Energy industries and utilities Books

Book SynopsisWritten originally as a manual for the Federal Energy Commission to train regional rate regulators, this is a clear, comprehensive primer on the principles of economics and finance underlying the regulation of electricity markets and the deregulation of electricity generation.Trade Review"This training guide requires no familiarity with economics and uses a minimum of mathematics to provide power sector professionals with the tools to face change." (Business Horizons, September-October 2004) “...this collection is devoted tot he challenges that lie ahead in this area.” (Business Horizons, Vol. 47, No. 2, March/April 2004) "...a useful addition to the introductory literature on electricity market deregulation..." (The Journal of Energy Literature, Vol.1X, No.1, 2003) "...produced for...the thousands of professionals…who need to understand the underlying changes that are occurring...the value of this primer is that it covers many topics of regulatory economics...applicable to restructured electricity markets and introduces the reader to electricity markets..." (Energy Journal) "This book, sponsored by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, is really an economics tutorial. It could well be worth millions of dollars to the right industry niche players... I highly recommend this title for anyone playing in this niche financial and energy market." (Business Information Alert, Vol. 15, No. 9, October 2003) "…I would recommend this book for self-study for any engineer…" (IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, July/Aug 2003)Table of ContentsPreface. Nomenclature. Electricity Regulation and Deregulation. Electricity Economics. The Cost of Capital. Electricity Regulation. Competitive Electricity Markets. The California Power Sector (Ryan Wiser, et al.). The Norwegian and Nordic Power Sectors (Helle Grønli). The Spanish Power Sector. The Argentine Power Sector. Glossary. References. Author Index. Subject Index. About the Authors.

Read more less

Book SynopsisA.L. Sheldrake offers a practical treatment of power system design within the oil, gas, petrochemical and offshore industries. He provides a balance between sufficient mathematical theory and comprehensive practical application knowledge.Trade Review"...an excellent reference...with many worked out examples and loads of practical real world calculations, this well laid out book would be an invaluable guide for new power system engineers...and also provide experienced engineers a way to check their designs or find out about other areas." (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, January/February 2004)Table of ContentsForeword xix Preface xxi Acknowledgements xxiii About the Author xxv 1 Estimation of Plant Electrical Load 1 1.1 Preliminary Single-Line Diagrams 1 1.2 Load Schedules 2 1.2.1 Worked example 5 1.3 Determination of Power Supply Capacity 8 1.4 Standby Capacity of Plain Cable Feeders and Transformer Feeders 12 1.5 Rating of Generators in Relation to their Prime Movers 13 1.5.1 Operation at low ambient temperatures 13 1.5.2 Upgrading of prime movers 13 1.6 Rating of Motors in Relation to their Driven Machines 13 1.7 Development of Single-Line Diagrams 14 1.7.1 The key single line diagram 15 1.7.2 Individual switchboards and motor control centres 15 1.8 Coordination with other Disciplines 16 1.8.1 Process engineers 16 1.8.2 Mechanical engineers 17 1.8.3 Instrument engineers 17 1.8.4 Communication and safety engineers 18 1.8.5 Facilities and operations engineers 18 Reference 18 2 Gas Turbine Driven Generators 19 2.1 Classification of Gas Turbine Engines 19 2.1.1 Aero-derivative gas turbines 19 2.1.2 Light industrial gas turbines 20 2.1.3 Heavy industrial gas turbines 20 2.1.4 Single and two-shaft gas turbines 20 2.1.5 Fuel for gas turbines 23 2.2 Energy Obtained from a Gas Turbine 23 2.2.1 Effect of an inefficient compressor and turbine 29 2.2.2 Maximum work done on the generator 30 2.2.3 Variation of specific heat 31 2.2.4 Effect of ducting pressure drop and combustion chamber pressure drop 32 2.2.5 Heat rate and fuel consumption 35 2.3 Power Output from a Gas Turbine 36 2.3.1 Mechanical and electrical power losses 37 2.3.2 Factors to be considered at the design stage of a power plant 37 2.4 Starting Methods for Gas Turbines 39 2.5 Speed Governing of Gas Turbines 39 2.5.1 Open-loop speed-torque characteristic 39 2.5.2 Closed-loop speed-power characteristic 41 2.5.3 Governing systems for gas turbines 43 2.5.4 Load sharing between droop-governed gas turbines 44 2.5.5 Load sharing controllers 50 2.6 Mathematical Modelling of Gas Turbine Speed Governing Systems 52 2.6.1 Modern practice 52 2.6.2 Typical parameter values for speed governing systems 59 References 59 Further Reading 59 3 Synchronous Generators and Motors 61 3.1 Common Aspects Between Generators and Motors 61 3.2 Simplified Theory of Operation of a Generator 61 3.2.1 Steady state armature reaction 62 3.2.2 Transient state armature reaction 63 3.2.3 Sub-transient state armature reaction 63 3.3 Phasor Diagram of Voltages and Currents 64 3.4 The Derived Reactances 65 3.4.1 Sensitivity of X md , X a , X f and X kd to Changes in Physical dimensions 67 3.5 Active and Reactive Power Delivered from a Generator 68 3.5.1 A general case 68 3.5.2 The particular case of a salient pole generator 70 3.5.3 A simpler case of a salient pole generator 71 3.6 The Power Versus Angle Chart of a Salient Pole Generator 72 3.7 Choice of Voltages for Generators 73 3.8 Typical Parameters of Generators 73 3.9 Construction Features of High Voltage Generators and Induction Motors 78 3.9.1 Enclosure 78 3.9.2 Reactances 79 3.9.3 Stator windings 79 3.9.4 Terminal boxes 80 3.9.5 Cooling methods 80 3.9.6 Bearings 80 References 81 4 Automatic Voltage Regulation 83 4.1 Modern Practice 83 4.1.1 Measurement circuits 83 4.1.2 Error sensing circuit 84 4.1.3 Power amplifier 84 4.1.4 Main exciter 88 4.2 IEEE Standard AVR Models 89 4.2.1 Worked example 92 4.2.2 Worked example 92 4.2.3 Determining of saturation constants 93 4.2.4 Typical parameter values for AVR systems 97 Reference 97 5 Induction Motors 99 5.1 Principle of Operation of the Three-Phase Motor 99 5.2 Essential Characteristics 100 5.2.1 Motor torque versus speed characteristic 100 5.2.2 Motor starting current versus speed characteristic 107 5.2.3 Load torque versus speed characteristic 108 5.2.4 Sensitivity of characteristics to changes in resistances and reactances 109 5.2.5 Worked example 109 5.2.6 Typical impedance data for two-pole and four-pole induction motors 114 5.2.7 Representing the deep-bar effect by two parallel branches 114 5.3 Construction of Induction Motors 119 5.4 Derating Factors 121 5.5 Matching the Motor Rating to the Driven Machine Rating 121 5.6 Effect of the Supply Voltage on Ratings 122 5.7 Effect of the System Fault Level 123 5.8 Cable Volt-drop Considerations 123 5.9 Critical Times for Motors 125 5.10 Methods of Starting Induction Motors 125 5.10.1 Star-delta method 126 5.10.2 Korndorfer auto-transformer method 126 5.10.3 Soft-start power electronics method 127 5.10.4 Series reactor method 128 5.10.5 Part winding method 129 References 129 6 Transformers 131 6.1 Operating Principles 131 6.2 Efficiency of a Transformer 134 6.3 Regulation of a Transformer 135 6.4 Three-Phase Transformer Winding Arrangements 136 6.5 Construction of Transformers 137 6.5.1 Conservator and sealed type tanks 139 6.6 Transformer Inrush Current 140 References 142 7 Switchgear and Motor Control Centres 143 7.1 Terminology in Common Use 143 7.2 Construction 144 7.2.1 Main busbars 144 7.2.2 Earthing busbars 146 7.2.3 Incoming and busbar section switching device 146 7.2.4 Forms of separation 147 7.2.5 Ambient temperature derating factor 149 7.2.6 Rated normal current 149 7.2.7 Fault making peak current 149 7.2.8 Fundamental AC part 150 7.2.9 DC part 150 7.2.10 Double frequency AC part 150 7.2.11 Fault breaking current 152 7.2.12 Fault withstand duty 153 7.3 Switching Devices 154 7.3.1 Outgoing switching device for switchgear 154 7.3.2 Outgoing switching device for motor control centres 155 7.4 Fuses for Motor Control Centre Outgoing Circuits 156 7.5 Safety Interlocking Devices 157 7.6 Control and Indication Devices 158 7.6.1 Restarting and reaccelerating of motors 158 7.6.2 Micro-computer based systems 159 7.7 Moulded Case Circuit Breakers 162 7.7.1 Comparison with fuses 162 7.7.2 Operating characteristics 163 7.7.3 Cut-off current versus prospective current 164 7.7.4 i-squared-t characteristic 164 7.7.5 Complete and partial coordination of cascaded circuit breakers 165 7.7.6 Worked example for coordination of cascaded circuit breakers 167 7.7.7 Cost and economics 172 References 172 8 Fuses 173 8.1 General Comments 173 8.2 Operation of a Fuse 174 8.3 Influence of the Circuit X-to-R Ratio 174 8.4 The I 2 t Characteristic 176 8.4.1 Worked example 179 References 181 9 Cables, Wires and Cable Installation Practices 183 9.1 Electrically Conducting Materials used in the Construction of Cables 183 9.1.1 Copper and aluminium 184 9.1.2 Tin 184 9.1.3 Phosphor bronze 185 9.1.4 Galvanised steel 185 9.1.5 Lead 186 9.2 Electrically Non-Conducting Materials used in the Construction of Cables 187 9.2.1 Definition of basic terminology 187 9.3 Composition of Power and Control Cables 191 9.3.1 Compositional notation 192 9.3.2 Conductor 192 9.3.3 Conductor semiconducting screen 196 9.3.4 Insulation 196 9.3.5 Insulation semiconductor screen 197 9.3.6 Inner sheath 197 9.3.7 Lead sheathing 197 9.3.8 Armouring 198 9.3.9 Outer sheath 198 9.4 Current Ratings of Power Cables 198 9.4.1 Continuous load current 198 9.4.2 Continuous rated current of a cable 199 9.4.3 Volt-drop within a cable 209 9.4.4 Protection against overloading current 242 9.5 Cables with Enhanced Performance 244 9.5.1 Fire retardance 244 9.5.2 Fire resistance 245 9.5.3 Emission of toxic gases and smoke 245 9.5.4 Application of fire retardant and fire resistant cables 246 Reference 247 10 Hazardous Area Classification and the Selection of Equipment 249 10.1 Historical Developments 249 10.2 Present Situation 249 10.3 Elements of Hazardous Area Classification 251 10.3.1 Mixtures of gases, vapours and air 251 10.4 Hazardous Area Zones 253 10.4.1 Non-hazardous area 253 10.4.2 Zone 2 hazardous area 253 10.4.3 Zone 1 hazardous area 253 10.4.4 Zone 0 hazardous area 254 10.4.5 Adjacent hazardous zones 254 10.5 Types of Protection for Hazardous Areas 254 10.5.1 Type of protection ‘d’ 255 10.5.2 Type of protection ‘e’ 256 10.5.3 Type of protection ‘i’ 256 10.5.4 Type of protection ‘m’ 257 10.5.5 Type of protection ‘n’ and ‘n’ 257 10.5.6 Type of protection ‘o’ 258 10.5.7 Type of protection ‘p’ 258 10.5.8 Type of protection ‘q’ 259 10.5.9 Type of protection ‘s’ 259 10.5.10 Type of protection ‘de’ 259 10.6 Types of Protection for Ingress of Water and Solid Particles 260 10.6.1 European practice 260 10.6.2 American practice 261 10.7 Certification of Hazardous Area Equipment 265 10.8 Marking of Equipment Nameplates 266 References 266 Further Reading 266 11 Fault Calculations and Stability Studies 269 11.1 Introduction 269 11.2 Constant Voltage Source – High Voltage 269 11.3 Constant Voltage Source – Low Voltage 271 11.4 Non-Constant Voltage Sources – All Voltage Levels 273 11.5 Calculation of Fault Current due to Faults at the Terminals of a Generator 274 11.5.1 Pre-fault or initial conditions 274 11.5.2 Calculation of fault current – RMS symmetrical values 276 11.6 Calculate the Sub-Transient symmetrical RMS Fault Current Contributions 279 11.6.1 Calculate the sub-transient peak fault current contributions 281 11.7 Application of the Doubling Factor to Fault Current I′′frms found in 11.6 287 11.7.1 Worked example 288 11.7.2 Breaking duty current 291 11.8 Computer Programs for Calculating Fault Currents 292 11.8.1 Calculation of fault current – RMS and peak asymmetrical values 292 11.8.2 Simplest case 293 11.8.3 The circuit x-to-r ratio is known 293 11.8.4 Detailed generator data is available 293 11.8.5 Motor contribution to fault currents 293 11.9 The use of Reactors 294 11.9.1 Worked example 297 11.10 Some Comments on the Application of IEC60363 and IEC 60909 300 11.11 Stability Studies 300 11.11.1 Steady state stability 301 11.11.2 Transient stability 303 References 308 Further Reading 309 12 Protective Relay Coordination 311 12.1 Introduction to Overcurrent Coordination 311 12.1.1 Relay notation 313 12.2 Generator Protection 313 12.2.1 Main generators 313 12.2.2 Overcurrent 314 12.2.3 Differential stator current relay 318 12.2.4 Field failure relay 319 12.2.5 Reverse active power relay 321 12.2.6 Negative phase sequence relay 322 12.2.7 Stator earth fault relays 322 12.2.8 Over terminal voltage 324 12.2.9 Under terminal voltage 324 12.2.10 Under- and overfrequency 325 12.3 Emergency Diesel Generators 325 12.4 Feeder Transformer Protection 326 12.4.1 Overcurrent 329 12.4.2 High-set or instantaneous current 330 12.4.3 Characteristics of the upstream source 332 12.5 Feeder Cable Protection 332 12.5.1 Overcurrent protection 332 12.5.2 Short-circuit protection 333 12.5.3 Earth fault protection 333 12.6 Busbar Protection in Switchboards 334 12.6.1 Busbar zone protection 334 12.6.2 Overcurrent protection 335 12.6.3 Undervoltage protection 335 12.7 High Voltage Induction Motor Protection 336 12.7.1 Overloading or thermal image 337 12.7.2 Instantaneous or high-set overcurrent 339 12.7.3 Negative phase sequence 339 12.7.4 Core balance earth fault 340 12.7.5 Differential stator current 340 12.7.6 Stalling current 340 12.7.7 Limitation to the number of successive starts 341 12.7.8 Undercurrent 341 12.7.9 High winding temperature 342 12.7.10 High bearing temperature 342 12.7.11 Excessive vibration 342 12.8 Low Voltage Induction Motor Protection 342 12.8.1 Overloading or thermal image 343 12.8.2 Instantaneous or high-set overcurrent 344 12.8.3 Negative phase sequence 344 12.8.4 Core balance earth fault 345 12.8.5 Stalling current 345 12.8.6 Limitation to the number of successive starts 345 12.9 Low Voltage Static Load Protection 345 12.9.1 Time-delayed overcurrent 346 12.9.2 Instantaneous or high-set overcurrent 346 12.9.3 Core balance earth fault 346 12.10 Mathematical Equations for Representing Standard, Very and Extremely Inverse Relays 346 References 349 13 Earthing and Screening 351 13.1 Purpose of Earthing 351 13.1.1 Electric shock 351 13.1.2 Damage to equipment 353 13.1.3 Zero reference potential 353 13.2 Site Locations 353 13.2.1 Steel structures 354 13.2.2 Land-based plants 354 13.2.3 Concrete and brick-built structures 356 13.3 Design of Earthing Systems 356 13.3.1 High voltage systems 356 13.3.2 Low voltage three-phase systems 357 13.3.3 IEC types of earthing systems 360 13.3.4 Earth loop impedance 365 13.3.5 Earthing rods and grids 367 13.4 Construction Details Relating to Earthing 371 13.4.1 Frames, casings and cubicle steelwork 371 13.4.2 Screwed and clearance hole entries 371 13.4.3 Earthing only one end of a cable 372 13.5 Screening and Earthing of Cables used in Electronic Circuits 373 13.5.1 Capacitance and inductance mechanisms 373 13.5.2 Screening against external interference 374 13.5.3 Earthing of screens 379 13.5.4 Screening of high frequencies 380 13.5.5 Power earths, cubicle and clean earths 381 References 383 14 Variable Speed Electrical Drivers 385 14.1 Introduction 385 14.1.1 Environment 386 14.1.2 Power supply 386 14.1.3 Economics 387 14.2 Group 1 Methods 388 14.2.1 Simple variable voltage supplies 388 14.2.2 Pole-changing of the stator winding 389 14.2.3 Pole amplitude modulated motors 390 14.2.4 Wound rotor induction motors 391 14.3 Group 2 Methods 392 14.3.1 Variable voltage constant frequency supply 392 14.3.2 Variable frequency variable voltage supply 392 14.4 Variable Speed DC Motors 394 14.5 Electrical Submersible Pumps 394 14.5.1 Introduction 394 14.5.2 Electrical submersible pump construction 395 14.6 Control Systems for AC Motors 397 References 400 15 Harmonic Voltages and Currents 401 15.1 Introduction 401 15.2 Rectifiers 402 15.2.1 Diode bridges 402 15.2.2 Thyristor bridges 404 15.2.3 Power transistor bridges 407 15.2.4 DC motors 407 15.3 Harmonic Content of the Supply Side Currents 413 15.3.1 Simplified waveform of a six-pulse bridge 413 15.3.2 Simplified commutation delay 414 15.3.3 Fourier coefficients of the line current waveform 414 15.3.4 Simplified waveform of a 12-pulse bridge 417 15.4 Inverters 421 15.4.1 Basic method of operation 421 15.4.2 Three-phase power inversion 422 15.4.3 Induction motor fed from a voltage source inverter 423 15.5 Filtering of Power Line Harmonics 429 15.6 Protection, Alarms and Indication 433 References 433 16 Computer Based Power Management Systems 435 16.1 Introduction 435 16.2 Typical Configurations 435 16.3 Main Functions 436 16.3.1 High-speed load shedding 436 16.3.2 Load shedding priority table 439 16.3.3 Low-speed load shedding 440 16.3.4 Inhibiting the starting of large motors 441 16.3.5 VDU display of one-line diagrams 442 16.3.6 Active power sharing for generators 443 16.3.7 Isochronous control of system frequency 443 16.3.8 Reactive power sharing for generators 444 16.3.9 Isochronous control of busbar voltage 444 16.3.10 Condition monitoring of the gas turbines 444 16.3.11 Scheduling the starting up and shutting down of the main generators 445 16.3.12 Control of the reacceleration of motor loads 446 16.3.13 Auto-synchronising of the main generators 447 16.3.14 Data logging, archiving, trending display, alarms, messages and status reporting 448 17 Uninterruptible Power Supplies 449 17.1 AC Uninterruptible Power Supplies 449 17.1.1 The inverter 449 17.1.2 Coordination of the sub-circuit rated current with the inverter rated current 450 17.1.3 Earth fault leakage detection 451 17.2 DC Uninterruptible Power Supplies 451 17.2.1 UPS battery chargers 452 17.2.2 Batteries 455 17.3 Redundancy Configurations 457 References 458 18 Miscellaneous Subjects 459 18.1 Lighting Systems 459 18.1.1 Types of lighting fittings 461 18.1.2 Levels of illumination 461 18.2 Navigation Aids 463 18.2.1 Flashing marker lights 463 18.2.2 White and red flashing lights 464 18.2.3 Navigation buoys 465 18.2.4 Identification panels 465 18.2.5 Aircraft hazard lighting 465 18.2.6 Helicopter landing facilities 466 18.2.7 Radar 466 18.2.8 Radio direction-finder 466 18.2.9 Sonar devices 467 18.3 Cathodic Protection 467 References 468 19 Preparing Equipment Specifications 469 19.1 The Purpose of Specifications 469 19.2 A Typical Format for a Specification 470 19.2.1 Introduction 471 19.2.2 Scope of supply 471 19.2.3 Service and environmental conditions 471 19.2.4 Compliant international standards 471 19.2.5 Definition of technical and non-technical terms 471 19.2.6 Performance or functional requirements 472 19.2.7 Design and construction requirements 473 19.2.8 Inspection and testing 474 19.2.9 Spare parts 475 19.2.10 Documentation 475 19.2.11 Appendices 477 20 Summary of the Generalised Theory of Electrical Machines as Applied to Synchronous Generators and Induction Motors 479 20.1 Introduction 479 20.2 Synchronous Generator 480 20.2.1 Basic mathematical transformations 483 20.3 Some Notes on Induction Motors 490 20.3.1 Derived reactances 491 20.3.2 Application of three-phase short circuit 491 20.3.3 Derived reactances and time constants for an induction motor 493 20.3.4 Derivation of an equivalent circuit 495 20.3.5 ‘Re-iteration or recapitulation’ 496 20.3.6 Contribution of three-phase short-circuit current from induction motor 501 References 504 Further Reading 505 Appendix A Abbreviations Commonly used in Electrical Documents 507 Appendix B A List of Standards Often Used for Designing Electrical Systems and for Specifying Equipment 517 B. 1 International Electro-technical Commission (Europe) 517 B. 2 Institute of Petroleum (UK) 525 B. 3 International Standards Organisation (Worldwide) 526 B. 4 British Standards Institution (UK) 526 B. 5 American Petroleum Institute (USA) 530 B. 6 Counseil International des Grands Reseaux Electriques (France) 530 B. 7 Engineering Equipment and Materials Users Association (UK) 530 B. 8 Electricity Council (UK) 531 B. 9 Verband Deutscher Electrechniker (Germany) 531 B.10 Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers Inc. (USA) 531 B.11 Miscellaneous References from the UK 532 Appendix C Numbering System for Protective Devices, Control and Indication Devices for Power Systems 533 C. 1 Application of Protective Relays, Control and Alarm Devices for Power System Circuits 533 C.1.1 Notes to sub-section C. 1 535 C. 2 Electrical Power System Device Numbers and Functions 536 Appendix D Under-Frequency and Over-Temperature Protection of Gas-Turbine Driven Generators 539 Appendix E List of Document Types to be Produced During a Project 545 E. 1 Contractors Documents 546 E.1.1 Feasibility studies 546 E.1.2 Conceptual design 546 E.1.3 Detail design 547 E. 2 Manufacturers Documents 549 E.2.1 Feasibility studies 549 E.2.2 Conceptual design 549 E.2.3 Detail design 549 Appendix F Worked Example for Calculating the Performance of a Gas Turbine 551 F. 1 The Requirements and Data Given 551 F. 2 Basic Requirements 551 F. 3 Detailed Requirements 552 F. 4 Basic Solutions 552 F. 5 Detailed Solutions 553 Appendix G Worked Example for the Calculation of Volt-drop in a Circuit Containing an Induction Motor 559 G.1 Introduction 559 Appendix H Worked Example for the Calculation of Earthing Current and Electric Shock Hazard Potential Difference in a Rod and Grid Earthing System 585 H.1 Worked Example 585 Appendix I Conversion Factors for the SI System of Units 597 I. 1 Fundamental SI Units 597 I. 2 Derived Non-electrical Units 597 I. 3 Derived Electrical Units 598 I. 4 Conversions 598 I.4. 1 Length 598 I.4. 2 Area 599 I.4. 3 Volume 599 I.4.4 Mass and density 600 I.4. 5 Velocity and acceleration 600 I.4.6 Force 601 I.4. 7 Torque 601 I.4. 8 Power 601 I.4. 9 Energy and work 601 I.4.10 Pressure 602 I.4.11 Moment of inertia and momentum 603 I.4.12 Illumination 603 I.4.13 Electricity and magnetism 604 I.4.14 Miscellaneous quantities 604 I. 5 International Standards Organisation (ISO) Conditions 605 I. 6 Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) Conditions 605 I. 7 Regularly Used Constants 605 I. 8 Regularly Used Prefixes 606 I. 9 References 606 Index 607

Read more less

Book SynopsisEnergizing our Future surveys and analyzes in considerable depth the present and future economic and technical viability of oil, natural gas, coal, synthetic fuel, nuclear, hydrogen, solar, biomass, wind and less well-known potential energy sources in the context of real-world production, distribution, and environmental constraints.Trade Review?This study surveys, and analyzes in considerable depth, the present and future of real-world production, distribution, and environmental constraints.? (APADE, 2009) "I greatly enjoyed this book based on its capacity to challenge, in particular, European and indeed UK thinking on energy and environmental issues? .I would recommend this text." (International Journal of Sustainable Engineering. December 2008)Table of ContentsPreface. Pursuing the Truth. Oil & Gas Consumption. PART I: A TRILOGY OF POPULAR MISCONCEPTIONS. 1. Global Warming. Conventional Wisdom. Global Warming "Forcing Agents". Dealing with Global Warming. Can Anything Be Done?. The Kyoto Protocol. 2. The Hydrogen Economy (Aka, the Impossible Dream). Hydrogen Production Methods. Hydrogen from Hydrocarbons. Natural Gas Reserves and Hydrogen. Transporting and Distributing Hydrogen. Transportation and Distribution Alternatives. Hydrogen Storage. Hydrogen Storage Approaches. Catalyzed Hydrogen Adsorption and/or Desorption. Feasibility of Metal Hydrides as Storage Media. Hydrogen Adsorption/Desorption: "Chemical Hydrides". Hydride Slurries for Hydrogen Storage and Transportation. Possible Non-Metal Hydrides/Hydrogen Carriers. Hydrocarbons via Partial Dehydrogenation. Carbon-Based Adsorption Systems. Novel Hydrogen Storage Methods. Hydrogen Carriers. Hydrogen Storage and DOE Criteria. Storage Implications for Light-Duty Vehicles. Hydrogen Storage Assessment. Hydrogen Safety. Summary of Hydrogen Issues. 3. Nuclear Energy and the Plutonium Economy. The influence of Nuclear Energy. Evolution of Reactor Designs. Generation IV Reactors. Fuel Recycling and Mixed Oxide Fuel. MOX Use in Light Water Reactors. MOX Production and Processing. Fast Breeder Reactors. Radioactive Waste Disposal. Uranium Supply Concerns. Uncertainty about Safe and Sustainable Reactor Technology. The Problem in Ontario, Canada. Fusion Power. The Future is Dimming on Nuclear Power. PART II: ENERGY OPTIONS FOR THE FUTURE. 4. Conventional Oil and Oil Reserves. Oil Reserves. Conventional Natural Gas. A Short(age) Summary. Future Supply, Demand and Pricing. Natural Gas and Synthetics. 5. Coal and Bituminous Reserves. Other Coal Processes. Underground Processing of Coal. 6. Biomass and Ethanol. Biomass Conversion Technologies. Conversion Products and By-products. Other Raw Materials for Biomass. Cost Implications of Biomass Use. Net Energy Balances. The Thermodynamics of Growing Corn. Corn Production in the United States. Federal Subsidies for Ethanol. Longer-term Ethanol Prospects. Final Ethanol Observations. 7. Methanol. Possible Fossil Sources of Syngas. Methanol as an Energy Carrier. Methanol Manufacturing and Applications. 8. Diesel and BioDiesel. "Clean Diesel" Fuel and Diesel Fuel Substitutes 152. Biodiesel. 9. Solar Energy and Photovoltaics. Solar Radiation. Solar Photovoltaic Systems. General Operation of PV Cells. Polycrystalline Thin-film Materials. Dye-sensitized Solar Cells. 10. Fuel Cells for Stationary and Mobile Use. Real-world Fuel Cell Efficiencies. User Expectations. On-board Fuel Storage Requirements. Appendix - Terms and Definitions.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe use of systems models is becoming increasingly popular in the energy industry to investigate regulatory prices, environmental issues, strategic competitive behavior, broader markets and the impact of privatizations. This book addresses the new challenges to modelling as a result of the trend away from planned economies to new market structures.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Systems Modelling for Energy Policy (D. Bunn & E.Larsen). The IDEAS Model and Its Use in Developing the US Climate ChangeAction Plan (F. Wood & J. Geinzer). Benefits from Electricity Trade in Northern Europe under CO2Constraints (T. Larsson). Application and Limitations of Annual Models for ElectricityCapacity Development (P. Grohnheit). The Economics of the CO2 Problem: What About the Supply Side? (J. Blank & W. Strobele). The Changing Role of Simulation Models: The Case of the PacificNorthwest Electric System (A. Ford). Complementary Modelling Approaches for Analysing Several Effects ofPrivatization on Electricity Investment (D. Bunn, et al.). Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis text argues that hydrologists of the 21st century should look beyond the traditional boundaries of river channel, or river catchment areas to consider how water resources can be managed in an integrated and sustainable way.Table of ContentsThe Changing Roles of Hydrology (R. Wilby). Continuity in Hydrological Systems (A. Baird). Hydrochemical Processes (C. Soulsby). Hydrological Monitoring and Measurement Methods (K. Boucher). Hydrological Modelling in Practice (G. Watts). Operational Hydrology (R. Wilby & G. Davies). Hydrological and Ecological Interactions within River Corridors (G.Petts & C. Bradley). Palaeohydrology and Environmental Change in Drylands (P. Barker& D. Higgitt). Beyond the River Catchment (R. Wilby). Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisSlow sand filtration is credited with being the first drinking water treatment process utilised to improve the quality of water in both modern Europe and the USA. Within the last 10 years, there has been a renaissance of interest in the potential use of enhanced processes of slow sand filtration throughout the world, especially for small and rural communities, and it continues to be the primary treatment process for many major European cities. The book deals with the latest research developments in slow sand and alternative biological filtration processes for drinking water treatment, including advances in the understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of the processes. In addition, progress in the techniques of operation and upgrading of the processes are described, with case studies from around the world. The principal themes of the book are: General overview; Removal of Natural Organic Matter (NOM), Biodegradable Organic Carbon (BOC) and Ozonation by-products; Biofilter media charaTable of ContentsPartial table of contents: GENERAL OVERVIEW. Update on Slow Sand/Advanced Biological Filtration Research (D.Brink & S. Parks). BIOFILTER MEDIA CHARACTERIZATIONS. The Significance of Protozoal Predation and Adsoprtion for theRemoval of Bacteria by Slow Sand Filtration (B. Llyod). Impact of Support Media and Properties on the Biological Treatmentof Drinking Water (B. Dussert & W. Tramposch). MODELLING SLOW SAND/BIO-FILTRATION PERFORMANCE. Dynamic Prediction of Sand Filtrate Quality (S. Shiba). Numerical Assessment of Microbial Interactions in Slow SandFiltration Modelling (C. Ojha & N. Graham). CLEANING AND OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCES. Managing Slow Sand Filters in Crisis: Some Good Comes Out of AnIndustrial Dispute ( P. Toms). ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) Rapid Microbiology for Slow SandFiltration Optimization (A. Mackay, et al.).

Read more less

Book SynopsisAfter decades of civil war and instability, the African country of Angola is experiencing an economic boom thanks to its most valuable natural resource: oil. Focusing on the everyday realities of people living in the extraction zones, this work explores the exclusion, degradation and violence that are the fruits of petrocapitalism in Angola.

Read more less

Book SynopsisCivil engineering has an important part to play at every stage of the nuclear fuel cycle. This book examines ways in which the industry has responded to this challenge with new methods of construction giving higher productivity and faster construction times.Table of ContentsInternational papers Site investigation Earthquake engineering Structural analysis Quality assurance Design In-service performance and deconnissioning Postal papers

Read more less

Book Synopsis* This is a new title in Polity's Resources' series - a range of short, accessible books designed to introduce readers to the geopolitical battles over the world's most crucial resources. * Examines key issues such as the impact of climate change on supply, water pollution, and efforts to privatize water supplies.Trade Review"Feldman's useful and clear overview of the modern world of water makes a very strong case overall for the involvement of scientists and local people in planning." The Guardian "David Feldman has thoughtfully tackled one of the most important global issues of our time - water sustainability - by broadly integrating useful data and examples, clear and accessible writing, and systematic analysis of the problem's human dimensions, including environmental justice, privatization, conflict resolution, stewardship, and conservation." Tony Arnold, University of Louisville "Feldman eschews the simplistic characterization of water scarcity as an engineering problem, instead framing the challenge in the language of sustainability, and implicating issues of inequity, poverty, and geopolitics shaped by growing populations, climate change, environmental destruction, and food and energy shortages. It’s ambitious and skillfully executed - and immensely entertaining." Doug Kenney, University of Colorado "David Feldman demonstrates an impressive depth and breadth of knowledge of the functional, geopolitical and policy dimensions involved in dealing with water as a precious, multi-faceted natural resource in its contemporary context of a planet increasingly perceived under pressure." Theo Toonen, Delft University of Technology ''Feldman innovatively reframes the issue of water management as an ethical challenge and gives the reader a good idea of how water management involves the integration of various areas of human activity. Yet, the book’s most important contribution lies in the the discussion beyond economic and political explanations and concentrates on the ethical and human rights aspects of water.'' Nick W. Verouden, Delft University of TechnologyTable of ContentsFigures and Tables vi Acknowledgements vii 1. Freshwater: Facts, Figures, Conditions 1 2. Geopolitics and Sustainability 28 3. Threats to Freshwater 59 4. Who's in Control? 92 5. Water Ethics and Environmental Justice 124 Notes 156 Selected Readings 178 Index 189

Read more less

Book Synopsis* This is a new title in Polity's Resources' series - a range of short, accessible books designed to introduce readers to the geopolitical battles over the world's most crucial resources. * Examines key issues such as the impact of climate change on supply, water pollution, and efforts to privatize water supplies.Trade Review"Feldman's useful and clear overview of the modern world of water makes a very strong case overall for the involvement of scientists and local people in planning." The Guardian "David Feldman has thoughtfully tackled one of the most important global issues of our time - water sustainability - by broadly integrating useful data and examples, clear and accessible writing, and systematic analysis of the problem's human dimensions, including environmental justice, privatization, conflict resolution, stewardship, and conservation." Tony Arnold, University of Louisville "Feldman eschews the simplistic characterization of water scarcity as an engineering problem, instead framing the challenge in the language of sustainability, and implicating issues of inequity, poverty, and geopolitics shaped by growing populations, climate change, environmental destruction, and food and energy shortages. It’s ambitious and skillfully executed - and immensely entertaining." Doug Kenney, University of Colorado "David Feldman demonstrates an impressive depth and breadth of knowledge of the functional, geopolitical and policy dimensions involved in dealing with water as a precious, multi-faceted natural resource in its contemporary context of a planet increasingly perceived under pressure." Theo Toonen, Delft University of Technology ''Feldman innovatively reframes the issue of water management as an ethical challenge and gives the reader a good idea of how water management involves the integration of various areas of human activity. Yet, the book’s most important contribution lies in the the discussion beyond economic and political explanations and concentrates on the ethical and human rights aspects of water.'' Nick W. Verouden, Delft University of TechnologyTable of ContentsFigures and Tables vi Acknowledgements vii 1. Freshwater: Facts, Figures, Conditions 1 2. Geopolitics and Sustainability 28 3. Threats to Freshwater 59 4. Who’s in Control? 92 5. Water Ethics and Environmental Justice 124 Notes 156 Selected Readings 178 Index 189

Read more less

Book SynopsisThese standards offer guidelines that apply to the physical security of facilities with potable water source, treatment, and distribution systems, as well as with wastewater collection and treatment systems and storm watersystems. Taken together, these standards can provide direction for utilties as they design or retrofit their infrastructure to ensure the physical security of water and wastewater/stormwater systems. Recommendations include the use of physical and electronic security measures to protect against various design-basis threats that could otherwise defeat the mission of the utility. Other considerations for utilities applying specific security technologies and methods is included. Additional physical security for water and wastewater/stormwater facilities is beneficial for continuity of business, protection of water quality, provision of sufficient water quantity, ensuring public confidence, and protection of public health and safety. These new standard guidelines, bas

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

Book SynopsisRussia is among the world's leading oil producers, sitting atop the planet's eighth largest reserves. Like other oil-producing nations, it has been profoundly transformed by the oil industry. In The Depths of Russia, Douglas Rogers offers a nuanced and multifaceted analysis of oil's place in Soviet and Russian life, based on ethnographic fieldwork and archival research in the Perm region of the Urals. Moving beyond models of oil calibrated to capitalist centers and postcolonial petrostates, Rogers traces the distinctive contours of the socialistand then postsocialistoil complex, showing how oil has figured in the making and remaking of space and time, state and corporation, exchange and money, and past and present. He pays special attention to the material properties and transformations of oil (from depth in subsoil deposits to toxicity in refining) and to the ways oil has echoed through a range of cultural registers. The Depths of Russia challenges the common fTrade ReviewRogers focuses on how things work within oil corporations: how the new oil giants evolved out of Soviet carcasses; how they operate in symbiosis with the state; and, in particular, how they directly shape social and cultural institutions. The intersection of oil, money, and power might be a sexier topic. But the ways in which politicians and corporate bosses redefine and blend roles on the ground—indeed, to the point that Lukoil-Perm assumed the lead in a grand campaign to make the city of Perm a capital of culture, competing with St. Petersburg—provide more insight into the real texture of everyday. * Foreign Affairs *In general, many of the books trying to explain contemporary Russia are awkwardly similar in their approaches.... Douglas Rogers' book on the role of oil as a source for both state-building and a re-invention of culture in the Perm region is an innovative and enriching... exception to this trend. * Transitions Online *[The Depths of Russia]... shows how a detailed anthropological study of a region far from Moscow and St. Petersburg can reveal new and unexpected information about developments in Russia. These results make this a book well worth reading and pondering over. It is an important contribution to anthropology/ethnography, business studies, and the understanding of postsocialist Russia. * Slavic Review *Table of ContentsIntroduction: Oil, States and Corporations, and the Politics of CulturePart 1. From Socialist to Postsocialist Oil1. The Socialist Oil Complex: Scarcity and Hierarchies of Prestige in the Second Baku2. Circulation before Privatization: Petrobarter and New Corporate Forms3. The Lukoilization of Production: Space, Capital, and Surrogate CurrenciesPart 2. The Book Years4. State/Corporation: The Social and Cultural Project Movement5. Corporation/State: Lukoil as General Partner of the Perm RegionPart 3. The Cultural Front6. Oil and Culture: The Depths of Postsocialism7. Alternative Energies: Lukoil-Perm in Corporate and Cultural Fields8. "Bilbao on the Kama"?: The Perm Cultural Project and Its CriticsAppendix: Governors of the Perm Region in the Post-Soviet PeriodGlossaryReferencesIndex

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis innovative, interdisciplinary volume provides a new perspective on the material, symbolic, cultural, and social meanings of the multidimensional world of the global oil and gas industry.Trade ReviewJuxtaposed between the 'intellectual vertigo' induced by this massive industry and 'oil's cynosural politics,' the authors seek to clear away some of the 'epistemic murk' that pervades the worlds of oil and gas (p. 9).... Readers will note a meticulous focus on revealing, demystifying or engaging anew those features of the substance and the industry that have remained mostly out of the purview of examination.... The renewed engagement with oil materialities reveals important aspects of the everyday life of a resource and an industry that is as convoluted as it is complicated, powerful, destructive, ubiquitous, and ambiguous. -- Amber Murrey * Antipode *Table of ContentsIntroduction: Oil TalkHannah Appel, Arthur Mason, and Michael WattsPart I. Oil as a Way of Life1. Oil for Life: The Bureau of Mines and the Biopolitics of the Petroleum MarketMatt Huber2. Velocity and ViscosityPeter Hitchcock3. Deep Oil and Deep Culture in the Russian UralsDouglas Rogers4. Oil, Masculinity, and Violence: Egbesu Worship in the Niger Delta of NigeriaRebecca Golden TimsarPart II. The Oil Archive, Expertise, and Strategic Knowledges5. The Oil ArchivesAndrew Barry6. Securing the Natural Gas Boom: Oil Field Service Companies and Hydraulic Fracturing's Regulatory ExemptionsSara Wylie7. Crude Contamination: Law, Science, and Indeterminacy in Ecuador and BeyondSuzana Sawyer8. The Image World of Middle Eastern OilMona DamlujiSpecters of Oil: An Introduction to the Photographs of Ed KashiMichael J. WattsPhoto EssayEd KashiPart III. Oil Markets: Turbulence, Risk, and Security9. Near Futures and Perfect Hedges in the Gulf of MexicoLeigh Johnson10. Securing Oil: Frontiers, Risk, and Spaces of Accumulated InsecurityMichael J. Watts11. Oil Assemblages and the Production of Confusion: Price Fluctuations in Two West African Oil-Producing EconomiesJane I. GuyerPart IV. Hard and Soft Infrastructures12. Offshore Work: Infrastructure and Hydrocarbon Capitalism in Equatorial GuineaHannah Appel13. Black Oil Business: Rogue Pipelines, Hydrocarbon Dealers, and the "Economics" of Oil TheftElizabeth Gelber14. The Political Economy of Oil Privatization in Post-Soviet KazakhstanSaulesh YessenovaPart V. Oil Futures and Oil Transitions15. Carbon, Convertibility, and the Technopolitics of OilHannah Knox16. Events Collectives: The Social Life of a Promise-Disappointment CycleArthur Mason17. Reserves, Secrecy, and the Science of Oil Prognostication in Southern ArabiaMandana E. Limbert18. Vicious Transparency: Contesting Canada’s Hydrocarbon FutureAnna ZalikReferencesIndex

Read more less

Book SynopsisCanadian Energy Policy and the Struggle for Sustainable Development is key to understanding many of the issues in Canada's endeavour to live up to its energy-related environmental responsibilities.

Read more less

Book SynopsisTraces the ever-evolving relationship between science and industry and reveals the unsuspected role geology played in shaping our understanding of the history of oilTrade Review"[Finding Oil] expands considerably our understanding of oil development in the southern plains."—Brian C. Black, Journal of Southern History "As oil became more difficult, more expensive, and riskier to find, investments in the training and employment of professional geologists made economic sense to practical oil men bent on creating global scientific knowledge of the best places to explore. Finding Oil is an excellent introduction to this fascinating history."—Joseph A. Pratt, Journal of American History"Approachable and well-written."—Jordan P. Howell, Journal of Historical Geography"Frehner has found a story worth telling and has told it well."—John W. Stockwell Jr., Leading Edge"Finding Oil deserves a secure place on the bookshelves of oil history scholars and buffs. But it should also appeal to anyone interested in the history of the natural sciences, the relationship between nature and culture, and the intersections between business, technology, and the environment."—Tyler Priest, Annals of Wyoming "Effectively illustrated and thoroughly footnoted, with an extensive bibliography and a complete index, the book provides an intelligent readership with an appreciation for the temporal and technical aspects of early petroleum geology."—W. C. Peters, CHOICETable of ContentsList of IllustrationsAcknowledgmentsIntroductionPart 1. Local Knowledge1. Vernacular Authority in the Oil Field2. Collaborative Authority: Nineteenth-Century Foundations of Petroleum GeologyPart 2. Contested Knowledge3. Shared Authority: Practical Oil Men and Professional Geologists4. Institutional Authority: Field Work, Universities, and SurveysPart 3. Appropriated Knowledge5. Geology Organized: Henry L. Doherty's Technological SystemConclusionNotesBibliographyIndex

Read more less

Book SynopsisTrade Review"[A]s readers will learn from Gavin Benke in his insightful new book, Risk and Ruin, the criminal actions of Enron's executives must not be understood in isolation; rather, they must be embedded in the economic world that enabled-even encouraged-Enron's practices. This approach to Enron's history adds significant context and detail to existing accounts of the firm, and benefits from methods favored in recent years by scholars addressing the history of capitalism." * Enterprise & Society *"Risk and Ruin paints a compelling picture of Enron's transformation . . . [and] suggests that focusing on the individual senior managers rather than the broader business and regulatory environment allowed business journalists, Wall Street analysts, and regulators to treat the company's experience as an aberration rather than evidence of problems with the financial system." * The Journal of Economic History *"Moving fluidly between archival sources, press coverage, and financial reporting, Benke details how Enron created its own image, first as a 'green' company that could act responsibly toward the environment, and later as a seemingly invincible corporation charting a futuristic vision of American and global capitalism, one dependent on deregulation to accommodate globalization . . . [A]s Benke warns, though Enron's fraud is now history, the cultural and economic systems in which it thrived remain." * Journal of American History *"Risk and Ruin is a clear and concise account of the Enron story, and will be useful to business historians and those interested in corporate governance, financial regulation and the energy industry. However, it also attempts to situate the particularities of Enron's corporate culture in relation to the wider political and economic dimensions of the 'New Economy'. As such, it is a welcome and valuable addition to the rapidly growing literature on the history of American capitalism." * History *"[Benke] writes persuasively that we—academics, critics of capitalism, policymakers—ignore Enron’s history and failures to our peril. His narrative, a quite compulsively readable account that includes lots of rich history, institutional detail, and salacious anecdotes, makes a convincing case for Enron as a harbinger of financial, environmental, and production crises yet to come in the first decades of the twenty-first century…[A] eminently worthy text for those interested in the histories of capitalism and financialization, energy market deregulation and environmental degradation, and the persistent linkages between corporate and public interests that facilitate these developments." * Finance and Society *"Benke offers the first satisfying account of what went wrong at Enron, and in doing so, he suggests what has changed within capitalism since the 1970s. Though he is pushing back on literary conventions, the book is beautifully written and engaging...[T]he book succeeds on many levels...Benke is as comfortable demystifying finance as he is demystifying the odd ways that Americans made sense of finance. The literary quality of previous Enron books might have made for good storytelling but bad history. As Benke points out, Enron was the new rule, not an exception, and in that, this book is good history." * American Historical Review *"Gavin Benke takes us on an adventurous journey into the complex network of gas pipelines and cash channels that gave shape to the Enron empire. He does not shy away from the complex financial systems that made Enron so profitable, and digs deep into the SPEs and other financial creations that made Enron tick. Risk and Ruin is extremely important, given the financial storms that loom ahead." * Bartow Elmore, author of Citizen Coke: The Making of Coca-Cola Capitalism *"Risk and Ruin tells the story of Enron's well-known business collapse in a new way, critically situating the firm's financial misdoings in a broader neoliberal context. Gavin Benke has written an original and significant contribution to the literature on modern American business and the history of capitalism." * Vicki Howard, author of From Main Street to Mall: The Rise and Fall of the American Department Store *Table of ContentsIntroduction. Scandal or System? Chapter 1. Enron Emerges Chapter 2. Making Sense of the World After the Cold War Chapter 3. From Natural Gas to Knowledge Chapter 4. Selling Instability Chapter 5. A Very Bad Year Chapter 6. Making Enron Meaningful Conclusion. Learning from Enron Notes Index Acknowledgments

Read more less

Book SynopsisA whole host of motivations are driving the development of the renewables industry- ranging from the desire to develop sustainable energy resources to the reduction of dangerous greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming.Trade Review"Overall it gives very good insights on biomass feedstocks for all uses of biomass as well as fermentation technologies mainly for biofuels." (Encyclopedia of Industrial Biotechnology, 30 August 2011) Table of ContentsContributors xi Preface xiii 1 The Bioeconomy: A New Era of Products Derived from Renewable Plant-Based Feedstocks 3Peter Nelson, Elizabeth Hood, and Randall Powell 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Market Opportunity for Biofuels and Biobased Products 5 1.3 Feedstocks 6 1.3.1 Biobased Feedstock Availability and Issues 6 1.3.2 Characterization of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks 8 1.3.3 The Role of Agricultural Biotechnology 9 1.3.4 Biomass Agricultural Equipment Development 11 1.4 The Biochemical Technology Platform 11 1.5 Investment and Major Players 12 1.6 The Role of the Farmer 14 1.7 Opportunities for Rural Development 16 1.8 Environmental Benefits 17 1.9 Economic Comparison of the Biochemical and Thermochemical Technology Platforms 17 1.10 Conclusions and Future Prospects 18 References 19 2 Agricultural Residues 21James Hettenhaus 2.1 Introduction 21 2.1.1 Key Issues 22 2.2 Feedstock Supply 23 2.2.1 Residue Markets 26 2.2.2 Harvest Window 27 2.2.3 Residue Removal 27 2.2.4 Residue Management 28 2.2.5 Ag Equipment Needs 29 2.2.6 Operating Costs 33 2.2.7 Residue Nutrient Value 33 2.2.8 Land for Energy Crops 33 2.2.9 Farmer Outlook 34 2.2.10 Crop Research and Development 34 2.3 Feedstock Logistics 34 2.3.1 Bulk Density 35 2.3.2 Storage 36 2.3.3 Regional Biomass Processing Centers 43 2.4 Conclusion 48 Endnotes 49 References 49 3 Growing Systems for Traditional and New Forest-Based Materials 51Randall Rousseau, Janet Hawkes, Shijie Liu, and Tom Amidon 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Natural Regeneration 54 3.3 Overall Growing Systems 54 3.3.1 The Beginnings of Biomass Plantation Production 55 3.3.2 Short Rotation Woody Crops 56 3.3.3 Other Types of Hardwood Plantations 59 3.3.4 Southern Pine 61 3.4 New Genetic Tools 62 3.5 Agroforestry 63 3.6 Products from Woody Biomass 67 3.6.1 Hemicellulosic Products 69 3.6.2 Biorefineries Using Woody Biomass 71 3.6.3 Hot-Water Extraction of Hemicellulose 73 3.6.4 Wood Extracts: Processing and Conversion 75 3.6.5 Residual Solid Wood Biomass: Processing and Conversion of the wood mass after extraction, an example 78 3.7 Summary 78 References 78 4 Dedicated Herbaceous Energy Crops 85Keat (Thomas) Teoh, Shivakumar Pattada Devaiah, Deborah Vicuna Requesens, and Elizabeth E. Hood 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 Miscanthus 85 4.2.1 Characteristics That Make Miscanthus a Potential Biomass Crop 87 4.2.2 Agronomy 87 4.3 Sweet Sorghum 90 4.3.1 Biology of Sweet Sorghum 92 4.3.2 Production 92 4.3.3 Potential Yields 94 4.3.4 Economic and Environmental Advantages of Sweet Sorghum 94 4.3.5 Production Challenges 96 4.4 Switchgrass 97 4.4.1 Physiology 97 4.4.2 Switchgrass Ecotypes 98 4.4.3 Advantages 98 4.4.4 Disadvantages 99 4.4.5 Yields 100 4.4.6 Switchgrass as a Bioenergy Crop 101 4.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 101 References 104 5 Municipal Solid Waste as a Biomass Feedstock 109David J. Webster 5.1 Introduction 109 5.2 Definitions 110 5.2.1 Second-Generation Conversion Technologies for Biofuels 110 5.3 Disposal Infrastructure and Transfer Stations 110 5.3.1 Collection Practices 112 5.3.2 Cost Parameters 112 5.4 Waste Generation 113 5.5 Waste Characterization 114 5.5.1 Composition of Generated MSW Prior to Disposal or Processing 114 5.5.2 Landfilled Waste Compared to Waste Generation 115 5.5.3 Water in MSW 116 5.5.4 Heavy Metals in MSW 117 5.6 Preparing MSW for Conversion Processing—Mixed Waste Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) 119 5.6.1 Presorting 121 5.6.2 Mechanical Sorting Operations 122 5.6.3 Manual Sorting Operations 123 5.6.4 Recovery Rates of the MRF System 123 5.7 Cellulosic Content of MSW 124 5.7.1 Glucose and Ethanol Yields from MSW 124 5.8 Framing the Potential 125 References 126 6 Water Sustainability in Biomass Cropping Systems 129Jennifer L. Bouldin and Rodney E. Wright 6.1 Introduction 129 6.2 Water Use in Bioenergy Production 130 6.3 Water Quality Issues in Bioenergy Crops 133 6.3.1 AGNPS Watershed Model 135 6.3.2 Water Quality and the Gulf Hypoxic Zone 138 6.4 Conclusions—Water Quantity and Quality 138 References 139 7 Soil Sustainability Issues in Energy Crop Production 143V. Steven Green 7.1 Soil Sustainability Concepts 143 7.2 Bioenergy Crops and Soil Sustainability 145 7.2.1 Crop Residues 145 7.2.2 Dedicated Energy Crops 146 7.3 Resource Use in Biomass Production 149 7.3.1 Water and Soil 149 7.3.2 Land Use 150 7.4 Soil Sustainability Solutions 150 7.5 Conclusion 154 References 154 8 Fermentation Organisms for 5- and 6-Carbon Sugars 157Nicholas Dufour, Jeffrey Swana, and Reeta P. Rao 8.1 Introduction 157 8.2 Fermentation 159 8.3 Metabolic Pathways 160 8.4 Fermenting Species 161 8.4.1 Brief Description of Major Species 175 8.5 Other Relevant Products 180 8.6 Summary 183 Endnotes 183 References 184 9 Pretreatment Options 199Bradley A. Saville 9.1 Overview of Pretreatment Technologies 199 9.1.1 History 199 9.1.2 Mechanistic Assessment of Pretreatment 200 9.1.3 Severity Factor Concept 203 9.2 Pretreatment Classification 205 9.2.1 Mechanical Pretreatment Processes 206 9.2.2 Chemical Pretreatment Processes 206 9.2.3 Thermochemical Pretreatment Processes 209 9.2.4 Impact on Moisture Content and Hydraulic Load 210 9.3 Laboratory vs. Commercial Scale Pretreatment—What Do We Really Know? 211 9.3.1 Laboratory Studies 211 9.3.2 Pilot/Demonstration Scale Studies 211 9.3.3 Limitations of Laboratory-Scale Comparisons of Pretreatment Methods 214 9.4 Process Issues and Trade-Offs 215 9.4.1 Inhibitors 215 9.4.2 Hydrolysis Efficiency and Enzyme Loadings 218 9.4.3 Solvent/Catalyst Recovery 218 9.4.4 Viscosity Reduction and Hydraulic Load 218 9.5 Economics 220 9.6 Conclusions 224 References 224 10 Enzyme Production Systems for Biomass Conversion 227John A. Howard, Zivko Nikolov, and Elizabeth E. Hood 10.1 Introduction 227 10.2 The Challenge: Volume and Cost of Enzymes Required 227 10.3 Theoretical Ways to Address the Challenge of Quantity of Enzyme and Cost Requirements 228 10.3.1 Increase Susceptibility for Biomass Deconstruction 229 10.3.2 Decrease Exogenous Enzyme Load 231 10.3.3 Increase Accumulation of Enzymes in Production Host 236 10.4 Cost of Producing Exogenous Enzymes 240 10.4.1 Cost Analysis 242 10.5 Summary and Future Prospects 245 References 246 11 Fermentation-Based Biofuels 255Randy Kramer and Helene Belanger 11.1 Introduction 255 11.2 First-Generation Biofuels 256 11.2.1 Starch-Based Ethanol—United States 256 11.2.2 Sugar-Based Ethanol—Brazil 257 11.2.3 Biodiesel 258 11.3 Policy and Biofuel Implementation Status 260 11.3.1 North America 260 11.3.2 South America 262 11.3.3 Europe 262 11.3.4 Asia 263 11.4 Second-Generation Biofuels 265 11.4.1 Cellulosic Ethanol 265 11.4.2 Biobutanol 268 11.5 Issues for Biofuels Commercial Success 269 11.5.1 Transport by Pipeline 269 11.5.2 Decentralized Production and Local Distribution 270 11.5.3 Optimized Engine Performance 271 11.5.4 Value of Biorefinery Co-products 272 11.6 Summary 272 References 272 12 Biobased Chemicals and Polymers 275Randall W. Powell, Clare Elton, Ross Prestidge, and Helene Belanger 12.1 Introduction 275 12.2 Biobased Feedstock Components 276 12.3 Biomass Conversion Technologies 277 12.3.1 Technology Platforms Overview 277 12.3.2 Lignocellulose Fractionation Overview 279 12.4 Biobased Products 287 12.4.1 Oil-Based Products 287 12.4.2 Sugar/Starch-Based Products 289 12.4.3 Polymer Products 293 12.4.4 Lignin Products 299 12.5 Summary 303 References 304 13 Carbon Offset Potential of Biomass-Based Energy 311Gauri-Shankar Guha 13.1 Emerging Public Interest in Carbon 311 13.1.1 Overview 311 13.1.2 Initiatives to Address Anthropogenic Climate Change 311 13.1.3 GHG Mitigation and Carbon Sequestration Strategies 314 13.2 Theory of Carbon Markets 314 13.2.1 Tradable Permits and the Market for Emissions 314 13.2.2 Concept of Carbon Markets 315 13.2.3 Demand and Supply of Carbon Credits 316 13.3 Creation of Carbon Markets 317 13.3.1 Carbon Credits 317 13.3.2 Global Carbon Trade 318 13.3.3 Carbon Trading in the United States 318 13.3.4 The CCX Offset Program 318 13.4 Role of Biomass-Based Energy in Carbon Markets 319 13.4.1 Economic Significance of Bioenergy 319 13.4.2 Bioenergy Policies, Practices, and Trends 321 13.4.3 Carbon Offset Opportunities for Biofuels 323 13.5 Prognosis of Carbon Markets 324 References 325 14 Biofuel Economics 329Daniel Klein-Marcuschamer, Brad Holmes, Blake A. Simmons, and Harvey W. Blanch 14.1 Introduction 329 14.2 Production Processes 330 14.3 Biomass Transportation and Handling 331 14.4 Conversion of Biomass into Sugars 332 14.5 Conversion of Sugars into Biofuels 335 14.6 Separation and Purification 337 14.7 Co-product Handling 337 14.8 Major Cost Drivers 338 14.8.1 Biomass-Associated Costs 338 14.8.2 Capital Expenses 340 14.8.3 Operating Costs 342 14.9 Risks 343 14.10 Policy Support 345 14.11 Infrastructure and Vehicle Modifications 346 14.12 Conclusions 347 14.13 Acknowledgments 348 References 348 Index 355

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

Book SynopsisA comprehensive, thoroughly researched and referenced history of sanitary services in urban America.

Read more less

Book SynopsisEscalating energy demand may be the most important issue facing the United States and the world today. This book addresses the social importance of new energy technologies, illustrates policy-relevant applications of evaluation techniques and proposes new perspectives for a US energy investment strategy.Table of ContentsContents: 1. Introduction 2. Economic Rationale for Public Investment 3. Evaluation of Public Investments in New Technology 4. Technical Discussions of the Case Studies 5. Investments in Solar Energy Technologies 6. Investments in Geothermal Technologies 7. Investments in Vehicle Combustion Engine Technologies 8. Conclusions Appendix: Co-Benefits Risk Assessment (COBRA) Model References Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis timely Handbook reviews many key issues in the economics of energy and climate change, raising new questions and offering solutions that might help to minimize the threat of energy-induced climate change.Trade ReviewWith increasing focus on the negative impacts of climate change, this book addresses a gap in the field of energy and climate change economics by providing a comprehensive overview of the state of research in this area. Dividing the contents into seven distinct sections allows for easy navigation of the material and encompasses wide ranging topics from the markets for fossil fuels, to governance, to energy policy and implications.'--The Energy Journal'. . .The volume is useful for legal and policy professionals, academics or practitioners alike, as it contains many interesting contributions on the state-of-the-art research in the economics of climate change mitigation in the energy sector. The parts of the book discussing carbon mitigation, energy efficiency and renewable energy policies, and low-carbon growth provide policy useful and novel knowledge. Advanced students might also find considerable material in this book useful for their studies on energy and climate issues.'--Y. Yamineva, Oil, Gas & Energy Law Intelligence'The book represents a masterpiece in the energy and environmental economics literature and will certainly find an important place as a reference for academic debate and analysis.'--Edmar de Almeida, IAEE's Economics of Energy and Environmental Policy978 1 78347 463 9'Some of us have spent our professional lives on energy and climate change but any new researcher or policy maker must find it daunting to even approach the subject. If so, this encyclopedic Handbook provides a wonderful and necessary introduction. It is creative and up to date, yet also takes the reader by the hand and introduces one topic after another while providing much of the historical context that is so necessary to a deeper understanding.'--Thomas Sterner, Environmental Defense FundTable of ContentsContents: Introduction Roger Fouquet PART I: FOSSIL FUEL MARKETS 1. Oil Prices, Exhaustible Resources and Economic Growth James D. Hamilton 2. Gas Markets: Past, Present and Future Paul Stevens 3. The Likelihood and Potential Implications of a Natural Gas Cartel Steven A. Gabriel, Arild Moe, Knut Einar Rosendahl and Marina Tsygankova 4. Global Steam Coal Markets until 2030: Perspectives on Production, Trade and Consumption under Increasing Carbon Constraints Clemens Haftendorn, Franziska Holz, Claudia Kemfert and Christian von Hirschhausen PART II: ELECTRICITY MARKETS 5. The Future of the (US) Electric Grid Henry D. Jacoby, John G. Kassakian and Richard Schmalensee 6. Increasing the Penetration of Intermittent Renewable Energy: Innovation in Energy Storage and Grid Management Nick Johnstone and Ivan Haščič 7. Electric Vehicles: Will Consumers Purchase Them? Henry Lee and Grant Lovellette PART III: ENERGY POLICY 8. The Contribution of Energy Efficiency Towards Meeting CO2 Targets Joanne Evans, Massimo Filippini and Lester C. Hunt 9. Economic Analysis of Feed-in Tariffs for Generating Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources G. Cornelis van Kooten 10. A Renewable Energy Future? Michael Jefferson 11. Energy Policy: A Full Circle? Colin Robinson PART IV: CLIMATE AGREEMENTS 12. Anthropogenic Influences on Atmospheric CO2 David F. Hendry and Felix Pretis 13. International Cooperation on Climate Change: Why is there so Little Progress? Bjart Holtsmark 14. Long Live the Kyoto Protocol! Richard S.J. Tol 15. Designing a Bretton Woods Institution to Address Global Climate Change Joseph E. Aldy PART V: CARBON MITIGATION POLICIES 16. Fiscal Instruments for Climate Finance Ian Parry 17. How High Should Climate Change Taxes Be? Chris Hope 18. State-Contingent Pricing as a Response to Uncertainty in Climate Policy Ross McKitrick 19. Climate Change, Buildings and Energy Prices Alberto Gago, Michael Hanemann, Xavier Labandeira and Ana Ramos 20. Using Micro Data to Examine Causal Effects of Climate Policy Caterina Gennaioli, Ralf Martin and Mirabelle Muûls 21. Carbon Trading: Past, Present and Future Julien Chevallier 22. Moral Positions on Tradable Permit Markets Snorre Kverndokk 23. The European CO2 Allowances Market: Issues in the Transition to Phase III Christian de Perthuis and Raphaël Trotignon PART VI: LOW-CARBON BEHAVIOUR AND GOVERNANCE 24. The Role of Behavioural Economics in Energy and Climate Policy Michael G. Pollitt and Irina Shaorshadze 25. Valuing Nature for Climate Change Policy: From Discounting the Future to Truly Social Deliberation John M. Gowdy 26. Individual Consumers and Climate Change: Searching for a New Moral Compass Tanya O’Garra 27. Decentralization of Governance in the Low-Carbon Transition Nick Eyre 28. Is a Global Crisis Required to Prevent Climate Change? A Historical–Institutional Perspective Edward B. Barbier PART VII: LOW-CARBON GROWTH 29. Prosperity with Growth: Economic Growth, Climate Change and Environmental Limits Cameron Hepburn and Alex Bowen 30. Should we Sustain? And if so, Sustain What? Consumption or the Quality of Life? Humberto Llavador, John E. Roemer and Joaquim Silvestre 31. At the Crossroads: Can China Grow in a Low-Carbon Way? Julien Chevallier 32. Low-Carbon Economy: Dark Age or Golden Age? Roger Fouquet Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe Economics of Electricity Markets provides a cutting-edge analysis of the critical issues involved in the design and operation of electricity markets, as well as an assessment of alternative institutional arrangements that have either been implemented or are under discussion in Europe and the US.Trade ReviewThe Economics of Electricity Markets: Theory and Policy provides an analysis of the critical issues involved in electricity markets and assesses alternate electricity arrangements in Europe and the US, and is a strong recommendation for any collection strong in electricity trading, production and, social and political concerns attached to this industry --The Midwest Book ReviewThis book will appeal to professionals and academics who wish to understand the organization and operation of electricity markets. It is useful both as general background and as a reference guide to particular institutions . . . The debate over alternative market structures, described in this book, has influenced the design of every wholesale electricity market in the world. --Shaun McRae, Journal of Economic LiteratureTable of ContentsContents: 1. Introduction Pippo Ranci and Guido Cervigni 2. Wholesale Electricity Markets Guido Cervigni and Dmitri Perekhodtsev 3. Generation Capacity Adequacy Guido Cervigni, Andrea Commisso and Dmitri Perekhodtsev 4. Congestion Management and Transmission Rights Dmitri Perekhodtsev and Guido Cervigni 5. Competition Policy in the Electricity Industry Guido Cervigni and Dmitri Perekhodtsev 6. Retail Competition Anna Creti and Clara Poletti 7. Climate Change and the Future of the Liberalised Electricity Markets Guido Cervigni Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisMarket Building through Antitrust investigates the role of antitrust policy in the building of competitive energy markets in Europe. In particular, antitrust law has increasingly been used as a quasi-ex ante regulatory tool, thereby raising problems in terms of economic efficiency, legal certainty and political legitimacy.Trade Review‘Antitrust is a sledgehammer to the creation of European-wide markets. How does it really work though? Take the case of power contracting. Look at the smart and fresh view from a promising scholar: Adrien de Hauteclocque. A must read.’ -- Jean-Michel Glachant, European University Institute, Italy‘Long-term energy contracts pose one of the greatest challenges for EU competition law. Focusing on electricity markets and contracts, this book provides interesting new approaches and guidance in this area of EU law. The book also examines a wider and even more difficult issue: what role can competition law have in creating markets. The book delivers. It is a remarkably lucid account of difficult issues. A must-have book for practitioners and policy makers alike.’ -- Kim Talus, University of Eastern FinlandTable of ContentsContents: Foreword General Introduction 1. The Problem of Long-term Contracts in Decentralized Electricity Markets: An Economic Perspective 2. Vertical De-integration and Single Market Integration in the European Union: An Incomplete Transition 3. The Antitrust Strategy of the European Commission on Long-term Contracts: Is the New Methodology truly ‘More Economic’? 4. Long-term Contracts Across Member States: The Problem of Priority Access Rights to Interconnectors 5. The Strategy of the European Union for the Development of Interconnectors: Assessing the Role of Merchant Transmission Investment with Vincent Rious Bibliography Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisThemes addressed include the theory of energy supply, demand and policy, empirical modelling of energy demand, holistic energy models, an analysis of coal, gas, electricity, oil and the `markets’ within which they operate, and a discussion of the current key energy policy issues.Table of ContentsContents: Introduction Joanne Evans and Lester C Hunt 1. A Brief History of Energy Roger Fouquet 2. The Theory of Energy Economics: An Overview Thomas Weyman-Jones 3. The Economics of Energy Supply Kenneth B. Medlock III 4. The Theory and Practice of Energy Policy Richard L. Gordon 5. Energy Demand Theory Kenneth B. Medlock III 6. Empirical Modelling of Energy Demand David L. Ryan and André Plourde 7. Economics of Energy Efficiency Grant Allan, Michelle Gilmartin, Peter McGregor, J. Kim Swales and Karen Turner 8. Theoretical Foundations of the Rebound Effect Harry Saunders 9. The Rebound Effect: Definition and Estimation Steve Sorrell 10. Modelling Energy Savings and Environmental Benefits from Energy Policies and New Technologies David L. Ryan and Denise Young 11. Bottom-up Models of Energy: Across the Spectrum Lorna A. Greening and Chris Bataille 12. The Structure and Use of the UK MARKAL Model Ramachandran Kannan, Paul Ekins and Neil Strachan 13. Combining Top Down and Bottom Up in Energy Economy Models Mark Jaccard 14. Computable General Equilibrium Models for the Analysis of Energy and Climate Policies Ian Sue Wing 15. Energy–Economy–Environment Modelling: A Survey Claudia Kemfert and Truong Truong 16. The Oil Security Problem Hillard G. Huntington 17. Petroleum Taxation Carole Nakhle 18. The Behaviour of Petroleum Markets: Fundamentals and Psychologicals in Price Discovery and Formation Dalton Garis 19. The Prospects for Coal in the Twenty-first Century Richard L. Gordon 20. Natural Gas and Electricity Markets W.D. Walls 21. Incentive Regulation of Energy Networks Thomas Weyman-Jones 22. The Economics and Regulation of Power Transmission and Distribution: The Developed World Case Lullit Getachew and Mark N. Lowry 23. The Market Structure of the Power Transmission and Distribution Industry in the Developed World Lullit Getachew 24. Mechanisms for the Optimal Expansion of Electricity Transmission Networks Juan Rosellón 25. Efficiency Measurement in the Electricity and Gas Distribution Sectors Mehdi Farsi and Massimo Filippini 26. Wholesale Electricity Markets and Generators’ Incentives: An International Review Dmitri Perekhodtsev and Seth Blumsack 27. Security of Supply in Large Hydropower Systems: The Brazilian Case Luciano Losekann, Adilson de Oliveira and Getúlio Borges da Silveira 28. Electricity Retail Competition and Pricing: An International Review Seth Blumsack and Dmitri Perekhodtsev 29. Emissions Trading and the Convergence of Electricity and Transport Markets in Australia Luke J. Reedman and Paul W. Graham 30. International Energy Derivatives Markets Ronald D. Ripple 31. The Economics of Energy in Developing Countries Reinhard Madlener 33. Energy Vision to Address Energy Security and Climate Change Christoph W. Frei 33. Current Issues in the Design of Energy Policy Thomas Weyman-Jones Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis path-breaking book explores the new European energy policy, highlighting the significance of environmental policy concerns, instruments, and objectives vis-Ã-vis competing security and market dimensions in order to achieve an all-embracing EU energy policy perspective for the future.Trade ReviewThis book analyses a highly important topic. It is based on a comprehensive and empirically rich assessment of European energy policy, including both internal and external determinants. Its encompassing approach and the thoughtful combination of different analytical perspectives makes the book an important and fresh contribution to the field. - Christoph Knill, University of Konstanz, Germany Energy was one of the founding pillars of European integration, while environmental concerns have become an identity sign of today's European Union energy policy. However, notwithstanding the obvious links between both issues, little attention has been devoted to the complex relationship between the EU's environmental performance and the Europeanization of its energy policy. This book, carefully edited by Morata and Solorio, has come to fill this gap becoming a ''must'' to understand the interactions between these two fundamental drivers of EU policies. --- Jose Maria Marin-Quemada, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, and Member of the Governing Council of the Spanish Central Bank, SpainTable of ContentsContents: Foreword Mischa Bechberger Preface 1. Introduction: The Re-evolution of Energy Policy in Europe Israel Solorio Sandoval and Francesc Morata PART I: THE INTERNAL DIMENSION OF THE EUROPEAN ENERGY POLICY 2. A ‘Coordinated’ European Energy Policy? The Integration of EU Energy and Climate Change Policies Camilla Adelle, Duncan Russel and Marc Pallemaerts 3. Renewable Energy and Environmental Policy Integration: Renewable Fuel for the European Energy Policy? Jørgen K. Knudsen 4. Europeanization through Diffusion? Renewable Energy Policies and Alternative Sources for European Convergence Per-Olof Busch and Helge Jörgens 5. Carbon Capture and Storage: The Europeanization of a Technology in Europe’s Energy Policy? Severin Fischer 6. Redrawing the ‘Green Europeanization’ of Energy Policy Israel Solorio Sandoval and Esther Zapater PART II: THE EXTERNAL DIMENSION OF THE EUROPEAN ENERGY POLICY 7. A Differential Approach to Energy Policy? Explaining the Prevalence of Market-based Energy Policy Instruments in Central and Eastern Europe Michael Dobbins and Jale Tosun 8. The European Energy Policy Towards Eastern Neighbors: Rebalancing Priorities or Changing Paradigms? Anna Herranz-Surrallés and Michal Natorski 9. Exporting the Good Example? European Energy Policy and Socialization in South-East Europe Andrea Ciambra 10. Domestically Driven, Differentiated EU Rule Adoption: The Case of Energy Sector Reform in Turkey Luigi Carafa 11. Morocco, the European Energy Policy and the Mediterranean Solar Plan Gonzalo Escribano-Francés and Enrique San Martín González 12. Conclusions: Bridging Over Environmental and Energy Policies Francesc Morata and Israel Solorio Sandoval Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisHow did a profligate who killed a deputy sheriff before reforming, a mining engineer who went AWOL from the Austrian navy, and three East Texas drillers join forces with other equally colorful characters to drill on Spindletop Hill? This book provides the answers.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis work includes practical examples and step-by-step calculations, along with illustrations and diagrams. It covers everything from historical development of contracts to terminology of accounting and negotiations to threshold field size analysis, to the arithmetic behind contract terms.Table of Contents Petroleum Fiscal Systems Concessionary Systems Production-Sharing Contracts Risk Service Contracts Threshold Field Size Analysis Global Market for Exploration Acreage Producing-Sharing Contract Outline Accounting Principles Double Taxation Commentary

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe autobiography of Jean Paul Getty, American oil executive, multimillionaire and art collector. Getty tells how he amassed his fortune, discusses the prospects of democracy, lists the seven things men should know about women, and recounts conversations at Oxford with the future King of England.

Read more less

Book SynopsisTrade Review‘This is a fascinating study, which juxtaposes two major factors that have shaped the EU’s energy policy recently: the increasing salience of environmental concerns, which shaped the EU’s Green Deal, and the evolving pattern of the EU’s relations with its previously major supplier Russia. The book is strongly recommended to anyone who is interested in the complexity of the EU's energy policy and its current evolution.’ -- Tatiana Romanova, Saint-Petersburg State University, Russia‘This book makes it explicit how profoundly different the EU energy policies of the 2020s are compared to the previous decade, documenting how and why the Union's long-standing relations with Russia came to an end. This will be important to keep in mind in the years to come once EU Member States establish relations with potential hydrogen suppliers.’ -- Pami Aalto, Tampere University, Finland‘A very timely book that offers a fresh and compelling perspective on the evolving EU energy and climate policies in the wake of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Through in-depth, acute analysis, Marco Siddi charts the evolution of energy relations between the EU and Russia and convincingly shows the key role that Europe can play in the global green transition.’ -- Andrea Prontera, University of Macerata, Italy‘The book provides a comprehensive look back at European energy policy, explaining how we reached the present moment. Such an understanding is critical to chart a path forward, away from dependence on Russian fossil fuels and through the interdependencies of the new energy era.’ -- Samantha Gross, Energy Security and Climate Initiative, Brookings Institution, USTable of ContentsContents: Preface 1 Introduction: European energy and climate policy and the green transition 2 Studying European energy policy: concepts, theories and approaches 3 The EU’s Energy Union: focusing on security and diversification 4 The European Green Deal: shifting the focus to the energy transition 5 Climate change and the green transition: the new geopolitical conundrum 6 EU–Russia energy relations: the case of gas trade 7 EU–Russia energy relations amidst war and the green transition: a paradigm change? 8 Conclusion: the future of European energy policy and EU–Russia energy relations Bibliography Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis Companion provides a comprehensive interdisciplinary review of the future of energy, sustainability and societal well-being. It explores energyâs connection to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) using a variety of perspectives from business sustainability, disruptive technologies, law, health and finance.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisThought leaders and experts offer the most current information and insights into energy finance Energy Finance and Economics offers the most up-to-date information and compelling insights into the finance and economics of energy. With contributions from today''s thought leaders who are experts in various areas of energy finance and economics, the book provides an overview of the energy industry and addresses issues concerning energy finance and economics. The book focuses on a range of topics including corporate finance relevant to the oil and gas industry as well as addressing issues of unconventional, renewable, and alternative energy. A timely compendium of information and insights centering on topics related to energy finance Written by Betty and Russell Simkins, two experts on the topic of the economics of energy Covers special issues related to energy finance such as hybrid cars, energy hedging, and other timely topicsTable of ContentsAcknowledgments xi 1 An Introduction to Energy Finance and Economics 1Betty J. Simkins and Russell E. Simkins Part One An Overview of Energy Finance and Economics 2 Geopolitics and World Energy Markets 19Robert W. Kolb 3 Energy Economics: Past, Present, and Prospects for the Future 49James L. Williams and Betty J. Simkins 4 Sustainable Energy: Myths and Realities 79Olamide O. Shadiya, Jane A. Talkington, John Mowen, Karen High, and Josh L. Wiener 5 A Brief Introduction to the Petroleum Industry: From Crude Oil and Natural Gas to Petrochemicals and Their Products 107Russell E. Simkins and Kenneth A. Borokhovich 6 The Economics of Renewable Energy 129Brad Carson 7 How Our Political Views Affect Our View of Energy Prices 145Sheridan Titman Part Two Financial and Economic Analysis in the Energy Industry 8 Oil and Gas Accounting 151L. Charles Evans III 9 Financial Statement Analysis for Oil and Gas Companies and Competitive Benchmarking 181Siamak Javadi, Betty J. Simkins, and Mary E. Wicker 10 Petroleum Economics, Risk and Opportunity Analysis: Some Practical Perspectives 229David A. Wood 11 Real Options and Applications in the Energy Industry 253Betty J. Simkins and Kris Kemper 12 International Petroleum Fiscal System Design and Analysis 269David Johnston 13 Financing Large Energy Projects 313Stephen V. Arbogast and Praveen Kumar 14 Financing Bio-Fuels Projects: Case Study Lessons 343Stephen V. Arbogast Part Three Energy Risk Management and Related Topics 15 Energy Derivatives and Markets 365Craig Pirrong and Mohsen Mollagholamali 16 Introduction to Energy Risk Management 379Ivilina Popova and Betty J. Simkins 17 Risks in Trading Energy Commodities 411Divya Krishnan 18 Carbon Management and Environmental Issues 425Evgenia Golubeva 19 Hedging and Value in the U.S. Airline Industry 443David A. Carter, Daniel A. Rogers, and Betty J. Simkins Part Four Case Studies 20 PKO Resources, Inc.: Valuing a Producing Oil and Gas Property 467John D. Martin, J. Douglas Ramsey, and Sheridan Titman 21 Financial Analysis of the Purchase of a Hybrid Consumer Vehicle 477Don M. Chance, Pratik Dhar, and Betty J. Simkins 22 ExxonMobil Corp.’s Acquisition of XTO Energy, Inc.: An Exercise in Valuation 491Allissa A. Lee and Betty J. Simkins 23 Southwest Airlines: The Blended Winglet Project 513Aaron Martin, Daniel A. Rogers, and Betty J. Simkins 24 Wind Energy Power Company, Inc. (A): Analyzing a Wind Energy Investment 525John D. Martin, J. Douglas Ramsey, and Sheridan Titman 25 A Case Study on Risk Management: Lessons from the Collapse of Amaranth Advisors LLC 543Ludwig Chincarini Index 579

Read more less

Book SynopsisA fascinating insight into the global battle for our energy future The global competition for scarce natural resources that pits the West against the super-hot economies of China and India, plus a clutch of other contenders including Russia, Brazil, and Indonesia, has become one of the biggest issues facing the world today.Trade ReviewWritten in clear, jargon-free language, it tells the global resources story in a fresh and engaging way (Flybe, December 2012)Table of ContentsMaps vii Introduction xv Chapter 1 The Four Essentials 1 Food, Water, Energy, Metals Chapter 2 Geographical Flashpoints 19 The Trouble with Lines on a Map Chapter 3 The Key Players 37 Diggers, Drillers, and Dealers Chapter 4 Food and Water 57 Where the Rivers Run Chapter 5 “Going Out” for Energy 73 China and India Stake Their Claims Chapter 6 Old Coal Still Burning Brightly 91 Chapter 7 Going Nuclear in a Post-Fukushima World 105 Chapter 8 New Energy—Clean, Green, and Expensive 123 Chapter 9 Coppery Red, the Colour of Earth’s True Love 139 Chapter 10 Finding Steel’s Essential Ingredients 155 Chapter 11 U.S. Energy 173 Hail to the Shale Chapter 12 Japan after the Deluge 189 Chapter 13 BRACQK (Brazil, Russia, Australia, Canada, Qatar, Kazakhstan) Is the New BRIC 203 Chapter 14 The Up and Comers 229 Turkey, Iran, Indonesia, Mexico Chapter 15 What Happens Next 243 A Host of Global Opportunities Conclusion 257 A World So Changed Bibliography 263 Acknowledgments 269 About the Author 273 Index 275

Read more less

Book SynopsisProvides a comprehensive picture of today's energy world, describes the potential for energy savings that can be achieved, and analyzes the technology developments which will lead to a 100% renewable energy-powered world The world is at the crossroads of either quickly changing the energy picture towards implementing efficient renewable energy sources or postponing this process by another generation. Based on the author's more than 30 years' industrial experience, this book gives a set of assumptions by extrapolating known technology developments and shows that 100% coverage by renewable technology of global energy needs is much more probable than previously argued. Basic facts using rule of thumb and order-of-magnitude considerations underpin the author's argument. The book shows how energy efficiency technologies will be able to drastically reduce the energy consumption for the same quality of life. The most relevant renewable energy technologies are discussedTable of ContentsForeword xiii Preface xvii Acknowledgements xxiii List of Abbreviations xxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Changing World 1 1.2 Why Another Book on 100% Renewables? 3 2 Analysis of Today’s Energy Situation 7 2.1 Basic Energy Terms 7 2.2 Global Energy Situation 11 2.3 Energy Sectors 13 2.4 Challenges for Fossil Fuels 16 2.5 Problems with Nuclear Energy 29 3 The Importance of Energy Efficiency Measures 33 3.1 Traditional Extrapolation of Future Energy Demands or Alternatively “The Same or with Renewables Even Better Quality of Life with Much Less Energy” 33 3.2 Decrease in End Energy Needs with a “Better Quality of Life” 35 3.3 Today’s Energy Needs with Known Energy Efficiency Measures 41 3.4 Support Mechanisms to Facilitate New Products: Ban The Old or Facilitate The New Ones 42 4 Overview of the Most Important Renewable Energy Technologies 45 4.1 Basics About the Potential of Various Renewable Technologies 45 4.2 Wind Energy 48 4.3 Solar Thermal Collectors and Concentrators 57 4.4 Bioenergy: Biomass and Fuel 66 4.5 Photovoltaics 68 4.6 Other Renewable Technologies 70 5 PV Market Development 77 5.1 Strategic and Consumer Goods in Society and Why Strategic Ones Need Initial Support 77 5.2 PV Applications and History 84 5.3 Historical PV Market Development 88 5.4 Feed-in Tariffs - Sustainable Versus Boom and Bust Market Growth 93 5.5 PV Market Development Towards 2020 101 5.6 Total Budget for Feed-in Tariff Support as Positive Investment for National Economies and Merit Order Effects for Electricity Customers 106 5.7 New Electricity Market Design for Increasing Numbers of Variable Renewable Energy Systems 110 5.8 Developments for the Future Energy Infrastructure 111 6 PV Value Chain and Technology 117 6.1 Basics of Solar Radiation and Conversion in PV Cells 117 6.2 Value Chain for Crystalline Silicon PV Systems 122 6.3 Value Chain for Thin-Film Technologies 134 6.4 Concentrated PV (CPV) and III?V Compound Solar Cells 137 6.5 New Technologies (Dye, OPV, and Novel Concepts) 138 6.6 Other Cost Components for PV Systems 141 6.7 Marimekko Plot for PV Systems and Summary Chart for Cell Efficiencies 142 7 The Astonishing Predictive Power of Price Experience Curves 147 7.1 Basics about Price Experience Curves 147 7.2 Relevant Price Experience Curves Comparable to PV 148 7.3 Lesson Learned from PECs Discussed 151 7.4 Price Experience Curve for PV Modules 152 7.5 Price Experience Curve for DC/AC inverters 159 7.6 Price Experience Curve for Wind Energy and Other Relevant Products for a 100% Renewable World 161 8 Future Technology Development 163 8.1 General Remarks on Future Technology Developments 163 8.2 Photovoltaics 164 8.3 Wind Energy 170 8.4 Solar Thermal 171 8.5 Other Renewables 171 8.6 Other System Components 171 8.7 Importance of the Renewable Energy Portfolio - in Particular Solar and Wind 175 9 Future Energy Projections - The 150 Peta-Watt-hour Challenge 179 9.1 Historical Development 179 9.2 Some Future Projections and Scenarios by Others 180 9.3 Global Energy Scenarios and Market Development of the Major Renewables from the Author’s Point of View 186 10 Likelihood of and Timeline for a World Powered by 100% Renewable Energy 203 10.1 Likelihood of a 100% Renewable World 203 10.2 Global Network or Local Autonomy? 205 10.3 Timeline for a 100% Renewable World 209 11 Conclusion: The 100% Renewable Energy Puzzle 213 References 219 Index 225

Read more less

Book SynopsisAn overview of today''s energy markets from a multi-commodity perspective As global warming takes center stage in the public and private sectors, new debates on the future of energy markets and electricity generation have emerged around the world. The Second Edition of Managing Energy Risk has been updated to reflect the latest products, approaches, and energy market evolution. A full 30% of the content accounts for changes that have occurred since the publication of the first edition. Practitioners will appreciate this contemporary approach to energy and the comprehensive information on recent market influences. A new chapter is devoted to the growing importance of renewable energy sources, related subsidy schemes and their impact on energy markets. Carbon emissions certificates, post-Fukushima market shifts, and improvements in renewable energy generation are all included. Further, due to the unprecedented growth in shale gas production in recent yearsTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xiii 1 Energy Markets 1 1.1 Energy Trading 3 1.1.1 Spot Market 3 1.1.2 Forwards and Futures 4 1.1.3 Commodity Swaps 6 1.1.4 Options 6 1.1.5 Delivery Terms 6 1.2 The Oil Market 7 1.2.1 Consumption, Production and Reserves 7 1.2.2 Crude Oil Trading 10 1.2.3 Refined Oil Products 11 1.3 The Natural Gas Market 12 1.3.1 Consumption, Production and Reserves 13 1.3.2 Natural Gas Trading 15 1.3.3 Liquefied Natural Gas 19 1.4 The Coal Market 21 1.4.1 Consumption, Production and Reserves 21 1.4.2 Coal Trading 23 1.4.3 Freight 26 1.5 The Electricity Market 27 1.5.1 Consumption and Production 27 1.5.2 Electricity Trading 31 1.5.3 Electricity Exchanges 38 1.6 The Emissions Market 42 1.6.1 Kyoto Protocol 42 1.6.2 EU Emissions Trading Scheme 45 1.6.3 Flexible Mechanisms 46 1.6.4 Products and Marketplaces 48 1.6.5 Other Emissions Trading Schemes 51 2 Renewable Energy 55 2.1 The Role of Renewable Energy in Electricity Generation 55 2.1.1 Historical Development 55 2.1.2 Political Targets 58 2.1.3 Forecasts 59 2.2 The Role of Liquid Biofuels in the Transportation Sector 60 2.3 Renewable Energy Technologies 61 2.3.1 Hydropower 61 2.3.2 Wind Power 66 2.3.3 Solar Energy 69 2.3.4 Geothermal Energy 71 2.3.5 Bioenergy 73 2.3.6 Not Widespread Renewable Energies 77 2.4 Support Schemes for Renewable Energy 78 2.4.1 Feed-In Tariffs 80 2.4.2 Net Metering 83 2.4.3 Electric Utility Quota Obligations and Tradable Certificates 83 2.4.4 Auctions 85 2.4.5 Subsidies, Investment Grants and Tax Benefits 86 2.5 Key Economic Factors of Renewable Energy Projects 87 2.5.1 The Project Developer’s Perspective 87 2.5.2 The Project Investor’s Perspective 88 2.6 Risks in Renewable Energy Projects and their Mitigation 90 2.6.1 Project Development Risks 90 2.6.2 Construction Risks 93 2.6.3 Resource Risks 93 2.6.4 Technical Risks 96 2.6.5 Market Risks 97 2.6.6 Regulatory Risks 99 2.6.7 Other Operational Risks 100 3 Risk Management 101 3.1 Governance Principles and Market Regulation 102 3.2 Market Risk 104 3.2.1 Delta Position 104 3.2.2 Variance Minimising Hedging 110 3.2.3 Value-at-Risk 111 3.2.4 Estimating Volatilities and Correlations 120 3.2.5 Backtesting 123 3.2.6 Liquidity-Adjusted Value-at-Risk 123 3.2.7 Profit-at-Risk and Further Risk Measures 127 3.3 Legal Risk 130 3.4 Credit Risk 134 3.4.1 Credit Rating 137 3.4.2 Quantifying Credit Risk 140 3.5 Liquidity Risk 144 3.6 Operational Risk 146 4 Retail Markets 151 4.1 Interaction of Wholesale and Retail Markets 151 4.2 Retail Products 155 4.2.1 Fixed-Price Contracts 155 4.2.2 Indexed Contracts 156 4.2.3 Full Service Contracts 157 4.2.4 Partial Delivery Contracts 157 4.2.5 Portfolio Management 158 4.2.6 Supplementary Products 159 4.3 Sourcing 160 4.3.1 Sourcing Fixed-Price Contracts 160 4.3.2 Sourcing Indexed Contracts 161 4.3.3 Sourcing B2C Contracts 162 4.4 Load Forecasting 163 4.5 Weather Risk in Gas Retail Markets 165 4.5.1 Weather Derivatives 168 4.6 Risk Premiums 172 4.6.1 Risk-Adjusted Return on Capital 174 4.6.2 Price Validity Period 174 4.6.3 Structuring Fee and Balancing Energy 175 4.6.4 Credit Risk 176 4.6.5 Volume and Price Profile Risk 177 4.6.6 Operational Risk 181 4.6.7 Risk Premium Summary 182 5 Energy Derivatives 185 5.1 Forwards, Futures and Swaps 186 5.1.1 Forward Contracts 186 5.1.2 Futures Contracts 189 5.1.3 Swaps 191 5.2 Commodity Forward Curves 192 5.2.1 Investment Assets 194 5.2.2 Consumption Assets and Convenience Yield 194 5.2.3 The Market Price of Risk 196 5.3 “Plain Vanilla” Options 197 5.3.1 The Put–Call Parity and Option Strategies 198 5.3.2 Black’s Futures Price Model 200 5.3.3 Option Pricing Formulas 200 5.3.4 Hedging Options: The “Greeks” 202 5.3.5 Implied Volatilities and the “Volatility Smile” 208 5.3.6 Swaptions 210 5.4 American, Bermudan and Asian Options 212 5.4.1 American and Bermudan Options 212 5.4.2 Asian Options 213 5.5 Multi-Underlying Options 216 5.5.1 Basket Options 216 5.5.2 Spread Options 218 5.5.3 Quanto and Composite Options 221 5.6 Modelling Spot Prices 224 5.6.1 Pricing Spot Price Options 226 5.6.2 Geometric Brownian Motion as Spot Price Model 231 5.6.3 The One-Factor Schwartz Model 237 5.6.4 The Schwartz–Smith Model 241 5.7 Stochastic Forward Curve Models 246 5.7.1 One-Factor Forward Curve Models 247 5.7.2 A Two-Factor Forward Curve Model 249 5.7.3 A Multi-Factor Exponential Model 251 6 Stochastic Models for Electricity and Gas 253 6.1 Daily and Hourly Forward Curve Models 253 6.1.1 Daily Price Forward Curve for Gas 255 6.1.2 Hourly Price Forward Curve for Electricity 257 6.2 Structural Electricity Price Models 265 6.2.1 The SMaPS Model 266 6.2.2 The Multi-Commodity SMaPS model 269 6.2.3 Regime-Switching Models 272 6.2.4 Virtual Power Plants 278 6.3 Structural Gas Price Models 281 6.3.1 Natural Gas Price Models 281 6.3.2 Swing Options and Gas Storage 286 6.3.3 Least-Squares Monte Carlo Method 291 7 Fundamental Market Models 301 7.1 Fundamental Price Drivers in Electricity Markets 301 7.1.1 Demand Side 302 7.1.2 Supply Side 306 7.1.3 Interconnections 313 7.2 Economic Power Plant Dispatch 313 7.2.1 Thermal Power Plants 315 7.2.2 Hydropower Plants 322 7.2.3 Optimisation Methods 325 7.3 Methodological Approaches 335 7.3.1 Merit Order Curve 335 7.3.2 Optimisation Models 347 7.3.3 System Dynamics 353 7.3.4 Game Theory 357 7.4 Relevant System Information for Electricity Market Modelling 366 7.4.1 Demand Side 366 7.4.2 Supply Side 367 7.4.3 Transmission System 370 7.4.4 Historical Data for Backtesting 371 7.4.5 Information Sources 371 7.5 Application of Electricity Market Models 372 7.6 Gas Market Models 374 7.6.1 Demand Side 375 7.6.2 Supply Side 376 7.6.3 Transport 379 7.6.4 Storage 379 7.6.5 Portfolio Optimisation 382 7.6.6 Formulation of the Market Model 383 7.6.7 Application of Gas Market Models 385 7.7 Market Models for Oil, Coal and CO2 Markets 386 7.8 Asset Investment Decisions 387 7.8.1 The Discounted Cashflow Method 387 7.8.2 Weighted Average Cost of Capital 389 7.8.3 The Capital Asset Pricing Model 390 Appendix: Mathematical Background 393 A.1 Econometric Methods 393 A.1.1 Linear Regression 393 A.1.2 Stationary Time Series and Unit Root Tests 395 A.1.3 Principal Component Analysis 397 A.1.4 Kalman Filtering Method 398 A.1.5 Regime-Switching Models 399 A.2 Stochastic Processes 402 A.2.1 Conditional Expectation and Martingales 402 A.2.2 Brownian Motion 402 A.2.3 Stochastic Integration and Itô’s Lemma 403 A.3 Option Pricing Theory 405 A.3.1 Pricing Under the Risk-Neutral Measure 405 A.3.2 The Feynman–Kac Theorem 408 A.3.3 Monte Carlo Simulation 410 References 413 Index 419

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe acute energy problems facing China today are characterized by their own histories and realities. Some have come about because of China's energy endowment and stage of development, while others have been created by a combination of domestic and global factors.Trade ReviewPraise for Electric Power and Energy in China: “The Broad Energy Outlook approach tries to place the complex Chinese energy problem in a multi-angled and global prospective so that China will stop struggling within its narrowly defined and inward-looking supply-demand rigidity on energy. Overall, I find Electric Power and Energy in China an excellent book with significant academic value. It provides an essential reference for academics, policy makers and students who have a strong interest in China’s economy and energy development. The data included in this book and Liu’s personal experiences and expertise as chairman of China’s, and indeed the world’s, largest electricity distribution company are highly informative and valuable for both insiders and outsiders of the Chinese energy and electricity industries.” – Shujie Yao, Head of School of Contemporary Chinese Studies, Professor of Economics and Chinese Sustainable Development, University of Nottingham “Zhenya Liu’s Electric Power and Energy in China points out that the main challenges in China today are in meeting the growing energy demand of a large population in a fast growing, emerging economy. The current main source of energy supply in the country is coal, however, all technologies are needed to secure an adequate supply of energy. Accordingly, Liu does not focus on one technology; he provides an overview of Chinese perspectives on all available options. Electric Power and Energy in China gives an interesting insight into the Chinese energy challenge and the energy system – not from an outsider’s perspective but from the core. As head of China’s Energy Commission, Zhenya Liu knows what he is writing about. The book is valuable not only from an energy economics perspective but also because it gives a comprehensive overview of the Chinese energy system and its economic policies.” – Dr. Hubertus Bardt, Cologne Institute for Economic ResearchTable of ContentsAbout the Author xi Preface xiii 1 Energy: An Overview 1 1.1 An Overview of the World’s Energy Situation 1 1.1.1 The Global Energy Situation 1 1.1.2 Characteristics of the Global Energy Situation 8 1.2 An Overview of China’s Energy Situation 17 1.2.1 Energy Endowment 17 1.2.2 Energy Production 19 1.2.3 Energy Consumption 23 1.2.4 International Energy Cooperation 26 1.3 Major Energy Problems that China Faces 28 1.3.1 The Problem of Sustained Supply 28 1.3.2 The Problem of Transport and Allocation 35 1.3.3 The Quality Problem of Development 37 1.4 Causes that Affect China’s Energy Development 41 1.4.1 The Economic Development Model 41 1.4.2 The Energy Development Model 42 1.4.3 The Global Competitive Environment 43 2 Strategic Thinking on Energy 45 2.1 Basic Thinking Behind the Energy Solution 45 2.1.1 Complexity of the Energy Problem 45 2.1.2 Grand Energy Vision 47 2.1.3 Solutions to the Energy Problems 47 2.2 The Way to Change the Mode of Energy Development 51 2.2.1 Transformation Phase of China’s Energy Strategy 52 2.2.2 The Way to Change the Mode of Energy Development 55 2.3 The Central Link in the Energy Strategy 58 2.3.1 The Position of Electricity in the Energy Strategy 59 2.3.2 The Significance of an Electricity-centred Energy Strategy 60 2.4 The ‘One Ultra Four Large’ (1U4L) Strategy 65 2.4.1 The Core Mission of Electric Power Development 66 2.4.2 The Need to Implement the 1U4L Strategy 66 2.4.3 The Key to Implementing the 1U4L Strategy 69 3 Energy Exploration and Utilisation 73 3.1 General Thinking Behind Energy Exploration and Utilisation 73 3.1.1 Main Problems in Energy Exploration and Utilisation 73 3.1.2 Principles of Energy Exploration and Utilisation 76 3.1.3 Focus of Energy Exploration and Utilisation 77 3.2 The Exploitation and Utilisation of Coal Resources 79 3.2.1 Coordinated Planning of the Exploitation and Utilisation of Coal Resources 79 3.2.2 Construction of Large Coal-fired Power Bases in the West and North 81 3.2.3 The Clean and Integrated Utilisation of Coal 89 3.2.4 Scientifically Developing the Coal Chemical Industry 93 3.3 The Exploitation and Utilisation of Hydropower Resources 94 3.3.1 Construction of Large-scale Hydropower Bases 94 3.3.2 Development of Small Hydropower 99 3.3.3 Planning and Construction of Pumped Storage Power Plants 100 3.3.4 Environmental Protection and Migrant Relocation 102 3.4 The Exploitation and Utilisation of Nuclear Power 104 3.4.1 Construction of Large-scale Nuclear Power Base 104 3.4.2 Advancement of Nuclear Power Technology 105 3.4.3 Building up a Nuclear Energy Safety System 106 3.4.4 Supply of Nuclear Fuel 107 3.5 The Exploitation and Utilisation of New and Renewable Energies 108 3.5.1 Building Large-scale Renewable Energy Power Bases 109 3.5.2 Various Forms of Renewable Energy Development 117 3.5.3 Distributed Energy Development 119 3.5.4 Exploitation and Utilisation of New Energy 122 3.6 The Exploitation and Utilisation of Oil and Gas 125 3.6.1 Exploration and Development of Oil Resources 126 3.6.2 Exploitation and Utilisation of Natural Gas Resources 128 3.7 The Exploitation and Utilisation of Overseas Energy Resources 131 3.7.1 Development and Import of Overseas Oil and Gas Resources 131 3.7.2 Import of Overseas Coal and Electricity 135 4 Energy Transport and Allocation 137 4.1 Modern Comprehensive Energy Transport System 137 4.1.1 The Significance of Establishing a Modern Comprehensive Energy Transport System 139 4.1.2 The Guiding Principles for Developing a Modern Comprehensive Transport System for Energy 141 4.2 Optimisation of the Modes of Coal Transport 143 4.2.1 The Present Situation of Coal Transport 144 4.2.2 The Future Coal Transport Patterns 150 4.2.3 Equal Emphasis on Coal Transport and Power Transmission 151 4.3 Strong and Smart Grid Development 159 4.3.1 Overview of Power Grid Development 159 4.3.2 The Future Landscape of Power Flows 164 4.3.3 The Thinking Behind SSG Development 167 4.3.4 Development of UHV Grids and Grids of All Levels 170 4.3.5 R&D and Application of Grid Technology 183 4.4 Construction of UHV Synchronous Grids in Northern, Eastern and Central China 186 4.4.1 Development of Large Synchronous Grids in Overseas Countries 187 4.4.2 The Necessity of Building UHV Synchronous Power Grids in Northern, Eastern and Central China 189 4.4.3 Safety of UHV Synchronous Grids in Northern, Eastern and Central China 190 4.5 Smart Grid Development 192 4.5.1 The Essence and Features of Smart Grids 193 4.5.2 Strategic Significance of Smart Grids 193 4.5.3 The Priorities and Practices of Smart Grid Development 195 4.5.4 The Development Principles of Smart Grids 204 4.6 Oil and Gas Pipeline Networks 206 4.6.1 Present Situation of Oil and Gas Pipeline Networks 206 4.6.2 The Main Problems of Oil and Gas Pipeline Networks 208 4.6.3 The Basic Thinking Behind the Development of Oil and Gas Pipeline Networks 210 5 Terminal Energy Consumption 213 5.1 Model of Green Energy Consumption 213 5.1.1 Challenges for Energy Consumption 213 5.1.2 Establishment of a Green Energy Consumption Model 215 5.2 Energy Conservation as a Strategic Priority 217 5.2.1 Thinking behind Energy Conservation as a Strategic Priority 218 5.2.2 Focus Areas of Energy Conservation as Strategic Priority 219 5.2.3 Implementing Measures to Ensure Strategic Priority of Energy Efficiency 225 5.3 Electrification in Socioeconomic Development 228 5.3.1 Substitution of Electric Energy in Terminal Energy Consumption 228 5.3.2 Electrification in the Industrial Sector 231 5.3.3 Electrification in the Transport Sector 232 5.3.4 Electrification for Businesses and Urban Population 233 5.3.5 Rural Electrification 235 5.4 Development of Electric Vehicles 236 5.4.1 Important Implications of Electric Vehicle Development 237 5.4.2 Key Areas of Electric Vehicle Development 238 5.4.3 EV Energy Supply Model 241 5.4.4 Policies Supporting the Development of Electric Vehicles 244 6 Energy Market 247 6.1 Overview and Development Ideas in Respect of the Energy Market 247 6.1.1 Overview of Energy Market Development 248 6.1.2 Basic Thinking Behind Energy Marketisation 250 6.2 The Building of Coal Market 251 6.2.1 Management of Coal Market Order 251 6.2.2 Coal Market Trading 254 6.2.3 Regulation of the Coal Market 255 6.3 Establishment of an Electricity Market 257 6.3.1 Reform of International Electricity Market 258 6.3.2 The Principles for China’s Electricity Market Reform 261 6.3.3 Ideas on Building an Electricity Market System in China 263 6.3.4 The Tariff System and Building of Tariff Pricing Mechanism 267 6.4 Development of Pricing Mechanism for Oil and Gas 274 6.4.1 Reform of Pricing Mechanism for Refined Products 274 6.4.2 Natural Gas Pricing Reform 276 6.4.3 The Bargaining Power in International Oil and Gas Pricing 280 6.5 Regulation of Energy Markets 282 6.5.1 Building a Big Energy Regulatory Framework 282 6.5.2 The Thinking Behind Energy Market Regulation 285 6.5.3 Building Support System for Energy Market 287 7 Energy Early Warning and Emergency Response 289 7.1 Importance of Building Capacity for Energy Early Warning and Emergency Response 289 7.1.1 Risks Posed to Energy Security 289 7.1.2 Significance of Strengthening the Building of Energy Early Warning and Emergency Response 293 7.2 Energy Early Warning Mechanism 294 7.2.1 Focus of Energy Early Warning 295 7.2.2 Organisational Structure and Management System of Energy Early Warning 300 7.3 Energy Emergency Response System 302 7.3.1 Organisational and Management Structure of Energy Emergency Response 302 7.3.2 Emergency Response Programmes for Energy Emergencies 302 7.3.3 Supplies Reserves for Energy Emergency Response 303 7.3.4 Energy Emergency Response Publicity Campaign and Emergency Drills 305 7.3.5 Scientific Management of Energy Emergency Response 307 7.4 Energy Reserves 310 7.4.1 Present Situation of Energy Reserves in China 310 7.4.2 Experience in International Energy Reserves 312 7.4.3 The Thinking Behind Building Energy Reserves in China 314 8 Innovation in Energy Technology 321 8.1 The Situation of Energy Technology Innovation 321 8.1.1 Technology Innovations in International Energy Sector 321 8.1.2 The Situation of Energy Technology Innovation in China 324 8.2 Principles and Focuses of Energy Technology Innovation 327 8.2.1 The Fundamental Principle of Energy Technology Innovation 328 8.2.2 Focus Areas of Energy Technology Innovation 329 8.2.3 The Goal of Energy Technology Innovation 333 8.3 Development of System for Energy Technology Innovation 334 8.3.1 Integration of Resources of Energy Technology Innovation 334 8.3.2 Development of Mechanism for Energy Technology Innovation 335 8.3.3 Building Talent Team in Energy Technology Innovation 337 8.3.4 Innovation Strategy for Energy Technology 338 9 Ensuring Energy Sustainability 341 9.1 Energy Laws, Regulations and Policies 341 9.1.1 Establishment of a Legal Regime for Energy 341 9.1.2 Policy Guidance and Assurance 345 9.2 Establishment of an Energy Standards System 350 9.2.1 The Significance of Establishing an Energy Standards System 350 9.2.2 Formulation of Energy Standards 352 9.2.3 Bargaining Power over Development of International Energy Standards 354 9.3 Large Energy Groups 355 9.3.1 Significance of Developing Large Energy Groups 356 9.3.2 Supporting the Development of Large Energy Groups 361 9.3.3 Market Position of Large Energy Groups 366 9.3.4 Social Responsibilities of Large Energy Groups 368 References 371 Postscript 375 Index 379

Read more less

Book SynopsisBridging the knowledge gap between engineering and economics in a complex and evolving deregulated electricity industry, enabling readers to understand, operate, plan and design a modern power system, this book covers the basic modelling of electricity markets, including the impact of uncertainty. It draws out the parallels to the Nordpool market.Table of ContentsPreface xv Nomenclature xvii PART I INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMIC CONCEPTS 1 1 Introduction to Micro-economics 3 1.1 Economic Objectives 3 1.2 Introduction to Constrained Optimisation 5 1.3 Demand and Consumers’ Surplus 6 1.3.1 The Short-Run Decision of the Customer 7 1.3.2 The Value or Utility Function 7 1.3.3 The Demand Curve for a Price-Taking Customer Facing a Simple Price 7 1.4 Supply and Producers’ Surplus 10 1.4.1 The Cost Function 11 1.4.2 The Supply Curve for a Price-Taking Firm Facing a Simple Price 11 1.5 Achieving Optimal Short-Run Outcomes Using Competitive Markets 14 1.5.1 The Short-Run Welfare Maximum 14 1.5.2 An Autonomous Market Process 15 1.6 Smart Markets 17 1.6.1 Smart Markets and Generic Constraints 17 1.6.2 A Smart Market Process 18 1.7 Longer-Run Decisions by Producers and Consumers 20 1.7.1 Investment in Productive Capacity 20 1.8 Monopoly 22 1.8.1 The Dominant Firm – Competitive Fringe Structure 24 1.8.2 Monopoly and Price Regulation 25 1.9 Oligopoly 26 1.9.1 Cournot Oligopoly 27 1.9.2 Repeated Games 27 1.10 Summary 28 Questions 29 Further Reading 30 PART II INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY NETWORKS AND ELECTRICITY MARKETS 31 2 Introduction to Electric Power Systems 33 2.1 DC Circuit Concepts 33 2.1.1 Energy, Watts and Power 34 2.1.2 Losses 35 2.2 AC Circuit Concepts 36 2.3 Reactive Power 38 2.3.1 Mathematics of Reactive Power 40 2.3.2 Control of Reactive Power 42 2.3.3 Ohm’s Law on AC Circuits 43 2.3.4 Three-Phase Power 44 2.4 The Elements of an Electric Power System 45 2.5 Electricity Generation 46 2.5.1 The Key Characteristics of Electricity Generators 49 2.6 Electricity Transmission and Distribution Networks 52 2.6.1 Transmission Networks 54 2.6.2 Distribution Networks 57 2.6.3 Competition and Regulation 59 2.7 Physical Limits on Networks 60 2.7.1 Thermal Limits 61 2.7.2 Voltage Stability Limits 64 2.7.3 Dynamic and Transient Stability Limits 64 2.8 Electricity Consumption 66 2.9 Does it Make Sense to Distinguish Electricity Producers and Consumers? 67 2.9.1 The Service Provided by the Electric Power Industry 69 2.10 Summary 70 Questions 71 Further Reading 72 3 Electricity Industry Market Structure and Competition 73 3.1 Tasks Performed in an Efficient Electricity Industry 73 3.1.1 Short-Term Tasks 73 3.1.2 Risk-Management Tasks 75 3.1.3 Long-Term Tasks 75 3.2 Electricity Industry Reforms 76 3.2.1 Market-Orientated Reforms of the Late Twentieth Century 77 3.3 Approaches to Reform of the Electricity Industry 79 3.4 Other Key Roles in a Market-Orientated Electric Power System 81 3.5 An Overview of Liberalised Electricity Markets 82 3.6 An Overview of the Australian National Electricity Market 85 3.6.1 Assessment of the NEM 87 3.7 The Pros and Cons of Electricity Market Reform 88 3.8 Summary 89 Questions 90 Further Reading 90 PART III OPTIMAL DISPATCH: THE EFFICIENT USE OF GENERATION, CONSUMPTION AND NETWORK RESOURCES 91 4 Efficient Short-Term Operation of an Electricity Industry with no Network Constraints 93 4.1 The Cost of Generation 93 4.2 Simple Stylised Representation of a Generator 96 4.3 Optimal Dispatch of Generation with Inelastic Demand 97 4.3.1 Optimal Least Cost Dispatch of Generation Resources 98 4.3.2 Least Cost Dispatch for Generators with Constant Variable Cost 99 4.3.3 Example 101 4.4 Optimal Dispatch of Both Generation and Load Assets 102 4.5 Symmetry in the Treatment of Generation and Load 104 4.5.1 Symmetry Between Buyer-Owned Generators and Stand-Alone Generators 104 4.5.2 Symmetry Between Total Surplus Maximisation and Generation Cost Minimisation 105 4.6 The Benefit Function 105 4.7 Nonconvexities in Production: Minimum Operating Levels 106 4.8 Efficient Dispatch of Energy-Limited Resources 108 4.8.1 Example 109 4.9 Efficient Dispatch in the Presence of Ramp-Rate Constraints 110 4.9.1 Example 111 4.10 Startup Costs and the Unit-Commitment Decision 113 4.11 Summary 115 Questions 116 Further Reading 117 5 Achieving Efficient Use of Generation and Load Resources using a Market Mechanism in an Industry with no Network Constraints 119 5.1 Decentralisation, Competition and Market Mechanisms 119 5.2 Achieving Optimal Dispatch Through Competitive Bidding 121 5.3 Variation in Wholesale Market Design 123 5.3.1 Compulsory Gross Pool or Net Pool? 124 5.3.2 Single Price or Pay-as-Bid? 125 5.4 Day-Ahead Versus Real-Time Markets 126 5.4.1 Improving the Quality of Short-Term Price Forecasts 127 5.4.2 Reducing the Exercise of Market Power 129 5.5 Price Controls and Rationing 129 5.5.1 Inadequate Metering and Involuntary Load Shedding 131 5.6 Time-Varying Demand, the Load-Duration Curve and the Price-Duration Curve 133 5.7 Summary 135 Questions 137 Further Reading 137 6 Representing Network Constraints 139 6.1 Representing Networks Mathematically 139 6.2 Net Injections, Power Flows and the DC Load Flow Model 141 6.2.1 The DC Load Flow Model 144 6.3 The Matrix of Power Transfer Distribution Factors 145 6.3.1 Converting between Reference Nodes 146 6.4 Distribution Factors for Radial Networks 146 6.5 Constraint Equations and the Set of Feasible Injections 147 6.6 Summary 151 Questions 152 7 Efficient Dispatch of Generation and Consumption Resources in the Presence of Network Congestion 153 7.1 Optimal Dispatch with Network Constraints 153 7.1.1 Achieving Optimal Dispatch Using a Smart Market 155 7.2 Optimal Dispatch in a Radial Network 156 7.3 Optimal Dispatch in a Two-Node Network 157 7.4 Optimal Dispatch in a Three-Node Meshed Network 159 7.5 Optimal Dispatch in a Four-Node Network 161 7.6 Properties of Nodal Prices with a Single Binding Constraint 162 7.7 How Many Independent Nodal Prices Exist? 163 7.8 The Merchandising Surplus, Settlement Residues and the Congestion Rents 163 7.8.1 Merchandising Surplus and Congestion Rents 163 7.8.2 Settlement Residues 164 7.8.3 Merchandising Surplus in a Three-Node Network 165 7.9 Network Losses 166 7.9.1 Losses, Settlement Residues and Merchandising Surplus 167 7.9.2 Losses and Optimal Dispatch 168 7.10 Summary 169 Questions 170 Further Reading 170 8 Efficient Network Operation 171 8.1 Efficient Operation of DC Interconnectors 171 8.1.1 Entrepreneurial DC Network Operation 173 8.2 Optimal Network Switching 173 8.2.1 Network Switching and Network Contingencies 174 8.2.2 A Worked Example 174 8.2.3 Entrepreneurial Network Switching? 176 8.3 Summary 177 Questions 178 Further Reading 178 PART IV EFFICIENT INVESTMENT IN GENERATION AND CONSUMPTION ASSETS 179 9 Efficient Investment in Generation and Consumption Assets 181 9.1 The Optimal Generation Investment Problem 181 9.2 The Optimal Level of Generation Capacity with Downward Sloping Demand 183 9.2.1 The Case of Inelastic Demand 185 9.3 The Optimal Mix of Generation Capacity with Downward Sloping Demand 186 9.4 The Optimal Mix of Generation with Inelastic Demand 189 9.5 Screening Curve Analysis 191 9.5.1 Using Screening Curves to Assess the Impact of Increased Renewable Penetration 192 9.5.2 Generation Investment in the Presence of Network Constraints 193 9.6 Buyer-Side Investment 193 9.7 Summary 195 Questions 196 Further Reading 197 10 Market-Based Investment in Electricity Generation 199 10.1 Decentralised Generation Investment Decisions 199 10.2 Can We Trust Competitive Markets to Deliver an Efficient Level of Investment in Generation? 201 10.2.1 Episodes of High Prices as an Essential Part of an Energy-Only Market 201 10.2.2 The ‘Missing Money’ Problem 202 10.2.3 Energy-Only Markets and the Investment Boom–Bust Cycle 203 10.3 Price Caps, Reserve Margins and Capacity Payments 203 10.3.1 Reserve Requirements 204 10.3.2 Capacity Markets 205 10.4 Time-Averaging of Network Charges and Generation Investment 206 10.5 Summary 207 Questions 207 PART V HANDLING CONTINGENCIES: EFFICIENT DISPATCH IN THE VERY SHORT RUN 209 11 Efficient Operation of the Power System in the Very Short-Run 211 11.1 Introduction to Contingencies 211 11.2 Efficient Handling of Contingencies 212 11.3 Preventive and Corrective Actions 213 11.4 Satisfactory and Secure Operating States 215 11.5 Optimal Dispatch in the Very Short Run 216 11.6 Operating the Power System Ex Ante as though Certain Contingencies have Already Happened 218 11.7 Examples of Optimal Short-Run Dispatch 219 11.7.1 A Second Example, Ignoring Network Constraints 221 11.7.2 A Further Example with Network Constraints 222 11.8 Optimal Short-Run Dispatch Using a Competitive Market 223 11.8.1 A Simple Example 224 11.8.2 Optimal Short-Run Dispatch through Prices 227 11.8.3 Investment Incentives 228 11.9 Summary 229 Questions 230 Further Reading 230 12 Frequency-Based Dispatch of Balancing Services 231 12.1 The Intradispatch Interval Dispatch Mechanism 231 12.2 Frequency-Based Dispatch of Balancing Services 232 12.3 Implications of Ignoring Network Constraints when Handling Contingencies 233 12.3.1 The Feasible Set of Injections with a Frequency-Based IDIDM 235 12.4 Procurement of Frequency-Based Balancing Services 238 12.4.1 The Volume of Frequency Control Balancing Services Required 238 12.4.2 Procurement of Balancing Services 239 12.4.3 Allocating the Costs of Balancing Services 240 12.5 Summary 241 Questions 242 Further Reading 242 PART VI MANAGING RISK 243 13 Managing Intertemporal Price Risks 245 13.1 Introduction to Forward Markets and Standard Hedge Contracts 245 13.1.1 Instruments for Managing Risk: Swaps, Caps, Collars and Floors 246 13.1.2 Swaps 246 13.1.3 Caps 247 13.1.4 Floors 248 13.1.5 Collars (and Related Instruments) 249 13.2 The Construction of a Perfect Hedge: The Theory 249 13.2.1 The Design of a Perfect Hedge 250 13.3 The Construction of a Perfect Hedge: Specific Cases 252 13.3.1 Hedging by a Generator with no Cost Uncertainty 252 13.3.2 Hedging Cost-Shifting Risks 254 13.4 Hedging by Customers 256 13.4.1 Hedging by a Customer with a Constant Utility Function 257 13.4.2 Hedging Utility-Shifting Risks 258 13.5 The Role of the Trader 259 13.5.1 Risks Facing Individual Traders 261 13.6 Intertemporal Hedging and Generation Investment 263 13.7 Summary 264 Questions 265 14 Managing Interlocational Price Risk 267 14.1 The Role of the Merchandising Surplus in Facilitating Interlocational Hedging 267 14.1.1 Packaging the Merchandising Surplus in a Way that Facilitates Hedging 269 14.2 Interlocational Transmission Rights: CapFTRs 269 14.3 Interlocational Transmission Rights: Fixed-Volume FTRs 271 14.3.1 Revenue Adequacy 271 14.3.2 Are Fixed-Volume FTRs a Useful Hedging Instrument? 273 14.4 Interlocational Hedging and Transmission Investment 273 14.4.1 Infinitesimal Investment in Network Capacity 274 14.4.2 Lumpy Investment in Network Capacity 274 14.5 Summary 276 Questions 277 Further Reading 277 PART VII MARKET POWER 279 15 Market Power in Electricity Markets 281 15.1 An Introduction to Market Power in Electricity Markets 281 15.1.1 Definition of Market Power 281 15.1.2 Market Power in Electricity Markets 282 15.2 How Do Generators Exercise Market Power? Theory 284 15.2.1 The Price–Volume Trade-Off 284 15.2.2 The Profit-Maximising Choice of Rate of Production for a Generator with Market Power 286 15.2.3 The Profit-Maximising Offer Curve 287 15.3 How do Generators Exercise Market Power? Practice 289 15.3.1 Economic and Physical Withholding 289 15.3.2 Pricing Up and the Marginal Generator 291 15.4 The Incentive to Exercise Market Power: The Importance of the Residual Demand Curve 292 15.4.1 The Shape of the Residual Demand Curve 293 15.4.2 The Importance of Peak Versus Off-Peak for the Exercise of Market Power 293 15.4.3 Other Influences on the Shape of the Residual Demand Curve 295 15.5 The Incentive to Exercise Market Power: The Impact of the Hedge Position of a Generator 295 15.5.1 Short-Term Versus Long-Term Hedge Products and the Exercise of Market Power 297 15.5.2 Hedge Contracts and Market Power 297 15.6 The Exercise of Market Power by Loads and Vertical Integration 298 15.6.1 Vertical Integration 299 15.7 Is the Exercise of Market Power Necessary to Stimulate Generation Investment? 300 15.8 The Consequences of the Exercise of Market Power 301 15.8.1 Short-Run Efficiency Impacts of Market Power 301 15.8.2 Longer-Run Efficiency Impacts of Market Power 302 15.8.3 A Worked Example 302 15.9 Summary 304 Questions 306 Further Reading 306 16 Market Power and Network Congestion 307 16.1 The Exercise of Market Power by a Single Generator in a Radial Network 307 16.1.1 The Exercise of Market Power by a Single Generator in a Radial Network: The Theory 308 16.2 The Exercise of Market Power by a Single Generator in a Meshed Network 311 16.3 The Exercise of Market Power by a Portfolio of Generators 313 16.4 The Effect of Transmission Rights on Market Power 314 16.5 Summary 315 Questions 315 Further Reading 315 17 Detecting, Modelling and Mitigating Market Power 317 17.1 Approaches to Assessing Market Power 317 17.2 Detecting the Exercise of Market Power Through the Examination of Market Outcomes in the Past 318 17.2.1 Quantity-Withdrawal Studies 319 17.2.2 Price–Cost Margin Studies 321 17.3 Simple Indicators of Market Power 322 17.3.1 Market-Share-Based Measures and the HHI 322 17.3.2 The PSI and RSI Indicators 324 17.3.3 Variants of the PSI and RSI Indicators 326 17.3.4 Measuring the Elasticity of Residual Demand 328 17.4 Modelling of Market Power 330 17.4.1 Modelling of Market Power in Practice 331 17.4.2 Linearisation 332 17.5 Policies to Reduce Market Power 332 17.6 Summary 333 Questions 334 Further Reading 334 PART VIII NETWORK REGULATION AND INVESTMENT 335 18 Efficient Investment in Network Assets 337 18.1 Efficient AC Network Investment 337 18.2 Financial Implications of Network Investment 338 18.2.1 The Two-Node Graphical Representation 339 18.2.2 Financial Indicators of the Benefit of Network Expansion 341 18.3 Efficient Investment in a Radial Network 342 18.4 Efficient Investment in a Two-Node Network 344 18.4.1 Example 345 18.5 Coordination of Generation and Network Investment in Practice 348 18.6 Summary 350 Questions 351 Further Reading 351 PART IX CONTEMPORARY ISSUES 353 19 Regional Pricing and Its Problems 355 19.1 An Introduction to Regional Pricing 355 19.2 Regional Pricing Without Constrained-on and Constrained-off Payments 357 19.2.1 Short-Run Effects of Regional Pricing in a Simple Network 360 19.2.2 Effects of Regional Pricing on the Balance Sheet of the System Operator 361 19.2.3 Long-Run Effects of Regional Pricing on Investment 363 19.3 Regional Pricing with Constrained-on and Constrained-off Payments 364 19.4 Nodal Pricing for Generators/Regional Pricing for Consumers 367 19.4.1 Side Deals and Net Metering 367 19.5 Summary 369 Questions 370 Further Reading 370 20 The Smart Grid and Efficient Pricing of Distribution Networks 371 20.1 Efficient Pricing of Distribution Networks 371 20.1.1 The Smart Grid and Distribution Pricing 373 20.2 Decentralisation of the Dispatch Task 374 20.2.1 Decentralisation in Theory 374 20.3 Retail Tariff Structures and the Incentive to Misrepresent Local Production and Consumption 377 20.3.1 Incentives for Net Metering and the Effective Price 378 20.4 Incentives for Investment in Controllable Embedded Generation 380 20.4.1 Incentives for Investment in Intermittent Solar PV Embedded Generation 384 20.4.2 Retail Tariff Structures and the Death Spiral 385 20.4.3 An Illustration of the Death Spiral 386 20.5 Retail Tariff Structures 388 20.5.1 Retail Tariff Debates 389 20.6 Declining Demand for Network Services and Increasing Returns to Scale 390 20.7 Summary 393 Questions 395 References 397 Index 399

Read more less

Book SynopsisIntroduces a bold, new model for energy industry pollution prevention and sustainable growth Balancing industrial pollution prevention with economic growth is one of the knottiest problems faced by industry today. This book introduces a novel approach to using data envelopment analysis (DEA) as a powerful tool for achieving that balance in the energy industriesthe world's largest producers of greenhouse gases. It describes a rigorous framework that integrates elements of the social sciences, corporate strategy, regional economics, energy economics, and environmental policy, and delivers a methodology and a set of strategies for promoting green innovation while solving key managerial challenges to greenhouse gas reduction and business growth. In writing this book the authors have drawn upon their pioneering work and considerable experience in the field to develop an unconventional, holistic approach to using DEA to assess key aspects of sustainability developmentTable of ContentsPREFACE xv SECTION I DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS (DEA) 1 1 General Description 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Structure 4 1.3 Contributions in Sections I and II 10 1.4 Abbreviations and Nomenclature 13 1.4.1 Abbreviations Used in This Book 13 1.4.2 Nomenclature Used in This Book 18 1.4.3 Mathematical Concerns 23 1.5 Summary 24 2 Overview 25 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 What is DEA? 26 2.3 Remarks 33 2.4 Reformulation from Fractional Programming to Linear Programming 35 2.5 Reference Set 38 2.6 Example for Computational Description 39 2.7 Summary 44 3 History 45 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 O rigin of L1 Regression 46 3.3 O rigin of Goal Programming 50 3.4 Analytical Properties of L1 Regression 53 3.5 From L1 Regression to L2 Regression and Frontier Analysis 55 3.5.1 L2 Regression 55 3.5.2 L1-based Frontier Analyses 55 3.6 O rigin of DEA 59 3.7 Relationships between GP and DEA 61 3.8 Historical Progress From L1 Regression to DEA 64 3.9 Summary 64 4 Radial Measurement 67 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 Radial Models: Input-Oriented 70 4.2.1 Input-Oriented RM(v) under Variable RTS 70 4.2.2 Underlying Concept 72 4.2.3 Input-Oriented RM(c) under Constant RTS 74 4.3 Radial Models: Desirable Output-Oriented 75 4.3.1 Desirable Output-oriented RM(v) under Variable RTS 75 4.3.2 Desirable Output-oriented RM(c) under Constant RTS 77 4.4 Comparison Between Radial Models 79 4.4.1 Comparison Between Input-Oriented and Desirable Output‑Oriented Radial Models 79 4.4.2 Hybrid Radial Model: Modification 81 4.5 Multiplier Restriction and Cross-Reference Approaches 82 4.5.1 Multiplier Restriction Methods 82 4.5.2 Cone Ratio Method 84 4.5.3 Cross-reference Method 86 4.6 Cost Analysis 88 4.6.1 Cost Efficiency Measures 88 4.6.2 Type of Efficiency Measures in Production and Cost Analyses 89 4.6.3 Illustrative Example 91 4.7 Summary 94 5 Non-Radial Measurement 95 5.1 Introduction 95 5.2 Characterization and Classification on DMUs 97 5.3 Russell Measure 99 5.4 Additive Model 103 5.5 Range-Adjusted Measure 105 5.6 Slack-Adjusted Radial Measure 106 5.7 Slack-Based Measure 108 5.8 Methodological Comparison: An Illustrative Example 111 5.9 Summary 113 6 Desirable Properties 115 6.1 Introduction 115 6.2 Criteria For OE 117 6.3 Supplementary Discussion 119 6.4 Previous Studies on Desirable Properties 120 6.5 Standard Formulation for Radial and Non-Radial Models 122 6.6 Desirable Properties for DEA Models 126 6.6.1 Aggregation 126 6.6.2 Frontier Shift Measurability 128 6.6.3 Invariance to Alternate Optima 131 6.6.4 Formal Definitions on Other Desirable Properties 132 6.6.5 Efficiency Requirement 133 6.6.6 Homogeneity 134 6.6.7 Strict Monotonicity 136 6.6.8 Unique Projection for Efficiency Comparison 137 6.6.9 Unit Invariance 138 6.6.10 Translation Invariance 139 6.7 Summary 140 6.A Appendix 142 6.A.1 Proof of Proposition 6.1 142 6.A.2 Proof of Proposition 6.6 143 6.A.3 Proof of Proposition 6.7 145 6.A.4 Proof of Proposition 6.8 146 6.A.5 Proof of Proposition 6.10 147 6.A.6 Proof of Proposition 6.11 147 7 Strong Complementary Slackness Conditions 149 7.1 Introduction 149 7.2 Combination Between Primal and Dual Models for SCSCs 150 7.3 Three Illustrative Examples 154 7.3.1 First Example 155 7.3.2 Second Example 158 7.3.3 Third Example 161 7.4 Theoretical Implications of SCSCs 162 7.5 Guideline for Non-Radial Models 167 7.6 Summary 167 7.A Appendix 168 7.A.1 Proof of Proposition 7.1 168 7.A.2 Proof of Proposition 7.4 169 7.A.3 Proof of Proposition 7.6 170 8 Returns to Scale 173 8.1 Introduction 173 8.2 Underlying Concepts 174 8.3 Production-Based RTS Measurement 178 8.4 Cost-Based RTS Measurement 182 8.5 Scale Efficiencies and Scale Economies 185 8.6 Summary 188 9 Congestion 189 9.1 Introduction 189 9.2 An Illustrative Example 191 9.3 Fundamental Discussions 195 9.4 Supporting Hyperplane 200 9.4.1 Location of Supporting Hyperplane 200 9.4.2 Visual Description of Congestion and RTS 201 9.5 Congestion Identification 204 9.5.1 Slack Adjustment for Projection 204 9.5.2 Congestion Identification on Projected Point 206 9.6 Theoretical Linkage Between Congestion and RTS 207 9.7 Degree of Congestion 209 9.8 Economic Implications 211 9.9 Summary 212 10 Network Computing 215 10.1 Introduction 215 10.2 Network Computing Architecture 216 10.3 Network Computing for Multi-Stage Parallel Processes 218 10.3.1 Theoretical Preliminary 218 10.3.2 Computational Strategy for Network Computing 221 10.3.3 Network Computing in Multi-Stage Parallel Processes 221 10.4 Simulation Study 229 10.5 Summary 241 11 DEA-Discriminant Analysis 243 11.1 Introduction 243 11.2 Two MIP Approaches for DEA-DA 245 11.2.1 Standard MIP Approach 245 11.2.2 Two-stage MIP Approach 248 11.2.3 Differences between Two MIP Approaches 254 11.2.4 Differences between DEA and DEA-DA 255 11.3 Classifying Multiple Groups 255 11.4 Illustrative Examples 259 11.4.1 First Example 259 11.4.2 Second Example 259 11.5 Frontier Analysis 261 11.6 Summary 263 12 Literature Study for Section I 265 12.1 Introduction 265 12.2 Computer Codes 265 12.3 Pedagogical Linkage From Conventional Use to Environmental Assessment 268 References for Section I 270 SECTION II DEA ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 281 13 World Energy 283 13.1 Introduction 283 13.2 General Trend 284 13.3 Primary Energy 286 13.3.1 Fossil Fuel Energy 286 13.3.2 Non-fossil Energy 293 13.4 Secondary Energy (Electricity) 297 13.5 Petroleum Price and World Trade 299 13.6 Energy Economics 300 13.7 Summary 303 14 Environmental Protection 305 14.1 Introduction 305 14.2 European Union 306 14.2.1 General Description 306 14.2.2 Environmental Action Program 308 14.3 Japan 310 14.4 China 311 14.5 The United States of America 315 14.5.1 General Description 315 14.5.2 Regional Comparison between PJM and California ISO 317 14.5.3 Federal Regulation of PJM and California ISO 318 14.5.4 Local Regulation on PJM 319 14.5.5 Local Regulation on California ISO 320 14.6 Summary 322 15 Concepts 325 15.1 Introduction 325 15.2 Role of DEA in Measuring Unified Performance 327 15.3 Social Sustainability Versus Corporate Sustainability 331 15.3.1 Why Is Social Sustainability Important? 332 15.3.2 Why Is Corporate Sustainability Important? 333 15.4 Strategic Adaptation 336 15.5 Two Disposability Concepts 339 15.6 Unified Efficiency under Natural and Managerial Disposability 341 15.7 Difficulty in DEA Environmental Assessment 343 15.8 Undesirable Congestion and Desirable Congestion 345 15.9 Comparison With Previous Disposability Concepts 346 15.9.1 Weak and Strong Disposability 347 15.9.2 Null-joint Relationship (Assumption on “Byproducts”) 347 15.10 Summary 350 16 Non-Radial Approach for Unified Efficiency Measures 351 16.1 Introduction 351 16.2 Unified Efficiency 352 16.2.1 Formulation 352 16.2.2 Visual Implications of UE 357 16.3 Unified Efficiency under Natural Disposability 359 16.4 Unified Efficiency under Managerial Disposability 362 16.5 Properties of Non-Radial Approach 364 16.6 National and International Firms in the Petroleum Industry 366 16.6.1 Business Structure 366 16.6.2 National and International Oil Companies 367 16.6.3 UE Measures 367 16.6.4 UE Measures under Natural Disposability 369 16.6.5 UE Measures under Managerial Disposability 369 16.7 Summary 373 17 Radial Approach for Unified Efficiency Measures 375 17.1 Introduction 375 17.2 Unified Efficiency 376 17.3 Radial Unification between Desirable and Undesirable Outputs 378 17.4 Unified Efficiency under Natural Disposability 381 17.5 Unified Efficiency under Managerial Disposability 383 17.6 Coal-Fired Power Plants in the United States 385 17.6.1 ISO and RTO 385 17.6.2 Data 387 17.6.3 Unified Efficiency 388 17.6.4 Unified Efficiency under Natural Disposability 390 17.6.5 Unified Efficiency under Managerial Disposability 391 17.7 Summary 392 17.A Appendix 393 18 Scale Efficiency 395 18.1 Introduction 395 18.2 Scale Efficiency under Natural Disposability: Non-Radial Approach 396 18.3 Scale Efficiency under Managerial Disposability: Non-Radial Approach 399 18.4 Scale Efficiency under Natural Disposability: Radial Approach 401 18.5 Scale Efficiency under Managerial Disposability: Radial Approach 403 18.6 United States Coal-Fired Power Plants 404 18.6.1 The Clean Air Act 404 18.6.2 Production Factors 406 18.6.3 Research Concerns 407 18.6.4 Unified Efficiency Measures of Power Plants 410 18.6.5 Mean Tests 410 18.7 Summary 414 19 Measurement in a Time Horizon 417 19.1 Introduction 417 19.2 Malmquist Index 418 19.3 Frontier Shift in Time Horizon 419 19.3.1 No Occurrence of Frontier Crossover 419 19.3.2 Occurrence of Frontier Crossover 422 19.4 Formulations for Natural Disposability 424 19.4.1 No Occurrence of Frontier Crossover 425 19.4.2 Occurrence of Frontier Crossover 428 19.5 Formulations under Managerial Disposability 430 19.5.1 No Occurrence of Frontier Crossover 430 19.5.2 Occurrence of Frontier Crossover 432 19.6 Energy Mix of Industrial Nations 435 19.7 Summary 437 19.A Appendix 440 20 Returns to Scale and Damages to Scale 443 20.1 Introduction 443 20.2 Underlying Concepts 444 20.2.1 Scale Elasticity 444 20.2.2 Differences Between RTS and DTS 445 20.3 Non-Radial Approach 447 20.3.1 Scale Economies and RTS under Natural Disposability 447 20.3.2 Scale Damages and DTS under Managerial Disposability 450 20.4 Radial Approach 451 20.4.1 Scale Economies and RTS under Natural Disposability 451 20.4.2 Scale Damages and DTS under Managerial Disposability 454 20.5 Japanese Chemical and Pharmaceutical Firms 455 20.6 Summary 461 21 Desirable and Undesirable Congestions 463 21.1 Introduction 463 21.2 UC and DC 464 21.3 Unified Efficiency and UC under Natural Disposability 469 21.4 Unified Efficiency and DC under Managerial Disposability 473 21.5 Coal-Fired Power Plants in United States 476 21.5.1 Data 476 21.5.2 Occurrence of Congestion 477 21.6 Summary 477 22 Marginal Rate of Transformation and Rate of Substitution 483 22.1 Introduction 483 22.2 Concepts 485 22.2.1 Desirable Congestion 485 22.2.2 MRT and RSU 485 22.3 A Possible Occurrence of DC 489 22.4 Measurement of MRT and RSU Under DC 491 22.5 Multiplier Restriction 492 22.6 Explorative Analysis 493 22.7 International Comparison 495 22.8 Summary 503 23 Returns to Damage and Damages to Return 505 23.1 Introduction 505 23.2 Congestion, RTD and DTR 506 23.2.1 UC and DC 506 23.2.2 RTD under UC 508 23.2.3 DTR under DC 510 23.2.4 Possible Occurrence of UC and DC 511 23.3 Congestion Identification under Natural Disposability 512 23.3.1 Possible Occurrence of UC 512 23.3.2 RTD Measurement under the Possible Occurrence of UC 516 23.4 Congestion Identification under Managerial Disposability 519 23.4.1 Possible Occurrence of DC 519 23.4.2 DTR Measurement under the Possible Occurrence of DC 522 23.5 Energy and Social Sustainability In China 524 23.5.1 Data and Empirical Results 524 23.6 Summary 534 24 Disposability Unification 537 24.1 Introduction 537 24.2 Unification between Disposability Concepts 538 24.3 Non-Radial Approach for Disposability Unification 540 24.4 Radial Approach for Disposability Unification 545 24.5 Computational Flow for Disposability Unification 549 24.6 US Petroleum Industry 551 24.6.1 Data 551 24.6.2 Unified Efficiency Measures 554 24.6.3 Scale Efficiency 557 24.7 Summary 558 25 Common Multipliers 561 25.1 Introduction 561 25.2 Computational Framework 564 25.3 Data Envelopment Analysis–Discriminant Analysis 564 25.4 Rank Sum Test 571 25.5 Japanese Electric Power Industry 571 25.5.1 Underlying Concepts 571 25.5.2 Empirical Results 573 25.6 Summary 580 26 Property of Translation Invariance to Handle Zero and Negative Values 581 26.1 Introduction 581 26.2 Translation Invariance 582 26.3 Assessment in Time Horizon 585 26.3.1 Formulations under Natural Disposability 585 26.3.2 Formulations under Managerial Disposability 588 26.3.3 Efficiency Growth 588 26.4 Efficiency Measurement for Fuel Mix Strategy 590 26.4.1 Unified Efficiency Measures 591 26.4.2 Fuel Mix Strategy 595 26.5 Summary 598 27 Handling Zero and Negative Values in Radial Measurement 601 27.1 Introduction 601 27.2 Disaggregation 602 27.3 Unified Efficiency Measurement 603 27.3.1 Conceptual Review of Disposability Unification 603 27.3.2 Unified Efficiency under Natural Disposability with Disaggregation 606 27.3.3 Unified Efficiency under Managerial Disposability with Disaggregation 607 27.4 Possible Occurrence of Desirable Congestion 609 27.4.1 Unified Efficiency under Natural and Managerial Disposability 609 27.4.2 UENM with Desirable Congestion 610 27.4.3 Investment Rule 613 27.4.4 Computation Summary 614 27.5 United States Industrial Sectors 615 27.6 Summary 622 28 Literature Study for DEA Environmental Assessment 625 28.1 Introduction 625 28.2 Applications in Energy and Environment 626 28.3 Energy 628 28.3.1 Electricity 628 28.3.2 Oil, Coal, Gas and Heat 631 28.3.3 Renewable Energies 633 28.4 Energy Efficiency 634 28.5 Environment 637 28.6 Other Applications 639 28.7 Summary 640 References for Section II 641 INDEX 685

Read more less

Book SynopsisA real-world guide for adapting to the new energy era The Energy Disruption Triangle is a treatise on the energy revolution's real-world impacts, and a handbook for anyone looking to weather the storm. Three major technologies are already changing the energy paradigm: solar energy, electric vehicles, and energy storage. As technology continues to evolve and become more accessible to the masses, the nation's energy habits will experience a dramatic upheaval; this book provides actionable guidance to help you adapt. We are already in the beginning stages of this black swan event, and most people don't know what's comingbut it will come much sooner and much faster than anyone thinks. This book reveals the revolution happening right before our eyes, and shows you how to thrive in this new era. Learn how our energy suppliesand usageare changingUnderstand why energy storage matters, and how the technology is evolvingExplore the history and future of groundbreaking energy technologiesDeTable of ContentsForeword xiii Introduction xix Acknowledgments xxxiii About the Author xxxv Section 1 The US Solar Build Out: Disrupting Energy Supplies 1 Chapter 1 The History of Solar Energy 3 Chapter 2 The Workings of a Modern Solar Energy System 18 Chapter 3 Is a Solar System Right for You? 31 Chapter 4 Utility-Scale Solar Takes Off 51 Chapter 5 What’s Ahead for Solar Energy 69 Section 2 Electric Vehicles: Disrupting Transportation 95 Chapter 6 The History of Electric Vehicles 97 Chapter 7 Henney’s Kilowatt and GM’s EV1: Ahead of their Time 118 Chapter 8 The Vision of Elon Musk 127 Chapter 9 Everybody into the EV Pool 159 Chapter 10 EVS and Stranded Oil (Peak Demand is Here) 188 Section 3 Cheap Battery Storage: The Biggest Energy Disruptor 199 Chapter 11 The Rise of Energy Storage 201 Chapter 12 Energy Storage Technologies 210 Chapter 13 Why Cheap Energy Storage Matters 221 Chapter 14 Disrupting the US Energy Supply 233 Chapter 15 Say Goodbye to Conventional Power Plants 244 Chapter 16 EVS as an Energy Source 262 Chapter 17 Greenhouse Gases Disappear 273 Chapter 18 Getting to Net Zero: US Energy Independence 285 Chapter 19 Energy 2118: A Look Ahead 298 Glossary 313 Index 321

Read more less

Book SynopsisCoal accounts for approximately one quarter of world energy consumption and of the coal produced worldwide approximately 65% is shipped to electricity producers and 33% to industrial consumers, with most of the remainder going to consumers in the residential and commercial sectors. The total share of total world energy consumption by coal is expected to increase to almost 30% in 2035. This book describes the challenges and steps by which electricity is produced form coal and deals with the challenges for removing the environmental objections to the use of coal in future power plants. New technologies are described that could virtually eliminate the sulfur, nitrogen, and mercury pollutants that are released when coal is burned for electricity generation. In addition, technologies for the capture greenhouse gases emitted from coal-fired power plants are described and the means of preventing such emissions from contributing to global warming concerns. Written by one of thTable of ContentsPreface xvii Part I: Origin and Properties 1 1 History, Occurrence, and Resources 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Origin of Coal 8 1.3 Occurrence 12 1.4 Coal Utilization and Coal Types 14 1.5 Resources 22 1.6 Reserves 26 1.7 Energy Independence 31 References 33 2 Classification 37 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Nomenclature of Coal 39 2.3 Classification Systems 43 2.4 Coal Petrography 59 2.5 Correlation of the Various Systems 62 References 65 3 Recovery, Preparation, and Transportation 67 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Coal Recovery 69 3.3 Coal Preparation 78 3.4 Size Reduction 87 3.5 Coal Cleaning 92 3.6 Coal Drying 98 3.7 Desulfurization 104 3.8 Transportation 105 References 109 4 Storage 113 4.1 Introduction 113 4.2 Stockpiling 115 4.4 Spontaneous Ignition 124 4.5 Mechanism of Spontaneous Ignition 134 4.6 Preventing Spontaneous Ignition 137 References 138 5 General Properties 143 5.1 Introduction 143 5.2 Sampling 149 5.3 Proximate Analysis 154 5.4 Ultimate Analysis 167 5.5 Calorific Value 174 5.6 Reporting Coal Analyses 176 References 180 6 Physical, Mechanical, Thermal, and Electrical Properties 187 6.1 Introduction 187 6.2 Physical Properties 190 6.3 Mechanical Properties 200 6.4 Thermal Properties 207 6.5 Electrical Properties 214 6.6 Epilog 217 References 217 Part II: Power Generation 223 7 Combustion 225 7.1 Introduction 225 7.2 General Aspects 230 7.3 Chemistry and Physics 232 7.4 Catalytic Combustion 249 7.5 Fuels 249 References 269 8 Combustion Systems 275 8.1 Introduction 275 8.2 Combustion Systems 278 8.3 Fuel Feeders 303 References 304 9 Gasification 307 9.1 Introduction 307 9.2 General Aspects 309 9.3 Chemistry and Physics 325 9.4 Catalytic Gasification 334 9.5 Plasma Gasification 335 9.6 Gaseous Products 336 9.7 Underground Gasification 341 References 344 10 Gasification Systems 349 10.1 Introduction 349 10.2 Gasifier Types 352 10.3 Fixed-Bed Processes 358 10.4 Fluidized-Bed Processes 367 10.5 Entrained-Bed Processes 381 10.6 Molten Salt Processes 386 10.7 Other Designs 390 10.8 Gasifier-Feedstock Compatibility 396 10.8.7 Propensity for Char Formation 400 10.8.8 Mineral Matter Content 400 10.8.9 Ash Yield 400 10.9 Energy Balance and Other Design Options 401 10.10 Underground Gasification 402 References 406 11 Electric Power Generation 409 11.1 Introduction 409 11.2 Electricity From Coal 412 11.3 Steam Generation 415 11.4 Control of Emissions 425 11.5 Power Plant Efficiency 428 11.6 Combined Cycle Generation 432 References 435 12 Gas Cleaning 437 12.1 Introduction 437 12.2 General Aspects 437 12.3 Air Pollution Control Devices 445 12.4 Particulate Matter Removal 449 12.5 Acid Gas Removal 458 12.6 Removal of Sulfur-Containing Gases 462 12.7 Removal of Nitrogen-Containing Gases 465 12.8 Environmental Legislation 467 References 469 13 Clean Coal Technologies for Power Generation 473 13.1 Introduction 473 13.2 Historical Perspectives 480 13.3 Modern Perspectives 481 13.4 Clean Coal Technology 483 13.5 Managing Wastes from Coal Use 504 13.6 Carbon Dioxide Capture and Sequestration 506 References 514 14 Environmental Issues 519 14.1 Introduction 519 14.2 Coal Preparation 521 14.3 Transportation and Storage 523 14.4 Combustion 525 14.5 Gasification 532 14.6 Power Plant Waste 536 14.7 The Future 553 References 556 Part III: Alternative Feedstocks and Energy Security 559 15 Alternate Feedstocks 561 15.1 Introduction 561 15.2 Viscous Feedstocks 562 15.3 Biomass 575 15.4 Waste 605 References 610 16 Combustion of Alternate Feedstocks 613 16.1 Introduction 613 16.2 Viscous Feedstocks 615 16.3 Biomass 619 16.4 Solid Waste 632 References 638 17 Gasification of Alternate Feedstocks 641 17.1 Introduction 641 17.2 Viscous Feedstocks 643 17.3 Biomass 651 17.4 Solid Waste 656 17.5 Process Products 667 References 673 18 Coal and Energy Security 679 18.1 Introduction 679 18.2 Energy Security 683 18.3 The Future of Coal 687 18.4 Sustainable Development 694 References 701 Conversion Factors 705 Glossary 709 Index 753 About the Author 759

Read more less

Book SynopsisExplains the mechanisms governing flow-induced vibrations and helps engineers prevent fatigueand fretting-weardamageatthe designstage Fatigue orfretting-wear damagein processand plantequipment caused by flow-induced vibrationcan lead tooperational disruptions, lost production, andexpensiverepairs.Mechanical engineers can helppreventor mitigatethese problemsduringthe designphase of high capital cost plants such as nuclear power stations and petroleum refineries by performing thorough flow-induced vibration analysis.Accordingly, it is critical for mechanical engineers to have a firmunderstanding of the dynamic parameters and the vibration excitation mechanisms that govern flow-induced vibration. Flow-Induced Vibration Handbook for Nuclear and Process Equipmentprovides the knowledge required to prevent failures due to flow-induced vibration at the design stage. The product of more than 40 years of research and development at the Canadian Nuclear LaboratoriesTable of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xvii Contributors xix 1 Introduction and Typical Vibration Problems 1 Michel J. Pettigrew 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Some Typical Component Failures 2 1.3 Dynamics of Process System Components 9 1.3.1 Multi-Span Heat Exchanger Tubes 9 1.3.2 Other Nuclear and Process Components 10 Notes 10 References 10 2 Flow-Induced Vibration of Nuclear and Process Equipment: An Overview 13 Michel J. Pettigrew and Colette E. Taylor 2.1 Introduction 13 2.1.1 Flow-Induced Vibration Overview 13 2.1.2 Scope of a Vibration Analysis 14 2.2 Flow Calculations 14 2.2.1 Flow Parameter Definition 14 2.2.2 Simple Flow Path Approach 15 2.2.3 Comprehensive 3-D Approach 16 2.2.4 Two-Phase Flow Regime 18 2.3 Dynamic Parameters 18 2.3.1 Hydrodynamic Mass 18 2.3.2 Damping 19 2.4 Vibration Excitation Mechanisms 25 2.4.1 Fluidelastic Instability 25 2.4.2 Random Turbulence Excitation 27 2.4.3 Periodic Wake Shedding 31 2.4.4 Acoustic Resonance 34 2.4.5 Susceptibility to Resonance 35 2.5 Vibration Response Prediction 36 2.5.1 Fluidelastic Instability 37 2.5.2 Random Turbulence Excitation 38 2.5.3 Periodic Wake Shedding 38 2.5.4 Acoustic Resonance 38 2.5.5 Example of Vibration Analysis 38 2.6 Fretting-Wear Damage Considerations 40 2.6.1 Fretting-Wear Assessment 40 2.6.2 Fretting-Wear Coefficients 41 2.6.3 Wear Depth Calculations 42 2.7 Acceptance Criteria 42 2.7.1 Fluidelastic Instability 42 2.7.2 Random Turbulence Excitation 43 2.7.3 Periodic Wake Shedding 43 2.7.4 Tube-to-Support Clearance 43 2.7.5 Acoustic Resonance 43 2.7.6 Two-Phase Flow Regimes 43 Note 43 References 44 3 Flow Considerations 47 John M. Pietralik, Liberat N. Carlucci, Colette E. Taylor, and Michel J. Pettigrew 3.1 Definition of the Problem 47 3.2 Nature of the Flow 48 3.2.1 Introduction 48 3.2.2 Flow Parameter Definitions 50 3.2.3 Vertical Bubbly Flow 54 3.2.4 Flow Around Bluff Bodies 55 3.2.5 Shell-Side Flow in Tube Bundles 56 3.2.6 Air-Water versus Steam-Water Flows 63 3.2.7 Effect of Nucleate Boiling Noise 63 3.2.8 Summary 67 3.3 Simplified Flow Calculation 67 3.4 Multi-Dimensional Thermalhydraulic Analysis 74 3.4.1 Steam Generator 74 3.4.2 Other Heat Exchangers 78 Acronyms 81 Nomenclature 81 Subscripts 82 Notes 83 References 83 4 Hydrodynamic Mass, Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes 87 Daniel J. Gorman, Colette E. Taylor, and Michel J. Pettigrew 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Total Tube Mass 88 4.2.1 Single-Phase Flow 89 4.2.2 Two-Phase Flow 90 4.3 Free Vibration Analysis of Straight Tubes 93 4.3.1 Free Vibration Analysis of a Single-Span Tube 94 4.3.2 Free Vibration Analysis of a Two-Span Tube 97 4.3.3 Free Vibration Analysis of a Multi-Span Tube 99 4.4 Basic Theory for Curved Tubes 100 4.4.1 Theory of Curved Tube In-Plane Free Vibration 102 4.4.2 Theory of Curved Tube Out-of-Plane Free Vibration 104 4.5 Free Vibration Analysis of U-Tubes 105 4.5.1 Setting Boundary Conditions for the In-Plane Free Vibration Analysis of U-Tubes Possessing Geometric Symmetry 106 4.5.2 Development of the In-Plane Eigenvalue Matrix for a Symmetric U-Tube 109 4.5.3 Generation of Eigenvalue Matrices for Out-of-Plane Free Vibration Analysis of U-Tubes Possessing Geometric Symmetry 109 4.5.4 Free Vibration Analysis of U-Tubes Which Do Not Possess Geometric Similarity 112 4.6 Concluding Remarks 114 Nomenclature 115 References 116 5 Damping of Cylindrical Structures in Single-Phase Fluids 119 Michel J. Pettigrew 5.1 Introduction 119 5.2 Energy Dissipation Mechanisms 119 5.3 Approach 123 5.4 Damping in Gases 124 5.4.1 Effect of Number of Supports 127 5.4.2 Effect of Frequency 128 5.4.3 Vibration Amplitude 128 5.4.4 Effect of Diameter or Mass 128 5.4.5 Effect of Side Loads 128 5.4.6 Effect of Higher Modes 129 5.4.7 Effect of Support Thickness 129 5.4.8 Effect of Clearance 132 5.5 Design Recommendations for Damping in Gases 132 5.6 Damping in Liquids 133 5.6.1 Tube-to-Fluid Viscous Damping 133 5.6.2 Damping at the Supports 136 5.6.3 Squeeze-Film Damping 138 5.6.4 Damping due to Sliding 141 5.6.5 Semi-Empirical Formulation of Tube-Support Damping 143 5.7 Discussion 147 5.8 Design Recommendations for Damping in Liquids 148 5.8.1 Simple Criterion Based on Available Data 148 5.8.2 Criterion Based on the Formulation of Energy Dissipation Mechanisms 148 Nomenclature 149 Subscripts 150 References 151 6 Damping of Cylindrical Structures in Two-Phase Flow 155 Michel J. Pettigrew and Colette E. Taylor 6.1 Introduction 155 6.2 Sources of Information 155 6.3 Approach 157 6.4 Two-Phase Flow Conditions 158 6.4.1 Definition of Two-Phase Flow Parameters 158 6.4.2 Flow Regime 161 6.5 Parametric Dependence Study 162 6.5.1 Effect of Flow Velocity 163 6.5.2 Effect of Void Fraction 163 6.5.3 Effect of Confinement 168 6.5.4 Effect of Tube Mass 168 6.5.5 Effect of Tube Vibration Frequency 168 6.5.6 Effect of Tube Bundle Configuration 169 6.5.7 Effect of Motion of Surrounding Tubes 169 6.5.8 Effect of Flow Regime 170 6.5.9 Effect of Fluid Properties 171 6.6 Development of Design Guidelines 172 6.7 Discussion 177 6.7.1 Damping Formulation 177 6.7.2 Two-Phase Damping Mechanisms 177 6.8 Summary Remarks 178 Nomenclature 178 Subscripts 179 Note 179 References 180 7 Fluidelastic Instability of Tube Bundles in Single-Phase Flow 183 Michel J. Pettigrew and Colette E. Taylor 7.1 Introduction 183 7.2 Nature of Fluidelastic Instability 183 7.3 Fluidelastic Instability: Analytical Modelling 185 7.4 Fluidelastic Instability: Semi-Empirical Models 186 7.5 Approach 191 7.6 Important Definitions 191 7.6.1 Tube Bundle Configurations 191 7.6.2 Flow Velocity Definition 191 7.6.3 Critical Velocity for Fluidelastic Instability 196 7.6.4 Damping 197 7.6.5 Tube Frequency 198 7.7 Parametric Dependence Study 198 7.7.1 Flexible versus Rigid Tube Bundles 198 7.7.2 Damping 201 7.7.3 Pitch-to-Diameter Ratio, P/D 201 7.7.4 Fluidelastic Instability Formulation 204 7.8 Development of Design Guidelines 206 7.9 In-Plane Fluidelastic Instability 209 7.10 Axial Flow Fluidelastic Instability 212 7.11 Concluding Remarks 213 Nomenclature 214 Subscript 214 References 215 8 Fluidelastic Instability of Tube Bundles in Two-Phase Flow 219 Michel J. Pettigrew and Colette E. Taylor 8.1 Introduction 219 8.2 Previous Research 219 8.2.1 Flow-Induced Vibration in Two-Phase Axial Flow 220 8.2.2 Flow-Induced Vibration in Two-Phase Cross Flow 221 8.2.3 Damping Studies 221 8.3 Fluidelastic Instability Mechanisms in Two-Phase Cross Flow 221 8.4 Fluidelastic Instability Experiments in Air-Water Cross Flow 224 8.4.1 Initial Experiments in Air-Water Cross Flow 224 8.4.2 Behavior in Intermittent Flow 227 8.4.3 Effect of Bundle Geometry 229 8.4.4 Flexible versus Rigid Tube Bundle Behavior 230 8.4.5 Hydrodynamic Coupling 232 8.5 Analysis of the Fluidelastic Instability Results 234 8.5.1 Defining Critical Mass Flux and Instability Constant 234 8.5.2 Comparison with Results of Other Researchers 235 8.5.3 Summary of Air-Water Tests 238 8.6 Tube Bundle Vibration in Two-Phase Freon Cross Flow 239 8.6.1 Introductory Remarks 239 8.6.2 Background Information 240 8.6.3 Experiments in Freon Cross Flow 240 8.7 Freon Test Results and Discussion 244 8.7.1 Results and Analysis 244 8.7.2 Proposed Explanations 247 8.7.3 Concluding Remarks 247 8.7.4 Summary Findings 249 8.8 Fluidelastic Instability of U-Tubes in Air-Water Cross Flow 250 8.8.1 Experimental Considerations 250 8.8.2 U-Tube Dynamics 251 8.8.3 Vibration Response 251 8.8.4 Out-of-Plane Vibration 251 8.8.5 In-Plane Vibration 254 8.9 In-Plane (In-Flow) Fluidelastic Instability 255 8.9.1 In-Flow Experiments in a Wind Tunnel 255 8.9.2 In-Flow Experiments in Two-Phase Cross Flow 255 8.9.3 Single-Tube Fluidelastic Instability Results 256 8.9.4 Single Flexible Column and Central Cluster Fluidelastic Instability Results 258 8.9.5 Two Partially Flexible Columns 258 8.9.6 In-Flow Fluidelastic Instability Results and Discussion 261 8.10 Design Recommendations 261 8.10.1 Design Guidelines 261 8.10.2 Fluidelastic Instability with Intermittent Flow 263 8.11 Fluidelastic Instability in Two-Phase Axial Flow 264 8.12 Concluding Remarks 265 Nomenclature 265 Subscripts 266 Note 266 References 266 9 Random Turbulence Excitation in Single-Phase Flow 271 Colette E. Taylor and Michel J. Pettigrew 9.1 Introduction 271 9.2 Theoretical Background 271 9.2.1 Equation of Motion 272 9.2.2 Derivation of the Mean-Square Response 273 9.2.3 Simplification of Tube Vibration Response 274 9.2.4 Integration of the Transfer Function 275 9.2.5 Use of the Simplified Expression in Developing Design Guidelines 275 9.3 Literature Search 277 9.4 Approach Taken 277 9.5 Discussion of Parameters 279 9.5.1 Directional Dependence (Lift versus Drag) 279 9.5.2 Bundle Orientation 279 9.5.3 Pitch-to-Diameter Ratio (P/D) 279 9.5.4 Upstream Turbulence 280 9.5.5 Fluid Density (Gas versus Liquid) 283 9.5.6 Summary 283 9.6 Design Guidelines 284 9.7 Random Turbulence Excitation in Axial Flow 287 Nomenclature 287 References 288 10 Random Turbulence Excitation Forces Due to Two-Phase Flow 291 Colette E. Taylor and Michel J. Pettigrew 10.1 Introduction 291 10.2 Background 291 10.3 Approach Taken to Data Reduction 295 10.4 Scaling Factor for Frequency 296 10.4.1 Definition of a Velocity Scale 297 10.4.2 Definition of a Length Scale 298 10.4.3 Dimensionless Reduced Frequency 301 10.4.4 Effect of Frequency 301 10.5 Scaling Factor for Power Spectral Density 302 10.5.1 Effect of Flow Regime 302 10.5.2 Effect of Void Fraction 304 10.5.3 Effect of Mass Flux 306 10.5.4 Effect of Tube Diameter 306 10.5.5 Effect of Correlation Length 306 10.5.6 Effect of Bundle and Tube-Support Geometry 307 10.5.7 Effect of Two-Phase Mixture 308 10.5.8 Effect of Nucleate Boiling 310 10.6 Dimensionless Power Spectral Density 311 10.7 Upper Bounds for Two-Phase Cross Flow Dimensionless Spectra 314 10.7.1 Bubbly Flow 314 10.7.2 Churn Flow 315 10.7.3 Intermittent Flow 316 10.8 Axial Flow Random Turbulence Excitation 318 10.9 Conclusions 323 Nomenclature 324 References 325 11 Periodic Wake Shedding and Acoustic Resonance 329 David S. Weaver, Colette E. Taylor, and Michel J. Pettigrew 11.1 Introduction 329 11.2 Periodic Wake Shedding 332 11.2.1 Frequency: Strouhal Number 332 11.2.2 Calculating Tube Resonance Amplitudes 335 11.2.3 Fluctuating Force Coefficients in Single-Phase Flow 336 11.2.4 Fluctuating Force Coefficients in Two-Phase Flow 338 11.2.5 The Effect of Bundle Orientation and P/D on Fluctuating Force Coefficients 346 11.2.6 The Effect of Void Fraction and Flow Regime on Fluctuating Force Coefficients 347 11.3 Acoustic Resonance 354 11.3.1 Acoustic Natural Frequencies 354 11.3.2 Equivalent Speed of Sound 355 11.3.3 Acoustic Natural Frequencies (fa)n 356 11.3.4 Frequency Coincidence — Critical Velocities 356 11.3.5 Damping Criteria 358 11.3.6 Sound Pressure Level 361 11.3.7 Elimination of Acoustic Resonance 364 11.4 Conclusions and Recommendations 366 Nomenclature 367 References 369 12 Assessment of Fretting-Wear Damage in Nuclear and Process Equipment 373 Michel J. Pettigrew, Metin Yetisir, Nigel J. Fisher, Bruce A.W. Smith, and Victor P. Janzen 12.1 Introduction 373 12.2 Dynamic Characteristics of Nuclear Structures and Process Equipment 374 12.2.1 Heat Exchangers 374 12.2.2 Nuclear Structures 375 12.3 Fretting-Wear Damage Prediction 376 12.3.1 Time-Domain Approach 376 12.3.2 Energy Approach 380 12.4 Work-Rate Relationships 380 12.4.1 Shear Work Rate and Mechanical Power 380 12.4.2 Vibration Energy Relationship 381 12.4.3 Single Degree-of-Freedom System 381 12.4.4 Multi-Span Beams Under Harmonic Excitation 382 12.4.5 Response to Random Excitation 382 12.4.6 Work-Rate Estimate: Summary 384 12.5 Experimental Verification 384 12.6 Comparison to Time Domain Approach 385 12.7 Practical Applications: Examples 386 12.8 Concluding Remarks 392 Nomenclature 392 Note 393 References 394 13 Fretting-Wear Damage Coefficients 397 Nigel J. Fisher and Fabrice M. Guérout 13.1 Introduction 397 13.2 Fretting-Wear Damage Mechanisms 397 13.2.1 Impact Fretting Wear 397 13.2.2 Trends 398 13.2.3 Work-Rate Model 402 13.3 Experimental Considerations 404 13.3.1 Experimental Studies 404 13.3.2 Room-Temperature Test Data 404 13.3.3 High-Temperature Experimental Facility 407 13.3.4 Wear Volume Measurements 409 13.4 Fretting Wear of Zirconium Alloys 409 13.4.1 Introduction 409 13.4.2 Experimental Set-Up 410 13.4.3 Effect of Vibration Amplitude and Motion Type 412 13.4.4 Effect of Pressure-Tube Pre-Oxidation and Surface Preparation 412 13.4.5 Effect of Temperature 412 13.4.6 Effect of pH Control Additive and Dissolved Oxygen Content 413 13.4.7 Discussions 414 13.5 Fretting Wear of Heat Exchanger Materials 417 13.5.1 Work-Rate Model and Wear Coefficient 417 13.5.2 Effect of Test Duration 419 13.5.3 Effect of Temperature 422 13.5.4 Effect of Water Chemistry 424 13.5.5 Effect of Tube-Support Geometry and Tube Materials 426 13.5.6 Discussion 427 13.6 Summary and Recommendations 429 Nomenclature 429 Notes 429 References 430 Component Analysis 433 Introduction 433 Analysis of a Process Heat Exchanger 435 Analysis of a Nuclear Steam Generator U-Bend 445 Subject Index 463

Read more less

Book SynopsisExplains that the truth behind increasingly volatile oil market is that over the years oil prices have come untethered from all classical notions of supply and demand and have transcended any country's, consortium's, cartel's, or corporate entity's powers to control them.Table of ContentsForeword xiii Preface xv Quick Reference Guide xix List of Figures xxiii List of Tables xxvii List of Boxes xxix 1 TheWorld Crude Oil Paradoxes 1 2 The Market Events from 2008 to 2011 7 World Energy Policy 8 The Financial Crisis and the Oil Market 10 Fundamentals or Financial Speculation? 17 Demand/Supply of Gasoline and Gasoil 21 WTI – Brent Differential 24 3 Evolution of the Price of Crude Oil from the 1960s up to 1999 29 1960–1980: The Oil Monopoly and the Two Crises in the 1970s 30 The 1980s: The Gradual Disappearance of OPEC 33 The Price War 35 1985–2000: From the Introduction of Brent as an International Benchmark to the Clean Air Act 37 The Suicide of OPEC 40 The Start of the Free Market 41 The Consequences of the Environmental Turnaround 44 4 Changes in the Market for Automotive Fuels 45 Evolution of Environmental Demand 45 Gasoline and its Components 50 Reforming 51 Cracking 52 Alkylation 53 Isomerization 53 Refiners Walk the Tightrope 53 The Fiscal Policy of the Industrialized Countries Regarding Fuels 55 5 World Oil Flow 63 Transformations in the Downstream 66 World Supply Structure 70 6 The Classical Model of the International Oil Market 73 7 The Short-term Model of the International Oil Market 81 8 The Brent Market 89 The Sale and Purchase Contract 90 The Forward Market for Brent (15 day Brent Contract) 94 The IPE Brent Market 100 The Divorce Between Oil Price and Oil 102 9 Principal Uses of the Forward and Futures Markets 105 Tax Spinning 105 Benchmarking 105 Hedging the Price Risks 106 Speculations on Operational Flexibilities at Loading 114 Market Structure: Contango and Backwardation 117 Procedures at the Loading Terminals 119 10 Problems of the Brent Forward Market 123 11 The European Refinery Crisis 131 12 Conclusions:We are Ourselves OPEC 155 Bibliography 163 Index 165

Read more less