Electronics engineering Books

Book SynopsisThe essential guide to the entire process behind performing a complete characterization and benchmarking of cameras through image quality analysis Camera Image Quality Benchmarking contains the basic information and approaches for the use of subjectively correlated image quality metrics and outlines a framework for camera benchmarking. The authors show how to quantitatively compare image quality of cameras used for consumer photography. This book helps to fill a void in the literature by detailing the types of objective and subjective metrics that are fundamental to benchmarking still and video imaging devices. Specifically, the book provides an explanation of individual image quality attributes and how they manifest themselves to camera components and explores the key photographic still and video image quality metrics. The text also includes illustrative examples of benchmarking methods so that the practitioner can design a methodology appropriate to the photographic usage in considerTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xv Series Preface xvii Preface xix List of Abbreviations xxiii About the CompanionWebsite xxvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Image Content and Image Quality 2 1.1.1 Color 3 1.1.2 Shape 8 1.1.3 Texture 10 1.1.4 Depth 11 1.1.5 Luminance Range 12 1.1.6 Motion 15 1.2 Benchmarking 18 1.3 Book Content 22 Summary of this Chapter 24 References 25 2 Defining Image Quality 27 2.1 What is Image Quality? 27 2.2 Image Quality Attributes 29 2.3 Subjective and Objective Image Quality Assessment 31 Summary of this Chapter 32 References 33 3 Image Quality Attributes 35 3.1 Global Attributes 35 3.1.1 Exposure, Tonal Reproduction, and Flare 35 3.1.2 Color 39 3.1.3 Geometrical Artifacts 40 3.1.3.1 Perspective Distortion 40 3.1.3.2 Optical Distortion 42 3.1.3.3 Other Geometrical Artifacts 42 3.1.4 Nonuniformities 43 3.1.4.1 Luminance Shading 45 3.1.4.2 Color Shading 45 3.2 Local Attributes 45 3.2.1 Sharpness and Resolution 45 3.2.2 Noise 49 3.2.3 Texture Rendition 50 3.2.4 Color Fringing 50 3.2.5 Image Defects 51 3.2.6 Artifacts 51 3.2.6.1 Aliasing and Demosaicing Artifacts 52 3.2.6.2 Still Image Compression Artifacts 53 3.2.6.3 Flicker 53 3.2.6.4 HDR Processing Artifacts 55 3.2.6.5 Lens Ghosting 55 3.3 Video Quality Attributes 56 3.3.1 Frame Rate 56 3.3.2 Exposure and White Balance Responsiveness and Consistency 58 3.3.3 Focus Adaption 58 3.3.4 Audio-Visual Synchronization 58 3.3.5 Video Compression Artifacts 59 3.3.6 Temporal Noise 60 3.3.7 Fixed Pattern Noise 60 3.3.8 Mosquito Noise 60 Summary of this Chapter 60 References 61 4 The Camera 63 4.1 The Pinhole Camera 63 4.2 Lens 64 4.2.1 Aberrations 64 4.2.1.1 Third-Order Aberrations 65 4.2.1.2 Chromatic Aberrations 66 4.2.2 Optical Parameters 67 4.2.3 Relative Illumination 69 4.2.4 Depth of Field 70 4.2.5 Diffraction 71 4.2.6 Stray Light 73 4.2.7 Image Quality Attributes Related to the Lens 74 4.3 Image Sensor 75 4.3.1 CCD Image Sensors 75 4.3.2 CMOS Image Sensors 77 4.3.3 Color Imaging 81 4.3.4 Image Sensor Performance 82 4.3.5 CCD versus CMOS 89 4.3.6 Image Quality Attributes Related to the Image Sensor 90 4.4 Image Signal Processor 91 4.4.1 Image Processing 91 4.4.2 Image Compression 98 4.4.2.1 Chroma Subsampling 98 4.4.2.2 Transform Coding 98 4.4.2.3 Coefficient Quantization 99 4.4.2.4 Coefficient Compression 100 4.4.3 Control Algorithms 101 4.4.4 Image Quality Attributes Related to the ISP 101 4.5 Illumination 102 4.5.1 LED Flash 103 4.5.2 Xenon Flash 103 4.6 Video Processing 103 4.6.1 Video Stabilization 103 4.6.1.1 Global Motion Models 104 4.6.1.2 Global Motion Estimation 105 4.6.1.3 Global Motion Compensation 106 4.6.2 Video Compression 107 4.6.2.1 Computation of Residuals 107 4.6.2.2 Video Compression Standards and Codecs 109 4.6.2.3 Some Significant Video Compression Standards 110 4.6.2.4 A Note On Video Stream Structure 111 4.7 System Considerations 111 Summary of this Chapter 112 References 113 5 Subjective Image Quality Assessment—Theory and Practice 117 5.1 Psychophysics 118 5.2 Measurement Scales 120 5.3 PsychophysicalMethodologies 122 5.3.1 Rank Order 123 5.3.2 Category Scaling 123 5.3.3 Acceptability Scaling 124 5.3.4 Anchored Scaling 125 5.3.5 Forced-Choice Comparison 125 5.3.6 Magnitude Estimation 125 5.3.7 Methodology Comparison 126 5.4 Cross-Modal Psychophysics 126 5.4.1 Example Research 127 5.4.2 Image Quality-Related Demonstration 128 5.5 Thurstonian Scaling 129 5.6 Quality Ruler 131 5.6.1 Ruler Generation 134 5.6.2 Quality Ruler Insights 135 5.6.2.1 Lab Cross-Comparisons 135 5.6.2.2 SQS2 JND Validation 136 5.6.2.3 Quality Ruler Standard Deviation Trends 139 5.6.2.4 Observer Impact 141 5.6.3 Perspective from Academia 142 5.6.4 Practical Example 144 5.6.5 Quality Ruler Applications to Image Quality Benchmarking 147 5.7 Subjective Video Quality 148 5.7.1 Terminology 149 5.7.2 Observer Selection 149 5.7.3 Viewing Setup 150 5.7.4 Video Display and Playback 151 5.7.5 Clip Selection 152 5.7.6 Presentation Protocols 154 5.7.7 Assessment Methods 156 5.7.8 Interpreting Results 158 5.7.9 ITU Recommendations 159 5.7.9.1 The Double-Stimulus Impairment Scale Method 160 5.7.9.2 The Double-Stimulus Continuous Quality Scale Method 160 5.7.9.3 The Simultaneous Double-Stimulus for Continuous Evaluation Method 160 5.7.9.4 The Absolute Category Rating Method 161 5.7.9.5 The Single Stimulus Continuous Quality Evaluation Method 161 5.7.9.6 The Subjective Assessment of Multimedia Video Quality Method 161 5.7.9.7 ITU Methodology Comparison 162 5.7.10 Other Sources 162 Summary of this Chapter 162 References 163 6 Objective Image Quality Assessment—Theory and Practice 167 6.1 Exposure and Tone 168 6.1.1 Exposure Index and ISO Sensitivity 168 6.1.2 Optoelectronic Conversion Function 169 6.1.3 Practical Considerations 170 6.2 Dynamic Range 170 6.3 Color 171 6.3.1 Light Sources 171 6.3.2 Scene 174 6.3.3 Observer 176 6.3.4 Basic Color Metrics 178 6.3.5 RGB Color Spaces 180 6.3.6 Practical Considerations 181 6.4 Shading 181 6.4.1 Practical Considerations 182 6.5 Geometric Distortion 182 6.5.1 Practical Considerations 184 6.6 Stray Light 184 6.6.1 Practical Considerations 185 6.7 Sharpness and Resolution 185 6.7.1 The Modulation Transfer Function 186 6.7.2 The Contrast Transfer Function 191 6.7.3 Geometry in Optical Systems and the MTF 193 6.7.4 Sampling and Aliasing 194 6.7.5 System MTF 195 6.7.6 Measuring the MTF 198 6.7.7 Edge SFR 198 6.7.8 Sine Modulated Siemens Star SFR 201 6.7.9 Comparing Edge SFR and Sine Modulated Siemens SFR 203 6.7.10 Practical Considerations 204 6.8 Texture Blur 204 6.8.1 Chart Construction 206 6.8.2 Practical Considerations 206 6.8.3 AlternativeMethods 207 6.9 Noise 207 6.9.1 Noise and Color 207 6.9.2 Spatial Frequency Dependence 209 6.9.3 Signal to Noise Measurements in Nonlinear Systems and Noise Component Analysis 211 6.9.4 Practical Considerations 212 6.10 Color Fringing 213 6.11 Image Defects 214 6.12 Video Quality Metrics 214 6.12.1 Frame Rate and Frame Rate Consistency 215 6.12.2 Frame Exposure Time and Consistency 215 6.12.3 Auto White Balance Consistency 216 6.12.4 Autofocusing Time and Stability 216 6.12.5 Video Stabilization Performance 217 6.12.6 Audio-Video Synchronization 218 6.13 Related International Standards 218 Summary of this Chapter 221 References 221 7 Perceptually Correlated Image Quality Metrics 227 7.1 Aspects of Human Vision 227 7.1.1 Physiological Processes 227 7.2 HVS Modeling 232 7.3 Viewing Conditions 232 7.4 Spatial Image Quality Metrics 234 7.4.1 Sharpness 235 7.4.1.1 Edge Acutance 235 7.4.1.2 Mapping Acutance to JND Values 237 7.4.1.3 Other Perceptual Sharpness Metrics 239 7.4.2 Texture Blur 239 7.4.3 Visual Noise 240 7.5 Color 244 7.5.1 Chromatic Adaptation Transformations 244 7.5.2 Color Appearance Models 245 7.5.3 Color and Spatial Content—Image Appearance Models 247 7.5.4 Image Quality Benchmarking and Color 249 7.6 Other Metrics 251 7.7 Combination of Metrics 252 7.8 Full-Reference Digital Video Quality Metrics 252 7.8.1 PSNR 253 7.8.2 Structural Similarity (SSIM) 256 7.8.3 VQM 260 7.8.4 VDP 262 7.8.4.1 Further Considerations 263 7.8.5 Discussion 265 Summary of this Chapter 267 References 267 8 Measurement Protocols—Building Up a Lab 273 8.1 Still Objective Measurements 273 8.1.1 Lab Needs 274 8.1.1.1 Lab Space 274 8.1.1.2 Lighting 275 8.1.1.3 Light Booths 278 8.1.1.4 Transmissive Light Sources 279 8.1.1.5 Additional Lighting Options 280 8.1.1.6 Light Measurement Devices 281 8.1.2 Charts 282 8.1.2.1 Printing Technologies for Reflective Charts 282 8.1.2.2 Technologies for Transmissive Charts 286 8.1.2.3 Inhouse Printing 286 8.1.2.4 Chart Alignment and Framing 287 8.1.3 Camera Settings 289 8.1.4 Supplemental Equipment 289 8.1.4.1 RealWorld Objects 290 8.2 Video Objective Measurements 293 8.2.0.2 Visual Timer 293 8.2.0.3 Motion 294 8.3 Still Subjective Measurements 297 8.3.1 Lab Needs 297 8.3.2 Stimuli 298 8.3.2.1 Stimuli Generation 298 8.3.2.2 Stimuli Presentation 301 8.3.3 Observer Needs 302 8.3.3.1 Observer Selection and Screening 302 8.3.3.2 Experimental Design and Duration 303 8.4 Video Subjective Measurements 304 Summary of this Chapter 305 References 305 9 The Camera Benchmarking Process 309 9.1 Objective Metrics for Benchmarking 309 9.2 Subjective Methods for Benchmarking 311 9.2.1 Photospace 312 9.2.2 Use Cases 313 9.2.3 Observer Impact 314 9.3 Methods of Combining Metrics 315 9.3.1 Weighted Combinations 316 9.3.2 Minkowski Summation 316 9.4 Benchmarking Systems 317 9.4.1 GSMArena 317 9.4.2 FNAC 318 9.4.3 VCX 318 9.4.4 Skype Video Capture Specification 319 9.4.5 VIQET 320 9.4.6 DxOMark 321 9.4.7 IEEE P1858 323 9.5 Example Benchmark Results 324 9.5.1 VIQET 324 9.5.2 IEEE CPIQ 325 9.5.2.1 CPIQ Objective Metrics 327 9.5.2.2 CPIQ Quality Loss Predictions from Objective Metrics 337 9.5.3 DxOMark Mobile 338 9.5.4 Real-World Images 339 9.5.5 High-End DSLR Objective Metrics 339 9.6 Benchmarking Validation 345 Summary of this Chapter 348 References 349 10 Summary and Conclusions 353 References 357 Index 359

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Book SynopsisDESIGN FOR EXCELLENCE IN ELECTRONICS MANUFACTURING An authoritative guide to optimizing design for manufacturability and reliability from a team of expertsDesign for Excellence in Electronics Manufacturing is a comprehensive, state-of-the-art book that covers design and reliability of electronics. The authorsnoted experts on the topicexplain how using the DfX concepts of design for reliability, design for manufacturability, design for environment, design for testability, and more, reduce research and development costs and decrease time to market and allow companies to confidently issue warranty coverage. By employing the concepts outlined in Design for Excellence in Electronics Manufacturing, engineers and managers can increase customer satisfaction, market share, and long-term profits. In addition, the authors describe the best practices regarding product design and show how the practices can be adapted for different manufacturing processes, suppliers, use environments, and reliabilTable of ContentsContributors xvii List of Figures xix List of Tables xxv Series Foreword xxvii Foreword xxix Preface xxxi Acknowledgments xxxiii Acronyms xxxv 1 Introduction to Design for Excellence 1 1.1 Design for Excellence (DfX) in Electronics Manufacturing 1 1.2 Chapter 2: Establishing a Reliability Program 2 1.3 Chapter 3: Design for Reliability (DfR) 3 1.4 Chapter 4: Design for the Use Environment: Reliability Testing and Test Plan Development 3 1.5 Chapter 5: Design for Manufacturability (DfM) 4 1.6 Chapter 6: Design for Sustainability 4 1.7 Chapter 7: Root Cause Problem-Solving, Failure Analysis, and Continual Improvement Techniques 5 2 Establishing a Reliability Program 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Best Practices and the Economics of a Reliability Program 9 2.2.1 Best-in-Class Reliability Program Practices 10 2.3 Elements of a Reliability Program 12 2.3.1 Reliability Goals 13 2.3.2 Defined Use Environments 14 2.3.3 Software Reliability 15 2.3.4 General Software Requirements 18 2.4 Reliability Data 24 2.4.1 Sources of Reliability Data 27 2.4.2 Reliability Data from Suppliers 27 2.5 Analyzing Reliability Data: Commonly Used Probability and Statistics Concepts in Reliability 29 2.5.1 Reliability Probability in Electronics 30 2.5.2 Reliability Statistics in Electronics 31 2.5.2.1 Basic Statistics Assumptions and Caveats 32 2.5.2.2 Variation Statistics 33 2.5.2.3 Statistical Distributions Used in Reliability 33 2.6 Reliability Analysis and Prediction Methods 34 2.7 Summary 40 References 40 3 Design for Reliability 43 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 DfR and Physics of Failure 45 3.2.1 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis 48 3.2.2 Fault Tree Analysis 48 3.2.3 Sneak Circuit Analysis 48 3.2.4 DfR at the Concept Stage 48 3.3 Specifications (Product and Environment Definitions and Concerns) 52 3.4 Reliability Physics Analysis 55 3.4.1 Reliability Physics Alternatives 62 3.4.2 Reliability Physics Models and Examples 64 3.4.2.1 Arrhenius Equation 64 3.4.2.2 Eyring Equation 65 3.4.2.3 Black’s Equation 65 3.4.2.4 Peck’s Law 66 3.4.2.5 Norris-Landzberg Equation 66 3.4.2.6 Creep Mechanisms 68 3.4.3 Component Selection 68 3.4.4 Critical Components 70 3.4.5 Moisture-Sensitivity Level 71 3.4.6 Temperature-Sensitivity Level 71 3.4.7 Electrostatic Discharge 72 3.4.8 Lifetime 73 3.5 Surviving the Heat Wave 74 3.6 Redundancy 78 3.7 Plating Materials: Tin Whiskers 79 3.8 Derating and Uprating 82 3.9 Reliability of New Packaging Technologies 84 3.10 Printed Circuit Boards 86 3.10.1 Surface Finishes 86 3.10.1.1 Organic Solderability Preservative (OSP) 88 3.10.1.2 Immersion Silver (ImAg) 88 3.10.1.3 Immersion Tin (ImSn) 90 3.10.1.4 Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold (ENIG) 90 3.10.1.5 Lead-Free Hot Air Solder Leveled (HASL) 91 3.10.2 Laminate Selection 93 3.10.3 Cracking and Delamination 93 3.10.4 Plated Through-Holes and Vias 95 3.10.5 Conductive Anodic Filament 98 3.10.6 Strain and Flexure Issues 101 3.10.7 Pad Cratering 105 3.10.8 PCB Buckling 106 3.10.9 Electrochemical Migration 106 3.10.9.1 Temperature 107 3.10.9.2 Relative Humidity 107 3.10.9.3 Voltage Bias 108 3.10.9.4 Conductor Spacing 108 3.10.9.5 Condensation 113 3.10.10 Cleanliness 117 3.10.10.1 Chloride 118 3.10.10.2 Bromide 118 3.10.10.3 Cations 119 3.10.10.4 Weak Organic Acids 119 3.10.10.5 Cleanliness Testing 119 3.11 Non-Functional Pads 120 3.12 Wearout Mechanisms 121 3.12.1 IC Wearout 121 3.13 Conformal Coating and Potting 124 3.13.1 Silicone 125 3.13.2 Polyurethane 126 3.13.3 Epoxy 126 3.13.4 Acrylic 126 3.13.5 Superhydrophobics 127 References 131 4 Design for the Use Environment: Reliability Testing and Test Plan Development 135 4.1 Introduction 135 4.1.1 Elements of a Testing Program 136 4.1.2 Know the Environment 140 4.2 Standards and Measurements 142 4.3 Failure-Inducing Stressors 143 4.4 Common Test Types 143 4.4.1 Temperature Cycling 143 4.4.2 Temperature-Humidity-Bias Testing 145 4.4.3 Electrical Connection 146 4.4.4 Corrosion Tests 146 4.4.5 Power Cycling 147 4.4.6 Electrical Loads 147 4.4.7 Mechanical Bending 147 4.4.8 Random and Sinusoidal Vibration 148 4.4.9 Mechanical Shock 154 4.4.10 ALT Testing 154 4.4.11 Highly Accelerated Life Testing (HALT) 156 4.4.12 EMC Testing Dos and Don’ts 157 4.5 Test Plan Development 158 4.5.1 The Process 161 4.5.2 Failure Analysis 162 4.5.3 Screening Tests 162 4.5.4 Case Study One 165 4.5.5 Case Study Two 167 4.5.6 Case Study Three 169 References 172 5 Design for Manufacturability 173 5.1 Introduction 173 5.2 Overview of Industry Standard Organizations 177 5.3 Overview of DfM Processes 181 5.3.1 The DfM Process 182 5.4 Component Topics 183 5.4.1 Part Selection 184 5.4.2 Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL) 184 5.4.3 Temperature Sensitivity Level (TSL) 185 5.4.4 ESD 186 5.4.5 Derating 187 5.4.6 Ceramic Capacitor Cracks 188 5.4.7 Life Expectancies 193 5.4.8 Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors 194 5.4.9 Resistors 195 5.4.10 Tin Whiskers 196 5.4.11 Integrated Circuits 198 5.5 Printed Circuit Board Topics 199 5.5.1 Laminate Selection 199 5.5.2 Surface Finish 200 5.5.3 Discussion of Different Surface Finishes 200 5.5.4 Stackup 204 5.5.5 Plated Through-Holes 206 5.5.6 Conductive Anodic Filament (CAF) Formation 206 5.5.7 Copper Weight 208 5.5.8 Pad Geometries 208 5.5.9 Trace and Space Separation 210 5.5.10 Non-Functional Pads 211 5.5.11 Shipping and Handling 211 5.5.12 Cleanliness and Contamination 211 5.6 Process Materials 215 5.6.1 Solder 215 5.6.2 Solder Paste 215 5.6.3 Flux 216 5.6.4 Stencils 218 5.6.5 Conformal Coating 219 5.6.6 Potting 223 5.6.7 Underfill 224 5.6.8 Cleaning Materials 225 5.6.9 Adhesives 226 5.7 Summary: Implementing DfM 227 References 227 6 Design for Sustainability 229 6.1 Introduction 229 6.2 Obsolescence Management 230 6.2.1 Obsolescence-Resolution Techniques 230 6.2.1.1 Industry Standards 233 6.2.1.2 Asset Security 235 6.3 Long-Term Storage 236 6.4 Long-Term Reliability Issues 238 6.5 Counterfeit Prevention and Detection Strategies 243 6.6 Supplier Selection 257 6.6.1 Selecting a Printed Circuit Board Fabricator 260 6.6.2 Auditing a Printed Circuit Board Fabricator 266 6.6.2.1 Selecting a Contract Manufacturer 284 6.6.2.2 Auditing a Contract Manufacturer 287 6.6.2.3 Summary 292 References 292 7 Root Cause Problem-Solving, Failure Analysis, and Continual Improvement Techniques 295 7.1 Introduction 295 7.1.1 Continual Improvement 296 7.1.2 Problem-Solving 297 7.1.3 Identifying Problems and Improvement Opportunities 297 7.1.4 Overview of Industry Standard Organizations 299 7.2 Root Cause Failure Analysis Methodology 301 7.2.1 Strategies for Selecting an Approach 301 7.2.2 The 5Whys Approach 302 7.2.3 The Eight Disciplines (8D) 304 7.2.4 Shainin Red X: Diagnostic Journey 308 7.2.5 Six Sigma 310 7.2.6 Physics of Failure 311 7.3 Failure Reporting, Analysis, and Corrective Action System (FRACAS) 312 7.4 Failure Analysis 314 7.4.1 Failure Analysis Techniques 317 7.4.1.1 Visual Inspection 318 7.4.1.2 Electrical Characterization 318 7.4.1.3 Scanning Acoustic Microscopy 319 7.4.1.4 X-Ray Microscopy 321 7.4.1.5 Thermal Imaging 323 7.4.1.6 SQUID Microscopy 324 7.4.1.7 Decapsulation 324 7.4.1.8 Cross-Sectioning 325 7.4.1.9 Scanning Electron Microscope / Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) 326 7.4.1.10 Surface/Depth Profiling Techniques: Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS), Auger 329 7.4.1.11 Focused Ion Beam (FIB) 330 7.4.1.12 Mechanical Testing: Wire Pull, Wire Shear, Solder Ball Shear, Die Shear 330 7.4.1.13 Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy FTIR 330 7.4.1.14 Ion Chromatography 332 7.4.1.15 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 333 7.4.1.16 Thermomechanical Analysis / Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA/TMA) 334 7.4.1.17 Digital Image Correlation (DIC) 334 7.4.1.18 Other Simple Failure Analysis Tools 334 7.4.2 Failure Verification 335 7.4.3 Corrective Action 336 7.4.4 Closing the Failure Report 337 7.5 Continuing Education and Improvement Activities 338 7.6 Summary: Implementing Root Cause Methodology 338 References 339 8 Conclusion to Design for Excellence: Bringing It All Together 341 8.1 Design for Excellence (DfX) in Electronics Manufacturing 341 8.2 Chapter 2: Establishing a Reliability Program 341 8.3 Chapter 3: Design for Reliability (DfR) 343 8.4 Chapter 4: Design for the Use Environment: Reliability Testing and Test Plan Development 344 8.5 Chapter 5: Design for Manufacturability 346 8.6 Chapter 6: Design for Sustainability 348 8.7 Chapter 7: Root Cause Problem Solving, Failure Analysis, and Continual Improvement Techniques 349 Index 351

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Book SynopsisThis book covers the recent advances in electrode materials and their novel applications at the cross-section of advanced materials. The book is divided into two sections: State-of-the-art electrode materials; and engineering of applied electrode materials. The chapters deal with electrocatalysis for energy conversion in view of bionanotechnology; surfactant-free materials and polyoxometalates through the concepts of biosensors to renewable energy applications; mesoporous carbon, diamond, conducting polymers and tungsten oxide/conducting polymer-based electrodes and hybrid systems. Numerous approaches are reviewed for lithium batteries, fuel cells, the design and construction of anode for microbial fuel cells including phosphate polyanion electrodes, electrocatalytic materials, fuel cell reactions, conducting polymer based hybrid nanocomposites and advanced nanomaterials.Table of ContentsPreface xv Part 1 State-of-the-art electrode materials 1 Advances in Electrode Materials 3 J. Sołoducho, J. Cabaj and D. Zając 1.1 Advanced Electrode Materials for Molecular Electrochemistry 4 1.1.1 Graphite and Related sp2-Hybridized Carbon Materials 4 1.1.2 Graphene 6 1.1.2.1 Graphene Preparation 6 1.1.2.2 Engineering of Graphene 7 1.1.3 Carbon Nanotubes 8 1.1.3.1 Carbon Nanotube Networks for Applications in Flexible Electronics 9 1.1.4 Surface Structure of Carbon Electrode Materials 11 1.2 Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Capacitors 12 1.2.1 Carbon-based Electrodes 12 1.2.2 Metal Oxide Composite Electrodes 13 1.2.3 Conductive Polymers-based Electrodes 15 1.2.4 Nanocomposites-based Electrode Materials for Supercapacitor 16 1.3 Nanostructure Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion 16 1.3.1 Assembly and Properties of Nanoparticles 17 1.4 Progress and Perspective of Advanced Electrode Materials 18 Acknowledgments 19 References 19 2 Diamond-based Electrodes 27 Emanuela Tamburri and Maria Letizia Terranova 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Techniques for Preparation of Diamond Layers 28 2.2.1 HF-CVD Diamond Synthesis 30 2.2.2 MW-CVD Diamond Synthesis 31 2.2.3 RF-CVD Diamond Synthesis 31 2.3 Why Diamond for Electrodes? 32 2.4 Diamond Doping 33 2.4.1 In Situ Diamond Doping 34 2.4.2 Ion Implantation 37 2.5 Electrochemical Properties of Doped Diamonds 37 2.6 Diamond Electrodes Applications 39 2.6.1 Water Treatment and Disinfection 39 2.6.2 Electroanalytical Sensors 40 2.6.3 Energy Technology 45 2.6.3.1 Supercapacitors 45 2.6.3.2 Li Ion Batteries 49 2.6.3.3 Fuel Cells 51 2.7 Conclusions 52 References 53 3 Recent Advances in Tungsten Oxide/Conducting Polymer Hybrid Assemblies for Electrochromic Applications 61 Cigdem Dulgerbaki and Aysegul Uygun Oksuz 3.1 Introduction 62 3.2 History and Technology of Electrochromics 63 3.3 Electrochromic Devices 63 3.3.1 Electrochromic Contrast 64 3.3.2 Coloration Efficiency 64 3.3.3 Switching Speed 65 3.3.4 Stability 65 3.3.5 Optical Memory 65 3.4 Transition Metal Oxides 67 3.5 Tungsten Oxide 67 3.6 Conjugated Organic Polymers 69 3.7 Hybrid Materials 70 3.8 Electrochromic Tungsten Oxide/Conducting Polymer Hybrids 71 3.9 Conclusions and Perspectives 95 Acknowledgments 99 References 99 Contents vii 4 Advanced Surfactant-free Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion Systems: From Electrocatalysis to Bionanotechnology 103 Yaovi Holade, Teko W. Napporn and Kouakou B. Kokoh 4.1 Advanced Electrode Materials Design: Preparation and Characterization of Metal Nanoparticles 104 4.1.1 Current Strategies for Metal Nanoparticles Preparation: General Consideration 104 4.1.2 Emerged Synthetic Methods without Organic Molecules as Surfactants 109 4.2 Electrocatalytic Performances Toward Organic Molecules Oxidation 114 4.2.1 Electrocatalytic Properties of Metal Nanoparticles in Alkaline Medium 114 4.2.1.1 Electrocatalytic Properties Toward Glycerol Oxidation 114 4.2.1.3 Electrocatalytic Properties Toward Carbohydrates Oxidation 116 4.2.2 Spectroelectrochemical Characterization of the Electrode–Electrolyte Interface 118 4.2.2.1 Spectroelectrochemical Probing of Electrode Materials Surface by CO Stripping 118 4.2.2.2 Spectroelectrochemical Probing of Glycerol Electrooxidation Reaction 120 4.2.2.3 Spectroelectrochemical Probing of Glucose Electrooxidation Reaction 121 4.2.3 Electrochemical Synthesis of Sustainable Chemicals: Electroanalytical Study 123 4.2.4 Electrochemical Energy Conversion: Direct Carbohydrates Alkaline Fuel Cells 128 4.3 Metal Nanoparticles at Work in Bionanotechnology 131 4.3.1 Metal Nanoparticles at Work in Closed-Biological Conditions: Toward Implantable Devices 131 4.3.2 Activation of Implantable Biomedical and Information Processing Devices by Fuel Cells 133 4.4 Conclusions 136 Acknowledgments 137 Notes 137 References 138 Part 2 Engineering of applied electrode materials 5 Polyoxometalate-based Modified Electrodes for Electrocatalysis: From Molecule Sensing to Renewable Energy-related Applications 149 Cristina Freire, Diana M. Fernandes, Marta Nunes and Mariana Araújo 5.1 Introduction 150 5.2 POM and POM-based (Nano)Composites 151 5.2.1 Polyoxometalates 151 5.2.2 Polyoxometalate-based (Nano)Composites 154 5.2.3 General Electrochemical Behavior of POMs 157 5.3 POM-based Electrocatalysis for Sensing Applications 160 5.3.1 Reductive Electrocatalysis 161 5.3.1.1 Nitrite Reduction 161 5.3.1.2 Bromate Reduction 167 5.3.1.3 Iodate Reduction 168 5.3.1.4 Hydrogen Peroxide Reduction Reaction 170 5.3.2 Oxidative Electrocatalysis 173 5.3.2.1 Dopamine and Ascorbic Acid Oxidations 173 5.3.2.2 l-Cysteine Oxidation 177 5.4 POM-based Electrocatalysis for Energy Storage and Conversion Applications 178 5.4.1 Oxygen Evolution Reaction 179 5.4.2 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 183 5.4.3 Oxygen Reduction Reaction 185 5.5 Concluding Remarks 191 Acknowledgments 193 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms 193 References 196 6 Electrochemical Sensors Based on Ordered Mesoporous Carbons 213 Xiangjie Bo and Ming Zhou 6.1 Introduction 213 6.2 Electrochemical Sensors Based on OMCs 217 6.3 Electrochemical Sensors Based on Redox Mediators/OMCs 222 6.4 Electrochemical Sensors Based on NPs/OMCs 226 6.4.1 Electrochemical Sensors Based on Transition Metal NPs/OMCs 228 6.4.2 Electrochemical Sensors Based on Noble Metal NPs/OMCs 230 6.5 Conclusions 233 Acknowledgments 236 References 236 7 Non-precious Metal Oxide and Metal-free Catalysts for Energy Storage and Conversion 243 Tahereh Jafari, Andrew Meguerdichian, Ting Jiang, Abdelhamid El-Sawy and Steven L. Suib 7.1 Metal–Nitrogen–Carbon (M–N–C) Electrocatalysts 244 7.1.1 Introduction 244 7.1.2 Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 245 7.1.3 Catalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction 248 7.1.4 Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction 249 7.1.5 None-Heat-treated M–N–C Electrocatalysts 250 7.1.6 Heat-treated M–N–C Electrocatalysts 254 7.1.7 Conclusion 261 7.2 Transition Metal Oxide Electrode Materials for Oxygen Evolution Reaction, Oxygen Reduction Reaction and Bifuctional Purposes (OER/ORR) 262 7.2.1 Introduction 262 7.2.2 Oxygen Evolution Reaction 266 7.2.2.1 Synthesis Methodology 267 7.2.2.2 OER Properties of Catalyst 272 7.2.2.3 Morphology or Microstructure Analysis of TM Oxide for OER 274 7.2.3 Oxygen Reduction Reaction 276 7.2.3.1 Morphology or Microstructure Analysis 277 7.2.3.2 ORR Properties of Catalyst 278 7.2.3.3 Synthesis Methodology 278 7.2.3.4 Theoretical Analyses of ORR Active Catalysts 279 7.2.4 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 279 7.2.5 Bifunctional Oxide Materials (OER/ORR) 281 7.2.5.1 Bifunctional Properties of Catalyst 281 7.2.5.2 Dopant Effects 283 7.2.5.3 Morphology or Microstructure Analysis 283 7.2.5.4 Synthesis Methodology 284 7.2.6 Conclusion 285 7.3 Transition Metal Chalcogenides, Nitrides, Oxynitrides, and Carbides (By: Ting Jiang) 285 7.3.1 Transition Metal Chalcogenides 285 7.3.2 Transition Metal Nitrides 294 7.3.3 Transition Metal Oxynitrides 296 7.3.4 Transition Metal Carbides 298 7.4 Oxygen Reduction Reaction for Metal-free 300 7.4.1 Different Doping Synthesis Strategies 300 7.4.2 ORR Activity in Different Carbon Source 303 7.4.2.1 1D Carbon Nanotube Doped 303 7.4.2.2 2D Graphene 306 7.4.3 Oxygen Evolution Reaction 308 References 310 8 Study of Phosphate Polyanion Electrodes and Their Performance with Glassy Electrolytes: Potential Application in Lithium Ion Solid-state Batteries 321 S. Terny and M.A. Frechero 8.1 Introduction 321 8.2 Glass Samples Preparation 323 8.3 Nanostructured Composites Sample Preparation 324 8.4 X-Ray Powder Diffraction 325 8.4.1 X-Ray Powder Diffraction Patterns of Glassy Materials 325 8.4.2 X-Ray Powder Diffraction Patterns of Composites Materials 326 8.5 Thermal Analysis 326 8.5.1 Thermal Analysis of Glassy Systems 326 8.5.2 Thermal Analysis of Nanocomposites Materials 329 8.6 Density and Appearance 330 8.6.1 Density and Oxygen Packing Density of Glassy Materials 330 8.6.2 Materials’ Appearance 331 8.6.2.1 Glasses 331 8.6.2.2 Nanostructured Composites 332 8.7 Structural Features 332 8.7.1 Glassy Materials 332 8.7.1.1 FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy 334 8.7.2 Nanocomposites Materials 337 8.8 Electrical Behavior 342 8.8.1 Glasses Materials 342 8.8.2 Composite Materials 347 8.9 All-solid-state Lithium Ion Battery 349 8.10 Final Remarks 350 Acknowledgments 352 References 352 9 Conducting Polymer-based Hybrid Nanocomposites as Promising Electrode Materials for Lithium Batteries 355 O.Yu. Posudievsky, O.A. Kozarenko, V.G. Koshechko and V.D. Pokhodenko 9.1 Introduction 356 9.2 Electrode Materials of Lithium Batteries Based on Conducting Polymer-based Nanocomposites Prepared by Chemical and Electrochemical Methods 357 9.2.1 Host–Guest Hybrid Nanocomposites 357 9.2.2 Core–Shell Hybrid Nanocomposites 361 9.3 Mechanochemical Preparation of Conducting Polymer-based Hybrid Nanocomposites as Electrode Materials of Lithium Batteries 368 9.3.1 Principle of Mechanochemical Synthesis 368 9.3.2 Mechanochemically Prepared Conducting Polymer-based Hybrid Nanocomposite Materials for Lithium Batteries 370 9.4 Conclusion 384 References 385 10 Energy Applications: Fuel Cells 397 Mutlu Sönmez Çelebi 10.1 Introduction 398 10.2 Catalyst Supports for Fuel Cell Electrodes 399 10.2.1 Commercial Carbon Supports 399 10.2.2 Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Supports 401 10.2.3 Graphene Supports 403 10.2.4 Mesoporous Carbon Supports 405 10.2.5 Other Carbon Supports 406 10.2.6 Conducting Polymer Supports 408 10.2.7 Hybrid Supports 410 10.2.8 Non-carbon Supports 411 References 421 11 Novel Photoelectrocatalytic Electrodes Materials for Fuel Cell Reactions 435 Mingshan Zhu, Chunyang Zhai and Cheng Lu 11.1 Introduction 435 11.2 Basic Understanding on the Improved Catalytic Performance of Photo-Responsive Metal/ Semiconductor Electrodes 438 11.3 Synthetic Methods for Metal/Semiconductor Electrodes 440 11.3.1 Electrochemical Deposition 441 11.3.2 Chemical Reduction Method 442 11.3.3 Physical Mixing Method 443 11.3.4 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Method 444 11.3.5 Microwave-assisted Method 445 11.3.6 Other Preparation Methods 445 11.4 Photo-responsive Metal/Semiconductor Anode Catalysts 446 11.4.1 TiO2 Nanoparticles 446 11.4.2 One-dimensional Well-aligned TiO2 Nanotube Arrays 448 11.4.3 Other Semiconductor Supports 450 11.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook 452 References 453 12 Advanced Nanomaterials for the Design and Construction of Anode for Microbial Fuel Cells 457 Ming Zhou, Lu Bai and Chaokang Gu 12.1 Introduction 457 12.2 Carbon Nanotubes-based Anode Materials for MFCs 459 12.3 Graphene-based Anode Materials for MFCs 466 12.4 Other Anode Materials for MFCs 470 12.5 Conclusions 474 Acknowledgments 475 References 475 13 Conducting Polymer-based Electrochemical DNA Biosensing 485 Filiz Kuralay 13.1 Introduction 486 13.2 Electrochemical DNA Biosensors 487 13.3 Conducting Polymer-based Electrochemical DNA Biosensors 489 13.4 Conclusions and Outlook 493 Acknowledgments 494 References 494

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Book SynopsisProvides a self-contained account on applications of electromagnetic reciprocity theorems to multiport antenna systems The reciprocity theorem is among the most intriguing concepts in wave field theory and has become an integral part of almost all standard textbooks on electromagnetic (EM) theory. This book makes use of the theorem to quantitatively describe EM interactions concerning general multiport antenna systems. It covers a general reciprocity-based description of antenna systems, their EM scattering properties, and further related aspects. Beginning with an introduction to the subject, Electromagnetic Reciprocity in Antenna Theory provides readers first with the basic prerequisites before offering coverage of the equivalent multiport circuit antenna representations, EM coupling between multiport antenna systems and their EM interactions with scatterers, accompanied with the corresponding EM compensation theorems. In addition, the text: Presents basic prerequisites includiTable of ContentsIntroduction xi 1 Basic Prerequisites 1 1.1 Laplace Transformation 3 1.2 Time Convolution 4 1.3 Time Correlation 5 1.4 EMReciprocity Theorems 6 1.4.1 Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Convolution Type 8 1.4.2 Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Correlation Type 9 1.4.3 Application of the Reciprocity Theorems to an Unbounded Domain 11 1.5 Description of the Antenna Configuration 13 1.5.1 Antenna Power Conservation 14 1.5.2 Antenna Interface Relations 16 2 Antenna Uniqueness Theorem 19 2.1 Problem Description 19 2.2 Problem Solution 19 3 Forward-Scattering Theorem in Antenna Theory 23 3.1 Problem Description 23 3.2 Problem Solution 23 4 Antenna Matching Theorems 31 4.1 Reciprocity Analysis of the Time-Correlation Type 31 4.1.1 Transmitting State 31 4.1.2 Receiving State 34 4.1.3 EquivalentMatching Condition 35 5 Equivalent Kirchhoff Network Representations of a Receiving Antenna System 41 5.1 Reciprocity Analysis of the Time-Convolution Type 41 5.1.1 Equivalent Circuits for Plane-Wave Incidence 41 5.1.2 Equivalent Circuits for a Known Volume-Current Distribution 45 6 The Antenna Systemin the Presence of a Scatterer 51 6.1 Receiving Antenna in the Presence of a Scatterer 51 6.2 Transmitting Antenna in the Presence of a Scatterer 56 6.2.1 Analysis Based on the Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Convolution Type 57 6.2.2 Analysis Based on the Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Correlation Type 59 7 EMCoupling Between Two Multiport Antenna Systems 65 7.1 Description of the Problem Configuration 65 7.2 Analysis Based on the Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Convolution Type 68 7.3 Analysis Based on the Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Correlation Type 71 8 Compensation Theorems for the EMCoupling Between Two Multiport Antennas 77 8.1 Description of the Problem Configuration 77 8.2 Analysis Based on the Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Convolution Type 79 8.2.1 The Change in Scenario (BA) 79 8.2.2 The Change in Scenario (AB) 82 8.3 Analysis Based on the Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Correlation Type 85 8.3.1 The Change in Scenario (BA) 85 8.3.2 The Change in Scenario (AB) 88 9 Compensation Theorems for the EMScattering of an Antenna System 95 9.1 Description of the Problem Configuration 95 9.2 Reciprocity Analysis 96 9.2.1 Compensation Theorems in Terms of Electric Current-excited Sensing EM Fields 99 9.2.2 Compensation Theorems in Terms of Voltage-Excited Sensing EM Fields 100 9.2.3 Power Reciprocity Expressions 101 AppendixA Lerch’s Uniqueness Theorem 107 A.1 Problem ofMoments 107 A.2 Proof of Lerch’s Theorem 108 References 111 Index 115

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Book SynopsisDiscover how the NG-RAN architecture is, and isn''t, ready for the challenges introduced by 5G 5G Radio Access Network Architecture: The Dark Side of 5G explores foundational and advanced topics in Radio Access Network (RAN) architecture and why a re-thinking of that architecture is necessary to support new 5G requirements. The distinguished engineer and editor Sasha Sirotkin has included numerous works written by industry insiders with state of the art research at their disposal. The book explains the relevant standards and technologies from an academic perspective, but also explains why particular standards decisions were made and how a variety of NG-RAN architecture options could be deployed in real-life networks. All major standards and technologies associated with the NG-RAN architecture are discussed in this book, including 3GPP, O-RAN, Small Cell Forum, IEEE, and IETF. Readers will learn about how a re-design of the RAN architecture would ensure that 5G neTable of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xvii List of Contributors xix Acronyms and Abbreviations xxi 1 Introduction 1 2 Market Drivers 5Reza Arefi and Sasha Sirotkin 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Key Ideas 7 2.3 Spectrum 9 2.3.1 Spectrum Needs 9 2.3.2 Target Spectrum 12 2.3.3 Spectrum Implications 13 2.4 New Spectrum Models 14 2.4.1 New Ways of Sharing Spectrum 15 2.4.2 Localized Licensing 17 2.5 Regulations Facilitating 5G Applications 18 2.6 Network Deployment Models 19 2.7 Technical Requirements of 5G Radio Interfaces 20 2.8 Business Drivers 23 2.9 Role of Standards 25 2.10 Role of Open Source 29 2.11 Competition 31 2.12 Challenges 32 2.13 Summary 34 References 35 3 5G System Overview 37 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 5G Core Network 37Sebastian Speicher 3.2.1 Introduction 37 3.2.2 Service-Based Architecture 39 3.2.2.1 Fostering Functional Reuse 39 3.2.2.2 Overview of 5GC Control-Plane Functions 41 3.2.3 Control-User Plane Separation (CUPS) 43 3.2.4 Common Access-Agnostic Core Network 44 3.2.5 Enablers for Concurrent and Efficient Access to Local and Centralized Services 46 3.2.5.1 Overview 46 3.2.5.2 Single PDU Session-Based Access to Local Services 47 3.2.5.3 Multiple PDU Session-Based Access to Local Services 48 3.2.6 Network Slicing 50 3.2.7 Private Networks 53 3.2.7.1 Overview 53 3.2.7.2 Stand-Alone Non-public Networks 54 3.2.7.3 Public-Network-Integrated Non-public Network 55 References 57 3.3 NG Radio Access Network 59Sasha Sirotkin 3.3.1 Introduction 59 3.3.2 Network Protocol Stacks 62 3.3.2.1 Control-Plane Protocol Stack 62 3.3.2.2 User-Plane Protocol Stack 62 3.3.2.3 Standards 63 3.3.3 NG Interface 63 3.3.3.1 NG-C Interface 64 3.3.3.2 NG-U Interface 69 3.3.4 Xn Interface 70 3.3.4.1 Xn Control Plane (Xn-C) Interface 70 3.3.4.2 Xn User Plane (Xn-U) Interface 75 3.3.5 Additional NG-RAN Features 76 3.3.5.1 RAN Sharing 76 3.3.5.2 Slicing 77 3.3.5.3 Virtualization 78 3.3.5.4 Non-3GPP Access 78 References 79 3.4 NR Protocol Stack 80Sudeep Palat 3.4.1 Introduction 80 3.4.2 NG-RAN Architecture 81 3.4.3 NR User Plane 81 3.4.4 Supporting QoS with 5GC 86 3.4.5 NR Control Plane 88 3.4.5.1 RRC States 88 3.4.5.2 RRC Procedures and Functions 89 3.4.6 Summary 97 References 98 3.5 NR Physical Layer 99Alexei Davydov 3.5.1 Introduction 99 3.5.2 Waveform and Numerology 100 3.5.3 Frame Structure 101 3.5.4 Synchronization and Initial Access 104 3.5.4.1 Downlink Synchronization Signals 104 3.5.4.2 Random Access Channel 106 3.5.5 Downlink Control Channel 107 3.5.6 Uplink Control Channel 109 3.5.7 Reference Signals 112 3.5.7.1 CSI-RS 112 3.5.7.2 DM-RS 114 3.5.7.3 PT-RS 115 3.5.7.4 SRS 116 3.5.8 Beam Management 116 3.5.9 Channel Coding and Modulation 118 3.5.10 Co-Existence with LTE, Forward Compatibility and Uplink Coverage Enhancement 121 References 122 4 NG-RAN Architecture 123Colby Harper and Sasha Sirotkin 4.1 Introduction 123 4.1.1 Monolithic gNB Architecture 124 4.1.2 Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) 125 4.1.3 Antenna Interface 129 4.1.3.1 Before 5G: WhereWe Have Been 130 4.1.3.2 New 5G Era: WhereWe Are 131 4.1.3.3 Release-17 and Beyond: WhereWe Are Going 132 4.1.4 gNB Functional Split(s) 133 4.1.5 Conclusions 138 4.1.6 Further Reading 138 References 138 4.2 High-Level gNB-CU/DU Split 140 4.2.1 Key Ideas 140 4.2.2 Market Drivers 141 4.2.3 Functional Description 143 4.2.3.1 F1 Control-Plane Protocol 144 4.2.3.2 User-Plane Protocol 154 4.2.3.3 OAM Aspects 154 4.2.4 Further Reading 154 References 155 4.3 Multi-Radio Dual Connectivity 156Sergio Parolari 4.3.1 Key Ideas 157 4.3.2 MR-DC Options 157 4.3.3 Market Drivers 158 4.3.4 Functional Description 160 4.3.4.1 Control Plane 160 4.3.4.2 User Plane 164 4.3.4.3 Procedures 169 4.3.5 Further Reading 174 References 175 4.4 Control–User Plane Separation 176Feng Yang 4.4.1 Key Ideas 176 4.4.2 Market Drivers 177 4.4.3 Functional Description 179 4.4.3.1 Control Plane 180 4.4.3.2 OAM Aspects 187 4.4.3.3 Relation to SDN 188 4.4.3.4 Relation to 5GC 188 4.4.4 Further Reading 189 References 190 4.5 Lower-Layer Split 191 4.5.1 Key Ideas 191 4.5.2 Market Drivers 192 4.5.3 Functional Split 194 4.5.3.1 Fronthaul Bandwidth Requirements 195 4.5.3.2 Low-Level Functional Split Details 196 4.5.3.3 Latency Management 198 4.5.4 Fronthaul Interface 200 4.5.4.1 Messages 201 4.5.4.2 Scheduling Procedure 207 4.5.4.3 Beamforming Methods 209 4.5.5 Fronthaul Timing Synchronization 209 4.5.6 Operation, Administration and Maintenance (OAM) 210 4.5.7 Further Reading 211 References 212 4.6 Small Cells 213Clare Somerville 4.6.1 Key Ideas 213 4.6.2 Market Drivers 214 4.6.3 Barriers and Solutions 215 4.6.3.1 Site Locations 215 4.6.3.2 Scaling Up Deployment 215 4.6.3.3 Backhaul 216 4.6.3.4 Edge Compute 216 4.6.4 Small Cell Variants 216 4.6.4.1 Disaggregation Architectures 216 4.6.4.2 Platform Architectures 218 4.6.4.3 Operating Frequency Impacts on Architecture 220 4.6.4.4 Operational Models 221 4.6.5 Key Interfaces for Small Cells 222 4.6.5.1 FAPI 222 4.6.5.2 nFAPI 226 4.6.5.3 Management Plane 228 4.6.6 Worked Examples 229 4.6.6.1 Indoor Enterprise Example 229 4.6.6.2 Outdoor Urban Example 230 4.6.6.3 Private Network Example 231 4.6.7 Further Reading 232 References 232 4.7 Summary 233 5 NG-RAN Evolution 235 5.1 Introduction 235 5.2 Wireless Relaying in 5G 235Georg Hampel 5.2.1 Key Ideas 236 5.2.2 Market Drivers 237 5.2.3 Functional Description 239 5.2.3.1 IAB Architecture 239 5.2.3.2 Backhaul Transport and QoS 242 5.2.3.3 Resource Coordination 247 5.2.3.4 Plug-and-Play Network Integration 250 5.2.4 Outlook 255 References 255 5.3 Non-terrestrial Networks 257Leszek Raschkowski, Eiko Seidel, Nicolas Chuberre, Stefano Cioni, Thibault Deleu, and Thomas Heyn 5.3.1 Key Ideas 258 5.3.2 Market Drivers 260 5.3.3 NTN Based NG-RAN Architecture 261 5.3.3.1 Access Network with Transparent NTN Payload 261 5.3.3.2 Access Network with Regenerative NTN Payload 262 5.3.3.3 Transport network based on NTN 262 5.3.4 NTN radio protocol 262 5.3.4.1 Scheduling and Link Adaptation 264 5.3.4.2 NR Layer 2 Enhancements for NTN 264 5.3.4.3 NR Control-Plane Procedure Adaptations for NTN 265 5.3.4.4 NR Mobility within NTN 266 5.3.5 NR Physical Layer Adaptations for NTN 267 5.3.5.1 Timing and Frequency Acquisition and Tracking 267 5.3.5.2 HARQ 268 5.3.5.3 Timing Advance (TA) 271 5.3.5.4 Physical Layer Control Loops 272 5.3.6 NTN Channel Model 272 5.3.7 Outlook 274 References 274 6 Enabling Technologies 277 6.1 Introduction 277 6.2 Virtualization 277Sridhar Rajagopal 6.2.1 Key Ideas 278 6.2.2 Market Drivers 279 6.2.3 Architecture Evolution Toward Virtualization 280 6.2.4 Containers and Microservices 280 6.2.5 NFV Evolution 284 6.2.6 RAN Virtualization Platform 285 6.2.6.1 gNB-DU and gNB-CU Virtualization 286 6.2.6.2 Standardization of Orchestration and Cloudification in O-RAN 288 6.2.7 Virtualization Challenges 289 6.2.7.1 Accelerator Integration 289 6.2.7.2 Timing and Synchronization 290 6.2.7.3 RAN Scaling withWorkload 290 6.2.7.4 Inter-Process Communication 291 6.2.7.5 Virtualization Overhead 291 6.2.7.6 SCTP/GTP Interface Support 291 6.2.7.7 High Availability 292 6.2.7.8 Power Consumption 292 6.2.7.9 Distributed Cloud Deployments for RAN Nodes 292 6.2.8 Further Reading 293 References 293 6.3 Open Source 294Sasha Sirotkin 6.3.1 Key Ideas 295 6.3.2 Market Drivers 296 6.3.3 Open Source License 296 6.3.4 Software-Defined Radio 298 6.3.5 Open Source RAN Projects 299 6.3.5.1 srsLTE 299 6.3.5.2 OpenLTE 300 6.3.5.3 OpenBTS 300 6.3.5.4 Open Air Interface 300 6.3.5.5 TIP 301 6.3.5.6 O-RAN 301 6.3.6 Summary 302 References 302 6.4 Multi-Access Edge Computing 303Miltiadis Filippou and Dario Sabella 6.4.1 Key Ideas 304 6.4.2 Market Drivers 304 6.4.3 MEC Standard 305 6.4.3.1 ETSI MEC System Architecture 305 6.4.3.2 ETSI MEC APIs 308 6.4.3.3 Location API 308 6.4.4 ETSI MEC Deployment in 3GPP 5G Systems 310 6.4.4.1 MEC Deployment in a 5G Network 311 6.4.5 Inter-MEC System Communication 313 6.4.5.1 Possible Implementation 315 6.4.6 Flexible MEC Service Consumption 316 6.4.6.1 Edge Host Zoning in Multi-Vendor Environments 316 6.4.7 High Mobility Automotive Scenarios 321 6.4.7.1 MEC-Supported Cooperative Information 321 6.4.8 Further Reading 323 References 323 6.5 Operations, Administration, and Management 326Vladimir Yanover 6.5.1 Introduction 326 6.5.2 Key Ideas 326 6.5.3 Service-Based Management Architecture 327 6.5.3.1 Examples of Management Services 328 6.5.3.2 Management Service Exposure 329 6.5.4 NG-RAN and 5GC Information Models 330 6.5.5 Performance Management 330 6.5.6 Management of Split NG-RAN 332 6.5.6.1 Background 332 6.5.6.2 Information Object Classes 332 6.5.7 O-RAN Alliance Management Architecture 333 6.5.8 Management of Network Slicing 334 6.5.8.1 Basic Concepts of Slicing Management 334 6.5.8.2 Support of Slicing Management in RAN Provisioning Service 336 6.5.8.3 Configuration and LCM of NSSI and NSI 337 6.5.8.4 NSI and NSSI Information Models (NRMs) 338 6.5.9 SON in 5G 338 6.5.9.1 SON Evolution 338 6.5.9.2 “Legacy” SON Use Cases 339 6.5.9.3 Multi-Domain SON with E2E Optimization 340 6.5.9.4 SON Enablers in 5G System 342 6.5.9.5 Distributed SON 342 6.5.9.6 Hybrid SON 343 6.5.10 Further Reading 343 References 345 6.6 Transport Network 346Yaakov (J.) Stein, Yuri Gittik, and Ron Insler 6.6.1 Key Ideas 346 6.6.2 Market Drivers 347 6.6.3 Defining the Problem 349 6.6.4 The Physical Layer 350 6.6.4.1 Achieving the Required Data Rates 351 6.6.4.2 Achieving the Required Latencies 352 6.6.4.3 Achieving the Required Reliability 355 6.6.4.4 Frequency and Time Synchronization 357 6.6.4.5 Energy Efficiency 360 6.6.5 Higher Layers 360 6.6.5.1 xHaul Network Topology 362 6.6.5.2 Transport Protocols 363 6.6.5.3 Protocol Stacks for User Traffic 366 6.6.5.4 Technology Comparison 367 6.6.6 Conclusions 374 References 374 7 NG-RAN Deployment Considerations 379Andreas Neubacher and Vishwanath Ramamurthi 7.1 Introduction 379 7.2 Key Ideas 381 7.3 Deployment Objectives and Challenges 381 7.3.1 Where to Provide Coverage 381 7.3.2 Network Capacity and Compute Resource Planning 383 7.3.2.1 Air Interface Capacity 383 7.3.2.2 Compute Resources for Edge Computing Services 384 7.3.2.3 Reliability Considerations 385 7.3.3 Service Fulfillment Criteria 386 7.4 Deployment Considerations 387 7.4.1 Deployment Cost 387 7.4.2 Spectrum and Radio Propagation Considerations 388 7.4.3 5G Frequency Ranges 390 7.4.4 Transport Considerations 391 7.4.5 Baseband Pooling 393 7.4.6 Choice of a NG-RAN Split Architecture 394 7.4.6.1 Sub-6 GHz Case 394 7.4.6.2 High-Band (mmWave) Case 394 7.5 Conclusions 395 References 395 Index 397

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Book SynopsisDigital Logic with an Introduction to Verilog and FPGA-Based Design provides basic knowledge of field programmable gate array (FPGA) design and implementation using Verilog, a hardware description language (HDL) commonly used in the design and verification of digital circuits. Emphasizing fundamental principles, this student-friendly textbook is an ideal resource for introductory digital logic courses. Chapters offer clear explanations of key concepts and step-by-step procedures that illustrate the real-world application of FPGA-based design. Designed for beginning students familiar with DC circuits and the C programming language, the text begins by describing of basic terminologies and essential concepts of digital integrated circuits using transistors. Subsequent chapters cover device level and logic level design in detail, including combinational and sequential circuits used in the design of microcontrollers and microprocessors. Topics include Boolean algebra and fuTable of ContentsPreface ix 1 Introduction to Digital Systems 1 1.1 Explanation of Terms 2 1.2 Design Levels 4 1.3 Combinational vs. Sequential Systems 4 1.4 Digital Circuits 5 1.4.1 Diodes 5 1.4.2 Transistors 5 1.4.3 MOS Transistors 11 1.5 Integrated Circuits (ICs) 14 1.6 CAD (Computer-Aided Design) 16 1.7 Evolution of Digital Logic, Microprocessors, and Microcontrollers 16 1.8 A Typical Application of a Digital System such as a Microcontroller 18 2 Number Systems, Arithmetic/Logic Operations, and Codes 21 2.1 Number Systems 21 2.1.1 General Number Representation 21 2.1.2 Converting Numbers from One Base to Another 23 2.2 Unsigned and Signed Binary Numbers 27 2.3 Codes 30 2.3.1 Binary-Coded-Decimal Code (8421 Code) 30 2.3.2 Alphanumeric Codes 31 2.3.3 Excess-3 Code 31 2.3.4 Gray Code 33 2.3.5 Unicode 35 2.4 Fixed-Point and Floating-Point Representations 35 2.5 Arithmetic Operations 36 2.5.1 Binary Arithmetic 36 2.5.2 BCD Arithmetic 44 2.5.3 Multiword Binary Addition and Subtraction 45 2.5.4 Binary Multiplication and Division by Shift Operations 46 2.6 Error Correction and Detection 48 Questions and Problems 50 3 Digital Logic Gates, Boolean Algebra, and Simplification 53 3.1 Basic Logic Operations 53 3.1.1 NOT Operation 53 3.1.2 OR operation 54 3.1.3 AND operation 56 3.2 Other Logic Operations 57 3.2.1 NOR operation 57 3.2.2 NAND operation 58 3.2.3 Exclusive-OR operation (XOR) 59 3.2.4 Exclusive-NOR Operation (XNOR) 61 3.3 Positive and Negative Logic 62 3.4 Boolean Algebra 63 3.4.1 Boolean Identities 64 3.4.2 Simplification Using Boolean Identities 65 3.4.3 Consensus Theorem 69 3.4.4 Getting Rid of Glitches or Hazards in Combinational Circuits 70 3.4.5 Complement of a Boolean Function 71 3.5 XOR / XNOR Implementations 71 Questions and Problems 74 4 Minterms, Maxterms, and Karnaugh Map 77 4.1 Standard Representations 77 4.2 Karnaugh Maps 81 4.2.1 Two-Variable K-map 81 4.2.2 Three-Variable K-map 82 4.2.3 Four-Variable K-map 84 4.2.4 Prime Implicants 87 4.2.5 Expressing a Boolean function in Product-of-sums (POS) form using a K-map 89 4.2.6 Don’t Care Conditions 90 4.2.7 Five-Variable K-map 94 4.3 Quine–McCluskey Method 95 4.4 Implementation of Digital Circuits with NAND, and NOR Gates 96 4.4.1 NAND Gate Implementation 97 4.4.2 NOR Gate Implementation 98 Questions and Problems 103 5 Analysis and Design of Combinational Circuits Using Gates 107 5.1 Basic Concepts 107 5.2 Analysis of a Combinational Logic Circuit 107 5.3 Design of Combinational Circuits Using Logic Gates 108 5.4 Multiple-Output Combinational Circuits 113 Questions and Problems 118 6 Design of Typical Combinational Logic Components 121 6.1 Design of Typical Combinational Logic Components 121 6.2 Comparators 121 6.3 Decoders 124 6.4 Encoders 130 6.5 Multiplexers 133 6.6 Demultiplexers 137 6.7 Binary Adder/Subtractor and BCD Adder 139 Questions and Problems 148 7 Combinational Shifter, Fast Adders, Array Multipliers, ALU, & PLDS 151 7.1 Combinational Shifter 151 7.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU) 152 7.3 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) 154 7.4 Read-Only Memories (ROMs) 165 7.5 Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs) 167 7.6 Commercially Available Field Programmable Devices (FPDs) 170 Questions and Problems 172 8 Combinational Logic Using Verilog 175 8.1 Hardware Description Languages (HDLs) 175 8.2 Basics of Verilog 176 8.2.1 Verilog keywords 176 8.2.2 Representing numbers in Verilog 176 8.2.3 A typical Verilog Segment 177 8.3 Structural Modeling 182 8.4 Dataflow Modeling 189 8.5 Behavioral modeling 195 8.5.1 if-else block 197 8.5.2 Modeling logical conditions in a circuit 198 8.5.3 Case-endcase construct 198 8.5.4 Conditional Operator 200 8.6 Simulation 201 Questions and Problems 207 9 Latches and Flip-Flops 211 9.1 Latches and Flip-Flops 211 9.1.1 SR Latch 211 9.1.2 Gated SR Latch 213 9.1.3 Gated D Latch 213 9.1.4 Edge-Trigerred D Flip-Flop 214 9.1.5 JK Flip-Flop 216 9.1.6 T Flip-Flop 217 9.2 Timing parameters for edge-triggered flip-flops 218 9.3 Preset and Clear Inputs 219 9.4 Summary of Flip-Flops 220 Questions and Problems 224 10 Analysis and Design of Sequential Circuits 227 10.1 Introduction 227 10.2 Analysis of Synchronous Sequential Circuits 228 10.3 Types of Synchronous Sequential Circuits 233 10.4 Minimization of States 235 10.5 Design of Synchronous Sequential Circuits 237 10.6 Serial Adder 240 10.7 Sequence Generator/Detector 242 10.8 Random-Access Memory (RAM) 245 10.9 Algorithmic State Machines (ASM) Chart 247 10.10 Asynchronous Sequential Circuits 255 Questions and Problems 258 11 Counters and Registers 263 11.1 Design of Counters 263 11.2 Design of Registers 268 11.2.1 Shift Register 268 11.2.2 “Shift register” Counters 271 11.2.3 General-Purpose Register (GPR) 275 Questions and Problems 277 12 Sequential Logic Design Using Verilog 281 12.1 Basics 281 12.2 Examples Illustrating Non-blocking and Blocking Assignments 283 12.3 RTL (Register Transfer Level) modeling 289 Questions and Problems 298 13 Implementation of Digital Design Using FPGA 301 13.1 Basics of FPGA 301 13.1.1 LUTs (Look-Up Tables) 302 13.1.2 Programmable Switch Matrix 308 13.1.3 Configurable Logic Blocks (CLBs) 308 13.1.4 FPGA Architecture 311 13.1.5 FPGA Programming 311 13.2 A Typical FPGA Chip 312 13.2.1 Configuration Pins 314 13.2.2 User I/O Pins 315 13.2.3 Power/Ground Pins 315 13.3 A Typical FPGA Board 315 13.4 FPGA-based Design and Implementation 320 13.4.1 Design 320 13.4.2 Synthesis 320 13.4.3 Implementation, Programming, and Verification 320 13.5 FPGA Examples 322 Questions and Problems 374 Appendix A: Answers to Selected Problems 379 Appendix B: Glossary 389 Appendix C: Step-By-Step Tutorial for Downloading and Installing Xilinx Vivado IDE 395 Appendix D: Step-By-Step Tutorial for Creating & Simulating a Verilog Design Using Xilinx Vivado IDE 399 I Combinational Circuit 399 II Sequential Circuit 407 Appendix E: Step-By-Step Procedure for Implementing FPGA-Based Design Using Vivado IDE & Nexys A7 FPGA Board 419 I Combinational Circuit 419 II FPGA Implementation of Sequential Circuit 426 Bibliography 437 Index 439

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsHistory of Changes xi List of Figures xiii List of Tables xvii Preface xix How to Use This Handbook xxi 1 Systems Engineering Introduction 1 1.1 What Is Systems Engineering? 1 1.2 Why Is Systems Engineering Important? 4 1.3 Systems Concepts 8 1.3.1 System Boundary and the System of Interest (SoI) 8 1.3.2 Emergence 9 1.3.3 Interfacing Systems, Interoperating Systems, and Enabling Systems 10 1.3.4 System Innovation Ecosystem 11 1.3.5 The Hierarchy within a System 12 1.3.6 Systems States and Modes 14 1.3.7 Complexity 15 1.4 Systems Engineering Foundations 15 1.4.1 Uncertainty 15 1.4.2 Cognitive Bias 17 1.4.3 Systems Engineering Principles 17 1.4.4 Systems Engineering Heuristics 20 1.5 System Science and Systems Thinking 21 2 System Life Cycle Concepts, Models, and Processes 25 2.1 Life Cycle Terms and Concepts 25 2.1.1 Life Cycle Characteristics 25 2.1.2 Typical Life Cycle Stages 26 2.1.3 Decision Gates 29 2.1.4 Technical Reviews and Audits 31 2.2 Life Cycle Model Approaches 33 2.2.1 Sequential Methods 35 2.2.2 Incremental Methods 36 2.2.3 Evolutionary Methods 38 2.3 System Life Cycle Processes 39 2.3.1 Introduction to the System Life Cycle Processes 39 2.3.1.1 Format and Conventions 40 2.3.1.2 Concurrency, Iteration, and Recursion 42 2.3.2 Agreement Processes 44 2.3.2.1 Acquisition Process 45 2.3.2.2 Supply Process 48 2.3.3 Organizational Project-Enabling Processes 50 2.3.3.1 Life Cycle Model Management Process 51 2.3.3.2 Infrastructure Management Process 54 2.3.3.3 Portfolio Management Process 57 2.3.3.4 Human Resource Management Process 60 2.3.3.5 Quality Management Process 63 2.3.3.6 Knowledge Management Process 67 2.3.4 Technical Management Processes 70 2.3.4.1 Project Planning Process 70 2.3.4.2 Project Assessment and Control Process 75 2.3.4.3 Decision Management Process 78 2.3.4.4 Risk Management Process 81 2.3.4.5 Configuration Management Process 87 2.3.4.6 Information Management Process 91 2.3.4.7 Measurement Process 93 2.3.4.8 Quality Assurance Process 98 2.3.5 Technical Processes 101 2.3.5.1 Business or Mission Analysis Process 103 2.3.5.2 Stakeholder Needs and Requirements Definition Process 107 2.3.5.3 System Requirements Definition Process 112 2.3.5.4 System Architecture Definition Process 118 2.3.5.5 Design Definition Process 124 2.3.5.6 System Analysis Process 129 2.3.5.7 Implementation Process 132 2.3.5.8 Integration Process 134 2.3.5.9 Verification Process 138 2.3.5.10 Transition Process 143 2.3.5.11 Validation Process 146 2.3.5.12 Operation Process 152 2.3.5.13 Maintenance Process 154 2.3.5.14 Disposal Process 156 3 Life Cycle Analyses and Methods 159 3.1 Quality Characteristics and Approaches 159 3.1.1 Introduction to Quality Characteristics 159 3.1.2 Affordability Analysis 160 3.1.3 Agility Engineering 165 3.1.4 Human Systems Integration 168 3.1.5 Interoperability Analysis 171 3.1.6 Logistics Engineering 172 3.1.7 Manufacturability/Producibility Analysis 175 3.1.8 Reliability, Availability, Maintainability Engineering 176 3.1.9 Resilience Engineering 180 3.1.10 Sustainability Engineering 184 3.1.11 System Safety Engineering 185 3.1.12 System Security Engineering 190 3.1.13 Loss-Driven Systems Engineering 191 3.2 Systems Engineering Analyses and Methods 192 3.2.1 Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation 192 3.2.2 Prototyping 200 3.2.3 Traceability 201 3.2.4 Interface Management 202 3.2.5 Architecture Frameworks 206 3.2.6 Patterns 208 3.2.7 Design Thinking 212 3.2.8 Biomimicry 213 4 Tailoring and Application Considerations 215 4.1 Tailoring Considerations 215 4.2 SE Methodology/Approach Considerations 219 4.2.1 Model-Based SE 219 4.2.2 Agile Systems Engineering 221 4.2.3 Lean Systems Engineering 224 4.2.4 Product Line Engineering (PLE) 226 4.3 System Types Considerations 229 4.3.1 Greenfield/Clean Sheet Systems 229 4.3.2 Brownfield/Legacy Systems 230 4.3.3 Commercial-off-the-Shelf (COTS)-Based Systems 231 4.3.4 Software-Intensive Systems 232 4.3.5 Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) 233 4.3.6 Systems of Systems (SoS) 235 4.3.7 Internet of Things (IoT)/Big Data-Driven Systems 238 4.3.8 Service Systems 239 4.3.9 Enterprise Systems 241 4.4 Application of Systems Engineering for Specific Product Sector or Domain Application 244 4.4.1 Automotive Systems 245 4.4.2 Biomedical and Healthcare Systems 248 4.4.3 Commercial Aerospace Systems 249 4.4.4 Defense Systems 250 4.4.5 Infrastructure Systems 251 4.4.6 Oil and Gas Systems 253 4.4.7 Power & Energy Systems 254 4.4.8 Space Systems 255 4.4.9 Telecommunication Systems 257 4.4.10 Transportation Systems 258 5 Systems Engineering in Practice 261 5.1 Systems Engineering Competencies 261 5.1.1 Difference between Hard and Soft Skills 262 5.1.2 System Engineering Professional Competencies 263 5.1.3 Technical Leadership 263 5.1.4 Ethics 264 5.2 Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion 265 5.3 Systems Engineering Relationships to Other Disciplines 266 5.3.1 SE and Software Engineering (SWE) 266 5.3.2 SE and Hardware Engineering (HWE) 267 5.3.3 SE and Project Management (PM) 268 5.3.4 SE and Industrial Engineering (IE) 270 5.3.5 SE and Operations Research (OR) 271 5.4 Digital Engineering 273 5.5 Systems Engineering Transformation 274 5.6 Future of SE 275 6 Case Studies 277 6.1 Case 1: Radiation Therapy—the Therac-25 277 6.2 Case 2: Joining Two Countries—the Øresund Bridge 278 6.3 Case 3: Cybersecurity Considerations in Systems Engineering—the Stuxnet Attack on a Cyber-Physical System 280 6.4 Case 4: Design for Maintainability—Incubators 282 6.5 Case 5: Artificial Intelligence in Systems Engineering—Autonomous Vehicles 283 6.6 Other Case Studies 285 Appendix A: References 287 Appendix B: Acronyms 305 Appendix C: Terms and Definitions 311 Appendix D: N2 Diagram of Systems Engineering Processes 317 Appendix E: Input/Output Descriptions 321 Appendix F: Acknowledgments 335 Appendix G: Comment Form 337 Index 339

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Book SynopsisExplore the cloud-native paradigm for event-driven and service-oriented applications In Cloud-Native Computing: How to Design, Develop, and Secure Microservices and Event-Driven Applications, a team of distinguished professionals delivers a comprehensive and insightful treatment of cloud-native computing technologies and tools. With a particular emphasis on the Kubernetes platform, as well as service mesh and API gateway solutions, the book demonstrates the need for reliability assurance in any distributed environment. The authors explain the application engineering and legacy modernization aspects of the technology at length, along with agile programming models. Descriptions of MSA and EDA as tools for accelerating software design and development accompany discussions of how cloud DevOps tools empower continuous integration, delivery, and deployment. Cloud-Native Computing also introduces proven edge devices and clouds used to construct microservices-centric and real-time edge applications. Finally, readers will benefit from: Thorough introductions to the demystification of digital transformationComprehensive explorations of distributed computing in the digital era, as well as reflections on the history and technological development of cloud computingPractical discussions of cloud-native computing and microservices architecture, as well as event-driven architecture and serverless computingIn-depth examinations of the Akka framework as a tool for concurrent and distributed applications development Perfect for graduate and postgraduate students in a variety of IT- and cloud-related specialties, Cloud-Native Computing also belongs in the libraries of IT professionals and business leaders engaged or interested in the application of cloud technologies to various business operations.Table of ContentsPreface Chapter 1 - The Dawning of Digital Era Chapter 2 – Leveraging the Cloud-Native Computing Model for the Digital Era Chapter 3 - Kubernetes Architecture, Best Practices and Patterns Chapter 4 - The Resiliency and Observability Aspects of Cloud-native Applications Chapter 5 - Creating Kubernetes Clusters on Private Cloud (VMware vSphere) Chapter 6: Creating Kubernetes Clusters on Public Cloud (Microsoft Azure) Chapter 7: Design, Development and Deployment of Event-driven Microservices Practically Chapter 8 - Serverless Computing for the Cloud-native Era Chapter 9 - Demonstrating a Serverless Application using Knative on a Kubernetes Cluster Chapter 10 - Delineating Cloud-native Edge Computing Chapter 11 - Setting up a Kubernetes Cluster using Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) Chapter 12 - Reliable Cloud-native Applications through Service Mesh Chapter 13 – Cloud-native Computing: The Security Challenges and the Solution Approaches Chapter 14 – Microservices Security: The Concerns and the Solution Approaches Chapter 15 - Apache Kafka: Setup, Monitor and Secure Kubernetes cluster.

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Book SynopsisAdvanced Control of Power Converters Unique resource presenting advanced nonlinear control methods for power converters, plus simulation, controller design, analyses, and case studies Advanced Control of Power Converters equips readers with the latest knowledge of three control methods developed for power converters: nonlinear control methods such as sliding mode control, Lyapunov-function-based control, and model predictive control. Readers will learn about the design of each control method, and simulation case studies and results will be presented and discussed to point out the behavior of each control method in different applications. In this way, readers wishing to learn these control methods can gain insight on how to design and simulate each control method easily. The book is organized into three clear sections: introduction of classical and advanced control methods, design of advanced control methods, and case studies. Each control method is supporTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xiii List of Abbreviations xvii Preface xix Acknowledgment xxi About the Companion Website xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 General Remarks 1 1.2 Basic Closed-Loop Control for Power Converters 3 1.3 Mathematical Modeling of Power Converters 4 1.4 Basic Control Objectives 6 1.4.1 Closed-Loop Stability 6 1.4.2 Settling Time 10 1.4.3 Steady-State Error 11 1.4.4 Robustness to Parameter Variations and Disturbances 12 1.5 Performance Evaluation 12 1.5.1 Simulation-Based Method 12 1.5.2 Experimental Method 13 1.6 Contents of the Book 13 References 15 2 Introduction to Advanced Control Methods 17 2.1 Classical Control Methods for Power Converters 17 2.2 Sliding Mode Control 18 2.3 Lyapunov Function-Based Control 22 2.3.1 Lyapunov’s Linearization Method 23 2.3.2 Lyapunov’s Direct Method 24 2.4 Model Predictive Control 27 2.4.1 Functional Principle 27 2.4.2 Basic Concept 28 2.4.3 Cost Function 29 References 30 3 Design of Sliding Mode Control for Power Converters 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Sliding Mode Control of DC–DC Buck and Cuk Converters 33 3.3 Sliding Mode Control Design Procedure 44 3.3.1 Selection of Sliding Surface Function 44 3.3.2 Control Input Design 46 3.4 Chattering Mitigation Techniques 48 3.4.1 Hysteresis Function Technique 48 3.4.2 Boundary Layer Technique 49 3.4.3 State Observer Technique 50 3.5 Modulation Techniques 51 3.5.1 Hysteresis Modulation Technique 51 3.5.2 Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Technique 52 3.5.3 Space Vector Modulation Technique 53 3.6 Other Types of Sliding Mode Control 54 3.6.1 Terminal Sliding Mode Control 54 3.6.2 Second-Order Sliding Mode Control 54 References 55 4 Design of Lyapunov Function-Based Control for Power Converters 59 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 Lyapunov-Function-Based Control Design Using Direct Method 59 4.3 Lyapunov Function-Based Control of DC–DC Buck Converter 62 4.4 Lyapunov Function-Based Control of DC–DC Boost Converter 67 References 71 5 Design of Model Predictive Control 73 5.1 Introduction 73 5.2 Predictive Control Methods 73 5.3 FCS Model Predictive Control 75 5.3.1 Design Procedure 76 5.3.2 Tutorial 1: Implementation of FCS-MPC for Three-Phase VSI 80 5.4 CCS Model Predictive Control 86 5.4.1 Incremental Models 86 5.4.2 Predictive Model 88 5.4.3 Cost Function in CCSMPC 92 5.4.4 Cost Function Minimization 93 5.4.5 Receding Control Horizon Principle 96 5.4.6 Closed-Loop of an MPC System 97 5.4.7 Discrete Linear Quadratic Regulators 97 5.4.8 Formulation of the Constraints in MPC 99 5.4.9 Optimization with Equality Constraints 103 5.4.10 Optimization with Inequality Constraints 105 5.4.11 MPC for Multi-Input Multi-Output Systems 108 5.4.12 Tutorial 2: MPC Design For a Grid-Connected VSI in dq Frame 109 5.5 Design and Implementation Issues 112 5.5.1 Cost Function Selection 112 5.5.1.1 Examples for Primary Control Objectives 113 5.5.1.2 Examples for Secondary Control Objectives 114 5.5.2 Weighting Factor Design 114 5.5.2.1 Empirical Selection Method 115 5.5.2.2 Equal-Weighted Cost-Function-Based Selection Method 116 5.5.2.3 Lookup Table-Based Selection Method 117 References 118 6 MATLAB/Simulink Tutorial on Physical Modeling and Experimental Setup 121 6.1 Introduction 121 6.2 Building Simulation Model for Power Converters 121 6.2.1 Building Simulation Model for Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter Based on Sliding Mode Control 122 6.2.2 Building Simulation Model for Three-Phase Rectifier Based on Lyapunov-Function-Based Control 126 6.2.3 Building Simulation Model for Quasi-Z Source Three-Phase Four-Leg Inverter Based on Model Predictive Control 131 6.2.4 Building Simulation Model for Distributed Generations in Islanded AC Microgrid 137 6.3 Building Real-Time Model for a Single-Phase T-Type Rectifier 142 6.4 Building Rapid Control Prototyping for a Single-Phase T-Type Rectifier 154 6.4.1 Components in the Experimental Testbed 155 6.4.1.1 Grid Simulator 155 6.4.1.2 A Single-Phase T-Type Rectifier Prototype 156 6.4.1.3 Measurement Board 157 6.4.1.4 Programmable Load 158 6.4.1.5 Controller 158 6.4.2 Building Control Structure on OP- 5707 158 References 162 7 Sliding Mode Control of Various Power Converters 163 7.1 Introduction 163 7.2 Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter with LCL Filter 163 7.2.1 Mathematical Modeling of Grid-Connected Inverter with LCL Filter 164 7.2.2 Sliding Mode Control 165 7.2.3 PWM Signal Generation Using Hysteresis Modulation 168 7.2.3.1 Single-Band Hysteresis Function 168 7.2.3.2 Double-Band Hysteresis Function 168 7.2.4 Switching Frequency Computation 170 7.2.4.1 Switching Frequency Computation with Single-Band Hysteresis Modulation 170 7.2.4.2 Switching Frequency Computation with Double-Band Hysteresis Modulation 171 7.2.5 Selection of Control Gains 172 7.2.6 Simulation Study 174 7.2.7 Experimental Study 177 7.3 Three-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter with LCL Filter 180 7.3.1 Physical Model Equations for a Three-Phase Grid-Connected VSI with an LCL Filter 181 7.3.2 Control System 182 7.3.2.1 Reduced State-Space Model of the Converter 183 7.3.2.2 Model Discretization and KF Adaptive Equation 187 7.3.2.3 Sliding Surfaces with Active Damping Capability 188 7.3.3 Stability Analysis 189 7.3.3.1 Discrete-Time Equivalent Control Deduction 189 7.3.3.2 Closed-Loop System Equations 191 7.3.3.3 Test of Robustness Against Parameters Uncertainties 192 7.3.4 Experimental Study 192 7.3.4.1 Test of Robustness Against Grid Inductance Variations 192 7.3.4.2 Test of Stability in Case of Grid Harmonics Near the Resonance Frequency 196 7.3.4.3 Test of the VSI Against Sudden Changes in the Reference Current 196 7.3.4.4 Test of the VSI Under Distorted Grid 198 7.3.4.5 Test of the VSI Under Voltage Sags 198 7.3.5 Computational Load and Performances of the Control Algorithm 199 7.4 Three-Phase AC–DC Rectifier 200 7.4.1 Nonlinear Model of the Unity Power Factor Rectifier 200 7.4.2 Problem Formulation 202 7.4.3 Axis-Decoupling Based on an Estimator 203 7.4.4 Control System 205 7.4.4.1 Kalman Filter 206 7.4.4.2 Practical Considerations: Election of Q and R Matrices 208 7.4.4.3 Practical Considerations: Computational Burden Reduction 208 7.4.5 Sliding Mode Control 209 7.4.5.1 Inner Control Loop 209 7.4.5.2 Outer Control Loop 210 7.4.6 Hysteresis Band Generator with Switching Decision Algorithm 212 7.4.7 Experimental Study 215 7.5 Three-Phase Transformerless Dynamic Voltage Restorer 224 7.5.1 Mathematical Modeling of Transformerless Dynamic Voltage Restorer 224 7.5.2 Design of Sliding Mode Control for TDVR 225 7.5.3 Time-Varying Switching Frequency with Single-Band Hysteresis 227 7.5.4 Constant Switching Frequency with Boundary Layer 229 7.5.5 Simulation Study 231 7.5.6 Experimental Study 233 7.6 Three-Phase Shunt Active Power Filter 240 7.6.1 Nonlinear Model of the SAPF 240 7.6.2 Problem Formulation 242 7.6.3 Control System 243 7.6.3.1 State Model of the Converter 243 7.6.3.2 Kalman Filter 245 7.6.3.3 Sliding Mode Control 246 7.6.3.4 Hysteresis Band Generator with SDA 247 7.6.4 Experimental Study 248 7.6.4.1 Response of the SAPF to Load Variations 249 7.6.4.2 SAPF Performances Under a Distorted Grid 253 7.6.4.3 SAPF Performances Under Grid Voltage Sags 254 7.6.4.4 Spectrum of the Control Signal 254 References 257 8 Design of Lyapunov Function-Based Control of Various Power Converters 261 8.1 Introduction 261 8.2 Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter with LCL Filter 261 8.2.1 Mathematical Modeling and Controller Design 261 8.2.2 Controller Modification with Capacitor Voltage Feedback 264 8.2.3 Inverter-Side Current Reference Generation Using Proportional- Resonant Controller 264 8.2.4 Grid Current Transfer Function 266 8.2.5 Harmonic Attenuation and Harmonic Impedance 267 8.2.6 Results 270 8.3 Single-Phase Quasi-Z-Source Grid-Connected Inverter with LCL Filter 277 8.3.1 Quasi-Z-Source Network Modeling 277 8.3.2 Grid-Connected Inverter Modeling 280 8.3.3 Control of Quasi-Z-Source Network 281 8.3.4 Control of Grid-Connected Inverter 281 8.3.5 Reference Generation Using Cascaded PR Control 282 8.3.6 Results 283 8.4 Single-Phase Uninterruptible Power Supply Inverter 287 8.4.1 Mathematical Modeling of Uninterruptible Power Supply Inverter 287 8.4.2 Controller Design 288 8.4.3 Criteria for Selecting Control Parameters 290 8.4.4 Results 292 8.5 Three-Phase Voltage-Source AC–DC Rectifier 298 8.5.1 Mathematical Modeling of Rectifier 298 8.5.2 Controller Design 301 8.5.3 Results 304 References 307 9 Model Predictive Control of Various Converters 309 9.1 CCS MPC Method for a Three-Phase Grid-Connected VSI 309 9.1.1 Model Predictive Control Design 310 9.1.1.1 VSI Incremental Model with an Embedded Integrator 310 9.1.1.2 Predictive Model of the Converter 311 9.1.1.3 Cost Function Minimization 312 9.1.1.4 Inclusion of Constraints 313 9.1.2 MATLAB ® /Simulink ® Implementation 315 9.1.3 Simulation Studies 322 9.2 Model Predictive Control Method for Single-Phase Three-Level Shunt Active Filter 325 9.2.1 Modeling of Shunt Active Filter (SAPF) 325 9.2.2 The Energy-Function-Based MPC 328 9.2.2.1 Design of Energy-Function-Based MPC 328 9.2.2.2 Discrete-Time Model 331 9.2.3 Experimental Studies 332 9.2.3.1 Steady-State and Dynamic Response Tests 333 9.2.3.2 Comparison with Classical MPC Method 337 9.3 Model Predictive Control of Quasi-Z Source Three-Phase Four-Leg Inverter 341 9.3.1 qZS Four-Leg Inverter Model 341 9.3.2 MPC Algorithm 345 9.3.2.1 Determination of References 345 9.3.2.2 Discrete-Time Models of the System 346 9.3.2.3 Cost Function Optimization 347 9.3.2.4 Control Algorithm 347 9.3.3 Simulation Results 349 9.4 Weighting Factorless Model Predictive Control for DC–DC SEPIC Converters 352 9.4.1 Principle of Control Strategy 352 9.4.1.1 Conventional Model Predictive Current Control 355 9.4.1.2 Cost Function Analysis of Conventional MPC 356 9.4.1.3 Cost Function Design of Presented MPC in [11] 358 9.4.1.4 Output Voltage Control 361 9.4.2 Experimental Results 362 9.4.2.1 Switching Frequency Control Test 362 9.4.2.2 Dynamic Response Test Under Input Voltage Variation 363 9.4.2.3 Dynamic Response Test Under Load Change 366 9.4.2.4 Influence of Parameter Mismatch 367 9.5 Model Predictive Droop Control of Distributed Generation Inverters in Islanded AC Microgrid 370 9.5.1 Conventional Droop Control 370 9.5.2 Control Technique 373 9.5.2.1 Reference Voltage Generation Through Droop Control 373 9.5.2.2 Model Predictive Control 374 9.5.3 Simulation Results 376 9.6 FCS-MPC for a Three-Phase Shunt Active Power Filter 378 9.6.1 System Modeling 381 9.6.2 Control Technique 383 9.6.3 FCS-MPC with Reduced States 384 9.6.3.1 Vector Selection Based on Vector Operation 384 9.6.3.2 Cost Function Minimization Procedure 387 9.6.3.3 Kalman Filter 387 9.6.4 Experimental Results 389 9.7 FCS-MPC for a Single-Phase T-Type Rectifier 395 9.7.1 Modeling of Single-Phase T-Type Rectifier 395 9.7.2 Model Predictive Control 397 9.7.2.1 Sensorless Grid Voltage Estimation 397 9.7.2.2 Reference Current Generation 400 9.7.2.3 MPC for the T-Type Rectifier 400 9.7.2.4 MPC for the Power Decoupling Circuit 402 9.7.3 Experimental Studies 404 9.7.3.1 Steady-State Analysis 404 9.7.3.2 Robustness Analysis 404 9.8 Predictive Torque Control of Brushless Doubly Fed Induction Generator Fed by a Matrix Converter 408 9.8.1 Overview of the System Model 411 9.8.1.1 Topology Overview 411 9.8.1.2 Mathematical Model of the CDFIG 412 9.8.1.3 Mathematical Model of the Matrix Converter 414 9.8.2 Predictive Torque Control of CDFIG 415 9.8.2.1 Outer Loop 416 9.8.2.2 Internal Model of the Controller 416 9.8.2.3 Cost Function Minimization 418 9.8.3 Simulation Results 418 9.9 An Enhanced Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control Method with Self-Balancing Capacitor Voltages for Three-Level T-Type Rectifiers 420 9.9.1 Overview of the System Model 422 9.9.2 Problem Definition 424 9.9.3 Derivation of Lyapunov-Energy Function 425 9.9.4 Discrete-Time Model 428 9.9.5 Experimental Studies 429 References 431 Index 435

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAbout the Authors ix Preface x Part I Theory 1 1 Basic Principles of Eddy Currents 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Faraday's Law and Lenz's Law 5 1.3 Proximity Effect 8 1.4 Resistance and Reactance Limited Eddy Currents 11 1.5 Electromotive Force (emf) and Potential Difference 14 1.6 Waves, Diffusion, and the Magneto-Quasi-static Approximation 22 1.7 Skin Depth or Depth of Penetration 27 1.8 Diffusion, Heat Transfer, and Eddy Currents 30 1.9 The Diffusion Equation and RandomWalks 32 1.10 Transient Magnetic Diffusion 34 1.11 Coupled Circuit Models for Eddy Currents 39 1.12 Summary 43 2 Conductors with Rectangular Cross Sections 45 2.1 Finite Plate: Resistance Limited 45 2.2 Infinite Plate: Reactance Limited 48 2.3 Finite Plate: Reactance Limited 53 2.4 Superposition of Eddy Losses in a Conductor 58 2.5 Discussion of Losses in Rectangular Plates 59 2.6 Eddy Currents in a Nonlinear Plate 68 2.7 Plate with Hysteresis and Complex Permeability 80 2.8 Conducting Plates with Sinusoidal Space Variation of Field 83 2.9 Eddy Currents in Multi-Layered Plate Geometries 94 2.10 Thin Wire Carrying Current Above Conducting Plates 100 2.11 Eddy Currents in Materials with Anisotropic Permeability 112 2.12 Isolated Rectangular Conductor with Axial Current Applied 115 2.13 Transient Diffusion Into a Solid Conducting Block 118 2.14 Eddy Current Modes in a Rectangular Core 125 2.15 Summary 129 3 Conductors with Circular Cross Sections 131 3.1 Axial Current in a Conductor with Circular Cross Section: Reactance-Limited Case 131 3.2 Axial Current in Composite Circular Conductors 136 3.3 Circular Conductor with Applied Axial Flux: Resistance-Limited Case 144 3.4 Circular Conductor with Applied Axial Flux: Reactance-Limited Case 146 3.5 Shielding with a Conducting Tube in an Axial Field 151 3.6 Circular Conductors with Transverse Applied Field: Resistance-Limited Case 155 3.7 Cylindrical Conductor with Applied Transverse Field: Reactance-Limited Case 157 3.8 Shielding with a Conducting Tube in a Transverse Field 165 3.9 Spherical Conductor in a Uniform Sinusoidally Time-Varying Field: Resistance-Limited Case 167 3.10 Diffusion Through Thin Cylinders 169 3.11 Surface Impedance Formulation for Electric Machines 175 3.12 Summary 181 Part II Modeling 183 4 Formulations 185 4.1 Mathematical Formulations for Eddy Current Modeling 185 5 Finite Differences 199 5.1 Difference Equations 199 5.2 The Two-Dimensional Diffusion Equation 201 5.3 Time-Domain Solution of the Diffusion Equation 205 5.4 Equivalent Circuit Representation for Finite Difference Equations 207 6 Finite Elements 219 6.1 Finite Elements 219 6.2 The Variational Method 220 6.3 Axisymmetric Finite Element Eddy Current Formulation with Magnetic Vector Potential 248 7 Integral Equations 255 7.1 Surface Integral Equation Method for Eddy Current Analysis 255 7.2 Boundary Element Method for Eddy Current Analysis 260 7.3 Integral Equations for Three-Dimensional Eddy Currents 270 Part III Applications 277 8 Induction Heating 279 8.1 Simplified Induction Heating Analysis 279 8.2 Coupled Eddy Current and Thermal Analysis: Induction Heating 285 9 Wattmeter 291 10 Magnetic Stirring 303 10.1 Introduction 303 10.2 Analysis 304 11 Electric Machines 311 11.1 Eddy Currents in Slot-Embedded Conductors 311 11.2 Solid Rotor Electric Machines 339 11.3 Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Analysis by the Finite Element Method 352 12 Transformer Losses 361 12.1 FoilWound Transformer 361 12.2 Phase Shifting Transformers 363 Appendix A Bessel Functions 367 Appendix B Separation of Variables 369 B.1 One-Dimensional Separation of Variables in Rectangular Coordinates 369 B.2 Two-Dimensional Separation of Variables in Cylindrical Coordinates 371 Appendix C The Error Function 373 Appendix D Replacing Hollow Conducting Cylinders with Line Currents Using the Method of Images 375 Appendix E Inductance of Parallel Wires 379 Appendix F Shape Functions for First-Order Hexahedral Element 381 References 383 Index 387

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Book SynopsisSYSTEMS ENGINEERING NEURAL NETWORKS A complete and authoritative discussion of systems engineering and neural networks In Systems Engineering Neural Networks, a team of distinguished researchers deliver a thorough exploration of the fundamental concepts underpinning the creation and improvement of neural networks with a systems engineering mindset. In the book, you'll find a general theoretical discussion of both systems engineering and neural networks accompanied by coverage of relevant and specific topics, from deep learning fundamentals to sport business applications. Readers will discover in-depth examples derived from many years of engineering experience, a comprehensive glossary with links to further reading, and supplementary online content. The authors have also included a variety of applications programmed in both Python 3 and Microsoft Excel. The book provides: A thorough introduction to neural networks, introduced as key element of complex systems Practical discussions of sTable of ContentsABOUT THE AUTHORS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7 HOW TO READ THIS BOOK 8 Part I 9 1 A BRIEF INTRODUCTION 9 THE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING APPROACH TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) 14 SOURCES 18 CHAPTER SUMMARY 18 QUESTIONS 19 2 DEFINING A NEURAL NETWORK 20 BIOLOGICAL NETWORKS 22 FROM BIOLOGY TO MATHEMATICS 24 WE CAME A FULL CIRCLE 25 THE MODEL OF McCULLOCH-PITTS 25 THE ARTIFICIAL NEURON OF ROSENBLATT 26 FINAL REMARKS 33 SOURCES 35 CHAPTER SUMMARY 36 QUESTIONS 37 3 ENGINEERING NEURAL NETWORKS 38 A BRIEF RECAP ON SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 40 THE KEYSTONE: SE4AI AND AI4SE 41 ENGINEERING COMPLEXITY 41 THE SPORT SYSTEM 45 ENGINEERING A SPORT CLUB 51 OPTIMISATION 52 AN EXAMPLE OF DECISION MAKING 56 FUTURISM AND FORESIGHT 60 QUALITATIVE TO QUANTITATIVE 61 FUZZY THINKING 64 IT IS ALL IN THE TOOLS 74 SOURCES 77 CHAPTER SUMMARY 77 QUESTIONS 78 Part II 79 4 SYSTEMS THINKING FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT 79 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES 82 ONE MORE THING: SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 94 CHAPTER SUMMARY 101 QUESTIONS 102 SOURCES 102 5 PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT 103 EXAMPLE 1: COSINE FUNCTION 105 EXAMPLE 2: CORROSION ON A METAL STRUCTURE 112 EXAMPLE 3: DEFINING ROLES OF ATHLETES 127 EXAMPLE 4: ATHLETE’S PERFORMANCE 134 EXAMPLE 5: TEAM PERFORMANCE 142 A human-defined-system 142 Human Factors 143 The sport team as system of interest 144 Impact of Human Error on Sports Team Performance 145 EXAMPLE 6: TREND PREDICTION 156 EXAMPLE 7: SYMPLEX AND GAME THEORY 163 EXAMPLE 8: SORTING MACHINE FOR LEGO® BRICKS 168 Part III 174 6 INPUT/OUTPUT, HIDDEN LAYER AND BIAS 174 INPUT/OUTPUT 175 HIDDEN LAYER 180 BIAS 184 FINAL REMARKS 186 CHAPTER SUMMARY 187 QUESTIONS 188 7 ACTIVATION FUNCTION 189 TYPES OF ACTIVATION FUNCTIONS 191 ACTIVATION FUNCTION DERIVATIVES 194 ACTIVATION FUNCTIONS RESPONSE TO W AND b VARIABLES 200 FINAL REMARKS 202 CHAPTER SUMMARY 204 QUESTIONS 205 SOURCES 205 8 COST FUNCTION, BACK-PROPAGATION AND OTHER ITERATIVE METHODS 206 WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LOSS AND COST? 209 TRAINING THE NEURAL NETWORK 212 BACK-PROPAGATION (BP) 214 ONE MORE THING: GRADIENT METHOD AND CONJUGATE GRADIENT METHOD 218 ONE MORE THING: NEWTON’S METHOD 221 CHAPTER SUMMARY 223 QUESTIONS 224 SOURCES 224 9 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 225 GLOSSARY AND INSIGHTS 233

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Book SynopsisJoint Source-Channel Coding Consolidating knowledge on Joint Source-Channel Coding (JSCC), this book provides an indispensable resource on a key area of performance enhancement for communications networks Presenting in one volume the key theories, concepts and important developments in the area of Joint Source-Channel Coding (JSCC), this book provides the fundamental material needed to enhance the performance of digital and wireless communication systems and networks. It comprehensively introduces JSCC technologies for communications systems, including coding and decoding algorithms, and emerging applications of JSCC in current wireless communications. The book covers the full range of theoretical and technical areas before concluding with a section considering recent applications and emerging designs for JSCC. A methodical reference for academic and industrial researchers, development engineers, system engineers, system architects and software engineers, this boTable of ContentsPreface xi 1 Introduction and Background 1 1.1 Simplified Model for a Communication System 2 1.2 Entropy and Information 3 1.3 Introduction to Source Coding 6 1.3.1 Sampling and Quantization of Signals 6 1.3.2 Source Coding of Quantized Signals 9 1.3.3 Distortion and Rate-distortion Theory 13 1.4 Channels, Channel Coding, and Capacity 17 1.4.1 Channel Models 17 1.4.2 Wireless Channels 19 1.4.3 Channel Coding and Channel Capacity 23 1.5 Layered Model for a Communication System 26 1.6 Distortion, Quality of Service, and Quality of Experience 30 1.6.1 Objective Measurements of Distortion or Quality 31 1.6.2 Subjective and Perceptually Based Measurements of Distortion or Quality 32 1.7 Shannon’s Separation Principle and Joint Source–Channel Coding 36 1.8 Major Classes of Joint Source–Channel Coding Techniques 40 References 42 2 Source Coding and Signal Compression 43 2.1 Types of Sources 43 2.2 Lossless Compression 46 2.2.1 Entropy Coding 47 2.2.2 Predictive Coding 52 2.3 Lossy Compression 54 2.3.1 Quantization 54 2.3.2 Differential Coding 62 2.3.3 Transform Coding 63 2.3.4 Subband and Wavelet Coding 65 2.4 Embedded and Layered Coding 68 2.5 Coding of Practical Sources 71 2.5.1 Image Coding - JPEG 71 2.5.2 Embedded Image Coding – SPIHT 75 2.5.3 Video Coding 78 2.5.4 Speech Coding 83 References 86 3 Channel Coding 87 3.1 Linear Block Codes 87 3.1.1 Binary Linear Block Codes 90 3.1.2 Generator Matrix, Parity-Check Matrix, and Syndrome Testing 91 3.1.3 Common Linear Block Codes 92 3.1.4 Error and Erasure Correction with Block Codes 95 3.2 Convolutional Codes 97 3.2.1 Code Characterization: State and Trellis Diagrams 98 3.2.2 Maximum Likelihood (ML) Decoding 100 3.2.3 The Viterbi Algorithm 101 3.2.4 Error Correction Performance 104 3.3 Modified Linear Codes (Puncturing, Shortening, Expurgating, Extending, Augmenting, and Lengthening) 105 3.4 Rate-Compatible Channel Codes 105 References 110 4 Concatenated Joint Source–Channel Coding 111 4.1 Concatenated JSCC Bit Rate Allocation 111 4.2 Performance Characterization 119 4.2.1 Practical Source and Channel Codecs 119 4.3 Application Cases 131 References 133 5 Unequal Error Protection Source–Channel Coding 135 5.1 Effect of Channel Errors on Source Encoded Data 135 5.2 Priority Encoding Transmission Schemes for Unequal Loss Protection 142 5.3 Dynamic Programming Algorithm for Optimal UEP 147 5.4 Unequal Error Protection Using Digital Fountain Codes 163 References 171 6 Source–Channel Coding with Feedback 173 6.1 Joint Source–Channel Coding Formulation for a System with ACK/NACK Feedback 173 6.1.1 Performance Measurement 175 6.1.2 Classification of the Transmitters 176 6.1.3 Decoder Structure and Design 177 6.2 Packet Combining for Joint Source–Channel ARQ over Memoryless Channels 179 6.2.1 Decoder Design Problem 179 6.3 Pruned Tree-Structured Quantization in Noise and Feedback 193 6.3.1 Pruned Tree-Structured Vector Quantizers 194 6.3.2 Progressive Transmission with ACK/NACK Feedback of TSVQ-Encoded Sources 195 6.3.3 Progressive Transmission and Receiver-Driven Rate Control 204 6.4 Delay-Constrained JSCC Using Incremental Redundancy with Feedback 205 6.4.1 System Description 205 6.4.2 Optimal Source and Channel Rate Allocations Design 208 6.4.3 Performance 213 References 220 7 Quantizers Designed for Noisy Channels 223 7.1 Channel-Optimized Quantizers 223 7.2 Scalar Quantizer Design 227 7.3 Vector Quantizer Design 234 7.4 Channel Mismatch Considerations 245 7.5 Structured Vector Quantizers 249 References 255 8 Error-Resilient Source Coding 257 8.1 Multiple-Description Coding 257 8.2 Error-Resilient Coded Bit Streams 273 8.2.1 Robust Entropy Coding 273 8.2.2 Predictive Coding Mode Selection 279 References 281 9 Analog and Hybrid Digital–Analog JSCC Techniques 283 9.1 Analog Joint Source–Channel Coding Techniques 283 9.1.1 Analog Joint Source–Channel Coding in Vector Spaces 283 9.1.2 Analog Joint Source–Channel Coding Through Artificial Neural Networks 293 9.2 Hybrid Digital–Analog JSCC Techniques 297 References 302 10 Joint Source–Channel Decoding 305 10.1 Source-Controlled Channel Decoding 305 10.2 Exploiting Residual Redundancy at the Decoder 314 10.2.1 The Soft Output Viterbi Algorithm (SOVA) 315 10.2.2 Exploiting Residual Redundancy to Estimate A Priori Information 318 10.3 Iterative Source–Channel Decoding 323 10.3.1 The Channel Coding Optimal Estimation Algorithm 328 10.3.2 Channel Coding Optimal Estimation Applied to JSCD 330 References 333 11 Recent Applications and Emerging Designs in Source–Channel Coding 335 11.1 Source–Channel Coding for Wireless Sensor Networks 335 11.2 Extending Network Capacity Through JSCC 343 11.2.1 Video Telephony Calls as Application Example 345 11.2.2 CDMA Statistical Multiplexing Resource Allocation and Flow Control 347 11.2.3 Overhead from Communicating Rate-Distortion Data 354 11.2.4 Analysis for Dynamic Call Traffic and Admission Control 356 11.2.5 Performance Results 358 11.3 Source–Channel Coding and Cognitive Radios 364 11.4 Design of JSCC Schemes Based on Artificial Neural Networks 374 References 378 Index 381

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Book SynopsisIn traditional power system dynamics and control books, the focus is on synchronous generators. Within current industry, where renewable energy, power electronics converters, and microgrids arise, the related system-level dynamics and control need coverage. Wind energy system dynamics and microgrid system control are covered. The text also offers insight to using programming examples, state-of-the-art control design tools, and advanced control concepts to explain traditional power system dynamics and control. The reader will gain knowledge of dynamics and control in both synchronous generator-based power system and power electronic converter enabled renewable energy systems, as well as microgrids.Trade Review"The material on renewable energy systems was particularly of interest and the text includes MATLAB code and numerous problems and examples. The text is aimed at students rather than engineers in industry, but it will be valuable to both. The text is nicely presented with a logical layout of the text and its presentation.This is certainly a book that can be recommended for the bookshelves of engineers working on power systems, power electronics and renewable energies. The hard back is £92 but there is an e-book available at £64.40. It includes more than 200 pages of useful material."—The Applied Control Technology Consortium e-newsletter, August 2017"The author’s goal is to provide a bridge between traditional control and microgrid control. That goal is fully achieved. The reader learns by example problems and solutions with the provided MATLAB code. I wholeheartedly recommend Control and Dynamics in Power Systems and Microgrids as an extension to traditional text presentations of power system analysis. I applaud the author’s presentation of problems and solutions with MATLAB code as a thorough learning tool."—IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, May/June 2018 IssueTable of ContentsIntroduction. Dynamic Simulation. Frequency Control. Synchronous Generator Models. Voltage Control of a Synchronous Generator. Frequency and Voltage Control in a Microgrid. Large-Signal Stability. Small-Signal Stability. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book includes introduction of several algorithms which are exclusively for graph based problems, namely combinatorial optimization problems, path formation problems, etc. Each chapter includes the introduction of the basic traditional nature inspired algorithm and discussion of the modified version for discrete algorithms including problems pertaining to discussed algorithms. Trade Review"Each chapter includes detailed problem formulation, practical examples, flowcharts illustrating special algorithms, questions and solved exercises which reinforce important topics. Besides being very useful to those who are interested in discrete optimizations problems and applying various metaheuristics to them, involved reader can also benefit from the easy way it presents various ideas and approaches to problem solutions. It is written in a clean and easily understandable, but still highly scientific language and it is a beneficial reading for post-docs and researchers interested in metaheuristic approaches to graph-based discrete optimization problems."—Zentralblatt MATHTable of Contents1. Introduction to Optimization Problems 2. Particle Swarm Optimization 3. Genetic Algorithms 4. Ant Colony Optimization 5. Bat Algorithm 6. Cuckoo Search Algorithm 7. Artificial Bee Colony 8. Shuffled Frog Leap Algorithm 9. Brain Storm Swarm Optimization Algorithm 10. Intelligent Water Drop Algorithm 11. Egyptian Vulture Algorithm 12. Biogeography-Based Optimization 13. Invasive Weed Optimization 14. Glowworm Swarm Optimization 15. Bacteria Foraging Optimization Algorithm 16. Flower Pollination Algorithm

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Book SynopsisThis book focusses on power quality improvement and enhancement techniques with aid of intelligent controllers and experimental results. It covers topics ranging from the fundamentals of power quality indices, mitigation methods, advanced controller design and its step by step approach, simulation of the proposed controllers for real time applications and its corresponding experimental results, performance improvement paradigms and its overall analysis, which helps readers understand power quality from its fundamental to experimental implementations. The book also covers implementation of power quality improvement practices.Key Features Provides solution for the power quality improvement with intelligent techniques Incorporated and Illustrated with simulation and experimental results Discusses renewable energy integration and multiple case studies pertaining to various loads Combines the power quality Table of Contents1. Introduction 2. Mitigation Techniques 3. A Voltage-Controlled DSTATCOM for Power Quality Improvement 4. Power Quality Issues and Solutions in Renewable Energy Systems 5. Review of Control Topologies for Shunt Active Filters 6. Control Topologies for Series Active Filters 7. Control Strategies for Active Filters 8. An Active Power Filter in Phase Coordinates for Harmonic Mitigation 9. Line Harmonics Reduction in High-Power Systems 10. AC–DC Boost Converter Control for Power Quality Mitigation 11. Harmonic and Flicker Assessment of an Industrial System with Bulk Nonlinear Loads 12. LCL Filter Design for Grid-Interconnected Systems 13. Harmonics Mitigation in Load Commutated Inverter Fed Synchronous Motor Drives 14. Power-Quality Improvements in Vector-Controlled Induction Motor Drives

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Book SynopsisThis book describes in detail disaster management principles with applications through software and early warning systems. The aim is to introduce the concept of advanced technology for disaster management. Hence, it starts with a basic introduction and the types of disasters this technology will address. It then examines these functions by taking into account various factors vulnerable to disaster losses. Finally, the results are discussed with the aid of software: OPNET and SAHANA Disaster Management Tool. The application of sensor systems to manage a disaster is also extensively discussed.Features Introduces the concept of disaster management from the perspective of application of advanced technologies for disaster management Provides an overview of applied electronics for disaster applications Examines the role of efficient and robust Information and Communication Technology (ICT) systems for reduction ofTrade Review"This book is for those interested in the technical aspects of the various systems under discussion—those just starting to gain knowledge in this area of emergency planning and management, those interested in learning about the technology, and the experienced technical emergency planner wishing to enhance his or her knowledge. This book is heavily referenced, packed with details on the various systems presented, and—despite its technical nature—easy to read."Glen Kitteringham, ASIS Security Management, USA Table of Contents1. Introduction. 2. Disaster Management and Early Warning Systems. 3. Disaster Engineering Computer Tools. 4. Early Warning System: A Use Case Scenario. 5. Early Warning System Architecture. 6. Modelling and Simulation of a Civionics Multihazard Early Warning System. 7. Multihazard Disaster Engineering during the Response Phase. 8. Conclusion and Future Directions.

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Book SynopsisA First Course in Fuzzy Logic, Fourth Edition is an expanded version of the successful third edition. It provides a comprehensive introduction to the theory and applications of fuzzy logic.This popular text offers a firm mathematical basis for the calculus of fuzzy concepts necessary for designing intelligent systems and a solid background for readers to pursue further studies and real-world applications.New in the Fourth Edition: Features new results on fuzzy sets of type-2 Provides more information on copulas for modeling dependence structures Includes quantum probability for uncertainty modeling in social sciences, especially in economics With its comprehensive updates, this new edition presents all the background necessary for students, instructors and professionals to begin using fuzzy logic in its manyapplications in computer science, mathemaTable of ContentsThe Concept of FuzzinessExamples. Mathematical modeling. Some operations on fuzzy sets. Fuzziness as uncertainty.Some Algebra of Fuzzy SetsBoolean algebras and lattices. Equivalence relations and partitions. Composing mappings. Isomorphisms and homomorphisms. Alpha-cuts. Images of alpha-level sets.Fuzzy QuantitiesFuzzy quantities. Fuzzy numbers. Fuzzy intervals. Logical Aspects of Fuzzy SetsClassical two-valued logic. A three-valued logic. Fuzzy logic. Fuzzy and Lukasiewicz logics. Interval-valued fuzzy logic.Basic Connectivest-norms. Generators of t-norms. Isomorphisms of t-norms. Negations. Nilpotent t-norms and negations. T-conforms. De Morgan systems. Groups and t-norms. Interval-valued fuzzy sets. Type-2 fuzzy sets.Additional Topics on ConnectivesFuzzy implications. Averaging operators. Powers of t-norms. Sensitivity of connectives. Copulas and t-norms.Fuzzy RelationsDefinitions and examples. Binary fuzzy relations. Operations on fuzzy relations. Fuzzy partitions. Fuzzy relations as Chu spaces. Approximate reasoning. Approximate reasoning in expert systems. A simple form of generalized modus ponens. The compositional rule of inference.Universal Approximation Fuzzy rule bases. Design methodologies. Some mathematical background. Approximation capability. Possibility TheoryProbability and uncertainty. Random sets. Possibility measures. Partial KnowledgeMotivations. Belief functions and incidence algebras. Monotonicity. Beliefs, densities, and allocations. Belief functions on infinite sets. Mobius transforms of set-functions. Reasoning with belief functions. Decision making using belief functions. Rough sets. Conditional events.Fuzzy MeasuresMotivation and definitions. Fuzzy measures and lower probabilities. Fuzzy measures in other areas. Conditional fuzzy measures.The Choquet IntegralThe Lebesgue integral. The Sugeno integral. The Choquet integral. Fuzzy Modeling and ControlMotivation for fuzzy control. The methodology of fuzzy control. Optimal fuzzy control. An analysis of fuzzy control techniques.

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Book SynopsisElectric Energy Systems, Second Edition provides an analysis of electric generation and transmission systems that addresses diverse regulatory issues. It includes fundamental background topics, such as load flow, short circuit analysis, and economic dispatch, as well as advanced topics, such as harmonic load flow, state estimation, voltage and frequency control, electromagnetic transients, etc. The new edition features updated material throughout the text and new sections throughout the chapters. It covers current issues in the industry, including renewable generation with associated control and scheduling problems, HVDC transmission, and use of synchrophasors (PMUs). The text explores more sophisticated protections and the new roles of demand, side management, etc. Written by internationally recognized specialists, the text contains a wide range of worked out examples along with numerous exercises and solutions to enhance understanding of the material.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Electric Energy Systems: An Overview Chapter 2 Steady-State Single-Phase Models of Power System Components Chapter 3 Load Flow Chapter 4 State Estimation Chapter 5 Economics of Electricity Generation Chapter 6 Optimal and Secure Operation of Transmission Systems Chapter 7 Three-Phase Linear and Nonlinear Models of Power System Components Chapter 8 Fault Analysis and Protection Systems Chapter 9 Frequency and Voltage Control Chapter 10 Angle, Voltage, and Frequency Stability Chapter 11 Three-Phase Power Flow and Harmonic Analysis Chapter 12 Electromagnetic Transients Analysis Appendix A Solution of Linear Equation Systems Appendix B Mathematical Programing Appendix C Dynamic Models of Electric Machines

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Book SynopsisThe book is about a very active research field in software engineering. In modern society, the fact of the world''s high reliance on software requires the system''s robustness, i.e., continual availability and satisfactory service quality. This requirement gives rise to the popularity of the research on the self-adaptive software in open environment. There are some academic conferences dedicated to this field. But there is a lack of monographs about the topic. We believe such need is unmet in marketplace. By publishing the book, it can help bridge the gap and bring benefits to readers thereof.Key Features: The topic is well-motivated, interesting and actively studied worldwide The research represents as the state-of-the-art in the field The technical part of the book is rigidly evaluated The theoretical part of the book is sound and proved The organization and presentation of the book wTable of Contents Introduction. Related Work. Context Modeling and Adaptation Framework. Adaptive Component Migration. Service Discovery and Interaction Adaptation. Adaptation Rules Conflict Detection. Prototype Implementation. Scenario Application. Conclusions and Future Research.

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Book Synopsis Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. Quickly write innovative programs for your micro:bitâno experience necessary! This easy-to-follow guide shows, step-by-step, how to quickly get started with programming and creating fun applications on your micro:bit.. Written in the straightforward style that Dr. Simon Monk is famous for, Programming the BBC micro:bit: Getting Started with MicroPython begins with basic concepts and gradually progresses to more advanced techniques. You will discover how to use the micro:bit's built-in hardware, use the LED display, accept input from sensors, attach external electronics, and handle wireless communication. â

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents 1. Number Systems and Codes. 2. Digital Electronic Signals and Switches. 3. Basic Logic Gates. 4. Programmable Logic Devices: CPLDs and FPGAs with VHDL Design. 5. Boolean Algebra and Reduction Techniques. 6. Exclusive-OR and Exclusive-NOR Gates. 7. Arithmetic Operations and Circuits. 8. Code Converters, Multiplexers, and Demultiplexers. 9. Logic Families and Their Characteristics. 10. Flip-Flops and Registers. 11. Practical Considerations for Digital Design. 12. Counter Circuits and VHDL State Machines. 13. Shift Registers. 14. Multivibrators and the 555 Timer. 15. Interfacing to the Analog World. 16. Semiconductor, Magnetic and Optical Memory. 17. Microprocessor Fundamentals. 18. The 8051 Microcontroller. Appendix A. WWW Sites. Appendix B. Manufacturers' Data Sheets. Appendix C. Explanation of the IEEE/IEC Standard for Logic Symbols (Dependency Notation). Appendix D. Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems. Appendix E. VHDL Language Reference. Appendix F. Review of Basic Electricity Principles. Appendix G. Schematic Diagrams for Chapter-End Problems. Appendix H. 8051 Instruction Set. Index. Supplementary Index of ICs.

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Book SynopsisProper design of printed circuit boards can make the difference between a product passing emissions requirements during the first cycle or not. Traditional EMC design practices have been simply rule-based, that is, a list of rules-of-thumb are presented to the board designers to implement. When a particular rule-of-thumb is difficult to implement, it is often ignored. After the product is built, it will often fail emission requirements and various time consuming and costly add-ons are then required. Proper EMC design does not require advanced degrees from universities, nor does it require strenuous mathematics. It does require a basic understanding of the underlying principles of the potential causes of EMC emissions. With this basic understanding, circuit board designers can make trade-off decisions during the design phase to ensure optimum EMC design. Consideration of these potTable of Contents1. Introduction to EMI/EMC Design for Printed Circuit Boards. 2. EMC Fundamentals. 3. What is Inductance? 4. The Ground Myth. 5. Return Current Design. 6. Controlling EMI Sources - Intentional Signals. 7. Controlling EMI Sources - Unintentional Signals. 8. Decoupling Power/Ground Planes. 9. EMC Filter Design. 10. Using Signal Integrity Tools for EMC Analysis. 11. Printed Circuit Layout. 12. Shielding in Enclosures with Apertures. 13. What To Do If a Product Fails in the EMC Lab. Appendix A. Introduction to EMI/EMC Computational Modeling. Index.

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Book SynopsisWhen microelectronic devices replaced vacuum tubes, it marked a revolution in electronics that opened the way to the computer age. We are on the verge of witnessing another equally profound shift. As molecular devices replace semiconductors, we will achieve new levels of performance, functionality and capability that will hugely impact electronics, as well as signal processing and computing. Molecular Electronics, Circuits, and Processing Platforms guides you confidently into this emerging field. Helping you to forge into the molecular frontier, this book examines the various concepts, methods and technologies used to approach and solve a wide variety of problems. The author works from new devices to systems and platforms. He also covers device-level physics, system-level design, analysis, and advanced fabrication technologies. Explore the latest and emerging molecular, biomolecular, and nanoscale processing platforms for building the next generation of circuits, mTable of ContentsMolecular Electronics and Microelectronics. Molecular Electronics: Device- and System-Level Consideration. Biomolecular Processing and Fluidic Molecular Electronics. Design of Three-Dimensional Molecular Integrated Circuits. Devising and Synthesis of Molecular Electronic Devices: Towards Molecular Integrated Circuits. Modeling and Analysis of Molecular Electronic Devices.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface. Foreword. Introduction. Related Work. Flying Insects. Robotic Platforms. Optic Flow. Optic-flow-based Control Strategies. Envolved Control Strategies. Concluding Remarks. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisIndustrial electronics systems govern so many different functions that vary in complexityfrom the operation of relatively simple applications, such as electric motors, to that of more complicated machines and systems, including robots and entire fabrication processes. The Industrial Electronics Handbook, Second Edition combines traditional and newer, more specialized knowledge that will help industrial electronics engineers develop practical solutions for the design and implementation of modern industrial systems. Embracing the broad technological scope of the field, this collection explores fundamental areas, including analog and digital circuits, electronics, electromagnetic machines, and signal processing. It also facilitates the use of intelligent systemssuch as neural networks, fuzzy systems, and evolutionary methodsin terms of a hierarchical structure that makes factory control and supervision more efficient by addressing the needs of all production com

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Book SynopsisRobot Programming by Demonstration explores user-friendly means of teaching new skills to robots. This book focuses on the two generic questions of what to imitate and how to imitate with the problem of the extraction of the essential features of a task and the determining of a way to reproduce these essential features in different situations.Table of ContentsACKNOWLEDGMENTINTRODUCTIONContributionsOrganization of the bookReview of Robot Programming by Demonstration (PBD)Current state of the art in PbDSYSTEM ARCHITECTUREIllustration of the proposed probabilistic approachEncoding of motion in a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM)Encoding of motion in Hidden Markov Model (HMM)Reproduction through Gaussian Mixture Regression (GMR)Reproduction by considering multiple constraintsLearning of model parametersReduction of dimensionality and latent space projectionModel selection and initializationRegularization of GMM parametersUse of prior information to speed up the learning processExtension to mixture models of varying density distributionsSummary of the chapterCOMPARISON AND OPTIMIZATION OF THE PARAMETERSOptimal reproduction of trajectories through HMM and GMM/GMROptimal latent space of motionOptimal selection of the number of GaussiansRobustness evaluation of the incremental learning processHANDLING OF CONSTRAINTS IN JOINT SPACE AND TASK SPACEInverse kinematicsHandling of task constraints in joint spaceexperiment with industrial robotHandling of task constraints in latent spaceexperiment with humanoid robotEXTENSION TO DYNAMICAL SYSTEM AND HANDLING OF PERTURBATIONSProposed dynamical systemInfluence of the dynamical system parametersExperimental setupExperimental resultsTRANSFERRING SKILLS THROUGH ACTIVE TEACHING METHODSExperimental setupExperimental resultsRoles of an active teaching scenarioUSING SOCIAL CUES TO SPEED UP THE LEARNING PROCESSExperimental setupExperimental resultsDISCUSSION, FUTURE WORK AND CONCLUSIONSAdvantages of the proposed approachFailures and limitations of the proposed approachFurther issuesFinal wordsREFERENCESINDEX

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Book SynopsisSliding Mode Control of Switching Power Converters: Techniques and Implementation is perhaps the first in-depth account of how sliding mode controllers can be practically engineered to optimize control of power converters. A complete understanding of this process is timely and necessary, as the electronics industry moves toward the use of renewable energy sources and widely varying loads that can be adequately supported only by power converters using nonlinear controllers.Of the various advanced control methods used to handle the complex requirements of power conversion systems, sliding mode control (SMC) has been most widely investigated and proved to be a more feasible alternative than fuzzy and adaptive control for existing and future power converters. Bridging the gap between power electronics and control theory, this book employs a top-down instructional approach to discuss traditional and modern SMC techniques. Covering everything from equations to analTable of ContentsIntroduction to Sliding Mode Control. Overview of Power Converters and Their Control. Sliding Mode Control in Power Converters. Practical Design of Conventional Hysteresis Modulation-Based Sliding Mode Controllers for Power Converters. Performance Improvements of Conventional Hysteresis Modulation-Based Sliding Mode Controllers by Adaptive Control. General Approach of Deriving Fixed-Frequency PWM-Based Sliding Mode Controller for Power Converters in Continuous Conduction Mode. General Approach of Deriving Fixed-Frequency PWM-Based Sliding Mode Controller for Power Converters in Discontinuous Conduction Mode. Design and Implementation of Fixed-Frequency PWM-Based Sliding Mode Controller for Power Converters. Sliding Mode Control Using Double Integral Sliding Surface.

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Book SynopsisThe Electric Power Engineering Handbook, Third Edition updates coverage of recent developments and rapid technological growth in crucial aspects of power systems, including protection, dynamics and stability, operation, and control. With contributions from worldwide field leadersedited by L.L. Grigsby, one of the world's most respected, accomplished authorities in power engineeringthis reference includes chapters on: Nonconventional Power Generation Conventional Power Generation Transmission Systems Distribution Systems Electric Power Utilization Power Quality Power System Analysis and Simulation Power System Transients Power System Planning (Reliability) Power Electronics Power System Protection Power System Dynamics and Stability Power System Operation and Control Content includes a simplified overview of advances in international standards, pracTable of ContentsVOLUMES IN SET:ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, AND DISTRIBUTION: Electric Power Generation: Nonconventional Methods. Electric Power Generation: Conventional Methods. Transmission System. Distribution Systems. Electric Power Utilization. Power Quality.POWER SYSTEMS: Power System Analysis and Simulation. Power System Transients. Power System Planning (Reliability). Power Electronics. POWER SYSTEM STABILITY AND CONTROL: Power System Protection. Power System Dynamics and Stability. Power System Operation and Control.ELECTRIC POWER SUBSTATIONS ENGINEERING: How a Substation Happens. Gas-Insulated Substations. Air-Insulated Substations—Bus/Switching Configurations. High-Voltage Switching Equipment. High Voltage Power Electronics Substations. Interface between Automation and the Substation. Substation Integration and Automation. Oil Containment. Community Considerations. Animal Deterrents/Security. Substation Grounding. Direct Lightning Stroke Shielding of Substations. Seismic Considerations. Substation Fire Protection. Substation Communications. Physical Security of Substations. Cyber Security of Substation Control and Diagnostic Systems. Gas-Insulated Transmission Line. Substation Asset Management. Station Commissioning and Project Closeout.ELECTRIC POWER TRANSFORMER ENGINEERING: Theory and Principles. Power Transformers. Distribution Transformers. Phase-Shifting Transformers. Rectifier Transformers. Dry-Type Transformers. Instrument Transformers. Step-Voltage Regulators. Constant-Voltage Transformers. Capacitor Reactors. Installation Considerations for Dry-Type Air-Core Reactors. Line Traps and Power Line Carrier Communication/Data/Protective Relaying Systems. Insulating Media. Electrical Bushings. Load Tap Changers. Loading and Thermal Performance. Transformer Connections. Transformer Testing. Load-Tap-Change Control and Transformer Paralleling. Power Transformer Protection. Causes and Effects of Transformer Sound Levels. Transient-Voltage Response. Transformer Installation and Maintenance. Problem and Failure Investigation. On-Line Monitoring of Liquid-Immersed Transformers. United States Power Transformer Equipment Standards and Processes.

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Book SynopsisFor many years, Protective Relaying: Principles and Applications has been the go-to text for gaining proficiency in the technological fundamentals of power system protection. Continuing in the bestselling tradition of the previous editions by the late J. Lewis Blackburn, the Fourth Edition retains the core concepts at the heart of power system analysis. Featuring refinements and additions to accommodate recent technological progress, the text: Explores developments in the creation of smarter, more flexible protective systems based on advances in the computational power of digital devices and the capabilities of communication systems that can be applied within the power grid Examines the regulations related to power system protection and how they impact the way protective relaying systems are designed, applied, set, and monitored Considers the evaluation of protective systems during system disturbances and describes the tools available for Trade Review"... provides a solid foundation for the master-level student as well as power engineers new to protection principles, and it is most certainly a valuable reference for the experienced protection engineer. This book provides enough information of historical applications to aid the reader in understanding the protection in service today. The material is presented clearly with examples to provide practice of the fundamentals presented."—Miriam P. Sanders, from IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, September/October 2015 "The book describes in a very comprehensive and efficient way main problems of power system protection. The protection principles, criteria as well as relay setting calculation rules are explained in detail, with use of many practical examples. The reader receives a book with all practical knowledge in the field in one band."—Prof. Waldemar Rebizant, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, PL"The book addresses interesting and timely topics. By analyzing the review materials I feel that the book is based on a proper fusion of technology and methodology. Besides, I expect that it implements an effective balance between power system protection theory and engineering practice. For this reason I’d like to express a positive opinion about the book project."—Alfredo Vaccaro, Department of Engineering University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy Table of ContentsPrefaces. Introduction and General Philosophies. Fundamental Units: Per Unit and Percent Values. Phasors and Polarity. Symmetrical Components: A Review. Relay Input Sources. Protection Fundamentals and Basic Design Principles. System-Grounding Principles. Generator Protection/Intertie Protection for Distributed Generation. Transformer, Reactor, and Shunt Capacitor Protection. Bus Protection. Motor Protection. Line Protection. Pilot Protection. Stability, Reclosing, Load Shedding, and Trip Circuit Design. Microprocessor Applications and Substation Automation. Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisPiezoelectric-Based Vibration-control Systems: Applications in Micro/Nano Sensors and Actuators covers: Fundamental concepts in smart (active) materials including piezoelectric and piezoceramics, magnetostrictive, shape-memory materials, and electro/magneto-rheological fluids; Physical principles and constitutive models of piezoelectric materials; Piezoelectric sensors and actuators; Fundamental concepts in mechanical vibration analysis and control with emphasis on distributed-parameters and vibration-control systems; and Recent advances in piezoelectric-based microelectromechanical and nanoelectromechanical systems design and implementation.Table of Contentsand Overview of Mechanical Vibrations.- An Introduction to Vibrations of Lumped-Parameters Systems.- A Brief Introduction to Variational Mechanics.- A Unified Approach to Vibrations of Distributed-Parameters Systems.- Piezoelectric-Based Vibration-Control Systems.- An Overview of Active Materials Utilized in Smart Structures.- Physical Principles and Constitutive Models of Piezoelectric Materials.- Hysteretic Characteristics of Piezoelectric Materials.- Piezoelectric-Based Systems Modeling.- Vibration Control Using Piezoelectric Actuators and Sensors.- Piezoelectric-Based Micro/Nano Sensors and Actuators.- Piezoelectric-Based Micro- and Nano-Positioning Systems.- Piezoelectric-Based Nanomechanical Cantilever Sensors.- Nanomaterial-Based Piezoelectric Actuators and Sensors.

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Book SynopsisTerahertz Radiation.- Generation and Detection of THz Waves.- THz Spectroscopy and Imaging.- THz Wave Interaction with Materials.- THz Air Photonics.- THz Wave 3D Imaging and Tomography.- THz Wave Near-Field Imaging.- THz Technology in Nondestructive Evaluation.- THz Technology in Security Checks.- THz Technology in Bio and Medical Applications.Table of ContentsTerahertz Radiation.- Generation and Detection of THz Waves.- THz Spectroscopy and Imaging.- THz Wave Interaction with Materials.- THz Air Photonics.- THz Wave 3D Imaging and Tomography.- THz Wave Near-Field Imaging.- THz Technology in Nondestructive Evaluation.- THz Technology in Security Checks.- THz Technology in Bio and Medical Applications.

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