Energy Books

Book SynopsisIn recent years, novel families of materials have been discovered and significant improvements in classical thermoelectric materials have been made. Thermoelectric generators are now being used to harvest industrial heat waste and convert it into electricity. This is being utilized in communal incinerators, large smelters, and cement plants. Leading car and truck companies are developing thermoelectric power generators to collect heat from the exhaust systems of gasoline and diesel engines. Additionally, thermoelectric coolers are being used in a variety of picnic boxes, vessels used to transport transplant organs, and in air-conditioned seats of mid-size cars. Consisting of twenty-one chapters written by top researchers in the field, this book explores the major advancements being made in the material aspects of thermoelectricity and provides a critical assessment in regards to the broadening of application opportunities for thermoelectric energy conversion. Table of ContentsDiscovery and Design of New Thermoelectric Materials. Tetradymites: Bi2Te3-Related Materials. Growth and Transport Properties of Tetradymite Thin Films. All-Scale Hierarchical PbTe: From Nanostructuring to a Panoscopic Material. Thermoelectric Properties of Magnesium Silicide–Based Solid Solutions and Higher Manganese Silicides. Clathrate-Based Thermoelectrics. Advances in Nanostructured Half-Heusler Alloys for Thermoelectric Applications. Thermoelectric Properties of Cu2−δX (X = S, Se, and Te). BiCuSeO: A Promising Thermoelectric Material. Phase Diagram Study in n-CoSb3 Skutterudites. Chain-Forming A3MPn3 and A5M2Pn6 Zintl Phases. Thallium-Based Chalcogenides as Thermoelectrics. Higher Manganese Silicides. Boron-Based Materials. Complex Chalcogenides: Pseudo-Hollandites, Structures and Properties. Tetrahedrites: Earth-Abundant Thermoelectric Materials with Intrinsically Low Thermal Conductivity. Organic Thermoelectric Materials. Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Superlattice Materials. Recent Progress in Skutterudites. SHS-Processed Thermoelectric Materials. Prospective Thermoelectrics among Topological Insulators.

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Book SynopsisAs the shale revolution continues in North America, unconventional resource markets are emerging on every continent. In the next eight to ten years, more than 100,000 wells and one- to two-million hydraulic fracturing stages could be executed, resulting in close to one trillion dollars in industry spending. This growth has prompted professionals experienced in conventional oil and gas exploitation and development to acquire practical knowledge of the unconventional realm.Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources: Exploitation and Development provides a comprehensive understanding of the latest advances in the exploitation and development of unconventional resources. With an emphasis on shale, this book: Addresses all aspects of the exploitation and development process, from data mining and accounting to drilling, completion, stimulation, production, and environmental issues Offers in-depth coverage of sub-surface measurements (geological, geophyTrade Review"This cornerstone-edited volume sets a benchmark for understanding the complexity of unconventional oil and gas resources. The breath of the topics covered and level within each topic have set a high bar for any future book in this space. If you are in this business, you need to have this book. If you are considering this business, you could stumble without this book. It should be required reading at any university with programs in petroleum science. For those that don’t know the two editors, Usman Ahmed and Dr. Nathan Meehan, we are getting a volume that is scrutinized by two top-class industry scientists with vast technology insight who know the topics covered. In my judgment, if you could only have one book on this topic, this is it."—Dr. Raymond Levey, Director, Energy and Geoscience Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA "The authors should be commended for carefully and painstakingly assembling this comprehensive collection of background data, methods, and workflows current to the industry with insight into potential areas of ongoing research and investigations (e.g., emerging resource areas, formation evaluation, data analytics, etc.). For the practitioner, this text serves as a valuable reference tool and guide. For the researcher, this text provides insight into current methods and workflows, and aids further investigations into emerging areas of unconventional resources. Finally, this text is an invaluable resource to accompany advanced undergraduate and postgraduate unconventional resources coursework and lectures. Heretofore, a comprehensive unconventional resources text such as this has been unavailable."—Dr. Raymond Johnson, Jr., Senior Lecturer, University of Queensland, and Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Adelaide, Australia "This cornerstone-edited volume sets a benchmark for understanding the complexity of unconventional oil and gas resources. The breath of the topics covered and level within each topic have set a high bar for any future book in this space. If you are in this business, you need to have this book. If you are considering this business, you could stumble without this book. It should be required reading at any university with programs in petroleum science. For those that don’t know the two editors, Usman Ahmed and Dr. Nathan Meehan, we are getting a volume that is scrutinized by two top-class industry scientists with vast technology insight who know the topics covered. In my judgment, if you could only have one book on this topic, this is it."—Dr. Raymond Levey, Director, Energy and Geoscience Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA "The authors should be commended for carefully and painstakingly assembling this comprehensive collection of background data, methods, and workflows current to the industry with insight into potential areas of ongoing research and investigations (e.g., emerging resource areas, formation evaluation, data analytics, etc.). For the practitioner, this text serves as a valuable reference tool and guide. For the researcher, this text provides insight into current methods and workflows, and aids further investigations into emerging areas of unconventional resources. Finally, this text is an invaluable resource to accompany advanced undergraduate and postgraduate unconventional resources coursework and lectures. Heretofore, a comprehensive unconventional resources text such as this has been unavailable."—Dr. Raymond Johnson, Jr., Senior Lecturer, University of Queensland, and Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Adelaide, Australia The authors of this book have provided a comprehensive understanding of the latest advances in the exploitation and development of unconventional resources with emphasis on the exploitation and development process, from data mining and accounting to drilling, completion, stimulation, production, and environmental issues. The viewpoints of internationally respected experts and researchers from leading E&P companies and academic institutions are offered, as are potential technologies for unconventional resources development. Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources: Exploitation and Development will be useful to geologists, geophysicists, petrophysicists, geomechanic specialists, and drilling, completion, stimulation, production, and reservoir engineers in the environmentally safe exploitation and development of unconventional resources like shale.—Oil and Gas International, July 2016 Table of ContentsCharacteristics of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources. The Unconventional Basins and Plays—North America, the Rest of the World, and Emerging Basins. Unconventional Resources Workflow—Exploitation and Development. Seismic Reservoir Characterization Applications for Unconventional Resources. Pilot Projects in Unconventional Resources Development. Formation Evaluation and Reservoir Characterization of Source Rock Reservoirs. Role of Geomechanical Engineering in Unconventional Resources Developments. Laboratory Tests and Considerations to Complement the Overall Reservoir Understanding. Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Oil and Gas. The Art of Data Mining and Its Impact on Unconventional Reservoir Development. Unconventional Reserves and Resources Accounting and Booking. Production Evaluation and Forecasting. Drilling Systems for Unconventionals. Multistage Completion Systems for Unconventionals. Stimulation of Unconventional Reservoirs. Flow Assurance. Artificial Lift Technologies. Monitoring Technologies—Microseismic, Fiber Optic, and Tracers. Rejuvenating Unconventional Resources. Environmental Issues in Unconventional Oil and Gas Resource Development. Case Studies, Accessing JewelSuite™ Software and Data. New Considerations and Future Trends in Reservoir Technologies for Unconventional Resources Development.

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Book SynopsisThe more than 90 refereed papers in this volume continue a series of biannual benchmarks for technologies that maximize energy conversion while minimizing undesirable emissions. Covering the entire range of industrial and transport combustion as well as strategies for energy research and development, these state-of-the-art will be indispensable to mechanical and chemical engineers in academia and industry and technical personnel in military, energy and environmental government agencies.Table of ContentsSection 1. Strategies: Now and in the Future Section 2. Gas Combustion Section 3. Oil Combustion Section 4. Coal Combustion Section 5. Wood Combustion Section 6. Combustion of Alternative Fuels Section 7. Co-Combustion and Co-Gasification Section 8. Catalytic Combustion Section 9. NO, SO, Soot Fundamentals Section 10. Advanced Diagnostics Section 11. Burners Section 12. Fluidised Bed Combustion Section 13. Incineration Section 14. Engines Section 15. Advanced Cycles Section 16. Gas Clean Up Section 17. Control Strategy Section 18. Clean Combustion in Process Industries

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Book SynopsisAs debates over how relative risk can be used to shape landscape-scale environmental management intensify, Regional-Scale Risk Assessment demonstrates the capabilities of RRM using nine case studies in the Pacific Northwest, Pennsylvania, Brazil, and Tasmania. The authors use a process of ranking and filters to interrelate different kinds of risks and illustrates how these relative risks are defined, mapped, and analyzed to determine remediation and management priorities. This book provides detailed descriptions for each step of RRM-from the determination of assessment goals to documentation, evaluation, and communication with decision-makers-that can benefit practitioners in environmental risk assessment and related fields worldwide.Table of ContentsAs debates over how relative risk can be used to shape landscape-scale environmental management intensify, Regional-Scale Risk Assessment demonstrates the capabilities of RRM using nine case studies in the Pacific Northwest, Pennsylvania, Brazil, and Tasmania. The authors use a process of ranking and filters to interrelate different kinds of risks and illustrates how these relative risks are defined, mapped, and analyzed to determine remediation and management priorities. This book provides detailed descriptions for each step of RRM-from the determination of assessment goals to documentation, evaluation, and communication with decision-makers-that can benefit practitioners in environmental risk assessment and related fields worldwide.

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Book SynopsisDISCOVER ENERGY INDEPENDENCE WITH YOUR OWN SOLAR-POWERED MICROGRID You seek convenience and efficiency in your daily life. You want personalized control tailored to your needs—but how is energy to keep pace? In this updated second edition, you’ll find the answer that more and more American residents, businesses, and organizations are finding—solar microgrid technology. The bright future that was on the horizon just a few short years ago is now here for energy independence. The power to control energy can lie in your hands, not those of a large corporation. Solar energy harnesses progress, freedom, ingenuity—the spirit of America—and a nation of limitless innovation. With solar plus storage, take your first step towards energy independence and with it—a cleaner tomorrow, and a brighter future—for all of us.

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Book SynopsisThis title includes a number of Open Access chapters. The information contained in this compendium volume sets the stage for the future's large-scale production of biofuels. Biomass is an abundant carbon-neutral renewable feedstock for producing fuel. First-generation biofuels gained attention for their problems, but the authors of this book demonstrate that they are well on their way to creating practical and sustainable second-generation biofuels.The book begins with an introduction to synthetic biology. Next, it covers pretreatment technologies, advanced microbial technologies, genetic engineering as it relates to biofuel technologies, and nanotechnology and chemical engineering in relation to biofuels.Well-respected in his field, the editor's firsthand experience gives him the perspective to create a thorough review of the relevant literature. Each chapter is written by experts in biotechnologies, offering graduate and post-doctorate students, as well as other scientific researchers, a wide-angle look at biofuel technologies. At the same time, this volume points to promising directions for new research.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Part I: Introduction. Part II: Pretreatment Technologies. Part III: Advanced Microbial Technologies. Part IV: Genetic Engineering. Part V: Nanotechnology and Chemical Engineering. Index.

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Book SynopsisDas wachsende Bedürfnis nach Mobilität in der Bevölkerung lässt sich auf Dauer nur durch den Einsatz elektrischer Klein- und Lieferfahrzeuge für Kurzstrecken befriedigen. Mobilitätsanbieter und Kunden müssen dabei gut vernetzt sein. Die allmähliche Marktdurchdringung der Elektromobilität ist eine große Herausforderung für die Automobilindustrie. Gewinner sind einige gut aufgestellte Automobilhersteller und ein Überraschungssieger.Da die Ölreserven der Erde endlich sind und der Ölpreis in Zukunft steigen dürfte, soll Strom als alternativer Kraftstoff eine Lösung des Problems liefern. Der Autor skizziert aus der Sicht eines Insiders, weshalb ein Wandel unabdingbar ist und beschreibt die notwendigen Schritte.Table of ContentsDie Endlichkeit von Ölvorräten und der Klimawandel.- Wie eine Zukunft der Mobilität aussehen könnte.- Faktor 2: Autos mit Verbrennungsmotoren halbieren Kraftstoffverbrauch.- Faktor 4: Elektromobilität für Kurzstrecken.- Faktor 5: Von der Individualmobilität zur kollektiven individuellen Mobilität.- Ausblick.- Fazit.- Index.

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Book SynopsisDieses Buch fasst wichtige Veröffentlichungen zu Wasserkraftprojekten aus der Fachzeitschrift WasserWirtschaft zusammen. Dabei werden neuere Analysen zum Wasserkraftpotenzial dargestellt sowie über Entwicklungen und technische Besonderheiten berichtet. Beiträge über aktuelle Projekte runden die Zusammenstellung ab.In diesem Rahmen wird gleichfalls der Konflikt Ausbau der regenerativen Stromerzeugung und Anforderungen durch Richtlinien, Gesetze und Biodiversitätsstrategien thematisiert.Über die technischen und rechtlichen Aspekte hinaus werden auch Themen der Arbeitssicherheit, der Ökonomie und die Einbeziehung sozioökonomischer Aspekte in Wasserkraftprojekte erörtert.Mit einem Geleitwort des AGAW Vorsitzenden (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Alpine Wasserkraft) Herrn Molinari.Trade Review“ ... ist ein im-doppelten Wortsinn vielseitiges Buch entstanden, welches eine hervorragende Beispielsammlung für Ingenieure und Planer, Akteure der Energie- und Wasserwirtschaft, für vertieft Studierende sowie für Mitarbeiter in der Verwaltung darstellt ...“ (Prof. Dr. Reinhard Pohl, in: Wasser Wirtschaft, Jg. 105, Heft 6 2015)Table of ContentsPotenziale.- Entwicklungen.- Projekte.- Pumpspeicherkraftwerke.- Ökologie / Rahmenbedingungen.​

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Book SynopsisDas Handbuch vermittelt die Grundlagen wie das thermische Regime der Erde, die oberflächennahe Geologie, geologisch-geophysikalische Grundlagen, zugrunde liegende mathematische Methoden, Risikomanagement und Bohrtechniken. In den angewandten Kapiteln geht es konkret um Geothermieprojekte aus der Sicht eines Bauherren, u.a. um Heizlastberechnung und die hydraulische Abgleichung, daneben um das Projektmanagement, zu berücksichtigende Umweltaspekte, Finanzierung und Fördermöglichkeiten und die Dimensionierung von Anlagen. Auch Verfahrenstechnische Grundlagen, die Maschinentechnik, die Qualitätssicherung und Fragen der Kommunikation und Akzeptanz wie auch der Arbeitssicherheit und des Gesundheitsschutzes werden behandelt. Auch wenn der Schwerpunkt des Handbuches auf Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz liegt, so wird auch auf die Oberflächennahe Geothermiebranche weltweit eingegangen und Herausforderungen wie auch Chancen und Perspektiven aufgezeigt.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisDie Autoren beschreiben praxisnah die wichtigsten Formen der technischen Nutzung regenerativer Energieträger. Sie stellen deren Potentiale unter Berücksichtigung der globalen Energieprobleme und der thermodynamischen Grenzen von Energiewandlungsprozessen dar und diskutieren ihren Beitrag zu einem nachhaltigen Energiesystem.Das Buch behandelt Photovoltaik, Solar- und Geothermie, Biomasse, Wind- und Wasserkraft und berücksichtigt damit sowohl Systeme zur Elektrizitäts- als auch zur Wärmebereitstellung. In den einzelnen Kapiteln werden - ausgehend von den natur- und ingenieurwissenschaftlichen Grundlagen - die Funktionsweise der zentralen Komponenten sowie deren Verknüpfung zu Systemen dargestellt. Konkrete Planungs- und Auslegungsbeispiele verbinden die theoretischen Grundlagen mit einer handlungsorientierten Lehre. Der Integration regenerativer Energieanlagen in die bereits vorhandenen Systeme für Elektrizität, Wärme und Transport ist jeweils ein eigenes Kapitel gewidmet.Der InhaltEinleitung.- Kontext.- Energieeffizienz.- Regenerative Energiequellen.- Photovoltaik.- Solarthermie.- Geothermie.- Biomasse.- Windkraftanlagen.- Wasserkraftanlagen.- Energiespeicher.- Elektrische Energiesysteme.- Thermische Energiesysteme.- Mobilität.- Thermodynamische Bewertung Regenerativer Energieumwandlungen.- Apokryphen.Die ZielgruppenDas Buch richtet sich an Ingenieure und Praktiker auf dem Gebiet der erneuerbaren Energien und an Studierende der Energietechnik.Die AutorenProf. Dr.-Ing. Viktor Wesselak, Lehrgebiet Regenerative Energiesysteme Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Schabbach, Lehrgebiet Thermische Energiesysteme <Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Link, Lehrgebiet Kraft- und ArbeitsmaschinenProf. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Fischer, Lehrgebiet BioenergiesystemeInstitut für Regenerative Energiesysteme (in.RET), Hochschule NordhausenTable of ContentsEinleitung.- Kontext.- Energieeffizienz.- Regenerative Energiequellen.- Photovoltaik.- Solarthermie.- Geothermie.- Biomasse.- Windkraftanlagen.- Wasserkraftanlagen.- Energiespeicher.- Elektrische Energiesysteme.- Thermische Energiesysteme.- Mobilität.- Thermodynamische Bewertung Regenerativer Energieumwandlungen.- Apokryphen.

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Book SynopsisDas Handbuch behandelt die Technologie von Windkraftanlagen systematisch und umfassend. Nach einem Abriss der historischen Entwicklung werden die physikalisch-technischen Grundlagen der Windenergiewandlung sowie Konstruktion, Einsatzkonzeptionen und Betriebseigenschaften von Windkraftanlagen, ihre Umweltverträglichkeit und Wirtschaftlichkeit analysiert und an Beispielen dargestellt. Die 5. Auflage wurde um neueste technische Entwicklungen ergänzt, die Offshore-Nutzung wird ausführlich besprochen. Der Band enthält viele detaillierte Abbildungen.Table of ContentsWindmühlen und Windräder.- Strom aus Wind–Die ersten Versuche.- Bauformen von Windkraftanlagen.- Physikalische Grundlagen der Windenergiewandlung.- Aerodynamik des Rotors.- Belastungen und Strukturbeanspruchungen.- Rotorblätter.- Mechanischer Triebstrang und Maschinenhaus.- Elektrisches System.- Regelung und Betriebsführung.- Schwingungsverhalten.- Der Turm.- Windverhältnisse.- Leistungsabgabe und Energielieferung.- Umweltverfahren.- Anwendungskonzeptionen und Einsatzbereiche.- Windenergienutzung im Küstenvorfeld der Meere.- Planung, Errichtung und Betrieb.- Kosten von Windkraftanlagen und Anwendungsprojekten.- Wirtschaftlichkeit der Stromerzeugung aus Windenergie.- Glossar.- Sachverzeichnis.

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Book SynopsisThe seventy-five refereed papers in this volume represent the second in a series of biannual benchmarks for technologies that maximize energy conversion while minimizing undesirable emissions. Covering the entire range of industrial and transport combustion as well as strategies for energy R&D, these state-of-the-art contributions will be indispensable to mechanical and chemical engineers in academia and industry, and technical personnel in military, energy, and environmental agencies of government.Table of Contents1. Strategies 2. Pulverized Coal Combustion 3. Oil Combustion 4. Gas Combustion 5. Gas Fired Systems 6. Biomass Combustion 7. Fluidized Bed Combustion 8. Incinerators 9. Internal Combustion Engines 10. New Power Generation Cycles or Concepts 11. Control Technologies and Clean Technologies in Process Industries

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsForeword: Postwar America’s Nuclear Paradox / Paul S. Sutter Acknowledgments Introduction | Nature and the Nuclear Consensus in Postwar America Part One | First Reactions 1. Leslie Groves, Report on the Trinity Test, 1945 2. Harry S. Truman, White House Statement on the Bombing of Hiroshima, 1945 3. Nagasaki Mushroom Cloud, 1945 4. Joseph H. Willits, “Social Adjustments to Atomic Energy,” 1946 5. Headline Comics, Atomic Man, 1946 6. Arthur H. Compton, “The Atomic Crusade and Its Social Implications,” 1947 7. H. M. Parker, “Speculations on Long-Range Waste Disposal Hazards,” 1948 8. General Advisory Committee Reports on Building the H-Bomb, 1949 9. Lewis L. Strauss to Harry S. Truman, 1949 Part Two | Building Consensus 1. National Security Council Report 68, 1950 2. Federal Civil Defense Administration, This Is Civil Defense, 1951 3. Federal Civil Defense Administration, Women in Civil Defense, 1952 4. Dwight D. Eisenhower, “Address before the General Assembly of the United Nations on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy,” 1953 5. Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation, “What does Atomic Energy really mean to you?” 1953 6. Lewis L. Strauss, “My Faith in the Atomic Future,” 1955 7. Heinz Haber, The Walt Disney Story of Our Friend the Atom, 1956 8. Bureau of Public Roads, A Preliminary Report on Highway Needs for Civil Defense, 1956 9. Walter Reuther, Atoms for Peace: A Separate Opinion, 1956 Part Three | Challenging Consensus 1. Bertrand Russell and Albert Einstein, “The Russell-Einstein Manifesto,” 1955 2. Roger Revelle and Milner B. Schaefer, “General Considerations Concerning the Ocean as a Receptacle for Artificially Radioactive Materials,” 1957 3. Atomic Energy Commission, Atomic Tests in Nevada, 1957 4. National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy, “We Are Facing a Danger Unlike Any Danger That Has Ever Existed,” 1957 5. Atomic Energy Commission, Atoms for Peace U.S.A., 1958 6. Barry Commoner, “The Fallout Problem,” 1958 7. Edward Teller, “The Plowshare Program,” 1959 8. Office of Civil Defense and Mobilization, Fallout Maps, 1959 9. Herman Kahn and H. H. Mitchell, The Postattack Environment, 1961 10. Margaret Mead, “Are Shelters the Answer?” 1961 11. Women Strike for Peace Milk Campaign, 1961 12. Atomic Energy Commission, Annual Report, 1962 13. John F. Kennedy, “Commencement Address at American University,” 1963 14. David E. Lilienthal, Change, Hope, and the Bomb, 1963 15. John F. Kennedy, “Address to the American People on the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty,” 1963 Part Four | Confronting Paradox 1. Glenn T. Seaborg, “Environmental Effects of Producing Electric Power,” 1969 2. Minnesota Environmental Control Citizens Association, Anti-Nuclear Pamphlet, ca. 1969 3. Lenore Marshall, “The Nuclear Sword of Damocles,” 1971 4. Calvert Cliffs’ Coordinating Committee, Inc., v. United States Atomic Energy Commission, 1971 5. William R. Gould, “The State of the Atomic Industry,” 1974 6. Committee on the Present Danger, “Common Sense and the Common Danger,” 1976 7. Ralph W. Deuster, “Rx for the ‘Back’ of the Cycle,” 1976 8. Leonard Rifas, All-Atomic Comics, 1976 9. David N. Merrill, “Nuclear Siting and Licensing Process,” 1978 10. Helen Caldicott, Nuclear Madness, 1978 11. Abalone Alliance, “Declaration of Nuclear Resistance,” 1978 12. Report of the President’s Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island, 1979 13. Gloria Gregerson, Radiation Exposure and Compensation, 1981 Part Five | Renewal 1. David E. Lilienthal, Atomic Energy: A New Start, 1980 2. Ronald Reagan, “Address to Members of the British Parliament,” 1982 3. Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 4. Jonathan Schell, The Fate of the Earth, 1982 5. Ronald Reagan, “Address to the Nation on Defense and National Security,” 1983 6. Carl Sagan, “The Nuclear Winter,” 1983 7. Office of Technology Assessment, Nuclear Power in an Age of Uncertainty, 1984 8. Campaign for a Nuclear Free Future, ca. 1984 9. Bernard Lown, “A Prescription for Hope,” 1985 10. Elizabeth Macias, High-Level Nuclear Waste Issues, 1987 11. Ronald Reagan, “Address to the 42nd Session of the United Nations,” 1987 12. Editors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, “A New Era,” 1991 Epilogue | The Nuclear Present 1. David Albright, Kathryn Buehler, and Holly Higgins, “Bin Laden and the Bomb,” 2002 2. Allison M. Macfarlane, “Yucca Mountain and High-Level Nuclear Waste Disposal,” 2006 3. Oregon Department of Energy, Hanford Cleanup: The First Twenty Years, 2009 4. Mark Z. Jacobson, “Nuclear Power Is Too Risky,” 2010 5. President’s Blue Ribbon Commission on America’s Nuclear Future, Report to the Secretary of Energy, 2012 6. Nuclear Energy Institute, “Nuclear Energy: Powering America’s Future,” 2013 7. Ken Caldeira, Kerry Emanuel, James Hansen, and Tom Wigley, “To Those Influencing Environmental Policy but Opposed to Nuclear Power,” 2013 8. Latuff Cartoons, Fukushima Cartoon, 2014 9. John Asafu-Adjaye et al., “An Ecomodernist Manifesto,” 2015 Index

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Book SynopsisChanging Energy outlines how humanity came to its current energy economy through three previous energy transitions and now stands poised for a necessary fourth one. Despite the immense benefits conferred by a global energy economy based primarily on coal, oil, gas, and uranium, societies must now rebuild their energy economies to rely as much as possible on renewable energy used efficiently. This imperative to change comes from the risks of climate change plus the dangers of geopolitical tensions, health and environmental effects, and the long-term prospects for ever depleting sources of today's energy sources. Changing Energy argues that sustainability of the benefits from energy services will come from investments made in the technologies of the fourth transition. Perkins envisions a viable post-fossil fuel energy economy and outlines the barriers that must be resolved to reach it.Table of ContentsPreface Prologue 1. The Invisible Keystone of the Modern World 2. Energy and Energy Services 3. Energy and the Modern State 4. Primary Fuels and Energy Efficiency 5. Energy Systems 6. Climate Change 7. Geopolitical Tensions, Health and Environmental Effects, and Depletion 8. The Fourth Energy Transition: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 9. Energy Sources: Criteria for Acceptability 10. Strengths and Weaknesses of Primary Energy Sources 11. Barriers and Challenges Epilogue Appendix 1. Units for Measuring Energy and Power Appendix 2. Production of Heat by Combustion and Fission Notes Glossary Index

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Book SynopsisIn this important new primer, Dustin Mulvaney makes a passionate case for the significance of solar power energy and offers a vision for a more sustainable and just solar industry for the future. The solar energy industry has grown immensely over the past several years and now provides up to a fifth of California's power. But despite its deservedly green reputation, solar development and deployment may have social and environmental consequences, from poor factory labor standards to landscape impacts on wildlife. Using a wide variety of case studies and examples that trace the life cycle of photovoltaics, Mulvaney expertly outlines the state of the solar industry, exploring the ongoing conflicts between ecological concerns and climate mitigation strategies, current trade disputes, and the fate of toxics in solar waste products. This exceptional overview will outline the industry's current challenges and possible futures for students in environmental studies, energy policy, environmeTrade Review“Provides a valuable addition to the literature on the generation of electricity using solar panels. . . . This is a useful text that addresses the growth and impact of solar power in a range of contexts.” * CHOICE *"Mulvaney’s approach to solar development provides a template for how this type of research could — and undoubtedly should — be applied to other types of electricity generation, especially those that reduce carbon emissions and for whom growth is anticipated. That said, to provide a primer that is aspirational, critical and meticulously researched is no easy task. Solar Power achieves just that." * Nature Climate Change *"Would be useful for industry insiders and policy makers. . . . Solar Power is a well-researched, effective contribution to the literature on a just energy transition." * Human Ecology *"The even keel of the tone and content of this text are necessary to “argue[s] that photovoltaics as ethical, green products are not subject to enough critical examination.” This book is that examination." * Electronic Green Journal *"An excellent new book." * Cultures of Energy Podcast, Rice University *Table of ContentsList of Illustrations Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Solar Power 2. Green New Deal 3. Innovations in Photovoltaics 4. Recycling and Product Stewardship 5. Green Civil War 6. The Western Solar Plan 7. Breakthrough Technologies and Solar Trade Wars 8. Solar Power and a Just Transition Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisHow are communities uniting against fracking and tar sands to change our energy future?Working across Lines offers a detailed comparative analysis of climate justice coalitions in California and Idahotwo states with distinct fossil fuel histories, environmental contexts, and political cultures. Drawing on ethnographic evidence from 106 in-depth interviews and three years of participant observation, Corrie Grosse investigates the ways people build effective energy justice coalitions across differences in political views, race and ethnicity, age, and strategic preferences. This book argues for four practices that are critical for movement building: focusing on core values of justice, accountability, and integrity; identifying the roots of injustice; cultivating relationships among activists; and welcoming difference. In focusing on coalitions related to energy and climate justice, Grosse provides important models for bridging divides to reach common goals. These lessons are more relevant than ever. Table of ContentsContents Preface Acknowledgments Introduction 1. The Energy and Political Landscape: Climate Crisis, Extreme Energy, and the Climate Justice Movement 2. The Organizing Landscape: Research Context 3. Idaho Part 1: Talking across Political Lines by Building Relationships 4. Idaho Part 2: Talking across Political Lines by Agreeing to Disagree 5. Working across Intersectional Lines: Youth Values and Relationships 6. Working across Organizational Lines: Grassroots and Grasstops Tensions and Possibilities 7. Two Tales of Struggle: Coalition Building against Big Oil 8. Lessons from Measure P and the Megaloads: Native–Non-Native and Latinx-White Coalition Outcomes Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"From the first we realize Fuel is not a traditional academic essay, but a fantastic dictionary, full of tall tales, craziness, real history, fake history, anticipations of the future, segues from one fuel form or fantasy to another, and sheer nonsense tied to hard truths. In this sense it's like fuel—there at the beginning and still with us, kicking and screaming, to the bitter end."—Allan Stoekl, Pennsylvania State University"With a nod to dictionary mania of Jules Verne, Fuel maps what starts as the common law right to a small bundle of wood but becomes an ever more dangerous dream of the power of pure fuel-less energy. Air, amber, bitumen . . . coal, cobalt, coke . . . Pinkus brilliantly punctures this gaseous utopian fantasy of an immaterial fuel and gestures toward a present less addicted to future fuels."—Elizabeth A. Povinelli, Columbia University"Pinkus totes a toolbox packed with allegory and alchemy, theories and thinkers with which to prod her materials. The fuels catalogued range from the (seemingly) obvious – wood, coal, oil, uranium – through the more fictional-imaginative – the philosopher’s stone, dilithium crystals – to the (seemingly) absurd – albatrosses, goats, the arrow of Eros, patriotism."—New Scientist"An illuminating read for those engaging in interdisciplinary work on the concerns of climate change."—CHOICE"A heroic effort to remind us that sustainability is often an illusion caused by our human-sized view of the world."—The Manchester Review of Books"Inventive and engaging."—Los Angeles Review of Books "Pinkus’s innovative and eccentric book proves to be the perfect gateway to analyze underrepresented perspectives of the energy world, destabilizing existing narratives about fuels." —PoLARTable of ContentsContentsAcknowledgmentsFuel: A Speculative DictionaryNotesBibliography

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Book SynopsisIt is often argued that the nuclear non-proliferation order divides the world into nuclear-weapon-haves and have-nots, creating a nuclear apartheid.Trade ReviewPolicymakers and any involved in addressing the international nuclear weapons debates will find this packed with solid, scholarly research that analyses security initiatives, international institutions and their management, international courts of justice, and more.- Midwest Book ReviewTable of ContentsContents: Foreword by W. Michael Reisman 1. State of War 2. Risk Management in National Security Strategies 3. Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Energy: The Connection 4. The Architecture of the Non-Proliferation Order 5. The Fairness and Effectiveness of the Non-Proliferation Order 6. The Threat of Nuclear Terrorism: How to Make the World Proliferation Resistant 7. Just and Effective International Institutions 8. Just and Effective Regional Institutions 9. Can a Nuclear War be a Just War? 10. Controlling Nuclear Weapons 11. Enforcement, Preemption and Precautionary Self-defense Index

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Book SynopsisIt is often argued that the nuclear non-proliferation order divides the world into nuclear-weapon-haves and have-nots, creating a nuclear apartheid.Trade ReviewPolicymakers and any involved in addressing the international nuclear weapons debates will find this packed with solid, scholarly research that analyses security initiatives, international institutions and their management, international courts of justice, and more.- Midwest Book ReviewTable of ContentsContents: Foreword by W. Michael Reisman 1. State of War 2. Risk Management in National Security Strategies 3. Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Energy: The Connection 4. The Architecture of the Non-Proliferation Order 5. The Fairness and Effectiveness of the Non-Proliferation Order 6. The Threat of Nuclear Terrorism: How to Make the World Proliferation Resistant 7. Just and Effective International Institutions 8. Just and Effective Regional Institutions 9. Can a Nuclear War be a Just War? 10. Controlling Nuclear Weapons 11. Enforcement, Preemption and Precautionary Self-defense Index

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Book SynopsisThe comprehensive guide to engineering alternative and renewable energy systems and applicationsupdated for the latest trends and technologies This book was designed tohelp engineers develop new solutions for the current energy economy. To that end it provides technical discussions, along with numerous real-world examples of virtually all existing alternative energy sources, applications, systems and system components. All chapters focus on first-order engineering calculations, and consider alternative uses of existing and renewable energy resources. Just as important, the author describes how to apply these concepts to the development of new energy solutions. Since the publication of the critically acclaimed first edition of this book, the alternative, renewable and sustainable energy industries have witnessed significant evolution and growth. Hydraulic fracturing, fossil fuel reserve increases, the increasing popularity of hybrid and all-electric vehicles, andTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xiii Preface to the First Edition xv About the Companion Website xvii 1 Energy Usage in the USA and the World 1 1.1 Energy and Power 1 1.2 Energy Usage and Standard of Living 1 1.3 A Historical Perspective of Energy Usage in the USA 4 1.4 US Energy Usage in 2014 7 1.5 Worldwide Energy Use 17 1.6 Efficiencies 19 1.7 Closure 21 References 21 2 Fundamentals of Turbomachinery 23 2.1 Definition of a Turbomachine 23 2.2 Turbomachine Classifications 23 2.3 Turbomachine Analysis 23 2.4 Example Problems 28 2.5 Closure 33 References 33 Further Reading 33 3 Hydropower 35 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Examples of Hydroelectric Dams 35 3.3 Hydraulic Analysis 39 3.4 Turbine Specific Speed Considerations 44 3.5 Energy Transfer in Turbines 48 3.6 Closure 57 References 60 Further Reading 61 4 Wind Energy 63 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Fundamental Concepts 64 4.3 Wind Energy Resources 72 4.4 Wind Turbine Operation 78 4.5 Commercial Wind Turbine Examples 83 4.6 Growth in Wind Power Capacity 88 4.7 Closure 90 References 92 Further Reading 92 5 Combustion Turbines 93 5.1 Introduction 93 5.2 The Combustion Turbine 93 5.3 The Air-Standard Brayton Cycle 95 5.4 Actual Gas Turbine Cycle Analysis 96 5.5 Combustion Turbine Cycle Variations 104 5.6 Examples of Commercially Available Combustion Turbines 105 5.6.1 Solar Turbines 106 5.6.2 GE Energy 107 5.6.3 Capstone Turbines 110 5.6.4 Other Gas Turbine Suppliers 112 5.7 Closure 113 References 113 Further Reading 113 6 Solar Energy Fundamentals 115 6.1 Introduction 115 6.2 Radiation Heat Transfer Review 115 6.3 Sun Path Description and Calculation 126 6.4 Sun Path Development Using Mathcad 131 6.5 The National Solar Energy Database 137 6.6 Closure 140 References 140 7 Active Solar Thermal Applications 143 7.1 Introduction 143 7.2 Flat-Plate Collector Fundamentals 148 7.3 Solar Collector and Weather Data 152 7.4 The f-Chart Method 159 7.5 Other Solar Thermal Systems 165 7.6 Closure 166 References 167 8 Passive Solar Energy 169 8.1 Fundamental Concepts of Passive Solar Energy 169 8.2 Quantifying Passive Solar Features 172 8.3 The First-Level Method (Rules of Thumb) 176 8.4 The Second-Level Method (the Load Collector Ratio Method) 177 8.5 Daylighting 178 8.6 Passive Solar Simulation Software 180 8.7 Closure 181 References 181 9 Photovoltaic Systems 183 9.1 Introduction 183 9.2 Photovoltaic Cell Fundamentals 183 9.3 Photovoltaic Components 190 9.4 Photovoltaic Systems 196 9.5 Growth in Photovoltaic Capacity 201 9.6 Closure 202 References 203 10 Fuel Cells 205 10.1 Introduction 205 10.2 Fuel Cell Fundamentals 205 10.3 Fuel Cell Thermodynamics Fundamentals 207 10.4 Fuel Cell Types 213 10.5 Fuel Cell Availability 220 10.6 Closure 223 References 223 11 Combined Heat and Power Systems 225 11.1 Introduction 225 11.2 Combined Heat and Power System Fundamentals 227 11.3 Combined Heat and Power System Economics and Operation 231 11.4 Economic Assessment of Combined Heat and Power Suitability 236 11.5 Thermal and Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Combined Heat and Power Metrics 240 11.6 Combined Heat and Power System Example 241 11.7 Closure 245 References 246 12 Biomass 249 12.1 Introduction 249 12.2 Biomass Availability 250 12.3 Biomass Fundamentals 253 12.4 Biomass Characteristics 255 12.5 Biomass-Based Fuels and Products 255 12.5.1 Ethanol 255 12.5.2 Methanol 261 12.5.3 Biodiesel/Vegetable Oil 261 12.5.4 Pyrolysis Liquids 263 12.5.5 Biogas 264 12.5.6 Producer Gas 265 12.5.7 Synthesis Gas 267 12.5.8 Biopower and Biofuels Statistics 270 12.6 Municipal Solid Waste 270 12.7 Closure 278 References 278 Further Reading 280 13 Geothermal Energy 281 13.1 Introduction 281 13.2 Geothermal Resources 281 13.3 Geothermal Energy Systems 286 13.3.1 Hydrothermal 286 13.3.2 Geopressurized 295 13.3.3 Magma 296 13.3.4 Enhanced Geothermal Systems 297 13.4 Geothermal Examples 297 13.5 Ground-Source Heat Pumps 300 13.6 Closure 304 References 305 Further Reading 306 14 Ocean Energy 307 14.1 Introduction 307 14.2 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 307 14.2.1 Open Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems 308 14.2.2 Closed Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems 312 14.2.3 Hybrid Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems 315 14.2.4 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion System Outputs 315 14.2.5 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Assessment 315 14.3 Tidal energy 319 14.4 Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy 324 14.4.1 Rotating devices 330 14.5 Closure 331 References 332 15 Nuclear Energy 333 15.1 Introduction 333 15.2 Fundamentals of Nuclear Energy 334 15.3 Nuclear Power 339 15.3.1 Chernobyl 348 15.3.2 Fukashima Daiichi 350 15.3.3 Nuclear Power in the Twenty-First Century 351 15.4 Fusion Power 354 15.5 Closure 359 References 359 16 Transportation and Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 361 16.1 Transportation Energy Usage Alternatives to Internal Combustion Engines 361 16.2 Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 364 16.3 Hybrid and Electric Vehicles Past, Present, and Future 370 16.4 Closure 375 References 375 17 Hydraulic Fracturing, Oil, Natural Gas, and the New Reality 377 17.1 Introduction 377 17.2 Unconventional Oil and Gas 377 17.3 Reservoir Engineering Concepts 381 17.4 Oil and Gas Recovery from Tight Plays 386 17.5 The New Reality 392 17.6 Closure 399 References 399 Further Reading 400 Appendix A 401 Appendix B 415 Index 431

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Book SynopsisLearn the fundamentals of smart photovoltaic (PV) inverter technology with this insightful one-stop resource Smart Solar PV Inverters with Advanced Grid Support Functionalities presents a comprehensive coverage of smart PV inverter technologies in alleviating grid integration challenges of solar PV systems and for additionally enhancing grid reliability. Accomplished author Rajiv Varma systematically integrates information from the wealth of knowledge on smart inverters available from EPRI, NREL, NERC, SIWG, EU-PVSEC, CIGRE, IEEE publications; and utility experiences worldwide. The book further presents a novel, author-developed and patented smart inverter technology for utilizing solar PV plants both in the night and day as a Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) Controller STATCOM, named PV-STATCOM. Replete with case studies, this book includes over 600 references and 280 illustrations. Smart Solar PV Inverters with Advanced Grid Support Functionalities' features include: ConcepTable of ContentsAbout the Author xxiii Foreword xxv Preface xxvii Acknowledgments xxxi List of Abbreviations xxxiii 1 Impacts of High Penetration of Solar PV Systems and Smart Inverter Developments 1 2 Smart Inverter Functions 35 3 Modeling and Control of Three-Phase Smart PV Inverters 73 4 PV-STATCOM: A New Smart PV Inverter and a New FACTS Controller 107 5 PV-STATCOM Applications in Distribution Systems 145 6 PV-STATCOM Applications in Transmission Systems 205 7 Increasing Hosting Capacity by Smart Inverters – Concepts and Applications 301 8 Control Coordination of Smart PV Inverters 369 9 Emerging Trends with Smart Solar PV Inverters 431 Index 465

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Book SynopsisIntroduces readers to micro and local power markets and their use for local initiatives, grid integration, and future applications This book provides the basis for understanding micro power markets, emphasizing its application for local initiatives, the grid integration of renewable-based generation, and facilitating the decarbonization of the future electrical networks. It gives readers a comprehensive overview of the market operation, and highlights the basis of the design of local and micro markets. Micro and Local Power Markets starts by covering the economics and basic principle of power markets, including the fundamentals of the power trading (for both wholesale and local markets). Following a definition of both micro and local (technical and economic aspects) power markets, the book then looks at the organization of such markets. It describes the design of those power markets, isolated from the wholesale markets, and examines the methodologies of the interaction between theseTable of ContentsList of Contributors xi Foreword xiii Preface xv 1 Power Market Fundamentals 1Íngrid Munné-Collado, Pol Olivella-Rosell and Andreas Sumper 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Basic Design of Power Markets 5 1.2.1 Organization 5 1.2.1.1 Monopoly 5 1.2.1.2 Purchasing Agency 5 1.2.1.3 Wholesale Market 5 1.2.1.4 Retail Competition 7 1.2.2 Bilateral Contracts and Auctions 7 1.2.3 Clearing 10 1.2.4 Settlement or Pricing 10 1.2.5 Example 11 1.3 Mechanism for Auctions 13 1.3.1 Why Auctions in Energy Markets? 13 1.3.2 Auction Basics 13 1.3.2.1 The Revenue Equivalence Theorem 14 1.3.3 Types of Auctions 15 1.3.3.1 The English or Ascending-Bid Auction 15 1.3.3.2 The Dutch or Descending-Bid Auction 15 1.3.3.3 The First-Price Sealed-Bid Auction 15 1.3.3.4 The Second-Price Sealed-Bid Auction 16 1.3.4 Auction Mechanisms Applied to Electricity Products 16 1.3.4.1 Sealed-Bid Auctions 16 1.3.4.2 Descending Clock Auction 17 1.3.4.3 Hybrid Auctions 18 1.3.4.4 Combinatorial Auctions 19 1.3.4.5 Two-Sided Auction Mechanisms 19 1.3.5 Auction Characteristics in Power Markets 19 1.3.6 Auction Design 20 1.3.6.1 Objectives Establishment 20 1.3.6.2 Object Identification 20 1.3.6.3 Participation Encouragement 21 1.3.6.4 Vulnerabilities in the Auction Mechanism 21 1.3.7 Example 23 1.4 Markets for Futures, Energy, and Balancing 27 1.4.1 Forward and Futures Markets 27 1.4.2 Spot Markets 28 1.4.3 Day-Ahead Markets 29 1.4.4 Intraday Markets 30 1.4.5 Balancing Markets 32 1.5 Conclusions and Further Reading 33 References 34 2 Local and Micro Power Markets 37Íngrid Munné-Collado, Eduard Bullich-Massagué, Mònica Aragüés-Peñalba and Pol Olivella-Rosell 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Why Local and Micro? 38 2.3 The Evolution of Power Systems 40 2.4 Introduction to Microgrids 41 2.4.1 Microgrid Definition 41 2.4.2 Microgrid Components 43 2.4.3 Microgrid Operation Modes 45 2.4.3.1 Microgrid Connected to an External Distribution Grid 45 2.4.3.2 Microgrid Connected to Another Microgrid 46 2.4.3.3 Isolated Microgrid 48 2.5 Local and Micro Power Market Concepts 49 2.5.1 Local and Micro Power Market Definitions 49 2.5.2 Comparative Analysis 52 2.6 Local Market Design 59 2.6.1 Involved Agents and Stakeholders 60 2.6.2 Approach 63 2.6.2.1 Centralized (Pool-based) Approach 64 2.6.2.2 Peer-To-Peer 66 2.6.3 Services 68 2.6.3.1 Energy 68 2.6.3.2 Flexibility 70 2.6.4 Local Market Services and Approach Review 77 2.6.5 Local Market Interaction 81 2.7 Conclusions and Discussion 84 References 85 3 Micro Markets in Microgrids 97Bernt Bremdal and Iliana Ilieva 3.1 Introduction 97 3.2 Basic Definitions of Micro Market Functions in Microgrids 99 3.2.1 Island Mode Versus Connected Mode 99 3.2.2 Market Approach for Resource Allocations 101 3.2.3 The Importance of Ownership, Business Focus, and Responsibilities 102 3.2.4 Capacity Design and Physical Laws 105 3.2.5 Resource Efficiency 105 3.2.6 Prerequisites for a Liberal Market 108 3.2.7 Basic Organizational Structures 109 3.2.8 Single Seller–Single Buyer 110 3.2.9 Multiple Sellers–Single Buyer 110 3.2.10 Single Seller–Multiple Buyers 112 3.2.11 Multiple Sellers–Multiple Buyers 112 3.3 Operational Characteristics of Microgrid-based Micro Markets 113 3.3.1 Types of Microgrid 114 3.3.2 Degree of Connectivity to Main Supply 114 3.3.3 Geography 119 3.3.4 Ownership 120 3.3.5 Business Models 120 3.3.6 Physical Control and Communication System 121 3.3.7 Management of the Microgrid 122 3.3.8 Number of Independent Buyers and Sellers 123 3.3.9 Type of Supply 123 3.3.10 Type of Loads 124 3.3.11 Storage Capacity and Reserve Power 124 3.3.12 Exchange and Trade Concepts 125 3.3.13 Pricing and Settlement 126 3.3.14 Contract Types 127 3.3.15 Market Efficiency and Economic Welfare Considerations 129 3.3.16 The Role of ICT 129 3.4 Market Models 130 3.4.1 Introduction 130 3.4.2 Model 1: Central Control and Optimization 130 3.4.3 Model 2: Central Control – Distributed Decision Making 132 3.4.4 Model 3: Central Market Management and Double Auction 136 3.4.5 Model 4: Distributed Control – Peer-to-Peer Trade 142 3.4.6 Model 5: Non-competitive Allocation of Energy 150 3.5 Conclusions 158 References 160 4 Coupled Local Power Markets 165Pol Olivella-Rosell, Shahab Shariat Torbaghan and Madeleine Gibescu 4.1 Introduction 165 4.2 Local and Wholesale Market Coupling 167 4.2.1 Flexibility Definition 169 4.2.2 Services and Products Traded 171 4.2.3 Market Participants 172 4.2.3.1 The Local Market Operator 173 4.2.3.2 BRP and Local Markets 175 4.2.3.3 DSO and Local Markets 176 4.2.3.4 Prosumers and Local Markets 176 4.2.4 LFM Interaction Timeline 177 4.3 Local Market Clearing Mechanism in Coupled Markets 178 4.3.1 Day-ahead Scheduling 180 4.3.2 Intraday Scheduling 183 4.3.3 Quarterly Scheduling 186 4.4 Conclusions and Discussion 186 References 188 5 Digital Business Models for Local and Micro Power Markets 193Emmanuelle Reuter, Moritz Loock and Julia Cousse 5.1 What are Digital Business Models? 193 5.1.1 Digital Technology Enables Value and Money Flow to be Decoupled 194 5.1.2 Prosumption as Co-creation 194 5.2 Local Power Markets and Digital Business Models 196 5.2.1 Decentralization and Local Power Markets 196 5.2.2 Digitalization and the Rise of Platform Business Models 199 5.2.3 Case Examples of Platform Business Models 201 5.2.3.1 Case Example 1: Next Kraftwerke 202 5.2.3.2 Case Example 2: LichtBlick 202 5.2.3.3 Case Example 3: Piclo 202 5.2.3.4 Case Example 4: Change38 203 5.3 The EMPOWER Platform and Business Models 204 5.4 Social Acceptance of Local Power Markets 206 5.4.1 Citizen-level Acceptance 207 5.4.1.1 Key Drivers for Participation 208 5.4.1.2 Key Means for Participation 209 5.4.1.3 Key Barriers for Participation 212 5.4.2 Utility-Level Acceptance 213 5.4.3 Cooperative-Level Acceptance 215 5.5 Conclusion 219 References 220 6 Regulation of Micro and Local Power Markets 223Dirk Kuiken 6.1 Power Market Regulation 223 6.1.1 Definition: What and Why 224 6.1.2 Development 225 6.1.3 Regulators 227 6.1.4 Forms, Instruments, and Types 228 6.2 Common Power Market Regulation 230 6.2.1 Generation (Production) 231 6.2.2 Networks (Transportation and Distribution) 232 6.2.3 Trade 233 6.2.4 Consumption 234 6.3 Regulation of Micro and Local Power Markets 235 6.3.1 Definition 237 6.3.2 Isolated vs Interconnected Markets 238 6.3.2.1 Isolated Markets 239 6.3.2.2 Interconnected Markets 241 6.3.3 General Requirements 242 6.3.4 Existing Legal Frameworks 243 6.4 Trade Settings 245 6.4.1 Bilateral Agreements 245 6.4.1.1 Parties 245 6.4.1.2 Services 246 6.4.1.3 Terms and Conditions 247 6.4.2 Market Platforms 249 6.4.2.1 Market Operator 249 6.4.2.2 Market Rules 249 6.5 Further Discussion 253 Acknowledgements 254 References 255 Index 261

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Book SynopsisProvides an original, detailed, and practical description of current interruption transients, origins, and the circuits involved, and shows how they can be calculated Based on a course that has been presented by the author worldwide, this book teaches readers all about interruption transients calculationshowing how they can be calculated using only a hand calculator and Excel. It covers all the current interruption cases that occur on a power system and relates oscillatory circuit (transients) and symmetrical component theory to the practical calculation of current interruption transients as applied to circuit breaker application. The book explains all cases first in theory, and then illustrates them with practical examples. Topics featured inCurrent Interruption Transients Calculation, Second Edition include: RLC Circuits; Pole Factor Calculation; Terminal Faults; Short Line Faults; Inductive Load Switching; and Capacitive Load Switching. The book also fTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition ix Preface to First Edition xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Short-Circuit Rating Basis for High-Voltage Circuit Breakers 2 1.3 Current Interruption Terminology 4 Further Reading 7 2 RLC Circuits 9 2.1 General 9 2.2 Series RLC Circuit with Step Voltage Injection 9 2.3 Source-Free Series RLC Circuit with Precharged Capacitor 15 2.4 Source-Free Parallel RLC Circuit with Precharged Capacitor 18 2.5 Parallel RLC Circuit with Ramp Current Injection 21 2.6 Alternative Equations 27 2.7 Traveling Wave Basics 28 2.8 Summary 34 References 34 Further Reading 34 3 Pole Factor Calculation 35 3.1 General 35 3.2 Pole Factors: Effectively Earthed Systems 44 3.3 Pole Factors: Non-Effectively Earthed Systems 52 3.4 Alternative Pole Factor Calculation Method 56 3.5 Three-Phase Test Circuit Arrangement 59 3.6 Summary 60 Further Reading 61 4 Terminal Faults 63 4.1 General Considerations 63 4.2 Standard TRV Derivation 65 4.3 Effect of Added Capacitance 73 4.4 Effect of Added Resistance 85 4.5 Effect of Series Reactors 88 4.6 Out-of-Phase Switching 96 4.7 Asymmetrical Currents 97 4.8 Double Earth Faults 105 4.9 Summary 108 Further Reading 109 5 Short Line Faults 111 5.1 General 111 5.2 Line Side Voltage Calculation 111 5.3 Effect of Added Capacitance 119 5.4 Discussion 122 Further Reading 123 6 Inductive Load Switching 125 6.1 General 125 6.2 General Shunt Reactor Switching Case 128 6.3 Shunt Reactors with Isolated Neutrals 135 6.4 Shunt Reactors with Neutral Reactor Earthed Neutrals 139 6.5 Shunt Reactors with Earthed Neutrals 140 6.6 Reignitions 141 6.7 Unloaded Transformer Switching 142 6.8 Discussion 143 6.9 Summary 143 Further Reading 146 7 Capacitive Load Switching 147 7.1 General 147 7.2 Shunt Capacitor Banks 147 7.2.1 Energization 147 7.2.1.1 Inrush Current 148 7.2.1.2 Limiting Inrush Current 154 7.2.2 De-Energization 156 7.2.2.1 General Considerations 156 7.2.2.2 Recovery Voltages 156 7.2.2.3 Reignitions and Restrikes 157 7.2.3 Outrush 163 7.3 Transmission Lines 164 7.4 Cables 167 7.5 Special Case: Interrupting Small Capacitance Currents 170 7.6 Summary 173 References 174 Further Reading 174 8 Circuit Breaker Type Testing 175 8.1 Introduction 175 8.2 Circuit Breaker Interrupting Time 175 8.3 Inherent Transient Recovery Voltages 182 8.4 Inductive Load Switching 182 8.5 Capacitive Current Switching 183 Further Reading 183 Appendix A: Differential Equations 185 Appendix B: Principle of Duality 195 Appendix C: Useful Formulae 201 Appendix D: Euler’s Formula 205 Appendix E: Asymmetrical Current-Calculating Areas Under Curves 209 Appendix F: Shunt Reactor Switching – First-Pole-to-Clear Circuit Representation 213 Appendix G: Special Case: Generator Circuit Breakers TRVs 219 Appendix H: Evolution of Transient Recovery Voltages 239 Appendix I: Equation Plotting Using Excel 261 Index 277

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Book SynopsisA handbook of sustainable energy, covering entire energy aspects from present status to future alternatives under one umbrella This book takes an interdisciplinary system approach to evaluating energy systems so that readers can gain the necessary technical foundation to perform their own performance evaluations and understand their interactions with socioeconomic indicators. Topics include the current and future availability of primary sources, energy supply chain, conversion between different forms of energy, security of energy supply, and efficient end-use of energy sources. Each chapter provides readers with comprehensive background information, an outline of the current technologies, and potential future developments. The book also examines the global, economic, societal, ethical, and environmental issues associated with currently used energy technologies. Energy for Sustainable Society: From Resources to Users starts with ageneral overview of energyTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xvii How Was This Book Born? xix Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxv 1 Overview 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Elements of an Energy System 4 1.3 Fundamental Concepts 7 1.3.1 Work, Energy, and Power 7 1.3.2 Energy Conservation and Transformation 10 1.4 Energy Statistics 11 1.5 Primary Sources 12 1.5.1 Renewable Sources 13 1.5.2 Non-renewable Sources 14 1.6 Secondary Sources 15 1.6.1 Processed Fuels 15 1.6.1.1 Solid Fuels 16 1.6.1.2 Liquid Fuels 16 1.6.1.3 Gaseous Fuels 16 1.6.2 Electric Power 17 1.7 Energy Carriers 18 1.7.1 Electric Transmission 18 1.7.2 Steam 18 1.7.3 Water, Air, and Heat Transfer Fluids 19 1.7.4 Hydrogen 19 1.8 End Use of Energy 19 1.8.1 Consumption by Sectors 19 1.8.2 Primary Sources Consumed by End-users 21 1.9 Energy Balance 23 1.10 Energy Indicators 24 1.11 Energy and Society 29 1.11.1 Energy Sector 29 1.11.2 Geopolitical Challenges 31 1.12 Energy Engineering 32 1.13 Chapter Review 32 Further Reading 36 References 36 2 Energy Conversion and Storage 37 2.1 Introduction 38 2.2 Work, Energy, and Power 38 2.2.1 Work 39 2.2.2 Energy 39 2.2.3 Power 39 2.3 Conservation Laws 40 2.3.1 Conservation of Mass 41 2.3.2 Conservation of Momentum 41 2.3.3 Conservation of Energy 41 2.3.4 Equivalence of Energy and Mass 42 2.4 Transformation Between Energy Forms 42 2.5 Thermal Energy 44 2.5.1 Temperature and Phase Changes 45 2.5.2 Production of Heat 47 2.5.2.1 Combustion 47 2.5.2.2 Nuclear Reactions 49 2.5.2.3 Electric Heating 49 2.5.3 Heat Transfer 50 2.5.3.1 Conduction 50 2.5.3.2 Convection 51 2.5.3.3 Radiation 51 2.5.4 Thermodynamics 51 2.6 Mechanical Energy 52 2.6.1 Potential Energy 52 2.6.2 Kinetic Energy 52 2.6.3 Potential and Kinetic Energy Exchanges 53 2.6.4 Mechanical Power 54 2.6.5 Mechanical Energy Balance in Incompressible Fluids 54 2.7 Electrical Energy 55 2.7.1 Voltage and Current 56 2.7.2 Electric Power and Energy 56 2.8 Electromechanical Energy Conversion 58 2.9 Photothermal Energy Conversion 59 2.10 Photovoltaic Energy Conversion 60 2.11 Electrochemical Energy Conversion 61 2.11.1 Batteries 61 2.11.2 Fuel Cells 62 2.12 Energy Storage 65 2.12.1 Fuel Storage 66 2.12.2 Potential Energy Storage 67 2.12.3 Kinetic Energy Storage 68 2.12.4 Thermal Energy Storage 69 2.12.5 Compressed Air Storage 71 2.12.6 Hydrogen for Energy Storage 71 2.12.7 Electrical Energy Storage 72 2.12.8 Properties of Energy Storage Systems 73 2.13 Chapter Review 74 Review Quiz 76 References 78 3 Fossil Fuels 81 3.1 Introduction 82 3.2 Resources and Reserves 83 3.3 Physical Properties of Fossil Fuels 85 3.4 Coal 86 3.4.1 Properties of Coal 87 3.4.2 Coal Reserves 89 3.4.3 Coal Mining 89 3.4.3.1 Underground (Deep) Mining 90 3.4.3.2 Surface (Opencast) Mining 91 3.4.4 Preparation, Handling, and Transportation 91 3.4.5 Coal Production and Consumption 92 3.4.6 Transportation of Coal 93 3.4.7 Environmental Impacts of Coal Production 93 3.4.8 Coal Related Issues 95 3.4.9 Environmental Impacts of Coal Consumption 96 3.5 Petroleum 97 3.5.1 Types of Petroleum Formations 98 3.5.2 Properties of Crude Oil 99 3.5.3 World Oil Resources 101 3.5.4 Oil Exploration 103 3.5.5 Well Drilling Techniques 104 3.5.5.1 Planning 104 3.5.5.2 Vertical Drilling 105 3.5.5.3 Directional Drilling 105 3.5.5.4 Hydraulic Fracturing 106 3.5.5.5 Offshore and Deep Water Drilling 107 3.5.6 Recovery of Conventional Oil Deposits 108 3.5.6.1 Light Tight Oil Recovery 108 3.5.6.2 Sand Oil Recovery 110 3.5.7 Crude Oil Production 114 3.5.8 Fuel Conversions 115 3.5.9 Oil Transportation and Distribution 117 3.5.10 Challenges of the Petroleum Industry 117 3.5.10.1 Oil Well Tragedies 117 3.5.10.2 Oil Transport Hazards 118 3.6 Natural Gas 120 3.6.1 Purification and Processing of Natural-Gas 121 3.6.2 Natural Gas Resources and Reserves 123 3.6.3 Unconventional Natural Gas 123 3.6.4 Natural Gas Transportation 125 3.6.5 Storage of Natural Gas 126 3.6.6 Natural Gas Consumption 127 3.6.7 Environmental Impacts of Natural Gas Consumption 128 3.7 Chapter Review 129 Review Quiz 130 Research Topics and Problems 133 Recommended Web Sites 135 References 135 4 Nuclear Energy 139 4.1 Introduction 140 4.2 Basic Concepts of Nuclear Physics 141 4.2.1 Basic Definitions 142 4.2.2 Binding Energy and Mass Defect 143 4.3 Nuclear Reactions 145 4.3.1 Fusion Reaction 145 4.3.2 Fission Reaction 146 4.3.3 Radioactive Decay 149 4.3.4 Health Effects of Nuclear Radiation 151 4.4 Nuclear Fuels 153 4.4.1 Resources, Reserves, Production, and Consumption 153 4.4.2 Nuclear Fuel Cycle 155 4.4.2.1 Fuel Preparation 155 4.4.2.2 Uranium Enrichment 155 4.4.2.3 Nuclear Fuel Assembly 156 4.4.2.4 Critical Mass for Sustained Chain Reaction 156 4.4.2.5 Disposal of Used Nuclear Material 157 4.5 Nuclear Reactors 157 4.5.1 Reactor Core 159 4.5.2 Fuel Assembly 160 4.5.3 Moderator 160 4.5.4 Control Rods 161 4.5.5 Cooling System 161 4.5.6 Reactor Types 162 4.5.6.1 Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) 162 4.5.6.2 Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) 163 4.5.6.3 Pressurized Heavy-Water Reactor (PHWR) 164 4.5.6.4 Gas Cooled Reactor (GCR) 165 4.5.6.5 Light Water-Cooled Graphite Reactor (LWGR) 165 4.5.6.6 Sodium Cooled Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) 165 4.6 Safety of Nuclear Power Plants 166 4.6.1 Nuclear Safety Concepts 167 4.6.2 Reactor Protection Systems 168 4.6.3 Major Nuclear Power Plant Accidents 168 4.6.3.1 Three Mile Island Accident 169 4.6.3.2 Chernobyl Nuclear Accident 170 4.6.3.3 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident 171 4.6.4 Consequences of Nuclear Accidents 171 4.7 Status of Commercial Nuclear Power 173 4.8 Outlook for Commercial Reactors 178 4.9 Benefits and Challenges of Nuclear Power Plants 179 4.10 Chapter Review 182 References 187 5 Renewable Energy Sources 189 5.1 Introduction 190 5.2 Common Features of Renewables 191 5.3 Energy Supply from Renewable Sources 193 5.3.1 Installed Renewable Power Capacity 193 5.3.2 Capacity Factor 197 5.4 Renewable Resource Potential 197 5.4.1 Assessment of Non-combustible Resources 198 5.4.2 Assessment of Biomass Resources 198 5.5 Benefits and Challenges of Renewable Energy 199 5.6 Solar Energy 203 5.6.1 Solar Resource Potential 203 5.6.2 End-use of Solar Energy 204 5.6.2.1 Passive Solar Buildings 207 5.6.2.2 Heat Production 207 5.6.2.3 Solar Electric Generation 208 5.6.3 Strengths and Challenges of Solar Energy 208 5.7 Wind Energy 209 5.7.1 Electric Generation Potential of Wind Resource 210 5.7.2 Strengths and Challenges of Wind Energy 213 5.7.3 Environmental Impacts of Wind Powered Generation 214 5.7.3.1 Visual Impact 214 5.7.3.2 Impacts on Wildlife 215 5.7.3.3 Audible Noise 215 5.8 Hydraulic Energy 215 5.8.1 Hydroelectric Potential 216 5.8.2 Strengths and Challenges of Hydroelectric Generation 217 5.9 Geothermal Energy 221 5.9.1 Sources of Geothermal Energy 222 5.9.2 Geothermal Energy Potential 223 5.9.3 End-uses of Geothermal Energy 223 5.9.3.1 Geothermal Heating 224 5.9.3.2 Geothermal Power Generation 225 5.9.4 Strengths and Challenges of Geothermal Energy 228 5.10 Biomass Energy 229 5.10.1 Biomass Sources 229 5.10.2 Energy Potential of Biomass Resources 232 5.10.3 Bioenergy Conversion Technologies 233 5.10.3.1 Thermochemical Conversion 234 5.10.3.2 Physicochemical Conversion 234 5.10.3.3 Biological Conversion 234 5.10.4 Strengths and Challenges of Bioenergy 235 5.11 Future Trend of Renewable Energy Development 236 5.12 Chapter Review 237 5.13 Review Quiz 239 References 243 6 Electric Energy Systems 245 6.1 Introduction 246 6.2 Evolution of Electric Power Systems 246 6.2.1 Early Electrification Systems 248 6.2.2 Development of Transmission Options for Growing Needs 250 6.2.3 Interconnected Grid 252 6.3 Fundamental Concepts of Electric Circuit Analysis 254 6.3.1 Basic Definitions 254 6.3.2 Fundamental Laws 255 6.3.3 DC Circuits 256 6.3.4 AC Circuits 257 6.3.4.1 Fundamental Concepts and Definitions 257 6.3.4.2 Phasor Quantities 258 6.3.5 Three Phase Electric System 260 6.3.6 Per-Phase Analysis 263 6.4 AC Power 263 6.4.1 Power in Single-Phase Circuits 263 6.4.2 Power Factor Considerations 265 6.4.3 Power in Three-Phase Systems 267 6.5 Electromagnetic Field 268 6.5.1 Ampere’s Law 268 6.5.2 Magnetic Flux 268 6.5.3 Magnetic Properties of Substances 269 6.5.4 Magnetic Circuits 270 6.5.5 Faraday’s Law 272 6.6 Transformers 274 6.6.1 Operation Principle 274 6.6.2 Industrial Transformer Tests 277 6.6.2.1 Open-circuit (No-load) Test 277 6.6.2.2 Short-circuit Test 277 6.6.3 Three-phase Transformers 278 6.7 Electromechanical Energy Conversion 280 6.7.1 Basic Motor and Generator 281 6.7.2 Efficiency of Electromechanical Energy Conversion 282 6.8 Electric Generation 284 6.8.1 Synchronous Generators 284 6.8.1.1 Single-Phase Generation 285 6.8.1.2 Three-phase Generation 285 6.8.1.3 Motor Operation 286 6.8.1.4 Rotating Magnetic Field 287 6.8.2 Induction Machines 288 6.8.2.1 Induction Motor 288 6.8.2.2 Induction Generator 290 6.9 Electric Transmission and Distribution 292 6.9.1 Transmission Line Parameters 293 6.9.1.1 Line Resistance 294 6.9.1.2 Line Inductance 295 6.9.1.3 Line Capacitance 295 6.9.2 Representation of Transmission Lines 296 6.9.3 Short Transmission Lines 297 6.9.3.1 Resistive Losses 297 6.9.4 DC Transmission and Distribution 299 6.9.4.1 Voltage Regulation 300 6.10 Electric Loads 300 6.11 Chapter Review 301 References 305 7 Thermal Power Generation 307 7.1 Introduction 308 7.2 Principles of Thermodynamics 309 7.2.1 Heat and Temperature 309 7.2.1.1 Common Temperature Scales 309 7.2.1.2 Absolute Temperature Scale 310 7.2.2 Internal Energy 312 7.2.3 Laws of Thermodynamics 312 7.2.3.1 Thermal Equilibrium: Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 312 7.2.3.2 First Law of Thermodynamics: Conservation of Energy 312 7.2.3.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics: Direction of Heat Flow 313 7.2.4 Entropy 313 7.2.5 Enthalpy 314 7.2.6 Reversibility of Energy Flow 315 7.2.7 State of a System 315 7.3 Thermodynamic Processes 315 7.3.1 Isothermal Process 316 7.3.2 Adiabatic Process 316 7.3.3 Carnot Cycle 317 7.3.4 Carnot Heat Engine 318 7.4 Efficiency and Heat Rate 318 7.4.1 Carnot Efficiency 318 7.4.2 Heat Rate of Thermoelectric Generation Units 319 7.5 Steam Turbines 320 7.5.1 Evaporation Properties of Water 321 7.6 Carnot Heat Engine 324 7.7 Rankine Cycle 328 7.8 Improved Efficiency Steam Turbines 331 7.9 Gas Turbines 332 7.9.1 Brayton (Joule) Cycle 333 7.10 Improved Efficiency Thermal Systems 335 7.10.1 Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) 336 7.10.2 Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Systems 336 7.11 Chapter Review 337 References 342 8 Hydropower 343 8.1 Introduction 344 8.2 Basic Concepts of Hydrodynamics 344 8.2.1 Density and Specific Mass 344 8.2.2 Pressure 345 8.2.3 Flow Rate 345 8.2.4 Conservation of Mass in Steady Liquid Flow 346 8.3 Bernoulli’s Principle 346 8.4 Euler’s Turbomachine Equation 347 8.5 Hydraulic Turbines 348 8.5.1 Pelton Turbine 350 8.5.2 Francis Turbine 351 8.5.3 Kaplan Turbine 353 8.6 Hydroelectric Generation 354 8.7 Turbine Selection 356 8.8 Hydroelectric Station Types 356 8.9 Dam Structures 357 8.10 Strengths and Challenges of Hydroelectric Power Plants 358 8.11 Chapter Review 360 References 364 9 Wind Energy Systems 365 9.1 Introduction 366 9.2 Sources of Wind 367 9.3 Wind Shear 369 9.4 Wind Regimes 371 9.4.1 Site Wind Profile 372 9.4.2 Weibull Distribution 374 9.4.3 Rayleigh Distribution 376 9.5 Wind Turbine Types 377 9.5.1 Maximum Turbine Power and Torque 379 9.5.2 Performance Coefficients 381 9.5.3 Blade Aerodynamics 383 9.5.3.1 Pitch Angle 383 9.5.3.2 Lift and Drag Forces 385 9.5.3.3 Chord Length 387 9.5.4 Blade Design 388 9.6 Wind-powered Electric Generation 389 9.6.1 Turbine-Generator Characteristics 389 9.6.2 Output Power Control 390 9.6.2.1 Pitch Control 390 9.6.2.2 Stall Control 391 9.6.3 Generator Types 391 9.6.3.1 Synchronous Generators 392 9.6.3.2 Asynchronous (Induction) Generators 393 9.6.3.3 Stand-Alone Operation 394 9.6.3.4 Grid Connected Operation 394 9.6.4 Grid Integration of Wind Powered Generation 395 9.7 Energy Output Estimation 395 9.8 Chapter Review 398 References 403 10 Solar Energy Systems 405 10.1 Introduction 406 10.2 Solar Radiation 407 10.2.1 Solar Constant 407 10.2.2 Effect of Clear Atmosphere on Solar Radiation 409 10.2.3 Solar Geometry 409 10.2.4 Solar Time 412 10.2.5 Incident Solar Radiation on a Collecting Surface 413 10.2.6 Estimation of Total Irradiance on an Inclined Surface 414 10.2.6.1 Estimation of Direct-Beam Radiation 415 10.2.6.2 Estimation of Diffuse Radiation 415 10.2.6.3 Reflected Radiation 415 10.2.7 Solar Array Orientation 416 10.3 Solar Thermal Energy Conversion 416 10.3.1 Solar Collector Types 416 10.3.2 Solar Collector Performance and Efficiency 418 10.4 Photovoltaic Energy Conversion 419 10.4.1 Structure of Silicon Crystal 419 10.4.2 Operation of a PV Cell 420 10.4.3 Output Characteristic and Delivered Power 423 10.4.4 PV Technologies and Cell Efficiency 425 10.5 PV Generation Systems 426 10.5.1 PV Generation System Configurations 428 10.6 Concentrated Solar Power 429 10.7 Chapter Review 430 References 435 11 Energy Security 437 11.1 Introduction 438 11.2 Aspects of Energy Security 439 11.2.1 Types of Energy Security Concerns 440 11.2.2 Short-term Energy Security 441 11.2.3 Mid-term Energy Security 442 11.2.4 Long-term Energy Security 442 11.2.5 Energy Security Indicators 443 11.3 Cost of Electric Outages 444 11.4 Resource Availability 447 11.5 Energy Interdependence 449 11.6 Chapter Review 452 References 455 12 Energy and Sustainable Development 457 12.1 Introduction 458 12.2 Sustainable Development Goals 458 12.3 Environmental Impacts of Energy Systems 460 12.3.1 Ground Level Air Pollution 460 12.3.2 Acid Rain 461 12.3.3 Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change 461 12.3.4 Carbon Footprint of Consumers 465 12.4 Energy, Water, and Food Interactions 468 12.4.1 Water Sources 470 12.4.2 Water Use for Energy 470 12.4.3 Energy Use for Water 472 12.4.4 Energy Invested for Energy 475 12.5 Energy Management 478 12.5.1 Resource Coordination 479 12.5.2 Supply-side Energy Management 480 12.5.3 Load-side Energy Management 483 12.5.4 Site Energy and Source Energy 486 12.5.4.1 Direct Use of Fuels 487 12.5.4.2 Use of Grid Electricity 488 12.5.4.3 On-site Electric Generation 490 12.6 Chapter Review 491 References 495 Appendix A: Unit Conversion Factors 499 Appendix B: Calorific Values of Common Fuels 503 Appendix C: Abbreviations and Acronyms 507 Glossary 513 Index 519

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Book SynopsisACTIVE ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION NETWORK Discover the major issues, solutions, techniques, and applications of active electrical distribution networks with this edited resource Active Electrical Distribution Network: A Smart Approach delivers a comprehensive and insightful guide dedicated to addressing the major issues affecting an often-overlooked sector of the electrical industry: electrical distribution. The book discusses in detail a variety of challenges facing the smart electrical distribution network and presents a detailed framework to address these challenges with renewable energy integration. The book offers readers fulsome analyses of active distribution networks for smart grids, as well as active control approached for distributed generation, electric vehicle technology, smart metering systems, smart monitoring devices, smart management systems, and various storage systems. It provides a treatment of the analysis, modeling, and impTable of ContentsForeword ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xv List of Contributors xvii List of Abbreviations xix Part I Electrical Distribution Network: Conventional vs Smart 1 1 Electricity Distribution Structures and Business Models Considering Smart Grid Perspectives 3Baidyanath Bag Part II Existing Issues in the Electrical Distribution Network 19 2 Existing Problems Related to Electrical Distribution Network, Part 1: Distribution Feeder Segregation 21Baidyanath Bag 3 Existing Problems Related to Electrical Distribution Network, Part 2: Technical, Economical, and Environmental 39Shilpa Kalambe, Sanjay Jain, Bhojraj N. Kale, and Ujwala B. Malkhandale Part III Harmonics Mitigation in the Smart Distribution Network 51 4 Power Quality Mitigation in a Distribution Network Using a Battery Energy Storage System 53Gajendra Singh Chawda, Om Prakash Mahela, and Bhuynesh Rathmore 5 Grid Power Quality Improvement Using a Bidirectional Off-Board EV Battery Charger in Smart City Scenario 69Rajesh Kumar Lenka, Anup Kumar Panda, and Man Mohan Garg Part IV Toward Smart Distribution of Electrical Energy 87 6 Smart Distribution of Electrical Energy 89Yashwnat Sawle, Siddharth Jain, Sanjana Babu, and Ashwini Ramachandran Nair Part V Energy Management of an Active Distribution Network 125 7 Active Distribution Management System 127Mohammad Gholami, Sajjad Fattaheinan-Dehkordi, Hessam Mazaheri, and Ali Abbaspour Tehrani-Fard 8 Role of Volt-VAr-W Control in Energy Management 145Baidyanath Bag 9 Active Management of Distribution Networks 155Hooman Firoozi, Mohamad Amin Rajabi Nezhad, Hosna Khajeh, and Hannu Laaksonen Part VI Phasor Measurement Unit Placement 177 10 Enhancing the Performance of the State Estimation Algorithm Through Optimally Placed Phasor Measurement Units 179Kinfe Negash, Baseem Khan, P. Sanjeevikumar, and Esayas Gidey Part VII Smart Microgrid Integration and Optimization 201 11 Smart Microgrid Integration and Optimization 203M. Thirunavukkarasu and Sawle Yashwant 12 Control Algorithms for Energy Storage Systems to Reduce Distribution Power Loss of Microgrids 237Yun Yang, Siew-Chong Tan, and Shu-Yuen Ron Hui 13 Higher Levels of Wind Energy Penetration into the Remote Grid: Challenges and Solutions 261Gajendra Singh Chawda, Abdul Gafoor Shaik, and Om Prakash Mahela 14 Internet of Things and Machine Learning for Improving Solar-PV Plant Efficiency: Forecasting Aspects 279Pankaj Kumar, Gajendra Singh Chawda, and Om Prakash Mahela 15 Modular Design of Nonlinear Controllers for Photovoltaic Distributed Generation Systems 297Meher Preetam Korukonda, Man Mohan Garg, and Laxmidhar Behera Part VIII Electric Vehicle Technology 311 16 Vehicle-to-Grid Challenges and Potential Benefits for Smart Microgrids 313Mohd Tayyab Saeed Part IX Reconfiguration of a Smart Distribution Network 329 17 Reconfiguration of Radial Distribution Systems: Test System 331Meisam Mahdavi, Pierluigi Siano, Hassan Haes Alhelou, and Baseem Khan 18 Distribution System Reconfiguration: Case Studies 433Meisam Mahdavi, Pierluigi Siano, Hassan Haes Alhelou, and Josep M. Guerrero 19 Genetic Algorithm Application in Distribution System Reconfiguration 479Meisam Mahdavi, Pierluigi Siano, Hassan Haes Alhelou, and Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban Part X Demand Side Management Mechanisms and a Smart Home Energy Management System 517 20 Demand Response Techniques and Smart Home Energy Management Systems 519Hooman Firoozi, Hosna Khajeh, and Hannu Laaksonen 21 A Sustainable Building Lightning Solution for Energy Conservation in Different Geographical Conditions 539Sunil Kumar Goyal, Bharat Bharatia, Amit Saraswat, Bhuwan Pratap Singh, and Om Prakash Mahela Part XI Smart Meter Technology 573 22 Smart Metering: Transforming from One-Way to Two-Way Communication 575Siddharth Jain, Sanjana Babu, Ashwini Ramachandran Nair, and Yashwnat Sawle Index 597

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Book SynopsisPOWER GRID RESILIENCE AGAINST NATURAL DISASTERS How to protect our power grids in the face of extreme weather events The field of structural and operational resilience of power systems, particularly against natural disasters, is of obvious importance in light of climate change and the accompanying increase in hurricanes, wildfires, tornados, frigid temperatures, and more. Addressing these vulnerabilities in service is a matter of increasing diligence for the electric power industry, and as such, targeted studies and advanced technologies are being developed to help address these issues generallywhether they be from the threat of cyber-attacks or of natural disasters. Power Grid Resilience against Natural Disasters provides, for the first time, a comprehensive and systematic introduction to resilience-enhancing planning and operation strategies of power grids against extreme events. It addresses, in detail, the three necessary steps to ensure power grid sucTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xxiii Part I Introduction 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Power Grid and Natural Disasters 3 1.2 Power Grid Resilience 4 1.2.1 Definitions 4 1.2.2 Importance and Benefits 6 1.2.2.1 Dealing withWeather-Related Disastrous Events 6 1.2.2.2 Facilitating the Integration of Renewable Energy Sources 7 1.2.2.3 Dealing with Cybersecurity-Related Events 8 1.2.3 Challenges 9 1.3 Resilience Enhancement Against Disasters 12 1.3.1 Preparedness Prior to Disasters 12 1.3.1.1 Component-Level Resilience Enhancement 13 1.3.1.2 System-Level Resilience Enhancement 14 1.3.2 Response as Disasters Unfold 14 1.3.2.1 System State Acquisition 15 1.3.2.2 Controlled Separation 16 1.3.3 Recovery After Disasters 17 1.3.3.1 Conventional Recovery Process 17 1.3.3.2 Microgrids for Electric Service Recovery 18 1.3.3.3 Distribution Grid Topology Reconfiguration 18 1.4 Coordination and Co-Optimization 20 1.5 Focus of This Book 22 1.6 Summary 23 References 23 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page viii [1] [1] [1] [1] viii Contents Part II Preparedness Prior to a Natural Disaster 35 2 Preventive Maintenance to Enhance Grid Reliability 37 2.1 Component- and System-Level Deterioration Model 37 2.1.1 Component-Level Deterioration Transition Probability 38 2.1.2 System-Level Deterioration Transition Probability 40 2.1.3 Mathematical Model without Harsh External Conditions 40 2.2 Preventive Maintenance in Consideration of Disasters 41 2.2.1 Potential Disasters Influencing Preventive Maintenance 41 2.2.2 Preventive Maintenance Model with Disasters Influences 42 2.2.2.1 Probabilistic Model of Repair Delays Caused By Harsh External Conditions 42 2.2.2.2 Activity Vectors Corresponding to Repair Delays 42 2.2.2.3 Expected Cost 43 2.3 Solution Algorithms 44 2.3.1 Backward Induction 44 2.3.2 Search Space Reduction Method 44 2.4 Case Studies 45 2.4.1 Data Description 45 2.4.2 Case I: Verification of the Proposed Model 45 2.4.2.1 Verifying the Model Using Monte Carlo Simulations 46 2.4.2.2 Selection of Optimal Maintenance Activities 47 2.4.2.3 Influences of Harsh External Conditions on Maintenance 48 2.4.3 Case II: Results Simulating the Zhejiang Electric Power Grid 48 2.5 Summary and Conclusions 51 Nomenclature 52 References 53 3 Preallocating Emergency Resources to Enhance Grid Survivability 55 3.1 Emergency Resources of Grids against Disasters 55 3.2 Mobile Emergency Generators and Grid Survivability 58 3.2.1 Microgrid Formation 59 3.2.2 Preallocation and Real-Time Allocation 59 3.2.3 Coordination with Conventional Restoration Procedures 60 3.3 Preallocation Optimization of Mobile Emergency Generators 61 3.3.1 A Two-Stage Stochastic Optimization Model 61 3.3.2 Availability of Mobile Emergency Generators 66 3.3.3 Connection of Mobile Emergency Generators 66 3.3.4 Coordination of Multiple Flexibility in Microgrids 67 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page ix [1] [1] [1] [1] Contents ix 3.4 Solution Algorithms 67 3.4.1 Scenario Generation and Reduction 68 3.4.2 Dijkstra’s Shortest-Path Algorithm 69 3.4.3 Scenario Decomposition Algorithm 69 3.5 Case Studies 70 3.5.1 Test System Introduction 70 3.5.2 Demonstration of the Proposed Dispatch Method 71 3.5.3 Capacity Utilization Rate 73 3.5.4 Importance of Considering Traffic Issue and Preallocation 75 3.5.5 Computational Efficiency 76 3.6 Summary and Conclusions 77 Nomenclature 78 References 80 4 Grid Automation Enabling Prompt Restoration 85 4.1 Smart Grid and Automation Systems 85 4.2 Distribution System Automation and Restoration 87 4.3 Prompt Restoration with Remote-Controlled Switches 89 4.4 Remote-Controlled Switch Allocation Models 91 4.4.1 Minimizing Customer Interruption Cost 91 4.4.2 Minimizing System Average Interruption Duration Index 93 4.4.3 Maximizing System Restoration Capability 94 4.5 Solution Method 95 4.5.1 Practical Candidate Restoration Strategies 95 4.5.2 Model Transformation 99 4.5.3 Linearization and Simplification Techniques 100 4.5.4 Overall Solution Process 100 4.6 Case Studies 102 4.6.1 Illustration on a Small Test System 102 4.6.1.1 Results of the CIC-oriented Model 102 4.6.1.2 Results of the SAIDI-oriented Model 103 4.6.1.3 Results of the RL-oriented Model 105 4.6.1.4 Comparisons 105 4.6.2 Results on a Large Test System 106 4.7 Impacts of Remote-Controlled Switch Malfunction 109 4.8 Consideration of Distributed Generations 110 4.9 Summary and Conclusions 111 Nomenclature of RCS-Restoration Models 112 Nomenclature of RCS Allocation Models 113 References 113 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page x [1] [1] [1] [1] x Contents Part III Response as a Natural Disaster Unfolds 119 5 Security Region-Based Operational Point Analysis for Resilience Enhancement 121 5.1 Resilience-Oriented Operational Strategies 121 5.2 Security Region during an Unfolding Disaster 123 5.2.1 Sequential Security Region 123 5.2.2 Uncertain Varying System Topology Changes 125 5.3 Operational Point Analysis Resilience Enhancement 126 5.3.1 Sequential Security Region 126 5.3.2 Sequential Security Region with Uncertain Varying Topology Changes 127 5.3.3 Mapping System Topology Changes 129 5.3.4 Bilevel Optimization Model 130 5.3.5 Solution Process 131 5.4 Case Studies 132 5.5 Summary and Conclusions 138 Nomenclature 138 References 140 6 Proactive Resilience Enhancement Strategy for Transmission Systems 143 6.1 Proactive Strategy Against ExtremeWeather Events 143 6.2 System States Caused by Unfolding Disasters 145 6.2.1 Component Failure Rate 146 6.2.2 System States on Disasters’ Trajectories 146 6.2.3 Transition Probabilities Between Different System States 147 6.3 Sequentially Proactive Operation Strategy 148 6.3.1 Sequential Decision Processes 148 6.3.2 Sequentially Proactive Operation Strategy Constraints 148 6.3.3 Linear Scalarization of the Model 150 6.3.4 Case Studies 152 6.3.4.1 IEEE 30-Bus System 152 6.3.4.2 A Practical Power Grid System 156 6.4 Summary and Conclusions 159 Nomenclature 160 References 162 7 Markov Decision Process-Based Resilience Enhancement for Distribution Systems 165 7.1 Real-Time Response Against Unfolding Disasters 165 7.2 Disasters’ Influences on Distribution Systems 167 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page xi [1] [1] [1] [1] Contents xi 7.2.1 Markov States on Disasters’ Trajectories 167 7.2.2 Transition Probability Between Markov States 169 7.3 Markov Decision Processes-Based Optimization Model 169 7.3.1 Markov Decision Processes-based Recursive Model 169 7.3.2 Operational Constraints 170 7.3.2.1 Radiality Constraint 170 7.3.2.2 Repair Constraint 170 7.3.2.3 Power Flow Constraint 171 7.3.2.4 Power Balance Constraint 171 7.3.2.5 Line Capacity Constraint 171 7.3.2.6 Voltage Constraint 172 7.4 Solution Algorithms – Approximate Dynamic Programming 172 7.4.1 Solution Challenges 172 7.4.2 Post-decision States 174 7.4.3 Forward Dynamic Algorithm 174 7.4.4 Proposed Model Reformulation 175 7.4.5 Iteration Process 177 7.5 Case Studies 177 7.5.1 IEEE 33-Bus System 177 7.5.1.1 Data Description 177 7.5.1.2 Estimated Values of Post-Decision States 178 7.5.1.3 Dispatch Strategies with Estimated Values of Post-Decision States 180 7.5.2 IEEE 123-Bus System 181 7.5.2.1 Data Description 181 7.5.2.2 Simulated Results 181 7.6 Summary and Conclusions 183 Nomenclature 184 References 186 Part IV Recovery After a Natural Disaster 189 8 Microgrids with Flexible Boundaries for Service Restoration 191 8.1 Using Microgrids in Service Restoration 191 8.2 Dynamically Formed Microgrids 194 8.2.1 Flexible Boundaries in Microgrid Formation Optimization 194 8.2.2 Radiality Constraints and Topological Flexibility 195 8.3 Mathematical Formulation of Radiality Constraints 198 8.3.1 Loop-Eliminating Model 200 8.3.2 Path-Based Model 200 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page xii [1] [1] [1] [1] xii Contents 8.3.3 Single-Commodity Flow-Based Model 200 8.3.4 Parent–Child Node Relation-Based Model 201 8.3.5 Primal and Dual Graph-Based Model 201 8.3.6 Spanning Forest-Based Model 201 8.4 Adaptive Microgrid Formation for Service Restoration 202 8.4.1 Formulation and Validity 202 8.4.2 Tightness and Compactness 205 8.4.3 Applicability and Application 207 8.5 Case Studies 211 8.5.1 Illustration on a Small Test System 211 8.5.2 Results on a Large Test System 215 8.5.3 LinDistFlow Model Accuracy 219 8.6 Summary and Conclusions 219 8.A.1 Proof of Theorem 8.1 220 8.A.2 Proof of Proposition 8.1 220 Nomenclature of Spanning Tree Constraints 221 Nomenclature of MG Formation Model 221 References 222 9 Microgrids with Mobile Power Sources for Service Restoration 227 9.1 Grid Survivability and Recovery with Mobile Power Sources 227 9.2 Routing and Scheduling Mobile Power Sources in Microgrids 230 9.3 Mobile Power Sources and Supporting Facilities 233 9.3.1 Availability 233 9.3.2 Grid-Forming Functions 234 9.3.3 Cost-Effectiveness 234 9.4 A Two-Stage Dispatch Framework 235 9.4.1 Proactive Pre-Dispatch 235 9.4.2 Dynamic Routing and Scheduling 239 9.5 Solution Method 243 9.5.1 Column-and-Constraint Generation Algorithm 243 9.5.2 Linearization Techniques 245 9.6 Case Studies 245 9.6.1 Illustration on a Small Test System 246 9.6.1.1 Results of MPS Proactive Pre-positioning 246 9.6.1.2 Results of MPS Dynamic Dispatch 247 9.6.2 Results on a Large Test System 251 9.7 Summary and Conclusions 255 Nomenclature 255 References 257 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page xiii [1] [1] [1] [1] Contents xiii 10 Co-Optimization of Grid Flexibilities in Recovery Logistics 261 10.1 Post-Disaster Recovery Logistics of Grids 261 10.1.1 Power Infrastructure Recovery 262 10.1.2 Microgrid-Based Service Restoration 263 10.1.3 A Co-Optimization Approach 264 10.2 Flexibility Resources in Grid Recovery Logistics 265 10.2.1 Routing and Scheduling of Repair Crews 265 10.2.2 Routing and Scheduling of Mobile Power Sources 268 10.2.3 Grid Reconfiguration and Operation 271 10.3 Co-Optimization of Flexibility Resources 277 10.4 Solution Method 280 10.4.1 Pre-assigning Minimal Repair Tasks 280 10.4.2 Selecting Candidate Nodes to Connect Mobile Power Sources 281 10.4.3 Linearization Techniques 283 10.5 Case Studies 284 10.5.1 Illustration on a Small Test System 284 10.5.2 Results on a Large Test System 287 10.5.3 Computational Efficiency 290 10.5.4 LinDistFlow Model Accuracy 292 10.6 Summary and Conclusions 293 10.A.1 Proof of Proposition 10.1 293 References 294 Index 301

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Book SynopsisPower System Relaying An updated edition of the gold standard in power system relaying texts In the newly revised fifth edition of Power System Relaying, a distinguished team of engineers delivers a thorough update to an essential text used by countless univer??sities and industry courses around the world. The book explores the fundamentals of relaying and power system phenomena, including stability, protection, and reliability. The latest edition provides readers with substantial updates to transformer protection, rotating machinery protection, nonpilot distance protection of transmission and distribution lines, power system phenomena, and bus, reactor, and capacitor protection. It also includes an expanded introduction to the elements of protection systems. Problems and solutions round out the new material and offer an indispensable self-contained study environment. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to protective relaying, including discussions of effective grounding and power system bus configurations In-depth explorations of relay operating principles and current and voltage transformersFulsome discussions of nonpilot overcurrent and distance protection of transmission and distribution lines, as well as pilot protection of transmission lines Comprehensive treatments of rotating machinery protection and bus, reactor, and capacitor protection Perfect for undergraduate and graduate students studying power system engineering, Power System Relaying is an ideal resource for practicing engineers involved with power systems and academic researchers studying power system protection.Table of ContentsFront matter Preface to the Fifth Edition Preface to the First Edition 1 Introduction to Protective Relaying 2 Relay Operating Principles 3 Current and Voltage Transformers 4 Nonpilot Overcurrent Protection of Transmission and Distribution Lines 5 Nonpilot Distance Protection of Transmission Lines 6 Pilot Protection of Transmission Lines 7 Rotating Machinery Protection 8 Transformer Protection 9 Bus, Reactor, and Capacitor Protection 10 Power System Phenomena and Relaying Considerations 11 Relaying for System Performance 12 Switching Schemes and Procedures 13 Monitoring the Performance of Power Systems 14 Improved Protection with Wide Area Measurements (WAMS) 15 Protection Considerations for Renewable Resources 16 Solutions Appendix A: IEEE Device Numbers and Functions Appendix B: Symmetrical Components Appendix C: Power Equipment Parameters Appendix D: Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay Characteristics Index

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Book SynopsisElectric Power Systems with Renewables Concise, balanced, and fundamentals-based resource providing coverage of power system operation and planning, including simulations using PSSE software Electric Power Systems with Renewables provides a comprehensive treatment of various topics related to power systems with an emphasis on renewable energy integration into power systems. The updated use cases and methods in the book build upon the climate change science and renewables currently being integrated with the grid and the ability to manage resilience for electrifying transportation and related power systems as societies identify more ways to move towards a carbon-free future. Simulation examples and software support are provided by integrating the educational version of PSSE. The newly revised edition includes new topics on the intelligent use of PSSE simulation software, presents a short introduction to Python (a widely usedTable of ContentsPreface xiii Table of Simulations Using Pss®e, Python, and Matlab/simulink® xv About the Companion Website xvii Chapter 1 Introduction to Power Systems: a Changing Landscape 1 1.1 Nature of Power Systems 2 1.2 Changing Landscape of Power Systems Due to Utility Deregulation 4 1.3 Integration of Renewables Into the Grid 5 1.4 Topics in Power Systems 6 References 9 Problems 9 Chapter 2 Review of Basic Electric Circuits and Electromagnetic Concepts 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Phasor Representation in a Sinusoidal Steady State 12 2.3 Power, Reactive Power, and Power Factor 16 2.4 Three-Phase Circuits 22 2.5 Real and Reactive Power Transfer between AC Systems 30 2.6 Equipment Ratings, Base Values, and Per-Unit Quantities 32 2.7 Energy Efficiencies of Power System Equipment 33 2.8 Electromagnetic Concepts 34 Reference 44 Problems 44 Appendix 2A 47 Chapter 3 Electric Energy and the Environment 51 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Choices and Consequences 51 3.3 Hydropower 53 3.4 Fossil-Fuel-Based Power Plants 53 3.5 Nuclear Power 55 3.6 Renewable Energy 58 3.7 Distributed Generation (DG) 66 3.8 Environmental Consequences and Remedial Actions 66 References 68 Problems 68 Chapter 4 Ac Transmission Lines and Underground Cables 71 4.1 Need for Transmission Lines and Cables 71 4.2 Overhead AC Transmission Lines 72 4.3 Transposition of Transmission-Line Phases 73 4.4 Transmission-Line Parameters 74 4.5 Distributed-Parameter Representation of Transmission Lines in a Sinusoidal Steady State 82 4.6 Surge Impedance Z c and Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) 84 4.7 Lumped Transmission-Line Models in a Steady State 86 4.8 Cables 88 References 89 Problems 90 Appendix 4A Long Transmission Lines 92 Chapter 5 Power Flow in Power System Networks 95 5.1 Introduction 95 5.2 Description of the Power System 96 5.3 Example Power System 97 5.4 Building the Admittance Matrix 98 5.5 Basic Power-Flow Equations 100 5.6 Newton-Raphson Procedure 101 5.7 Solution of Power-Flow Equations Using the Newton-Raphson Method 104 5.8 Fast Decoupled Newton-Raphson Method for Power Flow 109 5.9 Sensitivity Analysis 110 5.10 Reaching the Bus VAR Limit 110 5.11 Synchronized Phasor Measurements, Phasor Measurement Units (PMUS), and Wide-Area Measurement Systems 111 5.12 dc Power Flow 111 References 112 Problems 112 Appendix 5A Gauss-Seidel Procedure for Power-Flow Calculations 113 Appendix 5B Remote Bus Voltage Control by Generators 114 Chapter 6 Transformers in Power Systems 119 6.1 Introduction 119 6.2 Basic Principles of Transformer Operation 119 6.3 Simplified Transformer Model 125 6.4 Per-Unit Representation 127 6.5 Transformer Efficiencies and Leakage Reactances 131 6.6 Regulation in Transformers 131 6.7 Autotransformers 132 6.8 Phase Shift Introduced by Transformers 134 6.9 Three-Winding Transformers 135 6.10 Three-Phase Transformers 136 6.11 Representing Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios, Taps, and Phase Shifts 137 6.12 Transformer Model in PSS®E 140 References 141 Problems 141 Chapter 7 Grid Integration of Inverter-based Resources (ibrs) and Hvdc Systems 145 7.1 Climate Crisis 146 7.2 Interface Between Renewables/Batteries and The Utility Grid 146 7.3 High-Voltage DC (HVDC) Transmission Systems 152 7.4 IEEE P2800 Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of Inverter-Based Resources Interconnecting with Associated Transmission Electric Power Systems 156 References 157 Problems 157 Appendix 7A Operation of Voltage Source Converters (vscs) [7a1] 157 Appendix 7B Operation of Thyristor-Based Line- Commutated Converters (LCCS) 161 Chapter 8 Distribution System, Loads, and Power Quality 173 8.1 Introduction 173 8.2 Distribution Systems 173 8.3 Power System Loads 174 8.4 Power Quality Considerations 180 8.5 Load Management 191 References 192 Problems 192 Chapter 9 Synchronous Generators 195 9.1 Introduction 195 9.2 Structure 196 9.3 Induced EMF in the Stator Windings 200 9.4 Power Output, Stability, and The Loss of Synchronism 204 9.5 Field Excitation Control to Adjust Reactive Power 206 9.6 Field Exciters for Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR) 208 9.7 Synchronous, Transient, and Subtransient Reactances 208 9.8 Generator Modeling in PSS®E 211 References 213 Problems 213 Chapter 10 Voltage Regulation and Stability in Power Systems 215 10.1 Introduction 215 10.2 Radial System as an Example 215 10.3 Voltage Collapse 218 10.4 Preventing Voltage Instability 220 References 227 Problems 228 Chapter 11 Transient and Dynamic Stability Of Power Systems 229 11.1 Introduction 229 11.2 Principle of Transient Stability 229 11.3 Transient Stability Evaluation in Large Systems 238 11.4 Dynamic Stability 239 References 240 Problems 241 Appendix 11A Inertia, Torque, and Acceleration in Rotating Systems 241 Chapter 12 Control of Interconnected Power Systems and Economic Dispatch 245 12.1 Control Objectives 245 12.2 Voltage Control by Controlling Excitation and Reactive Power 246 12.3 Automatic Generation Control (AGC) 247 12.4 Economic Dispatch and Optimum Power Flow 257 References 262 Problems 262 Chapter 13 Transmission Line Faults, Relaying, And Circuit Breakers 265 13.1 Causes of Transmission Line Faults 265 13.2 Symmetrical Components for Fault Analysis 266 13.3 Types of Faults 269 13.4 System Impedances for Fault Calculations 273 13.5 Calculating Fault Currents in Large Networks 276 13.6 Protection Against Short-Circuit Faults 277 References 286 Problems 287 Chapter 14 Transient Overvoltages, Surge Protection, and Insulation Coordination 289 14.1 Introduction 289 14.2 Causes of Overvoltages 289 14.3 Transmission-Line Characteristics and Representation 292 14.4 Insulation to Withstand Overvoltages 294 14.5 Surge Arresters and Insulation Coordination 296 References 296 Problems 297 Index 299

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Book SynopsisNet-Zero and Low Carbon Solutions for the Energy Sector Guide to choosing and investing in decarbonization technologies for the energy sector Net-Zero and Low Carbon Solutions for the Energy Sector proposes mature (high technology readiness level) net-zero and low carbon pathways and technologies in the energy sector, discussing net-/near-zero solutions for producing and storing power, heat, biofuel, and hydrogen, and highlighting various pathways and processes to achieve net-zero targets and address climate concerns. Each chapter provides a relevant case study to aid in the practical application of concepts, covering decarbonization solutions that have high potential to be used in the near future, such as solar-hybrid systems for net-zero power generation, CCUS-hybrid systems for low carbon power generation, pumped hydropower for power storage, commercial concentrating solar power plants for heat generation, gasification with CCUS for biofuel production,

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Book SynopsisPHYSICS OF SOLAR ENERGY AND ENERGY STORAGE Join the fight for a renewable world with this indispensable introduction Solar energy is one of the most essential tools in the fight to create a sustainable future. A wholly renewable and cost-effective energy source capable of providing domestic, business, and industrial energy, solar energy is expected to become a $223 billion a year industry by 2026. The future of global energy production demands researchers and engineers who understand the physics of harnessing, storing, and distributing solar energy. Physics of Solar Energy and Energy Storage begins to meet this demand, with a thorough, accessible overview of the required fundamentals. Now fully updated to reflect the past decade of research amidst a growing understanding of the scale of our collective challenge, it promises to train the next generation of researchers and engineers who will join this vital effort. Readers of the second edition of Table of ContentsList of Figures xiii List of Tables xix Preface to the Second Edition xxi Preface to the First Edition xxiii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Shaping a More Livable World 1 1.1.1 Fossil Fuels and Beyond 2 1.1.2 The Paris Agreement 4 1.1.3 Phasing Out Coal-Generated Power 5 1.1.4 Phasing Out ICE Vehicles 6 1.1.5 Economics of Renewable Energy 7 1.2 Solar Energy 9 1.3 Solar Photovoltaics 12 1.3.1 Birth of Modern Solar Cells 12 1.3.2 Basic Terms and Concepts on Solar Cells 14 1.3.3 Types of Solar Cells 15 1.4 A Rechargeable Battery Primer 16 1.4.1 Whittingham’s Initial Invention 17 1.4.2 Goodenough’s Improved Cathode 18 1.4.3 Yoshino’s Improved Anode 19 1.4.4 Current Status 20 1.5 Other Renewable Energy Resources 21 1.5.1 Hydroelectric Power 21 1.5.2 Wind Power 23 1.5.3 Biomass and Bioenergy 26 1.5.4 Shallow Geothermal Energy 31 1.5.5 Deep Geothermal Energy 32 1.5.6 Tidal Energy 34 Chapter 2: Nature of Solar Radiation 37 2.1 Light as Electromagnetic Waves 37 2.1.1 Maxwell’s Equations 38 2.1.2 Vector Potential and Scalar Potential 39 2.1.3 Electromagnetic Waves 40 2.1.4 Plane Waves and Polarization 41 2.1.5 Sinusoidal Waves 42 2.2 Interface Phenomena 43 2.2.1 Relative Dielectric Constant and Refractive Index 43 2.2.2 Energy Balance and Poynting Vector 45 2.2.3 Fresnel Formulas 46 2.2.4 Optics of metals 48 2.3 Blackbody Radiation 51 2.3.1 Rayleigh–Jeans Law 52 2.3.2 Planck Formula and Stefan–Boltzmann’s Law 55 2.4 Photoelectric Effect and Concept of Photons 58 2.4.1 Einstein’s Theory of Photons 59 2.4.2 Millikan’s Experimental Verification 61 2.4.3 Electron as a Field 61 2.5 Einstein’s Derivation of Blackbody Formula 63 Chapter 3: Origin of Solar Energy 67 3.1 Basic Parameters of the Sun 68 3.1.1 Distance 68 3.1.2 Mass 68 3.1.3 Radius 68 3.1.4 Emission Power 69 3.1.5 Surface Temperature 69 3.1.6 Composition 70 3.2 Kelvin–Helmholtz Time Scale 70 3.3 Energy Source of the Sun 72 3.3.1 The p − p Chain 73 3.3.2 Carbon Chain 74 3.3.3 Internal Structure of the Sun 74 Chapter 4: Tracking Sunlight 77 4.1 Rotation of Earth: Latitude and Longitude 77 4.2 Celestial Sphere 78 4.2.1 Coordinate Transformation: Cartesian Coordinates 80 4.2.2 Coordinate Transformation: Spherical Trigonometry 82 4.3 Treatment in Solar Time 84 4.3.1 Obliquity and Declination of the Sun 84 4.3.2 Sunrise and Sunset Time 86 4.3.3 Direct Solar Radiation on an Arbitrary Surface 87 4.3.4 Direct Daily Solar Radiation Energy 88 4.3.5 The 24 Solar Terms 92 4.4 Treatment in Standard Time 94 4.4.1 Sidereal Time and Solar Time 94 4.4.2 Right Ascension of the Sun 95 4.4.3 Time Difference Originated from Obliquity 96 4.4.4 Aphelion and Perihelion 98 4.4.5 Time Difference Originated from Eccentricity 98 4.4.6 Equation of Time 99 4.4.7 Declination of the Sun 102 4.4.8 Analemma 102 Chapter 5: Interaction of Sunlight with Earth 105 5.1 Interaction of Radiation with Matter 105 5.1.1 Absorptivity, Reflectivity, and Transmittivity 105 5.1.2 Emissivity and Kirchhoff’s Law 106 5.1.3 Bouguer–Lambert–Beer’s Law 106 5.2 Interaction of Sunlight with Atmosphere 108 5.2.1 AM1.5 Reference Solar Spectral Irradiance 109 5.2.2 Annual Insolation Map 110 5.3 Penetration of Solar Energy into Earth 111 Chapter 6: Thermodynamics of Solar Energy 117 6.1 Definitions 117 6.2 First Law of Thermodynamics 118 6.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics 121 6.3.1 Carnot Cycle 121 6.3.2 Thermodynamic Temperature 124 6.3.3 Entropy 125 6.4 Thermodynamic Functions 125 6.4.1 Free Energy 126 6.4.2 Enthalpy 126 6.4.3 Gibbs Free Energy 127 6.4.4 Chemical Potential 127 6.5 Ideal Gas 127 6.6 Ground Source Heat Pump and Air Conditioning 131 6.6.1 Theory 131 6.6.2 Coefficient of Performance 133 6.6.3 Vapor-Compression Heat Pump and Refrigerator 133 6.6.4 Ground Heat Exchanger 136 Chapter 7: A Quantum Mechanics Primer 139 7.1 The Static Schrödinger Equation 140 7.1.1 Wavefunctions in a One-Dimensional Potential Well 142 7.1.2 The Bra-and-Ket Notations 144 7.1.3 The Harmonic Oscillator 146 7.1.4 The Hydrogen Atom 151 7.1.5 The Stern–Gerlach Experiment 159 7.1.6 Nomenclature of Atomic States 160 7.1.7 Degeneracy and Wavefunction Hybridization 160 7.2 Many-Electron Systems 163 7.2.1 The Self-Consistent Field (SCF) Method 164 7.2.2 Slater Determinates and the Hartree-Fock Method 165 7.2.3 Density-Functional Theory (DFT) 165 7.2.4 HOMO and LUMO 166 7.3 The Chemical Bond 169 7.3.1 Bonding Energy and Antibonding Energy 169 7.3.2 The Hydrogen Molecular Ion 170 7.3.3 Types of Chemical Bonds 171 7.4 The Solid State 174 7.4.1 Bloch Waves and Energy Bands 174 7.4.2 Effective Mass 177 7.4.3 Conductor, Semiconductor, and Insulator 177 7.4.4 Semiconductors 179 7.4.5 The Band Structure of Silicon 180 7.5 The Dynamic Schrödinger Equation 181 7.5.1 A Heuristic Derivation 181 7.5.2 Reduction to Static Schrödinger’s Equation 184 7.5.3 Meaning of the Time-Dependent Phase Factor 184 7.5.4 Interaction with Radiation 185 Chapter 8: pn-Junctions 189 8.1 Semiconductors 189 8.1.1 Electrons and Holes 189 8.1.2 p-Type and n-Type Semiconductors 191 8.2 Formation of a pn-Junction 194 8.3 Analysis of pn-Junctions 198 8.3.1 Effect of Bias Voltage 199 8.3.2 Lifetime of Excess Minority Carriers 199 8.3.3 Junction Current 200 8.3.4 Shockley Equation 201 8.4 Light-Emitting Diodes for Illumination 202 8.4.1 Invention of the Blue LED 203 8.4.2 The Working Principle 204 8.4.3 Wavelength Engineering 206 8.4.4 The Freestanding GaN Substrate 208 8.4.5 A Brief Sketch of History 208 Chapter 9: Semiconductor Solar Cells 211 9.1 Basic Concepts 211 9.1.1 Generating Electric Power 214 9.1.2 Solar Cell Equation 215 9.1.3 Maximum Power and Fill Factor 215 9.2 The Shockley–Queisser Limit 217 9.2.1 Ultimate Efficiency 218 9.2.2 Role of Recombination Time 220 9.2.3 Detailed-Balance Treatment 220 9.2.4 Nominal Efficiency 223 9.2.5 Shockley–Queisser Efficiency Limit 223 9.2.6 Efficiency Limit for AM1.5 Radiation 224 9.3 Nonradiative Recombination Processes 225 9.3.1 Auger Recombination 227 9.3.2 Trap-State Recombination 227 9.3.3 Surface-State Recombination 228 9.4 Antireflection Coatings 228 9.4.1 Matrix Method 229 9.4.2 Single-Layer Antireflection Coating 231 9.4.3 Double-Layer Antireflection Coatings 233 9.5 Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells 234 9.5.1 Production of Pure Silicon 235 9.5.2 Solar Cell Design and Processing 236 9.5.3 Module Fabrication 237 9.6 Thin-Film Solar Cells 238 9.6.1 CdTe Solar Cells 238 9.6.2 CIGS Solar Cells 239 9.6.3 Amorphous Silicon Thin-Film Solar Cells 240 9.7 Tandem Solar Cells 241 Chapter 10: Solar Photochemistry 245 10.1 Physics of Photosynthesis 245 10.1.1 Chlorophyll 246 10.1.2 ATP: Universal Energy Currency of Life 248 10.1.3 NADPH and NADP + 248 10.1.4 Calvin Cycle 249 10.1.5 C4 Plants versus C3 Plants 250 10.1.6 Chloroplast 250 10.1.7 Efficiency of Photosynthesis 251 10.2 Artificial Photosynthesis 253 10.3 Genetically Engineered Algae 253 10.4 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 253 10.5 Bilayer Organic Solar Cells 256 Chapter 11: Solar Thermal Energy 259 11.1 Early Solar Thermal Applications 259 11.2 Solar Heat Collectors 262 11.2.1 Selective Absorption Surface 262 11.2.2 Flat-Plate Collectors 266 11.2.3 All-Glass Vacuum-Tube Collectors 268 11.2.4 Thermosiphon Solar Heat Collectors 269 11.2.5 High-Pressure Vacuum Tube Collectors 271 11.3 Solar Water Heaters 271 11.4 Solar Thermal Power Systems 272 11.4.1 Parabolic Trough Concentrator 273 11.4.2 Central Receiver with Heliostats 274 11.4.3 Paraboloidal Dish Concentrator with Stirling Engine 274 Chapter 12: Physical Energy Storage 278 12.1 Pumped Hydro Storage 278 12.2 Sensible Heat Energy Storage 279 12.2.1 Water 281 12.2.2 Solid Sensible Heat Storage Materials 282 12.2.3 Synthetic Oil in Packed Beds 283 12.3 Phase Transition Thermal Storage 283 12.3.1 Water–Ice Systems 284 12.3.2 Paraffin Wax and Other Organic Materials 286 12.3.3 Salt Hydrates 286 Chapter 13: Rechargeable Batteries 288 13.1 An Electrochemistry Primer 288 13.1.1 Basic Terms and Definitions 288 13.1.2 Oxidation State 290 13.1.3 Standard Oxidation-Reduction Potentials 291 13.2 Lithium-Ion Batteries 292 13.2.1 Benefit to Humankind 292 13.2.2 Intercalation of Metal Ions 294 13.2.3 The Cathode Materials 296 13.2.4 The Anode Materials 299 13.2.5 Electrolytes 300 13.2.6 The Separator 301 13.2.7 Packaging 302 13.2.8 Mineral Resource of Lithium 305 13.3 Sodium-Ion Batteries 306 13.3.1 The Cathode Materials 307 13.3.2 The Anode Materials 309 13.3.3 Rest of the System 310 13.4 Traditional Rechargeable Batteries 310 13.4.1 Lead–Acid Batteries 310 13.4.2 Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries 311 Chapter 14: Building with Sunshine 313 14.1 Early Solar Architecture 314 14.1.1 Ancient Solar Architecture 314 14.1.2 Holistic Architecture in Rural China 314 14.2 Building Materials 315 14.2.1 Thermal Resistance 316 14.2.2 Specific Thermal Resistance 316 14.2.3 Heat Transfer Coefficient: The U-Value 317 14.2.4 Thermal Mass 318 14.2.5 Glazing 318 14.3 Example of Holistic Design 320 Appendix A: Energy Unit Conversion 325 Appendix B: Spherical Trigonometry 327 B.1 Spherical Triangle 327 B.2 Cosine Formula 328 B.3 Sine Formula 329 B.4 Formula C 331 Appendix C: Vector Analysis and Determinants 333 C.1 Vector Analysis 333 C.2 Determinants 334 Appendix D: Real Spherical Harmonics 336 D.1 The Spherical Coordinate System 336 D.2 Spherical Harmonics 337 Appendix E: Complex Numbers 341 E.1 Definition of Complex Numbers 341 E.2 The Euler Formula 342 Appendix F: Statistics of Particles 343 F.1 Maxwell–Boltzmann Statistics 344 F.2 Fermi–Dirac Statistics 345 F.3 Bose–Einstein Statistics 346 Appendix G: Measurement in Quantum Mechanics 347 G.1 The Measurement Postulate 347 G.2 Experiments in Position Detection 349 G.3 Tomographic Imaging of Wavefunctions 351 G.4 Einstein’s Opinion on Quantum Mechanics 353 G.5 A Modern View of Schrödinger’s Cat 353 G.6 A Natural Presentation of Quantum Mechanics 354 Bibliography 357 Index 365

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Book SynopsisRenewable Resources and Global Challenges brings to focus of the readers the various challenges that are being faced by the resources of energy and other important things in the current world and how even the use of renewable resources is experiencing some difficulties. It gives a deep insight to the readers on the various aspects related to renewable energy resources and how they can be used to produce energy in the future. This book also discusses about the meaning of renewable resources, the various biotic and abiotic resources, the sources instrumental in renewable energy, generation of electricity from renewable energy resources, the issues related to non-renewable energy resources and the technical innovations in renewable resources sector.

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Book SynopsisThe economics of nonrenewable resources addresses some of the most problematic issues concerning the sustainability of the world economy. This comprehensive research review discusses some of the most important and influential journal articles by some of the leading scholars in the field. Subjects discussed include: an introduction to the economics of nonrenewable resources; theoretical foundations for the field; nonhomogeneous resources; exploration and uncertainty; market structure; taxation and global climate change. The research review concludes with a discussion of the empirical research and the extent to which nonrenewable resources constrain economic growth as well as the consistency of the theoretical predictions of Hotelling-type models with actual economic outcomes.Table of ContentsContents: Research Review Robert Halvorsen Introduction Robert Halvorsen PART I SOLOW’S RICHARD T. ELY LECTURE 1. Robert M. Solow (1974), ‘The Economics of Resources or the Resources of Economics’, American Economic Review, 64 (2), May, 1–14 PART II THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS 2. Harold Hotelling (1931), ‘The Economics of Exhaustible Resources’, Journal of Political Economy, 39 (2), April, 137–75 3. Partha Dasgupta and Geoffrey Heal (1974), ‘The Optimal Depletion of Exhaustible Resources’, Review of Economic Studies, Symposium on the Economics of Exhaustible Resources, 41 (5), December, 3–28 4. Joseph E. Stiglitz (1974), ‘Growth with Exhaustible Natural Resources: Efficient and Optimal Growth Paths’, Review of Economic Studies, Symposium on the Economics of Exhaustible Resources, 41 (5), December, 123–37 5. R. M. Solow (1974), ‘Intergenerational Equity and Exhaustible Resources’, Review of Economic Studies, Symposium on the Economics of Exhaustible Resources, 41 (5), December, 29–45 PART III NONHOMOGENOUS RESOURCES 6. Geoffrey Heal (1976), ‘The Relationship between Price and Extraction Cost for a Resource with a Backstop Technology’, Bell Journal of Economics, 7 (2), Autumn, 371–8 7. Robert M. Solow and Frederic Y. Wan (1976), ‘Extraction Costs in the Theory of Exhaustible Resources’, Bell Journal of Economics, 7 (2), Autumn, 359–70 8. David Levhari and Nissan Liviatan (1977), ‘Notes on Hotelling’s Economics of Exhaustible Resources’, Canadian Journal of Economics, 10 (2), May, 177–92 9. Y. H. Farzin (1992), ‘The Time Path of Scarcity Rent in the Theory of Exhaustible Resources’, Economic Journal, 102 (413), July, 813–30 PART IV EXPLORATION AND UNCERTAINTY 10. Robert S. Pindyck (1978), ‘The Optimal Exploration and Production of Nonrenewable Resources’, Journal of Political Economy, 86 (5), October, 841–61 11. John R. Livernois and Russell S. Uhler (1987), ‘Extraction Costs and the Economics of Nonrenewable Resources’, Journal of Political Economy, 95 (1), February, 195–203 12. Kenneth J. Arrow and Sheldon Chang (1982), ‘Optimal Pricing, Use, and Exploration of Uncertain Natural Resource Stocks’, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 9 (1), March, 1–10 13. Partha Dasgupta and Joseph Stiglitz (1981), ‘Resource Depletion under Technological Uncertainty’, Econometrica, 49 (1), January, 85–104 14. Robert S. Pindyck (1980), ‘Uncertainty and Exhaustible Resource Markets’, Journal of Political Economy, 88 (6), December, 1203–25 15. Joseph E. Swierzbinski and Robert Mendelsohn (1989), ‘Information and Exhaustible Resources: A Bayesian Analysis’, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 16 (3), May, 193–208 PART V ADDITIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY 16. John M. Hartwick (1977), ‘Intergenerational Equity and the Investing of Rents from Exhaustible Resources’, American Economic Review, 67 (5), December, 972–4 17. James L. Sweeney (1977), ‘Economics of Depletable Resources: Market Forces and Intertemporal Bias’, Review of Economic Studies, 44 (1), February, 125–41 18. David Levhari and Robert S. Pindyck (1981), ‘The Pricing of Durable Exhaustible Resources’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, XCVI (3), August, 365–77 19. Y. Hossein Farzin (1984), ‘The Effect of the Discount Rate on Depletion of Exhaustible Resources’, Journal of Political Economy, 92 (5), October, 841–51 20. Gérard Gaudet, Michel Moreau and Stephan Salant (2001), ‘Intertemporal Depletion of Resource Sites by Spatially Distributed Users’, American Economic Review, 91 (4), September, 1149–59 PART VI MARKET STRUCTURE 21. Joseph E. Stiglitz (1976), ‘Monopoly and the Rate of Extraction of Exhaustible Resources’, American Economic Review, 66 (4), September, 655–61 22. Stephen W. Salant (1976), ‘Exhaustible Resources and Industrial Structure: A Nash-Cournot Approach to the World Oil Market’, Journal of Political Economy, 84 (5), October, 1079–94 23. Michael Hoel (1978), ‘Resource Extraction, Substitute Production, and Monopoly’, Journal of Economic Theory, 19 (1), October, 28–37 24. Joseph E. Stiglitz and Partha Dasgupta (1982), ‘Market Structure and Resource Depletion: A Contribution to the Theory of Intertemporal Monopolistic Competition’, Journal of Economic Theory, 28 (1), October, 128–64 25. Partha Dasgupta, Richard J. Gilbert and Joseph E. Stiglitz (1982), ‘Invention and Innovation Under Alternative Market Structures: The Case of Natural Resources’, Review of Economic Studies, XLIY (4), October, 567–82 26. Hassan Benchekroun, Gérard Gaudet and Ngo Van Long (2006), ‘Temporary Natural Resource Cartels’, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 52 (3), November, 663–74 27. Gregory M. Ellis and Robert Halvorsen (2002), ‘Estimation of Market Power in a Nonrenewable Resource Industry’, Journal of Political Economy, 110 (4), August, 883–99 PART VII TAXATION 28. Ross Garnaut and Anthony Clunies Ross (1975), ‘Uncertainty, Risk Aversion and the Taxing of Natural Resource Projects’, Economic Journal, 85 (338), June, 272–87 29. Terry Heaps (1985), ‘The Taxation of Nonreplenishable Natural Resources Revisited’, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 12 (1), March, 14–27 30. Margaret E. Slade (1986), ‘Taxation of Non-Renewable Resources at Various Stages of Production, Canadian Journal of Economics, 19 (2), May, 281–97 31. Larry Karp and John Livernois (1992), ‘On Efficiency-Inducing Taxation for a Non-Renewable Resource Monopolist’ Journal of Public Economics, 49 (2), November, 219–39 PART VIII GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE 32. Alistair Ulph and David Ulph (1994), ‘The Optimal Time Path of a Carbon Tax’, Oxford Economic Papers, Special Issue on Environmental Economics, 46 Supplement 1, 857–68 33. Michael Hoel and Snorre Kverndokk (1996), ‘Depletion of Fossil Fuels and the Impacts of Global Warming’, Resource and Energy Economics, 18 (2), June, 115–36 34. Hans-Werner Sinn (2008), ‘Public Policies against Global Warming: A Supply Side Approach’, International Tax and Public Finance, 15 (4), August, 360–94 35. Reyer Gerlagh (2011), ‘Too Much Oil’, CESifo Economic Studies, 57 (1), 79–102 36. Frederick van der Ploeg and Cees Withagen (2012), ‘Is There Really a Green Paradox?’, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 64 (3), November, 342–63 PART IX RESOURCE CURSE 37. Jeffrey D. Sachs and Andrew M. Warner (2001), ‘Natural Resources and Economic Development: The Curse of Natural Resources’, European Economic Review, 45 (4-6), May, 827–38 38. Rabah Arezki and Frederick van der Ploeg (2011), ‘Do Natural Resources Depress Income Per Capita?’, Review of Development Economics, 15 (3), August, 504–21 PART X EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE 39. Manuel H. Johnson, Frederick W. Bell and James T. Bennett (1980), ‘Natural Resource Scarcity: Empirical Evidence and Public Policy’, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 7 (3), September, 256–71 40. Gardner M. Brown Jr. and Barry C. Field (1978), ‘Implications of Alternative Measures of Natural Resource Scarcity’, Journal of Political Economy, 86 (2), Part 1, April, 229–43 41. Margaret E. Slade (1982), ‘Trends in Natural-Resource Commodity Prices: An Analysis of the Time Domain’, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 9 (2), June, 122–37 42. Junsoo Lee, John A. List and Mark C. Strazicich (2006), ‘Non-Renewable Resource Prices: Deterministic or Stochastic Trends?’, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 51 (3), May, 354–70 43. Geoffrey M. Heal and Michael Barrow (1980), ‘The Relationship Between Interest Rates and Metal Price Movements’, Review of Economic Studies, Econometrics Issue, 47 (1), January, 161–81 44. Robert Halvorsen and Tim R. Smith (1991), ‘A Test of the Theory of Exhaustible Resources’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106 (1), February, 123–40 45. Merton H. Miller and Charles W. Upton (1985), ‘A Test of the Hotelling Valuation Principle’, Journal of Political Economy, 93 (1), February, 1–25 46. Martin L. Weitzman (1999), ‘Pricing the Limits to Growth from Minerals Depletion’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114 (2), May, 691–706 Index

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Book SynopsisIn recent years, interest for local energy production, supply and consumption has increased in academic and public debates. In particular, contemporary energy transition discourses and strategies often emphasize the search for increased local energy autonomy, a phrase which can refer to a diverse range of configurations, both in terms of the spaces and scales of the local territory considered and in terms of what is meant by energy autonomy. This book explores policies, projects and processes aimed at increased local energy autonomy, with a particular focus on their spatial, infrastructural and political dimensions. In doing so, the authors – Sabine Barles, Bruno Barroca, Guilhem Blanchard, Benoit Boutaud, Arwen Colell, Gilles Debizet, Ariane Debourdeau, Laure Dobigny, Florian Dupont, Zélia Hampikian, Sylvy Jaglin, Allan Jones, Raphael Ménard, Alain Nadaï, Angela Pohlmann, Cyril Roger-Lacan, Eric Vidalenc – improve our understanding of the always partial and controversial processes of energy relocation that articulate forms of local metabolic self-sufficiency, socio-technical decentralization and political empowerment. Comprising fifteen chapters, the book is divided into four parts: Governance and Actors; Urban Projects and Energy Systems; Energy Communities; and The Challenges of Energy Autonomy. Table of ContentsForeword xiii Introduction xv Fanny LOPEZ, Margot PELLEGRINO and Olivier COUTARD Part 1. Governance and Actors 1 Chapter 1. Urban Planning and Energy: New Relationships, New Local Governance 3 Cyril ROGER-LACAN 1.1. Distributed energy: the constant adaptation of urban areas 4 1.2. “Sustainable cities” and new energy systems: from harmonization to a common origin 9 1.3. Reshaping local governance 12 1.4. References 17 Chapter 2. Decentralized Energy and Cities: Tools and Levers for Urban Energy Decentralization 19 Allan JONES MBE 2.1. Introduction 19 2.2. Background 20 2.3. Woking, UK 20 2.4. London, UK 22 2.5. Sydney, Australia 24 2.5.1. Background 24 2.5.2. Sustainable Sydney 2030 25 2.5.3. Green Infrastructure Plan 26 2.5.4. Trigeneration Master Plan 26 2.5.5. Renewable Energy Master Plan 27 2.5.6. Advanced Waste Treatment Master Plan 29 2.5.7. CitySwitch Green Office Program 30 2.5.8. Better Buildings Partnership 31 2.5.9. Environmental Upgrade Agreements 31 2.5.10. City of Sydney Projects 33 2.5.11. Carbon-neutral Sydney 34 2.5.12. Conclusion 35 2.6. Seoul, South Korea 37 2.6.1. Background 37 2.6.2. Fukushima nuclear disaster 37 2.6.3. One Less Nuclear Power Plant 38 2.6.4. Seoul International Energy Advisory Council 39 2.6.5. International Energy Advisory Council 40 2.6.6. One Less Nuclear Power Plant, Phase 2 – Seoul Sustainable Energy Action Plan 40 2.6.7. Seoul Energy Corporation 41 2.6.8. Interregional cooperation 43 2.6.9. Conclusion 43 2.7. Overall conclusions 44 2.8. References 46 Chapter 3. The Third Industrial Revolution in Hauts-de-France: Moving Toward Energy Autonomy? 47 Eric VIDALENC 3.1. The industrial revolutions in the region 48 3.1.1. The cornerstones of the first industrial revolution 48 3.1.2. The successors of the second industrial revolution: the automotive industry and electricity 50 3.2. The TIR’s resources in Hauts-de-France 54 3.2.1. An expanded view of some of the local expertise 55 3.2.2. The basis of local ecosystems 55 3.2.3. Strong political backing 56 3.2.4. The expansion of the TRI/REV3 brand 57 3.2.5. Multiple financial tools 57 3.2.6. Subregional territorialization: energy subsidiarity 58 3.2.7. Network managers are changing their views 59 3.3. Initial assessments and analyses 60 3.3.1. Late, but still a strong objective 60 3.3.2. An update on the TRI/REV3 trajectories 61 3.3.3. A techno-centered vision 63 3.3.4. Tensions regarding the priorities and temporalities 64 3.3.5. From solidarity to regional autonomy through energy subsidiarity 65 3.4. References 67 Chapter 4. Rethinking Reliability and Solidarity through the Prism of Interconnected Autonomies 69 Gilles DEBIZET 4.1. Introduction 69 4.2. Four prospective scenarios for urbanized spaces 71 4.2.1. Large companies 72 4.2.2. Local authorities 72 4.2.3. Cooperative stakeholders 73 4.2.4. Regulating state 74 4.3. Intermediaries with new energy autonomies 75 4.3.1. Energy storage as an essential factor of autonomy 75 4.3.2. Energy autonomies as organizations 76 4.3.3. A combination of different energy scenarios according to the regions 77 4.4. A variety of decision-making scales relating to energy infrastructure 77 4.4.1. The country and the continent 78 4.4.2. Housing 78 4.4.3. The building 78 4.4.4. The district 79 4.4.5. The city or metropolis 79 4.5. Conclusion: solidarities must be reinvented in the era of connected energy autonomies 80 4.6. Acknowledgments 82 4.7. References 82 Part 2. Urban Projects and Energy Systems 85 Chapter 5. Critical Densities of Energy Self-sufficiency and Carbon Neutrality 87 Raphael MÉNARD 5.1. Introduction 87 5.1.1. What can environmental measures be related to? 89 5.1.2. Critical densities and catchment areas 91 5.2. Energy consumption density 92 5.2.1. Differences regarding the 2,000 watts 92 5.2.2. 0.1 watts per square meter as average for mainland France 94 5.3. Renewable energy production density 97 5.3.1. Renewable energy production is Eulerian 97 5.3.2. Energy harvesting plans 98 5.3.3. Quantification of the production flow of a region 99 5.4. Self-sufficiency, convergence: 1-W regions 100 5.4.1. The 7 hectares, surface area per person in the world garden 100 5.4.2. The story of urban transition in cities 101 5.4.3. The fundamental equality of self-sufficiency 107 5.4.4. Some self-sufficiency paths according to density 108 5.5. Emission density and carbon neutrality 110 5.5.1. Post-COP21 and carbon neutrality 110 5.5.2. Equivalent emission densities 112 5.5.3. Carbon sequestration density 112 5.5.4. The fundamental equation of carbon neutrality 113 5.6. Conclusion 113 5.6.1. Continent–sea balance 113 5.6.2. The city–countryside dichotomy 114 5.6.3. The city, an energy-carbon monster 114 5.6.4. The mathematics of density, relocating according to the right proportions 115 5.6.5. The scales in question 116 5.7. References 117 Chapter 6. What Autonomy is Available in the Design of Energy Solutions within French Urban Development Projects? The Example of District Heating 119 Guilhem BLANCHARD 6.1. Introduction 119 6.2. Urban heating within development projects: an opportunity for local monitoring of the energy system 121 6.2.1. Windows of opportunity for local players 121 6.2.2. Urban development and district heating projects still remain subject to numerous external constraints 124 6.3. The decision-based autonomy of urban heating projects from the perspective of urban development projects’ technical management 127 6.3.1. Design of the supply infrastructure: a weakly structured coordination between design arenas 129 6.3.2. Coordination of supply and demand: an even more significant division 132 6.4. Conclusions and final thoughts 135 6.5. References 137 Chapter 7. Positive Energy and Networks: Local Energy Autonomy as a Vector for Controlling Flows 141 Zélia HAMPIKIAN 7.1. Positive energy, autonomy and flow dynamics 142 7.2. The case of Lyon confluence and the Hikari block: a rhetoric of mutualization for achieving partial self-sufficiency 145 7.3. The “right” scale of autonomy and control over flows 150 7.4. From autonomy to flow management: who is in charge? 155 7.5. Conclusion 160 7.6. References 161 Chapter 8. From Energy Self-sufficiency to Trans-scalar Energy 163 Florian DUPONT 8.1. Self-sufficiency or sharing of the heat supply 164 8.1.1. Four examples of scale jumping that question self-sufficiency 164 8.1.2. Assess the strategic contribution of each operation to the networks 170 8.2. Redefining the goal of self-sufficiency 171 8.2.1. Using the cost–benefit analysis? 171 8.2.2. Using a new financial paradigm including the old one? 174 8.2.3. First achievement: 1,000 trees 174 8.2.4. From self-sufficiency to synergies 175 8.3. The importance of strategic planning using project levers 175 8.3.1. Electricity networks redefine their mesh 177 8.3.2. Liège: valorizing the electrical infrastructures of the industrial valley 177 8.3.3. Mains gas seeks its revival 178 8.3.4. From data to planning: cities think about energy 179 8.4. Conclusion 181 Part 3. Energy Communities 183 Chapter 9. Sociotechnical Morphologies of Rural Energy Autonomy in Germany, Austria and France 185 Laure DOBIGNY 9.1. Introduction 185 9.2. Technical choices and autonomy processes 187 9.3. Actors of local energy autonomy 190 9.4. Spatial and autonomy temporalities 195 9.4.1. Bringing the relevant techniques into existence 195 9.4.2. Social and geographical morphologies 196 9.4.3. The influence of regulatory and legislative frameworks 200 9.4.4. The role of energy policies and political structures 201 9.4.5. Pioneer towns: “was it easier before?” 203 9.5. From the construction to the transferability of “models” of autonomy: what impasses and issue are there? 206 9.6. References 210 Chapter 10. Community Energy Projects Redefining Energy Distribution Systems: Examples from Berlin and Hamburg 213 Arwen Dora COLELL and Angela POHLMANN 10.1. Introduction 213 10.1.1. Rethinking networked infrastructures beyond “public versus private” 214 10.1.2. Citizens claiming networked infrastructures in Germany’s largest cities 214 10.2. Situational analyses of urban energy system transformation 216 10.3. People have the power? Citizens claiming energy infrastructure 217 10.3.1. (Re)negotiating infrastructures of decision-making on the power grid: the case of BEB 217 10.3.2. From protest to empowerment: civil society engagement in Hamburg’s energy distribution systems 223 10.4. Discussion: reconfiguring the social in sociotechnical? 228 10.5. Conclusion 229 10.6. References 231 Chapter 11. Autonomy and Energy Community: Realities to Reconsider? 239 Ariane DEBOURDEAU and Alain NADAÏ 11.1. Introduction 239 11.2. Mapping and genealogy of energy community approaches 242 11.2.1. Technological element: innovation at the heart of energy communities 245 11.2.2. The collective element: which communitie(s) favor energy issues? 246 11.2.3. Institutional element: framing and empowering communities 246 11.2.4. Discussion 248 11.3. Scope and limits of existing works 249 11.3.1. A high presence of instrumental and normative approaches 249 11.3.2. The singularity of English language “critical localism” 252 11.3.3. The locational nature of analytical frameworks 253 11.3.4. The minimalist and shifting contents for the notion of community 253 11.3.5. Discussion 260 11.4. Conclusion 263 11.5. References 265 Part 4. The Challenges of Energy Autonomy 271 Chapter 12. Regional Energy Self-sufficiency: a Legal Issue 273 Benoit BOUTAUD 12.1. Self-sufficiency analyzed through the prism of the territory 274 12.1.1. A reality far from clichés 274 12.1.2. Going beyond the productive aspect 278 12.2. Regional energy self-sufficiency: a legal issue 281 12.2.1. Municipalities that become legally self-sufficient 281 12.2.2. The energy self-sufficiency of municipalities: an organizational challenge 283 12.3. Conclusion 287 12.4. References 288 Chapter 13. Electricity Autonomy and Power Grids in Africa: from Rural Experiments to Urban Hybridizations 291 Sylvy JAGLIN 13.1. Introduction 291 13.2. From the “crisis” to electrical experiments 294 13.2.1. Electric disasters and riots 295 13.2.2. Huge investment needs 296 13.2.3. Renewables and decentralized systems: a third way for sub-Saharan Africa? 298 13.3. Electrical hybridizations between pragmatic autonomy and new dependencies 299 13.3.1. Rural experiments 300 13.3.2. ... and urban hybridizations 303 13.3.3. Off-grid under constraints 305 13.4. Conclusion 309 13.5. References 310 Chapter 14. Energy Self-sufficiency: an Ambition or a Condition for Urban Resilience? 315 Bruno BARROCA 14.1. Introduction 315 14.2. A matter of definitions 316 14.3. Technical systems and resilience 319 14.4. Self-sufficiency and functional resilience 321 14.4.1. Functional resilience and system modeling 321 14.4.2. Can self-sufficiency be achieved by managing failures of technical systems? 322 14.5. Self-sufficiency and the meta-system: toward spatial resilience? 324 14.5.1. Meta population, meta-system and self-sufficiency 324 14.6. Conclusion 327 14.7. References 327 Chapter 15. Urban Metabolic Self-sufficiency: an Oxymoron or a Challenge? 331 Sabine BARLES 15.1. Introduction 331 15.2. Energy and matter: urban metabolism 332 15.3. The city and its hinterlands: the lack of physical autonomy 335 15.4. Decision-making self-sufficiency: a challenge? 341 15.5. Conclusion 346 15.6. References 347 List of Authors 351 Index 353

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Book SynopsisThe aim of this book is to deepen the knowledge of dynamic evolution of professional practices (recomposition of knowledge and know-how, inter-relations, strategic positioning) taking place at the time of the injunction to energy efficiency in the design field, construction and management of real estate. From their experience feedback, the challenge of this book is to question the logic of innovation, to enlighten the dynamic learning and renewal of professional skills.Table of ContentsContributions and Acknowledgements ix Introduction xi Chapter 1 A Look at “Performance” Buildings: An Interdisciplinary Survey of Professionals 1 1.1 Stakeholders for understanding the challenges of energy, the climate and the environment 1 1.1.1 The virtues of active building professionals entering into participation 1 1.1.2 Context and interrelationships around energy-related challenges: the positioning of building professionals 6 1.1.3 Common themes and the questions of the survey 12 1.2 The survey of building professionals in France 14 1.2.1 A nation-wide exploratory survey 15 1.2.2 Complementary investigation methods 16 1.2.3 The analysis: “a radical interdisciplinarity” to question professionnal dynamics in construction and energy 20 1.2.4 Cross-connections with research on professionals from the territories 24 Chapter 2 Uneasiness Among Professionals: Multiple Obstacles 29 2.1 A host of constraints 30 2.1.1 Heterogeneity and the lack of training and skills 31 2.1.2 Multiplication of constraints, economic crises and marketing hype 32 2.2 Prometheus syndrome: The belief in new techniques as a silver bullet 33 2.2.1 The belief in and overreliance on techniques 33 2.2.2 Historical amnesia: The lack of a diachronic perspective and knowledge about the history of technology, construction and architecture 36 2.2.3 The inhabitant as disembodied end user 37 2.3 The “Exquisite Corpse” syndrome: segmentation and the challenges and actors 39 2.3.1 The segmentation of the energy issue 39 2.3.2 The lack of communication and the “blame game” played between actors 41 2.4 From experimentation to standardization and its adverse effects 44 2.4.1 Issues and setbacks in the transition to standardization 45 2.4.2 The adverse effects of standardization 48 2.4.3 A sort of modernism making a comeback ? 51 2.5 Multi-criteria testing: The “trajectory” of problems and solutions 51 2.5.1 The replication of counterproductive decisions 52 2.5.2 “Ostrich syndrome” and “path dependence” 53 2.5.3 The concept of trajectory: “divergence” phenomena and its effects 57 2.6 From a crisis of obstacles, to the devices and the resources needed for a transition 59 Chapter 3 The Characteristics of the Pioneers: Trajectories, Construction, and the Advancement of Their Skills 61 3.1 Adherence to ecological values and the broad array of systems for engagement 61 3.1.1 Environmental sensitivity 61 3.1.2. Wearing many hats: the commitment to a multilateral approach .. 63 3.1.3 Personal experimentation as a driving force for innovation 65 3.1.4 Atypical profiles and career paths, and significant professional mobility 67 3.1.5 The role of reading, the Internet and documentaries 71 3.2 Construction, distribution and adaptation of knowledge, expertise and skills 76 3.2.1 Different countries, regions, and inspiring projects 76 3.2.2 Geographic mobility: movement and transformation of models 78 3.2.3 The role of associations and networks 88 3.2.4 The role of women and the issue of feminization 92 Appendix Selection of First-Hand Accounts from Building Area Participants 97 1 Alain Bornarel 103 2 Alexandre da Silva 119 3 Frank Dimitropoulos 131 4 Michaël Fournier 139 5 Jean-Marc Gary 149 6 Françoise-Hélène Jourda 167 7 Milena Karanesheva and Mischa Witzmann 185 8 Yves Lion 199 9 Bertrand Montarou 211 10 Marine Morain 227 11 Vincent Pierré 247 12 Laurent Vacher-Bruel 259 13 Jean-Luc Vallade 267 14 Delphine Saint-Quentin 277 15 Marika Frenette 289 Conclusion 301 Bibliography 305 Index 327

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Book SynopsisHydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe. It has a place in the energy mix of the future, especially regarding fuel cells (FCs). This book is an investigation into FCs. Prominence is given to the subject of PEMFCs (proton exchange membrane fuel cells) as they offer interesting perspectives on transport and stationary applications. This being said, a number of technological and scientific obstacles remain to be overcome before an industrial level of development can be reached. Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Introduction 1 2 Introduction to Physics of the Solid State 8 2.1 Structure 8 2.1.1 Size Dependence of Properties 8 2.1.2 Crystal Structures 9 2.1.3 Face-Centered Cubic Nanoparticles 12 2.1.4 Tetrahedrally Bonded Semiconductor Structures 15 2.1.5 Lattice Vibrations 18 2.2 Energy Bands 20 2.2.1 Insulators, Semiconductors, and Conductors 20 2.2.2 Reciprocal Space 22 2.2.3 Energy Bonds and Gaps of Semiconductors 23 2.2.4 Effective Masses 28 2.2.5 Fermi Surfaces 29 2.3 Localized Particles 30 2.3.1 Donors, Acceptors, and Deep Traps 30 2.3.2 Mobility 31 2.3.3 Excitons 32 3 Methods of Measuring Properties 35 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Structure 36 3.2.1 Atomic Structures 36 3.2.2 Crystallography 37 3.2.3 Particle Size Determination 42 3.2.4 Surface Structure 45 3.3 Microscopy 46 3.3.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy 46 3.3.2 Field Ion Microscopy 51 3.3.3 Scanning Microscopy 51 3.4 Spectroscopy 58 3.4.1 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy 58 3.4.2 Photoemission and X-Ray Spectroscopy 62 3.4.3 Magnetic Resonance 68 4 Properties of Individual Nanoparticles 72 4.1 Introduction 72 4.2 Metal Nanoclusters 74 4.2.1 Magic Numbers 74 4.2.2 Theoretical Modeling of Nanoparticles 75 4.2.3 Geometric Structure 78 4.2.4 Electronic Structure 81 4.2.5 Reactivity 83 4.2.6 Fluctuations 86 4.2.7 Magnetic Clusters 86 4.2.8 Bulk to Nanotransition 88 4.3 Semiconducting Nanoparticles 90 4.3.1 Optical Properties 90 4.3.2 Photofragmentation 92 4.3.3 Coulombic Explosion 93 4.4 Rare Gas and Molecular Clusters 94 4.4.1 Inert-Gas Clusters 94 4.4.2 Superfluid Clusters 95 4.4.3 Molecular Clusters 96 4.5 Methods of Synthesis 97 4.5.1 RF Plasma 97 4.5.2 Chemical Methods 98 4.5.3 Thermolysis 99 4.5.4 Pulsed Laser Methods 100 4.6 Conclusion 101 5 Carbon Nanostructures 103 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 Carbon Molecules 103 5.2.1 Nature of the Carbon Bond 103 5.2.2 New Carbon Structures 105 5.3 Carbon Clusters 106 5.3.1 Small Carbon Clusters 106 5.3.2 Discovery of C60 107 5.3.3 Structure of C60 and Its Crystal 110 5.3.4 Alkali-Doped C60 110 5.3.5 Superconductivity in C60 112 5.3.6 Larger and Smaller Fullerenes 113 5.3.7 Other Buckyballs 113 5.4 Carbon Nanotubes 114 5.4.1 Fabrication 114 5.4.2 Structure 117 5.4.3 Electrical Properties 118 5.4.4 Vibrational Properties 122 5.4.5 Mechanical Properties 123 5.5 Applications of Carbon Nanotubes 125 5.5.1 Field Emission and Shielding 125 5.5.2 Computers 126 5.5.3 Fuel Cells 127 5.5.4 Chemical Sensors 128 5.5.5 Catalysis 129 5.5.6 Mechanical Reinforcement 130 6 Bulk Nanostructured Materials 133 6.1 Solid Disordered Nanostructures 133 6.1.1 Methods of Synthesis 133 6.1.2 Failure Mechanisms of Conventional Grain-Sized Materials 137 6.1.3 Mechanical Properties 139 6.1.4 Nanostructured Multilayers 141 6.1.5 Electrical Properties 142 6.1.6 Other Properties 147 6.1.7 Metal Nanocluster Composite Glasses 148 6.1.8 Porous Silicon 150 6.2 Nanostructured Crystals 153 6.2.1 Natural Nanocrystals 153 6.2.2 Computational Prediction of Cluster Lattices 153 6.2.3 Arrays of Nanoparticles in Zeolites 154 6.2.4 Crystals of Metal Nanoparticles 157 6.2.5 Nanoparticle Lattices in Colloidal Suspensions 158 6.2.6 Photonic Crystals 159 7 Nanostructured Ferromagnetism 165 7.1 Basics of Ferromagnetism 165 7.2 Effect of Bulk Nanostructuring of Magnetic Properties 170 7.3 Dynamics of Nanomagnets 172 7.4 Nanopore Containment of Magnetic Particles 176 7.5 Nanocarbon Ferromagnets 177 7.6 Giant and Colossal Magnetoresistance 181 7.7 Ferrofluids 186 8 Optical and Vibrational Spectroscopy 194 8.1 Introduction 194 8.2 Infrared Frequency Range 196 8.2.1 Spectroscopy of Semiconductors; Excitons 196 8.2.2 Infrared Surface Spectroscopy 198 8.2.3 Raman Spectroscopy 203 8.2.4 Brillouin Spectroscopy 210 8.3 Luminescence 213 8.3.1 Photoluminescence 213 8.3.2 Surface States 215 8.3.3 Thermoluminescence 221 8.4 Nanostructures in Zeolite Cages 222 9 Quantum Wells, Wires, and Dots 226 9.1 Introduction 226 9.2 Preparation of Quantum Nanostructures 227 9.3 Size and Dimensionality Effects 231 9.3.1 Size Effects 231 9.3.2 Conduction Electrons and Dimensionality 233 9.3.3 Fermi Gas and Density of States 234 9.3.4 Potential Wells 236 9.3.5 Partial Confinement 241 9.3.6 Properties Dependent on Density of States 242 9.4 Excitons 244 9.5 Single-Electron Tunneling 245 9.6 Applications 248 9.6.1 Infrared Detectors 248 9.6.2 Quantum Dot Lasers 251 9.7 Superconductivity 253 10 Self-Assembly and Catalysis 257 10.1 Self-Assembly 257 10.1.1 Process of Self-Assembly 257 10.1.2 Semiconductor Islands 258 10.1.3 Monolayers 260 10.2 Catalysis 264 10.2.1 Nature of Catalysis 264 10.2.2 Surface Area of Nanoparticles 264 10.2.3 Porous Materials 268 10.2.4 Pillared Clays 273 10.2.5 Colloids 277 11 Organic Compounds and Polymers 281 11.1 Introduction 281 11.2 Forming and Characterizing Polymers 283 11.2.1 Polymerization 283 11.2.2 Sizes of Polymers 284 11.3 Nanocrystals 285 11.3.1 Condensed Ring Types 285 11.3.2 Polydiacetylene Types 289 11.4 Polymers 292 11.4.1 Conductive Polymers 292 11.4.2 Block Copolymers 293 11.5 Supramolecular Structures 295 11.5.1 Transition-Metal-Mediated Types 295 11.5.2 Dendritic Molecules 296 11.5.3 Supramolecular Dendrimers 302 11.5.4 Micelles 305 12 Biological Materials 310 12.1 Introduction 310 12.2 Biological Building Blocks 311 12.2.1 Sizes of Building Blocks and Nanostructures 311 12.2.2 Polypeptide Nanowire and Protein Nanoparticle 314 12.3 Nucleic Acids 316 12.3.1 DNA Double Nanowire 316 12.3.2 Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis 322 12.4 Biological Nanostructures 324 12.4.1 Examples of Proteins 324 12.4.2 Micelles and Vesicles 326 12.4.3 Multilayer Films 329 13 Nanomachines and Nanodevices 332 13.1 Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMSs) 332 13.2 Nanoelectromechanical Systems (NEMSs) 335 13.2.1 Fabrication 335 13.2.2 Nanodevices and Nanomachines 339 13.3 Molecular and Supramolecular Switches 345 A Formulas for Dimensionality 357 A.1 Introduction 357 A.2 Delocalization 357 A.3 Partial Confinement 358 B Tabulations of Semiconducting Material Properties 361 Index 371

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Book SynopsisAlthough most people are aware of the value of developing new energy technologies, the importance of assessing such technologies is only just beginning to be recognized in full. This book, illustrated by real-life examples, fulfils two main objectives. Firstly, it provides an in-depth summary of energy system evaluation methods, the result of decades of work in this area, for the use of researchers, engineers and anybody else interested in the energy sector. Secondly, the vicious cycle of neglect towards in situ evaluation is broken. This neglect is due to its unjust reputation for being “thankless work”: longwinded, expensive, difficult to exploit and undervalued. By scientifically organizing experience acquired over more than 30 years, Energy Transition highlights the considerable usefulness of the approach, not only economically, but also from a human standpoint. Table of ContentsForeword xi Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii Part 1. The Context of Case Study Feedback (CSF) 1 Chapter 1. Energy Transition 3 1.1. The global energy system and its evolution 3 1.2. The necessary transformation of the global energy system 5 1.2.1. Fossil fuels: planned scarcity upstream and environmental problem downstream 6 1.2.2. Nuclear energy: environmental and accessibility issues 6 1.2.3. An overall inefficient system 7 1.2.4. A productive and simple-energy vision 8 1.2.5. Energy transition 9 1.3. The three concordances 10 1.3.1. Form concordance 11 1.3.2. Place concordance 12 1.3.3. Time concordance 12 1.3.4. Economic, social and environmental constraints 12 Chapter 2. Energy Systems and Technological Systems 15 2.1. Transformers and concordances 16 2.1.1. Form converters 17 2.1.2. Storage 17 2.1.3. Transport 18 2.2. From the transformer to the energy system 18 2.3. Effectiveness of resources and effectiveness of results 22 Chapter 3. The Innovation Process 27 3.1. A well-defined process 27 3.2. Limit of these curves in the context of energy systems 33 3.3. Operation and use 36 Chapter 4. Case Study Feedback, the Basis of Learning by Using 39 4.1. Innovation in energy systems 39 4.2. Case study feedback 42 4.2.1. CSF classification test 43 4.2.2. CSF content 45 Part 2. CSF Tools: Operation and Envisaged Uses 47 Chapter 5. The Human Context 49 5.1. Why the human aspects? 49 5.1.1. In vivo rather than in vitro 49 5.1.2. The importance of objective information in the field of innovative energy systems 50 5.2. Who are the actors involved and how are they involved? 51 5.2.1. Actors involved in the innovation process 51 5.2.2. Actors related to the particular energy system 51 5.2.3. Actors involved in the implementation of CSF 54 5.3. How to take into account human aspects in CSF 55 5.3.1. The perimeter 55 5.3.2. The objectives of the CSF 56 5.3.3. The resources 57 5.3.4. The team’s experience 57 5.3.5. The follow-up group 58 Chapter 6. The Energy Context and the Sankey Diagram 59 6.1. A drawing is better than a long speech 59 6.2. Design, development and operation 63 6.2.1. The importance of precise terminology 63 6.2.2. Balance failure 66 6.2.3. To avoid having a chilling effect 67 6.2.4. Shape: graphic rules 69 6.3. Uses 72 Chapter 7. From System to Experimental Concept 77 7.1. The importance and difficulties of a quantitative quality assessment 77 7.2. From the energy system to be evaluated to the measurement concept 78 7.2.1. From objectives to a breakdown into subsystems and components 80 7.2.2. Developing the measurement system 84 7.2.3. Some properties of the sensors and their use 91 7.2.4. Some remarks on the measurement of primary energies 93 7.3. Link to other phases of the evaluation 96 Chapter 8. Data Observation and Global Indicators 99 8.1. Observing and feeling 99 8.2. Energy indicators 101 Chapter 9. Input/Output and Signature Relationships: the Operation in Use 107 9.1. Convenient visualization of an expected relationship 108 9.2. Search for a global relationship 111 9.3. Signatures as simple management tools 114 9.4. The signature as the basis for adjustment 115 9.5. The signature as the basis for a standard 116 Chapter 10. Modeling 119 10.1. Why model? 119 10.2. Analytical and systemic approaches 121 10.3. Modeling and approximate knowledge 123 10.4. Modeling in the context of approximate knowledge of CSF 124 10.5. The steps of the modeling and the necessary validation 126 10.6. Some component modeling carried out in CSF 128 10.6.1. Integrating dynamic aspects to check the proper functioning of a component 128 10.6.2. Developing a more explicit but simple model 132 10.7. Simulation of energy systems 135 Chapter 11. Conducting the Evaluation 137 11.1. Publication 137 11.2. Summary of the CSF process 140 Part 3. The Practice of CSF 143 Chapter 12. Challenges of Innovation: Summer Overheating in an Administrative Building 145 12.1. Background information 145 12.2. Description of the building 147 12.3. The measurement concept and initial findings 147 12.4. Overheating indicators: strict application of the standard 149 12.4.1. Proof of need according to standards 150 12.4.2. Use of the standard by the design office when defining the concept 151 12.4.3. Comparison with the real situation 152 12.5. Building consensus 153 12.5.1. Is the indoor humidity in the offices too high? 153 12.5.2. Is the ventilation through the windows as predicted? 153 12.5.3. Is the ventilation, even in accordance with predictions and properly used, sufficient? 155 12.5.4. Do occupants use night cooling as intended? 156 12.5.5. Is the false ceiling an inconvenience? 156 12.6. Conclusions 157 Chapter 13. Audits or Implementation of Knowledge: Transformation of Valère Castle to a Museum 159 13.1. The context of the study 159 13.2. The Aymon CSF 161 13.2.1. Measures and preliminary findings 163 13.2.2. System modeling 167 13.3. Return to Valère 172 13.3.1. The building 173 13.3.2. The building’s relationship with the weather 173 13.3.3. The building’s relationship with the operation of the future museum 174 13.3.4. The building’s relationship with the technical installations 174 13.3.5. The resulting indoor climate 174 13.4. Modeling and scenarios: proposal of the concept based on the “Aymon system” 175 13.4.1. Real in situ simulation of the new use 175 13.4.2. Virtual simulation of the new use 179 13.4.3. Results of scenarios and proposals 181 13.5. Implementation of the concept and commissioning by the Valais engineering school (now HES-SO Valais) 182 13.6. Conclusion 186 Chapter 14. CSF to Evaluate and Improve the Appropriation of Innovation: the Case of Buildings 187 14.1. Context: from the catalogue of solutions to real practice 187 14.2. Increased complexity of construction and systems techniques well-highlighted by the Sankey diagram 190 14.3. The importance of use and human aspects that are difficult to quantify 199 14.4. The problem of the “performance gap”: modeling to account for the difference in performance 203 14.5. A surprising invariant in the functioning of the “building” system: the relevance of I/O relationships and signatures 208 14.5.1. Modeling the thermal demand of buildings 212 14.5.2. Investment for infrastructure development and reimbursement from the energy used 212 Part 4. Towards Involved Research? 217 Chapter 15. CSF and Learning Through Use 219 15.1. Expertise or contested innovation 220 15.2. Auditing or putting innovation into practice 221 15.3. Feedback: in situ evaluation of the appropriation of an innovation 223 15.4. Big Data and CSF 224 15.5. The different learning experiences 225 15.6. CSF and learning by use 230 Chapter 16. CSF, Energy Transition and Involved Research 233 16.1. Current limitations and potential of CSF 233 16.1.1. The impact of CSF 233 16.1.2. An evolution over time 234 16.1.3. Supporting the trial-and-error approach 235 16.1.4. The exemplarity of the objects studied 236 16.1.5. Energy context and opportunism 237 16.2. Feedback and energy transition: towards involved research? 240 References 243 Index 249

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Book SynopsisMethods of diagnosis and prognosis play a key role in the reliability and safety of industrial systems. Failure diagnosis requires the use of suitable sensors, which provide signals that are processed to monitor features (health indicators) for defects. These features are required to distinguish between operating states, in order to inform the operator of the severity level, or even the type, of a failure. Prognosis is defined as the estimation of a system�s lifespan, including how long remains and how long has passed. It also encompasses the prediction of impending failures. This is a challenge that many researchers are currently trying to address. Electrical Systems, a book in two volumes, informs readers of the theoretical solutions to this problem, and the results obtained in several laboratories in France, Spain and further afield. To this end, many researchers from the scientific community have contributed to this book to share their research results.Table of Contents1. Diagnostic Methods for the Health Monitoring of Gearboxes, Abdenour Soualhi and Hubert Razik. 2. Techniques for Predicting Defects in Bearings and Gears, Abdenour Soualhi and Hubert Razik. 3. Electrical Signatures Analysis for Condition Monitoring of Gears, Shahin Hzdayati Kia and Mohammad Hoseintabar Marzebali. 4. Modal Decomposition for Bearing Fault Detection, Yassine Amirat, Elhoussin Elbouchikhi, Claude Delpha, Mohamed Benbouzid and Demba Diallo. 5. Methods for Lifespan Modeling in Electrical Engineering, Antoine Picot, Marie Chabert and Pascal Maussion.

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Book SynopsisThis book reports and rationalizes the state-of-the-art concerning the social costs of electricity generation. Social costs are assessed by adding to the private generation costs, the external costs associated with damages to human health, the environment, crops, materials, and those related to the consequences of climate change. The authors consider the evolution of these costs up to 2030 for major electricity generating technologies and, using these estimates, evaluate policy options for external cost internalization, providing quantitative scenarios by country and primary fuel for 2010, 2020 and 2030. While mainly focusing on European countries, the book also examines the situation in key emerging economies such as China, India, Brazil and Turkey.With an analysis of the policies for external costs internalization, this invaluable book will appeal to energy policymakers, research institutions focusing on energy, environmental and energy NGOs and trade associations, as well as energy companies.Trade Review‘The Social Cost of Electricity stands out for its ambitious effort to model and quantify the external costs of electric-power generation. . . Without doubt, the data presented in this volume will be of great interest to policymakers and researchers and will challenge future debates on energy policy.’ -- Jim Rossi, Climate Law‘This book is an excellent report on a very thorough analysis of the full-cycle costs of different sources of electric power, with due regard for externalities. It is a great credit to Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei.’ -- Kenneth Arrow, Stanford University, USTable of ContentsContents: Foreword Introduction Roberto Porchia PART I: COST ASSESSMENT 1. External Costs Luke Brander, El Hadji Fall, Rainer Friedrich, Stefan Hirschberg, Onno Kuik, Kristin Magnussen, Ståle Navrud, Philipp Preiss, Ari Rabl and Bob Van der Zwaan 2. Electricity Supply Externalities: Energy Security Steven Arnold, Arno Behrens, Christian Egenhofer, Alistair Hunt, Anil Markandya, Adriaan van der Welle and Bob van der Zwaan 3. Private Costs Markus Blesl and Steffen Wissel 4. Social Costs of Electricity in the EU Roberto Porchia 5. Methodology and Results in Non-EU Countries Xianli Zhu, Lars Rosendahl Appelquist and Kirsten Halsnæs PART II: POLICY EVALUATION 6. Policy Instruments Gesine Bökenkamp, Wan-Jung Chou, Olav Hohmeyer, Alistair Hunt, Anil Markandya and Wouter Nijs 7. Assessment of Policy Instruments and Electricity Generation Technologies Gesine Bökenkamp, Danae Diakoulaki, Olav Hohmeyer, Wouter Nijs and Christos Tourkolias PART III: ELECTRICITY SCENARIOS 8. Electricity Scenarios in EU Countries Houda Allal, Ole Løfsnes, Thomas Niesor, Berit Tennbakk and Matteo Urbani Index

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Book SynopsisThis timely Handbook provides an excellent overview of our knowledge on the drivers, influencing factors and outcomes of energy entrepreneurship. As the world grapples with global resource crunches and fights to reap the rewards of new energy technologies, a wide space for entrepreneurial opportunity has emerged. The Handbook of Research on Energy Entrepreneurship offers critical insight on how nations the world over can make full use of those opportunities. An informed blend of geographical and methodological approaches to energy entrepreneurship research, these comprehensive and complementary perspectives shed new light on topics ranging from harnessing the power of the sun and wind to consumer preferences and policy frameworks. This book provides an excellent reference point for scholars and practitioners seeking a richer understanding of the aspects of venture financing, corporate entrepreneurship, internationalization of entrepreneurial ventures, emerging cleantech clusters, public policy and the institutional aspects of energy innovation. A must-read for those interested in the scholarly investigation of energy entrepreneurship - including students and scholars of entrepreneurship, technology and innovation management, organizations and the natural environment, and environmental economics, practitioners in energy entrepreneurship, and policymakers - this Handbook is sure to enlighten and engage.Contributors: R. Abold, Z. Acs, J. Aleluia, M.H. Anderson, H. Andree, A. Aspelund, M. Brachert, S. Cohen, N. Dee, P. Dickel, S. Ford, E. Garnsey, D. Grichnik, M.W. Hansen, D.M. Hart, E. Heiskanen, C. Hornych, M. Kenney, C. Koropp, L. Lehmann-Ortega, J. Leitao, M. Loock, N. Løvdal, R. Lovio, A. Marcus, G. Meersohn, P. Mickwitz, P. Migliavacca, N. Peretz, S. Pogutz, A. Russo, J.-M. Schoettl, K. Sutcliffe, T. Teppo, R. Wuebker, R. WüstenhagenTable of ContentsContents: 1. An Introduction to Energy Entrepreneurship Research Rolf Wüstenhagen and Robert Wuebker PART I: THE ROLE OF START-UP FIRMS IN ENERGY ENTREPRENEURSHIP 2. Market Failure, Market Dynamics and Entrepreneurial Innovation by Environmental Ventures Elizabeth Garnsey, Nicola Dee and Simon Ford 3. Prolonged Gestation and Commitment to an Emerging Organizational Field: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Businesses in Minnesota 1993–2009 Alfred Marcus, Marc H. Anderson, Susan Cohen and Kathleen Sutcliffe 4. Entrepreneurial Learning in Energy Technology Start-ups: A Case Study in the Biogas Market Petra Dickel and Helga Andree PART II: INTERNATIONAL ENERGY ENTREPRENEURSHIP 5. Entrepreneurial Opportunity and the Formation of Photovoltaic Clusters in Eastern Germany Matthias Brachert and Christoph Hornych 6. The Rise of Chinese Challenger Firms in the Global Solar Industry Gabrielle Meersohn and Michael W. Hansen 7. International Entrepreneurship in the Offshore Renewable Energy Industry Nicolai Løvdal and Arild Aspelund PART III: ENERGY ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND LARGE INCUMBENT FIRMS 8. Photovoltaic Business Models: Threat or Opportunity for Utilities? Jean-Marc Schoettl and Laurence Lehmann-Ortega 9. Why Corporate Venture Capital Funds Fail: Evidence from the European Energy Industry Tarja Teppo and Rolf Wüstenhagen PART IV: FINANCING ENERGY ENTREPRENEURSHIP 10. Business Angels and Energy Investing: Insights from a German Panel Study Dietmar Grichnik and Christian Koropp 11. Venture Capital Investment in the Greentech Industries: A Provocative Essay Martin Kenney 12. How do Business Models Impact Financial Performance of Renewable Energy Firms? Moritz Loock PART V: COMMERCIALIZING ENERGY INNOVATION 13. Interfirm Relationships in a New Industry: The Case of Fuel Cell Technologies Stefano Pogutz, Angeloantonio Russo and Paolo Migliavacca 14. Challenges of Doing Market Research in the New Energy Market Roland Abold 15. Path Dependence, Path Creation and Creative Destruction in the Evolution of Energy Systems Raimo Lovio, Per Mickwitz and Eva Heiskanen PART VI: ENERGY ENTREPRENEURSHIP, INSTITUTIONS AND PUBLIC POLICY 16. Making, Breaking, and Remaking Markets: State Regulation, Entrepreneurship, and Photovoltaic Electricity in New Jersey David M. Hart 17. International Entrepreneurship and Technology Transfer: The CDM Situation in China João Aleluia and João Leitão 18. Incentive Prizes to Stimulate Energy Innovation and Entrepreneurship Neil Peretz and Zoltan Acs Index

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Book SynopsisThis book is a comprehensive introduction to the rapidly developing field of modeling and characterization of PEM fuel cells. It focuses on i) fuel cell performance modeling and performance characterization applicable from single cells to stacks, ii) fundamental and advanced techniques for structural and compositional characterization of fuel cell components and iii) electrocatalyst design. Written by experts in this field, this book is an invaluable tool for graduate students and professionals.

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Book SynopsisDie Steigerung der Energieeffizienz reduziert die Lebenszykluskosten von Immobilien und ist wesentlicher Baustein zur Erreichung der weltweiten Klimaziele. Beim Bau und Betrieb öffentlicher Hochbauten muss der Staat eine Vorbildfunktion einnehmen. Aufgrund der anhaltenden defizitären Haushaltslage der öffentlichen Hand gewinnt die alternative Beschaffungsvariante Öffentlich-Private Partnerschaften zunehmend an Bedeutung. Robin Heidel zeigt auf, wie ÖPP-Hochbauprojekte gestaltet werden müssen, damit ein energieeffizienter Betrieb sichergestellt wird. Er entwickelt dazu ein Referenz­modell mit Prozessbeschreibungen für die einzelnen Projektphasen. Anhand eines Praxisbeispiels stellt er den möglichen Nutzen des Modells dar.Table of ContentsGrundlagen zu ÖPP, öffentlicher Hochbau, Energiemanagement.- Relevanz des Energiemanagements bei ÖPP.- Entwicklung eines Referenzmodells.- Modellüberprüfung an Praxisbeispielen.

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Book SynopsisFür Energiesparmaßnahmen im Wohnung​sbestand gibt es zahlreiche Möglichkeiten. Doch welche sind wirtschaftlich sinnvoll? Welche Maßnahmen lohnen sich für Eigentümer und gibt es auch Möglichkeiten für Mieter Energie einzusparen? Zu diesen Fragen gibt das Buch Antworten und will Strategien aufzeigen, wie intelligente und wirtschaftliche Einsparlösungen erreicht werden können. Dabei werden Energie für den Heizungsbedarf und der häusliche Stromverbrauch gemeinsam betrachtet. Dadurch unterscheiden sich die im Buch präsentierten Vorschläge von der bisher üblichen Herangehensweise. Energieberater werden neue Anregungen finden und Eigentümer sowie Mieter sehen sich in die Lage versetzt, Energiesparmaßnahmen eigenständig anzugehen und vorgeschlagene Projekte kritisch zu hinterfragen. Table of ContentsEnergiepreise.- Intelligente und wirtschaftliche Einsparlösungen.- Wirtschaftlich sinnvolle Sanierungsmaßnahmen.- Datenbasis und Berechnungswerte.- Flächenheizungen.- Photovoltaik.- Stromspeicher.- Solarthermie.- Mini-Blockheizkraftwerk mit Pufferspeicher.- Holzpellets.- Vertikale Kleinwindkraftanlagen.- Dämmungsmaßnahmen.- Energiesparen für Eigentümer und Mieter.

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Book SynopsisDurch den zunehmenden Einsatz von erneuerbaren Energien befindet sich das deutsche Elektrizitätsversorgungssystem in einer grundlegenden Transformation. Dies wirkt sich auf verschiedenste Bereiche der Energiewirtschaft aus. Ein Beispiel hierfür ist der Stromhandel. Die häufig starken, durch externe Faktoren wie Wind und Sonne bestimmten Fluktuationen der Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energien führen gegenüber dem Handel mit Strom aus konventionellen Energieträgern zu signifikant anderen Rahmenbedingungen. Dies erfordert unter anderem die Verwendung von zuverlässigen Prognosen der Stromerzeugungsleistung. Darüber hinaus sind beim Handel mit Strom aus erneuerbaren Energien auch verschiedene gesetzliche und regulatorische Besonderheiten zu beachten. In dieser Veröffentlichung werden die wesentlichen Aspekte des Handels mit Strom aus erneuerbaren Energien in kompakter Form dargestellt.Trade Review“... Gerichtet ist das Buch neben Fach- und Führungskräften auch an den Studierende und Lehrende sowie Strommarktinteressierte ...” (Till Weber, in: Renews - Newsletter der Agentur für Erneuerbare Energien, unendlich-viel-energie.de, 30. Juni 2015)Table of Contents​Überblick über den deutschen Strommarkt.- Gesetzliche Förderung erneuerbarer Energien.- Vermarktung von Strom aus erneuerbaren Energien.

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