management of the measuring equipment (metrological confirmation) 89 3.4.1. Analysis of the requirement and selection of the measuring equipments 91 3.4.2. Receiving the measuring equipment and putting it into service 93 3.4.3. Calibration and verification operations 97 3.4.4. Fitness for use of measuring equipment 100 3.5. Setting up a metrological structure within the firm 102 3.5.1. Analysis of the metrological requirements and setting up standards 102 3.5.2. Traceability of the measuring instrument(s) to the firm’s reference standards 104 3.5.3. Traceability of the firm’s reference standards to the SI 104 3.6. Suggested approach for setting up a metrology function 105 3.7. Bibliography 106 Chapter 4. Handling of a Bank of Measuring Instruments 109 Jean-Yves ARRIAT 4.1. Acquaintance with the bank 110 4.1.1. Inventory 110 4.1.2. Identification 110 4.2. Metrological policy of the firm 113 4.2.1. Objective and commitment of the firm’s management 113 4.2.2. Plan of actions to launch 113 4.2.3. Awareness, training and vocabulary 113 4.2.4. Selection of the material to be followed periodically 114 4.3. Drafting of the documents 115 4.3.1. Codification of the documents 115 4.3.2. Work instructions 116 4.3.3. Result-recording documents 117 4.3.4. Other documents 118 4.4. Physical handling of the measuring instruments 119 4.4.1. Receipt 119 4.4.2. Transfer 120 4.4.3. Storing and environment 121 4.4.4. Maintenance 122 4.5. Follow-up of the measuring instruments over time 123 4.5.1. Periodicity of the follow-up 123 4.5.2. Campaign of recall 124 4.5.3. Follow-up of the results 125 4.6. Software for the handling of the means of measurements 125 Chapter 5. Traceability to National Standards 127 Luc ERARD and Patrick REPOSEUR 5.1. Introduction 127 5.2. Definitions 127 5.2.1. Traceability 127 5.2.2. Calibration 128 5.2.3. Verification 129 5.3. Traceability chains 129 5.4. Traceability 131 5.5. Calibration 132 5.5.1. Calibration in an accredited laboratory 132 5.5.2. Calibration in a non-accredited laboratory 132 5.6. Verification 133 5.6.1. Verification in an accredited laboratory and in its accreditation scope 133 5.6.2. Verification in a non-accredited laboratory or out of the accreditation scope 133 5.7. Use of calibration and verification results 133 5.7.1. Use of the results of a calibration 134 5.7.2. Use of the results of a verification 134 5.8. Particular cases 135 5.8.1. “Self-calibrating” or “self-gauging” measuring instruments 135 5.8.2. Complex instruments in which components/equipments and software are narrowly combined and large measurement ranges are covered for complex quantities 136 5.9. Metrology in chemistry and physical methods of chemical analysis 136 5.9.1. Traceabilty in metrology in chemistry 137 5.9.2. Influence of the principle of the method 139 5.9.3. “Documentary” traceability 141 5.9.4. Control of the reference materials 143 5.9.5. Conclusion 145 5.10. Assessment of traceability 145 5.11. Bibliography 146 Chapter 6. Calibration Intervals and Methods for Monitoring the Measurement Processes 149 Patrizia TAVELLA and Marc PRIEL 6.1. Normative requirements 149 6.2. Methods for monitoring the instruments in use – general criteria 150 6.2.1. First method: metrological redundancies 150 6.2.2. Second method: checking the coherence of the results 151 6.2.3. Third method: “monitoring standards” and statistical supervision of the measurement processes 152 6.3. The determination of the calibration intervals 158 6.4. Bibliography 161 Chapter 7. Measurements and Uncertainties 163 Marc PRIEL 7.1. Introduction 163 7.2. Measurement of physical quantity 164 7.3. Analysis of the measurement process 166 7.3.1. The cause and effect diagram method 166 7.3.2. Using the list published in the GUM (section 3.3.2) 167 7.3.3. Errors 168 7.3.4. Cutting down the errors 169 7.4. Modeling of the measurement process 172 7.4.1. Measurement procedure and model of the measurement process 172 7.4.2. An essential stage for the assessment of uncertainty: modeling the measurement 173 7.5. Assessment of the uncertainty of the input quantities 174 7.5.1. Type A methods 175 7.5.2. Type B methods 176 7.5.3. Comparing the Type A and Type B methods 179 7.6. Calculating the combined uncertainty on the result 180 7.6.1. Situation when all the input quantities are independent 180 7.6.2. Situation when the input quantities are dependent 181 7.7. Use of the performances of the method (repeatability and freedom of bias) to assess the uncertainty of the measurement result 183 7.7.1. Intra- or interlaboratory approaches 184 7.7.2. Intra-laboratory approach 185 7.7.3. Interlaboratory approach 186 7.7.4. Data processing for intra- and interlaboratory approaches 187 7.8. Reporting of the measurement result 189 7.9. Example 190 7.10. Bibliography 193 Chapter 8.The Environment of Measuring 195 Jean-Yves ARRIAT and Marc PRIEL 8.1. The premises 196 8.1.1. Ambient temperature 197 8.1.2. Relative humidity 198 8.1.3. Handling of the air conditioning systems 199 8.1.4. Power network 199 8.1.5. Radioelectric disturbances 199 8.1.6. Measurements on-site 200 8.2. The personnel 200 8.2.1. The connection of metrology function 200 8.2.2. Staff involved in the metrology function 201 8.2.3. The qualification of the personnel 202 8.3. The documentation 202 8.3.1. Filing of the documents 202 8.3.2. Management of the documents 204 8.4. Bibliography 205 8.5. Appendix 206 Chapter 9. About Measuring 209 Claude KOCH 9.1. Preliminary information 209 9.1.1. Physical quantity 209 9.1.2. The object to be measured 210 9.1.3. Field of measurement 210 9.1.4. Four types of uses of measuring instruments 211 9.1.5. Influencing quantities 212 9.2. Choice of a measuring principle 213 9.2.1. Differential measurement 214 9.2.2. Direct measurement 214 9.2.3. Indirect measurement 214 9.3. Practicing in metrology 215 9.3.1. Implementing the instruments 216 9.3.2. Precautions before measuring 216 9.3.3. Measurements 216 9.3.4. Variations and their sign 217 9.3.5. The time factor 218 9.4. Expression of the results 218 9.4.1. Graphs 220 9.4.2. Histograms 220 9.5. What qualities does a metrologist require? 221 9.5.1. Be inquisitive 222 9.5.2. Be tidy and methodical 222 9.5.3. Be open to doubt 222 9.5.4. Be observant 222 9.5.5. Be honest 223 Chapter 10. Organization of Metrology at Solvay Research and Technology 225 José MONTES 10.1. Presentation of the company 225 10.2. Organization of the metrology sector 226 10.2.1. Creation 226 10.2.2. Missions 226 10.2.3. Organization 226 10.2.4. Geographic localization of the activities 227 10.2.5. Composition of the bank of measuring equipment 227 10.3. Metrology 228 10.3.1. Identification 228 10.3.2. Connection of the standards 228 10.3.3. Periodicity of the calibrations 229 10.3.4. Calibration operations 229 10.3.5. Documentation of the calibration results 230 10.3.6. Verdict of the metrological confirmation 231 10.3.7. Indication of the state of the calibrations 231 10.3.8. Personnel and subcontracting 232 Chapter 11. Metrology within the Scope of the ISO 9001 Standard 233 Philippe LANNEAU and Patrick REPOSEUR 11.1. Introduction 233 11.2. Introduction to the evolution of the standard 234 11.2.1. The concept of continuous improvement 234 11.2.2. The process approach 235 11.3. Measurement control process 236 11.4. The ISO 9001 (2000) standard step-by-step 238 11.5. Conclusion 245 Chapter 12. Training for the Metrology Professions in France 247 Bernard LARQUIER 12.1. The metrology function in a firm’s strategy 247 12.2. Metrology profession 248 12.2.1. Metrological engineer 249 12.2.2. Metrological technician 249 12.2.3. Metrological operator 250 12.3. Initial training 250 12.3.1. Schools for engineers 250 12.3.2. Courses for higher level technicians 251 12.3.3. Vocational high schools 251 12.4. Continuing education 251 12.5. Long-lasting training courses 253 12.6. The teaching of metrology in secondary schools 265 12.7. Prospects for the development of long-lasting training courses 265 12.8. Bibliography 266 The Authors 267 Index 269

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Book SynopsisThis title explores the issue of innovation engineering, a feature that is essential to the continuation of growth and development in the commercial world. Discussion is divided into three parts: Part I covers the historical basis of innovation, noting that diversity rests upon a duality between concepts in theory and applications put into practice, as well as discussing how innovation has resulted from the interaction of numerous factors, be they societal, human, managerial, organization or technological. Part II focuses on practical applications – the technologies, tools and methods employed in putting theoretical innovation into practice – while Part III looks at what factors underpin success, discussing the social and psychological aspects involved in successful innovation engineering. Consideration is also given to recent developments and systems which will assist in ensuring the continuation of this process in the future.Table of ContentsPART 1. The Global Innovation World: Which Visions Ahead? 1 Chapter 1. Inventing the Future 3 Fabienne GOUX-BAUDIMENT and Christopher B. JONES 1.1. Innovation 4 1.1.1. How should innovation be designed? 4 1.1.2. Profile of the innovator 6 1.2. Futures thinking 8 1.2.1. Futures thinking: a tool to build the future 8 1.2.2. Profile of the futurist 10 1.3. Change and network 12 1.3.1. When innovation feeds futures thinking: the study of change 12 1.3.2. When futures thinking helps innovation: opening the road to change 17 Chapter 2. Innovation Management: How to Change the Future 25 André-Yves PORTNOFF 2.1. The innovation, beyond technique 25 2.1.1. The fiction of the linear model 25 2.1.2. Technically and societally viable 26 2.1.3. Technical and societal futuribles 27 2.2. Innovations in an era of digital networks 28 2.2.1. More and more power 28 2.2.2. Cost of organizational transaction and innovation 29 2.3. Shortsightedness against innovation 30 2.3.1. Credibility of the message and the messenger? 30 2.3.2. Outdated evidences 30 2.3.3. A too narrow vision 31 2.3.4. False proofs 31 2.3.5. Significances ignored 32 2.3.6. Under-estimation of evolution potential 33 2.3.7. Dare to imagine breaks 33 2.3.8. Blinding arrogance 34 2.3.9. “The situation is under control” 35 2.4. Innovation as a process of creation of values 36 2.4.1. Sell the training with the product 36 2.4.2. Network, creator of value 37 2.5. Conclusion 38 Chapter 3. From Knowledge to Business: Virtual Encounters Propagate Innovation 41 Patrick CORSI and Barnabas TAKÁCS 3.1. Where information society mixes up our linear and local schemes 42 3.2. Knowledge on the move through networks: examples of innovation processes 44 3.3. Three laws underpinning technological evolution 46 3.4. How do virtual encounters ride the technology lifecycle curve? 47 3.5. The virtual human interface (VHI) brings a new meaning to communication 49 3.6. The emotional modulation opens up new business spaces 52 3.7. The requirements for a VHI 52 3.8. Bridging the digital divide: should not we replace the ill-fated WIMP interface? 54 Chapter 4. Value Management’s Creative-Destruction via Digitalized Innovation: The Winning Plan 57 Jean MICHEL and Roy WOODHEAD 4.1. Introduction 57 4.2. The straightjacket of selling training and certification agenda 58 4.3. What exactly does innovation mean? 59 4.4. Value management: a long history 61 4.5. Definitions and rigidity 67 4.6. Potential of valorique in relation to the innovation 70 4.6.1. Problem scanning and framing: “inquiry and questioning” 70 4.6.2. A “systemic” step with mobilization-confrontation from multiple points of view 71 4.6.3. A reference frame that defines “functional need” based on function analysis 72 4.6.4. Cost intelligence and focusing on the economy of the means 73 4.6.5. The mobilization of information, knowledge and competences 74 4.6.6. Project management and the rigor of VA 75 4.6.7. The explicit or implicit recourse to the practices and techniques that enable creativity 75 4.7. Digital technology, networking, and an ability to innovate differently 76 4.7.1. The “valorique” culture 77 4.7.2. The digital revolution 78 4.7.3. Two innovating processes of different natures 79 4.7.4. The digital arrival of “valorique” 80 4.8. VM and digital networks. 81 Chapter 5. Research, Innovation and Technological Development 85 Mélissa SAADOUN and Lin YANNING 5.1. Introduction 85 5.1.1. Innovation is about taking risks and managing change 85 5.1.2. The importance of innovation in the economy 86 5.2. Science, technology and innovation: building regional capacities 86 5.2.1. Promoting business opportunities in science and technology 87 5.2.2. Promoting infrastructure development as a technology learning process 87 5.2.3. Expanding access to science and technology education and research 88 5.2.4. Improving science and technology advice 88 5.3. Technology and global science for a better development 88 5.3.1. Structural funds to support research and innovation 90 5.3.2. Technology in today’s global setting 90 5.3.3. Technological capabilities 91 5.3.4. Infrastructure and technological innovation 94 5.3.5. Research facilities as infrastructure 95 5.3.6. Mobilizing the engineering profession 95 5.4. Innovation and economic advance 96 5.4.1. Platform technologies with wide applicability 97 5.4.2. Information and communication technology 97 5.4.3. The network revolution 98 5.5. Investing in science, technology and education 99 5.5.1. New roles for universities 99 5.5.2. The role of ICT in education 101 5.5.3. The role of universities in innovation 102 5.6. Conclusion 103 Chapter 6. Sustainable Innovation through Community Based Collaborative Environments 105 Marc PALLOT and Kul PAWAR 6.1. Introduction 105 6.2. Components of collaboration 106 6.2.1. Different forms of collaboration 106 6.2.2. Different methods of work 108 6.2.3. Mobility 109 6.2.4. Teleworking (distance or remote working) 110 6.3. A systematic approach to collaboration 111 6.4. The collaborative enterprise 112 6.5. The network of innovative companies 113 6.5.1. Mixed marketing 113 6.5.2. Strategic coordination of partner networks 114 6.5.3. Financing innovation within a network 114 6.5.4. Company networks as incubators of innovation 114 6.5.5. The infrastructure of collaboration 114 6.6. Concurrent engineering 115 6.7. Adaptation of the collaboration process 117 6.8. Management of a collaborative project 118 6.9. Conclusions 121 Chapter 7. New Spaces for Innovation, New Challenges 123 Hiroshi MIZUTA, Victor SANDOVAL and Henri SAMIER 7.1. Introduction 123 7.2. Internet waves 124 7.2.1. P2P technology 127 7.2.2. Grid computing technology 128 7.2.3. Grid computing in Japan 131 7.3. Strategies of innovation 133 7.4. Hyperspace: new dimension of innovation 135 7.4.1. Hyperspace laws 136 7.4.2. Hypertime or space time 138 7.4.3. Distance and hyperdistance 140 7.5. Cyberenergy and cyberentropy 141 7.6. Conclusions143 PART 2. Tooling Innovation: Which Methods to Play and How? 145 Chapter 8. Knowledge Management for Innovation 147 Marc de FOUCHÉCOUR 8.1. Introduction 147 8.1.1. Studies 147 8.1.2. Objectives and plan 149 8.2. Innovation and knowledge 150 8.2.1. Some dualities 151 8.2.2. Innovation and knowledge 152 8.3. Reports 153 8.3.1. The reversal of the pyramid 153 8.3.2. Complex – collective 153 8.3.3. The paradox of time: compression and space 154 8.3.4. Stakeholder-oriented management 154 8.3.5. Matrix organization 154 8.3.6. Methods, tools and incantations 154 8.4. Knowledge: some “organizers” 155 8.4.1. The DIK model (Data-Information-Knowledge): knowledge as an object 156 8.4.2. The creative spiral and the Ba 158 8.4.3. Knowledge as a process 160 8.4.4. Cycles of innovation and of knowledge 161 8.5. Cultures, methods and tools 166 8.5.1. Where do we start? 166 8.5.2. Methods and tools for collective knowledge 167 8.5.3. Induced effects and combinations 171 8.6. Key factors 172 8.6.1. To share or not to share? 172 8.6.2. Learning or teaching 173 8.6.3. Stress and confidence 173 8.7. Conclusions and openings 173 Chapter 9. Integration of Stylistics and Uses: Trends in the Innovation Process 175 Carole BOUCHARD, Hervé CHRISTOFOL and Dokshin LIM 9.1. Theories and concepts of stylistic innovation. 176 9.1.1. The universe of exchanges and influences 176 9.1.2. Trends in design 176 9.1.3. The stylistic attributes 177 9.1.4. Usage attributes 178 9.1.5. Stylistic tendencies and use179 9.1.6. Reasoning in the design professions and analogy in particular 179 9.1.7. Human values and product value 181 9.2. Methods and tools of stylistic innovation 182 9.2.1. The universe of exchange to the universe of influences 182 9.2.2. The analysis of iconic contents 183 9.2.3. Modeling of the analysis process of the tendencies of a universe of exchange 185 9.2.4. The harmonies of attributes 187 9.2.5. The chain of value/function/attribute 188 9.3. The step of stylistic monitoring and its application in designing the automobile trends panel 190 9.3.1. The construction of specifications and requirements 190 9.3.2. The determination of the influential universes 191 9.3.3 the analysis of the tendencies and their descriptions 193 9.3.4. The integration of tendencies in design of product 193 9.4. Conclusion 195 Chapter 10. Virtual Reality Technologies for Innovation 197 Simon RICHIR, Patrick CORSI and Albert “Skip” RIZZO 10.1. Introduction 197 10.2. The digital chain of conceptualization in the enterprise 198 10.3. Work on virtual project platforms 200 10.4. Virtualization of professions 202 10.5. What Virtual environments really mean 206 10.5.1. Today’s challenges 206 10.5.2. Perspectives 208 10.6. The challenge ahead 211 Chapter 11. TRIZ: A New Way of Innovation 213 Darrell MANN and Pascal CRUBLEAU 11.1. Introduction 213 11.1.1. Product designing methods 213 11.1.2. An important stage 214 11.2. A deterministic vision of future technologies 215 11.2.1. General introduction 215 11.2.2. Introductory ideas 217 11.2.3. Postulates of TRIZ 218 11.3. Conclusion 221 Chapter 12. C4 Innovation Method: A Method for Designing Innovations 223 Olaf MAXANT, Gérald PIAT and Benoît ROUSSEL 12.1. Introduction 223 12.2. The approach of innovation in the commercial domain of EDF R&D 225 12.3. The C4 method 227 12.3.1. Overview of the method 227 12.3.2. Phase 1: comprehension of demand 227 12.3.3. Phase 2: creation 228 12.3.4. Phase 3: contextualization 229 12.3.5. Phase 4: confrontation 231 12.3.6. Modeling of the process 231 12.4. Diverse experimentations of the process 232 12.4.1. The “New Offers” project: contribution of the dynamic concept in comparison to the static concept 232 12.4.2. Collaboration with the Studio Créatif of France Télécom: towards an evaluation of service 234 12.5. Some new tools to facilitate the collaboration and the contextualization; towards an instrumentation of the process: “IdéoFil” and “StoryoFil” 235 12.5.1. IdéoFil 236 12.5.2. StoryoFil 238 12.6. Conclusions 238 Chapter 13. Creativity World 239 Michel SINTES 13.1. Introduction 239 13.2. Reflections on creativity 239 13.3. A human concept 240 13.3.1. Idea/intention 241 13.3.2. Thought/objective 242 13.3.3. The emotional aspect 242 13.3.4. Behavior 243 13.3.5. Result 244 13.3.6. Mini-cycle of creativity 245 13.3.7. The scale of values 246 13.4. The state to being one with the environment 248 13.5. The age of networks 250 PART 3. Innovation Management: Which Factors Underpin Success? 251 Chapter 14. Psychology of Innovation and Change Factors 253 Laurent DUKAN 14.1. Introduction 253 14.2. Innovation and research 255 14.3. Change in mentality 255 14.4. The principal cultural indicators for innovation 256 14.4.1. Fear and taking risks 256 14.4.2. Conformity and originality 257 14.4.3. The unknown and the future 257 14.4.4. Complexity 259 14.4.5. Mechanistic, systemic and complex thought 260 14.4.6. Communication and recognition 262 14.4.7. Failure and success 264 14.5. Conclusion 265 Chapter 15. Intellectual Property for Networks and Software 267 Sylvain ALLANO 15.1. Introduction 267 15.2. State of the problems and the protagonists 268 15.3. The main “nodes” in intellectual property amidst the networks operated in the context of innovation 268 15.4. Intellectual property rights applicable to the context of networks 270 15.5. Copyright “software” against networks 270 15.5.1. The main statutory copyright “software” 270 15.5.2. Intellectual property of the software circulating in the network 271 15.5.3. Intellectual property for software involving networks 272 15.5.4. Software copyright limitations 272 15.5.5. Software copyright 273 15.6. Free software 273 15.7. Protection through patents for communication software and networks 274 15.8. Actors in the networks and intellectual property 275 15.8.1. Intellectual property of databases 275 15.8.2. Expert systems and tools of artificial intelligence 276 15.8.3. Computer generated creations 276 15.9. Digital Rights Management (DRM) 276 15.10. When the networks themselves become tools for intellectual property 277 15.11. Enforcing intellectual property rights on the network scale 277 15.12. Conclusion: intellectual property and the networks: an advantage for innovation 278 Chapter 16. Innovation Scoreboard for Core Competencies Evaluation 279 Nathalie SAMIER 16.1. Introduction 279 16.2. Locations of the immaterial capital 280 16.2.1. Contribution of the theories of resources 280 16.2.2. The immaterial capital: intangible investment and intangible assets 281 16.3. Competences to innovate 282 16.3.1. Competences resulting from an internal interaction 283 16.3.2. Competences resulting from an external interaction 283 16.4. The key to the creation of knowledge 284 16.4.1. Modes of conversion of knowledge 285 16.4.2. The spiral of knowledge 286 16.5. The valorization of innovation in terms of the scoreboard 287 16.5.1. The value of IC conceived by SKANDIA 287 16.5.2. The SKANDIA navigator 288 16.5.3. The adaptations of SKANDIA model 290 16.6. Conclusion 293 Chaptrer 17. Financing Innovation 295 Pascale BRENET 17.1. Needs for financing associated with innovation 295 17.1.1. Time, risk and cost of innovation 296 17.1.2. The financial lifecycle of innovation 298 17.1.3. The financial fragility of innovating small companies 301 17.2. Adaptation of resources to innovation: “patient” and “loseable” money 301 17.2.1. Arbitration between debt and capital 302 17.2.2. A pool of resources 304 17.3. The financial system of innovation 306 17.3.1. Capital-investment 306 17.3.2. Markets of growing stocks 310 17.3.3. Public financing of innovation 311 17.4. Conclusion 312 Chapter 18. Innovation on the Web 315 François DRUEL 18.1. Introduction 315 18.2. Distribution model: Open Source and software patents 317 18.2.1. The clash of the titans 317 18.2.2. Publication vs. patents: innovation vs. industry? 319 18.3. An enormous base of information 320 18.4. Marketing and innovation on the Web 322 18.4.1. A leverage 322 18.4.2. A deep impression 323 18.4.3. New reflexes 324 18.5. A fantastic tool for sharing 325 18.5.1. If you don’t know, ask, and if you know, share! 325 18.5.2. Business-to-business: Eldorado or damp squib? 326 18.6. E-commerce: a soufflé fallen flat? 327 18.6.1. Between the hare and the tortoise 328 18.6.2. Incorrect good ideas for reel disadvantages 330 18.7. Conclusion 331 Chapter 19. Virtual Decision Support System for Innovation 333 Emmanuel CHÉNÉ 19.1. Introduction 333 19.2. From the management of innovation to the management of design 334 19.3. Intermediary virtual representations in the industrial context and transmissible via the Internet 337 19.3.1. From VIR in fixed 2D to VIR in interactive 3D via the Internet 337 19.3.2. Characterization of virtual intermediary representations in the industrial context and its transmission via Internet 339 19.4. Developing a decision-making aid with joint analysis software 340 19.4.1. Software tools for joint analysis 341 19.5. Implementation of the software in SME of packaging creation 342 19.5.1. Choice of designs and specifications 343 19.5.2. Collection of data 344 19.5.3. Calculation of uses 345 19.6. Analysis of contributions of VIR with joint analysis in designing 346 19.6.1. Cognitive limitations 347 19.6.2. Limitations in terms of management of decision-making aids 348 19.7. Perspectives 349 19.8. Conclusion 350 Chapter 20. Shapes, Knowledge and Innovation 353 Jean-Pierre MATHIEU, Michel LE RAY and Ilya KIRIA 20.1. Introduction 353 20.1.1. Existence and theory of universal forms: chosen angles and sacred proportions 354 20.2.1. Notion of chosen angles developed by physical sciences and between microscopic and macroscopic scales 355 20.2.2. Golden angles and forms constructed by man 356 20.2.3. Golden angles and other geometric forms 360 20.2.4. Contributions of neurophysiology 361 20.2.5. Contribution of cognitive psychology 363 20.3. The spatial quantification of an object 363 20.4. Overall finding 370 Bibliography 373 List of Authors 397 Index 401

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisChapters include: Robotics Economics; Robotics Glossary Terms and Definitions; Robotics Kinematics; 2D-Analytical Evaluation of the Robot’s Gripper Tool Center Point (TCP) Acceleration Using Calculus; and Calculations of the Motor Power Ratings Necessary to Power the Joints of a Robot’s Manipulator.

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