Energy resources Books

Book SynopsisAs a result of advanced oil drilling and extraction technologies (primarily horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing), crude oil production in the United States is growing and, according to Energy Information Administration (EIA) reference case projections, may reach 9.6 million barrels per day by 2019. Production of light tight oil (LTO) is, and is expected to be, the primary contributor to U.S. crude oil production growth in the near to medium term. This book provides background and context about the crude oil legal and regulatory framework, discusses motivations that underlie the desire to export U.S. crude oil, and presents analysis of issues that Congress may choose to consider during debate about U.S. crude oil export policy.

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Book SynopsisSignificant quantities of oil can be extracted using Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) methods. One of the main methods of this type is CO2-EOR, which also has a positive impact on the environment as it results in the practically permanent storage of CO2, the main greenhouse gas (GHG). When its use is economically viable, the technology for extracting oil using CO2 (CO2-EOR) enables significant quantities of oil to be obtained and at the same time, provides storage for large volumes of CO2. It thus brings in both financial profits and environmental benefits if the oil extracted is used instead of crude oil obtained by conventional methods and does not entail any increase in consumption. This book discusses the different methods of EOR, as well as all of the economic benefits and impacts it has on the environment.

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Book SynopsisAccording to the NRC and the USGCRP, changes in the earth''s climate -- including higher temperatures, changes in precipitation, rising sea levels, and increases in the severity and frequency of severe weather events -- are under way and expected to grow more severe over time. These impacts present significant risks to the nation''s energy infrastructure. This book examines what is known about potential impacts of climate change on U.S. energy infrastructure; measures that can reduce climate-related risks and adapt energy infrastructure to climate change; and the role of the federal government in adapting energy infrastructure and adaptation steps selected federal entities have taken.

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Book SynopsisIn recent years, solid-state lighting (SSL) has emerged as a promising new lighting technology that could fundamentally alter and improve lighting systems and significantly lower energy use and costs. However, SSL''s full performance and energy savings potential is far from realized or assured. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has invested public funds in research and development to support advancements in the performance and energy efficiency of SSL technology, as well as a range of activities intended to increase the likelihood of rapid market uptake of new SSL products. The purpose of this book is to document early challenges and lessons learned in the SSL market development as part of the DOE''s SSL Program efforts to continually evaluate market progress in this area. This book summarizes early actions taken by DOE and others to avoid potential problems anticipated based on lessons learned from the market introduction of compact fluorescent lamps and identifies issues, challenges, and new lessons that have been learned in the early stages of the SSL market introduction. Furthermore, this book reviews efforts to increase market acceptance of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and barriers to that acceptance.

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Book SynopsisSeveral fiery rail accidents in 2013-2015 in the U.S. and Canada carrying crude oil produced from the Bakken region of North Dakota have raised questions at many levels on the safety of transporting this, and other types of crude oil, by rail. Sandia National Laboratories was commissioned by the U.S. Department of Energy to investigate the material properties of crude oils, and in particular the so-called "tight oils" like Bakken that comprise the majority of crude oil rail shipments in the U.S. at the current time. The book provides a literature survey of public sources of information on crude oil properties that have some bearing on the likelihood or severity of combustion events that may occur around spills associated with rail transport. The book also contains background information including a review of the notional "tight oil" field operating environment, as well a basic description of crude oils and potential combustion events in rail transport.

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Book SynopsisRenewable energy is gaining currency around the globe, but China and the United States are central to its development. They are the world''s top-two countries in terms of energy consumption, net oil imports, and carbon emissions, as well as gross domestic product (GDP) and manufacturing. Their large territories harbor some of the best sites to generate renewable energy. If the United States and China cooperateand competeeffectively, renewable energy can contribute to economic growth, energy security, and climate change mitigation. The past two years saw important developments, including a bilateral agreement to phase down hydrofluorocarbon emissions and a joint announcement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. China is often touted for its rapid adoption of renewable energy technologies. Long-term industry plans and new legislation suggest Beijing will maintain this policy direction, in line with its overall expansion of energy production capacity. In the United States, by contrast, renewable energy is a divisive issue. There are disagreements about how, if at all, the government should support alternative energy sources when natural gas is abundant, emissions are declining, and energy demand is slowing. This book assesses recent developments in China''s wind and solar industries and the implications for the United States. It builds on the Commission''s past work on U.S.-China energy issues, including the April 2014 hearing on bilateral clean energy cooperation. The research also draws on Congressional testimonies, academic papers, industry and media reports, and statistical data. The report''s main themes and findings are outlined below.

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Book SynopsisThe U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) provides funding to contractors for research and development of new technologies. To incentivise participation in federal research projects and promote the use of federally funded inventions, the 1980 Bayh-Dole Act and other laws and regulations allow contractors receiving federal research and development funds to retain ownership of inventions they create so long as they adhere to certain requirements, including disclosing inventions developed with agency funding. DOE''s ability to protect its interests in these inventions -- including their utilisation and domestic manufacture -- depends on its knowledge of their existence. This book examines DOE funding for contractor research for fiscal years 2009 through 2013 and how DOE ensures that contractors disclose agency funded inventions; the challenges DOE faces in ensuring invention disclosure and actions it is taking to address them; and the challenges DOE faces in protecting its interests in these inventions and the actions it is taking to address them. Furthermore, the authors of this book review the policies and procedures used to determine whether march-in authority should be exercised in the Bayh-Dole Act; how the march-in authority has been used; and what barriers and disincentives have been encountered in exercising the march-in authority.

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Book SynopsisThe physical and social fabric of the United States is sustained by a system of systems; a complex and dynamic network of interlocking and interdependent infrastructures ("critical national infrastructures") whose harmonious functioning enables the myriad actions, transactions, and information flow that undergird the orderly conduct of civil society in this country. The vulnerability of these infrastructures to threats -- deliberate, accidental, and acts of nature -- is the focus of greatly heightened concern in the current era, a process accelerated by the events of 9/11 and recent hurricanes, including Katrina and Rita. This book presents the results of the Commission''s assessment of the effects of a high altitude electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack on our critical national infrastructures and provides recommendations for their mitigation. Moreover, as of July 2015, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) reported taking several actions that could help address electromagnetic threats to the electric grid. This book also addresses the extent to which DHS has: taken action to address recommendations from the 2008 EMP Commission Report and coordinated with other principal federal agencies, such as DOE and industry stakeholders to mitigate risks to the electric grid from electromagnetic threats.

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Book SynopsisThe Department of Defense (DOD) is the single largest consumer of energy in the federal government, spending billions of dollars annually on petroleum fuels to support military operations. One of DOD''s strategic operational energy goals is to expand its energy supply options. Investing in alternative fuels -- liquid fuels, derived from non-petroleum feedstocks, whose use does not necessitate any modifications to platforms and equipment -- represents one means of potentially achieving this goal. This book reviews the extent to which DOD has purchased alternative fuels, and has demonstrated these fuels can meet its safety, performance, and reliability standards; has a process for purchasing alternative fuels for military operations that takes into consideration any cost differences between alternative and conventional fuels; and has used the DPA authorities to promote the development of a domestic biofuel industry.

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Book SynopsisWe’ve had a decade of distraction and inaction on climate change, but what made things go so very wrong in Australia? And what can the rest of the world learn from our mistakes – and opportunities?In Windfall, renewable energy expert Ketan Joshi examines how wind power inspired the creation of a weird, fabricated disease, and why the speed with which emissions could have been reduced – like putting a price on carbon – was hampered by a flurry of policy disasters. He then plots a way forward to a future where communities champion equitable new clean tech projects, where Australia grows past a reliance on toxic fuels, and where the power of people is used to rattle fossil fuel advocates from their complacency.Renewable energy can become a key player in the effort to upgrade our species from one on a path to self-destruction to a path of sustainability and fairness. With the knowledge of how the last decade was lost, the next decade can work the way it’s meant to.Sales Points: After a decade of thwarted opportunities, renewables expert Ketan Joshi charts a way forward for Australia to become a global leader in clean tech. Windfall is the millennial answer to Ross Garnaut’s Superpower. A leading science communicator and renewables expert, Ketan Joshi is a prominent voice in climate science debate. Joshi is great media talent, with 33K followers on Twitter, appearances on ABC TV’s The Drum and articles written for publications like The Guardian, Cosmos and The Monthly. Trade ReviewThis is a book from the heart: clear, eloquent, candid and rational. It is at once an intensely personal narrative and a searing indictment of policy failure. Windfall provides abundant reasons to be angry, but also plenty to be hopeful."" – Lesley Hughes""Joshi is a rare example of someone equally adept with the science, the technology and the politics of climate change...a powerful call to action to build a clean energy future that’s cheap, clean and ready when we are."" — Scott Ludlam

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Book SynopsisOn Petrocultures brings together key essays by Imre Szeman, a leading scholar in the field of energy humanities and a critical voice in debates about globalization and neoliberalism. Szeman’s most important and influential essays, in dialog with exciting new pieces written for the book, investigate ever-evolving circuits of power in the contemporary world, as manifested in struggles over space and belonging, redefinitions of work and individual autonomy, and the deep links between energy use and climate change.These essays explore life lived in the twenty-first century by examining critically the vocabulary through which capitalism makes sense of itself, focusing on concepts like the nation, globalization, neoliberalism, creativity, and entrepreneurship. At the heart of the volume is the concept of “petrocultures,” which demands that we understand a fundamental fact of modern life: we are shaped by and through fossil fuels. Szeman argues that we cannot take steps to address global warming without fundamentally changing social, cultural, and political norms and expectations developed in conjunction with the energy riches of the past century. On Petrocultures maps the significant challenge of our dependence on fossil fuels and probes ways that we might begin to leave petrocultures behind.

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Book SynopsisThis volume addresses renewable energy communities, and in particular renewable energy cooperatives (REScoops), in the context of the revised EU Renewables Directive. It provides a comprehensive account of the history and development of the renewable energy community movement in over six different countries of continental Europe. It addresses their visions, strategy, organisation, agency, and more particularly the challenges they encounter. This is of particular importance to gain more understanding into how renewable energy communities fare in domestic energy markets where they are confronted with regime institutions, structures and incumbents’ agency that tend to favour maintaining of the status quo while blocking attempts to empower and institutionalise renewable energy communities as market entrants having a disruptive, radical green and localist agenda. This volume will be an invaluable reference for academics and practitioners with an interest in social innovation in sustainable transitions, the role of community energy in energy markets, their agency, as well as an outlook to the impact that the EU Renewables Directive may have to change national legislation and policy frameworks to create a level playing field that is essentially more fair and beneficial to renewable energy communities. Table of ContentsChapter 1: Introduction.Chapter 2: “What are Energy Communities Under the EU’s Clean Energy Package?”.Chapter 3: Community energy on the east side of the Baltic Sea Region: from standstill to first steps.Chapter 4: Clean energy transition in Southeast Europe: The paradigm of Greece from a fossil fuel mediator to a community energy hub.Chapter 5: The community energy sector in Italy; historical perspective and recent evolution.Chapter 6: Community Energy in Germany: From Technology Pioneers to Professionalisation under Uncertainty.Chapter 7: Support structures for renewable energy communities.Chapter 8: Energy Communities promoting Home Energy Savings: Interventions, Theory and Results.Chapter 9: Creating an enabling policy framework for inclusive energy communities: a gender perspective.Chapter 10: Housing communities as low-carbon energy pioneers Experiences from the Netherlands. Chapter 11: Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisThis open access book focuses on the energy sector and will make a significant contribution to its continued evolution. For many years, the energy sector has been missing a raison d’etre and now finally there are increased calls for that to be justice. Hence, this book will develop the concept of energy justice and how it needs to be formalised in a new ‘social contract’ with all stakeholders in society. The focus will be on improving legal systems at local, national and international levels while ensuring that justice is a core issue within energy law, the legal system and more broadly in society. Table of ContentsPart 1: Introductory Chapters.- Chapter 1. Energy Justice - The First Step in an Energy Decision Today (Raphael J. Heffron).- Chapter 2. Energy Justice and the Social Contract Theory (Louis de Fontenelle).- Part 2: Core Energy Justice Issues.- Chapter 3. The Formation of Energy Law as a Discipline that integrates the Principle of Energy Justice (Vicente López-Ibor Mayor, EJI López-Ibor Mayor).-Chapter 4. Energy Education: A Cosmopolitan Challenge to Ensure Justice in the Transition (Luigi Maria Pepe).- Chapter 5. Energy Justice and Energy Law - An approach to the differences between both concepts (Íñigo del Guayo).- Chapter 6. Energy Justice as a key to achieve Affordable Energy (Gonzalo Irrazabal Pérez Fourcade).- Chapter 7. Cross-border Energy Investment, Energy Justice and International Economic Law (Chung-Han Yang).- Chapter 8. Enforcing Energy Justice Through the Legal System: A Cascade of Four Conditions (Maciej M. Sokołowski).- Part 3: Clean Energy Development & Energy Justice.- Chapter 9. An Energy Justice Exploration to the Revival of the Solar Thermal Energy in France (Elodie Annamayer).- Chapter 10. The Power of Procedural Justice in the Planning of Energy Projects (Nerissa Edem Lawrencia Anku).- Chapter 11. International Investor-State Disputes Arbitration through Energy Justice Lenses: opening the case for ‘Greening through Free Trade’ narratives (Emmanuelle Santoire).- Chapter 12. Energy Justice concerns of Nuclear Power in the 2025 Energy Transition Vision of Taiwan and Net Zero Roadmap of 2050 (Anton Ming-Zhi Gao).- Chapter 13. Social Acceptance for Renewable Energy Technologies: The Role of the Energy Justice Framework (Mohammad Hazrati).- Chapter 14. Breaking Barriers – Integrating Energy Justice to Overcome Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) Roadblocks to Climate Change Mitigation Efforts (Demilade Isioma Elemo).- Part 4: Energy Justice for Local Communities.- Chapter 15. Energy Justice, Prior Consultation and Energy Supply for Communities in Colombia(Luis Fernando Bastidas Reyes and Luis Bustos).- Chapter 16. Land for Clean Energy Projects – Responding to Community Energy (Halima I Hussein).- Chapter 17. Deploying Energy Justice for a meaningful inclusion of Indigenous Peoples in Energy Decision-Making (Mathilde Stephanie Ngo Pouhe).-Chapter 18. The Power of Energy Justice for Rural Communities (Madeline Taylor).- Chapter 19. A Pivotal Moment for Energy Community Cooperation in Chile (Elizabeth Stephani).- Chapter 20. The Power of Energy Justice for attaining and maintaining acceptance for Renewable Energy Projects (José Vega-Araújo).- Part 5: Energy Justice National & International Perspectives.- Chapter 21. The Quest for Cosmopolitan Justice in the Energy Transition in Caribbean Small Island Developing States (Alicia Phillips).- Chapter 22. Righting the Injustices Within the Nigerian Energy Industry (Ayodele Morocco-Clarke).- Chapter 23. Utilising Recognition Justice to Bridge Climate and Energy Financing Gaps in the Global South (Susan Nakanwagi).- Chapter 24. Australian Petroleum and Coal Resources: Taxation, Emissions and Energy Justice (Diane Kraal).- Chapter 25. Contribution of local energy communities to the realisation of a just energy transition in Spain (Ignacio Zamora).- Chapter 26. Solving Energy Justice in the European Union (Marzena Czarnecka and Marcin Krazniewski).- Part 6: Energy Life-Cycle Activities and Justice.- Chapter 27. The Power of Consumers: On the Interplay Between Consumer-Centric Markets and Energy Justice (Anne Michaelis).- Chapter 28. Energy Justice Concerns of Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Amidst Energy Transition (Chioma V Basil).- Chapter 29. The Energy Justice Imperative for Clean Energy Storage Alternatives (Zinnure Osman Zengin).- Chapter 30. Just Transitions in Extractive Territories (Tara Righetti).- Chapter 31. Minimum Standards of Access to Energy Services: Underpinning Energy Justice and Legal Action (Tedd Moya Mose).- Chapter 32: Empowering those in harm’s way: a Restorative Justice approach (Amina Ahmed Ibrahim).- Part 7: Conclusion.- Chapter 33. Diffusing Energy Justice into the new ‘Social Contract’ for Society (Raphael J. Heffron & Louis de Fontenelle)

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Book SynopsisThis publication calls for ambitious and bold action from governments, the private sector and regulators. Development of technologies will require new regulatory frameworks to support immediate commercialisation. Policy frameworks should also incorporate legally binding commitments for increased international technology transfer, harmonized standards, and definitions for 'green' hydrogen, energy efficiency, and conservation. All decisions should be assessed against existing and upcoming net-zero and climate neutrality targets, with all energy infrastructure built to be net-zero compliant. Integrating innovative energy technologies, alongside the transformation of energy markets and downstream industries, is a challenge and an opportunity

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Book SynopsisThe Regional State of Coast Report for the western Indian Ocean (WIO) is the first comprehensive regional synthesis to provide insights into the enormous economic potential around the WIO, the consequential demand for marine ecosystem goods and services to match the increasing human population, the pace and scale of environmental changes taking place in the region and the opportunities to avoid serious degradation in one of the world's unique and highly biodiverse oceans.

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Book SynopsisClimate change is no longer deniable. Neither is the fact that greenhouse gas emissions due to human activities need to be mitigated. The question is how to rapidly transit to an increasingly low-carbon world while essentially sustaining the quality of life of the fortunate and providing better lives for the less fortunate.The challenge is to decarbonize both energy consumption and production with electricity at the core of energy systems.Perhaps Energia, a fictitious country whose 50 million inhabitants endorse climate change objectives and that embodies the energy mutations proposed by the authors, has the answers. Along with Energia, four families living in Africa, America, Asia and Europe who represent us, the consumer, set the stage for the book's discussions.On the user front, the presentation primarily focuses on energy consumption at home and for transport. On the energy production front, the focus shifts to the integration of renewables with fossil and nuclear energy. The book's coverage includes crucial systemic issues related to energy storage, electric power systems and multi-energy systems. In a dedicated chapter, the authors put forward their energy and environmental public policy observations and proposals, including a carbon fee scheme.Electricity is written for readers interested and concerned by the environmental and energy challenges we face, and who seek to participate, as well-informed citizens, in discussions on future energy-related options. The book provides a balanced, factual and unemotional presentation of readily available energy systems and technologies which, when widely deployed, can contribute, both short and long term, toward a low-carbon and electricity-centered world.

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Book SynopsisMalaysia pledged to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 45 per cent by 2030 in relation to its 2005 GDP figure. The sectors listed as the main focus of this effort included: energy, industrial processes, waste, agriculture, land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). Several initiatives under myriad governments have been launched to reduce Malaysia’s climate change impacts; among those has been the emphasis on renewable energy (RE). Malaysia’s current energy mix relies heavily on coal and natural gas. Long-entrenched subsidies on these energy sources, coupled with greatly depreciating prices make it difficult for new RE producers to enter the market and increase their market share. This is in spite of positive developments in RE infrastructure and reduced RE material costs. Solar, biogas, biomass and mini-hydro have been put forward as the RE sources with the most potential, but all have issues of consistency and reliability. Because small energy generators cannot guarantee infallible energy production, they may not be the most viable options for the long term. Their size also denies them the economies of scale that would reduce their costs. Instead, these higher costs may be transferred to the consumer. Other issues include the competition for land in the development of large-scale solar farms, including the possible loss of community farmlands and hence livelihoods, if not displacement. A push for biomass and biogas as a source of energy might also lead to increased oil palm production to meet the need for consistent supplies of oil palm waste. Biogas from municipal landfills is made even more challenging given that Malaysian municipal waste is not sorted at source. One possible solution is the use of hybrid RE in rural areas, comprising a mix of micro-hydro, solar and diesel-based energy generation as a back-up. However an immediate win is to ensure energy efficiency and public education to encourage emissions reduction and climate change impacts on the individual consumer.

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Book SynopsisThis second edition of Climate Change is an accessible and comprehensive guide to the science behind global warming. Edmond A. Mathez and Jason E. Smerdon provide a broad, informative introduction to the science that underlies our understanding of the climate system and the effects of human activity on the warming of our planet.Trade ReviewThis text should have great appeal for teaching an introductory undergraduate course on climate change science as well as a broad survey for graduate students. The book is well written with concepts adequately explained. Mathez and Smerdon have done a great job at hitting many of the very important concepts for understanding past, present, and future climate change as well as what we can and should do about it. I particularly liked the “back of the envelope” sections that let students confront some quantitative thinking without getting bogged down in mathematical details. The many illustrations and beautiful photos should make the book appealing to students as well as the general public. -- Lonnie G. Thompson, Distinguished University Professor, School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State UniversityMathez and Smerdon present a concise, accurate description of the workings of our climate system that is rich with historical context, vivid graphics, and concrete examples. The beauty and wonder of our atmosphere and oceans are on full display, even as many of their mysteries are revealed for the nonspecialist. Readers will not only understand the fundamental causes and implications of climate change, but they also will understand the diverse set of tools and approaches that scientists use to study the climate system in all its complexity. This book is a treasure trove of insights for anyone with an affinity for science and an interest in the future of our planet and its inhabitants. -- Kim M. Cobb, Georgia Power Chair and ADVANCE Professor, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of TechnologyA superb textbook, easily one of the best currently available. Very few texts are written as thoughtfully as this one. Mathez and Smerdon hit a home run! -- Scott Mandia, cofounder and chairman of the Climate Science Legal Defense Fund, Professor of Physical Sciences at Suffolk County Community CollegeThis book has great coverage of all the salient issues—the history of climate science, the climate science of (pre)-history, the scientists' own histories, and, most importantly, what this means going forward. The writing is clear while also comprehensive and the look and feel of the book make it a text you want to dive in to at random, confident that you'd find something interesting. -- Gavin Schmidt, climate scientistInformative and insightful, this textbook clearly explains the basic science of the Earth's climate system and the human influence on it. Superb illustrations bring the science to life, and the historical stories that accompany the key concepts paint a vivid picture of not only what we know, but how and why we learned it. -- Katharine Hayhoe, Co-Director of the Climate Science Center, Texas Tech UniversityThis excellent updated text on climate change was written by scientists in geophysics and climate change....Recommended. All readers. * Choice *Exceptionally well written, organized and presented, this new second edition. . . is ideal and highly recommended as a climate change curriculum textbook. * Midwest Book Review *Table of ContentsPrefaceProloguePart I. The Climate System1. The Atmosphere2. The World Ocean3. Ocean–Atmosphere Interactions4. The Carbon Cycle and How It Influences Climate Part II. Climate Change and Its Drivers5. The Concept of Radiation Balance, a Scientific Framework for Thinking About Climate Change6. Radiative Forcing, Feedbacks, and Some Other Characteristics of the Climate System7. Learning from the Climate of the Distant PastPart III. Consequences of Climate Change8. The Climate of the Recent Past and Impacts on Human History9. Observing the Change10. Greenland, Antarctica, and Sea-Level RisePart IV. The Future11. Climate Models and the Future12. Climate Change Risk in an Unknowable Future13. Energy and the FutureEpilogueNotesGlossary BibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive, coherent strategy for modernizing America's electricity infrastructure while ensuring affordable, reliable, secure, and environmentally sustainable electricity services.America's aging electricity infrastructure is deteriorating rapidly even as the need for highly reliable electric service—driven by the explosion of digital technology—continues to rise. Largely missing from national discussions, however, is a coherent, comprehensive national strategy for modernizing this critical infrastructure. Energy expert Mason Willrich presents just such a strategy in this book, connecting the dots across electric utilities, independent suppliers, government bureaucracies, political jurisdictions, and academic disciplines. He explains the need for a coherent approach, offers a framework for analyzing policy options, and proposes a step-by-step strategy for modernizing electrical infrastructure, end-to-end, in a way that ensures the delivery of affordable, rel

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Book SynopsisHow solar could spark a clean-energy transition through transformative innovation—creative financing, revolutionary technologies, and flexible energy systems.Solar energy, once a niche application for a limited market, has become the cheapest and fastest-growing power source on earth. What's more, its potential is nearly limitless—every hour the sun beams down more energy than the world uses in a year. But in Taming the Sun, energy expert Varun Sivaram warns that the world is not yet equipped to harness erratic sunshine to meet most of its energy needs. And if solar's current surge peters out, prospects for replacing fossil fuels and averting catastrophic climate change will dim.Innovation can brighten those prospects, Sivaram explains, drawing on firsthand experience and original research spanning science, business, and government. Financial innovation is already enticing deep-pocketed investors to fund solar projects around the world, from t

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