Energy technology and engineering Books

Book SynopsisTrade magazines and review articles describe MWD in casual terms, e.g., positive versus negative pulsers, continuous wave systems, drilling channel noise and attenuation, in very simple terms absent of technical rigor. However, few truly scientific discussions are available on existing methods, let alone the advances necessary for high-data-rate telemetry. Without a strong foundation building on solid acoustic principles, rigorous mathematics, and of course, fast, inexpensive and efficient testing of mechanical designs, low data rates will impose unacceptable quality issues to real-time formation evaluation for years to come. This all-new revised second edition of an instant classic promises to change all of this. The lead author and M.I.T.-educated scientist, Wilson Chin, has written the only book available that develops mud pulse telemetry from first principles, adapting sound acoustic principles to rigorous signal processing and efficient wind tunnel testing. In facTable of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgements xix 1 Stories from the Field, Fundamental Questions and Solutions 1 1.1 Mysteries, Clues and Possibilities 1 1.2 Paper No. AADE-11-NTCE – 74, “High-Data-Rate MWD System for Very Deep Wells” significantly expanded with additional photographs and detailed annotations 11 1.2.1 Abstract 11 1.2.2 Introduction 11 1.2.3 MWD telemetry basics 13 1.2.4 New telemetry approach 14 1.2.5 New technology elements 16 1.2.5.1 Downhole source and signal optimization 16 1.2.5.2 Surface signal processing and noise removal 19 1.2.5.3 Pressure, torque and erosion computer modeling 20 1.2.5.4 Wind tunnel analysis: studying new approaches 23 1.2.5.5 Example test results 42 1.2.6 Conclusions 45 1.2.7 Acknowledgements 46 1.2.8 Credits 46 1.2.9 Paper references 47 1.3 References 48 2 Harmonic Analysis: Six-Segment Downhole Acoustic Waveguide 49 2.1 MWD Fundamentals 50 2.2 MWD Telemetry Concepts Re-examined 51 2.2.1 Conventional pulser ideas explained 51 2.2.2 Acoustics at higher data rates 52 2.2.3 High-data-rate continuous wave telemetry 54 2.2.4 Drillbit as a reflector 55 2.2.5 Source modeling subtleties and errors 56 2.2.6 Flowloop and field test subtleties 58 2.2.7 Wind tunnel testing comments 60 2.3 Downhole Wave Propagation Subtleties 60 2.3.1 Three distinct physical problems 61 2.3.2 Downhole source problem 62 2.4 Six-Segment Downhole Waveguide Model 64 2.4.1 Nomenclature 66 2.4.2 Mathematical formulation 68 2.5 An Example: Optimizing Pulser Signal Strength 79 2.5.1 Problem definition and results 79 2.5.2 User interface 82 2.5.3 Constructive interference at high frequencies 83 2.6 Additional Engineering Conclusions 85 2.7 References 87 3 Harmonic Analysis: Elementary Pipe and Collar Models 88 3.1 Constant area drillpipe wave models 88 3.1.1 Case (a), infinite system, both directions 89 3.1.2 Case (b), drillbit as a solid reflector 90 3.1.3 Case (c), drillbit as open-ended reflector 90 3.1.4 Case (d), “finite-finite” waveguide of length 2L 91 3.1.5 Physical Interpretation 91 3.2 Variable area collar-pipe wave models 94 3.2.1 Mathematical formulation 94 3.2.2 Example calculations 96 3.3 References 98 4 Transient Constant Area Surface and Downhole Wave Models 99 Overview 99 4.1 Method 4-1. Upgoing wave reflection at solid boundary, single transducer deconvolution using delay equation, no mud pump noise 101 4.1.1 Physical problem 101 4.1.2 Theory 102 4.1.3 Run 1. Wide signal – low data rate 103 4.1.4 Run 2. Narrow pulse width – high data rate 105 4.1.5 Run 3. Phase-shift keying or PSK 106 4.1.6 Runs 4 and 5. Phase-shift keying or PSK, very high data rate 109 4.2 Method 4-2. Upgoing wave reflection at solid boundary, single transducer deconvolution using delay equation, with mud pump noise 110 4.2.1 Physical problem 110 4.2.2 Software note 111 4.2.3 Theory 111 4.2.4 Run 1. 12 Hz PSK, plus pump noise with S/N = 0.25 112 4.2.5 Run 2. 24 Hz PSK, plus pump noise with S/N = 0.25 113 4.3 Method 4-3. Directional filtering – difference equation method requiring two transducers 114 4.3.1 Physical problem 114 4.3.2 Theory 115 4.3.3 Run 1. Single narrow pulse, S/N = 1, approximately 116 4.3.4 Run 2. Very noisy environment 118 4.3.5 Run 3. Very, very noisy environment 119 4.3.6 Run 4. Very, very, very noisy environment 120 4.3.7 Run 5. Non-periodic background noise 121 4.4 Method 4-4. Directional filtering – differential equation method requiring two transducers 122 4.4.1 Physical problem 122 4.4.2 Theory 123 4.4.3 Run 1. Validation analysis 124 4.4.4 Run 2. A very, very noisy example 126 4.4.5 Note on multiple-transducer methods 127 4.5 Method 4-5. Downhole reflection and deconvolution at the bit, waves created by MWD dipole source, bit assumed as perfect solid reflector 128 4.5.1 Software note 128 4.5.2 Physical problem 129 4.5.3 On solid and open reflectors 129 4.5.4 Theory 130 4.5.5 Run 1. Long, low data rate pulse 132 4.5.6 Run 2. Higher data rate, faster valve action 132 4.5.7 Run 3. PSK example, 12 Hz frequency 133 4.5.8 Run 4. 24 Hz, Coarse sampling time 134 4.6 Method 4-6. Downhole reflection and deconvolution at the bit, waves created by MWD dipole source, bit assumed as perfect open end or zero acoustic pressure reflector 135 4.6.1 Software note 135 4.6.2 Physical problem 135 4.6.3 Theory 136 4.6.4 Run 1. Low data rate run 137 4.6.5 Run 2. Higher data rate 138 4.6.6 Run 3. Phase-shift-keying, 12 Hz carrier wave 139 4.6.7 Run 4. Phase-shift-keying, 24 Hz carrier wave 139 4.6.8 Run 5. Phase-shift-keying, 48 Hz carrier 140 4.7 References 141 5 Transient Variable Area Downhole Inverse Models 142 5.1 Method 5-1. Problems with acoustic impedance mismatch due to collar-drillpipe area discontinuity, with drillbit assumed as open-end reflector 144 5.1.1 Physical problem 144 5.1.2 Theory 145 5.1.3 Run 1. Phase-shift-keying, 12 Hz carrier wave 149 5.1.4 Run 2. Phase-shift-keying, 24 Hz carrier wave 149 5.1.5 Run 3. Phase-shift-keying, 96 Hz carrier wave 150 5.1.6 Run 4. Short rectangular pulse with rounded edges 151 5.2 Method 5-2. Problems with collar-drillpipe area discontinuity, with drillbit assumed as closed end, solid drillbit reflector 152 5.2.1 Theory 152 5.2.2 Run 1. Phase-shift-keying, 12 Hz carrier wave 152 5.2.3 Run 2. Phase-shift-keying, 24 Hz carrier wave 153 5.2.4 Run 3. Phase-shift-keying, 96 Hz carrier wave 153 5.2.5 Run 4. Short rectangular pulse with rounded edges 153 5.3 References 154 6 Signal Processor Design and Additional Noise Models 155 6.1 Desurger Distortion 156 6.1.1 Low-frequency positive pulsers 158 6.1.2 Higher frequency mud sirens 159 6.2 Downhole Drilling Noise 162 6.2.1 Positive displacement motors 163 6.2.2 Turbodrill motors 164 6.2.3 Drillstring vibrations 164 6.3 Attenuation Mechanisms 166 6.3.1 Newtonian model 166 6.3.2 Non-Newtonian fluids 167 6.4 Drillpipe Attenuation and Mudpump Reflection 169 6.4.1 Low-data-rate physics 170 6.4.2 High data rate effects 171 6.5 Applications to Negative Pulser Design in Fluid Flows and to Elastic Wave Telemetry Analysis in Drillpipe Systems 172 6.6 LMS Adaptive and Savitzky-Golay Smoothing Filters 174 6.7 Low Pass Butterworth, Low Pass FFT and Notch Filters 176 6.8 Typical Frequency Spectra and MWD Signal Strength Properties 177 6.9 References 178 7 Mud Siren Torque and Erosion Analysis 179 7.1 The Physical Problem 179 7.1.1 Stable-closed designs 181 7.1.2 Previous solutions 181 7.1.3 Stable-opened designs 183 7.1.4 Torque and its importance 184 7.1.5 Numerical modeling 185 7.2 Mathematical Approach 185 7.2.1 Inviscid aerodynamic model 187 7.2.2 Simplified boundary conditions 188 7.3 Mud Siren Formulation 190 7.3.1 Differential equation 190 7.3.2 Pressure integral 191 7.3.3 Upstream and annular boundary condition 192 7.3.4 Radial variations 194 7.3.5 Downstream flow deflection 195 7.3.6 Lobe tangency conditions 196 7.3.7 Numerical solution 196 7.3.8 Interpreting torque computations 197 7.3.9 Streamline tracing 198 7.4 Typical Computed Results and Practical Applications 200 7.4.1 Detailed engineering design suite 200 7.5 Conclusions 206 7.5.1 Software reference 206 7.6 References 207 8 Downhole Turbine Design and Short Wind Tunnel Testing 208 8.1 Turbine Design Issues 208 8.2 Why Wind Tunnels Work 210 8.3 Turbine Model Development 213 8.4 Software Reference 217 8.5 Erosion and Power Evaluation 222 8.6 Simplified Testing 225 8.7 References 228 9 Siren Design and Evaluation in Mud Flow Loops and Wind Tunnels 229 9.1 Early Wind Tunnel and Modern Test Facilities 230 9.1.1 Basic ideas 231 9.1.2 Three types of wind tunnels 232 9.1.3 Background, early short wind tunnel 233 9.1.4 Modern short and long wind tunnel system 234 9.1.5 Frequently asked questions 237 9.2 Short wind tunnel design 240 9.2.1 Siren torque testing in short wind tunnel 244 9.2.2 Siren static torque testing procedure 247 9.2.3 Erosion considerations 250 9.3 Intermediate Wind Tunnel for Signal Strength Measurement 251 9.3.1 Analytical acoustic model 252 9.3.2 Single transducer test using speaker source 255 9.3.3 Siren Δp procedure using single and differential transducers 255 9.3.4 Intermediate wind tunnel test procedure 257 9.3.5 Predicting mud flow Δp’s from wind tunnel data 261 9.4 Long Wind Tunnel for Telemetry Modeling 263 9.4.1 Early construction approach - basic ideas 263 9.4.2 Evaluating new telemetry concepts 268 9.5 Water and Mud Flow Loop Testing 268 9.6 References 276 10 Advanced System Summary and Modern MWD Developments 277 10.1 Overall Telemetry Summary 278 10.1.1 Optimal pulser placement for wave interference 278 10.1.2 Telemetry design using FSK 281 10.1.3 Sirens in tandem or “sirens in series” 283 10.1.4 Attenuation misinterpretation 284 10.1.5 Surface signal processing 288 10.1.6 Attenuation, distance and frequency 291 10.1.7 Ghost signals and echoes 294 10.2 Sirens, Turbines and Batteries 295 10.3 References 299 11 MWD Signal Processing in China 300 12 Sensor Developments in China 318 12.1 DRGDS Near-bit Geosteering Drilling System 318 12.1.1 Overview 318 12.1.2 DRGDS tool architecture 319 12.1.3 Functions of DRGDS 327 12.2 DRGRT Natural Azi-Gamma Ray Measurement 332 12.3 DRNBLog Geological Log 336 12.4 DRMPR Electromagnetic Wave Resistivity 338 12.5 DRNP Neutron Porosity 339 12.6 DRMWD Positive Mud Pulser 343 12.7 DREMWD Electromagnetic MWD 344 12.8 DRPWD Pressure While Drilling 347 12.9 Automatic Vertical Drilling System – DRVDS-1 350 12.10 Automatic Vertical Drilling System – DRVDS-2 354 13 Sinopec MWD Research 355 13.1 Engineering and Design Highlights 356 13.2 Credits 364 14 Gyrodata MWD Research 365 14.1 Short and Long Wind Tunnel Facilities 366 14.2 Credits 375 15 GE Oil & Gas MWD Developments (BakerHughes, a GE Company) 376 15.1 Recent Patent Publications 377 15.2 Credits 391 15.3 References 391 16 MWD Turbosiren - Principles, Design and Development 392 16.1 Background and Motivation 392 16.1.1 Mud siren background 393 16.1.2 Enter the turbosiren 398 16.1.3 General unanswered questions 404 16.2 Prototype Turbosirens and Experimental Notes 405 16.2.1 Single-stage turbosiren 405 16.2.2 Basic measurements 406 16.2.3 Dual-stage turbosiren 409 16.2.4 Three-stage turbosiren 410 16.2.5 Complementary reference turbine 411 16.5 References 439 17 Design of Miniature Sirens 440 17.1 Siren flowmeter applications 441 17.2 Mini-siren prototypes 442 17.3 Cardboard test prototyping 448 17.4 Credits 450 18 Wave-Based Directional Filtering 451 18.1 Background 451 18.2 Theory and Difference-Delay Equations 452 18.3 Calculated Results 455 18.3.1 Method 4-3, Difference equation (Software reference, 2XDCR07D.FOR) 456 18.3.2 Method 4-3, Difference equation (Software reference, 2XDCR07E.FOR) 460 18.3.3 Method 4-3, Difference equation (Software reference, 2XDCR07F.FOR) 463 18.3.4 Method 4-4, Differential equation (Software reference, SAS14D.FOR Option 3 identical to SIGPROC-1.FOR) 466 18.4 Conclusions 472 18.5 References 472 Cumulative References 473 Index 478 About the Author 489

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Book SynopsisA guide to the role of static state estimation in the mitigation of potential system failures With contributions from a noted panel of experts on the topic, Advances in Electric Power and Energy: Static State Estimation addresses the wide-range of issues concerning static state estimation as a main energy control function and major tool for evaluating prevailing operating conditions in electric power systems worldwide. This book is an essential guide for system operators who must be fully aware of potential threats to the integrity of their own and neighboring systems. The contributors provide an overview of the topic and review common threats such as cascading black-outs to model-based anomaly detection to the operation of micro-grids and much more. The book also includes a discussion of an effective mathematical programming approach to state estimation in power systems. Advances in Electric Power and Energy reviews the most recent developments inTable of ContentsAbout the Editor xi About the Contributors xiii Chapter 1 General Considerations 1 1.1 Prelude 1 1.2 Defining SSE 2 1.3 The Need for State Estimation 3 1.4 Static State Estimation in Practice 4 1.5 Applications That Use SE Solution 10 1.6 Overview of Chapters 13 Chapter 2 State Estimation In Power Systems Based On A Mathematical Programming Approach 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Formulation 24 2.3 Classical State Estimation Procedure 26 2.4 Mathematical Programming Solution 31 2.5 Alternative State Estimators 32 Part 1 System Failure Mitigation 59 Chapter 3 System Stress and Cascading Blackouts 61 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 Cascading Blackouts and Previous Work 62 3.3 Problem Statement and Approach 66 3.4 DFAXes, Vulnerability, and Criticality Metrics 70 3.5 Validity of Metrics 78 3.6 Studies with Metrics 82 3.7 Summary 93 3.8 Application of Stress Metrics 94 3.9 Conclusions 94 Chapter 4 Model-Based Anomaly Detection For Power System State Estimation 99 4.1 Introduction 99 4.2 Cyberattacks on State Estimation 100 4.3 ATTACK-RESILIENT State Estimation 103 4.4 Model-Based Anomaly Detection 106 4.5 Conclusions 117 Chapter 5 Protection, Control, and Operation of Microgrids 123 5.1 Prelude 123 5.2 Introduction 126 5.3 State of the Art in Microgrid Protection and Control 128 5.4 Emerging Technologies 146 5.5 Test Case for DDSE 154 5.6 Test Results 159 5.7 Test Case for Adaptive Setting-Less Protection 161 5.8 Conclusions 167 Part 2 Robust State Estimation 171 Chapter 6 PSSE Redux: Convex Relaxation, Decentralized, Robust, And Dynamic Solvers 173 6.1 Introduction 173 6.2 Power Grid Modeling 174 6.3 Problem Statement 176 6.4 Distributed Solvers 186 6.5 Robust Estimators and Cyberattacks 193 6.6 Power System State Tracking 198 6.7 Discussion 202 Chapter 7 Robust Wide-Area Fault Visibility and Structural Observability In Power Systems With Synchronized Measurement Units 209 7.1 Introduction 209 7.2 Robust Fault Visibility Using Strategically Deployed Synchronized Measurements 210 7.3 Optimal PMU Deployment for System-Wide Structural Observability 221 7.4 Conclusions 229 Chapter 8 A Robust Hybrid Power System State Estimator With Unknown Measurement Noise 231 8.1 Introduction 231 8.2 Problem Statement 233 8.3 Proposed Framework for Robust Hybrid State Estimation 234 8.4 Numerical Results 245 8.5 Conclusions 249 Chapter 9 Least-Trimmed-Absolute-Value State Estimator 255 9.1 Bad Data Detection and Robust Estimators 256 9.2 Results and Discussion 266 9.3 Conclusions 287 Part 3 State Estimation For Distribution Systems 295 Chapter 10 Probabilistic State Estimation In Distribution Networks 297 10.1 Introduction 297 10.2 State Estimation in Distribution Networks 298 10.3 Improving Observability in Distribution Networks 309 10.4 Conclusion 324 Chapter 11 Advanced Distribution System State Estimation In Multi-Area Architectures 329 11.1 Issues and Challenges of Distribution System State Estimation 329 11.2 Distribution System Multi-Area State Estimation (DS-MASE) Approach 342 11.3 Application of the DS-MASE Approach 357 11.4 Validity and Applicability of DS-MASE Approach 369 Part 4 Parallel/Distributed Processing 375 Chapter 12 Hierarchical Multi-Area State Estimation 377 12.1 Introduction 377 12.2 Preliminaries 381 12.3 Modeling and Problem Formulation 385 12.4 A Brief Survey of Solution Techniques 387 12.5 Hierarchical State Estimator Via Sensitivity Function Exchanges 393 12.6 Add-On Functions in Multi-area State Estimation 399 12.7 Properties 401 12.8 Simulations 405 12.9 Conclusions 409 Chapter 13 Parallel Domain-Decomposition-Based Distributed State Estimation For Large-Scale Power Systems 413 13.1 Introduction 413 13.2 Fundamental Theory and Formulation 416 13.3 Experimental Results 436 13.4 Conclusion 449 Chapter 14 Dishonest Gauss–Newton Method-Based Power System State Estimation On A GPU 455 14.1 Introduction 455 14.2 Background 456 14.3 Performance of Dishonest Gauss–Newton Method 461 14.4 GPU Implementation 463 14.5 Simulation Results 467 14.6 Discussions on Scalability 468 14.7 Distributed Method of Parallelization 470 14.8 Conclusions 473 Index 475

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Book SynopsisDiscover the latest research in path planning and robust path tracking control InAutonomous Road Vehicle Path Planning and Tracking Control, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a practical and insightful exploration of how to design robust path tracking control. The authors include easy to understand concepts that are immediately applicable to the work of practicing control engineers and graduate students working in autonomous driving applications. Controller parameters are presented graphically, and regions of guaranteed performance are simple to visualize and understand. The book discusses the limits of performance, as well as hardware-in-the-loop simulation and experimental results that are implementable in real-time. Concepts of collision and avoidance are explained within the same framework and a strong focus on the robustness of the introduced tracking controllers is maintained throughout. In addition to a continuous treatment of comTable of ContentsAuthor biographies Preface Abbreviations Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation and Introduction 1 1.2 History of Automated Driving 4 1.3 ADAS to Autonomous Driving 13 1.4 Autonomous Driving Architectures 14 1.5 Cybersecurity Considerations 15 1.6 Organization and Scope of the Book 16 1.7 Chapter Summary and Concluding Remarks 16 References 16 Chapter 2. Vehicle, Path and Path Tracking Models 21 2.1 Tire Force Model 21 2.1.1 Introduction 21 2.1.2 Tire forces/moments and slip 22 2.1.3 Longitudinal tire force modeling 25 2.1.4 Lateral tire force modeling 28 2.1.5 Self-aligning moment model 30 2.1.6 Coupling of tire forces 32 2.2 Vehicle longitudinal dynamics model 37 2.3 Vehicle Lateral Dynamics Model 41 2.3.1 Geometry of cornering 41 2.3.2 Single track lateral vehicle model 43 2.3.3 Augmented single track lateral vehicle model 47 2.3.4 Linearized single track lateral vehicle model 48 2.4 Path Model 52 2.5 Pure Pursuit: Geometry Based Low Speed Path Tracking 58 2.6 Stanley Method for Path Tracking 59 2.7 Path Tracking in Reverse Driving and Parking 62 2.8 Chapter Summary and Concluding Remarks 63 References 63 Chapter 3. Simulation, Experimentation and Estimation Overview 65 3.1 Introduction to the Simulation Based Development and Evaluation Process 65 3.2 Model-in-the-Loop Simulation 68 3.2.1 Linear and Nonlinear Vehicle Simulation Models 68 3.2.2 Higher Fidelity Vehicle Simulation Models 69 3.3 Virtual Environments Used in Simulation 71 3.3.1 Road Network Creation 71 3.3.2 Driving Environment Construction 73 3.3.3 Capabilities 77 3.4 Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation 82 3.5 Experimental Vehicle Testbeds 84 3.5.1 Unified Approach 84 3.5.2 Unified AV Functions and Sensors Library 87 3.6 Estimation 88 3.6.1 Estimation of the Effective Tire Radius 88 3.6.2 Slip Slope Method for Road Friction Coefficient Estimation 89 3.6.3 Results and Discussion 92 3.7 Chapter Summary and Concluding Remarks 97 References 97 Chapter 4. Path Description and Generation 100 4.1 Introduction 100 4.2 Discrete Waypoint Representation 100 4.3 Parametric Path Description 103 4.3.1 Clothoids 104 4.3.2 Bezier Curves 107 4.3.3 Polynomial Spline Description 108 4.4 Tracking Error Calculation 113 4.5 Conclusions 114 References 115 Chapter 5. Collision Free Path Planning 117 5.1 Introduction 117 5.2 Elastic Band Method 121 5.2.1 Path Structure 121 5.2.2 Calculation of Forces 121 5.2.3 Reaching Equilibrium Point 124 5.2.4 Selected Scenarios 125 5.2.5 Results 127 5.3 Path Planning with Minimum Curvature Variation 135 5.3.1 Optimization based on G2-quintic Splines Path Description 135 5.3.2 Reduction of Computation Cost using Lookup Tables 138 5.3.3 Geometry-based Collision-free Target Points Generation 142 5.3.4 Simulation Results 145 5.4 Model-based Trajectory Planning 148 5.4.1 Problem Formulation 148 5.4.2 Parameterized Vehicle Control 149 5.4.3 Constrained Optimization on Curvature Control 150 5.4.4 Sampling of the Longitudinal Movements 155 5.4.5 Trajectory Evaluation and Selection 157 5.4.6 Integration of Road Friction Coefficient Estimation for Safety Enhancement 159 5.4.7 Simulation Results in Complex Scenarios 162 5.5 Chapter Summary and Concluding Remarks 169 References 170 Chapter 6. Path Tracking Model Regulation 174 6.1 Introduction 174 6.2 DOB Design and Frequency Response Analysis 175 6.2.1 DOB Derivation and Loop Structure 175 6.2.2 Application Examples 178 6.2.3 Disturbance Rejection Comparison 188 6.3 Q Filter Design 188 6.4 Time Delay Performance 189 6.5 Chapter Summary and Concluding Remarks 193 References 193 Chapter 7. Robust Path Tracking Control 195 7.1 Model Predictive Control for Path Following 196 7.1.1 Formulation of linear adaptive MPC problem 196 7.1.2 Estimation of Lateral Velocity 198 7.1.3 Experimental Results 201 7.2 Design Methodology for Robust Gain-scheduling Law 204 7.2.1 Problem Formulation 204 7.2.2 Design via Optimization in Linear Matrix Inequalities form 205 7.2.3 Parameter-space Gain-scheduling Methodology 207 7.3 Robust Gain-scheduling Application to Path Tracking Control 213 7.3.1 Car Steering Model and Parameter Uncertainty 213 7.3.2 Controller Structure and Design Parameters 215 7.3.3 Application of Parameter-space Gain-scheduling 217 7.3.4 Comparative Study of LMI Design 222 7.3.5 Experimental Results and Discussions 223 7.4 Add-on Vehicle Stability Control for Autonomous Driving 227 7.4.1 Direct Yaw Moment Control Strategies 228 7.4.2 Direct Yaw Moment Distribution via Differential Braking 234 7.4.3 Simulation Results and Discussion 235 7.5 Chapter Summary and Concluding Remarks 238 References 238 Chapter 8. Summary and Conclusions 242 8.1 Summary 242 8.2 Conclusions 244

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Book SynopsisENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES IN GRID MODERNIZATION Written and edited by a team of experts, this exciting new volume discusses the various types of energy storage technologies, the applications of energy storage systems, their role in the real-time operation of power markets, and the operational issues of modern power systems, including renewable-based generating sources. The worldwide energy sector, specifically power generation, has undergone a huge transformation in recent years, and the focus is to make it sustainable, environmentally friendly, reliable, and highly efficient. As a result, a significant share of highly intermittent but clean renewable sources is being integrated into the power system using advanced technological components. The higher penetration level of renewable energy sources (RESs) has increased the active power generation share in the grid but reduced the total rotating system inertia. This high reduction in inertia brings new challenges and technical issues toTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Overview of Current Development and Research Trends in Energy Storage Technologies 1O. Apata 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Technology of Energy Storage 4 1.3 Energy Storage and Smart Grids 14 1.4 Energy Storage and Micro-Grids 15 1.5 Energy Storage Policy Recommendations 17 1.6 Energy Storage: Challenges and Opportunities 18 1.7 Practical Implementations of Energy Storage Technologies 19 1.8 Conclusions 20 References 20 2 A Comprehensive Review of the Li-Ion Batteries Fast-Charging Protocols 23Talal Mouais and Saeed Mian Qaisar 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 The Literature Review 27 2.2.1 Overview of Lithium-Ion Battery Working Principle 28 2.2.2 Principles of Battery Fast-Charging 31 2.2.3 Multi-Scale Design for Fast Charging 33 2.2.4 Electrode Materials 33 2.2.5 Fast-Charging Strategies 34 2.2.6 Types of Charging Protocols 34 2.2.7 Li-Ion Battery Degradation 40 2.2.8 Factors that Cause Battery Degradation 41 2.2.9 Degradation Mechanism of the Li-Ion Battery 44 2.2.10 Electrode Degradation in Lithium-Ion Batteries 48 2.2.11 The Battery Management System 50 2.2.12 Battery Technology Gap Assessment for Fast-Charging 53 2.2.13 Developmental Needs 55 2.3 Materials and Methods 56 2.4 Discussion 58 2.5 Conclusion 63 Acknowledgements 65 References 65 3 Development of Sustainable High‑Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes from Biochar-Based Material 71Kriti Shrivastava and Ankur Jain 3.1 Introduction 72 3.2 Role of Energy Storage Systems in Grid Modernization 73 3.3 Overview of Current Developments of Supercapacitor-Based Electrical Energy Storage Technologies 78 3.4 Potential of Biochar as High-Performance Sustainable Material 80 3.5 Overview of Recent Developments in Biochar-Based EDLC Supercapacitor 83 3.5.1 Wood & Plant Residues as Biochar Precursor for Supercapacitor Applications 84 3.5.2 Biochar-Based Supercapacitors from Waste Biomass 89 3.5.3 Carbon-Based Supercapacitors from Other Methods 91 3.6 Current Challenges and Future Potential of Biochar-Based Supercapacitor 93 3.7 Conclusion 99 References 101 4 Energy Storage Units for Frequency Management in Nuclear Generators-Based Power System 105Boopathi D., Jagatheesan K., Sourav Samanta, Anand B. and Satheeshkumar R. 4.1 Introduction 105 4.1.1 Structure of the Chapter 110 4.1.2 Objective of the Chapter 110 4.2 Investigated System Modeling 111 4.2.1 Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) Model 112 4.2.2 Fuel Cell (FC) Model 113 4.2.3 Redox Flow Battery (RFB) Model 113 4.2.4 Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Based FC Model 114 4.2.5 Ultra-Capacitor (UC) Model 115 4.2.6 Supercapacitor Energy Storage (SCES) Model 116 4.3 Controller and Cost Function 116 4.4 Optimization Methodology 118 4.5 Impact Analysis of Energy Storage Units 119 4.5.1 Impact of BESS 119 4.5.2 Impact of FC 121 4.5.3 Impact of RFB 122 4.5.4 Impact Analysis of the PEM-FC 123 4.5.5 Impact Analysis of UC 125 4.5.6 Impact Analysis of SCES 127 4.6 Result and Discussion 128 4.7 Conclusion 130 Appendix 132 References 132 5 Detailed Comparative Analysis and Performance of Fuel Cells 135Tejinder Singh Saggu and Arvind Dhingra 5.1 Introduction 135 5.2 Classification of Fuel Cells 136 5.2.1 Based on Fuel-Oxidizer Electrolyte 138 5.2.1.1 Direct Fuel Cell 138 5.2.1.2 Regenerative FC 139 5.2.1.3 Indirect Fuel Cells 143 5.2.2 Based on the State of Aggregation of Reactants 144 5.2.2.1 Solid Fuel Cells 144 5.2.2.2 Gaseous Fuel Cells 145 5.2.2.3 Liquid Fuel Cells 147 5.2.3 Based on Electrolyte Temperature 148 5.2.3.1 Proton Exchange Membrane 148 5.2.3.2 Direct Methanol 150 5.2.3.3 Alkaline 150 5.2.3.4 Phosphoric Acid 151 5.2.3.5 Molten Carbonate 152 5.2.3.6 Solid Oxide 153 5.3 Cost of Different Fuel Cell Technologies 154 5.4 Conclusion 155 References 155 6 Machine Learning–Based SoC Estimation: A Recent Advancement in Battery Energy Storage System 159Prerana Mohapatra, Venkata Ramana Naik N. and Anup Kumar Panda 6.1 Introduction 160 6.2 SoC Estimation Techniques 163 6.2.1 Coulomb Counting Approach 164 6.2.2 Look-Up Table Method 164 6.2.3 Model-Based Methods 164 6.2.3.1 Electrochemical Model 164 6.2.3.2 Equivalent Circuit Model 165 6.2.4 Data-Driven Methods 165 6.2.5 Machine Learning–Based Methods 166 6.2.5.1 Support Vector Regression 166 6.2.5.2 Ridged Extreme Learning Machine (RELM) 168 6.3 BESS Description 171 6.4 Results and Discussion 171 6.5 Conclusion 175 References 177 7 Dual-Energy Storage System for Optimal Operation of Grid‑Connected Microgrid System 181Deepak Kumar and Sandeep Dhundhara 7.1 Introduction 182 7.2 System Mathematical Modelling 188 7.2.1 Modelling of Wind Turbine Power Generator 189 7.2.2 Modelling of Solar Power Plant 189 7.2.3 Modelling of Conventional Diesel Power Generator 189 7.2.4 Modelling of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) and Boiler Plant 190 7.2.5 Modelling of Dual Energy Storage System 190 7.2.5.1 Battery Bank Storage System 190 7.2.5.2 Pump Hydro Storage System 191 7.2.6 Modelling of Power Transfer Capability 191 7.3 Objective Function and Problem Formulations 192 7.3.1 Operational and Technical Constraints 192 7.4 Simulation Results and Discussion 195 7.5 Conclusion 208 References 209 8 Applications of Energy Storage in Modern Power System through Demand-Side Management 213Preeti Gupta and Yajvender Pal Verma 8.1 Introduction to Demand-Side Management 214 8.1.1 Demand-Side Management Techniques 214 8.1.1.1 Energy Efficiency 214 8.1.1.2 Demand Response 215 8.1.2 Demand-Side Management Approaches 217 8.2 Operational Aspects of DR 218 8.3 DSM Challenges 221 8.4 Demand Response Resources 223 8.5 Role of Battery Energy Storage in DSM 224 8.5.1 Case Study I: Peak Load and PAR Reduction 225 8.5.1.1 Problem Formulation 225 8.5.1.2 Energy Storage Dispatch Modelling 226 8.5.2 Case Study II: Minimizing Load Profile Variations 229 8.5.2.1 Problem Formulation 229 8.5.2.2 SPV System Modelling 230 8.5.3 Results and Discussions 231 8.5.3.1 Case Study I: Peak Load and PAR Reduction Using Batteries with DR 231 8.5.3.2 Case Study II: Minimizing Load Profile Variations Using Batteries with DR 232 8.6 Conclusion 234 References 234 9 Impact of Battery Energy Storage Systems and Demand Response Program on Locational Marginal Prices in Distribution System 239Saikrishna Varikunta and Ashwani Kumar 9.1 Introduction 240 9.1.1 Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) 240 9.1.2 Demand Response Program 242 9.2 Problem Formulation and Solution Using GAMS 244 9.2.1 Objective Functions for Case Studies: Case 1 to Case 5 245 9.2.1.1 Case 1: Is Minimization of the Active Power Production Cost 245 9.2.1.2 Case 2: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost 246 9.2.1.3 Case 3: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost Along with Capacitor Placement 246 9.2.1.4 Case 4: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost Including Capacitor and BESS Cost 247 9.2.1.5 Case 5: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost Including Capacitor and BESS Cost and Taking the Impact of Demand Response Program 248 9.2.2 Real and Reactive Power Equality Constraints 249 9.2.2.1 Equality Constraints 249 9.2.2.2 Inequality Constraints: (at any bus i): Voltage, Power Generation, Line Flow, SOC, Battery Energy Storage Power 250 9.2.3 Modified Lagrangian Function 251 9.2.4 Generator Economics Calculations 252 9.3 Case Study: Numerical Computation 254 9.4 Results and Discussions 257 9.4.1 Case 1: Minimization of the Active Power Production Cost 257 9.4.2 Case 2: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost 260 9.4.3 Case 3: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost Along 262 9.4.4 Case 4: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost 266 9.4.5 Case 5: Minimization of the Active Power Production and Reactive Power Production Cost 269 9.5 Conclusions 279 References 280 10 Cost-Benefit Analysis with Optimal DG Allocation and Energy Storage System Incorporating Demand Response Technique 283Rohit Kandpal, Ashwani Kumar, Sandeep Dhundhara and Yajvender Pal Verma 10.1 Introduction 284 10.2 Distribution Generation and Energy Storage System 285 10.2.1 Renewable Energy in India 286 10.2.2 Different Types of Energy Storage and their Opportunities 287 10.2.3 Distributed Generation 290 10.2.3.1 Solar Photovoltaic Panel-Based DG (PVDG) 290 10.2.3.2 Wind Turbine–Based DG (WTDG) 291 10.2.3.3 Load Model and Load Profile 293 10.2.4 Demand Response Program 294 10.2.5 Electric Vehicles 297 10.2.6 Modeling of Energy Storage System 299 10.2.7 Problem Formulation 300 10.2.8 Distribution Location Marginal Pricing 301 10.3 Grey Wolf Optimization 302 10.4 Numerical Simulation and Results 304 10.5 Conclusions 312 References 313 11 Energy Storage Systems and Charging Stations Mechanism for Electric Vehicles 317Saurabh Ratra, Kanwardeep Singh and Derminder Singh 11.1 Introduction to Electric Vehicles 318 11.1.1 Role of Electric Vehicles in Modern Power System 318 11.1.2 Various Storage Technologies 319 11.1.3 Electric Vehicle Charging Structure 322 11.2 Introduction to Electric Vehicle Charging Station 323 11.2.1 Types of Charging Station 323 11.2.2 Charging Levels 324 11.2.3 EV Charging 324 11.2.4 Charging Period 327 11.3 Modern System Efficient Approches 328 11.3.1 Smart Grid Technology 328 11.3.2 Renewable Energy Technology 329 11.3.3 V2G Technology 329 11.3.4 Smart Transport System 329 11.4 Battery Charging Techniques 330 11.4.1 Electric Vehicle Charging Station in Modern Power System 331 11.5 Indian Scenario 332 11.6 Energy Storage System Evaluation for EV Applications 333 11.7 ESS Concerns and Experiments in EV Solicitations 334 11.7.1 Raw Materials 335 11.7.2 Interfacing by Power Electronics 335 11.7.3 Energy Management 335 11.7.4 Environmental Impact 336 11.7.5 Safety 336 11.8 Conclusion 336 References 337 Index 341

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Book SynopsisHYDROGEN ENERGY Comprehensive resource exploring integrated hydrogen technology with guidance for developing practical operating systems Hydrogen Energy presents all-inclusive knowledge on hydrogen production and storage to enable readers to design guidelines for its production, storage, and applications, addressing the recent renewed interest in hydrogen energy to manage the global energy crisis and discussing the electrochemical potential of hydrogen in transportation and fuel cells. Written by a highly qualified author, Hydrogen Energy explores sample topics such as: Essentials of hydrogen energy, such as its occurrence, physico-chemical properties, production, transmission, delivery, storage, and utilization Technology of hydrogen utilization in the land transport sector, such as automobiles, as well as other modes of transport, like marine and air Combustion characteristics and environmental pollution features, internal combustion engines, and fuel cells Guidelines to design prototype systems, covering their safety, hydrogen induced damages and life cycle analysis Providing in-depth coverage of the subject, Hydrogen Energy is an ideal resource for researchers and professionals working towards developing time-bound goal-oriented hydrogen-based programs in the chemical, automobile, power, and process engineering sectors.Table of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgement xvii List of Figures xix Author Biography xxxi 1 Overall Energy Perspective 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Energy Overview 2 1.3 Sun as the Source of All Energy 4 1.4 Energy Consumption in Transport, Agriculture and Domestic Sectors 6 1.5 Energy Crisis: Starvation of Fossil Fuels 8 1.6 Environmental Degradation Due to Fossil Fuel Combustion 9 1.6.1 Green House Effect: Greenhouse Gas and Global Warming 10 1.6.2 Smog 15 1.6.3 Acid Rain 17 1.6.4 Vehicular Pollution 18 1.7 Energy Transition Towards Sustainability 19 1.8 Role of Hydrogen in Present Energy-environment Context 21 1.9 Demand for Hydrogen 22 1.10 Structure and Phases of Hydrogen 25 1.11 Discovery and Occurrence of Hydrogen 27 1.12 Uses of Hydrogen 28 Concluding Remarks 32 Abbreviations 33 References 34 2 Hydrogen Energy: Properties and Quality 37 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Properties of Hydrogen 39 2.3 Physical Properties 40 2.4 Chemical Properties 44 2.4.1 Flammability Limit 46 2.4.2 Minimum Ignition Energy 47 2.4.3 Flashpoint 48 2.4.4 Auto-ignition Temperature 48 2.4.5 Octane Number 49 2.4.6 Heat of Combustion 49 2.5 Electro-conductivity and the Joule–Thomson Effect 50 2.6 Emissivity of Hydrogen Flame and Adiabatic Flame Temperature 50 2.7 Laminar Burning Velocity 51 2.8 Hydrogen–Oxygen Reaction Mechanism 51 2.9 Hydrogen Colours and Carbon Footprint 53 2.10 Grey, Blue and Green Hydrogen 54 2.10.1 Grey Hydrogen 54 2.10.2 Blue Hydrogen 55 2.10.3 Turquoise, Brown, Black, Pink, Red, Yellow and White Hydrogen 58 2.11 Green Hydrogen 59 2.12 Benefits of Green Hydrogen 63 2.13 Obstacles and Challenges to Green Hydrogen 65 2.14 Cost of Green Hydrogen 67 Concluding Remarks 70 Abbreviations 72 References 72 3 Production of Hydrogen 75 3.1 Introduction 76 3.2 Routes of Hydrogen Production 76 3.3 Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) 80 3.3.1 Water–Gas Shift Reactor 82 3.3.2 Selection of Catalysts 83 3.3.3 Ethanol and Methanol Steam Reforming 83 3.3.4 Fuel Processing for Fuel Cell Application 84 3.4 Partial Oxidation of POx 85 3.5 Partial Oxidation of Heavy Oils and Naphtha 86 3.6 Auto-thermic Reaction (ATR) 86 3.7 Hydrogen from Coal Gasification 88 3.7.1 Types of Coal Gasification 88 3.7.2 Mechanism of Hydrogen Production by Gasification 89 3.8 Underground Coal Gasification 89 3.9 Hydrogen Production from Biomass 90 3.9.1 Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Hydrogen 91 3.9.2 Gasification of Biomass 91 3.9.3 Plasma Gasification Process 93 3.9.4 Pyrolysis of Biomass 93 3.9.5 Supercritical Water Gasification of Biomass (SWGB) 94 3.10 Biological Production of Hydrogen 95 3.10.1 Biophotolysis 96 3.10.2 Photo-fermentation 97 3.10.3 Dark Fermentation 98 3.10.4 Combined Dark–Photo Co-fermentation 98 3.11 Hydrogen Production Based on Electrolysis 99 3.11.1 AEL and PEM Electrolysis 100 3.11.2 Alkaline Electrolysis 102 3.11.3 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolysis 102 3.12 Hydrogen Production Using Solar Energy 105 3.12.1 Solar Thermal Methane Splitting 106 3.13 Solid Oxide Electrolyser 106 3.14 Seawater Electrolyser 106 3.14.1 Photo-electrolysis (Photolysis) 107 3.15 Hydrogen Generation Using Wind Energy 108 3.16 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion for Hydrogen Production 109 3.17 Geothermal Energy for Hydrogen Production 109 3.18 Hydrogen from H2S in Black Sea Waters 110 3.19 Hydrogen Production Using Enterobacter cloacae 111 3.20 Hydrogen Production by Reforming Natural Gas and Bio-derived Liquids Using a Dense Ceramic Membrane 112 3.21 Plasma Reforming 113 3.22 Hydrogen from Nuclear Energy 114 3.23 Ammonia Dissociation 117 3.24 Hydrogen from Methane Hydrate 118 3.25 Improvements in Catalysts for Hydrogen Production 119 3.26 An Assessment of GWP and AP in Various Hydrogen Production Processes 120 Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook 122 Abbreviations 123 References 124 4 Hydrogen Storage, Transportation, Delivery and Distribution 133 4.1 Introduction 134 4.2 Properties of Hydrogen Relevant to Storage 134 4.3 Hydrogen Storage Criteria for Specific Application 136 4.4 Storage of Hydrogen as Compressed Gas 138 4.4.1 Types of Gas Cylinders 139 4.5 Liquid Hydrogen Storage 141 4.5.1 Boil-off Losses 141 4.5.2 Storage in High-pressure Gas Cylinders: Benefits and Challenges 143 4.6 Underground Storage of Hydrogen 144 4.7 Liquid Hydrogen Storage 146 4.7.1 Design Features of Storage Vessels 148 4.8 Slush Hydrogen Storage 149 4.9 Hydrides 150 4.10 Hydrogen Storage in Zeolites 154 4.11 Chemical Hydrides 154 4.12 Nanomaterials for Hydrogen Storage 155 4.13 Hydrogen Storage in Hollow Microspheres 156 4.14 Hydrogen Transportation 157 4.14.1 Transport of Liquid and Gaseous Hydrogen 158 4.14.2 Hydrogen Transport Through Pipelines and Ships 158 4.14.3 Hydrogen Storage in Vehicles 160 4.15 Transport of Gaseous Hydrogen 161 4.16 Liquid Hydrogen 162 4.17 Hydrogen Dispensing 163 4.18 Distribution and Delivery 164 Concluding Remarks 166 Abbreviations 167 References 167 5 Safety, Sensing and Detection of Hydrogen 173 5.1 Introduction 173 5.2 Infamous Disasters Related to Hydrogen Safety 174 5.3 Classification of Hazards 179 5.4 Physiological Hazards 179 5.4.1 Asphyxiation 180 5.4.2 Hypothermia 180 5.4.3 Thermal and Cryogenic Burns 180 5.5 Properties Relevant to Hydrogen Safety 181 5.5.1 Density, Buoyancy and Diffusivity 183 5.5.2 Continuous Evaporation and High Vapour Density 186 5.5.3 Pressure Rise 187 5.5.4 Maximum Experimental Safe Gap (MESG) 188 5.5.5 Quenching Distance and Quenching Limit 188 5.5.6 Ignition Energy 190 5.5.7 Thermal Energy and Radiation 192 5.5.8 Excessive Pressure and Blast Waves 193 5.5.9 Burning Velocity 194 5.5.10 Flammability Range 196 5.6 Phenomena of Explosion 197 5.7 Deflagration and Detonation 198 5.8 Safety at Different Stages: Production, Transmission, Storage and Application 201 5.8.1 Safety During Production 202 5.8.2 Safety Criteria in Storage 203 5.8.3 Safety in Transmission 204 5.9 Safe Handling, Storage and Use of Hydrogen in Vehicles 205 5.10 Hydrogen Leak Detection Technique and Sensors 208 5.11 Hydrogen Embrittlement 214 Concluding Remarks 215 Abbreviations 216 References 216 6 Application of Hydrogen Energy 221 6.1 Introduction 222 6.2 Ammonia Production and Fertiliser Industry 225 6.3 Production of Methanol 227 6.4 Hydrogen in Refineries 228 6.5 Hydrogen Use in Steel Industries 229 6.6 Hydrogen in Agriculture, Healthcare, Food Industry and Several Other Sectors 230 6.7 Hydrogen in the Welding, Cement and Paper Industries 231 6.8 Hydrogen for Electricity Generation 231 6.9 Hydrogen in ICEs 233 6.10 ICEs 235 6.10.1 Anomalies in Hydrogen Combustion Systems: Pre-ignition and Backfire 236 6.10.2 Phenomenon of Backfire: Causes and Control Techniques 237 6.11 Choice of Engine Configuration for Hydrogen Fuelling 241 6.12 Performance of a Hydrogen-Operated SI Engine 242 6.13 Exhaust Emission Characteristics of Hydrogen Engine and NOx Control 248 6.14 Exhaust Gas Recirculation 249 6.15 Spark Timing 250 6.16 Catalytic Methods 251 6.16.1 Use of Unburnt H2 251 6.16.2 Dosing of External H2 252 6.17 Operation at a High Equivalence Ratio 253 6.18 Development of Hydrogen Engine (Both SI and CI Engine) Gensets 256 6.19 Combustion in Hydrogen-fuelled SI Engines 257 6.20 Significant Contribution of Laser Ignition to Engine Combustion 258 6.20.1 Laser Ignition 258 6.20.2 Hydrogen-fuelled Laser-ignited Engine 260 6.21 Hydrogen Use in CI Engines 263 6.22 Use of Hydrogen in the Rotary (Wankel Engine) 266 6.23 Use of Hydrogen in ICEs with Natural Gas 267 6.24 Hydrogen in Combination with Other Fuels for ICEs 273 6.24.1 Hydrogen with Ethanol 273 6.24.2 Hydrogen and DME 275 6.24.3 Hydrogen with Propane and LPG 276 6.24.4 Hydrogen Addition to Biogas–Biodiesel Engine 279 6.25 Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine (HCCI) 280 6.26 Hydrogen-fuelled Vehicles (ICE Based) 282 6.27 Hydrogen in Fuel Cells 285 6.27.1 Types of Fuel Cells 287 6.27.2 Hydrogen Powertrains 293 6.27.3 Fuel Cell in the Transport Sector 294 6.27.4 Fuel Cell Buses and Trucks 295 6.27.5 Off-road Transport Trains 296 6.27.6 Stationary Power 297 6.27.6 Hydrogen in Gas Turbines 299 6.27.7 Hydrogen for Maritime Applications: Ships, Submarines and Boats 302 6.27.8 Hydrogen in Aviation and Air Transport 306 6.27.9 Hydrogen Use in the Domestic Sector 308 Concluding Remarks 310 Abbreviations 310 References 313 7 Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment, Durability and Material Compatibility 321 7.1 Introduction 321 7.2 Life Cycle Analysis 323 7.2.1 Stages of Life Cycle Assessment 324 7.2.2 Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) 324 7.2.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) 325 7.2.4 Fourth and Last Phase of LCIA Life Cycle 327 7.3 Technical Review 327 7.4 Life Cycle Assessment of Hydrogen Production 329 7.5 LCA-based Emissions 330 7.5.1 Global Warming Potential 330 7.5.2 Acidification 333 7.5.3 Eutrophication 337 7.6 Comparative Assessment of the Hydrogen Production Process 338 7.7 Climate Target Criteria: Carbon Capture 340 7.8 Review of Hydrogen Transport Modes and Delivery Methods 341 7.9 LCA for the Hydrogen Power Generation and Transport Sector 345 7.10 Analysis of Hydrogen Storage 346 7.11 Durability Studies Related to Hydrogen Energy Utilisation 351 7.12 Material Compatibility with Hydrogen Application 355 7.13 Ductility 356 7.13.1 Temperature Effect on Ductility 356 7.13.2 Choice of Fire-resistant Material 357 7.13.3 Materials for Liquid Hydrogen Service 358 Concluding Remarks 359 Abbreviations 359 References 361 8 Hydrogen-induced Damage (HTHA, Embrittlement and Blistering) 365 8.1 Introduction 366 8.2 HTHA, HA and HHA 367 8.3 High-temperature Hydrogen Attack 367 8.4 Factors Affecting Hydrogen Attack 368 8.4.1 Temperature 368 8.4.2 Pressure 369 8.4.3 Exposure Time 369 8.4.4 Stress 369 8.4.5 Composition of the Material 370 8.5 Hydrogen Embrittlement Phenomenon 371 8.5.1 External and Internal Embrittlement 372 8.5.2 Embrittlement Index 373 8.5.3 Characteristics of Hydrogen Embrittlement 373 8.6 Mechanisms of Embrittlement 375 8.7 Embrittlement Models 375 8.7.1 Hydrogen-enhanced Decohesion 376 8.7.2 Hydrogen-enhanced Local Plasticity Model 376 8.7.3 Adsorption-induced Dislocation Emission 377 8.7.4 Hydrogen-enhanced Strain-induced Vacancy Formation 377 8.7.5 Hydride-induced Embrittlement 379 8.7.6 Hydrogen-enhanced Macroscopic Plasticity (HEMP) 379 8.7.7 Hydrogen-assisted Microfracture Mode (HAM) 380 8.7.8 Decohesive Hydrogen Fracture (DHF) and Mixed Fracture (MF) 380 8.7.9 Hydrogen-assisted Microvoid Coalescence (HDMC) 380 8.8 Sensitivity Criteria for Materials to HE 381 8.9 Susceptibility of Materials to Hydrogen Embrittlement 382 8.10 Evaluation and Measurement of HE 383 8.10.1 Temperature Desorption Spectroscopy (TDS) 384 8.10.2 Hydrogen Permeation Test 384 8.10.3 Microstructural Analysis 384 8.10.4 Hydrogen Microprint Technique (HMT) or Hydrogen Microprint and Silver Decoration Techniques 384 8.11 Embrittlement Prevention 385 8.12 Blistering 386 8.12.1 Characteristics of Blisters 387 8.12.2 Preventive Measures Against Hydrogen Blistering 388 Concluding Remarks 389 Abbreviations 389 References 391 9 Path Forward 397 References 407 Index 409

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Book SynopsisThis book offers crucial solutions and insights on how transportation companies can enhance their cybersecurity management and protect their corporate reputation and revenue from the increasing risk of cyberattacks. The movement of people and goods from one location to another has always been essential to human development and survival. People are now exploring new methods of carrying goods. Transportation infrastructure is critical to the growth of a global community that is more united and connected. The presented cybersecurity framework is an example of a risk-based method for managing cybersecurity risk. An organisation can find opportunities to strengthen and explain its management of cybersecurity risk by using its existing procedures and leveraging the framework. The framework can provide a foundation for businesses that do not currently have a formal cybersecurity program. However, there is a strong temptation to give in when a transportation company is facing a loss of million

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Book SynopsisFor those who wish to delve deeper into the science, a technical appendix provides estimations for a variety of power generators.Anyone who is interested in how energy works and how it is transformed to power our lives will get a charge out of Lights On!Trade ReviewIn Lights On!, prolific science writer/theoretical physicist Denny explains the history of power generation and presents important facts about renewable energy... The examples provided will help readers understand complex concepts. ChoiceTable of ContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1. Newton's Legacy2. What All the World Wants3. The Vital Spark4. Old King Coal5. The Seven Sisters—Old and New6. Water, Water, Everywhere7. Too Cheap to Meter8. Here Comes the SunAfterwordAppendixNotesBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisIndustry leader, Carol Dahl has thoroughly revised and updated her classic text International Energy Markets: Understanding Pricing, Policies, and Profits. The second edition uses updated examples, statistics and models to explore energy policy, economics, institutions, and production in a global context. It will be of interest to anyone who wants to learn more about the global energy industry, and is a perfect classroom resource. With this book you will:• Learn the fundamentals needed to make sound economic, business, and government policy decisions relating to energy industries.• Gain a better understanding of energy markets through economics, mathematical optimization, simulation, and forecasting.• Obtain historical, institutional, engineering and technical knowledge of energy production, transportation, and transformation.• Explore models for understanding and managing energy resources in a global environment.• Understand the basics of energy generation.

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Book SynopsisDistillation & Hydrocarbon Processing Practices is a practical reference guide to the design and operations of hydrocarbon processing plants (refineries, petrochemical plants, and gas processing plants). Ashis Nag illustrates advanced practices in distillation with examples of process simulation and basic principles. Nag’s extensive knowledge and more than 35 years of experience as an engineer supply the practical examples and design guidelines contained in this text. Its many case studies will assist engineering students as well as practicing engineers in understanding the inner workings at these complex facilities.

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Book SynopsisEnergy efficiency means performing the same set of activities with less amount of energy consumed (electrical, thermal, light, kinetic) and with less emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This book covers different topics from energy efficiency, including evaluation of energy efficiency, efficiency in different sectors, improving the energy efficiency, and measuring energy efficiency.

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Book SynopsisEnergy is the capacity to do work. Energy comes from various sources, such as fossil fuels, renewable sources, nuclear reactions and more. Energy is measured in joules (J) in the International System of Units. Energy exists in different forms, including kinetic, potential, thermal, chemical, electrical, radiant and nuclear energy. The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it can only change from one form to another. Energy can be converted from one form to another through different processes, allowing it to be utilized for various purposes. Energy Basics offers a comprehensive guide to understand the fundamental principles that govern the world of energy. In this book, we embark on a journey to explore the essence of energy and its significance. This book seeks to demystify the complexities of energy by delving into its various forms and transformations.

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Book SynopsisBenjamin Sovacool and Christopher Jon Cooper have produced an astonishing and well-written book, based on extensive original research in twelve countries. They explore the technical, social, political and economic dimensions of four energy megaprojects. The large scale of megaprojects always appears to complicate the decision-making process and often causes failures. Megaprojects may even reinforce corruption and erode democracy. It highlights that today's experiences can be explained by statements by Aristotle and Einstein who argue, both in their own way, that is always wise to take the limits of size into account and to reduce the size of projects, wherever this is possible. For everybody involved in megaprojects, this book must be read!'- Hugo Priemus, Delft University of Technology, The NetherlandsBased on extensive original research, this book explores the technical, social, political, and economic dimensions of four Asian energy megaprojects: a regional natural gas pipeline network in Southeast Asia, a series of hydroelectric dams on the island of Borneo, an oil pipeline linking Europe with the Caspian Sea, and a very large solar energy array in the Gobi desert.This book investigates why energy megaprojects fail to deliver their promised benefits. It offers the first comprehensive assessment of the complicated dynamics driving - and constraining - megaprojects initiated in the rapid scramble for energy resources and efforts to improve energy security. The authors approach the assessment of megaprojects from a socio-technical angle, emphasizing broad issues of political leadership, regulation, financing, interest group opposition and environmental impact, as well as conventional technological factors such as engineering design and project management.The Governance of Energy Megaprojects will prove insightful for academics concerned about energy policy, energy security, environmental impact and technology assessment. But the book should prove equally compelling to those engaged in the practical management and implementation of large-scale energy projects anywhere in the world.Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Understanding Why Energy Megaprojects Fail 3. The Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipeline Network (TAGP) 4. The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) Oil Pipeline 5. The Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy (SCORE) 6. The Gobitec Solar Array 7. Conclusions Bigger is Blunder IndexTrade ReviewThis is an absorbing read and I found it enlightening. The book delivers a valuable warning against the hubris that may inform large infrastruc-ture projects, and is thus a welcome addition to the growing literature on the varied implications of large infrastructure projects. . . This work will prove of greatest value to governments engaged in large public works projects, large project contractors, and students of regulation. --Christopher L. Atkinson, Journal of Environmental Policy & PlanningTable of ContentsContents: 1. Introduction 2. Understanding Why Energy Megaprojects Fail 3. The Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipeline Network (TAGP) 4. The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan (BTC) Oil Pipeline 5. The Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy (SCORE) 6. The Gobitec Solar Array 7. Conclusions – Bigger is Blunder Index

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Book SynopsisTransport systems are facing an impossible dilemma: satisfy an increasing demand for mobility of people and goods, while decreasing their fossil-energy requirements and preserving the environment. Additionally, transport has an opportunity to evolve in a changing world, with new services, technologies but also new requirements (fast delivery, reliability, improved accessibility). The subject of traffic is organized into two separate but complementary volumes: Volume 3 on Traffic Management and Volume 4 on Traffic Safety. Traffic Management, Volume 3 of the 'Research for Innovative Transports' Set, presents a collection of updated papers from the TRA 2014 Conference, highlighting the diversity of research in this field. Theoretical chapters and practical case studies address topics such as cooperative systems, the global approach in modeling, road and railway traffic management, information systems and impact assessment.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments xvii Preface xix Introduction xxiiiSimon COHEN and George YANNIS Part 1. Data Collection 1 Chapter 1. A Review of Statewide Traffic Data Collection, Processing, Projection and Quality Control 3Rafiqul TAREFDER and James BROGAN 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. Current traffic data collection in New Mexico 4 1.3. NMDOT data processing and reporting 9 1.4. Traffic data projection and quality control 10 1.5. Conclusions 17 1.6. Acknowledgments 17 1.7. Bibliography 18 Chapter 2. SYNCRO – An Innovative Public Procurement of an Advanced Data Gathering System for Interurban Roads Based on its Technologies 19Jean-Christophe MAISONOBE, Jean Daniel DEMOND, Giannicola MARENGO, Dolores ADAMSKI, Diego ALBESANO and Olivier LATOUILLE 2.1. Introduction 19 2.2. Elaboration of the SYNCRO technical vision: the SYNCRO functional program 21 2.3. A system to gather road data and to provide the current operational road management center with data 24 2.4. Impact and potential of the SYNCRO system 26 2.5. An innovative legal framework to implement three phases of the SYNCRO project 27 2.6. Conclusion 30 2.7. Acknowledgments 32 Chapter 3. Tailoring a Reference Model for C-ITS Architectures and Using a DATEX II Profile to Communicate Traffic Signal Information 33Jörg FREUDENSTEIN and Ian CORNWELL 3.1. Introduction 33 3.2. Architecture of intelligent transport systems 34 3.3. A generic C-ITS architecture 36 3.4. A tailored architecture for the use case “Traffic Light Phase Assistant” 39 3.5. A DATEX II profile to communicate traffic light information 41 3.6. Summary 43 3.7. Bibliography 44 Chapter 4. Sensor City Mobility: The City of Assen as a “Living Lab” for Smart Mobility Solutions Using Sensor Data 45Jan BURGMEIJER, Janiek DE KRUIJFF, Ernst Jan VAN ARK, Gerdien KLUNDER and Diana VONK NOORDEGRAAF 4.1. Introduction 45 4.2. Architecture, sensor network and technologies used 48 4.3. Use cases for mobility 51 4.4. Modeling 54 4.5. Preliminary results and evaluation of the experiment 57 4.6. Acknowledgments 58 4.7. Bibliography 59 Part 2. Traffic Modeling and Simulation 61 Chapter 5. Forecasting Capabilities of a Micro-Simulation Method for Trip Generation 63Jorge CABRERA DELGADO and Patrick BONNEL 5.1. Introduction 63 5.2. Methodology 65 5.3. Results 72 5.4. Conclusion 75 5.5. Acknowledgments 75 5.6. Bibliography 75 Chapter 6. Modeling and Solving International Journey Planning Problems 79Konstantinos N. ANDROUTSOPOULOS and Konstantinos G. ZOGRAFOS 6.1. Introduction 79 6.2. Defining international itinerary planning problems 80 6.3. Modeling issues 83 6.4. Previous related work 85 6.5. Algorithmic approach 87 6.6. Concluding remarks 92 6.7. Acknowledgments 92 6.8. Bibliography 92 Chapter 7. Optimized Intermodal Roundtrips in Transport Networks 95Cecília VALE and Isabel RIBEIRO 7.1. Introduction 95 7.2. Model description 96 7.3. Computational applications 98 7.4. Conclusions 102 7.5. Bibliography 103 Chapter 8. Modeling Traffic Hindrance Caused by Road Construction as Part of a Multicriteria Assessment Framework 105Eric VAN BERKUM and Henny TER HUERNE 8.1. Introduction 105 8.2. Framework 106 8.3. Route choice during road works 111 8.4. Example 115 8.5. Conclusion 117 8.6. Acknowledgments 118 8.7. Bibliography 118 Part 3. Traffic Management, Monitoring and Routing 121 Chapter 9. Behavioral Responses to Traffic Congestion – Findings from Paris, São Paulo and Mumbai 123Gaele LESTEVEN 9.1. Introduction 123 9.2. Methodology 127 9.3. Results 130 9.4. Conclusions 134 9.5. Acknowledgments 136 9.6. Bibliography 136 Chapter 10. Empirical Analysis of Lane Changing Behavior at a Freeway Weaving Section 139Florian MARCZAK, Winnie DAAMEN and Christine BUISSON 10.1. Introduction 139 10.2. Data collection site and technique 142 10.3. Methodology and definitions 143 10.4. Results 145 10.5. Discussion and conclusion 149 10.6. Bibliography 150 Chapter 11. Applying and Testing a New Generation Traffic Management with Multi-objectives 153Martijn DE KIEVIT and Yusen CHEN 11.1. Introduction 153 11.2. Definitions 155 11.3. Literature review 156 11.4. Methodology 159 11.5. Application cases and results 159 11.6. Concluding remarks 164 11.7. Acknowledgments 164 11.8. Bibliography 165 Chapter 12. ON-TIME: A Framework for Integrated Railway Network Operation Management 167Thomas ALBRECHT, and Meena DASIGI 12.1. Introduction 167 12.2. Real-time perturbation management 171 12.3. Train speed control 175 12.4. Demonstration and validation approach 178 12.5. Conclusions 180 12.6. Acknowledgments 180 12.7. Bibliography 180 Chapter 13. A Multi-Lane Capacity Model Designed for Variable Speed Limit Applications 183Aurélien DURET 13.1. Background 183 13.2. MLC model 186 13.3. Meso-LWR model and multi-lane capacity model 192 13.4. Application 194 13.5. Discussion 199 13.6. Acknowledgments 200 13.7. Bibliography 200 Chapter 14. Evaluation Parameters of Re-routing Strategy 203Vladimir ZYRYANOV and Anastasia FEOFILOVA 14.1. Introduction 203 14.2. Simulation framework 205 14.3. Determination of the dynamic re-routing start based on traffic flow conditions 209 14.4. Conclusion 214 14.5. References 215 Part 4. Travel Information 217 Chapter 15. Pre-Trip Road Information Impact Assessment: A Literature Review 219Sylvain BELLOCHE, Charlotte PIERREFEU and Caroline SORAND 15.1. Introduction 219 15.2. Pre-trip road information content and broadcasting media 220 15.3. Determining factors for user choice 223 15.4. Pre-trip road information impacts 225 15.5. Conclusions and discussion 231 15.6. Bibliography 232 Chapter 16. Transferability Study on Full-scale Implementation of Real-time Passenger Information 235Mitja KLEMENCIC, Vlasta RODOšEK, Marko CELAN and Marjan LEP 16.1. Introduction 235 16.2. RTPI testing in Maribor 236 16.3. Benefits of the RTPI system 238 16.4. Cost benefit analysis and RTPI system 240 16.5. Mobility toolbox as transferability tool 246 16.6. Conclusion 248 16.7. Acknowledgments 248 16.8. Bibliography 249 Chapter 17. Excess Commuting and Commuting Economy: Peak and Off-Peak Variation in Travel Efficiency Measures 251Enda MURPHY 17.1. Introduction . 251 17.2. Excess commuting, commuting economy and off-peak travel 252 17.3. Data and methods 256 17.4. Results 259 17.5. Conclusions and limitations 264 17.6. Bibliography 265 Chapter 18. Deployment of Interoperable Cross-Border Multimodal Traveler Information in Central Europe 267Gerhard MENZEL, Martin BÖHM and Katharina ZWICK 18.1. Introduction 267 18.2. The EDITS concept 269 18.3. Conclusion 274 18.4. Bibliography 275 Part 5. Assessment and Impacts 277 Chapter 19. The Impacts of Cooperative raffic Systems on Safety, Environment and Travel Times: A Literature Survey 279Isabela MOCANU, Philippe NITSCHE and Kerry MALONE 19.1. Introduction 279 19.2. Description of systems and bundles 281 19.3. Reviewed literature 283 19.4. Methodology 284 19.5. Results 287 19.6. Conclusions and recommendations 289 19.7. Acknowledgments 290 19.8. Bibliography 291 Chapter 20. The Impact of Navigation Support and Traffic Information on Distance-keeping Behavior 293Aikaterini TOULIOU, Evangelia GAITANIDOU and Evangelos BEKIARIS 20.1. Introduction 293 20.2. Methods 296 20.3. Results 299 20.4. Discussion 302 20.5. Bibliography 304 Chapter 21. Impact Evaluation of Traffic Performance and Road Safety: A Case Study on an Urban Motorway in France 307Simon COHEN and Zoi CHRISTOFOROU 21.1. Introduction 307 21.2. The site and the its application 308 21.3. Evaluation of the impact on traffic 310 21.4. Road safety implications 313 21.5. Discussion 315 21.6. Conclusions 316 21.7. Bibliography 317 Chapter 22. Assessment of the Main New Travel-times Calculation Technologies on Lyon East Ring Road 319Eric PURSON, Alexis BACELAR, Eric KLEIN, Bruno LEVILLY and Fabrice RECLUS 22.1. Introduction 319 22.2. The trial site 321 22.3. Assessed technologies 323 22.4. Implemented methodology 324 22.5. Innovative administrative procedure 328 22.6. Conclusion 329 22.7. Acknowledgments 329 22.8. Bibliography 329 Chapter 23. Rail Externalities: Assessing the Social Cost of Rail Congestion 331María PÉREZ HERRERO, Julien BRUNEL and Gregoire MARLOT 23.1. Introduction 331 23.2. Related literature 332 23.3. The model and the econometric strategy 335 23.4. The data set 336 23.5. Results 338 23.6. Conclusions 341 23.7. Acknowledgments 342 23.8. Bibliography 342 List of Authors 345 Index 349

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Book SynopsisElectronics has undergone important and rapid developments over the last 60 years, which have generated a large range of theoretical and practical notions. This book presents a comprehensive treatise of the evolution of electronics for the reader to grasp both fundamental concepts and the associated practical applications through examples and exercises. This first volume of the Fundamentals of Electronics series comprises four chapters devoted to elementary devices, i.e. diodes, bipolar junction transistors and related devices, field effect transistors and amplifiers, their electrical models and the basic functions they can achieve. Volumes to come will deal with systems in the continuous time regime, the various aspects of sampling signals and systems using analog (A) and digital (D) treatments, quantized level systems, as well as DA and AD converter principles and realizations.Table of Contents1. Diodes and Applications. 2. Bipolar Junction Transistors and Applications. 3. Field Effect Transistors and Applications. 4. Amplifiers, Comparators and Other Analog Circuits.

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Book SynopsisSmart zero-energy buildings and communities have a major role to play in the evolution of the electric grid towards alignment with carbon neutrality policies. The goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the built environment can be pursued through a holistic approach, including the drastic reduction of buildings’ energy consumption.The state-of-the-art in this field relates, on the one hand, to design methodologies and innovative technologies which aim to minimize the energy demand at the building level. On the other hand, the development of information and communication technologies, along with the integration of renewable energy and storage, provide the basis for zero and positive energy buildings and communities that can produce, store, manage and exchange energy at a local level.This book provides a structured and detailed insight of the state-of-the-art in this context based on the analysis of real case studies and applications.Table of ContentsPreface xiNikos KAMPELIS List of Acronyms xvNikos KAMPELIS Chapter 1 The Role of Smart Grids in the Building Sector 1Denia KOLOKOTSA 1.1 Smart and zero-energy buildings 2 1.1.1 Smart metering 3 1.1.2 Demand response (DR) 4 1.1.3 Distributed systems 6 1.2 Smart and zero-energy communities 6 1.3 Conclusion and future prospects 10 Chapter 2 Integrated Design (ID) Towards Smart Zero-energy Buildings and Smart Grids 13Theoni KARLESSI, Pietro MURATORE, Luca VENEZIA, Laura STANDARDI, Klemens LEUTGÖB and Anne Sigrid NORDBY 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Methodology 16 2.3 Integrated design in smart and zero-energy buildings 17 2.4 ID process principles and guidelines 19 2.4.1 Benefits 22 2.4.2 Barriers 23 2.5 Scope of services 24 2.6 Remuneration models 26 2.7 Application of evaluation tools 28 2.8 Sustainability certification 29 2.9 Consultancy and quality assurance 30 2.10 Measurement of design quality criteria 31 2.11 Defining a client’s objectives 33 2.11.1 Capital cost reduction 34 2.11.2 Delivery risk reduction 35 2.12 Defining the tenant’s objectives 35 2.12.1 Operational cost reduction 36 2.12.2 Building unsuitability risk reduction 36 2.13 Best practice sites 37 2.13.1 Alexandros N Tombazis and Associates Architects S.A office building 37 2.13.2 APIVITA Commercial and Industrial S.A 42 2.13.3 Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center 46 2.13.4 Karelas Office Park 50 Chapter 3 Data Analysis and Energy Modeling in Smart and Zero-energy Buildings and Communities 55Nikos KAMPELIS, Konstantinos GOBAKIS, Vagias VAGIAS, Denia KOLOKOTSA, Laura STANDARDI, Daniela ISIDORI, Cristina CRISTALLI, Fabio Maria MONTAGNINO, Filippo PAREDES, Pietro MURATORE, Luca VENEZIA, Marina Kyprianou DRACOU, Alaric MONTENON, Andri PYRGOU, Theoni KARLESSI and Mat SANTAMOURIS 3.1 Energy signature for the NTL of Cyprus Institute 55 3.2 Athalassa Campus and the NTL building 57 3.2.1 Methodology 61 3.2.2 Description of the Novel Technology case study 63 3.2.3 Data exploration 68 3.2.4 Correlation matrix 71 3.2.5 Regression model 72 3.3 Linear Fresnel solar collector at the NTL building, Cyprus Institute 85 3.3.1 Development of the NTL model 90 3.3.2 Energy performance analysis in the NTL 92 3.3.3 Discussion 100 3.4 Conclusion 101 Chapter 4 On the Comparison of Occupancy in Relation to Energy Consumption and Indoor Environmental Quality: A Case Study 103Margarita Niki ASSIMAKOPOULOS, Nikolaos BARMPARESOS, Alexandros PANTAZARAS, Theoni KARLESSI and Siew Eang LEE 4.1 Introduction 103 4.2 Methodology 104 4.3 Description of the case building 105 4.4 Description of the experimental procedure 105 4.5 Results 106 4.5.1 Investigation of energy consumption and indoor air quality 106 4.5.2 Days of special interest – high occupancy 110 4.5.3 Days of special interest – increased energy consumption 112 4.6 Discussion and concluding remarks 112 Chapter 5 Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Consumption Assessment and ANN Predictions for an Integrated Internet-based Energy Management System Towards a Zero-energy Building 115Denia KOLOKOTSA 5.1 Introduction 115 5.2 Description of the SDE buildings 116 5.2.1 General information 116 5.2.2 Monitoring activities for SDE 3 118 5.3 The power loads and hourly energy consumption 118 5.4 Indoor environmental quality 118 5.4.1 Thermal comfort assessment – time series analysis 127 5.4.2 Indoor air quality 129 5.4.3 The indoor illuminance levels 129 5.5 Cross correlation 135 5.6 Prediction using artificial neural networks (ANN) 136 5.6.1 Prediction of outdoor temperature 137 5.6.2 Prediction of relative humidity 138 5.6.3 Prediction of power loads 139 5.7 Specifications for an integrated internet-based energy management system toward a zero-energy building 141 5.7.1 The phases of the internet-based energy management system for SDE 142 5.7.2 Integration of software and prediction algorithms 149 5.8 Conclusion 149 Chapter 6 Objective and Subjective Evaluation of Thermal Comfort in the Loccioni Leaf Lab, Italy 151 Marina LASKARI, Francesco CARDUCCI, Daniela ISIDORI, Martina SENZACQUA, Laura STANDARDI and Cristina CRISTALLI6.1 Introduction 151 6.2 Background information 152 6.3 Methodology 153 6.3.1 Subjective measurements 154 6.3.2 Objective measurements 154 6.3.3 Combined analysis of objective and subjective measurements 155 6.3.4 User preferences and satisfaction with internal conditions 157 6.4 Collection of building background data 157 6.5 Collection of monitored data 160 6.6 Right-Now questionnaire survey 162 6.7 Results 166 6.7.1 Analysis of MyLeaf measurements 167 6.7.2 Analysis of Comfort Meter measurements 173 6.7.3 Analysis of Right-Now survey responses 176 6.7.4 Respondent characteristics and thermal comfort 184 6.7.5 Combined analysis of objective and subjective measurements 187 6.7.6 Correlation analysis for MyLeaf and Right-Now survey measurements 190 6.7.7 Correlation analysis for objective and subjective measurements (Research for Innovation office space) 191 6.7.8 Comparison between objective and subjective thermal sensation measurements 195 6.7.9 Determination of acceptable and unacceptable conditions 196 6.8 Conclusion 197 Chapter 7 Smart Meters and User Engagement in the Leaf House 199Niki GAITANI 7.1 Introduction 199 7.2 Methodology 200 7.3 Analysis of user engagement 201 7.3.1 Development of the questionnaire 201 7.3.2 Leaf House case study 203 7.4 Results 210 7.4.1 Demographics, socioeconomics 210 7.4.2 Physiological, social and behavioral aspects 212 7.4.3 Information level 214 7.4.4 Health and comfort 215 7.4.5 Living situation 217 7.5 Conclusion 218 Chapter 8 Integration of Energy Storage in Smart Communities and Smart Grids 221Denia KOLOKOTSA, Nikos KAMPELIS, Angeliki MAVRIGIANNAKI, Marco GENTILOZZI, Filippo PAREDES, Fabio Maria MONTAGNINO and Luca VENEZIA 8.1 Energy storage systems in smart grids 223 8.1.1 Electrical and electrochemical energy storage in smart grids 223 8.1.2 Mechanical energy storage in smart grids 228 8.1.3 Thermal energy storage in smart grids 231 8.2 Energy storage and smart grids: case studies 234 8.2.1 Case study 1: the Leaf Community smart grid energy storage system 234 8.2.2 Case study 2: energy storage of CSP and integration with smart grids 244 8.3 Conclusion and future prospects 261 Conclusion and Recommendations 263Nikos KAMPELIS References 267 List of Authors 283 Index 287

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the question: how effective are countries in promoting the innovation needed to facilitate an energy transition? Chapters explore energy policy and institutions, innovation policy in general, as well as energy innovation in key countries, including the US, Germany, the UK, China, Japan and Korea, and the EU. At the heart of Energy Innovation for the 21st Century is a fascinating set of international empirical case studies covering supply and demand side technologies at different levels of maturity. These are set within an analytical framework encompassing the functions of technological innovation systems and innovation metrics. The book explores energy, science and technology policies, contextualising the case studies to aid the assessment of the overall performance of innovation systems. Drawing together lessons for energy innovation policy and institutional design, this book is a much-needed resource for sustainability and innovation scholars and researchers. Policy-makers and practitioners will also benefit from the practical advice offered in this timely volume.Trade ReviewEnergy Innovation for the 21st Century combines evidence from deep-dive case studies with rigorous analysis of institutions, policies and finance to show how many different factors must align to accelerate energy innovation. Many of the concluding insights are must reads for policymakers, not least that co-ordination, long-term strategies, and institutional stability are necessary bedfellows if we are serious about tackling climate change.' --Charlie Wilson, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, UKTable of ContentsContents: PART I: INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction 2. The changing role of energy in society PART II: POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS 3. Energy policy 4. Science and technology innovation 5. Energy innovation PART III: TECHNOLOGY CASE STUDIES 6. Understanding and measuring energy innovation 7. Heat pumps 8. Wind energy 9. Wave energy 10. Building integrated photovoltaics 11. Shale gas 12. Smart grids PART IV: LESSONS 13. Lessons for effective energy innovation Index

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Book SynopsisThis thought-provoking book explores the concept of energy cultures as a means of understanding social and political relations and how energy injustices are created. Using Eastern Europe as an example, it examines the radical transition occurring as the region leaves behind the legacy of the Soviet Union, and the effects of the resulting power struggle between the energy cultures of Russia and the European Union.In this timely study, Michael Carnegie LaBelle applies an energy justice framework to an analysis of different national energy cultures, exposing both the domestic and international power relations that influence geopolitics in Eastern Europe. He assesses the entire energy value-chain in the region in this context, providing a radical critique of power dynamics within the energy system with the aim of fostering a just energy transition. Scholars interested in energy justice, conflict, policy and culture from across disciplines including law, politics, public policy, sociology and geography will find this book a fascinating read. It will also be useful to scholars of international relations and geopolitics for its analysis of the impact of EU energy policy on the countries examined, as well as of the relationship between the EU and Russia.Trade Review'LaBelle's unique book is a herculean effort of research, writing and balancing the thin line of central European politics. Meticulously researched, masterfully written and politically just, this exciting new volume provides an important contribution to the literature on energy justice and transition in central and eastern Europe. This commanding work is relevant, interesting and a necessary read for all those interested in Europe's energy future.' -- Tina Soliman Hunter, Macquarie University, Australia'Michael Carnegie LaBelle's book is a great contribution to understanding how societal values, norms and practices shape the physical energy realities in Eastern Europe. Energy Cultures points to a crucial aspect determining the unfolding energy transformation in the region, from everyday practices to geopolitics.' -- Andreas Goldthau, University of Erfurt, Germany'This is a welcome exploration into energy culture in Eastern Europe, and combines the unique and growing perspective of energy justice in the analysis. It is written by one of the most esteemed professors working in energy policy across Eastern Europe at this moment and will be of immense value for a whole range of interdisciplinary scholars. A highlight is the interactive analysis that focuses on Hungary, Poland and Lithuania and the energy challenges ahead!' -- Raphael Heffron, University of Dundee, UK'This book offers a novel and comprehensive perspective on the intersections among energy justice and political transformation in a part of the world that has experienced - and is continuing to experience - rapid economic and infrastructural change. It is a state-of-the-art resource for the wide range of scholars and practitioners interested in these topics, in the region and beyond.' -- Stefan Bouzarovski, University of Manchester, UKTable of ContentsContents: Preface 1. Introduction: Energy culture in an age of transformation 2. Combustion of Energy Cultures in Eastern Europe 3. Lithuania: The Lithuanian Battle for the Independence 4. Hungary: The Geopolitics of household utility bills 5. Poland: The other side of the European energy transition 6. The power of energy cultures 7. Justice and Equity in the Energy System 8. Conclusion: Building a culture of justice in the energy transition References Index

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Book SynopsisThis illuminating book analyses energy transitions, carbon dioxide emissions and the security of energy supply in Mediterranean countries. Unpacking the history of energy transitions, from coal to oil and natural gas, and from non-renewable to renewable energy sources, Silvana Bartoletto offers a comparative approach to the major trends in energy consumption, production, trade and security in Mediterranean countries in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Chapters illustrate the key similarities and differences between Mediterranean countries that have influenced energy supply and consumption patterns. Tracing economic convergence in the last century and highlighting its impact on energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, this timely book offers critical insights into the problems of energy dependency and security in areas of political turmoil, as well as crucial insights into the future of the energy crisis. It concludes with a look to the future of energy consumption in the age of climate change and the slow but critical transition to renewable sources. Enlightening and provocative, this book is key reading for scholars of political science and economics engaged with energy production and consumption, as well as those studying climate change. Its historical insights and overview of significant energy trends will also be useful for policymakers and climate scientists.Trade Review'The Mediterranean region has been a crossroads for economic, political and cultural influences for centuries. This pivotal role intensified with the discovery of oil in the Middle East. Now, with the pressure for economies to decarbonise and the collapse in the cost of generating solar power, a new chapter in its history is emerging. Bartoletto draws on her deep knowledge of the history of energy markets and policies in Mediterranean countries to produce a stimulating, timely and important book. Focussing on issues of fuel production, supply security and energy transitions, Bartoletto identifies the key transformations, tensions and inequalities in the region's energy systems over the last two centuries, with a view to informing how they will play out in the next few decades. This book is essential reading for all analysts and scholars concerned about the history and geography of energy markets and policies, and about the evolving role of the Mediterranean region in the global economy.' --Roger Fouquet, London School of Economics, UKTable of ContentsContents: Introduction 1. Economy and energy in Mediterranean countries 2. Price dynamics, production and trade 3. Past and present of energy security in Mediterranean countries 4. Energy transitions and energy efficiency 5. Renewables and CO2 emissions Conclusions Index

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Book SynopsisEssentials of Digital Construction is a concise practical reference to help professionals and companies navigate the key issues and accelerate the process of implementing digital construction.

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Book SynopsisThe importance of continuous research into Seismic Design for Engineering Plant can never be underestimated. Earthquake disaster prevention is a fascinating area requiring ingenious solutions to its unique problems. The benefits of sharing information from developments in this field are also of vital importance. This new book describes and assesses the seismic requirements for different types of structures. In focussing on nuclear chemical plants critical guidance is given on design and cost-effective methods. Bringing together valuable experience from a wide range of disciplines, this important volume covers an informative selection of topics. Contents include: Introduction to Seismic Design Expected accelerations and ways to minimize interaction between structural and mechanical components The practical aspects of designing and assessing mechanical handling equipment for seismic events Nuclear safety requirements for travelling cranes Overview of vessel seismic design Seismic qualification of existing pipework in UK nuclear power plants Construction of a three-dimensional, large-scale shaking table land development of core technology The contributors to this book are experts in their field whether they are from the nuclear, academic, governmental, or engineering consultant sectors. Their experienced and informed contributions will highlight and explore the most recent developments and challenges facing this highly relevant field of mechanical engineering.Table of ContentsForeword xiii Chapter 1 Introduction to Seismic Design J Mills 1 Chapter 2 Expected Accelerations and Ways to Minimize Interaction between Structural and Mechanical Components P A Merriman 15 Chapter 3 The Practical Aspects of Designing and Assessing Mechanical Handling Equipment for Seismic Events D W Davies 31 Chapter 4 Nuclear Safety Requirements for Travelling Cranes D M Edge, M D Rowlson, and W S Atkins 45 Chapter 5 Overview of Vessel Seismic Design B Mackie 55 Chapter 6 Seismic Qualification of Existing Pipework in UK Nuclear Power Plants J MacFarlane and C Hughes 81 Chapter 7 Design Substantiation and Installation of Electrical System Components - Lesson Learned from Observed Performance B Eccles and T Allmark 93 Chapter 8 Seismic Qualification of Plant at Nuclear Submarine Bases and Dockyards K Nailard 99 Chapter 9 Construction of a Three-dimensional, Large-scale Shaking Table and Development of Core Technology N Ogawa, K Ohtani, T Katayama, and H Shibata 109 Chapter 10 Near-fault Ground Motions: Demand and Structural Capacity Requirements P Gulkan 139 Chapter 11 Seismic IPEEE Results and their Use in Risk-informed Applications G S Hardy, R P Kassawara, J M Richards, and W H Tong 173 Chapter 12 Application of Seismic Margin Methodology for Modification of Piping Systems P D Baughman and K M Sickles 183 Subject Index 195 Authors' Index 199

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Book SynopsisAs the push for diversification of energy sources continues, this book provides a toolbox of techniques to enhance top-line as well as bottom-line results by successfully managing capital projects and operations & maintenance trade-offs across the value chain. Built on the foundations laid in Jacoby's previous books Optimal Supply Chain Management in Oil, Gas, and Power Generation and Guide to Supply Chain Management, it offers ground-breaking new ways to tap the power of supply chain management in conventional and emerging energy industries - from the small to the large project, and from solar to nuclear and everything in between. The organization of the book makes it a handy reference resource. It starts with a conceptual framework for value chain and supply chain management in the energy sector, laying out objectives, key business processes, and performance metrics that provide useful guideposts. It offers principles that should guide investments in the energy industry and explains how to organize the supply chain to maximize their results. Chapters on capital project and operations management explain tools and techniques that are relevant to energy value chains broadly speaking. Technology-specific chapters show how these concepts apply to ten energy domains: Hydrogen & Fuel Cells, Energy Storage, Wind, Solar, Biomass, Oil & Gas, Geothermal, Gas and Coal-Fired Power, Hydropower, NuclearTrade ReviewThis book is encyclopedic as well as a how-to manual, a gem for those interested in energy supply chains." —Dr. Jaydeep Balakrishnan, PhD, Associate Dean, College of Business Administration at the California State University, Sacramento, and former Professor of Operations and Supply Chain Management at the Haskayne School of Business, University of Calgary"Much of the foundational thinking on which this book is built concerns the differentiation between the value chain and the supply chain thinking and is thus suitable for those working in the supply and demand spaces and in every part of supply chain including producers, suppliers and distributors of energy." —Dr. Waddah S. Ghanem Al Hashmi, PhD, Senior Director, Emirates National Oil Company (ENOC)

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Book SynopsisThis work is a first-of-a-kind and is positioned to define the essential role for an operator's handbook as the ready resource for basic understanding and a by-the-side aid during almost all shift activities. It should become the benchmark standard by which all subsequent entries into this market position will be compared.The handbook serves as a grounding foundation where operator training is conducted in-house. All of the basics are here. All of the operational responsibilities and approach options are covered. The new concept of weak signals is an important addition.

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Book SynopsisThis open access book makes a case for a socially inclusive energy transition and illustrates how engineering and public policy professionals can contribute to shaping an inclusive energy transition, building on a socio-technical systems engineering approach. Accomplishing a net-zero greenhouse gas emissions economy in 2050 is a daunting challenge. This book explores the challenges of the energy transition from the perspectives of technological innovation, public policy, social values and ethics. It elaborates on two particular gaps in the design of public policy interventions focused on decarbonization of the energy system and discusses how both could be remedied. First, the siloed organization of public administration fails to account for the many interdependencies between the energy sector, the mobility system, digital infrastructure and the built environment. Cross-sector coordination of policies and policy instruments is needed to avoid potentially adverse effects upon society and the economy, which may hamper the energy transition rather than accelerate it. Second, energy and climate policies pay insufficient attention to the social values at stake in the energy transition. In addressing these gaps, this book intends to inspire decision makers engaged in the energy transition to embrace the transition as an opportunity to bring a more inclusive society into being.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- The Fabric of a Changing Society – Infrastructure as the Key to Social Inclusion.- Perspectives on Justice in the Future Energy System.- The Hidden Dimension of the Climate Crisis: Religion, Sustainability and Inclusiveness – a Plea for the (secular) Sacred.- Hydrogen: The Bridge between Africa and Europe.- Decentralised Control and Peer-to-peer Cooperation in Smart Energy Systems.- EU Energy Policies and Projects: a Perspective on an Inclusive Energy Transition.- Moving Towards Nexus Solutions to ‘Energy’ Problems: an Inclusive Approach.- Good Governance and the Regulation of the District Heating Market.- Enabling Public Participation in Shaping the Inclusive Energy Transition Through Serious Gaming.- A Comprehensive Engineering Approach to Shaping the Future Energy System.

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Book SynopsisThis book explores the specific role that glazing technologies play within the world of smart architecture as important components of contemporary and future sustainable architectural and technological research. Smart Architecture begins with a definition of the concept of “smart” in architecture and examines how innovative technologies and materials have shaped buildings over the years. The author then provides a supporting database of contemporary smart architecture—mapping adopted strategies, recognizing common patterns, and evaluating current and future trends in the context of smart building envelopes, energy efficiency, and the development of high-potential innovative building components. The book proceeds with a focus on the specific role that glazing technologies play in this framework and provides a systematic methodology to quantify options for the effective integration of transparent building components within advanced and innovative building envelope systems.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- The Building Envelope.- The “Smart” Concept Definition in Architecture.- How Technology Has Shaped Architecture Over the Years.- Smart Architecture: Selection and Classification of Existing Examples of Smart Buildings.- Why Windows Matter?.- Glazing for Smart Architecture.- Smart Window Technologies.- The Decision Support Tool.

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses how Coal Bed Methane (CBM) could help the acceleration of the energy transition in a ‘just’ way in Indonesia, due to the country's potential CBM reserves (and current dependence on climate damaging coal). Developing countries face multiple challenges in achieving their energy transitions. CBM in Indonesia could potentially be a catalyst for energy transition and subsequently improve access to energy. However, CBM faces numerous challenges and although Indonesia first developed its domestic CBM sector over more than a decade ago, they are still to implement this successfully. This book exposes the challenges and opportunities of CBM, exploring what lessons other countries could learn from Indonesia to improve the industry with a view to achieving energy transition and climate change targets. This book will be an invaluable reference for researchers and practitioners working in this field.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction1.1 Introduction 1.2 Overview on Indonesia’s Energy Sector 1.3 The Non-OECD vs OECD Countries’ Fiscal Regimes and The Importance of Fiscal Incentives 1.4 Discussions on CBM PSC in Indonesia, The U.S. Royalty/Tax System, and the Australian PRRT 1.5 Energy Transition and Energy Justice 1.6 Chapters Overview Chapter 2 Energy Transition and Coal Bed Methane Development in Indonesia 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Energy Transition in Indonesia 2.3 CBM as a cleaner source of energy 2.4 Understanding CBM: Technical and Geological Perspective 2.5 CBM Worldwide and CBM Outlook 2.6 CBM in Indonesia 2.7 CBM Economy in Indonesia 2.8 The Challenges in the CBM Industry in Indonesia 2.9 Proposed Recommendation for the Development of CBM in Indonesia Chapter 3 How CBM Projects align with the Indonesian Energy Transition Goal 3.1 Introduction 3.2 CBM and Energy Transition Acceleration in Indonesia 3.3 CBM for Electrification Replacing Coal 3.4 CBM Technical and Geological Aspects 3.5 Economic Aspect 1: Gas Price 3.6 Economic Aspects 2: CBM Cost Structures Chapter 4 Current Issues on CBM Development in Indonesia – What do they say? 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The CBM Current Situation in Indonesia 4.3 Interview & Focus Group Discussion: The Challenges in the CBM Industry in Indonesia Chapter 5 Environmental Impacts and Societal Justice Aspect of CBM in Transitioning to Low-Carbon Economy 5.1 Introduction 5.2 CBM’s Environmental impacts 5.3 Survey Results on the local community impacts and expectation towards CBM Development Chapter 6 Re-attracting CBM Investment in Indonesia 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Indonesian CBM fiscal regime: Net PSC 6.3 The U.S. CBM fiscal regime: Wyoming State Fiscal Regime 6.4 Australian CBM fiscal regime (Petroleum Resources Rent Tax) 6.5 Fiscal terms comparison: Indonesia, the U.S. and Australia 6.6 Feasible Fiscal Terms to be Adapted 6.7 Discussion on Feasible Terms to be Adapted 6.7.4 Balancing the Government and Investor’s Cash Flow Chapter 7 The Future of CBM in Indonesia & International Reflections 7.1 Introduction 7.2 CBM in Indonesia’s Future 7.3 The Core Energy Issues for Energy Development 7.4 Where Next for CBM 7.5 Final Reflections References List of Figures & Tables

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Book SynopsisThis book deals with the combustion and exhaust emissions of gas engines fueled with green biogas. Biogas is a mixture of gases, primarily consisting of methane and carbon dioxide. Biogas can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, food waste, etc. Biogas is considered to be a renewable source of energy. Therefore, it can contribute to the prevention of global warming.The biogas engine is used to co-generate electricity by operating engine and heat from hot exhaust gases. The energy source used very efficiently. Unlike other green energy sources such as wind and solar, biogas is readily available when needed.This book first describes the basics of biogas and its application to internal combustion engines. Next, it describes the engine system and the combustion phenomena in the engine cylinder. Engine technology continues to advance in spark ignition and dual-fuel engines to achieve higher thermal efficiency and lower harmful emissions. Several advanced combustion technologies are introduced to achieve higher thermal efficiency while avoiding knocking.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Fundamentals of combustion behavior of gas engine.- Combustion and exhaust emissions of biogas spark-ignition engines.- Combustion and exhaust emissions of biogas dual-fuel engine.- Technologies for higher thermal efficiency.- Summary.

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Book Synopsis This textbook explores reactive power control and voltage stability and explains how they relate to different forms of power generation and transmission. Bringing together international experts in this field, it includes chapters on electric power analysis, design and operational strategies. The book explains fundamental concepts before moving on to report on the latest theoretical findings in reactive power control, including case studies and advice on practical implementation students can use to design their own research projects.Featuring numerous worked-out examples, problems and solutions, as well as over 400 illustrations, Reactive Power Control in AC Power Systems offers an essential textbook for postgraduate students in electrical power engineering. It offers practical advice on implementing the methods discussed in the book using MATLAB and DIgSILENT, and the relevant program files are available at extras.springer.com. Table of ContentsPreface.- Chapter1: Introduction.- Chapter2: Fundamentals of Reactive Power in AC Power Systems.- Chapter3: Reactive Power Role in AC Power Transmission Systems.- Chapter4: Reactive Power Compensation in Energy Transmission Systems With Sinusoidal and Nonsinusoidal Currents.- Chapter5: Reactive Power Importance in Wind Power Plants.- Chapte6: Reactive Power Control and Voltage Stability Problem.- Part 1: Fundamentals and Contemporary Issues of Reactive Power Control in AC Power Systems.- Chapter7: Reactive Power Control and Voltage Stability Problem.- Part 2: Chaper8: Reactive Power Compensation in AC Power Systems.- Chapter9: Modern Solution for Dynamic Reactive Power Compensation.- Chapter10: Optimal Placement of Reactive Power Compensators in AC Power Networks.- Chapter11: Reactive Power Optimization in AC Power Systems.- Chapter12: Implementing Reactive Power Optimization Using Digsilent and Matlab.- Chapter13: Multi-Objective Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Considering Uncertainties in the Wind Integrated Power Systems.- Chapter14: Reactive Power Optimization Effects on Relays Coordination in AC Power Systems.- Chapter15: Communications for Electric Power Systems.- Chapter16: Scada Applications for the Electric Power System.- Chapter17: The Effect of Geomagnetic Storms on the Electricity Networks.- Chapter18: Electric Transmission Lines Environmental Impact Monitoring.

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Book SynopsisDas "Handbuch Elektrische Energietechnik" ist ein Grundlagenwerk und bietet zu allen wichtigen Fachgebieten der elektrischen Energietechnik kompaktes Wissen übersichtlich dargestellt. Zahlreiche Autoren aus Hochschule und Industrie haben auf dem neuesten Stand der Technik alle wichtigen Grundbeziehungen, Berechnungsverfahren, Bauelemente, Schaltungstechniken und energietechnischen Anlagen des jeweiligen Fachgebietes aufbereitet. Zu jedem Kapitel werden ausführliche Berechnungsbeispiele angeboten, die dem Leser eine schnelle Orientierung im jeweiligen Fachgebiet ermöglichen. Die von den Autoren eingebrachten Erfahrungen bieten dem mit energietechnischen Fragen befaßten Ingenieur eine zuverlässige Informationsquelle, die nach nur zweijähriger Laufzeit in zweiter Auflage sorgfältig korrigiert und verbessert wurde.Table of ContentsMathematik - Grundlagen der Elektrotechnik - Werkstoffe - Technische Mechanik - Lichttechnik - Datenverarbeitung - Elektrische Messtechnik - Industrie- und Leistungselektronik - Elektrische Maschinen und Antriebe - Erzeugung, Transport und Verteilung der elektrischen Energie - Hochspannungstechnik - Automatisierungstechnik und Regelungstechnik - Elektrowärme

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Book SynopsisDie nun vorliegende 3. Auflage wurde gründlich durchgesehen und alle bekannt gewordenen Druckfehler wurden beseitigt. Bis auf die Aktualisierung einiger Zahlenwerte und kleinerer redaktioneller Verbesserungen sind keine weiteren Änderungen vorgenommen worden. Dieses Lehrbuch beschränkt sich auf jenen Teilbereich der Hochspannungstechnik, der der Theorie und dem Hochspannungslaboratorium zugeordnet werden kann. Es wendet sich somit vorwiegend an Studenten von Universitäten und Hochschulen, wird aber auch für den in der Praxis stehenden Ingenieur eine wertvolle Arbeitshilfe sein. Zunächst werden Kenntnisse über das elektrische Feld mit einfachen mathematischen Mitteln angeboten und grafische wie auch numerische Methoden beschrieben und in Beispielen erläutert. Im weiteren werden Durchschlagsmechanismen in gasförmigen, flüssigen und festen Stoffen sowie die Erzeugung und Messung hoher Spannungen behandelt. Die Hochspannungsprüfung unter Laborbedingungen und ein Kapitel über Überspannungen und Wanderwellen beschließen das Buch.Table of ContentsElektrisches Feld - Gasförmige Isolierstoffe - Feste Isolierstoffe - Flüssige Isolierstoffe - Statistische Auswertung - Erzeugung hoher Spannungen - Messung hoher Spannungen - Hochspannungsprüfung - Überspannung und Wanderwellen

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Book SynopsisDas Pflanzenwachstum und dessen Grundlage - das Wurzelsystem - nehmen eine zentrale Stellung in terrestrischen Ökosystemen ein. Die Bedeutung der im Wurzel-Boden-Interface ablaufenden komplexen Prozesse für die Pflanzen- und Bodenentwicklung wurde lange Zeit nicht ausreichend erkannt. Dieses Buch leistet einen Beitrag zum besseren Verständnis des Wirkungsgefüges und der Steuermechanismen dieses Systems.Table of ContentsMorphologie, Physiologie und Biochemie der Wurzeln - Pflanzen-Mikroben-Interaktionen - Rhizosphärenprozesse und ihre Beeinflussbarkeit - Zusammensetzung und Funktion wurzelbürtiger C- und N-Verbindungen - Stoffaufnahme, Stoffumsetzung und Stofffestlegung im Wurzelraum

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Book SynopsisDie nun vorliegende 3. Auflage wurde gründlich durchgesehen und alle bekannt gewordenen Druckfehler wurden beseitigt. Bis auf die Aktualisierung einiger Zahlenwerte und kleinerer redaktioneller Verbesserungen sind keine weiteren Änderungen vorgenommen worden. Dieses Lehrbuch beschränkt sich auf jenen Teilbereich der Hochspannungstechnik, der der Theorie und dem Hochspannungslaboratorium zugeordnet werden kann. Es wendet sich somit vorwiegend an Studenten von Universitäten und Hochschulen, wird aber auch für den in der Praxis stehenden Ingenieur eine wertvolle Arbeitshilfe sein. Zunächst werden Kenntnisse über das elektrische Feld mit einfachen mathematischen Mitteln angeboten und grafische wie auch numerische Methoden beschrieben und in Beispielen erläutert. Im weiteren werden Durchschlagsmechanismen in gasförmigen, flüssigen und festen Stoffen sowie die Erzeugung und Messung hoher Spannungen behandelt. Die Hochspannungsprüfung unter Laborbedingungen und ein Kapitel über Überspannungen und Wanderwellen beschließen das Buch.Table of ContentsElektrisches Feld - Gasförmige Isolierstoffe - Feste Isolierstoffe - Flüssige Isolierstoffe - Statistische Auswertung - Erzeugung hoher Spannungen - Messung hoher Spannungen - Hochspannungsprüfung - Überspannung und Wanderwellen

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Book Synopsis1 Einführung und Definitionen.- 2 Systemkomponenten.- 3 Leistungshalbleiter.- 4 Beschaltung, Zündung, Kühlung und Schutzeinrichtungen.- 5 Schaltvorgänge und Kommutierung.- 6 Halbleiterschalter und -steller.- 7 Fremdgeführte Stromrichter.- 8 Selbstgeführte Stromrichter.- 9 Netze für Stromrichter.- 10 Belastungen für Stromrichter.- 11 Energetische Verhältnisse.- 12 Regelungstechnische Verhältnisse.- 13 Stromrichteranwendungen.- 14 Prüfungen.Table of Contents1 Einführung und Definitionen.- 2 Systemkomponenten.- 3 Leistungshalbleiter.- 4 Beschaltung, Zündung, Kühlung und Schutzeinrichtungen.- 5 Schaltvorgänge und Kommutierung.- 6 Halbleiterschalter und -steller.- 7 Fremdgeführte Stromrichter.- 8 Selbstgeführte Stromrichter.- 9 Netze für Stromrichter.- 10 Belastungen für Stromrichter.- 11 Energetische Verhältnisse.- 12 Regelungstechnische Verhältnisse.- 13 Stromrichteranwendungen.- 14 Prüfungen.

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Book SynopsisDie vorliegende Dissertation ist im Rahmen meiner Tätigkeit als wissenschaftlicher Mitar­ beiter am Institut für Robotik und Prozeßinformatik der Technischen Universität Braun­ schweig entstanden. Bei Herrn Prof. Wahl möchte ich mich für die vertrauensvolle Zu­ sammenarbeit und die großzügige Unterstützung während der Erstellung meiner Arbeit herzlich bedanken. Herrn Prof. Hesselbach danke ich für die Übernahme des Koreferats. Am Institut für Robotik und Prozeßinformatik wird in Kooperation mit der Firma MIAG 1 Fahrzeugbau GmbH das Forschungsprojekt MONAMOVE bearbeitet. Die beiden Säu­ len von MONAMOVE werden von dem globalen Überwachungssystem und dem Navi­ gator gebildet, der in Verbindung mit dem Piloten für die Bahnplanung verantwortlich ist. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Konzepte für den Navigator und den Piloten vorgestellt. Bei Herrn Claudio Laloni, der für das globale Überwachungssystem verantwortlich ist, möchte ich mich für die sehr gute Zusammenarbeit und die anregen­ den Diskussionen bedanken. Der Firma MIAG danke ich für die Unterstützung und die Bereitstellung eines Fahrzeuges. Mein Dank gilt ebenfalls meinen Kollegen für die wertvollen fachlichen Diskussionen und allen Studenten, die im Rahmen ihrer Studien-und Diplomarbeiten bzw. als studentische Hilfskräfte zum Entstehen meiner Arbeit beigetragen haben. Bei allen Mitarbeitern des Instituts möchte ich mich für die ausgezeichnete Arbeitsatmosphäre bedanken, die ich stets in guter Erinnerung behalten werde. Meiner Freundin Maren, meiner Cousine Petra Guske und meinem Freund Goy Korn danke ich für das sorgfältige Korrekturlesen meiner Arbeit. Meinen Eltern, meiner Freundin Maren und allen Freunden möchte ich besonders für ihre persönliche Unterstützung und für ihr Verständnis danken.Table of Contents1 Einleitung.- 1.1 Zielsetzung und Aufbau der Arbeit.- 2 Das Transportsystem MONAMOVE.- 2.1 Konzept von MONAMOVE.- 2.1.1 Überwachungssystem.- 2.1.2 Navigator.- 2.1.3 Pilot.- 2.1.4 Fahrzeuge.- 2.1.5 Weltmodell.- 2.1.6 Ergänzende Bemerkungen.- 2.2 Fahrerlose Transportsysteme.- 2.3 Vergleich: MONAMOVE — Fahrerlose Transportsysteme.- 2.4 Autonome mobile Roboter.- 2.5 Vergleich: MONAMOVE — Autonome mobile Roboter.- 2.6 Diskussion.- 3 Navigator und Pilot — Grundlegende Betrachtungen.- 3.1 Grenze zwischen Voraus- und Laufzeitplanung.- 3.1.1 Strikte hierarchische Planung.- 3.1.2 Überlappende hierarchische Planung.- 3.2 Forderungen an die Gesamtplanung.- 3.3 Navigator und Pilot in MONAMOVE.- 3.3.1 Grundlegende Betrachtung zur Einsatzumgebung.- 3.3.2 Konzepte für Navigatoren.- 3.3.3 Informationsfluß im Navigator.- 3.3.4 Konzepte für Piloten.- 3.3.5 Informationsfluß im Piloten.- 4 Bahnplanung des Navigators auf Basis eines geometrischen Modells.- 4.1 Literaturüberblick.- 4.1.1 Grundlegende Betrachtungen.- 4.1.2 Der Konfigurationsraum.- 4.1.3 Verschiedene Planungsansätze.- 4.1.3.1 Wegenetz.- 4.1.3.2 Zerlegung.- 4.1.3.3 Potentialfeld.- 4.1.4 Bahnplanung im W- und im C-Raum.- 4.1.4.1 Planen im W-Raum.- 4.1.4.2 Planen im C-Raum.- 4.1.5 Integration der zusätzlichen Forderungen in die Bahnplanung.- 4.2 Konzept des Navigators.- 4.3 Weltmodell.- 4.3.1 Zerlegung mit einem Hindernis.- 4.3.2 Zerlegung mit mehreren Hindernissen.- 4.3.3 Hinzufügen und Löschen von Hindernissen.- 4.4 Fahrschlauchsuche.- 4.4.1 Aufbau des initialen Suchgraphen.- 4.4.2 Verwendetes Suchverfahren.- 4.4.3 Erweiterung des Graphen.- 4.4.4 Ergänzende Bemerkungen.- 4.5 Rechtsorientierung.- 4.5.1 Wege in überlappungsfreien Fahrschläuchen.- 4.5.1.1 Konstruktion der rechtsorientierten Punkte.- 4.5.1.2 Berechnung des rechtsorientierten Weges.- 4.5.1.3 Erweiterung des Fahrschlauchs.- 4.5.1.4 Bestimmung von blockierten Teilfahrschläuchen.- 4.5.2 Wege in sich überlappenden Fahrschläuchen.- 4.5.2.1 Berechnung des äußeren Fahrschlauchrandes.- 4.5.2.2 Konstruktion der rechtsorientierten Punkte.- 4.5.2.3 Berechnung des rechtsorientierten Weges.- 4.5.3 Ergänzende Bemerkungen.- 4.6 Stetige Krümmungsänderung.- 4.6.1 Basiskurve.- 4.6.2 Kombination der Basiskurven.- 4.6.3 Auswahl einer Kurve.- 4.6.4 Kurven beim Start und beim Ziel.- 4.6.5 Kollisionstest für die Kurven.- 4.6.5.1 Tangentiale Fahrweise.- 4.6.5.2 Gestaucht tangentiale Fahrweise.- 4.6.6 Sperrung von Teilfahrschläuchen.- 4.6.7 Ergänzende Bemerkungen.- 4.7 Maximales Geschwindigkeitsprofil.- 4.8 Diskussion.- 5 Bahnplanung des Navigators auf Basis eines statistischen Modells.- 5.1 Literaturüberblick.- 5.2 Integration der Belegungsstatistik in die Bahnplanung.- 5.2.1 Weltmodell.- 5.2.2 Erzeugung des Weltmodells.- 5.2.3 Berechnung der Potentialfelder.- 5.2.4 Beispiel für ein Potentialfeld.- 5.3 Integration des statistischen Flusses in die Bahnplanung.- 5.3.1 Weltmodell.- 5.3.2 Erzeugung des Weltmodells.- 5.3.3 Berechnung der Potentialfelder.- 5.3.4 Beispiel für ein Potentialfeld.- 5.4 Beispiel für die auf statistischen Daten basierende Bahnplanung.- 5.4.1 Weltmodell ohne statische und dynamische Hindernisse.- 5.4.2 Weltmodell mit statischen und dynamischen Hindernisse.- 5.4.2.1 Beschreibung des Weltmodells.- 5.4.2.2 Berechnete Potentialfelder.- 5.4.2.3 Wege innerhalb der berechnete Potentialfelder.- 5.5 Nachbearbeitung des gefundenen Weges.- 5.6 Diskussion.- 6 Mehrfahrzeugnavigatoren.- 6.1 Literaturüberblick.- 6.1.1 Integration der Nebenbedingungen in den Mehrfahrzeugnavigator.- 6.2 Koordination auf Basis von geometrischen Kreuzungen.- 6.2.1 Weltmodell.- 6.2.2 Repräsentation einer Bahn.- 6.2.3 Berechnung der Kreuzungsbereiche.- 6.2.3.1 Verwaltungszonen und Synchronisationspunkte.- 6.2.3.2 Vereinigung von Kreuzungen.- 6.2.3.3 Beispiel für das Hinzufügen mehrerer Bahnen.- 6.2.3.4 Integration von stehenden Fahrzeugen in das Weltmodell.- 6.2.4 Grenzen der Mehrfahrzeugkoordination.- 6.2.4.1 Koordination durch zusätzliche Nebenbedingungen.- 6.2.4.2 Koordination durch Heuristiken.- 6.2.5 Schnittstelle zum Piloten.- 6.2.6 Diskussion.- 6.3 Mehrfahrzeugnavigator ohne Koordination.- 7 Konzepte für verschiedene Piloten.- 7.1 Literaturüberblick.- 7.2 Basismerkmale für alle Piloten.- 7.2.1 Weltmodell.- 7.2.2 Schnittstelle zum Navigator.- 7.2.3 Schnittstelle zum Fahrzeug.- 7.3 Bahntreuer Pilot.- 7.4 Pilot mit eigenständiger Wegplanung.- 7.4.1 Umplanen mit teilweise dynamischen Hindernissen.- 7.4.2 Umplanen mit vollständig dynamischen Hindernissen.- 7.4.3 Erweiterungen.- 7.5 Mehrfahrzeugpilot auf Basis vorgegebener Kreuzungen.- 7.5.1 Lokale Piloten.- 7.5.2 Globaler Pilot.- 7.6 Mehrfahrzeugpilot mit eigenständiger Mehrfahrzeugkoordination.- 7.6.1 Mehrfahrzeugkoordination mit teilweise dynamischen Hindernissen.- 7.6.2 Mehrfahrzeugkoordination mit vollständig dynamischen Hindernissen.- 7.7 Ergänzende Bemerkungen.- 8 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick.- A Algorithmen.- A.1 Zerlegung eines einfachen Polygons in konvexe Teilpolygone.- A.3 Floyd Algorithmus.- A.3.1 Anwendungsbeispiel für den Floyd Algorithmus.- A.3.2 Erzeugung von rechtorientierten Wegen mit dem Floyd Algorithmus.- Eigene Veröffentlichungen.- Stichwortverzeichnis.

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Book Synopsis1 Electric strength.- 2 Insulating materials in high-voltage technology.- 3 Design and manufacture of high-voltage equipment.- Appendix: Tables and diagrams.- A.1 Utilization factors for simple electrode configurations.- A.1.1 Spherical configurations.- A.1.2 Cylindrical configurations.- A.1.3 Point and knife-edge configurations.- A.1.4 Circular ring configurations.- A.2 Electric strength of gas-insulated configurations.- A.2.1 Breakdown voltage in the homogeneous field.- A.2.2 Breakdown field strength of plate, cylinder and sphere electrodes.- A.2.3 Breakdown voltage of rod gaps in air.- A.3 Properties of insulating materials.- A.4 Properties of magnetic materials.Table of Contents1 Electric strength.- 2 Insulating materials in high-voltage technology.- 3 Design and manufacture of high-voltage equipment.- Appendix: Tables and diagrams.- A.1 Utilization factors for simple electrode configurations.- A.1.1 Spherical configurations.- A.1.2 Cylindrical configurations.- A.1.3 Point and knife-edge configurations.- A.1.4 Circular ring configurations.- A.2 Electric strength of gas-insulated configurations.- A.2.1 Breakdown voltage in the homogeneous field.- A.2.2 Breakdown field strength of plate, cylinder and sphere electrodes.- A.2.3 Breakdown voltage of rod gaps in air.- A.3 Properties of insulating materials.- A.4 Properties of magnetic materials.

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Book SynopsisDie Steigerung der Energieeffizienz reduziert die Lebenszykluskosten von Immobilien und ist wesentlicher Baustein zur Erreichung der weltweiten Klimaziele. Beim Bau und Betrieb öffentlicher Hochbauten muss der Staat eine Vorbildfunktion einnehmen. Aufgrund der anhaltenden defizitären Haushaltslage der öffentlichen Hand gewinnt die alternative Beschaffungsvariante Öffentlich-Private Partnerschaften zunehmend an Bedeutung. Robin Heidel zeigt auf, wie ÖPP-Hochbauprojekte gestaltet werden müssen, damit ein energieeffizienter Betrieb sichergestellt wird. Er entwickelt dazu ein Referenz­modell mit Prozessbeschreibungen für die einzelnen Projektphasen. Anhand eines Praxisbeispiels stellt er den möglichen Nutzen des Modells dar.Table of ContentsGrundlagen zu ÖPP, öffentlicher Hochbau, Energiemanagement.- Relevanz des Energiemanagements bei ÖPP.- Entwicklung eines Referenzmodells.- Modellüberprüfung an Praxisbeispielen.

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Book SynopsisANSYS zählt zu den verbreitetsten Finite-Elemente-Programmen in Entwicklungsabteilungen von Unternehmen und an Hochschulen. Der Einstieg in ANSYS für einen wirtschaftlichen Einsatz ist langwierig und komplex. Mit diesem Buch soll der Einstieg in ANSYS für elektromagnetische Anwendungen am Beispiel Elektrischer Maschinen erleichtert werden, indem Schulungs- und Lehrveranstaltungen unterstützt werden, die Nachbearbeitung von Schulungen ermöglicht und der Einsatz von ANSYS bei der Bearbeitung von eigenen Projekten als Nachschlagewerk unterstützt werden. Das Buch erläutert grundlegend den Modellaufbau mit ANSYS und führt den Anwender gezielt zum Einsatz der Skriptsprache APDL und den Einsatz von Schaltungselementen. Die Modellierung und Berechnung von Transformatoren, Gleichstrommaschinen, Synchronmaschinen, Asynchronmaschinen und Linearmotoren wird ausführlich erläutert.Table of ContentsPrinzipielle Vorgensweise bei FEM-Programmen - Preprocessing - Solution - Postprocessing - Zusammenfassung der Vorgehensweise - Tipps&Tricks - Linearmotoren - Bürstenlose Gleichstrommaschine - Servomaschine - Spezielle Schaltung für Drehstrommaschinen - Spaltpolmotor Sondermaschinen

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Book SynopsisAusgewählte, wichtige Technologiefelder im Bereich Energieerzeugung, -verteilung und -verbrauch werden anhand ihrer technischen und wirtschaftlichen Entwicklungsziele, ihrer System- und Marktrelevanz sowie der wichtigsten Treiber und Hemmnisse dargestellt. Vor dem Hintergrund des heutigen technischen und ökonomischen Entwicklungsstandes werden zukünftige Forschungs- und Entwicklungsziele, im deutschen und perspektivisch im europäischen Energiesystem, für die nächsten 10 bis 15 Jahre identifiziert. In einer eigenen Technologie-Roadmap werden diese Fakten und Entwicklungen übersichtsartig zusammengefasst.Trade Review“Dieses Nachschlagebuch liefert Grundlageninformation für Wissenschaftler, Wirtschaftsingenieure und Politiker. ... Dieses Nachschlagewerk gibt einen sehr guten Überblick zu den Energietechnologien der Zukunft und wird der angesprochenen Leserschaft empfohlen.” (Claudia Bäßler, in: Materials and Corrosion, Jg. 67, Heft 8, 2016)“... Das Buch richtet sich an Ingenieure, Wirtschaftswissenschaftler, Geschäftsführer und Unternehmer in den Bereichen Energietechnologien und -versorgung sowie Studierende und Dozenten aus den Fachbereichen Energietechnik, Energiewirtschaft, Elektrotechnik, Wirtschaftsingenieurwesen, Technikfolgenabschätzung.” (in: BWK Das Energie-Fachmagazin, Heft 5, 2016)Table of ContentsSzenarien, robuste Trends und Technikauswahl.- Kraftwerkstechnik für fossile Brenstoffe.- Gaskraftwerke.- Kohlekraftwerke.- Erneuerbare Energietechnologien.- Photovoltaik.- Solarthermische Kraftwerke.- Windenergie.- Energiespeicher.- Latentwärmespeicher.- Druckluftspeicher.- Elektrochemische Speicher.- Power to Gas.- Wasserstoffspeicherkraftwerke.- Elektrizitätsnetze.- Übertragungsnetze.- Verteilnetze.- Effizienztechnologien und Mikro-KWK.- Mikro-KWK.- Raumklimatisierung.- Wärmepumpen.- Energieeefizienz in den Sektoren Industrie, GHD und Haushalte.- Verbrauchsteuerung.- Elektromobilität.

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Book SynopsisWolfgang Osterhage stellt die für eine praktische Energiegewinnung erforderlichen Kenntnisse der Strömungsmechanik und des Elektromagnetismus vor. Er baut seine Grundlagenüberlegungen auf den beiden Hauptsätzen der Thermodynamik auf, die besagen: Es kann an Energie nichts hinzugefügt und nichts hinweg genommen werden. Und: Wir verlieren bei jeder Umwandlung nutzbare Energie. Der Autor behandelt zudem Energiebilanzen, die Konzepte von Anergie und Exergie sowie die Rolle der Entropie in physikalischen Prozessen.Table of ContentsWas steht uns seit dem Urknall an Gesamtenergie und Masse zur Verfügung?.- 1. und 2. Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik.- Strömungsmechanik und Elektromagnetismus.

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Book SynopsisZu Beginn einer Krankenhausplanung sollte eine sorgfältige Analyse und Planung aller Faktoren stehen, die einen effizienten und zukunftsfähigen Krankenhausbetrieb ermöglichen. Dem Architekten und Planer kommt hierbei eine Schlüsselfunktion zu. Diese Fachbuch setzt genau dort an und zeigt Methoden und Werkzeuge auf, um im frühesten Planungsstadium durch aktive Vernetzung aller beteiligten Disziplinen und Interessengruppen integrale Planungskonzepte zu entwickeln. ​Table of ContentsEinleitung.- Planungssystematik der Leistungsphase Null von Krankenhäusern.- Systematik.- Anwendung.- Kompetenzen und Teamstruktur.- Planungs- und Entscheidungsmethoden, Methodenkatalog.- Beispielsammlung.- Zusammenfassung und Ausblick.- Glossar.

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Book SynopsisWolfgang Osterhage stellt, aufbauend auf den Grundlagen der Thermodynamik, die heute angebotenen technischen Lösungen der Energieumwandlung in nutzbare elektrische Energie und Wärme vor. Dabei beschreibt der Autor komprimiert sowohl traditionelle Kraftwerke als auch die aktuell bevorzugten Formen der Energiegewinnung durch Wind, Sonneneinstrahlung und Erdwärme. Er bietet damit ein Kompendium zum Verständnis der aktuellen Energiediskussion. Zum Schluss erfolgt ein Ausblick auf vielversprechende, aber technologisch noch unausgereifte Verfahren.Table of ContentsEinleitung.- Dampfkraftanlagen.- Solarkraftwerke.- Photovoltaik.- Windkraft.- Biomasse.- Biogas.- Erdwärme.- Wasserkraft.- Weitere Ansätze.- Schluss.

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Book SynopsisEine funktionierende leitungsgebundene Energieversorgung ist Voraussetzung für die industrielle Entwicklung eines Landes. Das Buch gibt einen fundierten Überblick über die Strom-, Gas- und Fernwärmeversorgungssysteme in den Ländern der Visegrad-Gruppe, des Baltikums sowie Russlands, Belarus und der Ukraine. Gleichzeitig werden Ansatzpunkte zur Modernisierung der Energienetze offengelegt. Nationale Besonderheiten und Entwicklungsstände werden aufgezeigt. Durch die abgestimmte Struktur der Beiträge ist ein Vergleich der Systeme möglich. Die Länderberichte sind von ausgewiesenen Fachleuten der betreffenden Staaten verfasst. Sie spiegeln die seit 25 Jahren bestehende Zusammenarbeit im Rahmen des Zittauer Energieseminars zur energiewirtschaftlichen Situation in Mittel- und Osteuropa wider. Jeder Beitrag beinhaltet eine technisch-ökonomische Sachstandsanalyse und geht auf Entwicklungsperspektiven ein. Das Werk zeigt Verbesserungspotentiale bzgl. Infrastrukturausbau und Energieeffizienz auf.Table of ContentsEinleitung.- Grundlagen der leitungsgebundenen Energieversorgung.- Visegrad-Gruppe: Polen, Tschechische Republik, Slowakei, Ungarn.- Baltikum: Littauen, Lettland, Estland.- Russland, Belarus, Ukraine.- Schlussbetrachtung.

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Book SynopsisDer Sammelband gibt den aktuellen Stand zu Energiearmut, Energiepolitik und sozialer Ungleichheit wider und analysiert grundlegende Zusammenhänge und Determinanten in Deutschland und Europa. Seit Jahren, und nicht erst im Zuge der Energiewende, steigen in Deutschland die Energiekosten privater Haushalte. Dies trifft verschiedene soziale Gruppen in unterschiedlichem Maße, was wiederum unterschiedlich stark von wohlfahrtsstaatlichen Politiken abgefedert wird. Es ist jedoch der anhaltenden Debatte um steigende Strompreise für Privathaushalte im Zuge der Energiewende in Deutschland zu verdanken, dass Themen wie Energiearmut und Kostenbelastungen das Interesse der Öffentlichkeit geweckt haben. Gleichzeitig wurde deutlich, dass die wissenschaftliche Beschäftigung mit den Wechselwirkungen von Energiesystemen und sozialer Ungleichheit in Deutschland bis vor kurzem noch ein völlig unterbelichtetes Forschungsgebiet mit nur wenigen Pionierarbeiten war. Zu zeigen, welche Arbeiten in den vergangenen Jahren stattgefunden haben und welche Erkenntnisse dabei zutage gefördert wurden, ist das Ziel dieses Sammelbandes.Table of ContentsEnergiearmut.- Energiewende.- soziale Ungleichheit.- energetische Sanierung.- Gerechtigkeit.- Energiepolitik.- Sozialpolitik

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Book SynopsisDer Autor zeigt in diesem Buch die Möglichkeit auf, durch Simulation am PC die Heizungsanlage einschließlich des Gebäudes zu simulieren und so die optimalen Einstellungen für eine gegebene Außentemperatur zu ermitteln. Dazu entwickelt er die theoretische Basis des Heizungsbetriebs. Anschließend zeigt er, wie sich Rechenmodelle zur Simulation eines 24-Stunden-Betriebs aus der theoretischen Basis erstellen lassen. Auch eine mehrtägige Simulation für den Urlaubsbetrieb wird vorgestellt. Dem Leser werden die Simulationsmodelle zur Verfügung gestellt, mithilfe derer er das Verhalten von Heizungsanlagen selbst nachvollziehen und dabei unterschiedliche Parameter erproben kann.Table of ContentsEntwicklung der Theorie des Heizungsbetriebs.- Aufstellen von Simulationsmodellen.- Ergebnisse und Erkenntnisse aus Simulationen.- Anleitung zum Auffinden der Gebäudeparameter.

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Book SynopsisViele Fragen zur Auswirkung der Energiewende auf die Böden und die Landwirtschaft werden beantwortet. Diese Anthologie vereint ausführliche Beiträge zur Trassenplanung, bodenkundlichen Baubegleitung, Erdverkabelung, Strombelastbarkeit von Erdkabeln und Erdwärme die im Rahmen eines Symposiums am Geozentrum Hannover referiert wurden.Table of ContentsTrassenplanung in Deutschland.- Bodenkundliche Baubegleitung -Bodenschutz beim Trassenbau.- Erdverkabelung aus Sicht der Landwirtschaft.- Das CableEarth-Verfahren zur ökologischen Bewertung und Optimierung der Strombelastbarkeit erdverlegter Energiekabel.- Erdwärme in Deutschland.- Die Rolle des Bodens bei der Nutzung oberflächennaher Erdwärme.

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Book SynopsisDieses Fachbuch gibt eine kompakte Übersicht über regenerative Systeme zur Wärme- und Kälteerzeugung. Einbindungs- und Automatisierungsschemata ermöglichen einen schnellen Überblick. Es werden die Grundlagen zum Regelverhalten von Systemen zur regenerativen Energienutzung dargestellt. Praxisbeispiele zeigen anschaulich Standardlösungen zur Einbindung von regenerativen Energiequellen.Table of ContentsEinführung in die Nutzung erneuerbarer Energiequellen.- Grundlagen der Nutzung regenerativer Energiequellen in Gebäuden.- Energiebereitstellung aus regenerativen Energiequellen.- Speichersysteme.- Automation von Systemen zur Wärme- und Kältebereitstellung aus regenerativen Energiequellen.- Funktionsüberwachung und Ertragskontrolle.- Automationsgeräte und deren Anbindung an die Gebäudeautomation.

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