Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book SynopsisThis book focuses on the distinct but tightly inter-related areas of development for distributed sensing systems In this book, the authors discuss the technological developments lead by sensor technology, addressing viable new applications to inspire a technological evolution. Under the advanced and visionary approach of distributed intelligence, the authors focus on three distinct but tightly inter-related areas of developments for distributed sensing systems (DSS): firstly, the sensor technology embracing the conversion of the phenomena of interest into desirable form of signal such as electric, secondly, the interaction process between sensing points which requires immense intelligence loosely called networking, and finally, the adoption of useful maturing systems through potential applications for right impacts for a better life and a brighter economy. Furthermore, the book contains a number of case studies and typical applications illustrating the technical details, feaTable of ContentsList of Figures xi List of Tables xxi Preface xxiii Acknowledgements xxvii List of Abbreviations xxix 1 Distributed Sensors 1 1.1 Primary Objectives 1 1.1.1 User-Based Category 2 1.1.2 Sector-Based Category 5 1.1.3 Primary Objectives 5 1.2 Historical Development 8 1.2.1 Sensing 8 1.2.2 Historical Sensor Generations 8 1.3 Trends and Technology 10 1.3.1 Market Development Trends 10 1.3.2 Technological Developments 12 1.4 Distributed Intelligence 15 1.4.1 Innovation 16 1.4.2 Dis-Invention 19 1.4.3 Intelligent Agent 19 1.4.4 Deployment Factor 20 1.4.5 Overlay Network 21 1.4.6 Deployment Algorithm 21 1.5 Classifying Application Areas 25 1.5.1 Domain-Based Classification 26 1.5.2 Mobility-Based Classification 26 1.5.3 Intelligence-Based Classification 27 2 Smart Sensing Devices 31 2.1 Specification and Classification 31 2.2 Elementary Sensing Circuits and Devices 36 2.2.1 Elementary Electrical Sensors 37 2.2.2 Low Energy Integration 39 2.3 Actuator Interface Structures 41 2.4 Physical Phenomena Sensing Devices 45 2.4.1 Optical Sensors 45 2.4.2 Image Sensing 46 2.5 Biological and Chemical Phenomena Sensing Devices 48 2.6 Other Sensors and Actuators 54 3 Smart Sensing Architectures 59 3.1 Smart Sensor Nodes 60 3.1.1 Hardware 62 3.1.2 Software 62 3.2 Embedded Operating Systems 67 3.3 Network Formation 70 3.3.1 Node Placement 76 3.4 Networking Protocols 77 3.4.1 Location-Based Protocols 79 3.4.2 Data-Centric Protocols 83 3.4.3 Hierarchical Routing 86 3.4.4 Mobility-Based Routing Protocols 90 3.4.5 Other Routing Protocols 93 3.5 Cross-Layer Optimisation 95 3.6 Inference and Aggregation 99 3.7 Case Study: Smart Camera Networks 103 3.8 Case Study: Collaborative Beamforming 107 4 Monitoring Well Being 115 4.1 Measuring Health 116 4.2 Managing Chronic Diseases 125 4.3 Case Study: Smart Shirts 132 4.4 Case Study: Geriatric Care 136 4.5 Case Study: Outpatient Care 141 5 Clinical Applications 149 5.1 Surgical Applications 150 5.2 Dental Applications 161 5.3 Scalp Applications 165 5.4 Post-Operative Applications 171 5.5 Emergency Case Studies 181 6 Smart Home, Smart Office 189 6.1 Application Requirements 190 6.2 Energy and Resource Optimisation 198 6.3 Smart Home Case Studies 203 6.4 Smart Office Case Studies 212 7 Public Safety Applications 221 7.1 Monitoring Airborne Toxins 223 7.2 Monitoring Forest Fires 228 7.3 Monitoring Structural Health 233 7.4 Monitoring Traffic 242 7.5 Case Study: Sink Location 250 7.6 Case Study: Congestion Avoidance 254 7.7 Case Study: Target Tracking and Surveillance 257 8 Geographical Applications 261 8.1 Farming Industry 261 8.2 Mining Industry 270 8.3 Transportation 274 8.4 Remote Sensing and Imaging 279 8.5 Earth Resources Observation 282 8.6 Underwater Sensing 287 Appendix A Further Details on Potential Devices and Systems 293 A.1 Accelerometers 293 A.2 Equipment 295 A.2.1 Tomography 296 A.2.2 Gadgets 300 A.3 Smart Sensors Devices 302 A.3.1 Mica2 and Mica2Dot 302 A.3.2 MicaZ 307 A.3.3 Telos and TMote Sky 308 A.3.4 Fleck3 and FleckNano 310 A.3.5 3Mate! 312 A.3.6 IMote 2 312 A.3.7 System-on-Chip CC2510 313 A.3.8 System-on-Chip CC2530 314 A.4 Networks and Protocols 315 A.4.1 ZigBee 315 A.4.2 RFID and Wireless Sensor Integration 318 A.4.3 Wireless Sensors for Industrial Environments 319 A.5 Systems 321 References 325 Index 337

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Book SynopsisThis unique book provides a fully revised and up-to-date treatment of the TTCN-3 language TTCN-3 is an internationally standardised test language with a powerful textual syntax which has established itself as a global, universal testing language. Application of TTCN-3 has been widened beyond telecommunication systems to areas such as the automotive industry, internet protocols, railway signalling, medical systems, and avionics. An Introduction to TTCN-3 gives a solid introduction to the TTCN-3 language and its uses, guiding readers though the TTCN-3 standards, methodologies and tools with examples and advice based on the authors'' extensive real-world experience. All the important concepts and constructs of the language are explained in a step-by-step, tutorial style, and the authors relate the testing language to the overall test system implementation, giving the bigger picture. This second edition of the book has been updated and revised to coverTable of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. About the Authors. Foreword. Preface. Acknowledgements. Abbreviations and Acronyms. 1 Introduction. 1.1 TTCN-3 as a Language. 1.2 The Development of TTCN-3. 1.3 Summary. 2 TTCN-3 by Example. 2.1 TTCN-3 Test Suite. 2.2 TTCN-3 Test Systems. 2.3 Summary. 3 Basic TTCN-3. 3.1 Basic Constructs. 3.2 Basic Statements. 3.3 Summary. 4 Single Component TTCN-3. 4.1 Ports. 4.2 Components. 4.3 Test Cases. 4.4 Templates. 4.5 Message-Based Communication. 4.6 Timers. 4.7 Alt Statement. 4.8 Altsteps. 4.9 Default Altsteps. 4.10 Functions. 4.11 Summary. 5 Multi Component TTCN-3. 5.1 Multi Component Test Case Example. 5.2 Test Components. 5.3 Mappings and Connections. 5.4 Component Type Extension. 5.5 Miscellaneous Port Operations. 5.6 SUT Addresses. 5.7 Putting the Pieces Together. 5.8 Summary. 6 Procedure-Based Communication. 6.1 Procedure- versus Message-Based Communication. 6.2 An Example – the Directory Service. 6.3 Procedure-Based Communication in TTCN-3. 6.4 Communication Operations. 6.5 Procedure-Based Communication on the Client Side. 6.6 Procedure-Based Communication on the Server Side. 6.7 Addressing. 6.8 Summary. 7 Modular TTCN-3. 7.1 Modules. 7.2 Group Definitions. 7.3 Importing. 7.4 Module Parameters. 7.5 Attributes. 7.6 Summary. 8 TTCN-3 Data Types. 8.1 The Session Initiation Protocol. 8.2 Subtyping. 8.3 TTCN-3 Built-in Types. 8.4 User-Defined Types. 8.5 Nested Type Definitions. 8.6 Encoding and Decoding of Data. 8.7 Summary. 9 Advanced Type Topics. 9.1 Type Compatibility. 9.2 The Anytype Type. 9.3 The Address Type. 9.4 Recursive Type Definitions. 9.5 Foreign Type Systems. 9.6 Summary. 10 Templates. 10.1 A First Look at TTCN-3 Templates. 10.2 The TTCN-3 Match Operation. 10.3 Template Definition for One Specific Value. 10.4 Template Definitions with Matching Expressions. 10.5 Template Definitions for Signatures. 10.6 Assignment, Access of Templates and the Pre-Defined Functions Isvalue and Valueof. 10.7 Summary. 11 Advanced Templates. 11.1 Template Definitions for Complex Type Structures. 11.2 Template References. 11.3 Template Parameterisation. 11.4 Selective Modification of Other Templates. 11.5 Explicit versus Implicit Template Definitions. 11.6 Restricting Template Usage. 11.7 Template Variables and Computing Functions. 11.8 Structuring of Template Definitions for Complex Types. 11.9 Summary. 12 Extension Packages. 12.1 Static Test Configurations. 12.2 Real-Time in TTCN-3. 12.3 Type Parameterisation. 12.4 Behaviour Types. 12.5 Summary. 13 TTCN-3 Test Systems in Practice. 13.1 The Anatomy of a TTCN-3 Test System. 13.2 Test System Execution of a Simple Test Case. 13.3 More about the SUT Adapter. 13.4 More about the Platform Adapter. 13.5 More about External Codecs. 13.6 Documentation Comments. 13.7 Summary. 14 Frameworks. 14.1 Frameworks and Test Suites. 14.2 TTCN-3 Libraries. 14.3 Design of Frameworks. 14.4 Example: the IPv6 Testing Framework. 14.5 Summary. 15 Advice and Examples. 15.1 TTCN-3 Style Guide. 15.2 Suggestions for Modularisation. 15.3 Template Specification for Complex Message Definitions. 15.4 Useful Behaviour. 15.5 Test Component Synchronisation. 16 LTE Testing with TTCN-3. 16.1 LTE Description. 16.2 LTE Test Suite. 16.3 Summary. 17 Closing Thoughts and Future Directions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses heavily on the principles, analysis and applications of code-division multiple-access (CDMA) techniques in optical communication systems and networks. In this book, the authors intimately discuss modern optical networks and their applications in current and emerging communication technologies, evaluating the quality, speed and number of supported services. In particular, principles and fundamentals of optical CDMA techniques from beginner to advanced levels are heavily covered. Furthermore, the authors concentrate on methods and techniques of various encoding and decoding schemes and their structures, as well as analysis of optical CDMA systems with various transceiver models including advanced multi-level incoherent and coherent modulations with the architecture of access/aggregation networks in mind. Moreover, authors examine intriguing topics of optical CDMA networking, compatibility with IP networks, and implementation of optical multi-rate multiTable of ContentsList of Figures xiii List of Tables xxv Preface xxvii Acknowledgements xxxiii 1 Introduction to Optical Communications 1 1.1 Evolution of Lightwave Technology 1 1.2 Laser Technologies 3 1.3 Optical Fibre Communication Systems 4 1.4 Lightwave Technology in Future 7 1.5 Optical Lightwave Spectrum 7 1.6 Optical Fibre Transmission 9 1.7 Multiple Access Techniques 10 1.8 Spread Spectrum Communications Techniques 14 1.9 Motivations for Optical CDMA Communications 21 1.10 Access Networks Challenges 22 1.11 Summary 23 References 24 2 Optical Spreading Codes 29 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Bipolar Codes 30 2.3 Unipolar Codes: Optical Orthogonal Codes 37 2.4 Unipolar Codes: Prime Code Families 41 2.5 Codes with Ideal In-Phase Cross-Correlation 62 2.6 Multidimensional Optical Codes 76 2.7 Channel Encoding in OCDMA Systems 84 2.8 Turbo-Coded Optical CDMA 100 2.9 Summary 110 References 111 3 Optical CDMA Review 115 3.1 Introduction 115 3.2 Optical Coding Principles 115 3.3 OCDMA Networking: Users Are Codes 117 3.4 Optical CDMA Techniques 119 3.5 Free-Space and Atmospheric Optical CDMA 126 3.6 Summary 128 References 128 4 Spectrally Encoded OCDMA Networks 133 4.1 Introduction 133 4.2 Spectral-Amplitude-Coding Schemes 134 4.3 System Considerations 141 4.4 Gaussian Approach Analysis 144 4.5 Negative Binomial Approach Analysis 153 4.6 Spectral-Phase-Coding Schemes 164 4.7 Summary 167 References 167 5 Incoherent Temporal OCDMA Networks 171 5.1 Introduction 171 5.2 PPM-OCDMA Signalling 172 5.3 PPM-OCDMA Transceiver Architecture 173 5.4 PPM-OCDMA Performance Analysis 180 5.5 Discussion of Results 183 5.6 Overlapping PPM-OCDMA Signalling 187 5.7 OPPM-OCDMA Transceiver Architecture 188 5.8 OPPM-OCDMA Performance Analysis 196 .9 Discussion of Results 203 5.10 Analysis of Throughput 209 5.11 Summary 211 References 211 6 Coherent Temporal OCDMA Networks 213 6.1 Introduction 213 6.2 Coherent Homodyne BPSK-OCDMA Architecture 214 6.3 Coherent Heterodyne BPSK-OCDMA Architecture 222 6.4 Summary 229 References 230 7 Hybrid Temporal Coherent and Incoherent OCDMA Networks 231 7.1 Introduction 231 7.2 Coherent Transmitter with Incoherent Receiver 232 7.3 Analysis of Transceivers with MAI Cancellation 235 7.4 Results and Throughput Analysis 239 7.5 Summary 244 References 244 8 Optical CDMA with Polarization Modulations 245 8.1 Introduction 245 8.2 Optical Polarization Shift Keying (PolSK) 247 8.3 PolSK-OCDMA Transceiver Architecture 254 8.4 Evaluation of PolSK-OCDMA Transceiver Performance 263 8.5 Transceiver Architecture for Hybrid F-PolSK-OCDMA 265 8.6 Performance of F-PolSK-OCDMA Transceiver 273 8.7 Long-Haul PolSK Transmission 273 8.8 Summary 278 References 278 9 Optical CDMA Networking 281 9.1 Introduction 281 9.2 OCDMA-PON 289 9.3 OCDMA-PON Architecture 290 9.4 IP Traffic over OCDMA Networks 299 9.5 Random Access Protocols 308 9.6 Multi-Protocol Label Switching 330 9.7 Summary 342 References 344 10 Services Differentiation and Quality of Services in Optical CDMA Networks 347 10.1 Introduction 347 10.2 Differentiated Services in Optical CDMA 351 10.3 Variable-Weight Optical Spreading Codes 354 10.4 Variable-Length Optical Spreading Codes 364 10.5 Multirate Differentiated Services in OCDMA Networks 376 10.6 Summary 383 References 384 Index 387

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Book SynopsisRecent developments such as the invention of powerful turbo-decoding and irregular designs, together with the increase in the number of potential applications to multimedia signal compression, have increased the importance of variable length coding (VLC). Providing insights into the very latest research, the authors examine the design of diverse near-capacity VLC codes in the context of wireless telecommunications. The book commences with an introduction to Information Theory, followed by a discussion of Regular as well as Irregular Variable Length Coding and their applications in joint source and channel coding. Near-capacity designs are created using Extrinsic Information Transfer (EXIT) chart analysis. The latest techniques are discussed, outlining radical concepts such as Genetic Algorithm (GA) aided construction of diverse VLC codes. The book concludes with two chapters on VLC-based space-time transceivers as well as on frequency-hopping assisted schemes, followeTable of ContentsAbout the Authors Other Wiley and IEEE Press Books on Related Topics Acknowledgments Preface Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Historical Overview 1.2 Applications of Irregular Variable Length Coding 1.3 Motivation and Methodology 1.4 Outline of the Book 1.5 Novel Contributions of the Book Chapter 2 Information Theory Basics 2.1 Issues in Information Theory 2.2 AdditiveWhite Gaussian Noise Channel 2.3 Information of a Source 2.4 Average Information of Discrete Memoryless Sources 2.5 Source Coding for a Discrete Memoryless Source 2.6 Entropy of Discrete Sources Exhibiting Memory 2.7 Examples 2.8 Generating Model Sources 2.9 Run-Length Coding for Discrete Sources Exhibiting Memory 2.10 Information Transmission via Discrete Channels 2.11 Capacity of Discrete Channels 2.12 Shannon’s Channel Coding Theorem 2.13 Capacity of Continuous Channels 2.14 Shannon’s Message for Wireless Channels 2.15 Summary and Conclusions I Regular Concatenated Codes and Their Design List of Symbols in Part I Chapter 3 Sources and Source Codes 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Source Models 3.3 Source Codes 3.4 Soft-Decoding of Variable Length Codes 3.5 Summary and Conclusions Chapter 4 Iterative Source/Channel Decoding 4.1 Concatenated Coding and the Turbo Principle 4.2 SISO APP Decoders and Their EXIT Characteristics 4.3 Iterative Source/Channel Decoding Over AWGN Channels 4.4 Iterative Channel Equalisation, Channel Decoding and Source Decoding 4.5 Summary and Conclusions Chapter 5 Three-Stage Serially Concatenated Turbo Equalisation 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Soft-in/Soft-outMMSE Equalisation 5.3 Turbo Equalisation Using MAP/MMSE Equalisers 5.4 Three-stage serially concatenated coding and MMSE equalisation 5.5 Approaching the Channel Capacity Using EXIT-Chart Matching and IRCCs . 5.6 Rate-Optimisation of Serially Concatenated Codes 5.7 Joint Source-Channel Turbo Equalisation Revisited 5.8 Summary and Conclusions II Irregular Concatenated VLCs and Their Design List of Symbols in Part II Chapter 6 Irregular Variable Length Codes for Joint Source and Channel Coding 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Overview of proposed scheme 6.3 Transmission frame structure 6.4 VDVQ/RVLC encoding 6.5 APP SISO VDVQ/RVLC decoding 6.6 Simulation results 6.7 Summary and Conclusions Chapter 7 Irregular Variable Length Codes for EXIT Chart Matching 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Overview of proposed schemes 7.3 Parameter design for the proposed schemes 7.4 Simulation results 7.5 Summary and Conclusions Chapter 8 Genetic Algorithm Aided Design of Irregular Variable Length Coding Components 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The free distance metric 8.3 Overview of the proposed genetic algorithm 8.4 Overview of proposed scheme 8.5 Parameter design for the proposed scheme 8.6 Simulation results 8.7 Summary and Conclusions Chapter 9 Joint EXIT Chart Matching of Irregular Variable Length Coding and Irregular Unity Rate Coding 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Modifications of the EXIT chart matching algorithm 9.3 Joint EXIT chart matching 9.4 Overview of the transmission scheme considered 9.5 System parameter design 9.6 Simulation results 9.7 Summary and Conclusions III Applications of VLCs Chapter 10 Iteratively Decoded VLC Space-Time Coded Modulation 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Space Time Coding Overview 10.3 Two-Dimensional VLC Design 10.4 VL-STCM Scheme 10.5 VL-STCM-ID Scheme 10.6 Convergence Analysis 10.7 Simulation results 10.8 Conclusions Chapter 11 Iterative Detection of Three-Stage Concatenated IrVLC FFH-MFSK 11.1 Introduction 11.2 System Overview 11.3 Iterative decoding 11.4 System parameter design and Results 11.5 Conclusion Chapter 12 Conclusions and Future Research 12.1 Chapter 1: Introduction 12.2 Chapter 2: Information Theory Basics 12.3 Chapter 3: Sources and Source Codes 12.4 Chapter 4: Iterative Source/Channel Decoding 12.5 Chapter 5: Three-Stage Serially Concatenated Turbo Equalisation 12.6 Chapter 6: Joint source and channel coding 12.7 Chapters 7 – 9: EXIT chart matching 12.8 Chapter 8: GA-aided Design of Irregular VLC Components 12.9 Chapter 9: Joint EXIT Chart Matching of IRVLCs and IRURCs 12.10Chapter 10: Iteratively Decoded VLC Space-Time Coded Modulation 12.11Chapter 11: Iterative Detection of Three-Stage Concatenated IrVLC FFHMFSK 12.12Future work 12.13Closing remarks Appendix A VLC Construction Algorithms A.1 RVLC Construction Algorithm A A.2 RVLC Construction Algorithm B A.3 Greedy Algorithm (GA) and Majority Voting Algorithm (MVA) Appendix B SISO VLC Decoder Appendix C APP Channel Equalisation Bibliography Glossary Subject Index Author Index

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Book SynopsisThis work provides practical information on the design, function, application, and economical aspects of gas insulated transmission lines (GIL). Its coverage provides power engineers with the correct information to write design and installation specifications, and demonstrates the power system implications of GIL.Table of ContentsForeword xiii Acknowledgements xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Changing Electric Power Supply 1 1.2 Advantages of GIL 4 2 History 7 2.1 Transmission Network Development 7 2.2 Historical Development of GIL 20 3 Technology 39 3.1 Gas Insulation 41 3.1.1 Free Gas Space 42 3.1.2 Insulators 42 3.1.3 Gas-Tight Enclosure 44 3.1.4 Insulating Gases 46 3.2 Basic Design 65 3.2.1 Overview 65 3.2.2 Dielectric Dimensioning 68 3.2.3 Thermal Dimensioning 68 3.2.4 Insulation Coordination 68 3.2.5 Electrical Optimization 69 3.2.6 Transmission Network Studies 69 3.2.7 Gas Pressure Dimensions 70 3.2.8 High-Voltage Design Tests 70 3.2.9 Current Rating Design 72 3.2.10 Short-Circuit Rating Design 73 3.2.11 Internal Arc Design 74 3.2.12 Electromagnetic Current Forces Design 76 3.2.13 Mechanical Design 76 3.2.14 Integrated Overvoltage Protection 77 3.2.15 Particles 78 3.2.16 Thermal Design 79 3.2.17 Seismic Design 86 3.3 Product Design 93 3.3.1 Technical Data 93 3.3.2 Conductor Pipe 95 3.3.3 Enclosure Pipe 95 3.3.4 Size of Gas Compartment 97 3.3.5 Insulators 98 3.3.6 Sliding Contacts 100 3.3.7 Modular Design 100 3.3.8 Overhead Line Connection 103 3.3.9 Bending Radius 103 3.3.10 Joint Technology for Conductor and Enclosure 104 3.3.10.1 Flanged Joints 105 3.3.11 Corrosion Protection 112 3.3.12 On-Site Assembly Work 116 3.3.13 Monitoring 117 3.4 Quality Control and Diagnostic Tools 123 3.4.1 Quality of Parts 124 3.4.2 Quality of Processes 124 3.4.3 Partial Discharge Detection 125 3.4.4 High-Voltage Testing On-Site 126 3.4.5 Conclusion of Quality Control 130 3.5 Planning Issues 131 3.5.1 Network Impact 131 3.5.2 Reliability 139 3.5.3 Grounding/Earthing 141 3.5.4 Safety 141 3.5.5 Environmental Limitations 143 3.5.6 Electric Phase Angle Compensation 145 3.5.7 Loadability and Capability Overload 145 3.6 Specification Checklist 149 3.7 Laying Options 153 3.7.1 General 153 3.7.2 Above-Ground Installation 154 3.7.3 Trench-Laid 159 3.7.4 Tunnel-Laid 160 3.7.5 Directly Buried 166 3.7.6 Directional Boring 182 3.8 Long-Duration Testing 183 3.8.1 General 183 3.8.2 Tunnel Version 184 3.8.3 Directly Buried Version 197 3.8.4 Long-Duration Test Results 215 3.9 Gas Handling 217 3.9.1 General 217 3.9.2 Gas Mixture Handling 217 3.9.3 Conclusion 219 3.10 Commissioning and On-Site Testing 221 4 System and Network 225 4.1 General 225 4.2 Line Constants of GIL 225 4.3 Transmission Losses 228 4.4 Operational Aspects 231 4.5 Ageing 234 4.6 Internal Arc Fault 235 4.7 Maintenance 236 4.8 Repair 237 4.9 Personnel Safety 237 4.10 Insulation Coordination 238 4.11 System Control 247 5 Environmental Impact 253 5.1 General 253 5.2 Visual Impact 253 5.3 Electromagnetic Fields 254 5.4 Gas Handling 267 5.5 Thermal Aspects 267 5.6 Recycling 268 5.7 Lifecycle Assessment 269 5.8 CO2 Footprint 269 6 Economic Aspects 273 6.1 General 273 6.2 Material Cost 273 6.3 Assembly Cost 275 6.4 Transmission Losses 276 6.5 Cost Drivers 277 7 Applications 279 7.1 General 279 7.2 Examples 280 7.3 Future Application 312 7.4 Case Studies 314 8 Comparison of Transmission Systems 323 8.1 General 323 8.2 GIL Features 323 8.3 Technical Comparison 324 8.4 Site Comparison 330 8.5 Soft Parameters 332 8.6 Economics 333 9 Power Transmission Pipeline 335 9.1 Feasibility Study 336 9.2 Offshore Wind Energy in Europe 339 9.3 Under Sea Tunnel System 339 9.4 Offshore and Onshore PTPTM Constructions 344 9.5 Next-Generation Technology 346 9.6 Offshore Environment 346 10 Conclusion 349 References 351 Index 361

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Book SynopsisAll you need to know about deploying VoIP protocols in one comprehensive and highly practical reference - Now updated with coverage on SIP and the IMS infrastructure This book provides a comprehensive and practical overview of the technology behind Internet Telephony (IP), providing essential information to Network Engineers, Designers, and Managers who need to understand the protocols. Furthermore, the author explores the issues involved in the migration of existing telephony infrastructure to an IP - based real time communication service. Assuming a working knowledge of IP and networking, it addresses the technical aspects of real-time applications over IP. Drawing on his extensive research and practical development experience in VoIP from its earliest stages, the author provides an accessible reference to all the relevant standards and cutting-edge techniques in a single resource. Key Features: Updated with a chapter on SIP and theTrade Review Table of ContentsContents Abbreviations Glossary Preface 1 Voice over multimedia 1.1Transporting voice, fax and video over a packet network 1.2Encoding media streams 2 H.323: Packet-based Multimedia Communications Systems 2.1 Introduction 2.2 H.323 step by step 2.3 Optimizing and enhancing H.323 2.4 Conferencing with H.323 2.5 Directories and numbering 2.6 H.323 security 2.7 Supplementary services 2.8Future work on H.323 3 Session Initiation Protocol 3.1. The origin and purpose of SIP 3.2. From RFC 2543 To RFC 3261 3.3. Overview of a simple SIP call 3.4. Call handling services with SIP 3.5. SIP security 3.6. Instant messaging (IM) and presence 4 The 3GPP IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) architecture 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Overview of the IMS architecture 4.3. The IMS CSCFs 4.4. The full picture : 3GPP release 8, TISPAN 5 The Media Gateway to Media Controller Protocol (MGCP) 5.1Introduction:why MGCP? 5.2 MGCP 1.0 5.3 Sample MGCP call flows 5.4 The future of MGCP 6 Advanced Topics: Call Redirection 6.1CallredirectioninVoIPnetworks 7 Advanced Topics: NAT Traversal 7.1 Introduction to Network AddressTranslation343 7.2 Workarounds for VoIP when the network cannot be controlled 7.3 Recommended network design for service providers 7.4 Conclusion Index

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Book SynopsisThis book brings together the relevant thinking on HDR learning from artists (painters and photographers), scientists (optics and vision science), imaging engineers (silver-halide film, silicon sensors and camera-, printer- and display-designers), and image processing experts (algorithms and computer hardware).Trade Review“Overall, this book provides an excellent overview of the history of imaging, HDR imaging algorithms, and the abilities of the human visual system. The book is a great achievement for the authors, and it will be well appreciated by anyone who enjoys learning about a field from the key players. Most importantly, it will encourage the reader to think about how visual processing works, and how that process can serve as a model for imaging systems for HDR images.” (Journal of Electronic Imaging, 1 September 2012)Table of ContentsAbout the Authors xix Preface xxi Series Preface xxiii Acknowledgements xxv Section A HISTORY OF HDR IMAGING 1 1 HDR Imaging 3 1.1 Topics 3 1.2 Introduction 3 1.3 Replicas and Reproductions 4 1.4 A Choice of Metaphors for HDR Reproduction 5 1.5 Reproduction of Scene Dynamic Range 7 1.6 HDR Disciplines 8 1.7 Outline of the Text 10 1.8 Summary 11 1.9 References 12 2 HDR Tools and Defi nitions 13 2.1 Topics 13 2.2 Introduction 13 2.3 Pixels 14 2.4 Dynamic Ranges 14 2.5 Measuring Light 17 2.6 Measuring Color Spaces 18 2.7 Image Reproduction 21 2.8 Contrast 24 2.9 Digital Imaging 25 2.10 Summary 25 2.11 References 26 3 HDR in Natural Scenes 27 3.1 Topics 27 3.2 Appearance in HDR and Color Constancy 27 3.3 Summary 30 3.4 References 31 4 HDR in Painting 33 4.1 Topics 33 4.2 Introduction 33 4.3 Ancient Painting 33 4.4 Perspective 35 4.5 Chiaroscuro 37 4.6 Gerritt van Honthorst (Gherardo delle Notti) 37 4.7 Rembrandt van Vijn 40 4.8 John Constable 40 4.9 John Martin 40 4.10 Impressionism 41 4.11 Photorealism 43 4.12 Summary 43 4.13 References 44 5 HDR in Film Photography 45 5.1 Topics 45 5.2 Introduction 45 5.3 Multiple Exposures in the 1850s 46 5.4 HP Robinson 47 5.5 Hurter and Driffi eld-Scientifi c Calibration of AgX Film Sensitivity 48 5.6 Sheppard and Mees 50 5.7 19th Century – Professional Amateur Photography 50 5.8 20th Century – Corporate Photography 50 5.9 20th Century Control of Dynamic Range 51 5.10 Other Silver-Halide Stories 56 5.11 Summary 56 5.12 References 57 6 The Ansel Adams Zone System 59 6.1 Topics 59 6.2 Introduction 59 6.3 Compressing the HDR World into the LDR Print 59 6.4 Visualization 60 6.5 Scene Capture 61 6.6 “Performing the Score” 65 6.7 Moonrise, Hernandez 66 6.8 Apparent vs. Physical Contrast 66 6.9 Summary 66 6.10 References 68 7 Electronic HDR Image Processing: Analog and Digital 69 7.1 Topics 69 7.2 Introduction 69 7.3 Human Spatial Vision 69 7.4 Electronic HDR Image Processing 70 7.5 Summary 74 7.6 References 75 8 HDR and the World of Computer Graphics 77 8.1 Topics 77 8.2 Introduction 77 8.3 Early Years: the 60s 78 8.4 Early Digital Image Synthesis: the 70s 78 8.5 The Turning Point: the 80s 79 8.6 Computational Photorealism: from the 90s 80 8.7 Summary 80 8.8 References 81 9 Review of HDR History 83 9.1 Topics 83 9.2 Summary of Disciplines 83 9.3 Review 84 9.4 Summary 87 9.5 References 87 Section B MEASURED DYNAMIC RANGES 89 10 Actual Dynamic Ranges 91 10.1 Topics 91 10.2 Introduction 91 10.3 Dynamic Range of Light Sensors 92 10.4 Bits per Pixel 93 10.5 Dynamic Range of Display Devices 94 10.6 Interactions of Pixels in Images 95 10.7 Summary 96 10.8 References 96 11 Limits of HDR Scene Capture 99 11.1 Topics 99 11.2 Introduction 99 11.3 HDR Test Targets 99 11.4 Camera Veiling Glare Limits 101 11.5 Glare in Film Cameras 107 11.6 Review 111 11.7 Summary 111 11.8 References 112 12 Limits of HDR in Humans 113 12.1 Topics 113 12.2 Introduction 113 12.3 Visual Appearance of HDR Displays 113 12.4 von Honthorst’s Painting and the 4scaleBlack HDR Target 116 12.5 HDR Displays and Black and White Mondrian 116 12.6 HDR and Tone Scale Maps 117 12.7 HDR Displays and Contrast 117 12.8 Summary 117 12.9 References 118 13 Why Does HDR Improve Images? 119 13.1 Topics 119 13.2 Introduction 119 13.3 Why are HDR Images Better? 120 13.4 Are Multiple Exposures Necessary? 120 13.5 Summary 121 13.6 References 121 Section C SEPARATING GLARE AND CONTRAST 123 14 Two Counteracting Mechanisms: Glare and Contrast 125 14.1 Topics 125 14.2 Introduction 125 14.3 Two Spatial Mechanisms 126 14.4 Calculated Retinal Image 126 14.5 Measuring the Range of HDR Appearances 131 14.6 Calculating the Retinal Image 131 14.7 Visualizing the Retinal Image 131 14.8 HDR and Uniform Color Space 132 14.9 Summary 132 14.10 References 132 15 Measuring the Range of HDR Appearances 135 15.1 Topics 135 15.2 Introduction 135 15.3 Design of Appearance Scale Target 136 15.4 Magnitude Estimation Experiments 138 15.5 Scene Dependent Tone Scale 141 15.6 Glare and Contrast 142 15.7 Summary 143 15.8 References 143 16 Calculating the Retinal Image 145 16.1 Topics 145 16.2 Introduction 145 16.3 Converting Scene Luminance to Retinal Contrast 146 16.4 Calculating Retinal Radiance 146 16.5 Changes in the Retinal Image from Glare 149 16.6 Appearance and Retinal Image 149 16.7 Scene Content and Psychometric Functions 151 16.8 Summary 151 16.9 References 152 17 Visualizing HDR Images 153 17.1 Topics 153 17.2 Introduction 153 17.3 Calculated Retinal Image Contrast 154 17.4 Retinal Image Contrast 155 17.5 Summary 159 17.6 References 159 18 HDR and Uniform Color Spaces 161 18.1 Topics 161 18.2 Introduction 161 18.3 Uniform Color Spaces – Psychophysics 161 18.4 Color Vision – Physiology 164 18.5 Accurate Transformations from CMF to UCS 165 18.6 Summary 167 18.7 References 168 19 Glare: A Major Part of Vision Theory 169 19.1 Topics 169 19.2 Introduction 169 19.3 Glare: Distorts Lightness below Middle Gray, More or Less 169 19.4 Pixel-based HDR Image Processing 170 19.5 Summary 171 19.6 References 171 Section D SCENE CONTENT CONTROLS APPEARANCE 173 20 Scene Dependent Appearance of Quanta Catch 175 20.1 Topics 175 20.2 Introduction 175 20.3 Models of Vision – A Choice of Paradigms 175 20.4 Illumination, Constancy and Surround 176 20.5 Maximum’s Enclosure and Distance 176 20.6 Size of Maxima 177 20.7 Assimilation 177 20.8 Maxima and Contrast with Maxima 177 21 Illumination, Constancy and Surround 179 21.1 Topics 179 21.2 Introduction 179 21.3 Hipparchus of Nicea 180 21.4 Flat-2-D Transparent Displays 182 21.5 A Simple Two-Step Physical Description 183 21.6 Complex 3-D Scenes 185 21.7 Local Maxima 189 21.8 Review 190 21.9 Summary 190 21.10 References 191 22 Maximum’s Enclosure and Separation 193 22.1 Topics 193 22.2 Introduction 193 22.3 Experimental Design 194 22.4 Lightness Matches – Light Gray on Black 194 22.5 Lightness Matches – Dark Gray on Black 195 22.6 Dark Gray on Black: Varying White’s Position 197 22.7 Review 198 22.8 Summary 199 22.9 References 200 23 Maxima Size and Distribution 201 23.1 Topics 201 23.2 Introduction 201 23.3 Experimental Procedure 202 23.4 Controls 202 23.5 Dispersion of White (“Snow”) 202 23.6 Sides and Corners 203 23.7 Lines 204 23.8 Equivalent Backgrounds 205 23.9 Equivalent Backgrounds and Models of Vision 207 23.10 Summary 207 23.11 References 208 24 From Contrast to Assimilation 209 24.1 Topics 209 24.2 Introduction 209 24.3 Segmented Surrounds 210 24.4 Checkerboard Variants 215 24.5 Summary 216 24.6 References 216 25 Maxima and Contrast with Maxima 217 25.1 Topics 217 25.2 Merger of Aperture and Object Modes 217 25.3 Infl uence of the Maxima 218 25.4 Summary 219 Section E COLOR HDR 221 26 HDR, Constancy and Spatial Content 223 26.1 Topics 223 26.2 Introduction 223 26.3 Red and White Projections 224 26.4 Color Mondrians 225 26.5 Constancy’s On/Off Switch 225 26.6 Color of 3-D Mondrians – LDR/HDR Illumination 226 26.7 Color Constancy is HDR 226 26.8 References 226 27 Color Mondrians 227 27.1 Topics 227 27.2 Introduction 227 27.3 Color Mondrians 229 27.4 The Signature of Color Constancy 237 27.5 Search for Evidence of Adaptation – Averages 240 27.6 Transparency in Mondrians 243 27.7 Color Assimilation 243 27.8 Summary 244 27.9 References 245 28 Constancy’s On/Off Switch 247 28.1 Topics 247 28.2 Introduction 247 28.3 Maximov’s Shoe Boxes 247 28.4 New Maxima Restores Constancy 250 28.5 Independent L, M, S Spatial Processing 251 28.6 Model Predictions 253 28.7 Center-Surround Target – Results 253 28.8 Summary 255 28.9 References 256 29 HDR and 3-D Mondrians 257 29.1 Topics 257 29.2 Color Constancy and Appearance 257 29.3 Color Constancy Models 258 29.4 Measuring Changes in Appearance from Changes in Illumination 259 29.5 Magnitude Estimation Appearance Measurements 262 29.6 Watercolor Rendition Measurements of Appearance 263 29.7 Review of 3-D Mondrian Psychophysical Measurements 266 29.8 Color Constancy Models 268 29.9 Conclusions 270 29.10 References 271 30 Color Constancy is HDR 273 30.1 Topics 273 30.2 Introduction 273 30.3 Rod Receptors and HDR 274 30.4 Assembling Appearance: Color Constancy, Rod Vision and HDR 279 30.5 Summary 280 30.6 References 280 Section F HDR IMAGE PROCESSING 283 31 HDR Pixel and Spatial Algorithms 285 31.1 Topics 285 31.2 Introduction – HDR Image Processing Algorithms 285 31.3 One Pixel – Tone Scale Curves 286 31.4 Some of the Pixels – Local Processing 288 31.5 All of the Pixels 289 31.6 All Pixels and Scene Dependent – The Retinex Extended Family 289 31.7 Retinex Algorithms 290 31.8 ACE Algorithms 290 31.9 Analytical, Computational and Variational Algorithms 290 31.10 Techniques for Analyzing HDR Algorithms 290 31.11 The HDR Story 291 31.12 References 291 32 Retinex Algorithms 293 32.1 Topics 293 32.2 Introduction 293 32.3 How to Calculate Lightness Using Ratio-Products 297 32.4 A Variety of Processing Networks 301 32.5 Image Content 302 32.6 Real Images – 1975 307 32.7 The Extended Family of Retinex Models 319 32.8 Algorithm’s Goal 334 32.9 References 337 33 ACE Algorithms 341 33.1 Topics 341 33.2 Introduction 341 33.3 ACE Algorithm 341 33.4 Retinex and ACE 344 33.5 ACE Characteristics 345 33.6 RACE 349 33.7 Other Vision-based Models 350 33.8 Summary 350 33.9 References 351 34 Analytical, Computational and Variational Algorithms 353 34.1 Topics 353 34.2 Introduction 353 34.3 Math in the Framework of the Human Visual System 354 34.4 Analytical Retinex Formulas 354 34.5 Computational Retinex in Wavelets 354 34.6 Retinex and the Variational Techniques 355 34.7 Summary 356 34.8 References 357 35 Evaluation of HDR Algorithms 359 35.1 Topics 359 35.2 Introduction 359 35.3 Quantitative Approaches to Algorithm Evaluation 360 35.4 Lightness Test Targets 361 35.5 Ratio Metric 362 35.6 Quantitative Evaluation of 3-D Mondrians 367 35.7 Locality Test Targets 369 35.8 Summary 370 35.9 Lessons From Quantitative Studies of HDR in Cameras 371 35.10 References 371 36 The HDR Story 373 36.1 Topic 373 36.2 Straightforward Technology Stories 373 36.3 The HDR Story is Defi ned by Limits 373 36.4 HDR Works Well 374 36.5 References 375 Glossary 377 Author Index 385 Subject Index 387

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Book SynopsisProton conduction can be found in many different solid materials, from organic polymers at room temperature to inorganic oxides at high temperature. Solid state proton conductors are of central interest for many technological innovations, including hydrogen and humidity sensors, membranes for water electrolyzers and, most importantly, for high-efficiency electrochemical energy conversion in fuel cells. Focusing on fundamentals and physico-chemical properties of solid state proton conductors, topics covered include: Morphology and Structure of Solid Acids Diffusion in Solid Proton Conductors by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Structure and Diffusivity by Quasielastic Neutron Scattering Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy Mechanical and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Proton-Conducting Polymers Ab initio Modeling of Transport and Structure Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acids Proton-Conducting Aromatic Table of ContentsPreface xi About the Editors xiii Contributing Authors xv 1 Introduction and Overview: Protons, the Nonconformist Ions 1 Maria Luisa Di Vona and Philippe Knauth 1.1 Brief History of the Field 2 1.2 Structure of This Book 2 References 4 2 Morphology and Structure of Solid Acids 5 Habib Ghobarkar, Philippe Knauth and Oliver Sch€af 2.1 Introduction 5 2.1.1 Preparation Technique of Solid Acids 5 2.1.2 Imaging Technique with the Scanning Electron Microscope 6 2.2 Crystal Morphology and Structure of Solid Acids 8 2.2.1 Hydrohalic Acids 8 2.2.2 Main Group Element Oxoacids 10 2.2.3 Transition Metal Oxoacids 20 2.2.4 Carboxylic Acids 22 References 24 3 Diffusion in Solid Proton Conductors: Theoretical Aspects and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analysis 25 Maria Luisa Di Vona, Emanuela Sgreccia and Sebastiano Tosto 3.1 Fundamentals of Diffusion 25 3.1.1 Phenomenology of Diffusion 26 3.1.2 Solutions of the Diffusion Equation 35 3.1.3 Diffusion Coefficients and Proton Conduction 37 3.1.4 Measurement of the Diffusion Coefficient 38 3.2 Basic Principles of NMR 40 3.2.1 Description of the Main NMR Techniques Used in Measuring Diffusion Coefficients 42 3.3 Application of NMR Techniques 47 3.3.1 Polymeric Proton Conductors 47 3.3.2 Inorganic Proton Conductors 58 3.4 Liquid Water Visualization in Proton-Conducting Membranes by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging 62 3.5 Conclusions 66 References 67 4 Structure and Diffusivity in Proton-Conducting Membranes Studied by Quasielastic Neutron Scattering 71 Rolf Hempelmann 4.1 Survey 71 4.2 Diffusion in Solids and Liquids 73 4.3 Quasielastic Neutron Scattering: A Brief Introduction 76 4.4 Proton Diffusion in Membranes 82 4.4.1 Microstructure by Means of SAXS and SANS 82 4.4.2 Proton Conductivity and Water Diffusion 89 4.4.3 QENS Studies 90 4.5 Solid State Proton Conductors 95 4.5.1 Aliovalently Doped Perovskites 96 4.5.2 Hydrogen-Bonded Systems 101 4.6 Concluding Remarks 104 References 104 5 Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy: A Powerful Tool for the Determination of Charge Transfer Mechanisms in Ion Conductors 109 Vito Di Noto, Guinevere A. Giffin, Keti Vezzu`, Matteo Piga and Sandra Lavina 5.1 Basic Principles 110 5.1.1 The Interaction of Matter with Electromagnetic Fields: The Maxwell Equations 110 5.1.2 Electric Response in Terms of e*m ðoÞ, s*m ðoÞ, and Z*mðoÞ 111 5.2 Phenomenological Background of Electric Properties in a Time-Dependent Field 114 5.2.1 Polarization Events 114 5.3 Theory of Dielectric Relaxation 127 5.3.1 Dielectric Relaxation Modes of Macromolecular Systems 129 5.3.2 A General Equation for the Analysis in the Frequency Domain of s(o) and e(o) 132 5.4 Analysis of Electric Spectra 132 5.5 Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy Measurement Techniques 141 5.5.1 Measurement Systems 142 5.5.2 Contacts 158 5.5.3 Calibration 165 5.5.4 Calibration in Parallel Plate Methods 165 5.5.5 Measurement Accuracy 172 5.6 Concluding Remarks 180 References 180 6 Mechanical and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Proton-Conducting Polymers 185 Jean-Franc¸ois Chailan, Mustapha Khadhraoui and Philippe Knauth 6.1 Introduction 185 6.1.1 Molecular Configurations: The Morphology and Microstructure of Polymers 185 6.1.2 Molecular Motions 187 6.1.3 Glass Transition and Other Molecular Relaxations 188 6.2 Methodology of Uniaxial Tensile Tests 191 6.2.1 Elasticity and Young’s Modulus E 192 6.2.2 Elasticity and Shear Modulus G 195 6.2.3 Elasticity and Cohesion Energy 196 6.3 Relaxation and Creep of Polymers 197 6.3.1 Stress Relaxation of Polymers 198 6.3.2 Creep of Polymers 199 6.4 Engineering Stress–Strain Curves of Polymers 201 6.4.1 True Stress–Strain Curve for Plastic Flow and Toughness of Polymers 203 6.4.2 Behavior of Composite Membranes 204 6.4.3 Behavior in the Glassy Regime 205 6.4.4 Influence of the Rate of Deformation 206 6.4.5 Effect of Temperature on Mechanical Properties 209 6.4.6 Thermal Strain 210 6.5 Stress–Strain Tensile Tests of Proton-Conducting Ionomers 211 6.5.1 Influence of Heat Treatment and Cross-Linking 212 6.5.2 Behavior of Composites 214 6.5.3 Conclusions 215 6.6 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) of Polymers 217 6.6.1 Principle of Measurement 217 6.6.2 Molecular Motions and Dynamic Mechanical Properties 218 6.6.3 Experimental Considerations: How Does the Instrument Work? 219 6.6.4 Parameters of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis 220 6.7 The DMA of Proton-Conducting Ionomers 222 6.7.1 Perfluorosulfonic Acid Ionomer Membranes 222 6.7.2 Nonfluorinated Membranes 225 6.7.3 Organic–Inorganic Composite (or Hybrid) Membranes 230 Glossary 235 References 236 7 Ab Initio Modeling of Transport and Structure of Solid State Proton Conductors 241 Jeffrey K. Clark II and Stephen J. Paddison 7.1 Introduction 241 7.2 Theoretical Methods 244 7.2.1 Ab Initio Electronic Structure 244 7.2.2 Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics (AIMD) 248 7.2.3 Empirical Valence Bond (EVB) Models 249 7.3 Polymer Electrolyte Membranes 251 7.3.1 Local Microstructure 251 7.3.2 Proton Dissociation, Transfer, and Separation 258 7.4 Crystalline Proton Conductors and Oxides 279 7.4.1 Crystalline Proton Conductors 279 7.4.2 Oxides 284 7.5 Concluding Remarks 290 References 290 8 Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acids as Proton Conductor Membranes 295 Giulio Alberti, Riccardo Narducci and Maria Luisa Di Vona 8.1 Introduction on Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cells 295 8.2 General Properties of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes 296 8.2.1 Ion Exchange of Polymers Electrolytes in H þ Form 297 8.3 Perfluorinated Membranes Containing Superacid –SO3H Groups 303 8.3.1 Nafion Preparation 304 8.3.2 Nafion Morphology 304 8.3.3 Nafion Water Uptake in Liquid Water at Different Temperatures 306 8.3.4 Water-Vapor Sorption Isotherms of Nafion 307 8.3.5 Curves T/nc for Nafion 117 Membranes in H þ Form 308 8.3.6 Water Uptake and Tensile Modulus of Nafion 311 8.3.7 Colligative Properties of Inner Proton Solutions in Nafion 313 8.3.8 Thermal Annealing of Nafion 315 8.3.9 MCPI Method 315 8.3.10 Proton Conductivity of Nafion 319 8.4 Some Information on Dow and on Recent AquivionIonomers 321 8.5 Instability of Proton Conductivity of Highly Hydrated PFSA Membranes 321 8.6 Composite Nafion Membranes 323 8.6.1 Silica-Filled Ionomer Membranes 323 8.6.2 Metal Oxide-Filled Nafion Membranes 324 8.6.3 Layered Zirconium Phosphate- and Zirconium Phosphonate-Filled Ionomer Membranes 324 8.6.4 Heteropolyacid-Filled Membranes 325 8.7 Some Final Remarks and Conclusions 326 References 327 9 Proton Conductivity of Aromatic Polymers 331 Baijun Liu and Michael D. Guiver 9.1 Introduction 331 9.2 Synthetic Strategies of the Various Acid-Functionalized Aromatic Polymers with Proton Transport Ability 332 9.2.1 Sulfonated Poly(arylene ether)s 332 9.2.2 Sulfonated Polyimides 341 9.2.3 Other Aromatic Polymers as PEMs 344 9.3 Approaches to Enhance Proton Conductivity 349 9.3.1 Nanophase-Separated Microstructures Containing Proton-Conducting Channels 349 9.3.2 Replacement of –Ph-SO3H by –CF2 –SO3H 353 9.3.3 Synthesis of High-IEC PEMs 355 9.3.4 Composite Membranes 356 9.4 Balancing Proton Conductivity, Dimensional Stability, and Other Properties 358 9.5 Electrochemical Performance of Aromatic Polymers 361 9.5.1 PEMFC Performance 362 9.5.2 DMFC Performance 363 9.6 Summary 363 References 365 10 Inorganic Solid Proton Conductors 371 Philippe Knauth and Maria Luisa Di Vona 10.1 Fundamentals of Ionic Conduction in Inorganic Solids 371 10.1.1 Defect Concentrations 372 10.1.2 Defect Mobilities 373 10.1.3 Kr€oger–Vink Nomenclature 373 10.1.4 Ionic Conduction in the Bulk: Hopping Model 376 10.2 General Considerations on Inorganic Solid Proton Conductors 378 10.2.1 Classification of Solid Proton Conductors 379 10.3 Low-Dimensional Solid Proton Conductors: Layered and Porous Structures 381 10.3.1 b- and b00-Alumina-Type 381 10.3.2 Layered Metal Hydrogen Phosphates 382 10.3.3 Micro- and Mesoporous Structures 384 10.4 Three-Dimensional Solid Proton Conductors: “Quasi-Liquid” Structures 385 10.4.1 Solid Acids 385 10.4.2 Acid Salts 385 10.4.3 Amorphous and Gelled Oxides and Hydroxides 387 10.5 Three-Dimensional Solid Proton Conductors: Defect Mechanisms in Oxides 387 10.5.1 Perovskite-Type Oxides 388 10.5.2 Other Structure Types 393 10.6 Conclusion 394 References 395 Index 399

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Book SynopsisThis book provides researchers and engineers in the imaging field with the skills they need to effectively deal with nonlinear inverse problems associated with different imaging modalities, including impedance imaging, optical tomography, elastography, and electrical source imaging.Table of ContentsPreface xi List of Abbreviations xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Forward Problem 1 1.2 Inverse Problem 3 1.3 Issues in Inverse Problem Solving 4 1.4 Linear, Nonlinear and Linearized Problems 6 References 7 2 Signal and System as Vectors 9 2.1 Vector Spaces 9 2.1.1 Vector Space and Subspace 9 2.1.2 Basis, Norm and Inner Product 11 2.1.3 Hilbert Space 13 2.2 Vector Calculus 16 2.2.1 Gradient 16 2.2.2 Divergence 17 2.2.3 Curl 17 2.2.4 Curve 18 2.2.5 Curvature 19 2.3 Taylor’s Expansion 21 2.4 Linear System of Equations 23 2.4.1 Linear System and Transform 23 2.4.2 Vector Space of Matrix 24 2.4.3 Least-Squares Solution 27 2.4.4 Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) 28 2.4.5 Pseudo-inverse 29 2.5 Fourier Transform 30 2.5.1 Series Expansion 30 2.5.2 Fourier Transform 32 2.5.3 Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) 37 2.5.4 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) 40 2.5.5 Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform 41 References 42 3 Basics of Forward Problem 43 3.1 Understanding a PDE using Images as Examples 44 3.2 Heat Equation 46 3.2.1 Formulation of Heat Equation 46 3.2.2 One-Dimensional Heat Equation 48 3.2.3 Two-Dimensional Heat Equation and Isotropic Diffusion 50 3.2.4 Boundary Conditions 51 3.3 Wave Equation 52 3.4 Laplace and Poisson Equations 56 3.4.1 Boundary Value Problem 56 3.4.2 Laplace Equation in a Circle 58 3.4.3 Laplace Equation in Three-Dimensional Domain 60 3.4.4 Representation Formula for Poisson Equation 66 References 70 Further Reading 70 4 Analysis for Inverse Problem 71 4.1 Examples of Inverse Problems in Medical Imaging 71 4.1.1 Electrical Property Imaging 71 4.1.2 Mechanical Property Imaging 74 4.1.3 Image Restoration 75 4.2 Basic Analysis 76 4.2.1 Sobolev Space 78 4.2.2 Some Important Estimates 81 4.2.3 Helmholtz Decomposition 87 4.3 Variational Problems 88 4.3.1 Lax–Milgram Theorem 88 4.3.2 Ritz Approach 92 4.3.3 Euler–Lagrange Equations 96 4.3.4 Regularity Theory and Asymptotic Analysis 100 4.4 Tikhonov Regularization and Spectral Analysis 104 4.4.1 Overview of Tikhonov Regularization 105 4.4.2 Bounded Linear Operators in Banach Space 109 4.4.3 Regularization in Hilbert Space or Banach Space 112 4.5 Basics of Real Analysis 116 4.5.1 Riemann Integrability 116 4.5.2 Measure Space 117 4.5.3 Lebesgue-Measurable Function 119 4.5.4 Pointwise, Uniform, Norm Convergence and Convergence in Measure 123 4.5.5 Differentiation Theory 125 References 127 Further Reading 127 5 Numerical Methods 129 5.1 Iterative Method for Nonlinear Problem 129 5.2 Numerical Computation of One-Dimensional Heat Equation 130 5.2.1 Explicit Scheme 132 5.2.2 Implicit Scheme 135 5.2.3 Crank–Nicolson Method 136 5.3 Numerical Solution of Linear System of Equations 136 5.3.1 Direct Method using LU Factorization 136 5.3.2 Iterative Method using Matrix Splitting 138 5.3.3 Iterative Method using Steepest Descent Minimization 140 5.3.4 Conjugate Gradient (CG) Method 143 5.4 Finite Difference Method (FDM) 145 5.4.1 Poisson Equation 145 5.4.2 Elliptic Equation 146 5.5 Finite Element Method (FEM) 147 5.5.1 One-Dimensional Model 147 5.5.2 Two-Dimensional Model 149 5.5.3 Numerical Examples 154 References 157 Further Reading 158 6 CT, MRI and Image Processing Problems 159 6.1 X-ray Computed Tomography 159 6.1.1 Inverse Problem 160 6.1.2 Basic Principle and Nonlinear Effects 160 6.1.3 Inverse Radon Transform 163 6.1.4 Artifacts in CT 166 6.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 167 6.2.1 Basic Principle 167 6.2.2 k-Space Data 168 6.2.3 Image Reconstruction 169 6.3 Image Restoration 171 6.3.1 Role of p in (6.35) 173 6.3.2 Total Variation Restoration 175 6.3.3 Anisotropic Edge-Preserving Diffusion 180 6.3.4 Sparse Sensing 181 6.4 Segmentation 184 6.4.1 Active Contour Method 185 6.4.2 Level Set Method 187 6.4.3 Motion Tracking for Echocardiography 189 References 192 Further Reading 194 7 Electrical Impedance Tomography 195 7.1 Introduction 195 7.2 Measurement Method and Data 196 7.2.1 Conductivity and Resistance 196 7.2.2 Permittivity and Capacitance 197 7.2.3 Phasor and Impedance 198 7.2.4 Admittivity and Trans-Impedance 199 7.2.5 Electrode Contact Impedance 200 7.2.6 EIT System 201 7.2.7 Data Collection Protocol and Data Set 202 7.2.8 Linearity between Current and Voltage 204 7.3 Representation of Physical Phenomena 205 7.3.1 Derivation of Elliptic PDE 205 7.3.2 Elliptic PDE for Four-Electrode Method 206 7.3.3 Elliptic PDE for Two-Electrode Method 209 7.3.4 Min–Max Property of Complex Potential 210 7.4 Forward Problem and Model 210 7.4.1 Continuous Neumann-to-Dirichlet Data 211 7.4.2 Discrete Neumann-to-Dirichlet Data 212 7.4.3 Nonlinearity between Admittivity and Voltage 214 7.5 Uniqueness Theory and Direct Reconstruction Method 216 7.5.1 Calder´on’s Approach 216 7.5.2 Uniqueness and Three-Dimensional Reconstruction: Infinite Measurements 218 7.5.3 Nachmann’s D-bar Method in Two Dimensions 221 7.6 Back-Projection Algorithm 223 7.7 Sensitivity and Sensitivity Matrix 226 7.7.1 Perturbation and Sensitivity 226 7.7.2 Sensitivity Matrix 227 7.7.3 Linearization 227 7.7.4 Quality of Sensitivity Matrix 229 7.8 Inverse Problem of EIT 229 7.8.1 Inverse Problem of RC Circuit 229 7.8.2 Formulation of EIT Inverse Problem 231 7.8.3 Ill-Posedness of EIT Inverse Problem 231 7.9 Static Imaging 232 7.9.1 Iterative Data Fitting Method 232 7.9.2 Static Imaging using Four-Channel EIT System 233 7.9.3 Regularization 237 7.9.4 Technical Difficulty of Static Imaging 237 7.10 Time-Difference Imaging 239 7.10.1 Data Sets for Time-Difference Imaging 239 7.10.2 Equivalent Homogeneous Admittivity 240 7.10.3 Linear Time-Difference Algorithm using Sensitivity Matrix 241 7.10.4 Interpretation of Time-Difference Image 242 7.11 Frequency-Difference Imaging 243 7.11.1 Data Sets for Frequency-Difference Imaging 243 7.11.2 Simple Difference Ft,ω2 − Ft,ω1 244 7.11.3 Weighted Difference Ft,ω2 − αFt,ω1 244 7.11.4 Linear Frequency-Difference Algorithm using Sensitivity Matrix 245 7.11.5 Interpretation of Frequency-Difference Image 246 References 247 8 Anomaly Estimation and Layer Potential Techniques 251 8.1 Harmonic Analysis and Potential Theory 252 8.1.1 Layer Potentials and Boundary Value Problems for Laplace Equation 252 8.1.2 Regularity for Solution of Elliptic Equation along Boundary of Inhomogeneity 259 8.2 Anomaly Estimation using EIT 266 8.2.1 Size Estimation Method 268 8.2.2 Location Search Method 274 8.3 Anomaly Estimation using Planar Probe 281 8.3.1 Mathematical Formulation 282 8.3.2 Representation Formula 287 References 290 Further Reading 291 9 Magnetic Resonance Electrical Impedance Tomography 295 9.1 Data Collection using MRI 296 9.1.1 Measurement of Bz 297 9.1.2 Noise in Measured Bz Data 299 9.1.3 Measurement of B = (Bx,By,Bz) 301 9.2 Forward Problem and Model Construction 301 9.2.1 Relation between J, Bz and σ 302 9.2.2 Three Key Observations 303 9.2.3 Data Bz Traces σ∇u × ez Directional Change of σ 304 9.2.4 Mathematical Analysis toward MREIT Model 305 9.3 Inverse Problem Formulation using B or J 308 9.4 Inverse Problem Formulation using Bz 309 9.4.1 Model with Two Linearly Independent Currents 309 9.4.2 Uniqueness 310 9.4.3 Defected Bz Data in a Local Region 314 9.5 Image Reconstruction Algorithm 315 9.5.1 J -substitution Algorithm 315 9.5.2 Harmonic Bz Algorithm 317 9.5.3 Gradient Bz Decomposition and Variational Bz Algorithm 319 9.5.4 Local Harmonic Bz Algorithm 320 9.5.5 Sensitivity Matrix-based Algorithm 322 9.5.6 Anisotropic Conductivity Reconstruction Algorithm 323 9.5.7 Other Algorithms 324 9.6 Validation and Interpretation 325 9.6.1 Image Reconstruction Procedure using Harmonic Bz Algorithm 325 9.6.2 Conductivity Phantom Imaging 326 9.6.3 Animal Imaging 327 9.6.4 Human Imaging 330 9.7 Applications 331 References 332 10 Magnetic Resonance Elastography 335 10.1 Representation of Physical Phenomena 336 10.1.1 Overview of Hooke’s Law 336 10.1.2 Strain Tensor in Lagrangian Coordinates 339 10.2 Forward Problem and Model 340 10.3 Inverse Problem in MRE 342 10.4 Reconstruction Algorithms 342 10.4.1 Reconstruction of μ with the Assumption of Local Homogeneity 344 10.4.2 Reconstruction of μ without the Assumption of Local Homogeneity 345 10.4.3 Anisotropic Elastic Moduli Reconstruction 349 10.5 Technical Issues in MRE 350 References 351 Further Reading 352 Index 355

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Book SynopsisWritten by experts in the field, this book describes the Personal Network architecture and its various components This book focuses on networking and security aspects of Personal Networks (PNs). Given a single user, the authors propose an architecture for PNs in which devices are divided into one of two types of nodes: personal nodes and foreign nodes. Furthermore, the authors demonstrate the ways in which PNs can be formed in a self-organized and secure way, how they can be interconnected using infrastructure networks, how multiple PNs can be connected, and how their services and resources can be shared. In addition, the book shows how security and ease-of-use can be achieved through automatic configuration and how mobility can be supported through adaptability and self-organization. The motivations for the PN concept, the PN architecture, its functionalities and features, as well as future challenges are covered in depth. Finally, the authors consider the potential applicaTable of ContentsForeword. Preface. List of Abbreviations. 1 The Vision of Personal Networks. 1.1 Past, Present, and Future Telecommunication. 1.2 Personal Networks. 1.3 Some Typical PN Use-Case Scenarios. 1.4 Federations of Personal Networks. 1.5 Early Personal Network Implementations. 1.6 Expected Impact. 1.7 Summary. 2 Personal Networks User Requirements. 2.1 Ubiquitous Networking. 2.2 Heterogeneous Hardware Constraints. 2.3 Quality of Service and Reliability. 2.4 Name, Service, and Content Management. 2.5 Context Awareness. 2.6 Being Cognitive. 2.7 Security and Trust. 2.8 Privacy. 2.9 Usability. 2.10 Other Requirements. 2.11 Jane Revisited. 2.12 Summary. 3 Trends in Personal Networks. 3.1 Wireless Communications. 3.2 Ad Hoc Networking. 3.3 WWRF Book of Visions. 3.4 Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing and Communication. 3.5 Ambient Networks. 3.6 IST PACWOMAN and SHAMAN. 3.7 Personal Distributed Environment. 3.8 MyNet. 3.9 P2P Universal Computing Consortium. 3.10 More Trends. 3.11 Personal Networks and Current Trends. 3.12 Summary. 4 The Personal Network Architecture. 4.1 Terminology. 4.2 Personal and Foreign Nodes. 4.3 The Three Level Architecture View. 4.4 Personalization of Nodes. 4.5 Cluster Organization. 4.6 Personal Network Organization. 4.7 Foreign Communication. 4.8 Higher Layer Support Systems. 4.9 Federations of Personal Networks. 4.10 Discussion. 4.11 Summary. 5 Cluster Formation and Routing. 5.1 What is a Cluster? 5.2 Mobile Ad Hoc Network Technologies. 5.3 Cluster Formation and Maintenance. 5.4 Intra-Cluster Routing. 5.5 Summary. 6 Inter-Cluster Tunneling and Routing. 6.1 Inter-Cluster Tunneling Requirements. 6.2 IP Mobility. 6.3 PN Addressing. 6.4 Infrastructure Support. 6.5 Inter-Cluster Tunneling. 6.6 Inter-Cluster Routing. 6.7 Summary. 7 Foreign Communication. 7.1 Requirements for Foreign Communication. 7.2 Setting up Communication with Foreign Nodes. 7.3 Bridging Inside and Outside Protocols. 7.4 Mobility and Gateway Node Handover. 7.5 Summary. 8 Personal Network Application Support Systems. 8.1 Required PN Application Support. 8.2 Design of a PN Application Support System. 8.3 Service Discovery and Management Implementation. 8.4 An Implementation of Context Management. 8.5 Summary. 9 Personal Network Security. 9.1 Device Personalization. 9.2 Establishment of Secure Communication. 9.3 Secure Foreign Communication. 9.4 Anonymity. 9.5 Summary. 10 Personal Network Federations. 10.1 Examples. 10.2 Types of Federations. 10.3 Requirements. 10.4 Architecture of a Federation. 10.5 Life Cycle of a Federation. 10.6 Federation Access Control. 10.7 Federation Implementation Approaches. 10.8 Security. 10.9 Summary. 11 Personal Network Prototypes. 11.1 The TU Delft Prototype. 11.2 The PNP2008 Prototypes. 11.3 The MAGNET Prototype. 11.4 Summary. 12 The Future of Personal Networks. 12.1 Are We There Yet? 12.2 Future Directions. Appendix A Terminology. A.1 Connectivity Abstraction Level. A.2 Network Abstraction Level. A.3 Application and Service Abstraction Level. A.4 Personal Network Federations. References. Related Websites. Index.

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Book SynopsisIn high power, high voltage electronics systems, a strategy to manage short timescale energy imbalances is fundamental to the system reliability. Without a theoretical framework, harmful local convergence of energy can affect the dynamic process of transformation, transmission, and storage which create an unreliable system.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors ix Preface xi 1 Power electronic devices, circuits, topology, and control 1 1.1 Power electronics 1 1.2 The evolution of power device technology 3 1.3 Power electronic circuit topology 4 1.3.1 Switching 5 1.3.2 Basic switching cell 6 1.3.3 Circuit topology of power electronics 6 1.4 Pulse-width modulation control 9 1.5 Typical power electronic converters and their applications 15 1.6 Transient processes in power electronics and book organization 16 References 17 2 Macroscopic and microscopic factors in power electronic systems 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Microelectronics vs. power electronics 21 2.2.1 Understanding semiconductor physics 22 2.2.2 Evaluation of semiconductors 23 2.3 State of the art of research in short-timescale transients 27 2.3.1 Pulse definition 28 2.3.2 Pulsed energy and pulsed power 30 2.4 Typical influential factors and transient processes 35 2.4.1 Failure mechanisms 35 2.4.2 Different parts of the main circuit 38 2.4.3 Control modules and power system interacting with each other 40 2.5 Methods to study the short-timescale transients 41 2.6 Summary 42 References 43 3 Power semiconductor devices, integrated power circuits, and their short-timescale transients 47 3.1 Major characteristics of semiconductors 47 3.2 Modeling methods of semiconductors 48 3.2.1 Hybrid model of a diode 49 3.3 IGBT 49 3.4 IGCT 52 3.5 Silicon carbide junction field effect transistor 54 3.6 System-level SOA 58 3.6.1 Case 1: System-level SOA of a three-level DC–AC inverter 59 3.6.2 Case 2: System-level SOA of a bidirectional DC–DC converter 59 3.6.3 Case 3: System-level SOA of an EV battery charger 60 3.7 Soft-switching control and its application in high-power converters 65 3.7.1 Case 4: ZCS in dual-phase-shift control 65 3.7.2 Case 5: Soft-switching vs. hard-switching control in the EV charger 67 References 68 4 Power electronics in electric and hybrid vehicles 71 4.1 Introduction of electric and hybrid vehicles 71 4.2 Architecture and control of HEVs 72 4.3 Power electronics in HEVs 73 4.3.1 Rectifiers used in HEVs 74 4.3.2 Buck converter used in HEVs 79 4.3.3 Non-isolated bidirectional DC–DC converter 81 4.3.4 Control of AC induction motors 87 4.4 Battery chargers for EVs and PHEVs 93 4.4.1 Unidirectional chargers 95 4.4.2 Inductive charger 106 4.4.3 Wireless charger 110 4.4.4 Optimization of a PHEV battery charger 112 4.4.5 Bidirectional charger and control 116 References 126 5 Power electronics in alternative energy and advanced power systems 129 5.1 Typical alternative energy systems 129 5.2 Transients in alternative energy systems 130 5.2.1 Dynamic process 1: MPPT control in the solar energy system 130 5.2.2 Dynamic processes in the grid-tied system 133 5.2.3 Wind energy systems 138 5.3 Power electronics, alternative energy, and future micro-grid systems 141 5.4 Dynamic process in the multi-source system 145 5.5 Speciality of control and analyzing methods in alternative energy systems 149 5.6 Application of power electronics in advanced electric power systems 150 5.6.1 SVC and STATCOM 151 5.6.2 SMES 153 References 155 6 Power electronics in battery management systems 157 6.1 Application of power electronics in rechargeable batteries 157 6.2 Battery charge management 158 6.2.1 Pulsed charging 158 6.2.2 Reflex fast charging 159 6.2.3 Current variable intermittent charging 160 6.2.4 Voltage variable intermittent charging 161 6.2.5 Advanced intermittent charging 162 6.2.6 Practical charging schemes 162 6.3 Cell balancing 166 6.3.1 Applying an additional equalizing charge phase to the whole battery string 167 6.3.2 Method of current shunting – dissipative equalization 169 6.3.3 Method of switched reactors 170 6.3.4 Method of flying capacitors 171 6.3.5 Inductive (multi-winding transformer) balancing 172 6.3.6 ASIC-based charge balancing 172 6.3.7 DC–DC converter-based balancing 173 6.4 SOA of battery power electronics 175 6.4.1 Enhanced system-level SOA considering the battery impedance and temperature 175 6.4.2 Interaction with other devices at different temperatures 177 References 180 7 Dead-band effect and minimum pulse width 183 7.1 Dead-band effect in DC–AC inverters 184 7.1.1 Dead-band effect 186 7.2 Dead-band effect in DC–DC converters 189 7.2.1 Phase shift-based dual active bridge bidirectional DC–DC converter 189 7.2.2 Dead-band effect in DAB bidirectional DC–DC converter 193 7.3 Control strategy for the dead-band compensation 199 7.4 Minimum Pulse Width (MPW) 204 7.4.1 Setting the MPW 209 7.5 Summary 211 References 212 8 Modulated error in power electronic systems 215 8.1 Modulated error between information flow and power flow 215 8.2 Modulated error in switching power semiconductors 217 8.2.1 Voltage-balanced circuit for series-connected semiconductors 217 8.2.2 Accompanied short-timescale transients 221 8.3 Modulated error in the DC–AC inverter 231 8.4 Modulated error in the DC–DC converter 234 8.5 Summary 246 References 246 9 Future trends of power electronics 249 9.1 New materials and devices 249 9.2 Topology, systems, and applications 255 9.3 Passive components 259 9.4 Power electronics packaging 260 9.5 Power line communication 262 9.6 Transients in future power electronics 265 References 266 Index 269

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Book Synopsis*Trade Review"Provides a thorough presentation of the state-of-the art in computational modelling techniques for photonics Contains broad coverage of both frequency- and time-domain techniques to suit a wide range of photonic devices Reviews existing commercial software packages for photonics". (MyCFO, 20 January 2011) "In this book, the author provides a comprehensive coverage of modern numerical modelling techniques for designing photonic devices for use in modern optical telecommunication". (VentureBeat Profiles, 21 January 2011)Table of Contents1 Introduction 1.1 Photonics: the countless possibilities of light propagation 1.2 Modelling photonics 2 Full-vectorial Beam Propagation Method 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Overview of the beam propagation methods 2.3 Maxwell’s Equations 2.4 Magnetic field formulation of the wave equation 2.5 Electric field formulation of the wave equation 2.6 Perfectly-Matched Layer 2.7 Finite Element Analysis 2.8 Derivation of BPM Equations 2.9 Imaginary-Distance BPM: Mode Solver 3 Assessment of Full-Vectorial Beam Propagation Method 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Analysis of Rectangular waveguide 3.3 Photonic Crystal Fibre 3.4 Liquid Crystal Based Photonic Crystal Fibre 3.5 Electro-optical Modulators 3.6 Switches 4 Bidirectional Beam Propagation Method 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Optical Waveguide Discontinuity Problem 4.3 Finite element analysis of discontinuity problems 4.4 Derivation of Finite Element Matrices 4.5 Application of Taylor’s Series Expansion 4.6 Computation of Reflected, Transmitted and Radiation Waves 4.7 Optical fiber-facet problem 4.8 Finite element analysis of optical fiber facets 4.9 Iterative analysis of multiple-discontinuities 4.10 Numerical assessment 5 Complex-Envelope Alternating-Direction-Implicit Finite Difference Time Domain Method with Assessment 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Maxwell's equations 5.3 Brief history of Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) Method 5.4 Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) Method 5.5 -Direction-Implicit FDTD (ADI-FDTD): Beyond the Courant Limit 5.6 Complex-Envelope ADI-FDTD (CE-ADI- 5.7 Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) Boundary Conditions 5.8 Uniaxal Perfectly Matched Layer (UPML) Absorbing Boundary Condition 5.9 PML Parameters 5.10 PML Boundary Conditions for CE-ADI-FDTD 5.11 PhC Resonant Cavities 5.12 5x5 Rectangular Lattice PhC Cavity 5.13 Triangular Lattice PhC Cavity 5.14 Wavelength Division Multiplexing 5.15 Conclusions 6. Finite Volume time Domain (FVTD) Method 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Numerical analysis 6.3 UPWIND Scheme for the Calculation 6.4 NON-DIFFUSIVE Scheme for the Flux Calculation 6.5 2D Formulation of the FVTD Method 6.6 Boundary Conditions 6.7 Nonlinear Optics 6.8 Nonlinear Optical Interactions 6.9 Extension of the FDTD Method to Nonlinear Problems 6.10 Extension of the FVTD Method to Nonlinear Problems 6.11 Conclusions 7 Numerical Analysis of Linear and Nonlinear PhC Based Devices 7.1 Introduction 7.2 FVTD Method Assessment: PhC Cavity 7.3 FVTD Method Assessment: PhC Waveguide 7.4 FVTD Method Assessment: PBG T-Branch 7.5 PhC Multimode Resonant Cavity 7.6 FDTD Analysis of Nonlinear Devices 7.7 FVTD Analysis of Nonlinear Photonic Crystal Wires 7.8 Conclusions 8 Multiresolution Time Domain 8.1 Introduction 8.2 MRTD basics 8.3 MRTD update scheme 8.4 Scaling-MRTD 8.5 Conclusions 9 MRTD Analysis of PhC-Devices 9.1 Introduction 9.2 UPML-MRTD: test and code validation 9.3 MRTD vs FDTD for the analysis of linear photonic crystals 9.4 Conclusions 10 MRTD Analysis of SHG PhC-Devices 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Second harmonic generation in optics 10.3 Extended S-MRTD for SHG analysis 10.4 SHG in PhC-waveguide 10.5 Selective SHG in compound PhC-based structures 10.6 New design for selective SHG: PhC-microcavities coupling 10.7 Conclusions 11 Dispersive Nonlinear MRTD for SHG Applications 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Dispersion analysis 11.3 SHG-MRTD scheme for dispersive materials 11.4 Simulation results 11.5 Conclusions

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Book SynopsisDistributed source coding is one of the key enablers for efficient cooperative communication. The potential applications range from wireless sensor networks, ad-hoc networks, and surveillance networks, to robust low-complexity video coding, stereo/Multiview video coding, HDTV, hyper-spectral and multispectral imaging, and biometrics. The book is divided into three sections: theory, algorithms, and applications. Part one covers the background of information theory with an emphasis on DSC; part two discusses designs of algorithmic solutions for DSC problems, covering the three most important DSC problems: Slepian-Wolf, Wyner-Ziv, and MT source coding; and part three is dedicated to a variety of potential DSC applications. Key features: Clear explanation of distributed source coding theory and algorithms including both lossless and lossy designs. Rich applications of distributed source coding, which covers multimedia communication and data security aTable of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgment xv About the Companion Website xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What is Distributed Source Coding? 2 1.2 Historical Overview and Background 2 1.3 Potential and Applications 3 1.4 Outline 4 Part I Theory of Distributed Source Coding 7 2 Lossless Compression of Correlated Sources 9 2.1 Slepian–Wolf Coding 10 2.1.1 Proof of the SWTheorem 15 Achievability of the SWTheorem 16 Converse of the SWTheorem 19 2.2 Asymmetric and Symmetric SWCoding 21 2.3 SWCoding of Multiple Sources 22 3 Wyner–Ziv Coding Theory 25 3.1 Forward Proof ofWZ Coding 27 3.2 Converse Proof of WZ Coding 29 3.3 Examples 30 3.3.1 Doubly Symmetric Binary Source 30 Problem Setup 30 A Proposed Scheme 31 Verify the Optimality of the Proposed Scheme 32 3.3.2 Quadratic Gaussian Source 35 Problem Setup 35 Proposed Scheme 36 Verify the Optimality of the Proposed Scheme 37 3.4 Rate Loss of theWZ Problem 38 Binary Source Case 39 Rate loss of General Cases 39 4 Lossy Distributed Source Coding 41 4.1 Berger–Tung Inner Bound 42 4.1.1 Berger–Tung Scheme 42 Codebook Preparation 42 Encoding 42 Decoding 43 4.1.2 Distortion Analysis 43 4.2 Indirect Multiterminal Source Coding 45 4.2.1 Quadratic Gaussian CEO Problem with Two Encoders 45 Forward Proof of Quadratic Gaussian CEO Problem with Two Terminals 46 Converse Proof of Quadratic Gaussian CEO Problem with Two Terminals 48 4.3 Direct Multiterminal Source Coding 54 4.3.1 Forward Proof of Gaussian Multiterminal Source Coding Problem with Two Sources 55 4.3.2 Converse Proof of Gaussian Multiterminal Source Coding Problem with Two Sources 63 Bounds for R1 and R2 64 Collaborative Lower Bound 66 𝜇-sum Bound 67 Part II Implementation 75 5 Slepian–Wolf Code Designs Based on Channel Coding 77 5.1 Asymmetric SWCoding 77 5.1.1 Binning Idea 78 5.1.2 Syndrome-based Approach 79 Hamming Binning 80 SWEncoding 80 SWDecoding 80 LDPC-based SWCoding 81 5.1.3 Parity-based Approach 82 5.1.4 Syndrome-based Versus Parity-based Approach 84 5.2 Non-asymmetric SWCoding 85 5.2.1 Generalized Syndrome-based Approach 86 5.2.2 Implementation using IRA Codes 88 5.3 Adaptive Slepian–Wolf Coding 90 5.3.1 Particle-based Belief Propagation for SWCoding 91 5.4 Latest Developments and Trends 93 6 Distributed Arithmetic Coding 97 6.1 Arithmetic Coding 97 6.2 Distributed Arithmetic Coding 101 6.3 Definition of the DAC Spectrum 103 6.3.1 Motivations 103 6.3.2 Initial DAC Spectrum 104 6.3.3 Depth-i DAC Spectrum 105 6.3.4 Some Simple Properties of the DAC Spectrum 107 6.4 Formulation of the Initial DAC Spectrum 107 6.5 Explicit Form of the Initial DAC Spectrum 110 6.6 Evolution of the DAC Spectrum 113 6.7 Numerical Calculation of the DAC Spectrum 116 6.7.1 Numerical Calculation of the Initial DAC Spectrum 117 6.7.2 Numerical Estimation of DAC Spectrum Evolution 118 6.8 Analyses on DAC Codes with Spectrum 120 6.8.1 Definition of DAC Codes 121 6.8.2 Codebook Cardinality 122 6.8.3 Codebook Index Distribution 123 6.8.4 Rate Loss 123 6.8.5 Decoder Complexity 124 6.8.6 Decoding Error Probability 126 6.9 Improved Binary DAC Codec 130 6.9.1 Permutated BDAC Codec 130 Principle 130 Proof of SWLimit Achievability 131 6.9.2 BDAC Decoder withWeighted Branching 132 6.10 Implementation of the Improved BDAC Codec 134 6.10.1 Encoder 134 Principle 134 Implementation 135 6.10.2 Decoder 135 Principle 135 Implementation 136 6.11 Experimental Results 138 Effect of Segment Size on Permutation Technique 139 Effect of Surviving-Path Number onWB Technique 139 Comparison with LDPC Codes 139 Application of PBDAC to Nonuniform Sources 140 6.12 Conclusion 141 7 Wyner–Ziv Code Design 143 7.1 Vector Quantization 143 7.2 Lattice Theory 146 7.2.1 What is a Lattice? 146 Examples 146 Dual Lattice 147 Integral Lattice 147 Lattice Quantization 148 7.2.2 What is a Good Lattice? 149 Packing Efficiency 149 Covering Efficiency 150 Normalized Second Moment 150 Kissing Number 150 Some Good Lattices 151 7.3 Nested Lattice Quantization 151 Encoding/decoding 152 Coset Binning 152 Quantization Loss and Binning Loss 153 SW Coded NLQ 154 7.3.1 Trellis Coded Quantization 154 7.3.2 Principle of TCQ 155 Generation of Codebooks 156 Generation of Trellis from Convolutional Codes 156 Mapping of Trellis Branches onto Sub-codebooks 157 Quantization 157 Example 158 7.4 WZ Coding Based on TCQ and LDPC Codes 159 7.4.1 Statistics of TCQ Indices 159 7.4.2 LLR of Trellis Bits 162 7.4.3 LLR of Codeword Bits 163 7.4.4 Minimum MSE Estimation 163 7.4.5 Rate Allocation of Bit-planes 164 7.4.6 Experimental Results 166 Part III Applications 167 8 Wyner–Ziv Video Coding 169 8.1 Basic Principle 169 8.2 Benefits of WZ Video Coding 170 8.3 Key Components of WZ Video Decoding 171 8.3.1 Side-information Preparation 171 Bidirectional Motion Compensation 172 8.3.2 Correlation Modeling 173 Exploiting Spatial Redundancy 174 8.3.3 Rate Controller 175 8.4 Other Notable Features of Miscellaneous WZ Video Coders 175 9 Correlation Estimation in DVC 177 9.1 Background to Correlation Parameter Estimation in DVC 177 9.1.1 Correlation Model inWZ Video Coding 177 9.1.2 Offline Correlation Estimation 178 Pixel Domain Offline Correlation Estimation 178 Transform Domain Offline Correlation Estimation 180 9.1.3 Online Correlation Estimation 181 Pixel Domain Online Correlation Estimation 182 Transform Domain Online Correlation Estimation 184 9.2 Recap of Belief Propagation and Particle Filter Algorithms 185 9.2.1 Belief Propagation Algorithm 185 9.2.2 Particle Filtering 186 9.3 Correlation Estimation in DVC with Particle Filtering 187 9.3.1 Factor Graph Construction 187 9.3.2 Correlation Estimation in DVC with Particle Filtering 190 9.3.3 Experimental Results 192 9.3.4 Conclusion 197 9.4 Low Complexity Correlation Estimation using Expectation Propagation 199 9.4.1 System Architecture 199 9.4.2 Factor Graph Construction 199 Joint Bit-plane SWCoding (Region II) 200 Correlation Parameter Tracking (Region I) 201 9.4.3 Message Passing on the Constructed Factor Graph 202 Expectation Propagation 203 9.4.4 Posterior Approximation of the Correlation Parameter using Expectation Propagation 204 Moment Matching 205 9.4.5 Experimental Results 206 9.4.6 Conclusion 211 10 DSC for Solar Image Compression 213 10.1 Background 213 10.2 RelatedWork 215 10.3 Distributed Multi-view Image Coding 217 10.4 Adaptive Joint Bit-plane WZ Decoding of Multi-view Images with Disparity Estimation 217 10.4.1 Joint Bit-planeWZ Decoding 217 10.4.2 Joint Bit-planeWZ Decoding with Disparity Estimation 219 10.4.3 Joint Bit-planeWZ Decoding with Correlation Estimation 220 10.5 Results and Discussion 221 10.6 Summary 224 11 Secure Distributed Image Coding 225 11.1 Background 225 11.2 System Architecture 227 11.2.1 Compression of Encrypted Data 228 11.2.2 Joint Decompression and Decryption Design 230 11.3 Practical Implementation Issues 233 11.4 Experimental Results 233 11.4.1 Experiment Setup 234 11.4.2 Security and Privacy Protection 235 11.4.3 Compression Performance 236 11.5 Discussion 239 12 Secure Biometric Authentication Using DSC 241 12.1 Background 241 12.2 RelatedWork 243 12.3 System Architecture 245 12.3.1 Feature Extraction 246 12.3.2 Feature Pre-encryption 248 12.3.3 SeDSC Encrypter/decrypter 248 12.3.4 Privacy-preserving Authentication 249 12.4 SeDSC Encrypter Design 249 12.4.1 Non-asymmetric SWCodes with Code Partitioning 250 12.4.2 Implementation of SeDSC Encrypter using IRA Codes 251 12.5 SeDSC Decrypter Design 252 12.6 Experiments 256 12.6.1 Dataset and Experimental Setup 256 12.6.2 Feature Length Selection 257 12.6.3 Authentication Accuracy 257 Authentication Performances on Small Feature Length (i.e., N = 100) 257 Performances on Large Feature Lengths (i.e., N ≥ 300) 258 12.6.4 Privacy and Security 259 12.6.5 Complexity Analysis 261 12.7 Discussion 261 A Basic Information Theory 263 A.1 Information Measures 263 A.1.1 Entropy 263 A.1.2 Relative Entropy 267 A.1.3 Mutual Information 268 A.1.4 Entropy Rate 269 A.2 Independence and Mutual Information 270 A.3 Venn Diagram Interpretation 273 A.4 Convexity and Jensen’s Inequality 274 A.5 Differential Entropy 277 A.5.1 Gaussian Random Variables 278 A.5.2 Entropy Power Inequality 278 A.6 Typicality 279 A.6.1 Jointly Typical Sequences 282 A.7 Packing Lemmas and Covering Lemmas 284 A.8 Shannon’s Source CodingTheorem 286 A.9 Lossy Source Coding—Rate-distortionTheorem 289 A.9.1 Rate-distortion Problem with Side Information 291 B Background on Channel Coding 293 B.1 Linear Block Codes 294 B.1.1 Syndrome Decoding of Block Codes 295 B.1.2 Hamming Codes, Packing Bound, and Perfect Codes 295 B.2 Convolutional Codes 297 B.2.1 Viterbi Decoding Algorithm 298 B.3 Shannon’s Channel CodingTheorem 301 B.3.1 Achievability Proof of the Channel CodingTheorem 303 B.3.2 Converse Proof of Channel CodingTheorem 305 B.4 Low-density Parity-check Codes 306 B.4.1 A Quick Summary of LDPC Codes 306 B.4.2 Belief Propagation Algorithm 307 B.4.3 LDPC Decoding using BP 312 B.4.4 IRA Codes 314 C Approximate Inference 319 C.1 Stochastic Approximation 319 C.1.1 Importance SamplingMethods 320 C.1.2 Markov Chain Monte Carlo 321 Markov Chains 321 Markov Chain Monte Carlo 321 C.2 Deterministic Approximation 322 C.2.1 Preliminaries 322 Exponential Family 322 Kullback–Leibler Divergence 323 Assumed-density Filtering 324 C.2.2 Expectation Propagation 325 Relationship with BP 326 C.2.3 Relationship with Other Variational Inference Methods 328 D Multivariate Gaussian Distribution 331 D.1 Introduction 331 D.2 Probability Density Function 331 D.3 Marginalization 332 D.4 Conditioning 333 D.5 Product of Gaussian pdfs 334 D.6 Division of Gaussian pdfs 337 D.7 Mixture of Gaussians 337 D.7.1 Reduce the Number of Components in Gaussian Mixtures 338 Which Components to Merge? 340 How to Merge Components? 341 D.8 Summary 342 Appendix: Matrix Equations 343 Bibliography 345 Index 357

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Book SynopsisA unique book with systematic and thorough coverage of HAP related issues, problems and solutions. Handbook of Broadband Communications from High Altitude Platforms provides a thorough overview and state of the art of the HAP enabling technologies, as well as describing recent research activities with most promising results.Trade Review"The work is well referenced and includes over one hundred and fifty figures and more than seventy-five tables. Contributors include professionals and academics in the field of communications engineering from Slovenia, Israel, Thailand and the UK." (Book News Inc., February 2011) Table of Contents1. INTRODUCTION. 1.1. Introduction. 1.2. History. 1.3. Wireless communications in a HAP environment. 1.4. Candidate standards for provision of services and applications from HAPs. 1.5. Overview of past and present HAP related projects, trials and development plans. 1.6. References. 2. AERONAUTICS AND ENERGETICS. 2.1. Operating environment and related challenges. 2.2. Types of airborne vehicles used for HAPs. 2.3. Power subsystem alternatives. 2.4. Flight / altitude control. 2.5. Typical characteristics of HAP aircraft and airships. 2.6. References. 3. OPERATING SCENARIOS AND REFERENCE ARCHITECTURES. 3.1. Operating scenarios. 3.2. Antenna requirements and related challenges. 3.3. System and network architecture of HAP-based communication systems. 3.4. References. 4. APPLICATIONS AND BUSINESS MODELLING. 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Applications and services. 4.3. Business Model Introduction. 4.4. Service Provider Centric Models. 4.5. HAP Operator Centric Model. 4.6. Risk Assessment. 4.7. References. 5. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF HAPs AND HAP-BASED APPLICATIONS. 5.1. Trends in aeronautical development. 5.2. HAP roadmaps for different types of applications. 5.3. Telecommunication missions. 5.4. References. 6. HAP SYSTEM OPERATING ENVIRONMENT. 6.1. Operating environment and related limitations. 6.2. Propagation channel modelling. 6.3. HAP RF propagation channel modelling. 6.4. Conclusion. 6.5. References. 7. FSO IN HAP-BASED COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS. 7.1. Applicability of FSO technology to HAP networks. 7.2. Physical layer aspects for FSO links in HAP networks. 7.3. Free space optics for optical transport networks. 7.4. References. 8. ADVANCED COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES AS ENABLERS FOR HAP-BASED COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS. 8.1. Modern wireless system design concepts. 8.2. Diversity techniques. 8.3. Multiple input multiple output systems. 8.4. Adaptive coding modulation schemes. 8.5. Advanced radio resource management techniques. 8.6. References. 9. MULTIPLE HAP NETWORKS. 9.1. Why multiple HAP constellations? 9.2. Multiple HAP constellation planning. 9.3. User Antenna Pointing Error in Multiple HAP Systems. 9.4. Two Ring Constellation Design for Multiple HAP Systems. 9.5. Constraints of Two-ring Constellation Designs. 9.6. References. 10. NETWORKING IMPLICATIONS OF USING MULTIPLE HAP CONSTELLATIONS. 10.1. Network protocols. 10.2. Mobility management in HAP-based communication systems. 10.3. Mobility and Backhaul Load Reduction Techniques. 10.4. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisFocusing on the foundation and interactions among components of Mobile WiMAX, Deploying Mobile WiMAX illustrates scenarios of network and radio technology. This book enables readers to utilise the flexibility of IP-based mobile broadband access networks with the scalable OFDMA radio interface. Describing the principles of the Releases 1. 0 and 1.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. Preface. Acknowledgements. List of Acronyms . 1. Introduction. 1.1 WiMAX in the Telecommunication Markets. 1.2 Mobile WiMAX Specifications. 1.3 About This book. 2. Network Architecture. 2.1 Providing Access to the Internet. 2.2 Mobile WiMAX Network Reference Architecture. 2.3 Mobile WiMAX Roaming Architecture. 2.4 Ethernet Services Support. 2.5 Mobile WiMAX and 3GPP SAE/LTE. 3. Subscription Handling and Security. 3.1 The Meaning of a Subscription. 3.2 A Network Reference Model for Security. 3.3 Subscription versus Device Authentication. 3.4 Certificates and the WiMAX Public Key Infrastructure. 3.5 Security Design Considerations in the WiMAX Network Architecture. 3.6 "Bootstrapping" a Subscription Over-The-Air. 3.7 Identities in Mobile WiMAX. 3.8 AAA Protocols and Routing in WiMAX. 4. Service Provisioning. 4.1 Enablers for WiMAX Based Services. 4.2 AAA Support for Services and Applications. 4.3 Accounting & Charging. 4.4 Network QoS Architecture. 4.5 Location Support. 4.6 IMS support. 4.7 Emergency Services in WiMAX. 5. Mobility. 5.1 Mobile Networking. 5.2 WiMAX Mobility Architecture. 5.3 CSN-Anchored Mobility. 5.4 ASN-Anchored Mobility. 5.5 Simple IP. 5.6 Mobility Restriction. 6. WiMAX Radio Interface. 6.1 Physical Layer. 6.2 MAC Layer. 6.3 Mobility Support. 7. Radio Evolution beyond System Profile Release 1.0. 7.1 Mobile WiMAX System Profile Release 1.5. 8. Outlook. 8.1 WiMAX Forum Release Planning. 8.2 Network Architecture Evolution. 8.3 Support for Femtoell Deployments. 8.4 IEEE 802.16m and Relay Support. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the evolutionary and visionary developments of WiMAX! WiMAX Evolution: Emerging Technologies and Applications focuses on the future developments of WiMAX technology. The book discusses the evolutionary aspects of WiMAX, from the physical to the application layer, including visions from industry, standardization and research communities. Several chapters of the book will present very new and unique information as editors and their respective organizations are involved in ongoing international projects on WiMAX, developing advanced WiMAX techniques. The Editors' in-house WiMAX test-beds enhance the book with privileged and seldom published information on practical issues. Key features: Presents evolutionary and visionary developments of WiMAX, motivating and inspiring readers to join and continue the developing work Contains chapters with previously unpublished material, including measurements on real WiMAX equipment and tTable of ContentsContents List of Contributors Foreword Preface Acknowledgements List of Acronyms I Introduction 1 Introduction to WiMAX Technology Wonil Roh and Vladimir Yanover 1.1 Overview of State-of-the-artWiMAX Technology 1.2 WiMAXEvolutionPath References II WiMAX Validation: Validating Current Fixed and MobileWiMAX Through Advanced Testbeds 2 WiMAX Performance in Practice Kostas Pentikousis, Esa Piri, Jarno Pinola and Ilkka Harjula 2.1 EmpiricalEvaluationsofWiMAX 2.2 FixedWiMAXTestbedEvaluation 2.3 VoIPOverFixedWiMAX 2.4 IPTVoverfixedWiMAX 2.5 MobileWiMAXTestbedEvaluation 2.6 Summary 2.7 FurtherReading References . III Novel Scenarios 3 NovelWiMAX Scenarios for Future BroadbandWireless Access Networks Pedro Neves, Kostas Pentikousis, Susana Sargento, Marília Curado, Paulo Simões and Francisco Fontes 3.1 Introduction 3.2 WMANNetworkProvider 3.3 TelemedicineApplications 3.4 EnvironmentalMonitoring . 3.5 Conclusions References 4 Pricing in WiMAX Networks Ioannis Papapanagiotou, Jie Hui and Michael Devetsikiotis 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Economics in Network Engineering 4.3 BuildingthePricingSchemes 4.4 Pricing in DifferentWiMAX Topologies 4.5 Conclusion References IV Advanced WiMAX Architectures 5 WiMAX Femtocells Chris Smart, Clare Somerville and Doug Pulley 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Architectureof aWiMAXFemtocell 5.3 Femtocell Fundamentals 5.4 Femtocell–Macrocell Interference References 6 Cooperative Principles in WiMAX Qi Zhang, Frank H.P. Fitzek and Marcos D. Katz 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Cooperative Diversity Schemes in Mobile Multihop Relay Based WiMAX (802.16j) 6.3 Cooperative Schemes for Multicast Broadcast Services in WiMAX . 6.4 Network Coding Implementation in the CommercialWiMAX Mobile Device 6.5 Conclusion References viii CONTENTS 7 The Role of WiMAX Technology in Distributed Wide Area Monitoring Applications Francesco Chiti, Romano Fantacci, Leonardo Maccari, Dania Marabissi and Daniele Tarchi 7.1 MonitoringwiththeWSNParadigm 7.2 OverallSystemArchitecture 7.3 Efficient Access Management Schemes 7.4 SecureCommunicationsApproaches References 8 WiMAX Mesh Architectures and Network Coding Parag S. Mogre, Matthias Hollick, Christian Schwingenschloegl, Andreas Ziller and Ralf Steinmetz 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Background on the IEEE 802.16 MeSH Mode 8.3 Design Principles for Network Coding in the IEEE 802.16 MeSH Mode 8.4 EnablingWNC for the IEEE 802.16 MeSH Mode 8.5 RelatedWork 8.6 ConclusionsandOutlook References 9 ASN-GWHigh Availability through Cooperative Networking in Mobile WiMAX Deployments Alexander Bachmutsky 9.1 Introduction 9.2 ClassicHAImplementation 9.3 Network-based Resiliency Solutions for Routing 9.4 WiMAXNetworkElementsR4/R6HealthManagement 9.5 R6LoadBalancing 9.6 ASN-GWFailure andRecovery 9.7 N:N Redundancy 9.8 Multi-instance ASN-GW 9.9 The Proposal Summary 9.10 Conclusions V WiMAX Extensions 10 Robust Header Compression forWiMAX Femto Cells Frank H.P. Fitzek, Gerrit Schulte, Esa Piri, Jarno Pinola, Marcos D. Katz, Jyrki Huusko, Kostas Pentikousis and Patrick Seeling CONTENTS 10.1 Introduction 10.2 ROHCinaNutshell 10.3 ScenarioUnder Investigation 10.4 WiMAXandROHCMeasurementSetup 10.5 WiMAXandROHCMeasurementsResults 10.6 Conclusion References 11 A WiMAX Cross-layer Framework for Next Generation Networks Pedro Neves, Susana Sargento, Ricardo Matos, Giada Landi, Kostas Pentikousis, Marília Curado and Francisco Fontes 11.1 Introduction 11.2 IEEE 802.16 Reference Model 11.3 Cross-layerDesignforWiMAXNetworks 11.4 WEIRD:APracticalCase ofWiMAXCross-layerDesign 11.5 WEIRDFrameworkPerformanceEvaluation 11.6 Summary References 12 Speech Quality Aware Resource Control for Fixed and Mobile WiMAX Thomas Michael Bohnert, Dirk Staehle and Edmundo Monteiro 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Quality of Experience versus Quality of Service Assessment 12.3 Methods for Speech Quality Assessment 12.4 Continuous Speech Quality Assessment for VoIP 12.5 Speech Quality Aware Admission Control for Fixed IEEE 802.16Wireless 12.6 The Idea of an R-score-basedScheduler 12.7 Conclusion References 13 VoIP overWiMAX Rath Vannithamby and Roshni Srinivasan 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Features to Support VoIP overWiMAX 13.3 EnhancedFeatures for ImprovedVoIPCapacity 13.4 SimulationResults 13.5 Conclusion References 14 WiMAX User Data Load Balancing Alexander Bachmutsky 14.1 Introduction 14.2 LocalBreakoutUse forLoadBalancing 14.3 Network-level Load Balancing over Tunneled Interfaces 14.4 Conclusions . 15 Enabling Per-flow and System-wide QoS and QoE in Mobile WiMAX Thomas Casey, Xiongwen Zhao, Nenad Veselinovic, Jari Nurmi and Riku Jäntti 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Overview 15.3 Per-flow-basedQoSandQoE 15.4 System-wideTools forEnablingQoSandQoE 15.5 Conclusions References VI WiMAX Evolution and Future Developments 16 MIMO Technologies forWiMAX Systems: Present and Future Chan-Byoung Chae, Kaibin Huang and Takao Inoue 16.1 Introduction 16.2 IEEE802.16e: Single-user MIMO Technologies 6.3 IEEE802.16m: Evolution Towards Multiuser MIMO Technologies – Part I. NonlinearProcessing 16.4 IEEE802.16m: Evolution Towards Multiuser MIMO Technologies – Part II. LinearProcessing 16.5 Conclusion References 17 Hybrid Strategies for Link Adaptation Exploiting Several Degrees of Freedom inWiMAX Systems Suvra Sekhar Das, Muhammad Imadur Rahman and Yuanye Wang 17.1 Introduction 17.2 LinkAdaptationPreliminaries 17.3 LinkAdaptationAlgorithms 17.4 LinkAdaptationScenario 17.5 PowerAdaptationwithBitAdaptation 17.6 LinkAdaptationConsideringSeveralSystemIssues 17.7 Summary References 18 ApplyingWiMAX in New Scenarios: Limitations of the Physical Layer and Possible Solutions Ilkka Harjula, Paola Cardamone, Matti Weissenfelt, Mika Lasanen, Sandrine Boumard, Aaron Byman and Marcos D. Katz 18.1 WiMAXinNewScenarios 18.2 Channel Model for Mountainous Environments 18.3 Mountainous Scenario and Channel Modeling 18.4 BeamformingAlgorithmsandSimulation 18.5 A Timing Synchronization Study in a Mountain Environment . 18.6 Analysis andConclusions References 19 Application of Radio-over-Fiber in WiMAX: Results and Prospects Juan Luis Corral, Roberto Llorente, Valentín Polo, Borja Vidal, Javier Martí, Jonás Porcar, David Zorrilla and Antonio José Ramírez 19.1 Introduction 19.2 OpticalTransmissionofWiMAXSignals 19.3 WiMAX-on-FiberApplications 19.4 Conclusions References . CONTENTS 20 Network Planning and its Part in FutureWiMAX Systems 399 Avraham Freedman and Moshe Levin 20.1 Introduction 20.2 TheNetworkPlanningProcess 20.3 The ImpactofWiMAXonNetworkPlanning 20.4 PlanningofFutureWiMAXNetworks 20.5 Modeling: theKeytoIntegrationofPlanningInformation 20.6 Conclusions References 21 WiMAX Network Automation: Neighbor Discovery, Capabilities Negotiation, Auto-configuration and Network Topology Learning Alexander Bachmutsky 21.1 Introduction 21.2 WiMAXNetworkElementsAuto-discovery 21.3 Automatic Learning of the WiMAX Network Topology 21.4 Capabilities Exchange 21.5 AutomaticWiMAXVersionManagement 21.6 AutomatedRoaming 21.7 Conclusion:NetworkAutomationas aWiMAXDifferentiator References 22 An Overview of Next GenerationMobile WiMAX: Technology and Prospects Sassan Ahmadi 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Summary of IEEE 802.16m System Requirements 22.3 Areasof ImprovementandExtensioninMobileWiMAX 22.4 IEEE 802.16m Architecture and Protocol Structure 22.5 IEEE 802.16m Mobile Station State Diagram 22.6 IEEE 802.16m Physical Layer 22.7 IEEE 802.16m MAC Layer 22.8 Conclusions References Index

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses large margin and kernel methods for speech and speaker recognition Speech and Speaker Recognition: Large Margin and Kernel Methods is a collation of research in the recent advances in large margin and kernel methods, as applied to the field of speech and speaker recognition. It presents theoretical and practical foundations of these methods, from support vector machines to large margin methods for structured learning. It also provides examples of large margin based acoustic modelling for continuous speech recognizers, where the grounds for practical large margin sequence learning are set. Large margin methods for discriminative language modelling and text independent speaker verification are also addressed in this book. Key Features: Provides an up-to-date snapshot of the current state of research in this field Covers important aspects of extending the binary support vector machine to speech and speaker recognition applTable of ContentsList of Contributors. Preface. I Foundations. 1 Introduction (Samy Bengio and Joseph Keshet). 1.1 The Traditional Approach to Speech Processing. 1.2 Potential Problems of the Probabilistic Approach. 1.3 Support Vector Machines for Binary Classification. 1.4 Outline. References. 2 Theory and Practice of Support Vector Machines Optimization (Shai Shalev-Shwartz and Nathan Srebo). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 SVM and L2-regularized Linear Prediction. 2.3 Optimization Accuracy From a Machine Learning Perspective. 2.4 Stochastic Gradient Descent. 2.5 Dual Decomposition Methods. 2.6 Summary. References. 3 From Binary Classification to Categorial Prediction (Koby Crammer). 3.1 Multi-category Problems. 3.2 Hypothesis Class. 3.3 Loss Functions. 3.4 Hinge Loss Functions. 3.5 A Generalized Perceptron Algorithm. 3.6 A Generalized Passive–Aggressive Algorithm. 3.7 A Batch Formulation. 3.8 Concluding Remarks. 3.9 Appendix. Derivations of the Duals of the Passive–Aggressive Algorithm and the Batch Formulation. References. II Acoustic Modeling. 4 A Large Margin Algorithm for Forced Alignment (Joseph Keshet, Shai Shalev-Shwartz, Yoram Singer and Dan Chazan). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Problem Setting. 4.3 Cost and Risk. 4.4 A Large Margin Approach for Forced Alignment. 4.5 An Iterative Algorithm. 4.6 Efficient Evaluation of the Alignment Function. 4.7 Base Alignment Functions. 4.8 Experimental Results. 4.9 Discussion. References. 5 A Kernel Wrapper for Phoneme Sequence Recognition (Joseph Keshet and Dan Chazan). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Problem Setting. 5.3 Frame-based Phoneme Classifier. 5.4 Kernel-based Iterative Algorithm for Phoneme Recognition. 5.5 Nonlinear Feature Functions. 5.6 Preliminary Experimental Results. 5.7 Discussion: Canwe Hope for Better Results? References. 6 Augmented Statistical Models: Using Dynamic Kernels for Acoustic Models (Mark J. F. Gales). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Temporal Correlation Modeling. 6.3 Dynamic Kernels. 6.4 Augmented Statistical Models. 6.5 Experimental Results. 6.6 Conclusions. Acknowledgements. References. 7 Large Margin Training of Continuous Density Hidden Markov Models (Fei Sha and Lawrence K. Saul). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Background. 7.3 Large Margin Training. 7.4 Experimental Results. 7.5 Conclusion. References. III Language Modeling. 8 A Survey of Discriminative Language Modeling Approaches for Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition (Brian Roark). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 General Framework. 8.3 Further Developments. 8.4 Summary and Discussion. References. 9 Large Margin Methods for Part-of-Speech Tagging (Yasemin Altun). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Modeling Sequence Labeling. 9.3 Sequence Boosting. 9.4 Hidden Markov Support Vector Machines. 9.5 Experiments. 9.6 Discussion. References. 10 A Proposal for a Kernel Based Algorithm for Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition (Joseph Keshet). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Segment Models and Hidden Markov Models. 10.3 Kernel Based Model. 10.4 Large Margin Training. 10.5 Implementation Details. 10.6 Discussion. Acknowledgements. References. IV Applications. 11 Discriminative Keyword Spotting (David Grangier, Joseph Keshet and Samy Bengio). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Previous Work. 11.3 Discriminative Keyword Spotting. 11.4 Experiments and Results. 11.5 Conclusions. Acknowledgements. References. 12 Kernel-based Text-independent Speaker Verification (Johnny Mariéthoz, Samy Bengio and Yves Grandvalet). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Generative Approaches. 12.3 Discriminative Approaches. 12.4 Benchmarking Methodology. 12.5 Kernels for Speaker Verification. 12.6 Parameter Sharing. 12.7 Is the Margin Useful for This Problem? 12.8 Comparing all Methods. 12.9 Conclusion. References. 13 Spectral Clustering for Speech Separation (Francis R. Bach and Michael I. Jordan). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Spectral Clustering and Normalized Cuts. 13.3 Cost Functions for Learning the Similarity Matrix. 13.4 Algorithms for Learning the Similarity Matrix. 13.5 Speech Separation as Spectrogram Segmentation. 13.6 Spectral Clustering for Speech Separation. 13.7 Conclusions. References . Index.

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Book SynopsisIntroduces - the different technologies, digital rights management and everything else you need to know for cost efficient multimedia delivery to mobile terminals. Provides an overview of the current technologies that deliver mobile multimedia, weighing of pros and cons of various solutions.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. Abbreviations and Acronyms. List of Figures. List of Tables. 1. Introduction. 2. Multicast. 2.1 Idea of multicast. 2.2 Justifying the cost of multicast. 2.3 Drawbacks of multicast. 2.4 IP multicast. 3. Internet Protocol Datacasting. 3.1 System architecture. 3.2 Digital Video Broadcasting. 3.3 Electronic Service Guide. 3.4 Streaming. 3.5 Data transmission. 3.6 Interaction channel. 4. Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS). 4.1 MBMS overview. 4.2 MBMS architecture. 4.3 MBMS services. 4.4 Performance of MBMS. 5. Alternative technologies. 5.1 MediaFLO. 5.2 Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB). 5.3 Terrestrial Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting (ISDB-T). 5.4 Comparison of technologies. 6. Digital Right Management (DRM). 6.1 OMA DRM V2.0. 6.2 Windows Media DRM 10. 6.3 IPsec. 6.4 Secure Real-time Transport Protocol. 6.5 ISMACrypt. 6.6 DVB Conditional Access. 6.7 Limitations of DRM systems. 7. Business model. 7.1 Common component. 7.2 Components specific for IPDC. 7.3 Components specific for MBMS. 7.4 Terminals and networking infrastructure. 7.5 Charging scenarios. 7.6 Spectrum for mobile TV. 7.7 Summary. 8. Trials. 8.1 DVB-H trials. 8.2 MBMS trials. 8.3 MediaFLO trials. 9. User feedback. 9.1 Interests. 9.2 Threats. 9.3 Business issues. 9.4 Usage schemes. 9.5 User. 9.6 Comparison of services. 9.7 Mobile TV ad interactivity. 9.8 Summary. 10.Conclusion. Further Reading. Index.

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Book SynopsisOne of the first books to provide a systematic description of cognitive radio networks Written by leading experts in the field Provides pervasive background knowledge including both wireless communications and wireless networks Full network stack investigation.Table of Contents1. Wireless Communications. 1.1 Wireless Communication Systems. 1.2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM). 1.3 MIMO. 1.4 Multiuser Detection (MUD). 2. Software Defined Radio. 2.1 Software Defined Radio Architecture. 2.2 Digital Signal Processor and SDR Baseband Architecture. 2.3 Reconfigurable Wireless communication Systems. 2.4 Digital Radio Processing. 3. Wireless Networks. 3.1 Multiple Access Communications and ALOHA. 3.2 Splitting Algorithms. 3.3 Carrier Sensing. 3.4 Routing. 3.5 Flow Control. 4. Cooperative Communications and Networks. 4.1 Information Theory for Cooperative Communications. 4.2 Cooperative Communications. 4.3 Cooperative Wireless Networks. 5. Cognitive Radio Communications. 5.1 Cognitive Radios and Dynamic Spectrum Access. 5.2 Analytical Approach and Algorithms for Dynamic Spectrum Access. 5.3 Fundamental Limits of Cognitive Radios. 5.4 Mathematical Models toward Networking Cognitive Radios. 6. Cognitive Radio Networks. 6.1 Network Coding for Cognitive Radio Relay Networks. 6.2 Cognitive Radio Networks Architecture. 6.3 Terminal Architecture of CRN. 6.4 QoS Provisional Diversity Radio Access Networks. 6.5 Scaling Laws of Ad Hoc and Cognitive Radio Networks. 7. Spectrum Sensing. 7.1 Spectrum Sensing to Detect Specific Primary System. 7.2 Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive OFDMA Systems. 7.3 Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Multi-Radio Networks. 8. Medium Access Control. 8.1 MAC for cognitive Radios. 8.2 Multi-channel MAC. 8.3 Slotted-ALOHA with Rate-Distance Adaptability. 8.4 CSMA with AMC. 9. Network Layer Design. 9.1 Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. 9.2 Routing in Cognitive Radio Networks. 9.3 Control of CRN. 9.4 Network tomography. 9.5 Self-Organization in Mobile Communication Networks. 10. Trusted Cognitive Radio Networks. 10.1 Framework of Trust in CRN. 10.2 Trusted Association and Routing. 10.3 Trust with Learning. 10.4 Security in CRN. 11. Spectrum Management of Cognitive Radio Networks. 11.1 Spectrum Sharing. 11.2 Spectrum Pricing. 11.3 Mobility Management of Heterogeneous Wireless Networks. 11.4 Regulatory Issues and International Standards.

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Book SynopsisDynamics of Smart Structures is a practical, concise and integrated text that provides an introduction to the fundamental principles of a field that has evolved over the recent years into an independent and identifiable subject area.Trade Review"Examples of structures assembled from smart materials demonstrate basic principles and illustrate properties of commonly used smart structure prototypes. Extending beyond the needs of a two-semester or one-year course, the text can be used for a senior undergraduate or graduate course." (Book News, September 2010) Table of ContentsPreface. 1 From Smart Materials to Smart Structures. 1.1 Modern Materials: A Survey. 1.2 Ceramics. 1.3 Composites. 1.4 Introduction to Features of Smart Materials. 1.6 Shape Memory Materials. 1.7 Complex Fluids and Soft Materials. 1.8 Active Fibre Composites. 1.9 Optical Fibres. 1.10 Smart Structures and Their Applications. 2 Transducers for Smart Structures. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Transducers for Structural Control. 2.3 Actuation of Flexible Structures. 2.4 Sensors for Flexible and Smart Structures. 2.5 Fibre-optic Sensors. 3 Fundamentals of Structural Control. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Analysis of Control Systems in the Time Domain. 3.3 Properties of Linear Systems. 3.4 Shaping the Dynamic Response Using Feedback Control. 3.5 Modelling of the Transverse Vibration of Thin Beams. 3.6 Externally Excited Motion of Beams. 3.7 Closed-loop Control of Flexural Vibration. 4 Dynamics of Continuous Structures. 4.1 Fundamentals of Acoustic Waves. 4.2 Propagation of Acoustic Waves in the Atmosphere. 4.3 Circuit Modelling: The Transmission Lines. 4.4 Mechanics of Pure Elastic Media. 5 Dynamics of Plates and Plate-like Structures. 5.1 Flexural Vibrations of Plates. 5.2 The Effect of Flexure. 5.3 Vibrations in Plates of Finite Extent: Rectangular Plates. 5.4 Vibrations in Plates of Finite Extent: Circular Plates. 5.5 Vibrations of Membranes. 6 Dynamics of Piezoelectric Media. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Piezoelectric Crystalline Media. 6.3 Wave Propagation in Piezoelectric Crystals. 6.4 Transmission Line Model. 6.5 Discrete Element Model of Thin Piezoelectric Transducers. 6.6 The Generation of Acoustic Waves. 7 Mechanics of Electro-actuated Composite Structures. 7.1 Mechanics of Composite Laminated Media. 7.2 Failure of Fibre Composites. 7.3 Flexural Vibrations in Laminated Composite Plates. 7.4 Dynamic Modelling of Flexible Structures. 7.5 Active Composite Laminated Structures. 8 Dynamics of Thermoelastic Media: Shape Memory Alloys. 8.1 Fundamentals of Thermoelasticity. 8.2 The Shape Memory Effect: The Phase-transformation Kinetics. 8.3 Non-linear Constitutive Relationships. 8.4 Thermal Control of Shape Memory Alloys. 8.5 The Analysis and Modelling of Hysteresis. 8.6 Constitutive Relationships for Non-linear and Hysteretic Media. 8.7 Shape Memory Alloy Actuators: Architecture and Model Structure. 9 Controller Design for Flexible Structures. 9.1 Introduction to Controller Design. 9.2 Controller Synthesis for Structural Control. 9.3 Optimal Control Synthesis: H∞ Linear Matrix Inequalities. 9.4 Optimal Design of Structronic Systems. 9.5 Design of an Active Catheter. 9.6 Modelling and Control of Machine Tool Chatter. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis excellent reference provides detailed analysis and optimization aspects of live 3G mobile communication networks Video and Multimedia Transmissions over Cellular Networks describes the state-of-the-art in the transmission of multimedia over cellular networks, evaluates the performance of the running system based on the measurements and monitoring of live networks, and finally presents concepts and methods for improving of the quality in such systems. Key Features: Addresses the transmission of different media over cellular networks, with a focus on evolving UMTS transmission systems Provides in-depth coverage of UMTS network architecture, and an overview of 3GPP video services Describes the characteristics of the link layer errors in the UMTS Terrestrial radio Access Network (UTRAN), obtained by extensive measurements in live UMTS networks Covers video encoding and decoding, introducing H.264/AVC video codec, Table of ContentsList of Contributors xiii About the Contributors xv Foreword xix Preface xxi Acknowledgements xxv List of Abbreviations xxvii I Cellular Mobile Systems 1 1 Introduction to Radio and Core Networks of UMTS 5Philipp Svoboda and Wolfgang Karner 1.1 UMTS Network Architecture 7 1.2 UTRAN Architecture 8 1.2.1 UTRAN Protocol Architecture 9 1.2.2 Physical Layer Data Processing in the UTRAN Radio Interface 13 1.3 UMTSPS-core Network Architecture 16 1.4 A Data Session in a 3GNetwork 18 1.4.1 The UMTS (PS-core) Protocol Stack 19 1.4.2 The Protocols 20 1.4.3 Bearer Speed in UMTS 23 1.5 Differences between 2.5G and 3G Core Network Entities 23 1.5.1 GPRS Channels 24 1.5.2 GPRS Core Network Architecture 25 1.5.3 The GPRS Protocol Stack 25 1.5.4 Bearer Speed in GPRS and EDGE 27 1.6 HSDPA: an Evolutionary Step 27 1.6.1 Architecture of HSDPA 28 1.6.2 Difference between UMTS and HSDPA 29 1.6.3 Transport and Control Channels 31 References 32 II Analysis and Modelling of the Wireless Link 35 2 Measurement-based Analysis of UMTS Link Characteristics 39Wolfgang Karner 2.1 Measurement Setup 40 2.1.1 General Setup 40 2.1.2 Mobility Scenarios 42 2.2 Link Error Analysis 46 2.2.1 Link Error Probability 46 2.2.2 Number of erroneous TBs in TTIs 48 2.2.3 TTI-burstlength,TTI-gaplength 48 2.2.4 TB Error Bursts, TB Error Clusters 50 2.2.5 The Influence of TPC on Link Error Characteristics 52 2.2.6 Statistical Dependency between Successive Gaps/Bursts 54 2.2.7 Block Error Ratio (BLER) 55 2.3 Dynamic Bearer Type Switching 56 2.3.1 Measurement-based Analysis of Dynamic Bearer Type Switching 57 References 60 3 Modelling of Link Layer Characteristics 61Wolfgang Karner 3.1 Modelling Erroneous Channels – A Literature Survey 61 3.2 Link Error Models for the UMTSDCH 66 3.2.1 Link Error Modelling – ‘Dynamic’ Case 67 3.2.2 Link Error Modelling – ‘Static’ Case 69 3.3 Impact of Channel Modelling on the Quality of Services for Streamed Video 75 3.3.1 Compared Models 76 3.3.2 Experimental Setup 76 3.3.3 Simulation Results for H.264 Encoded Video over Error Prone Links 78 3.4 A Dynamic Bearer Type Switching Model 83 3.4.1 Four-state Markov Model 83 3.4.2 Enhanced Four-state Model 84 References 86 4 Analysis of Link Error Predictability in the UTRAN 89Wolfgang Karner 4.1 Prediction of Low Error Probability Intervals 90 4.1.1 Detection of Start of Intervals 90 4.1.2 Interval Length Li 91 4.2 Estimation of Expected Failure Rate 92 References 95 III Video Coding and Error Handling 97 5 Principles of Video Coding 101Olivia Nemethova 5.1 Video Compression 101 5.1.1 Video Sampling 101 5.1.2 Compression Mechanisms 103 5.1.3 Structure of Video Streams 107 5.1.4 Profiles and Levels 108 5.1.5 Reference Software 108 5.2 H.264/AVC Video Streaming in Error-prone Environment 109 5.2.1 Error Propagation 109 5.2.2 Standardized Error Resilience Techniques 110 5.2.3 Alternative Error Resilience Techniques 111 5.3 Error Concealment 112 5.3.1 Spatial Error Concealment 113 5.3.2 Temporal Error Concealment Methods 115 5.4 Performance Indicators 118 References 120 6 Error Detection Mechanisms for Encoded Video Streams 125Luca Superiori, Claudio Weidmann and Olivia Nemethova 6.1 Syntax Analysis 126 6.1.1 Structure of VCL NALUs 126 6.1.2 Rules of Syntax Analysis 128 6.1.3 Error-handling Mechanism 131 6.1.4 Simulation Setup 133 6.1.5 Subjective Quality Comparison 134 6.1.6 Detection Performance 135 6.2 Pixel-domain Impairment Detection 137 6.2.1 Impairments in the Inter Frames 137 6.2.2 Impairments in the Intra Frames 138 6.2.3 Performance Results 139 6.3 Fragile Watermarking 140 6.4 VLC Resynchronization 146 6.4.1 Signalling of Synchronization Points 146 6.4.2 Codes for Length Indicators 148 6.5 From Error Detection to Soft Decoding 151 6.5.1 Sequential CAVLC Decoder 152 6.5.2 Additional Synchronization Points 153 6.5.3 Postprocessing 154 6.5.4 Performance 154 References 157 IV Error Resilient Video Transmission over UMTS 159 7 3GPP Video Services – Video Codecs, Content Delivery Protocols and Optimization Potentials 163Thomas Stockhammer and Jiangtao Wen 7.1 3GPP Video Services 163 7.1.1 Introduction 163 7.1.2 System Overview 164 7.1.3 Video Codecs in 3GPP 166 7.1.4 Bearer and Transport QoS 169 7.1.5 QoS using Video Error Resilience 171 7.2 Selected QoS Tools–Principles and Experimental Results 171 7.2.1 3GDedicatedChannelLinkLayer 171 7.2.2 Experimental Results for Conversational Video 173 7.2.3 Experimental Results for Moderate-delay Applications 175 7.2.4 System Design Guidelines 177 7.3 Selected Service Examples 178 7.3.1 Multimedia Telephony Services 178 7.3.2 Multimedia Download Delivery 180 7.3.3 Multimedia Streaming Services over MBMS 181 7.4 Conclusions 184 References 184 8 Cross-layer Error Resilience Mechanisms 187Olivia Nemethova, Wolfgang Karner and Claudio Weidmann 8.1 Link Layer Aware Error Detection 188 8.1.1 Error Detection at RLC Layer 188 8.1.2 RLCPDU Based VLC Resynchronization 189 8.1.3 Error Detection and VLC Resynchronization Efficiency 191 8.2 Link Error Prediction Based Redundancy Control 192 8.2.1 Redundancy Control 192 8.3 Semantics-aware Scheduling 196 8.3.1 Scheduling Mechanism 196 8.3.2 Performance Evaluation 199 8.4 Distortion-aware Scheduling 202 8.4.1 Scheduling Mechanism.202 8.4.2 Distortion Estimation 203 8.4.3 Performance Evaluation 207 References 209 V Monitoring and QoS Measurement 211 9 Traffic and Performance Monitoring in a Real UMTS Network 215Fabio Ricciato 9.1 Introduction to Traffic Monitoring 215 9.2 Network Monitoring via Traffic Monitoring: the Present and the Vision 216 9.3 AMonitoringFrameworkfor3GNetworks 219 9.4 Examples of Network-centric Applications 220 9.4.1 Optimization in the Core Network Design 220 9.4.2 Parameter Optimization 221 9.4.3 What-if Analysis 222 9.4.4 Detecting Anomalies 223 9.5 Examples of User-centric Applications 224 9.5.1 Traffic Classification 225 9.5.2 QoS and QoE monitoring 226 9.6 Summary 226 References 227 10 Traffic Analysis for UMTS Network Validation and Troubleshooting 229Fabio Ricciato and Peter Romirer-Maierhofer 10.1 Case study: Bottleneck Detection 229 10.1.1 Motivations and Problem Statement 229 10.1.2 Input Traces 233 10.1.3 Diagnosis based on Aggregate Traffic Rate Moments 234 10.1.4 Diagnosis based on TCP Performance Indicators 239 10.2 Case Study: Analysis of One-way Delays 243 10.2.1 Motivations 243 10.2.2 Measurement Methodology 244 10.2.3 Detecting Micro Congestion Caused by High-rate Scanners 245 10.2.4 Revealing Network Equipment Problems 249 10.2.5 Exploiting One-way Delays for Online Anomaly Detection 250 References 254 11 End-to-End Video Quality Measurements 257Michal Ries 11.1 Test Methodology for Subjective Video Testing 260 11.1.1 Video Quality Evaluation 261 11.1.2 Subjective Testing 263 11.1.3 Source Materials 263 11.2 Results of Subjective Quality Tests 265 11.2.1 Subjective Quality Tests on SIF Resolution and H.264/AVC Codec 265 11.3 Video Quality Estimation 267 11.3.1 Temporal Segmentation 267 11.3.2 Video Content Classification 268 11.3.3 Content Sensitive Features 268 11.3.4 Hypothesis Testing and Content Classification 274 11.3.5 Video Quality Estimation for SIF-H.264 Resolution 275 11.3.6 Content Based Video Quality Estimation 276 11.3.7 Ensemble Based Quality Estimation 280 References 283 VI Packet Switched Traffic – Evolution and Modelling 287 12 Traffic Description 291Philipp Svoboda 12.1 Introduction 291 12.1.1 Analysed Traces 291 12.1.2 Daily Usage Profile for UMTS and GPRS 292 12.2 Volume and User Population 293 12.2.1 Volumes and User Population in GPRS and UMTS 293 12.2.2 Fraction of Volume per Service 296 12.2.3 Service Mix Diurnal Profile 298 12.2.4 Grouping Subscribers per Service Access 300 12.2.5 Filtering in the Port Analysis 301 12.3 Analysis of the PDP-context Activity 301 12.3.1 Per-user Activity 302 12.3.2 Distribution of PDP-context Duration 302 12.3.3 The Volume of a PDP-context 307 12.3.4 Total Volume and Number of PDP-contexts per Group 308 12.4 Detecting and Filtering of Malicious Traffic 309 References 311 13 Traffic Flows 313Philipp Svoboda 13.1 Introduction to Flow Analysis 313 13.1.1 Heavy Tailed 314 13.1.2 The Flow 315 13.1.3 Protocol Shares 317 13.2 Fitting of Distributions to Empirical Data 317 13.2.1 Pre-evaluation of the Dataset 317 13.2.2 Parameter Estimation 318 13.2.3 Goodness of Fit 321 13.3 Flows Statistics 321 13.3.1 Evolution of the TCP/UDP and Application Flow Lengths from 2005 to 2007 321 13.3.2 Example Validation of the Datasets 322 13.3.3 Scaling Analysis of the Heavy Tail Parameter 323 13.3.4 Fitting Flow Size and Duration 324 13.3.5 Mice and Elephants in Traffic Flows 328 References 330 14 Adapting Traffic Models for High-delay Networks 333Philipp Svoboda 14.1 Motivation 333 14.2 Modelling HTTP Browsing Sessions for the Mobile Internet Access 335 14.2.1 HTTP Traffic Model 337 14.3 Modelling FTP Sessions in a Mobile Network 341 14.3.1 Modelling FTP Sessions 342 14.3.2 Fitting the Parameters 343 14.4 Email Traffic Model: An Extension to High-delay Networks 344 14.4.1 Email Protocols of the Internet 344 14.4.2 APOP3EmailModel for High RTT Networks 346 14.4.3 Simulation Setup 350 14.4.4 Simulation Results 352 References 352 15 Traffic Models for Specific Services 355Philipp Svoboda 15.1 Traffic Models for Online Gaming 356 15.1.1 Traffic Model for a Fast Action Game: Unreal Tournament 358 15.1.2 Traffic Model for a Real Time Strategy Game: StarCraft 361 15.1.3 Traffic Model for a Massive Multiplayer Online Game: World of Warcraft 362 15.2 A Traffic Model for Push-to-Talk (Nokia) 370 15.2.1 AMR: Facts from the Data Sheets 371 15.2.2 Parameters for Artificial Conversational Speech 372 15.2.3 PTT Model 372 References 374 Index 377

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Book SynopsisWritten from an operator's viewpoint, HSPA Performance and Evolution explores the lessons learned and techniques developed for optimally deploying HSPA (High Speed Packet Access). The essential distinctions between rolling out HSPA compared to earlier UMTS and GSM technologies are explained covering the many issues that must be specifically handled. Areas in standards which have been left open for interpretation, causing significant differences between vendor implementations, are identified and solutions explored. This book is invaluable in enabling wireless operators to extract maximum performance offered by 3GPP's HSPA radio technology, consisting of both downlink (HSDPA) and uplink (HSUPA) elements. It focuses on real-world performance, sharing practical implementation methods and tradeoffs for deploying, optimizing and maintaining networks using the HSPA air interface. Examines algorithms, equipment and performance perspectives to identify and explain HSPATable of ContentsFigures and Tables. About the Authors. Preface. Foreword. Acknowledgements. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Services and Applications for HSPA. 1.2 Organization of the Book. References. 2 Overview of UMTS/HSPA Systems. 2.1 UMTS: GSM Evolution to 3G Networks. 2.1.1 Overview of UMTS Standardization. 2.1.2 UMTS Network Architecture. 2.1.3 Air Interface Technology. 2.2 UMTS System Elements. 2.2.1 User Equipment (UE). 2.2.2 Node-B. 2.2.3 Radio Network Controller (RNC). 2.3 UMTS Radio Bearers and Services. 2.3.1 Information Transfer Attributes. 2.3.2 Quality of Service (QoS) Attributes. 2.4 HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access). 2.4.1 Motivation for the Introduction of HSDPA. 2.4.2 Main HSDPA Features. 2.5 HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access). 2.5.1 Main HSUPA Features. 2.6 Summary. References. 3 Applications and Quality of Service in HSPA Networks. 3.1 Application Performance Requirements. 3.1.1 The Role of Latency in End-user Performance. 3.1.2 Considerations of TCP/IP. 3.1.3 Typical Application Profiles. 3.2 Support of QoS in HSPA Networks. 3.2.1 3GPP QoS Attributes. 3.2.2 Negotiation of QoS Attributes. 3.2.3 QoS Modification for HSPA. 3.3 Summary. References. 4 Radio Resource Management in UMTS/HSPA Networks. 4.1 Admission and Congestion Control. 4.1.1 Management of Transmit Power Resources. 4.1.2 Management of Channelization Codes. 4.2 Packet Scheduler. 4.2.1 HSDPA Scheduling. 4.2.2 HSUPA Scheduling. 4.3 HSDPA Power Allocation. 4.4 Power Control and Link Adaptation. 4.4.1 Power Control. 4.4.2 Link Adaptation. 4.5 Mobility Management. 4.5.1 HSDPA Mobility Management. 4.5.2 HSUPA Mobility Management. 4.6 Summary. References. 5 HSPA Radio Network Planning and Optimization. 5.1 Key Differences Between HSPA and Legacy Rel.’99 Channels. 5.1.1 HSPA Data User Behavior Compared to Rel.’99 Voice Users. 5.1.2 HSPA Radio Performance Considerations Compared to Rel.’99. 5.1.3 HSPA Mobility Considerations Compared to Rel.’99. 5.1.4 HSPA Baseband and Backhaul Resource Considerations Compared to Rel.’99. 5.2 Link Budget Analysis. 5.2.1 Link Budget Methodology. 5.2.2 Downlink Analysis. 5.2.3 Uplink Link Budget Analysis. 5.3 Overview of System Level Simulations. 5.4 Cell Planning Process. 5.4.1 Practical Rules for UMTS/HSPA Cell Planning. 5.4.2 Automate Cell Planning (ACP) Tool Usage. 5.4.3 Deployment of ACP Network Configuration. 5.5 Optimization with Drive Test Tools. 5.6 Main Radio Parameters Affecting HSPA Performance. 5.6.1 Basic Activation Features. 5.6.2 Control of Resources. 5.6.3 Mobility Management Parameters. 5.6.4 Performance Parameters . 5.7 Dynamic Network Optimization (DNO) Tools. 5.7.1 Collection of Relevant Network Information. 5.7.2 Identification of Parameters for DNO. 5.7.3 Definition of the DNO Strategy. 5.8 Summary. References. 6 HSPA Radio Performance. 6.1 HSDPA Lab Performance Evaluation. 6.1.1 Lab Setup. 6.1.2 Basic Functionality Testing. 6.1.3 HSDPA Latency Improvement. 6.1.4 HSDPA Throughput and Link Performance. 6.1.5 HSDPA Link Adaptation Performance. 6.1.6 Dynamic Power Allocation. 6.1.7 HSDPA Scheduler Performance. 6.2 HSUPA Lab Performance Evaluation. 6.2.1 Throughput Performance. 6.2.2 Scheduler Performance. 6.2.3 Latency Performance. 6.2.4 Mixed Voice and HSUPA Performance. 6.3 Field Evaluation. 6.3.1 Field Network Configurations. 6.3.2 HSDPA Performance. 6.3.3 HSUPA Performance. 6.4 Other Performance Considerations. 6.4.1 Terminal Device Performance. 6.4.2 Infrastructure Performance. 6.4.3 Application Performance. 6.5 Summary. References. 7 Capacity Growth Management. 7.1 UMTS/HSPA Carrier Deployment Strategy. 7.1.1 Factors Affecting the Carrier Planning Strategy. 7.1.2 Voice and HSPA on One Carrier. 7.1.3 Data Centric Carrier. 7.1.4 Factors Affecting the Shared vs. Data Centric Carrier Decision. 7.2 Data Traffic Profiling and Network Dimensioning. 7.2.1 Traffic Profiling. 7.2.2 Data Traffic Models. 7.2.3 Data Traffic Modeling Case Study. 7.3 Summary. References. 8 HSPA Evolution (HSPA+). 8.1 Standards Evolution. 8.1.1 Radio Evolution. 8.1.2 Architecture Evolution. 8.1.3 Vendor Ecosystem. 8.2 HSPA+ Radio Enhancements. 8.2.1 MIMO. 8.2.2 Higher Order Modulation (HOM). 8.2.3 Advanced Receivers. 8.2.4 Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC). 8.2.5 Circuit-switched Voice Over HSPA. 8.2.6 Dual Carrier Operation in HSDPA. 8.3 Architecture Evolution. 8.3.1 GPRS Flat Architecture. 8.3.2 End-to-end Quality of Service (QoS) Architecture. 8.4 Converged Voice and Data Networks: VoIP. 8.4.1 Benefits of an All-IP Network. 8.4.2 Fundamentals of Voice over IP (VoIP). 8.4.3 Requirements for VoIP as a Complete Voice Service. 8.4.4 HSPA Enablers for Voice Over IP. 8.4.5 Performance of VoIP in HSPA Networks. 8.5 Summary. References. 9 Technology Strategy Beyond HSPA. 9.1 Introduction to Evolved UTRAN. 9.1.1 Technology Choice and Key Features. 9.1.2 Architecture and Interfaces. 9.1.3 Early LTE Trials. 9.2 Analysis of HSPA vs. LTE. 9.2.1 Performance Comparison of LTE vs. HSPA Rel.’6. 9.2.2 Performance Comparison of LTE vs. HSPA+. 9.3 LTE Deployment and Migration Scenarios. 9.3.1 Technology Timelines. 9.3.2 Key Factors for New Technology Overlay. 9.3.3 HSPA and LTE Overlay Scenarios. 9.4 Summary. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisWhat makes teamwork tick? Cooperation matters, in daily life and in complex applications. After all, many tasks need more than a single agent to be effectively performed. Therefore, teamwork rules! Teams are social groups of agents dedicated to the fulfilment of particular persistent tasks. In modern multiagent environments, heterogeneous teams often consist of autonomous software agents, various types of robots and human beings. Teamwork in Multi-agent Systems: A Formal Approach explains teamwork rules in terms of agents'' attitudes and their complex interplay. It provides the first comprehensive logical theory, TeamLog, underpinning teamwork in dynamic environments. The authors justify design choices by showing TeamLog in action. The book guides the reader through a fascinating discussion of issues essential for teamwork to be successful: What is teamwork, and how can a logical view of it help in designing teams of ageTrade Review "In sum, the prospective contribution of this book is expected to have an impact on a number of aspects that revolve around the modeling and simulation of teamwork, both from theory and application issues. Therefore, I recommend it to researchers in computer sciences, organization theory and social psychology who are interested in collective thinking, collaborative work and organizational phenomena, as well as to practitioners who deal everyday with the challenge of managing teams in many different settings." (Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, February 2011) Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. Foreword. Preface. 1 Teamwork in Multi-Agent Environments. 1.1 Autonomous Agents. 1.2 Multi-Agent Environments as a Pinnacle of Interdisciplinarity. 1.3 Why Teams of Agents? 1.4 The Many Flavors of Cooperation. 1.5 Agents with Beliefs, Goals and Intentions. 1.6 From Individuals to Groups. 1.7 Group Attitudes. 1.8 A Logical View on Teamwork: TEAMLOG. 1.9 Teamwork in Times of Change. 1.10 Our Agents are Planners. 1.11 Temporal or Dynamic? 1.12 From Real-World Data to Teamwork. 1.13 How Complex are Models of Teamwork? 2 Beliefs in Groups. 2.1 Awareness is a Vital Ingredient of Teamwork. 2.2 Perception and Beliefs. 2.3 Language and Models for Beliefs. 2.4 Axioms for Beliefs. 2.5 Axioms for Knowledge. 2.6 Relations between Knowledge and Belief. 2.7 Levels of Agents’ Awareness. 3 Collective Intentions. 3.1 Intentions in Practical Reasoning. 3.2 Language and Models for Goals and Intentions. 3.3 Goals and Intentions of Individual Agents. 3.4 Collective Intention Constitutes a Group. 3.5 Definitions of Mutual and Collective Intentions. 3.6 Collective Intention as an Infinitary Concept. 3.7 Alternative Definitions. 3.8 The Logic of Mutual Intention TeamLogmint is Complete. 3.9 Related Approaches to Intentions in a Group. 4 A Tuning Machine for Collective Commitments. 4.1 Collective Commitment. 4.2 The Language and Kripke Semantics. 4.3 Building Collective Commitments. 4.4 Tuning Collective Commitments. 4.5 Different Notions of Collective Commitment. 4.6 Topologies and Group Commitments. 4.7 Summing up TeamLog: The Static Part of the Story. 5 Reconfiguration in a Dynamic Environment. 5.1 Dealing with Dynamics. 5.2 The Four Stages of Teamwork. 5.3 The Reconfiguration Method. 5.4 Case Study of Teamwork: Theorem Proving. 6 The Evolution of Commitments during Reconfiguration. 6.1 A Formal View on Commitment Change. 6.2 Individual Actions and Social Plan Expressions. 6.3 Kripke Models. 6.4 Dynamic Description of Teamwork. 6.5 Evolution of Commitments During Reconfiguration. 6.6 TeamLog Summary. 7 A Case Study in Environmental Disaster Management. 7.1 A Bridge from Theory to Practice. 7.2 The Case Study: Ecological Disasters. 7.3 Global Plans. 7.4 Adjusting the TeamLog Definitions to the Case Study. 7.5 Conclusion. 8 Dialogue in Teamwork. 8.1 Dialogue as a Synthesis of Three Formalisms. 8.2 Dialogue Theory and Dialogue Types. 8.3 Zooming in on Vital Aspects of Dialogue. 8.4 Information Seeking During Potential Recognition. 8.5 Persuasion During Team Formation. 8.6 Deliberation During Planning. 8.7 Dialogues During Team Action. 8.8 Discussion. 9 Complexity of Teamlog. 9.1 Computational Complexity. 9.2 Logical Background. 9.3 Complexity of TeamLogind. 9.4 Complexity of the System TeamLog. 9.5 Discussion and Conclusions. A Appendix A. A.1 Axiom Systems. A.2 An Alternative Logical Framework for Dynamics of Teamwork: Computation Tree Logic. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis unique book reviews the future developments of short-range wireless communication technologies Short-Range Wireless Communications: Emerging Technologies and Applications summarizes the outcomes of WWRF Working Group 5, highlighting the latest research results and emerging trends on short-range communications. It contains contributions from leading research groups in academia and industry on future short-range wireless communication systems, in particular 60 GHz communications, ultra-wide band (UWB) communications, UWB radio over optical fiber, and design rules for future cooperative short-range communications systems. Starting from a brief description of state-of-the-art, the authors highlight the perspectives and limits of the technologies and identify where future research work is going to be focused. Key Features: Provides an in-depth coverage of wireless technologies that are about to start an evolution from international standards to masTable of ContentsTable of Contents Short-Range Wireless Communications: Emerging Technologies and Applications Editors: Rolf Kraemer and Marcos Katz Preface Acknowledgements Forewords Part I Introduction 1. Introduction 2. Design Rules for Future Short-Range Communication Systems Part II UWB Communications: State-of-the-Art, Challenges and Visions Edited by Thomas Kaiser 3. UWB Propagation Channels 4. Pulse Shaping and Diversity 5. Non-Coherent Detection 6. Transmit Reference UWB Systems 7. Multiband Modulation in UWB Systems 8. Design of Synchronization Algorithms for UWB Systems 9. An Overview of UWB Systems with MIMO 10. UWB Localization Algorithms 11. UWB Transceiver for Indoor Localization 12. UWB Higher Layers 13. UWB Sensor Networks for Position Location and Imaging of Objects and Environments 14. Low Power UWB Hardware 15. Analog-to-Digital Converters for UWB 16. UWB Co-Existence Scenarios 17. UWB Regulation and Standardization Part III 60 GHz Communication Systems: Concepts and Implementation Aspects ( Edited by Eckhard Grass 18. An Introduction to 60 GHz Communication Systems: Regulation and Services, Channel Propagation and Advanced Baseband Algorithms 19. Modulation techniques and system architectures for multi-Gb/s 60 GHz radios 20. System Concepts and Circuits for 60 GHz OFDM Transceiver 21. Enabling Technologies for 60 GHz Communications: Front-end Friendly Air Interface Design, Full CMOS Integration and System-in-a-package 22. Adaptive Arrays, Assembly Techniques and Compensation of Non-Linearities for 60GHz Technology 23. Improving Power Amplifier Utilization in mm-Wave Wireless Multicarrier Transmission Part IV Emerging Concepts in Short-Range Communications 24. Ultra-Wideband Radio over Optical Fiber 25. Visible Light Communications

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Book SynopsisThis book explains how the performance of modern cellular wireless networks can be evaluated by measurements and simulations With the roll-out of LTE, high data throughput is promised to be available to cellular users. In case you have ever wondered how high this throughput really is, this book is the right read for you: At first, it presents results from experimental research and simulations of the physical layer of HSDPA, WiMAX, and LTE. Next, it explains in detail how measurements on such systems need to be performed in order to achieve reproducible and repeatable results. The book further addresses how wireless links can be evaluated by means of standard-compliant link-level simulation. The major challenge in this context is their complexity when investigating complete wireless cellular networks. Consequently, it is shown how system-level simulators with a higher abstraction level can be designed such that their results still match link-level simulations. Exemplarily, thTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xiii About the Contributors xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xxiii List of Abbreviations xxv Part I CELLULAR WIRELESS STANDARDS Introduction 3 References 4 1 UMTS High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 5 1.1 Standardization and Current Deployment of HSDPA 5 1.2 HSDPA Principles 6 1.2.1 Network Architecture 7 1.2.2 Physical Layer 9 1.2.3 MAC Layer 13 1.2.4 Radio Resource Management 14 1.2.5 Quality of Service Management 16 1.3 MIMO Enhancements of HSDPA 17 1.3.1 Physical Layer Changes for MIMO 19 1.3.2 Precoding 21 1.3.3 MAC Layer Changes for MIMO 25 1.3.4 Simplifications of the Core Network 26 References 26 2 UMTS Long-Term Evolution 29 Contributed by Josep Colom Ikuno 2.1 LTE Overview 29 2.1.1 Requirements 29 2.2 Network Architecture 31 2.3 LTE Physical Layer 33 2.3.1 LTE Frame Structure 34 2.3.2 Reference and Synchronization Symbols 36 2.3.3 MIMO Transmission 37 2.3.4 Modulation and Layer Mapping 39 2.3.5 Channel Coding 41 2.3.6 Channel Adaptive Feedback 45 2.4 MAC Layer 46 2.4.1 Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request 46 2.4.2 Scheduling 47 2.5 Physical, Transport, and Logical Channels 48 References 51 Part II TESTBEDS FOR MEASUREMENTS Introduction 57 Reference 58 3 On Building Testbeds 59 3.1 Basic Idea 60 3.2 Transmitter 61 3.3 Receiver 63 3.4 Synchronization 65 3.5 Possible Pitfalls 67 3.5.1 Digital Baseband Hardware 67 3.5.2 Tool and Component Selection 68 3.5.3 Analog RF Front Ends 69 3.5.4 Cost 70 3.5.5 Matlab® Code and Testbeds 70 3.6 Summary 71 References 72 4 Quasi-Real-Time Testbedding 75 4.1 Basic Idea 75 4.2 Problem Formulation 77 4.3 Employing the Basic Idea 78 4.4 Data Collection 80 4.4.1 More Sophisticated Sampling Techniques 81 4.4.2 Variance Reduction Techniques 84 4.4.3 Bias 85 4.4.4 Outliers 86 4.4.5 Parameter Estimation 87 4.5 Evaluating and Summarizing the Data 88 4.6 Statistical Inference 90 4.6.1 Inferring the Population Mean 90 4.6.2 Precision and Sample Size 91 4.6.3 Reproducibility and Repeatability 92 4.7 Measurement Automation 95 4.8 Dealing with Feedback and Retransmissions 96 References 97 Part III EXPERIMENTAL LINK-LEVEL EVALUATION Introduction 101 5 HSDPA Performance Measurements 103 5.1 Mathematical Model of the Physical Layer 104 5.1.1 System Model for the Channel Estimation 106 5.1.2 System Model for the Equalizer Calculation 106 5.2 Receiver 107 5.2.1 Channel Estimation 107 5.2.2 Equalizer 112 5.2.3 Further Receiver Processing 113 5.3 Quantized Precoding 113 5.4 CQI and PCI Calculation 115 5.4.1 HS-PDSCH Interference 115 5.4.2 Pilot Interference 116 5.4.3 Synchronization and Control Channel Interference 116 5.4.4 Post-equalization Noise and SINR 118 5.4.5 SINR to CQI Mapping 119 5.5 Achievable Mutual Information 121 5.6 Measurement Results 124 5.6.1 Alpine Scenario 125 5.6.2 Urban Scenario 128 5.6.3 Discussion of the Implementation Loss 130 5.7 Summary 131 References 132 6 HSDPA Antenna Selection Techniques 139 Contributed by Jos´e Antonio Garc´ıa-Naya 6.1 Existing Research 141 6.2 Receive Antenna Selection 142 6.2.1 Antenna Selection Based on System Throughput 143 6.2.2 Hardware Aspects of Antenna Selection 143 6.3 An Exemplary Measurement and its Results 144 6.3.1 Urban Scenario 144 6.3.2 Experimental Assessment of Antenna Selection in HSDPA 145 6.3.3 Measurement Results and Discussion 147 6.4 Summary 148 References 149 7 HSDPA Antenna Spacing Measurements 153 7.1 Problem Formulation 153 7.2 Existing Research 154 7.3 Experimental Setup 155 7.4 Measurement Methodology 157 7.4.1 Inferring the Mean Scenario Throughput 157 7.4.2 Issues Requiring Special Attention 158 7.5 Measurement Results and Discussion 160 7.5.1 Equal Polarization Versus Cross-Polarization 160 7.5.2 Channel Capacity 160 7.5.3 Channel Capacity Versus Mutual Information 162 7.5.4 Mutual Information Versus Achievable Mutual Information 162 7.5.5 Achievable Mutual Information Versus Throughput 163 7.5.6 Throughput 163 7.6 Different Transmit Power Levels and Scenarios 163 References 164 8 Throughput Performance Comparisons 167 8.1 Introduction 167 8.2 Cellular Systems Investigated: WiMAX and HSDPA 168 8.2.1 WiMAX and HSDPA 168 8.2.2 Throughput Bounds and System Losses 169 8.3 Measurement Methodology and Setup 172 8.4 Measurement Results 173 8.4.1 WiMAX Results 173 8.4.2 HSDPA Results in Standard-Compliant Setting 177 8.4.3 HSDPA Results in Advanced Setting 179 8.5 Summary 179 References 182 9 Frequency Synchronization in LTE 183 Contributed by Qi Wang 9.1 Mathematical Model 184 9.2 Carrier Frequency Offset Estimation in LTE 186 9.2.1 Standardized Training Symbols in LTE 186 9.2.2 Maximum Likelihood Estimators 188 9.3 Performance Evaluation 191 9.3.1 Estimation Performance 192 9.3.2 Post-FFT SINR 194 9.3.3 Post-equalization SINR and Throughput 195 References 199 10 LTE Performance Evaluation 201 Contributed by Stefan Schwarz 10.1 Mathematical Model of the Physical Layer 202 10.2 Receiver 203 10.2.1 Channel Estimation 204 10.2.2 Data Detection 205 10.2.3 Further Receiver Processing 206 10.3 Physical Layer Modeling 206 10.3.1 Post-equalization SINR 207 10.3.2 SINR Averaging 207 10.4 User Equipment Feedback Calculation 208 10.4.1 User Equipment Feedback Indicators 208 10.4.2 Calculation of the CQI, PMI, and RI 210 10.5 Practical Throughput Bounds 216 10.5.1 Channel Capacity 216 10.5.2 Open-Loop Mutual Information 217 10.5.3 Closed-Loop Mutual Information 218 10.5.4 BICM Bounds 219 10.5.5 Achievable Throughput Bounds 222 10.5.6 Prediction of the Optimal Performance 223 10.6 Simulation Results 224 10.6.1 SISO Transmission 225 10.6.2 OLSM Transmission 227 10.6.3 CLSM Transmission 229 References 230 Part IV SIMULATORS FOR WIRELESS SYSTEMS Introduction 237 References 240 11 LTE Link- and System-Level Simulation 243 Contributed by Josep Colom Ikuno 11.1 The Vienna LTE Link Level Simulator 245 11.1.1 Structure of the Simulator 245 11.1.2 Complexity 247 11.2 The Vienna LTE System Level Simulator 250 11.2.1 Structure of the Simulator 250 11.2.2 Simulator Implementation 252 11.2.3 Complexity 253 11.3 Validation of the Simulators 255 11.3.1 3GPP Minimum Performance Requirements 257 11.3.2 Link- and System-Level Cross-Comparison 257 11.4 Exemplary Results 259 11.4.1 Link-Level Throughput 259 11.4.2 LTE Scheduling 262 References 265 12 System-Level Modeling for MIMO-Enhanced HSDPA 271 12.1 Concept of System-Level Modeling 271 12.2 Computationally Efficient Link-Measurement Model 273 12.2.1 Receive Filter 274 12.2.2 WCDMA MIMO in the Network Context 276 12.2.3 Equivalent Fading Parameters Description 278 12.2.4 Generation of the Equivalent Fading Parameters 284 12.2.5 Influence of Non-Data Channels 286 12.2.6 Resulting SINR Description 287 12.3 Link-Performance Model 288 12.3.1 Link-Performance Model Concept 289 12.3.2 Training and Validation of the Model 293 References 296 Part V SIMULATION-BASED EVALUATION FOR WIRELESS SYSTEMS Introduction 301 13 Optimization of MIMO-Enhanced HSDPA 303 13.1 Network Performance Prediction 303 13.1.1 Simulation Setup 303 13.1.2 Single Network Scenario Investigation 304 13.1.3 Average Network Performance 306 13.2 RLC-Based Stream Number Decision 310 13.2.1 UE Decision 310 13.2.2 RLC Decision 311 13.2.3 System-Level Simulation Results 311 13.3 Content-Aware Scheduling 313 13.3.1 Video Packet Prioritization in HSDPA 313 13.3.2 Content-Aware Scheduler 314 13.3.3 Simulation Results 315 13.4 CPICH Power Optimization 316 13.4.1 System-Level Modeling of the CPICH Influence 317 13.4.2 CPICH Optimization in the Cellular Context 318 References 321 14 Optimal Multi-User MMSE Equalizer 325 14.1 System Model 326 14.2 Intra-Cell Interference Aware MMSE Equalization 330 14.2.1 Interference Suppression Capability 332 14.3 The Cell Precoding State 334 14.3.1 Training-Sequence-Based Precoding State Estimation 336 14.3.2 Blind Precoding State Estimation 337 14.3.3 Estimator Performance 339 14.4 Performance Evaluation 340 14.4.1 Physical-Layer Simulation Results 340 14.4.2 System-Level Simulation Results 341 References 343 15 LTE Advanced Versus LTE 347 Contributed by Stefan Schwarz 15.1 IMT-Advanced and 3GPP Performance Targets 348 15.2 Radio Interface Enhancements 349 15.2.1 Bandwidth Extension 349 15.2.2 Enhanced MIMO 350 15.2.3 Uplink Improvements 351 15.2.4 Beyond Release 10 352 15.3 MIMO in LTE Advanced 354 15.3.1 Codebook-Based Precoding 354 15.3.2 Non-Codebook-Based Precoding 356 15.4 Physical-Layer Throughput Simulation Results 359 15.4.1 Eight-Antenna Transmission 359 15.4.2 Comparison between LTE and LTE Advanced 363 15.4.3 Comparison of SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO 363 References 366 Index 369

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Book SynopsisPresents the concepts, technology, and role of satellite systems in support of personal applications, such as mobile and broadband communications, navigation, television, radio and multimedia broadcasting, safety of life services, etc. This book presents a novel perspective on satellite systems, reflecting the modern personal technology context, and hence a focus on the individual as end-user. The book begins by outlining key generic concepts before discussing techniques adopted in particular application areas; next, it exemplifies these techniques through discussion of state-of-art current and emerging satellite systems. The book concludes by contemplating the likely evolution of these systems, taking into consideration influences and trends in technology, in conjunction with growing user expectations. In addition to addressing satellite systems that directly interact with personal devices, the book additionally considers those indirect applications where there is anTrade Review"Thorough, thoughtfully presented, and well illustrated, this textbook presents the world of satellite technology now prevalent in everyday life, using the individual, end-user application as its organizing principle." (Booknews, 1 February 2011) Table of ContentsAbout the Series Editors. Preface. Acknowledgements. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Scope. 1.2 Perspective. 1.3 Background and Applications. 1.4 Trends. 1.5 Overview of this Book. Part I BASIC CONCEPTS. 2 Satellites and High-Altitude Platforms. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Satellites. 2.3 High-Altitude Platforms. 3 Spectrum and Propagation. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Spectrum. 3.3 Propagation. 4 Antennas and Noise. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Antennas. 4.3 Noise. 5 Modulation and Coding. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Modulation. 5.3 Error Control Coding. 6 Satellite Access and Networking 161 6.1 Introduction 161 6.2 Satellite Access 161 6.2.1 Single Access 161 6.2.2 Multiple-Access Methods 165 Contents vii 6.2.3 Random Access 166 6.2.4 FDM and FDMA 167 6.2.5 SDMA (Frequency Reuse) 172 6.2.6 TDM and TDMA 173 6.2.7 CDM and CDMA 176 6.3 Payloads 181 6.3.1 Unprocessed Payloads 181 6.3.2 Processed Payloads 182 6.4 Networks 184 6.4.1 Network Architectures 184 6.4.2 Network Models 185 Revision Questions 191 References 191 7 Doppler and Pseudorange (Navigation) 193 7.1 Introduction 193 7.2 Doppler 194 7.2.1 Doppler Shift 194 7.2.2 Position Location Using the Doppler Shift 194 7.3 Pseudoranging 198 7.3.1 Pseudorange 198 7.3.2 Position Determination Using Ranging 199 8 Compression, Speech, Audio and Video Encoding. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Lossless Data Compression. 8.3 Digitizing Analogue Signals. 8.4 Speech Encoding. 8.5 Audio Encoding. 8.6 Video Encoding. Part II TECHNIQUES AND SYSTEMS. 9 Digital Broadcasting Techniques and Architectures. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 MPEG Multimedia Standards. 9.3 Direct-to-Home Broadcast System. 9.4 Direct Broadcasts to Individuals and Mobile Users. 9.5 Military. 10 Broadcast Systems. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Satellite Radio Systems. 10.3 Direct Multimedia Broadcast. 10.4 Direct-to-Home Television. 10.5 Military Multimedia Broadcasts. 11 Communications Architectures. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Role. 11.3 Circuit-Switched Services. 11.4 Packet-Switched and Converged Services. 11.5 Satellite Communications Networks. 11.6 High-Altitude Platform Systems. 12 Satellite Communications Systems. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Mobile Communications. 12.3 Fixed Communications. 12.4 Military Communications. 12.5 Amateur Communications. 12.6 HAP Communications. 13 Satellite Navigation Techniques. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Categorization. 13.3 Doppler-Assisted Navigation. 13.4 Range-Assisted Navigation. 13.5 Satellite Augmentation System. 13.6 Navigation–Communication Hybrid Architecture. 13.7 Receiver Architecture. 13.8 Distress, Safety and Location-Based Services. 14 Navigation, Tracking and Safety Systems. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Global Navigation Satellite Systems. 14.3 Regional Navigation Systems. 14.4 Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems. 14.5 Distress and Safety. 14.6 Location-Based service. 15 Remote Sensing Techniques. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Remote Sensing Data. 15.3 Sensors. 15.4 Image Processing. 15.5 Image Interpretation. 15.6 System Characteristics. 16 Remote Sensing Systems. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Commercial Imaging. 16.3 Meteorology. 16.4 Land Observation. 17 The Future. 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Influences. 17.3 Trend. 17.4 The Long Term. 17.5 Satellites and the Environment. 17.6 Conclusion. Appendix A List of Personal Applications. Index.

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Book SynopsisWiMAX is the first standard technology to deliver true broadband mobility at speeds that enable powerful multimedia applications such as Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), online gaming, mobile TV, and personalized infotainment. WiMAX Security and Quality of Service, focuses on the interdisciplinary subject of advanced Security and Quality of Service (QoS) in WiMAX wireless telecommunication systems including its models, standards, implementations, and applications. Split into 4 parts, Part A of the book is an end-to-end overview of the WiMAX architecture, protocol, and system requirements. Security is an essential element in the wireless world and Part B is fully dedicated to this topic. Part C provides an in depth analysis of QoS, including mobility management in WiMAX. Finally, Part D introduces the reader to advanced and future topics. One of the first texts to cover security, QoS and deployments of WiMAX in the same book. Introduces the prTable of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgement xix List of Contributors xxi List of Acronyms xxv List of Figures xxxv List of Tables xxxix Part A Introduction 1 1 Overview of End-to-End WiMAX Network Architecture 3 Dr Mohuya Chakraborty and Dr Debika Bhattacharyya 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Wireless Primer 4 1.2.1 Wireless Network Topologies 4 1.2.2 Wireless Technologies 4 1.2.3 Performance Parameters of Wireless Networks 5 1.2.4 WiFi and WiMAX 6 1.3 Introduction to WiMAX Technology 6 1.3.1 Operational Principles 7 1.3.2 WiMAX Speed and Range 8 1.3.3 Spectrum 9 1.3.4 Limitations 10 1.3.5 Need for WiMAX 10 1.4 Mobile WiMAX 10 1.4.1 Overview of Mobile WiMAX 10 1.4.2 Handover Process in Mobile WiMAX 11 1.4.3 LTE vs. Mobile WiMAX 12 1.5 Overview of End-to-End WiMAX Network Architecture 12 1.6 Radio Interface Specifications for WiMAX 16 1.6.1 Overview 16 1.6.2 802.16e-2005 Technology 17 1.6.3 Applications 19 1.6.4 WiMAX Simulation Tools 19 1.7 Interoperability Issues in WiMAX 19 1.8 Summary 21 References 22 Part B Security 23 2 WiMAX Security Defined in 802.16 Standards 25 Slim Rekhis and Noureddine Boudriga 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Overview of 802.16 WMAN Networks 26 2.2.1 IEEE 802.16 Standards and Connectivity Modes 26 2.2.2 Network Architecture 28 2.2.3 Protocol Architecture 31 2.2.4 Network Entry Procedure 32 2.3 Security Requirements for Broadband Access in WMAN Networks 33 2.4 Security Mechanisms in Initial 802.16 Networks 35 2.4.1 Security Associations 35 2.4.2 Use of Certificates 37 2.4.3 PKM Protocol 38 2.4.4 PKM Authorization 38 2.4.5 Privacy and Key Management 41 2.4.6 Data Encryption 42 2.5 Analysis of Security Weaknesses in Initial Versions of 802.16 42 2.5.1 Physical-Level Based Attacks 43 2.5.2 Attacks on Authentication 44 2.5.3 Attacks on Key Management 45 2.5.4 Attacks on Privacy 47 2.5.5 Attacks on Availability 47 2.6 Security Amendments in Recent Versions if IEEE 802.16 48 2.6.1 Authorization, Mutual Authentication and Access Control 48 2.6.2 TEK Three-Way Handshake 50 2.6.3 Encryption and Key Hierarchy 51 2.6.4 Multicast and Broadcast Service (MBS) 52 2.6.5 Security of Handover Schemes 53 2.7 Analysis of Security Weaknesses in 802.16e 54 2.7.1 Attacks on Authorization 54 2.7.2 Analysis of SA-TEK Three-Way Handshake 56 2.7.3 Vulnerability to Denial of Service Attacks 56 2.7.4 Broadcasting and Multicasting Related Weaknesses 58 2.7.5 Weaknesses in Handover Schemes 59 2.8 Further Reading 59 2.9 Summary 60 References 60 3 Key Management in 802.16e 63 Georgios Kambourakis and Stefanos Gritzalis 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 Privacy Key Management Protocol 64 3.3 PKM Version 1 65 3.4 PKM Version 2 67 3.4.1 Security Negotiation 68 3.4.2 Authentication/Authorization 68 3.4.3 Key Derivation and Hierarchy 70 3.4.4 Three-Way Handshake 72 3.4.5 Key Delivery 74 3.5 Vulnerabilities and Countermeasures 75 3.5.1 Authorization 76 3.5.2 Key Derivation 76 3.5.3 Three-Way Handshake 77 3.5.4 Key Delivery 77 3.5.5 Attacks on Confidentiality 78 3.5.6 MBS Attacks 79 3.5.7 Mesh Mode Considerations 80 3.5.8 Handovers 81 3.6 Comparisons with 802.11/UMTS 81 3.7 Summary 84 References 85 4 WiMAX Network Security 87 Luca Adamo, Romano Fantacci and Leonardo Maccari 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 WiMAX Network Reference Model 88 4.2.1 Functional Entities 89 4.2.2 Logical Domains 90 4.2.3 Reference Points 90 4.2.4 ASN Profiles 91 4.3 The RADIUS Server 92 4.3.1 Authentication in WiMAX Infrastructure 93 4.4 WiMAX Networking Procedures and Security 95 4.4.1 Handover Procedure 95 4.4.2 DHCP 97 4.4.3 Security Issues 98 4.4.4 Mobile IP Protocol 99 4.4.5 PMIP 100 4.4.6 PMIP Security Considerations 101 4.4.7 CMIP 102 4.4.8 CMIP Security Considerations 103 4.4.9 QoS 104 4.4.10 A Complete Authentication Procedure 104 4.5 Further Reading 105 4.6 Summary 106 References 107 Part C Quality of Service 109 5 Cross-Layer End-to-End QoS Architecture: The Milestone of WiMAX 111 Floriano De Rango, Andrea Malfitano and Salvatore Marano 5.1 Introduction 111 5.2 QoS Definitions 112 5.3 QoS Mechanisms Offered by IEEE 802.16 112 5.3.1 Cross-Layer QoS Architecture 113 5.3.2 MAC Layer Point of View 115 5.3.3 Offering QoS in PMP Mode 117 5.3.4 QoS Introduction in Mesh Mode 121 5.3.5 QoS Application on Packet by Packet Basis 123 5.3.6 PHY Layer Point of View 124 5.3.7 ACM: Adaptive Coding and Modulation 125 5.3.8 Mobility Support in IEEE 802.16 126 5.4 What is Missing in the WiMAX Features? 128 5.4.1 Absences in the MAC Layer 128 5.4.2 Scheduling Algorithm 129 5.4.3 Call Admission Control Algorithm 132 5.4.4 PHY Layer Improvements 133 5.4.5 QoS Based ACM Algorithm 133 5.5 Future Challenges 134 5.5.1 End-to-End QoS in the IP World 134 5.5.2 New Ways to Resolve the WiMAX QoS Problem: Two Interesting Examples 136 5.5.3 Game Theory in the WiMAX Scenario 136 5.5.4 Fuzzy Logic: What Idea to Guarantee QoS? 138 5.5.5 Designing Mobility – Mesh WiMAX 140 5.5.6 How to Extend QoS Mechanisms 140 5.6 Summary 141 References 141 6 QoS in Mobile WiMAX 145 Neila Krichene and Noureddine Boudriga 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 Architectural QoS Requirements 146 6.2.1 QoS-Related Challenges 146 6.2.2 Architectural Requirements 148 6.3 Mobile WiMAX Service Flows 149 6.3.1 Service Flows 150 6.3.2 Scheduling Services Supporting Service Flows 151 6.3.3 QoS Parameters 153 6.4 Admission Control 154 6.4.1 MAC Layer Connections 154 6.4.2 Bandwidth Request Procedures 156 6.4.3 Bandwidth Allocation Procedures 158 6.5 Scheduling Service 160 6.5.1 Scheduling Architecture in Mobile WiMAX 160 6.5.2 Packet Schedulers Overview 162 6.6 Maintaining QoS During Handover 165 6.6.1 WiMAX Handover Schemes 165 6.6.2 Optimizing Handover to Maintain the Required QoS 168 6.7 Enhancing WiMAX QoS Issues: Research Work 170 6.7.1 New QoS Mechanisms 171 6.7.2 The WEIRD Project 171 6.7.3 WiFi and WiMAX QoS Integration 173 6.8 Further Reading 175 6.9 Summary 176 References 176 7 Mobility Management in WiMAX Networks 179 Ikbal Chammakhi Msadaa, Daniel Cˆamara and Fethi Filali 7.1 Mobile WiMAX Architecture 180 7.2 Horizontal Handover in 802.16e 183 7.2.1 Network Topology Acquisition 183 7.2.2 Handover Process 186 7.2.3 Fast BS Switching (FBSS) and Macro Diversity Handover (MDHO) 187 Discussion 188 7.3 Optimized 802.16e Handover Schemes 188 7.3.1 L2 Handover Schemes 190 7.3.2 L2-L3 Cross-Layer Handover Schemes 190 7.3.3 Mobile IPv6 Fast Handovers Over IEEE 802.16e Networks 191 Discussion 195 7.4 Vertical Handover 195 7.4.1 Vertical Handover Mechanisms Involving 802.16e Networks 196 7.4.2 IEEE 802.21, Media-Independent Handover Services 197 Discussion 200 7.5 Roaming 200 7.5.1 WiMAX Roaming Interface 203 7.5.2 The Roaming Process 203 7.6 Mobility Management in WiMESH Networks 204 7.7 Conclusion 207 7.8 Summary 207 References 208 Part D Advanced Topics 211 8 QoS Challenges in the Handover Process 213 Marina Aguado, Eduardo Jacob, Marion Berbineau and Ivan Lledo Samper 8.1 Introduction 213 8.2 Handover in WiMAX 214 8.3 The IEEE802.16 Handover Process 215 8.3.1 The Network Entry Procedure 215 8.3.2 Network Topology Advertising and Acquisition 218 8.3.3 The Association Procedure 220 8.3.4 Handover Stages in the IEEE 802.16 Standard 221 8.3.5 Handover Execution Methods 225 8.4 The Media Independent Handover Initiative – IEEE 802.21 227 8.4.1 MIH Interactions with Layer 2 and Layer 3 Protocols 229 8.4.2 MIH Scope and Limitations 229 8.5 Enhancing the Handover Process 230 8.5.1 Fast Ranging Mechanism 230 8.5.2 Seamless Handover Mechanism 231 8.5.3 Initiatives in the Cell Reselection Stage 232 8.5.4 Initiatives in the Execution Stage 232 8.6 Handover Scheduling 233 8.7 Handover Performance Analysis 234 8.8 Summary 238 References 238 9 Resource Allocation in Mobile WiMAX Networks 241 Tara Ali Yahiya 9.1 Introduction 241 9.2 Background on IEEE 802.16e 242 9.2.1 The Medium Access Control Layer – MAC 242 9.2.2 The Physical Layer – PHY 243 9.3 System Model 248 9.4 OFDMA Key Principles–Analysis and Performance Characterizations 249 9.4.1 Multiuser Diversity 249 9.4.2 Adaptive Modulation and Coding – Burst Profiles 250 9.4.3 Capacity Analysis – Time and Frequency Domain 250 9.4.4 Mapping Messages 252 9.5 Cross-Layer Resource Allocation in Mobile WiMAX 252 9.6 Channel Aware Class Based Queue (CACBQ) – The Proposed Solution 253 9.6.1 System Model 253 9.6.2 Channel Aware Class Based Queue (CACBQ) Framework 255 9.7 Summary and Conclusion 257 References 258 10 QoS Issues and Challenges in WiMAX and WiMAX MMR Networks 261 Kiran Kumari, Srinath Narasimha and Krishna M. Sivalingam 10.1 Introduction 261 10.1.1 Motivation 262 10.2 Multimedia Traffic 263 10.2.1 Voice Codecs 264 10.2.2 Video Codecs 265 10.2.3 QoS Specifications 267 10.2.4 QoS Effectiveness Measures 268 10.3 Multimedia: WiFi versus WiMAX 269 10.3.1 Limitations of Wireless LAN Technologies 269 10.3.2 WiMAX MAC Layer 270 10.3.3 QoS Architecture for WiMAX 272 10.4 QoS Scheduling in WiMAX Networks 273 10.4.1 Max-Min Weighted Fair Allocation 274 10.4.2 Deficit Fair Priority Queue 274 10.4.3 Weighted Fair Queuing 275 10.4.4 Weighted Fair Priority Queuing 275 10.5 Voice Traffic Scheduling in WiMAX 276 10.5.1 Lee’s Algorithm 276 10.5.2 UGS with Activity Detection Scheduling (UGS-AD) 277 10.5.3 Extended-rtPS Scheduling 277 10.5.4 Multi-Tap Scheduling 278 10.6 Video Traffic Scheduling in WiMAX 279 10.6.1 Opportunistic Scheduling 279 10.6.2 Opportunistic DRR 281 10.6.3 Summary 282 10.7 Introduction to WiMAX MMR Networks 282 10.7.1 How WiMAX MMR Networks Work 284 10.7.2 Performance Impact 286 10.7.3 Radio Resource Management Strategies 287 10.8 Scheduling in WiMAX MMR Networks 288 10.8.1 Objectives of Scheduling 288 10.8.2 Constraints on Scheduling 289 10.8.3 Diversity Gains 290 10.9 Basic Wireless Scheduling Algorithms 290 10.9.1 Round Robin Scheduling 290 10.9.2 Max-SINR Scheduling 291 10.9.3 Extension for Multi-Hop Case 291 10.9.4 Proportional Fair Scheduling 292 10.9.5 Extension for Multi-Hop Case 292 10.9.6 Performance Comparison 293 10.9.7 The PFMR Scheduling Algorithm 293 10.10 Scheduling Algorithms for WiMAX MMR Networks 294 10.10.1 The Scheduling Problem 294 10.10.2 The GenArgMax Scheduling Algorithm 295 10.10.3 The TreeTraversingScheduler Algorithm 297 10.10.4 The FastHeuristic16j Scheduling Algorithm 299 10.10.5 Improved Hop-Specific Scheduling Algorithms 300 10.10.6 Performance Evaluation 302 10.11 Further Reading 304 10.12 Summary 305 References 305 11 On the Integration of WiFi and WiMAX Networks 309 Tara Ali Yahiya and Hakima Chaouchi 11.1 Introduction 309 11.2 General Design Principles of the Interworking Architecture 310 11.2.1 Functional Decomposition 310 11.2.2 Deployment Modularity and Flexibility 310 11.2.3 Support for Variety of Usage Models 311 11.2.4 Extensive use of IETF Protocols 311 11.3 WiFi/Mobile WiMAX Interworking Architecture 311 11.4 Network Discovery and Selection 313 11.5 Authentication and Security Architecture 314 11.5.1 General Network Access Control Architecture 314 11.5.2 EAP and PANA 316 11.5.3 RADIUS and Diameter 317 11.6 Security in WiFi and WiMAX Networks 318 11.6.1 Security in WiFi 318 11.6.2 Security in WiMAX 319 11.6.3 Security Consideration in WiFi-WiMAX 320 11.6.4 WiFi-WiMAX Interworking Scenarios 321 11.7 Mobility Management 324 11.7.1 Handover Support 325 11.7.2 Cell Selection 325 11.7.3 IP for Mobility Management 326 11.7.4 Session Initiation Protocol for Mobility Management 326 11.7.5 Identity Based Mobility 328 11.8 Quality of Service Architecture 330 11.8.1 End-to-End QoS Interworking Framework 330 11.8.2 QoS Considerations 332 11.9 Summary 335 References 335 12 QoS Simulation and An Enhanced Solution of Cell Selection for WiMAX Network 337 Xinbing Wang, Shen Gu, Yuan Wu and Jiajing Wang 12.1 Introduction 337 12.2 WiMAX Simulation Tools – Overview 338 12.2.1 NS2 338 12.2.2 OPNet Modeler 338 12.2.3 QualNet 339 12.3 QoS Simulation of WiMAX Network 339 12.3.1 Performance Comparison Between Different Services 339 12.3.2 Mobility Support 344 12.4 Analysis of QoS Simulation Results 353 12.4.1 Fixed SSs 353 12.4.2 Mobile SSs with Same Speed 356 12.4.3 Mobile SSs with Varying Speed 356 12.5 Enhancement – A New Solution of Cell Selection 356 12.5.1 System Model 356 12.5.2 Simulation Result 360 12.6 Summary 363 References 363 Appendix List of Standards 365 Index 371

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Book SynopsisExamines the multicarrier-CDMA in an unified and complete manner and provides a number of analytical and simulations results Unique in considering MC-CDMA and OFDM methods within the same framework Contains tables, diagrams and figures to illustrate the performance results Includes summary at the end of each chapter.Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Spread Spectrum. 1.2 Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing. 1.3 Multiple Access. 1.4 Duplex. 1.5 Diversityin Wireless Communications. 1.6 Organization of the Book. 2 Principles of Code-Division Multiple-Access Communications. 2.1 Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum. 2.2 Multicarrier Spread-Spectrum Communications. 2.3 Frequency-Hopped Spread-Spectrum Communications. 2.4 Time-Hopping Spread-Spectrum Communications. 2.5 Hybrid Direct-Sequence/Frequency-HoppingMultiple-Access. 2.6 Hybrid Direct-Sequence/Time-Hopping Multiple-Access. 2.7 Summary and Discussion. 3 Principles of Multicarrier Communications. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing. 3.3 Frequency-Domain Spread Multicarrier CDMA. 3.4 Single-Carrier Frequency-Division Multiple Access. 3.5 Orthogonal Multicarrier DS-CDMA. 3.6 Multitone DS-CDMA. 3.7 Generalized Multicarrier DS-CDMA. 3.8 Time-Hopping Multicarrier CDMA. 3.9 Time-Frequency-Domain Spread Multicarrier DS-CDMA. 3.10 Summary and Discussion. 4 Performance of Multicarrier Systems over Gaussian Channels. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Performance of Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing. 4.3 Performance of Single-User Frequency-Domain Spread Multicarrier CDMA. 4.4 Performance of Single-User Multicarrier DS-CDMA. 4.5 Performance of Single-User Time-Hopping Multicarrier CDMA. 4.6 Performance of Time-Frequency-Domain Spread Multicarrier DS-CDMA Supporting Multiusers. 4.7 Equivalence Between Single-Carrier DS-CDMA and Multicarrier CDMA. 4.8 Summary and Discussion. 5 Performance of Multicarrier Systems over Frequency-Selective Fading Channels. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Frequency-Selective Fadingin Multicarrier Systems. 5.3 Intersymbol Interference Suppression: Cyclic-Prefixing and Zero-Padding. 5.4 Generation of Fading Statistics for Multicarrier Signals. 5.5 Performance of Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing. 5.6 Performance of Single-User Frequency-Domain Spread Multicarrier CDMA. 5.7 Performance of Single-Carrier Frequency-Division Multiple Access. 5.8 Frequency-Domain Equalizationin Single-Carrier DS-CDMA. 5.9 Performance of Single-User Multicarrier DS-CDMA. 5.10 Performance of Single-User Time-Hopping Multicarrier CDMA. 5.11 Performance of Time-Frequency-Domain Spread Multicarrier DS-CDMA Supporting Multiusers. 5.12 Summary and Discussion. 6 Coherent Multiuser Detection. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Multiuser Detection in Frequency-Domain Spread Multicarrier CDMA. 6.3 Multiuser Detection in Multicarrier DS-CDMA. 6.4 Multiuser Detection in Time-Frequency-Domain Spread Multicarrier DS-CDMA. 6.5 Summary and Discussion. 7 NoncoherentMultiuser Detection. 7.1 Representation of Discrete Time-Hopping Multicarrier CDMA Signals. 7.2 Noncoherent Single-User Detection. 7.3 Optimum Prior Noncoherent Multiuser Detection. 7.4 Prior Noncoherent Decorrelating Multiuser Detection. 7.5 Prior Noncoherent MMSE Multiuser Detection. 7.6 Optimum Posterior Noncoherent Multiuser Detection. 7.7 Suboptimum Posterior Noncoherent Multiuser Detection in Rayleigh Fading Channels. 7.8 Posterior Noncoherent Interference Cancellation. 7.9 Summary and Discussion. 8 Multiuser Transmitter Preprocessing. 8.1 Principles of Transmitter Preprocessing: An Example. 8.2 Transmitter Preprocessing in Frequency-Domain Spread MC-CDMA. 8.3 Transmitter Preprocessing in Frequency-Domain Spread MC DS-CDMA Systems. 8.4 Relationship Between Linear Multiuser Transmission and Linear Multiuser Detection. 8.5 Extraction of Channel Knowledge for Transmitter Preprocessing in Multicarrier CDMA Systems. 8.6 Summary and Discussion. 9 Multiantenna Multicarrier CDMA. 9.1 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Communications. 9.2 Spatial Diversity. 9.3 Spatial-Division Multiple Access. 9.4 Performance of Multicarrier CDMA Using Space–Time Coding. 9.5 Time-Frequency-Domain Space–Time Spread Multicarrier DS-CDMA. 9.6 Space–Time MC DS-CDMA over Fast Time-Varying Fading Channels. 9.7 Summary and Discussion. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisEditors and contributors are experts in the field of kernel methods (KMs) for remote sensing. Provides state of the art knowledge, analysing the methodological and practical challenges related to the application of KMs to remote sensing problems.Trade Review"The editors and the contributors have thought through how best to introduce the various topics and discussions relevant for remote sensing of data analysis and they do it convincingly and compellingly. Their book will deservedly become a proud possession for researchers in the field." (Current Engineering Practice, 1 November 2010)Table of ContentsAbout the editors. List of authors. Preface. Acknowledgments. List of symbols. List of abbreviations. I Introduction. 1 Machine learning techniques in remote sensing data analysis (Bjorn Waske, Mathieu Fauvel, Jon Atli Benediktsson and Jocelyn Chanussot). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Supervised classification: algorithms and applications. 1.3 Conclusion. Acknowledgments. References. 2 An introduction to kernel learning algorithms (Peter V. Gehler and Bernhard Scholkopf). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Kernels. 2.3 The representer theorem. 2.4 Learning with kernels. 2.5 Conclusion. References. II Supervised image classification. 3 The Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm for supervised classification of hyperspectral remote sensing data (J. Anthony Gualtieri). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Aspects of hyperspectral data and its acquisition. 3.3 Hyperspectral remote sensing and supervised classification. 3.4 Mathematical foundations of supervised classification. 3.5 From structural risk minimization to a support vector machine algorithm. 3.6 Benchmark hyperspectral data sets. 3.7 Results. 3.8 Using spatial coherence. 3.9 Why do SVMs perform better than other methods? 3.10 Conclusions. References. 4 On training and evaluation of SVM for remote sensing applications (Giles M. Foody). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Classification for thematic mapping. 4.3 Overview of classification by a SVM. 4.4 Training stage. 4.5 Testing stage. 4.6 Conclusion. Acknowledgments. References. 5 Kernel Fisher’s Discriminant with heterogeneous kernels (M. Murat Dundar and Glenn Fung). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Linear Fisher’s Discriminant. 5.3 Kernel Fisher Discriminant. 5.4 Kernel Fisher’s Discriminant with heterogeneous kernels. 5.5 Automatic kernel selection KFD algorithm. 5.6 Numerical results. 5.7 Conclusion. References. 6 Multi-temporal image classification with kernels (Jordi Muñoz-Marí, Luis Gómez-Choa, Manel Martínez-Ramón, José Luis Rojo-Álvarez, Javier Calpe-Maravilla and Gustavo Camps-Valls). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Multi-temporal classification and change detection with kernels. 6.3 Contextual and multi-source data fusion with kernels. 6.4 Multi-temporal/-source urban monitoring. 6.5 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. 7 Target detection with kernels (Nasser M. Nasrabadi). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Kernel learning theory. 7.3 Linear subspace-based anomaly detectors and their kernel versions. 7.4 Results. 7.5 Conclusion. References. 8 One-class SVMs for hyperspectral anomaly detection (Amit Banerjee, Philippe Burlina and Chris Diehl). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Deriving the SVDD. 8.3 SVDD function optimization. 8.4 SVDD algorithms for hyperspectral anomaly detection. 8.5 Experimental results. 8.6 Conclusions. References. III Semi-supervised image classification. 9 A domain adaptation SVM and a circular validation strategy for land-cover maps updating (Mattia Marconcini and Lorenzo Bruzzone). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Literature survey. 9.3 Proposed domain adaptation SVM. 9.4 Proposed circular validation strategy. 9.5 Experimental results. 9.6 Discussions and conclusion. References. 10 Mean kernels for semi-supervised remote sensing image classification (Luis Gómez-Chova, Javier Calpe-Maravilla, Lorenzo Bruzzone and Gustavo Camps-Valls). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Semi-supervised classification with mean kernels. 10.3 Experimental results. 10.4 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. IV Function approximation and regression. 11 Kernel methods for unmixing hyperspectral imagery (Joshua Broadwater, Amit Banerjee and Philippe Burlina). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Mixing models. 11.3 Proposed kernel unmixing algorithm. 11.4 Experimental results of the kernel unmixing algorithm. 11.5 Development of physics-based kernels for unmixing. 11.6 Physics-based kernel results. 11.7 Summary. References. 12 Kernel-based quantitative remote sensing inversion (Yanfei Wang, Changchun Yang and Xiaowen Li). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Typical kernel-based remote sensing inverse problems. 12.3 Well-posedness and ill-posedness. 12.4 Regularization. 12.5 Optimization techniques. 12.6 Kernel-based BRDF model inversion. 12.7 Aerosol particle size distribution function retrieval. 12.8 Conclusion. Acknowledgments. References. 13 Land and sea surface temperature estimation by support vector regression (Gabriele Moser and Sebastiano B. Serpico). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Previous work. 13.3 Methodology. 13.4 Experimental results. 13.5 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. V Kernel-based feature extraction. 14 Kernel multivariate analysis in remote sensing feature extraction (Jerónimo Arenas-Garciá and Kaare Brandt Petersen). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Multivariate analysis methods. 14.3 Kernel multivariate analysis. 14.4 Sparse Kernel OPLS. 14.5 Experiments: pixel-based hyperspectral image classification. 14.6 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. 15 KPCA algorithm for hyperspectral target/anomaly detection (Yanfeng Gu). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Motivation. 15.3 Kernel-based feature extraction in hyperspectral images. 15.4 Kernel-based target detection in hyperspectral images. 15.5 Kernel-based anomaly detection in hyperspectral images. 15.6 Conclusions. Acknowledgments References. 16 Remote sensing data Classification with kernel nonparametric feature extractions (Bor-Chen Kuo, Jinn-Min Yang and Cheng-Hsuan Li). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Related feature extractions. 16.3 Kernel-based NWFE and FLFE. 16.4 Eigenvalue resolution with regularization. 16.5 Experiments. 16.6 Comments and conclusions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisAn invaluable reference detailing the generic bootstrapping architecture (GBA), its usage, integration into existing networks, and infrastructure. Brings together in one volume information on standards that are currently scattered across the different standardization bodies. Describes various business scenarios and related security solutions.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. 1. Introduction. 1.1. Authenticated Key Agreement. 1..1. The Challenge in Authenticated Key Agreement. 1.3. How to read This Book? 2. Classical Approaches to Authentication and Key Agreement. 2.1. Existing Mobile Security Solutions. 2.2. General-Purpose Approaches to Authentication and Key Management. 2.3. Requirements for GAA. 3. Generic Authentication Architecture. 3.1. Overview of Generic Authentication Architecture. 3.2. Foundations of GAA. 3.3. Variations of the Generic Bootstrapping Architecture. 3.4. Building Blocks of GAA. 3.5. Other Architectural Issues. 3.6. Overview of 3GPP GAA Specifications. 4. Applications Using Generic Authentication Architecture. 4.1. Standardized Usage Scenarios. 4.2. Additional Usage Scenarios. 5. Guidance for Deploying GAA. 5.1. Integration with Application Servers. 5.2. Integration with OS Security. 5.3. Integration with Identity Management Systems. 5.4. Integration of GAA into Mobile Networks. 6. Future Trends. 6.1. Standardization Outlook. 6.2. Outlook for GAA. Terminology and Abbreviations. Index.

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Book SynopsisA hands-on tutorial on multicast in third-generation networks! In this book, the authors describe how to perform multicast, the one-to-many delivery of data to a group of destinations, in third-generation mobile networks. The authors provide an overview of the services that can be realized with multicast in third-generation networks, describe the mechanisms required to support these services and highlight the performance of several multicast mechanisms. The focus of this book is on multicast in UMTS and CDMA2000 networks, the dominant third-generation network standards. In addition to describing the standards for multicast, the authors also provide extensive performance results of multicast in third-generation networks. Key Features: Provides an in-depth review of the fundamentals of multicast Describes in detail the MBMS and BCMCS standards for multicast in UMTS and CDMA2000 networks, respectively Provides a comprehensive overview oTable of ContentsPreface 1 Introduction 1.1 Cellular Mobile Communication Systems 1.2 Networks and Protocols 1.3 Multipoint Communications 1.4 IP Multicast 1.5 Multicast in Cellular Mobile Networks 1.6 Summary 2 Fundamentals of IP Multicast 2.1 Introduction 2.2 IP Multicast Service Models 2.3 Multicast Addressing and Address Management 2.4 Multicast Session Announcement 2.5 Group Management 2.6 IP Multicast Routing 2.7 Reliable Delivery of Multicast Traffic 2.8 Multicast Flow and Congestion Control 2.9 Multicast in Mobile and Wireless Networks 2.10 Summary 3 An Overview of Third-Generation Networks 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Radio Access and Networking in UMTS 3.3 Radio Access and Networking in CDMA2000 3.4 Summary 4 Multicast Services for Third-Generation Networks 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Motivation for Multicast 4.3 Multicast Services 4.4 User Requirements and Technology Acceptance 4.5 Summary 5 Multicast Extensions for Third-Generation Networks 5.1 Introduction 5.2 MBMS for UMTS 5.3 BCMCS for CDMA2000 5.4 Summary 6 Protocols and Mechanisms for MBMS 6.1 Introduction 6.2 MBMS Bearer Service Basics 6.3 MBMS Bearer Service Management 6.4 Routing on the MBMS Bearer Path 6.5 MBMS User Services 6.6 Summary 7 Protocols and Mechanisms for BCMCS 7.1 Introduction 7.2 BCMCS Bearer Path Architecture 7.3 BCMCS Bearer Service Management 7.4 BCMSC Service Layer 7.5 Summary 8 Multicast Capacity over the CDMA Air Interface 8.1 Introduction 8.2 PTP and PTM Channels for Multicast 8.3 System Model 8.4 Analysis of Multicast Capacity 8.5 Numerical Results 8.6 Summary 9 Cost Analysis of Multicast Routing 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Dynamic Multicast Routing for UMTS 9.3 Cost Analysis 9.4 Numerical Results 9.5 Summary 10 Reliable Multicast 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Loss Recovery for Reliable Multicast 10.3 Performance Evaluation Method 10.4 Reliable Multicast over the Air Interface 10.5 End-to-End Reliable Multicast 10.6 Summary 11 Mobile Multicast in Heterogeneous Networks 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Alternative Technologies for Mobile Multicast 11.3 Interworking and Convergence 11.4 Challenges for Multicast Delivery in Heterogeneous Networks 11.5 Multicast Delivery Co-ordination in Heterogeneous Networks 11.6 Summary A Derivation of Downlink Capacity A.1 Ratio of Inter-Cell Interference to Received Power A.2 Derivation of Average Downlink Power Factor A.3 Multicast Capacity with PTP Channels A.4 Multicast Capacity with PTP Channels B Cost Derivation of Multicast Routing B.1 State Probabilities B.2 Cost Variables B.3 Packet Delivery Cost B.4 Location Update Cost Bibliography

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Book SynopsisA modern mobile phone is a highly complex electronic system made up from a variety of diverse sub-systems, all of which must work seamlessly together. Today''s users have very high expectations which set tough demands on manufacturers as they introduce third generation technology. While quality, in terms of the phone''s stability, performance and behaviour on the network, originate from good design, the only way to be sure of quality is by testing it. This makes testing a very important part of any mobile phone''s life cycle, from development through to manufacture and beyond, touching a number of different disciplines and departments. Testing UMTS is divided in three sections. Section One provides an overview of major types of testing and the organisations and tasks involved. In particular it looks at what is involved in conformance testing and device certification. Section Two is more technical and looks at the UMTS standard itself, working through the protocol layers. FutTable of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. Part I: Testing Methodologies. 1. Introduction. 1.1. Important definitions. 1.2. Scope. 1.3. Overview of the Industry. 2. Introduction to UMTS. 2.1. The history of UMTS. 2.2. The 3GPP. 2.3. Organisation of 3GPP. 2.4. Goals and Achievements. 3. Types of Testing. 3.1. The purposes of Testing. 3.2. The Expectations on an Equipment Developer. 3.3. Differences with Other Markets. 3.4. Testing Through the Life-Cycle. 4. Integration Testing. 4.1. Definition. 4.2. Getting Things working. 4.3. Keeping Things working. 5. Conformance Testing. 5.1. History. 5.2. Specifications. 5.3. Conformance Specifications. 5.4. RAN5 Specifications. 5.5. Other Conformance Specifications. 5.6. Main Organizations Involved and Their Aims. 5.7. Process. 5.8. Certification. 6. Interoperability Testing. 6.1. What is Interoperability Testing? 6.2. Interoperability and Certification. 6.3. Ways in which Interoperability Testing is carried Out. 6.4. Typical sources of Tests. 7. Testing Beyond Development. 7.1. Manufacturing Testing. 7.2. Service Testing. Part II: Testing by Layers. 8. Testing the Physical Layer. 8.1. Overview of the UMTS Wideband CDMA Physical Layer. 8.2. Transmitter Testing. 8.3. Receiver Characteristics. 8.4. Interactions with GSM Technology. 8.5. Performance Testing. 8.6. RF Conformance Test Systems. 8.7. Testing the Baseband in Isolation. 9. Testing of Layer 2. 9.1. Introduction. 9.2. Testing the MAC Layer. 9.3. Testing the RLC Layer. 9.4. Packet Data Convergence Protocol. 9.5. Broadcast/Multicast Control. 10. Testing of Layer 3. 10.1. Overview of the Network Architecture. 10.2. The RRC. 10.3. Nonaccess Stratum. 11. Testing Protocol. 11.1. Protocol Test Systems (System Simulators). 11.2. Signalling Procedures. 12. Testing System Aspects. 12.1. Idle Mode Procedures. 12.2. Measurements and RRM. 12.3. Typical Test Systems. 13. High Speed Packet Access. 13.1. Introduction. 13.2. Physical Layer. 13.3. RF Tests for HSPA. Part III: The Future. 14. Future Trends in Testing. 14.1. Testing Earlier in the Development Cycle. 14.2. IMS and Technology Convergence. 14.3. Evolving Testing Technologies. 14.4. Future Cellular Network Technologies. Appendix. Tree and tabular Combined Notation. Glossary. Reference. Index.

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Book SynopsisDuring the last 15 years, the interest in vehicular communication has grown, especially in the automotive industry. Due to the envisioned mass market, projects focusing on Car-to-X communication experience high public visibility.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Preface xv 1 Commercial and Public Use Applications 1Dr. Hariharan Krishnan, Dr. Fan Bai and Dr. Gavin Holland 1.1 Introduction 2 1.1.1 Motivation 3 1.1.2 Contributions and benefits 3 1.1.3 Chapter organization 4 1.2 V2XApplications from the User Benefits Perspective 4 1.2.1 Application value 5 1.3 Application Characteristics and Network Attributes 8 1.3.1 Application characteristics 8 1.3.2 Network attributes 10 1.4 Application Classification and Categorization 12 1.4.1 Characterization based on application characteristics 12 1.4.2 Characterization based on network attributes 15 1.4.3 Application classification . . . . 18 1.5 Market Perspectives and Challenges for Deployment 21 1.5.1 Fleet penetration 21 1.5.2 System rollout options 21 1.5.3 Market penetration analysis 23 1.5.4 System rollout 25 1.5.5 Role of infrastructure 25 1.6 Summary and Conclusions 26 References 27 2 Governmental and Military Applications 29Anthony Maida 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Vehicular Networks for First Responders 30 2.2.1 Public safety communications 30 2.2.2 Vehicular communications 31 2.3 The Need for Public Safety Vehicular Networks 33 2.4 State of Vehicular Network Technology 35 2.4.1 Incident Area Networks 35 2.4.2 Jurisdictional Area Networks 36 2.4.3 Extended Area Networks 38 2.5 Vehicular Networks for Military Use 40 2.6 Conclusions 42 References 42 3 Communication Systems for Car-2-X Networks 45Daniel D. Stancil, Fan Bai and Lin Cheng 3.1 Overview of theV2XEnvironment 46 3.1.1 Vehicle-to-Infrastructure 46 3.1.2 Vehicle-to-Vehicle 46 3.1.3 Antenna requirements 47 3.2 V2XChannel Models 48 3.2.1 Deterministic models 48 3.2.2 Geometry-based statistical models 48 3.2.3 Multi-tap models 50 3.3 V2XChannelProperties 50 3.3.1 Empirical measurement platform 51 3.3.2 Large-scale path loss 51 3.3.3 Fading statistics 53 3.3.4 Coherence time and Doppler spectrum 53 3.3.5 Coherence bandwidth and delay spread profile 56 3.4 Performance of 802.11p in the V2X Channel 58 3.4.1 Impact of channel properties on OFDM 59 3.4.2 Potential equalization enhancement schemes 61 3.5 Vehicular Ad hoc Network Multichannel Operation 61 3.5.1 Multichannel MAC (IEEE 1609.4) 62 3.5.2 Performance evaluation of the IEEE 1609.4 multichannel MAC 63 3.5.3 Other solutions for multichannel operations 65 3.6 Vehicular Ad hoc Network Single-hop Broadcast and its Reliability Enhancement Schemes 66 3.6.1 Reliability analysis of DSRC single-hop broadcast scheme 66 3.6.2 Reliability analysis of DSRC-based VSC applications 68 3.6.3 Reliability enhancement schemes for single-hop broadcast scheme 69 3.7 Vehicular Ad hoc Network Multi-hop Information Dissemination Protocol Design 71 3.7.1 Multi-hop broadcast protocols in dense VANETs 71 3.7.2 Multi-hop broadcast protocols in sparse VANETs 73 3.8 Mobile IP Solution in VANETs 75 3.8.1 Mobile IP solution 75 3.8.2 Mobile IP solution tailored to VANET scenarios 76 3.9 Future Research Directions and Challenges 77 3.9.1 Physical layer perspective 77 3.9.2 Networking perspective 77 References 78 4 Communication Systems for Railway Applications 83Benoît Bouchez and Luc de Coen 4.1 Evolution of Embedded Computers and Communication Networks in Railway Applications 83 4.2 Train Integration in a Global Communication Framework 84 4.3 Communication Classes and Related Communication Requirements 85 4.3.1 Real-time data 85 4.3.2 Non-real-time message data 86 4.3.3 Streaming data 88 4.4 Expected Services from a Railway Communication System and the Related Requirements 88 4.4.1 Automatic Train Control 88 4.4.2 Passenger Information System 89 4.4.3 Video 90 4.4.4 Maintenance 91 4.4.5 On-board Internet access 91 4.5 Qualitative and Quantitative Approach for Dimensioning Wireless Links 92 4.5.1 Environmental influence 92 4.5.2 Global propagation model 92 4.5.3 Train motion influence 93 4.5.4 Regulation and licensing 93 4.6 Existing Wireless Systems Applicable to Railway Communication Systems 93 4.6.1 Magnetic coupling technology 93 4.6.2 WLAN/WMAN technologies 94 4.6.3 Cellular technologies 96 4.6.4 Satellite link technologies 99 4.7 Networks for On-board Communication and Coupling with the Wayside 99 4.7.1 Multifunction Vehicle Bus 99 4.7.2 Wire Train Bus 100 4.7.3 Ethernet 100 4.7.4 Coupling on-board communication with wayside communication 100 4.8 Integration of Existing Technologies for Future Train Integration in a Global Communication Framework 101 4.8.1 European Rail Traffic Management System 101 4.8.2 MODURBAN Communication System 102 4.9 Conclusion 103 References 103 5 Security and Privacy Mechanisms for Vehicular Networks 105Panos Papadimitratos 5.1 Introduction 105 5.2 Threats 107 5.3 Security Requirements 108 5.4 Secure VC Architecture Basic Elements 109 5.4.1 Authorities 109 5.4.2 Node identification 110 5.4.3 Trusted components 110 5.4.4 Secure communication 111 5.5 Secure and Privacy-enhancing Vehicular Communication 111 5.5.1 Basic security 111 5.5.2 Secure neighbor discovery 112 5.5.3 Secure position-based routing 113 5.5.4 Additional privacy-enhancing mechanisms 113 5.5.5 Reducing the cost of security and privacy enhancing mechanisms 115 5.6 Revocation 116 5.7 Data Trustworthiness 119 5.7.1 Securing location information 119 5.7.2 Message trustworthiness 121 5.8 Towards Deployment of Security and PET for VC 122 5.8.1 Revisiting basic design choices 122 5.8.2 Future challenges 124 5.9 Conclusions 125 References 125 6 Security and Dependability in Train Control Systems 129Mark Hartong, Rajni Goel and Duminda Wijesekera 6.1 Introduction 130 6.2 Traditional Train Control and Methods of Rail Operation 130 6.2.1 Verbal authority and mandatory directives 131 6.2.2 Signal indications 131 6.3 Limitations of Current Train Control Technologies 132 6.4 Positive Train Control 132 6.4.1 Functions 133 6.4.2 Architectures 134 6.4.3 US communication-based systems 135 6.5 System Security 138 6.5.1 The security threat 138 6.5.2 Attacks 139 6.5.3 Required security attributes 141 6.5.4 Analysis of requirements 142 6.6 Supplementary Requirements 144 6.6.1 Performance management 144 6.6.2 Configuration management 145 6.6.3 Accounting, fault, and security management 145 6.7 Summary 146 References 146 7 Automotive Standardization of Vehicle Networks 149Tom Schaffnit 7.1 General Concepts 149 7.1.1 Vehicle-to-Vehicle communications 150 7.1.2 Vehicle-to-Infrastructure communications 150 7.2 Interoperability 151 7.2.1 Regional requirements and differences 152 7.2.2 Necessity of standards 153 7.2.3 Insufficiency of standards 154 7.3 Wireless Protocols and Standardization Activities 154 7.3.1 OSI seven-layer protocol model 154 7.3.2 Standards activities relative to protocol layers 155 7.3.3 Cooperation required among different standards 156 7.4 Regional Standards Development Progress 157 7.4.1 North America 157 7.4.2 Europe 160 7.4.3 Japan 162 7.5 Global Standardization 163 7.5.1 Global standards development organizations and mechanisms 164 7.5.2 Allowances for regional differences 167 References 168 8 Standardization of Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communication 171Karine Gosse, David Bateman, Christophe Janneteau, Mohamed Kamoun, Mounir Kellil, Pierre Roux, Alexis Olivereau, Jean-Noël Patillon, Alexandru Petrescu, and Sheng Yang 8.1 Introduction 172 8.2 Overview of Standards and Consortia Providing Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communication Solutions 173 8.2.1 Spectrum 173 8.2.2 Standards 174 8.3 Radio Access Standards for V2I Communications 178 8.3.1 IEEE 802.11p 178 8.3.2 Applicability of generic wide area radio access standards to Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I)communications . . 181 8.4 Networking Standards forV2I Communications 185 8.4.1 Non-IP networking technologies for critical messaging 185 8.4.2 IP-based vehicular networking 186 8.5 Summary 198 References 198 9 Simulating Cooperative Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Systems: A Multi-Aspect Assessment Tool Suite 203Gerdien Klunder, Isabel Wilmink and Bart van Arem 9.1 Introduction on Design and Evaluation of Cooperative Systems 204 9.2 Design Problems for Cooperative Systems 204 9.3 SUMMITS Tool Suite and Multi-Aspect Assessment 205 9.3.1 Multi-aspect assessment 205 9.3.2 The SUMMITS Tool Suite 206 9.3.3 Some practical aspects of the approach 207 9.4 Integrated Full-Range Speed Assistant 208 9.4.1 Modes and functions 208 9.4.2 Scenarios 209 9.4.3 IRSA controllers 209 9.5 System Robustness – Simulations with a Multi-Agent Real-Time Simulator 212 9.5.1 Aims of the simulation 212 9.5.2 Implementation of IRSA in MARS 213 9.5.3 Evaluation of robustness of IRSA CACC controllers 215 9.5.4 Conclusions on the simulations with MARS 217 9.6 Traffic Flow Impacts–Simulations in the ITS Modeller 218 9.6.1 Aims of the simulations 218 9.6.2 Implementation of IRSA in the ITS modeller 219 9.6.3 Results for the ‘approaching a traffic jam’ scenario 221 9.6.4 Results for the ‘approaching a reduced speed limit zone’ scenario 222 9.6.5 Results for the ‘leaving the head of a queue’ scenario 223 9.6.6 Conclusions on the ITS modeller simulation results 224 9.7 Conclusions 224 References 225 10 System Design and Proof-of-Concept Implementation of Seamless Handover Support for Communication-Based Train Control 227Marc Emmelmann 10.1 Introduction 228 10.2 Fast Handover for CBTC using Wi-Fi 229 10.2.1 Requirements of Communications-Based Train Control for fast handover support 229 10.2.2 Taxonomy of handover phases 230 10.2.3 IEEE 802.11 fast handover support 231 10.2.4 Challenges of CBTC for Wi-Fi-based fast handover support 239 10.3 System Concept and Design 239 10.3.1 System architecture 240 10.3.2 MAC scheme 241 10.3.3 Predictive fast handover 242 10.4 Implementation 243 10.4.1 Methodology 243 10.4.2 Proof-of-concept demonstrator 244 10.5 Performance Evaluation 245 10.5.1 Metric design 245 10.5.2 Empirical evaluation 247 10.6 Conclusion 253 References . . . . 253 11 New Technological Paradigms 257Bernd Bochow 11.1 Evolution and Convergence of Vehicular Networks 258 11.2 Future Challenges 259 11.2.1 Handling network growth 259 11.2.2 Managing resources in adhoc scenarios 260 11.2.3 Enabling interworking, integration and convergence 261 11.2.4 Providing integrated on-board and vicinity communications 261 11.3 New Paradigms 262 11.3.1 RF LoS obstruction due to other vehicles in close vicinity 263 11.3.2 Increased demand for accuracy of positioning and time synchronization 263 11.3.3 Optimization of message RTT 263 11.3.4 Gaining and distributing knowledge on topology and resource availability in temporal, spatial and spectral dimensions 264 11.3.5 Efficient collaboration and cooperation in resource utilization 264 11.4 Outlook: the Role of Vehicular Networks in the Future Internet 265 References 267 Further Reading 271 Acronyms and Abbreviations 275 Subject Index 285

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Book SynopsisAdvanced textbook on inorganic glasses suitable for both undergraduates and researchers.Trade Review"The target audience for this text is graduate students and researchers in functionalizing properties for photonic applications. Anyone concerned with the structure-property relationship of materials, however, will profit from reading this book" The Oprical Society, July 2017Table of ContentsSeries Preface xiii Preface xv 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Definition of Glassy States 1 1.2 The Glassy State and Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) 1 1.3 Kauzmann Paradox and Negative Change in Entropy 4 1.4 Glass-Forming Characteristics and Thermodynamic Properties 5 1.5 Glass Formation and Co-ordination Number of Cations 14 1.6 Ionicity of Bonds of Oxide Constituents in Glass-Forming Systems 20 1.7 Definitions of Glass Network Formers, Intermediates and Modifiers and Glass-Forming Systems 23 1.7.1 Constituents of Inorganic Glass-Forming Systems 24 1.7.2 Strongly Covalent Inorganic Glass-Forming Networks 26 1.7.3 Conditional Glass Formers Based on Heavy-Metal Oxide Glasses 29 1.7.4 Fluoride and Halide Network Forming and Conditional Glass-Forming Systems 31 1.7.5 Silicon Oxynitride Conditional Glass-Forming Systems 36 1.7.6 Chalcogenide Glass-Forming Systems 37 1.7.7 Chalcohalide Glasses 45 1.8 Conclusions 46 Selected Biography 46 References 46 2. Glass Structure, Properties and Characterization 51 2.1 Introduction 51 2.1.1 Kinetic Theory of Glass Formation and Prediction of Critical Cooling Rates 51 2.1.2 Classical Nucleation Theory 52 2.1.3 Non-Steady State Nucleation 54 2.1.4 Heterogeneous Nucleation 55 2.1.5 Nucleation Studies in Fluoride Glasses 56 2.1.6 Growth Rate 58 2.1.7 Combined Growth and Nucleation Rates, Phase Transformation and Critical Cooling Rate 59 2.2 Thermal Characterization using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) Techniques 62 2.2.1 General Features of a Thermal Characterization 62 2.2.2 Methods of Characterization 63 2.2.3 Determining the Characteristic Temperatures 64 2.2.4 Determination of Apparent Activation Energy of Devitrification 66 2.3 Coefficients of Thermal Expansion of Inorganic Glasses 68 2.4 Viscosity Behaviour in the near-Tg, above Tg and in the Liquidus Temperature Ranges 71 2.5 Density of Inorganic Glasses 75 2.6 Specific Heat and its Temperature Dependence in the Glassy State 76 2.7 Conclusion 77 References 77 3. Bulk Glass Fabrication and Properties 79 3.1 Introduction 79 3.2 Fabrication Steps for Bulk Glasses 80 3.2.1 Chemical Vapour Technique for Oxide Glasses 80 3.2.2 Batch Preparation for Melting Glasses 81 3.2.3 Chemical Treatment Before and During Melting 81 3.3 Chemical Purification Methods for Heavier Oxide (GeO2 and TeO2) Glasses 84 3.4 Drying, Fusion and Melting Techniques for Fluoride Glasses 87 3.4.1 Raw Materials 88 3.4.2 Control of Hydroxyl Ions during Drying and Melting of Fluorides 88 3.5 Chemistry of Purification and Melting Reactions for Chalcogenide Materials 91 3.6 Need for Annealing Glass after Casting 96 3.7 Fabrication of Transparent Glass Ceramics 97 3.8 Sol–Gel Technique for Glass Formation 99 3.8.1 Background Theory 99 3.8.2 Examples of Materials Chemistry and Sol–Gel Forming Techniques 103 3.9 Conclusions 105 References 105 4. Optical Fibre Design, Engineering, Fabrication and Characterization 109 4.1 Introduction to Geometrical Optics of Fibres: Geometrical Optics of Fibres and Waveguides (Propagation, Critical and Acceptance Angles, Numerical Aperture) 109 4.2 Solutions for Dielectric Waveguides using Maxwell’s Equation 114 4.2.1 Analysis of Mode Field Diameter in Single Mode Fibres 115 4.3 Materials Properties Affecting Degradation of Signal in Optical Waveguides 117 4.3.1 Total Intrinsic Loss 117 4.3.2 Electronic Absorption 118 4.3.3 Experimental Aspects of Determining the Short Wavelength Absorption 121 4.3.4 Scattering 121 4.3.5 Infrared Absorption 124 4.3.6 Characterization of Vibrational Structures using Raman and IR Spectroscopy 126 4.3.7 Experimental Aspects of Raman Spectroscopic Technique 127 4.3.8 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy 128 4.3.9 Examples of the Analysis of Raman and IR spectra 130 4.4 Fabrication of Core–Clad Structures of Glass Preforms and Fibres and their Properties 141 4.4.1 Comparison of Fabrication Techniques for Silica Optical Fibres with Non-silica Optical Fibres 143 4.4.2 Fibre Fabrication using Non-silica Glass Core–Clad Structures 151 4.4.3 Loss Characterization of Fibres 153 4.5 Refractive Indices and Dispersion Characteristics of Inorganic Glasses 158 4.5.1 Experimental Procedure for Measuring Refractive Index of a Glass or Thin Film 163 4.5.2 Dependence of Density on Temperature and Relationship with Refractive Index 166 4.5.3 Effect of Residual Stress on Refractive Index of a Medium and its Effect 169 4.6 Conclusion 170 References 170 5. Thin-film Fabrication and Characterization 178 5.1 Introduction 178 5.2 Physical Techniques for Thick and Thin Film Deposition 179 5.3 Evaporation 179 5.3.1 General Description 179 5.3.2 Technique, Materials and Process Control 179 5.4 Sputtering 181 5.4.1 Principle of Sputtering 181 5.5 Pulsed Laser Deposition 183 5.5.1 Introduction and Principle 183 5.5.2 Process 184 5.5.3 Key Features of PLD process 186 5.5.4 Controlling Parameters and Materials Investigated 187 5.5.5 Fabrication of Thin Film Structures using PLD and Molecular Beam Epitaxy 188 5.6 Ion Implantation 192 5.6.1 Introduction 192 5.6.2 Technique and Structural Changes 192 5.6.3 Governing Parameters for Ion Implantation 193 5.6.4 Materials Systems Investigated 194 5.7 Chemical Techniques 194 5.7.1 Characteristics of Chemical Vapour Deposition Processes 195 5.7.2 Materials System Studied and Applications 196 5.7.3 Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) 196 5.8 Ion-Exchange Technique 197 5.9 Chemical Solution or Sol–Gel Deposition (CSD) 200 5.9.1 Introduction 200 5.9.2 CSD Technique and Materials Deposited 202 5.10 Conclusion 203 References 203 6. Spectroscopic Properties of Lanthanide (Ln3+) and Transition Metal (M3+)-Ion Doped Glasses 209 6.1 Introduction 209 6.2 Theory of Radiative Transition 209 6.3 Classical Model for Dipoles and Decay Process 212 6.4 Factors Influencing the Line Shape Broadening of Optical Transitions 214 6.5 Characteristics of Dipole and Multi-Poles and Selection Rules for Optical Transitions: 218 6.5.1 Analysis of Dipole Transitions Based on Fermi’s Golden Rule 219 6.5.2 Electronic Structure and Some Important Properties of Lanthanides 221 6.5.3 Laporte Selection Rules for Rare-Earth and Transition Metal Ions 224 6.6 Comparison of Oscillator Strength Parameters, Optical Transition Probabilities and Overall Lifetimes of Excited States 227 6.6.1 Radiative and Non-Radiative Rate Equation 231 6.6.2 Energy Transfer and Related Non-Radiative Processes 233 6.6.3 Upconversion Process 237 6.7 Selected Examples of Spectroscopic Processes in Rare-Earth Ion Doped Glasses 238 6.7.1 Spectroscopic Properties of Trivalent Lanthanide (Ln3+)-Doped Inorganic Glasses 239 6.7.2 Brief Comparison of Spectroscopic Properties of Er3+-Doped Glasses 241 6.7.3 Spectroscopic Properties of Tm3+-Doped Inorganic Glasses 247 6.8 Conclusions 257 References 257 7. Applications of Inorganic Photonic Glasses 261 7.1 Introduction 261 7.2 Dispersion in Optical Fibres and its Control and Management 261 7.2.1 Intramodal Dispersion 262 7.2.2 Intermodal Distortion 265 7.2.3 Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) 266 7.2.4 Methods of Controlling and Managing Dispersion in Fibres 267 7.3 Unconventional Fibre Structures 269 7.3.1 Fibres with Periodic Defects and Bandgap 269 7.3.2 TIR and Endlessly Single Mode Propagation in PCF with Positive Core–Cladding Difference 272 7.3.3 Negative Core–Cladding Refractive Index Difference 272 7.3.4 Control of Group Velocity Dispersion (GVD) 273 7.3.5 Birefringence in Microstructured Optical Fibres 274 7.4 Optical Nonlinearity in Glasses, Glass-Ceramics and Optical Fibres 275 7.4.1 Theory of Harmonic Generation 275 7.4.2 Nonlinear Materials for Harmonic Generations and Parametric Processes 279 7.4.3 Fibre Based Kerr Media and its Application 285 7.4.4 Resonant Nonlinearity in Doped Glassy Hosts 287 7.4.5 Second Harmonic Generation in Inorganic Glasses 288 7.4.6 Electric-Field Poling and Poled Glass 289 7.4.7 Raman Gain Medium 291 7.4.8 Photo-induced Bragg and Long-Period Gratings in Fibres 292 7.5 Applications of Selected Rare-earth ion and Bi-ion Doped Amplifying Devices 294 7.5.1 Introduction 294 7.5.2 Examples of Three-Level or Pseudo-Three-Level Transitions 296 7.5.3 Examples of Four-Level Laser Systems 300 7.6 Emerging Opportunities for the Future 302 7.7 Conclusions 303 References 304 Supplementary References 311 Symbols and Notations Used 315 Index 317

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Book SynopsisWith 40% new material the new edition of Advanced Wireless Networks provides a comprehensive representation of the key issues in 4G wireless networks. Focussing on cognitive, cooperative and opportunistic paradigms to provide further increase in network efficiency, the book explores and addresses issues in wireless internet, mobile cellular and WLAN, as well as sensor, ad hoc, bio-inspired, active and cognitive networks. It examines the problem of cross-layer optimisation and network information theory as well as adaptability and reconfigurability in wireless networks. This book is an integral description of future wireless networks and the interconnection between their elements. The information is presented in a logical order within each chapter making it ideal for all levels of reader including researchers involved in modelling and analysis of future networks as well as engineers working in the area. Each chapter starts with introductory material and gradually includTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xix 1 Fundamentals 1 1.1 4G Networks and Composite Radio Environment 1 1.2 Protocol Boosters 7 1.3 Green Wireless Networks 11 References 11 2 Opportunistic Communications 15 2.1 Multiuser Diversity 15 2.2 Proportional Fair Scheduling 16 2.3 Opportunistic Beamforming 19 2.4 Opportunistic Nulling in Cellular Systems 20 2.5 Network Cooperation and Opportunistic Communications 22 2.6 Multiuser Diversity in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks 27 2.7 Mobility-Assisted Opportunistic Scheduling (MAOS) 46 2.8 Opportunistic and Cooperative Cognitive Wireless Networks 53 References 70 3 Relaying and Mesh Networks 73 3.1 Relaying Strategies in Cooperative Cellular Networks 73 3.2 Mesh/Relay Networks 85 3.3 Opportunistic Ad Hoc Relaying For Multicast 97 References 107 4 Topology Control 113 4.1 Local Minimum Spanning Tree (LMST) Topology Control 115 4.2 Joint Topology Control, Resource Allocation and Routing 118 4.3 Fault-Tolerant Topology 123 4.4 Topology Control in Directed Graphs 132 4.5 Adjustable Topology Control 138 4.6 Self-Configuring Topologies 143 References 148 5 Adaptive Medium Access Control 157 5.1 WLAN Enhanced Distributed Coordination Function 157 5.2 Adaptive MAC for WLAN with Adaptive Antennas 160 5.3 MAC for Wireless Sensor Networks 166 5.4 MAC for Ad Hoc Networks 174 References 180 6 Teletraffic Modeling and Analysis 183 6.1 Channel Holding Time in PCS Networks 183 References 191 7 Adaptive Network Layer 193 7.1 Graphs and Routing Protocols 193 7.2 Graph Theory 212 7.3 Routing with Topology Aggregation 214 7.4 Network and Aggregation Models 215 References 228 8 Effective Capacity 235 8.1 Effective Traffic Source Parameters 235 8.2 Effective Link Layer Capacity 243 References 254 9 Adaptive TCP Layer 257 9.1 Introduction 257 9.2 TCP Operation and Performance 264 9.3 TCP for Mobile Cellular Networks 268 9.4 Random Early Detection Gateways for Congestion Avoidance 276 9.5 TCP for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 280 References 287 10 Network Optimization Theory 289 10.1 Introduction 289 10.2 Layering as Optimization Decomposition 290 10.3 Crosslayer Optimization 298 10.4 Optimization Problem Decomposition Methods 307 10.5 Optimization of Distributed Rate Allocation for Inelastic Utility Flows 319 10.6 Nonconvex Optimization Problem in Network with QoS Provisioning 323 10.7 Optimization of Layered Multicast by Using Integer and Dynamic Programming 326 10.8 QoS Optimization in Time-Varying Channels 331 10.9 Network Optimization by Geometric Programming 337 10.10 QoS Scheduling by Geometric Programming 340 References 346 11 Mobility Management 351 11.1 Introduction 351 11.2 Cellular Systems with Prioritized Handoff 374 11.3 Cell Residing Time Distribution 383 11.4 Mobility Prediction in Pico- and MicroCellular Networks 388 Appendix: Distance Calculation in an Intermediate Cell 398 References 403 12 Cognitive Radio Resource Management 407 12.1 Channel Assignment Schemes 407 12.2 Dynamic Channel Allocation with SDMA 426 12.3 Packet-Switched SDMA/TDMA Networks 435 12.4 SDMA/OFDM Networks with Adaptive Data Rate 446 12.5 Intercell Interference Cancellation – SP Separability 454 12.6 Intercell Interference Avoidance in SDMA Systems 461 12.7 Multilayer RRM 470 12.8 Resource Allocation with Power Preassignment (RAPpA) 475 12.9 Cognitive and Cooperative Dynamic Radio Resource Allocation 484 Appendix 12A: Power Control, CD Protocol, in the Presence of Fading 494 Appendix 12B: Average Intercell Throughput 498 References 499 13 Ad Hoc Networks 505 13.1 Routing Protocols 505 13.2 Hybrid routing protocol 524 13.3 Scalable Routing Strategies 531 13.4 Multipath Routing 537 13.5 Clustering Protocols 539 13.6 Cashing Schemes for Routing 549 13.7 Distributed QoS Routing 558 References 567 14 Sensor Networks 573 14.1 Introduction 573 14.2 Sensor Networks Parameters 575 14.3 Sensor networks architecture 577 14.4 Mobile Sensor Networks Deployment 587 14.5 Directed Diffusion 590 14.6 Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks 593 14.7 Boundary Estimation 596 14.8 Optimal Transmission Radius in Sensor Networks 602 14.9 Data Funneling 607 14.10 Equivalent Transport Control Protocol in Sensor Networks 610 References 613 15 Security 623 15.1 Authentication 623 15.2 Security Architecture 631 15.3 Key Management 635 15.4 Security management in GSM networks 639 15.5 Security management in UMTS 643 15.6 Security architecture for UMTS/WLAN Interworking 645 15.7 Security in Ad Hoc Networks 647 15.8 Security in Sensor Networks 652 References 654 16 Active Networks 659 16.1 Introduction 659 16.2 Programable Networks Reference Models 661 16.3 Evolution to 4G Wireless Networks 665 16.4 Programmable 4G Mobile Network Architecture 667 16.5 Cognitive Packet Networks 670 16.6 Game Theory Models in Cognitive Radio Networks 675 16.7 Biologically Inspired Networks 682 References 686 17 Network Deployment 693 17.1 Cellular Systems with Overlapping Coverage 693 17.2 Imbedded Microcell in CDMA Macrocell Network 698 17.3 Multitier Wireless Cellular Networks 703 17.4 Local Multipoint Distribution Service 709 17.5 Self-Organization in 4G Networks 713 References 717 18 Network Management 721 18.1 The Simple Network Management Protocol 721 18.2 Distributed Network Management 725 18.3 Mobile Agent-Based Network Management 726 18.4 Ad Hoc Network Management 735 References 743 19 Network Information Theory 747 19.1 Effective Capacity of Advanced Cellular Networks 747 19.2 Capacity of Ad Hoc Networks 761 19.3 Information Theory and Network Architectures 773 19.4 Cooperative Transmission in Wireless Multihop Ad Hoc Networks 780 19.5 Network Coding 787 19.6 Capacity of Wireless Networks Using MIMO Technology 798 19.7 Capacity of Sensor Networks with Many-to-One Transmissions 805 References 809 20 Energy-efficient Wireless Networks 813 20.1 Energy Cost Function 813 20.2 Minimum Energy Routing 815 20.3 Maximizing Network Lifetime 816 20.4 Energy-efficient MAC in Sensor Networks 821 References 823 21 Quality-of-Service Management 827 21.1 Blind QoS Assessment System 827 21.2 QoS Provisioning in WLAN 831 21.3 Dynamic Scheduling on RLC/MAC Layer 835 21.4 QoS in OFDMA-Based Broadband Wireless Access Systems 842 21.5 Predictive Flow Control and QoS 849 References 854 Index 859

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Book SynopsisSystem Design for Telecommunication Gateways provides a thorough introduction to designing telecommunication network equipment based on the latest hardware designs and software methods available on the market.Trade Review"System Design for Telecommunication Gateways provides a thorough review of designing telecommunication network equipment based on the latest hardware designs and software methods available on the market." (Fixed Mobile Convergence, 15 March 2011)Table of ContentsAbbreviations. Abbreviations. 1. Introduction. 2. System View. 2.1 System Architecting. 2.2 Platform-based Approach. 2.3 System Verification. 3. Hardware Technologies and Platforms. 3.1 Different Form Factors. 3.2 Stacking chassis. 3.3 Cluster Computing. 3.4 Inter-blade Interconnect. 3.5 Hardware Solutions for Data, Control and Management Planes Processing. 4 Software Technologies and Platforms. 4.1 Basic Software Platform. 4.2 Expanded Software Platform. 4.3 Single-Threaded and Multi-X Software Designs. 4.4 Partitioning OS and Virtualization. Figures. Tables. References. Index.

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Book Synopsis*Trade Review"Provides a deep understanding of multiscale analysis and its implementation. " (Nanotech Cafe, 15 March 2011)Table of ContentsAbout the Author. Series Preface. Preface. Abbreviations. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Material Properties Based on Hierarchy of Material Structure. 1.2 Overview of Multiscale Analysis. 1.3 Framework of Multiscale Analysis Covering a Large Range of Spatial Scales. 1.4 Examples in Formulating Multiscale Models from Practice. 1.5 Concluding Remarks. References. 2 Basics of Atomistic Simulation. 2.1 The Role of Atomistic Simulation. 2.2 Interatomic Force and Potential Function. 2.3 Pair Potential. 2.4 Numerical Algorithms for Integration and Error Estimation. 2.5 Geometric Model Development of Atomistic System. 2.6 Boundary Conditions. 2.7 Statistical Ensembles. 2.8 Energy Minimization for Preprocessing and Statistical Mechanics Data Analyses. 2.9 Statistical Simulation Using Monte Carlo Methods. 2.10 Concluding Remarks. References. 3 Applications of Atomistic Simulation in Ceramics and Metals. Part 3.1 Applications in Ceramics and Materials with Ionic and Covalent Bonds. 3.1 Covalent and Ionic Potentials and Atomistic Simulation for Ceramics. 3.2 Born Solid Model for Ionic-bonding Materials. 3.3 Shell Model. 3.4 Determination of Parameters of Short-distance Potential for Oxides. 3.5 Applications in Ceramics: Defect Structure in Scandium Doped Ceria Using Static Lattice Calculation. 3.6 Applications in Ceramics: Combined Study of Atomistic Simulation with XRD for Nonstoichiometry Mechanisms in Y3Al5O12 (YAG) Garnets. 3.7 Applications in Ceramics: Conductivity of the YSZ Oxide Fuel Electrolyte and Domain Switching of Ferroelectric Ceramics Using MD. 3.8 Tersoff and Brenner Potentials for Covalent Materials. 3.9 The Atomistic Stress and Atomistic-based Stress Measure. Part 3.2 Applications in Metallic Materials and Alloys. 3.10 Metallic Potentials and Atomistic Simulation for Metals. 3.11 Embedded Atom Methods EAM and MEAM. 3.12 Constructing Binary and High Order Potentials from Monoatomic Potentials. 3.13 Application Examples of Metals: MD Simulation Reveals Yield Mechanism of Metallic Nanowires. 3.14 Collecting Data of Atomistic Potentials from the Internet Based on a Specific Technical Requirement. Appendix 3.A Potential Tables for Oxides and Thin-Film Coating Layers. References. 4 Quantum Mechanics and Its Energy Linkage with Atomistic Analysis. 4.1 Determination of Uranium Dioxide Atomistic Potential and the Significance of QM. 4.2 Some Basic Concepts of QM. 4.3 Postulates of QM. 4.4 The Steady State Schr€odinger Equation of a Single Particle. 4.5 Example Solution: Square Potential Well with Infinite Depth. 4.6 Schr€odinger Equation of Multi-body Systems and Characteristics of its Eigenvalues and Ground State Energy. 4.7 Three Basic Solution Methods for Multi-body Problems in QM. 4.8 Tight Binding Method. 4.9 Hartree-Fock (HF) Methods. 4.10 Electronic Density Functional Theory (DFT). 4.11 Brief Introduction on Developing Interatomic Potentials by DFT Calculations. 4.12 Concluding Remarks. Appendix 4.A Solution to Isolated Hydrogen Atom. References. 5 Concurrent Multiscale Analysis by Generalized Particle Dynamics Methods. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 The Geometric Model of the GP Method. 5.3 Developing Natural Boundaries Between Domains of Different Scales. 5.4 Verification of Seamless Transition via 1D Model. 5.5 An Inverse Mapping Method for Dynamics Analysis of Generalized Particles. 5.6 Applications of GP Method. 5.7 Validation by Comparison of Dislocation Initiation and Evolution Predicted by MD and GP. 5.8 Validation by Comparison of Slip Patterns Predicted by MD and GP. 5.9 Summary and Discussions. 5.10 States of Art of Concurrent Multiscale Analysis. 5.11 Concluding Remarks. References. 6 Quasicontinuum Concurrent and Semi-analytical Hierarchical Multiscale Methods Across Atoms/Continuum. 6.1 Introduction. Part 6.1 Basic Energy Principle and Numerical Solution Techniques in Solid Mechanics. 6.2 Principle of Minimum Potential Energy of Solids and Structures. 6.3 Essential Points of Finite Element Methods. Part 6.2 Quasicontinuum (QC) Concurrent Method of Multiscale Analysis. 6.4 The Idea and Features of the QC Method. 6.5 Fully Non-localized QC Method. 6.6 Applications of the QC Method. 6.7 Short Discussion about the QC Method. Part 6.3 Analytical and Semi-analytical Multiscale Methods Across Atomic/Continuum Scales. 6.8 More Discussions about Deformation Gradient and the Cauchy-Born Rule. 6.9 Analytical/Semi-analytical Methods Across Atom/Continuum Scales Based on the Cauchy-Born Rule. 6.10 Atomistic-based Continuum Model of Hydrogen Storage with Carbon Nanotubes. 6.11 Atomistic-based Model for Mechanical, Electrical and Thermal Properties of Nanotubes. 6.12 A Proof of 3D Inverse Mapping Rule of the GP Method. 6.13 Concluding Remarks. References. 7 Further Introduction to Concurrent Multiscale Methods. 7.1 General Feature in Geometry of Concurrent Multiscale Modeling. 7.2 Physical Features of Concurrent Multiscale Models. 7.3 MAAD Method for Analysis Across ab initio, Atomic and Macroscopic Scales. 7.4 Force-based Formulation of Concurrent Multiscale Modeling. 7.5 Coupled Atom Discrete Dislocation Dynamics (CADD) Multiscale Method. 7.6 1D Model for a Multiscale Dynamic Analysis. 7.7 Bridging Domains Method. 7.8 1D Benchmark Tests of Interface Compatibility for DC Methods. 7.9 Systematic Performance Benchmark of Most DC Atomistic/Continuum Coupling Methods. 7.10 The Embedded Statistical Coupling Method (ESCM). References. 8 Hierarchical Multiscale Methods for Plasticity. 8.1 A Methodology of Hierarchical Multiscale Analysis Across Micro/meso/macroscopic Scales and Information Transformation Between These Scales. 8.2 Quantitative Meso-macro Bridging Based on Self-consistent Schemes. 8.3 Basics of Continuum Plasticity Theory. 8.4 Internal Variable Theory, Back Stress and Elastoplastic Constitutive Equations. 8.5 Quantitative Micro-meso Bridging by Developing Meso-cell Constitutive Equations Based on Microscopic Analysis. 8.6 Determining Size Effect on Yield Stress and Kinematic Hardening Through Dislocation Analysis. 8.7 Numerical Methods to Link Plastic Strains at the Mesoscopic and Macroscopic Scales. 8.8 Experimental Study on Layer-thickness Effects on Cyclic Creep (Ratcheting). 8.9 Numerical Results and Comparison Between Experiments and Multiscale Simulation. 8.10 Findings in Microscopic Scale by Multiscale Analysis. 8.11 Summary and Conclusions. Appendix 8.A Constitutive Equations and Expressions of Parameters. Appendix 8.B Derivation of Equation (8.12e) and Matrix Elements. References. 9 Topics in Materials Design, Temporal Multiscale Problems and Bio-materials. Part 9.1 Materials Design. 9.1 Multiscale Modeling in Materials Design. Part 9.2 Temporal Multiscale Problems. 9.2 Introduction to Temporal Multiscale Problems. 9.3 Concepts of Infrequent Events. 9.4 Minimum Energy Path (MEP) and Transition State Theory in Atomistic Simulation. 9.5 Applications and Impacts of NEB Methods. Part 9.3 Multiscale Analysis of Protein Materials and Medical Implant Problems. 9.6 Multiscale Analysis of Protein Materials. 9.7 Multiscale Analysis of Medical Implants. 9.8 Concluding Remarks. Appendix 9A Derivation of Governing Equation (9.11) for Implicit Relationship of Stress, Strain Rate, Temperature in Terms of Activation Energy and Activation Volume. References. 10 Simulation Schemes, Softwares, Lab Practice and Applications. Part 10.1 Basics of Computer Simulations. 10.1 Basic Knowledge of UNIX System and Shell Commands. 10.2 A Simple MD Program. 10.3 Static Lattice Calculations Using GULP. 10.4 Introduction of Visualization Tools and Gnuplot. 10.5 Running an Atomistic Simulation Using a Public MD Software DL_POLY. 10.6 Nve and npt Ensemble in MD Simulation. Part 10.2: Simulation Applications in Metals and Ceramics by MD. 10.7 Non-equilibrium MD Simulation of One-phase Model Under External Shearing (1). 10.8 Non-equilibrium MD Simulation of a One-phase Model Under External Shearing (2). 10.9 Non-equilibrium MD Simulation of a Two-phase Model Under External Shearing. Part 10.3: Atomistic Simulation for Protein-Water System and Brief Introduction of Large-scale Atomic/Molecular System (LAMMPS) and the GP Simulation. 10.10 Using NAMD Software for Biological Atomistic Simulation. 10.11 Stretching of a Protein Module (1): System Building and Equilibration with VMD/NAMD. 10.12 Stretching of a Protein Module (2): Non-equilibrium MD Simulation with NAMD. 10.13 Brief Introduction to LAMMPS. 10.14 Multiscale Simulation by Generalized Particle (GP) Dynamics Method. Appendix 10.A Code Installation Guide. Prerequisites. 10.A.1 Introduction. 10.A.2 Using the KNOPPIX CD to Install the GNU/Linux System. 10.A.3 ssh and scp. 10.A.4 Fortran and C Compiler. 10.A.5 Visual Molecular Dynamics (VMD). 10.A.6 Installation of AtomEye. Appendix 10.B Brief Introduction to Fortran 90. 10.B.1 Program Structure, Write to Terminal and Write to File. 10.B.2 Do Cycle, Formatted Output. 10.B.3 Arrays and Allocation. 10.B.4 IF THEN ELSE. Appendix 10.C Brief Introduction to VIM. 10.C.1 Introduction. 10.C.2 Simple Commands. Appendix 10.D Basic Knowledge of Numerical Algorithm for Force Calculation. 10.D.1 Force Calculation in Atomistic Simulation. Appendix 10.E Basic Knowledge of Parallel Numerical Algorithm. 10.E.1 General Information. 10.E.2 Atom Decomposition. 10.E.3 Force Decomposition. 10.E.4 Domain Decomposition. Appendix 10.F Supplemental Materials and Software for Geometric Model Development in Atomistic Simulation. 10.F.1 Model Development for Model Coordinates Coincident with Main Crystal Axes. 10.F.2 Model Development for Model Coordinates not Coincident with Crystal Axes. References. Postface. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an insight into the ''hot'' field of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Systems In this book, the authors provide an insight into the field of RFID systems with an emphasis on networking aspects and research challenges related to passive Ultra High Frequency (UHF) RFID systems. The book reviews various algorithms, protocols and design solutions that have been developed within the area, including most recent advances. In addition, authors cover a wide range of recognized problems in RFID industry, striking a balance between theoretical and practical coverage. Limitations of the technology and state-of-the-art solutions are identified and new research opportunities are addressed. Finally, the book is authored by experts and respected researchers in the field and every chapter is peer reviewed. Key Features: Provides the most comprehensive analysis of networking aspects of RFID systems, including tag identification protocols aTable of ContentsAbout the Editors. Preface. Acknowledgements. Part I COMPONENTS OF RFID SYSTEMS AND PERFORMANCE METRICS. 1 Performance of Passive UHF RFID Systems in Practice (Miodrag Bolic, Akshay Athalye, and Tzu Hao Li). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Ideal RFID System. 1.3 Practical RFID Systems. 1.4 Overview of the Book. 1.5 Conclusion. References. 2 Performance Metrics and Operational Parameters of RFID Systems (Raj Bridelall and Abhiman Hande). 2.1 Overview. 2.2 Key Operational Parameters. 2.3 Classification of Commercially Available Products. 2.4 Conclusion. Problems. References. 3 UHF RFID Antennas (Daniel Deavours). 3.1 Dipoles and Relatives. 3.2 T-Match and Relatives. 3.3 Putting it Together: Building an RFID Tag. 3.4 The Environment. 3.5 Conclusions, Trends, and Challenges. References. 4 RFID Tag Chip Design (Na Yan, Wenyi Che, Yuqing Yang, and Qiang Li). 4.1 Tag Architecture Systems. 4.2 Memory in Standard CMOS Processes. 4.3 Baseband of RFID Tag. 4.4 RFID Tag Performance Optimization. 4.5 Conclusion. Problems. References. 5 Design of Passive Tag RFID Readers (Scott Chiu). 5.1 Overview. 5.2 Basics of Passive RFID Operation. 5.3 Passive RFID Reader Designs. 5.4 Advanced Topics on RFID Reader Design. 5.5 Conclusion. Problems. References. 6 RFID Middleware: Concepts and Architecture (Nathalie Mitton, Loïc Schmidt, and David Simplot-Ryl). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Overview of an RFID Middleware Architecture. 6.3 Readers Management. 6.4 Data Management and Application-Level Events. 6.5 Store and Share Data. 6.6 Example. 6.7 Conclusion. Problems. References. Part II TAG IDENTIFICATION PROTOCOLS. 7 Aloha-Based Protocols (Kwan-Wu Chin and Dheeraj Klair). 7.1 Pure Aloha. 7.2 Slotted Aloha. 7.3 Framed Slotted Aloha. 7.4 Conclusion. Problems. References. 8 Tree-Based Anti-Collision Protocols for RFID Tags (Petar Popovski). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Principles of Tree-Based Anti-Collision Protocols. 8.3 Tree Protocols in the Existing RFID Specifications. 8.4 Practical Issues and Transmission Errors. 8.5 Cooperative Readers and Generalized Arbitration Spaces. 8.6 Conclusion. Problems. References. 9 A Comparison of TTF and RTF UHF RFID Protocols (Alwyn Hoffman, Johann Holm, and Henri-Jean Marais). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Requirements for RFID Protocols. 9.3 Different Approaches Used in UHF Protocols. 9.4 Description of Stochastic TTF Protocols. 9.5 Comparison between ISO18000-6C and TTF Protocols. 9.6 Conclusion. Problems. References. Part III READER INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORKING. 10 Integrating RFID Readers in Enterprise IT (Christian Floerkemeier and Sanjay Sarma). 10.1 Related Work. 10.2 RFID System Services. 10.3 Reader Capabilities. 10.4 RFID System Architecture Taxonomy. 10.5 EPCglobal Standards. 10.6 Adoption of High-Level Reader Protocols. 10.7 Potential Future Standardization Activities. 10.8 Conclusion. Problems. References. 11 Reducing Interference in RFID Reader Networks (Sung Won Kim and Gyanendra Prasad Joshi). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Interference Problem in RFID Reader Networks. 11.3 Access Mechanism, Regulations, Standards and Algorithms. 11.4 Comparison. 11.5 Conclusion. Problems. References. 12 Optimal Tag Coverage and Tag Report Elimination (Bogdan Carbunar, Murali Krishna Ramanathan, Mehmet Koyuturk, Suresh Jagannathan, and Ananth Grama). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Overview of RFID Systems. 12.3 Tree Walking: An Algorithm for Detecting Tags in the Presence of Collisions. 12.4 Reader Collision Avoidance. 12.5 Coverage Redundancy in RFID Systems: Comparison with Sensor Networks. 12.6 Network Model. 12.7 Optimal Tag Coverage and Tag Reporting. 12.8 Redundant Reader Elimination Algorithms: A Centralized Heuristic. 12.9 RRE: A Distributed Solution. 12.10 Adapting to Topological Changes. 12.11 The Layered Elimination Optimization (LEO). 12.12 Related Work. 12.13 Conclusion. Problems. References. 13 Delay/Disruption-Tolerant Mobile RFID Networks: Challenges and Opportunities (Hongyi Wu and Zhipeng Yang). 13.1 Motivation. 13.2 Overview of FINDERS. 13.3 General Feasibility Study. 13.4 Unique Challenges and Tactics. 13.5 Related Work. 13.6 Conclusion. Problems. References. Part IV ADDRESSING OTHER CHALLENGES IN RFID SYSTEMS. 14 Improving Read Ranges and Read Rates for Passive RFID Systems (Zhiguang Fan, Fazhong Shen, Jianhua Shen, and Lixin Ran). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Signal Descriptions and Formulations for Passive Backscatter RFID Systems. 14.3 Improving the Read Range of a Passive RFID System. 14.4 Improving the Read Rate of a Passive RFID System. 14.5 Two Design Examples for RFID System. 14.6 Conclusion. Problems. References. 15 Principles and Techniques of RFID Positioning (Yimin Zhang, Xin Li, and Moeness Amin). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Tag Range Estimation Techniques. 15.3 DOA Estimation Techniques. 15.4 RFID Positioning Techniques. 15.5 Improving Positioning Accuracy. 15.6 Conclusion. Problems. References. 16 Towards Secure and Privacy-Enhanced RFID Systems (Heiko Knospe and Kerstin Lemke-Rust). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Security and Privacy. 16.3 Classification of RFID Systems. 16.4 Attacks on RFID Systems and Appropriate Countermeasures. 16.5 Lightweight Cryptography for RFID. 16.6 Conclusion. Problems. References. 17 Cryptographic Approaches for Improving Security and Privacy Issues of RFID Systems (Miyako Ohkubo, Koutarou Suzuki, and Shingo Kinoshita). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Threats against the RFID System. 17.3 Required Properties. 17.4 Cryptographic Protocols for Identification with Privacy. 17.5 Cryptographic Protocols for Authentication without Privacy. 17.6 Cryptographic Protocols for Privacy and Other Requirements. 17.7 Implementation. 17.8 Real Systems and Attacks. 17.9 Conclusion. Problems. References. 18 Novel RFID Technologies: Energy Harvesting for Self-Powered Autonomous RFID Systems (Raj Bridelall and Abhiman Hande). 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Novel Low Power Architectures. 18.3 Energy Harvesting Optimized for RFID. 18.4 Future Trends in Energy Harvesting. 18.5 Conclusion. Problems. References. 19 Simulators and Emulators for Different Abstraction Layers of UHF RFID Systems (Christian Steger, Alex Janek, Reinhold Weiß, Vojtech Derbek, Manfred Jantscher, Josef Preishuber-Pfluegl, and Markus Pistauer). 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 The Simulation/Emulation Platforms. 19.3 UHF RFID Simulation Platform. 19.4 Real-Time HIL-Verification and Emulation Platform. 19.5 Higher Class Tag Architecture Based on Energy Harvesting. 19.6 Conclusion. Problems. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisFor very high voltage or very high current applications, the power industry still relies on thyristor-based Line Commutated Conversion (LCC), which limits the power controllability to two quadrant operation.Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Early developments. 1.2 State of the large power semiconductor technology. 1.3 Voltage and current source conversion. 1.4 The pulse and level number concepts. 1.5 Line-commutated conversion (LCC). 1.6 Self-commutating conversion (SCC). 1.7 Concluding statement. References. 2 Principles of Self-Commutating Conversion. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Basic VSC operation. 2.3 Main converter components. 2.4 Three-phase voltage source conversion. 2.5 Gate driving signal generation. 2.6 Space-vector PWM pattern. 2.7 Basic current source conversion operation. 2.8 Summary. References. 3 Multilevel Voltage Source Conversion. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 PWM-assisted multibridge conversion. 3.3 The diode clamping concept. 3.4 The flying capacitor concept. 3.5 Cascaded H-bridge configuration. 3.6 Modular multilevel conversion (MMC). 3.7 Summary. References. 4 Multilevel Reinjection. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 The reinjection concept in line-commutated current source conversion. 4.3 Application of the reinjection concept to self-commutating conversion. 4.4 Multilevel reinjection (MLR) – the waveforms. 4.5 MLR implementation – the combination concept. 4.6 MLR implementation – the distribution concept. 4.7 Summary. References. 5 Modelling and Control of Converter Dynamics. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Control system levels. 5.3 Non-linearity of the power converter system. 5.4 Modelling the voltage source converter system. 5.5 Modelling grouped voltage source converters operating with fundamental frequency switching. 5.6 Modelling the current source converter system. 5.7 Modelling grouped current source converters with fundamental frequency switching. 5.8 Non-linear control of VSC and CSC systems. 5.9 Summary. References. 6 PWM–HVDC Transmission. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 State of the DC cable technology. 6.3 Basic self-commutating DC link structure. 6.4 Three-level PWM structure. 6.5 PWM–VSC control strategies. 6.6 DC link support during AC system disturbances. 6.7 Summary. References. 7 Ultra High-Voltage VSC Transmission. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Modular multilevel conversion. 7.3 Multilevel H-bridge voltage reinjection. 7.4 Summary. References. 8 Ultra High-Voltage Self-Commutating CSC Transmission. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 MLCR-HVDC transmission. 8.3 Simulated performance under normal operation. 8.4 Simulated performance following disturbances. 8.5 Provision of independent reactive power control. 8.6 Summary. References. 9 Back-to-Back Asynchronous Interconnection. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Provision of independent reactive power control. 9.3 MLCR back-to-back link. 9.4 Control system design. 9.5 Dynamic performance. 9.6 Waveform quality. 9.7 Summary. References. 10 Low Voltage High DC Current AC–DC Conversion. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Present high current rectification technology. 10.3 Hybrid double-group configuration. 10.4 Centre-tapped rectifier option. 10.5 Two-quadrant MLCR rectification. 10.6 Parallel thyristor/MLCR rectification. 10.7 Multicell rectification with PWM control. 10.8 Summary. References. 11 Power Conversion for High Energy Storage. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 SMES technology. 11.3 Power conditioning. 11.4 The SMES coil. 11.5 MLCR current source converter based SMES power conditioning system. 11.6 Simulation verification. 11.7 Discussion – the future of SMES. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisWith over four billion subscribers Worldwide, GSM/EDGE is by far the World''s most successful communications technology of all time. Ubiquitous, deployed in every country of the World, except in Japan and South Korea, GSM/EDGE is the result of a continued evolution that has spanned over two decades. A leading team of experts from Nokia, Nokia Siemens Networks and Instituto Nokia de Tecnologia, guide you from the history of GSM standardization to the cutting-edge techniques in the latest 3GPP releases. Covering 3GPP Release 7 and Release 8, and addressing their motivation and detailing their concepts, this book also offers insights into further steps in evolution from Release 9 and beyond. GSM/EDGE: Evolution and Performance allows you to keep apace with all of the new developments that have occurred in 3GPP on the GSM standard since the introduction of EDGE: Covers all the key aspects of GSM/EDGE Evolution from Release 7 until Release 9 in a systematic maTable of ContentsAcknowledgements. Acronyms. PART I GSM/EDGE STANDARDIZATION. 1 GSM Standardization History (Guillaume Sebire). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 History. 1.3 Phase 1. 1.4 Phase 2. 1.5 Phase 2+. References. 2 3GPP Release 7 (Eddie Riddington, David Navratil, Jurgen Hofmann, Kent Pedersen and Guillaume Sebire). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 EGPRS2. 2.3 Downlink Dual Carrier. 2.4 Mobile Station Receiver Diversity. 2.5 Latency Reductions. References. 3 3GPP Release 8 (Jurgen Hofmann, Vlora Rexhepi-van der Pol, Guillaume Sebire and Sergio Parolari). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Interworking with LTE. 3.3 A Interface over IP. 3.4 Multi-Carrier BTS (MCBTS). References. 4 3GPP Release 9 and Beyond (Jurgen Hofmann, Eddie Riddington, Vlora Rexhepi-van der Pol, Sergio Parolari, Guillaume Sebire and Mikko Saily). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Voice Evolution. 4.3 Data Evolution. 4.4 H(e)NB Enhancements. 4.5 Security Improvements. 4.6 Local Call Local Switch. References. PART II GSM/EDGE PERFORMANCE. 5 Fundamentals of GSM Performance Evaluation (Mikko Saily, Rauli Jarvel¨a, Eduardo Zacarias B. and Jari Hulkkonen). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 On the GSM Radio System Performance Engineering. 5.3 Simulation Tools. 5.4 Key Performance Indicators. 5.5 EFL Methodology. 5.6 Further Reading. References. 6 EGPRS2 and Downlink Dual Carrier Performance (Mikko Saily, Kolio Ivanov, Khairul Hasan, Michal Hronec, Carsten Ball, Robert M¨ullner, Renato Iida, Hubert Winkler, Rafael Paiva, Kurt Kremnitzer, Rauli Jarvela, Alexandre Loureiro, Fernando Tavares and Guillaume Sebire). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Overview of GSM Data Performance Evolution. 6.3 EGPRS2 Link Performance. 6.4 EGPRS2 System Performance. 6.5 Downlink Dual Carrier Performance. 6.6 DTM performance. 6.7 GSM Data Evolution Performance Summary. References. 7 Control Channel Performance (Eddie Riddington and Khairul Hasan). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Repeated SACCH. 7.3 Repeated Downlink FACCH. References. 8 Orthogonal Sub-Channels with AMR/DARP (Mikko Saily, Jari Hulkkonen, Kent Pedersen, Carsten Juncker, Rafael Paiva, Renato Iida, Olli Piirainen, Seelan Sundaralingam, Alexandre Loureiro, Jon Helt-Hansen, Robson Domingos and Fernando Tavares). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Overview of GSM Voice Evolution. 8.3 AMR and SAIC Performance. 8.4 OSC and VAMOS Performance. 8.5 Conclusion. References. 9 Wideband AMR Performance (Robert Mullner, Carsten Ball, Kolio Ivanov, Markus Mummert, Hubert Winkler and Kurt Kremnitzer). 9.1 Overview. 9.2 Introduction. 9.3 Audio Bandwidth Extension for More Natural Sounding Speech. 9.4 End-User's Quality Perception by Listening Tests. 9.5 Impact of AMR-WB on Network Planning. 9.6 Network Quality and Capacity Advantage of AMR-WB over AMR-NB. 9.7 Conclusion. References. 10 DFCA and Other Advanced Interference Management Techniques (Sebastian Lasek, Krystian Majchrowicz and Krystian Krysmalski). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Frequency Hopping Basics. 10.3 Intra-Site Interference Management. 10.4 Inter-Site and Intra-Site Interference Management. 10.5 Dynamic Frequency and Channel Allocation. References. 11 Advanced Admission and Quality Control Techniques (Sebastian Lasek, Krystian Krysmalski, Dariusz Tomeczko and Sebastian Lysiak). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Quality of Service Management. 11.3 Admission Control. 11.4 Quality Control. 11.5 Performance of the QoS-aware GERAN Networks. 11.6 Enhanced GERAN Performance towards Conversational Services. References. 12 Capacity Enhancements for GSM (Kolio Ivanov, Carsten Ball, Robert M¨ullner, Hubert Winkler, Kurt Kremnitzer, David Gallegos, Jari Hulkkonen, Krystian Majchrowicz, Sebastian Lasek and Marcin Grygiel). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Progressive Power Control for AMR. 12.3 Temporary Overpower. 12.4 Handover Signaling Optimization. 12.5 Separate Radio Link Timeout Value for AMR. 12.6 AMR HR to AMR FR Handover Optimization. 12.7 Service Dependent Channel Allocation. 12.8 Advanced Abis Solutions. References. 13 Green GSM: Environmentally Friendly Solutions (Sebastian Lasek, Krystian Krysmalski, Dariusz Tomeczko, Andrzej Maciolek, Grzegorz Lehmann, Piotr Grzybowski, Alessandra Celin and Cristina Gangai). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Energy Optimized Network Design. 13.3 Coverage Improvement Techniques. 13.4 Capacity Improvement Techniques. 13.5 Energy Savings through Software Solutions. 13.6 Energy-Efficient BTS Site. 13.7 Renewable Energy Sources. 13.8 Energy Savings for Controllers and Transcoders. References. PART III EXTENDING THE GSM PARADIGM. 14 GSM in Multimode Networks (Jurgen Hofmann). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Standardization of MSR Base Station for Multimode Networks. 14.3 Status in Regulatory Bodies. 14.4 Use of MSR Base Stations in Multimode Networks. References. 15 Generic Access Network: Extending the GSM Paradigm (Juha Karvinen and Guillaume Sebire). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Drivers for Convergence. 15.3 GAN Architecture. 15.4 GAN Management Functionality. 15.5 Mobility Features in GAN. 15.6 Voice Service over GAN. 15.7 Supplementary Services and SMS over GAN. 15.8 Packet Switched Data (GPRS) over GAN. 15.9 Emergency Call Support in GAN. 15.10 GAN in 3GPP Releases. 15.11 Implementation Aspects for a GAN-enabled Device. 15.12 Considerations for GAN Deployment. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisGround Based Wireless Positioning provides an in-depth treatment of non-GPS based wireless positioning techniques, with a balance between theory and engineering practice.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction to Radio Positioning 3 1.2 Short and Medium-range Radiolocation Technologies 5 1.3 Overview of the Book 10 2 Radio Propagation 15 2.1 Statistical Multipath Theory 16 2.2 Radio Propagation Characteristics at Different Distance Scales 29 2.3 Measurements 39 2.4 Excess Delays in Radio Propagation 44 2.5 Antenna Effects 51 3 Signal Detection by Correlation 55 3.1 Transmitter Signal 55 3.2 Receiver Signal Processing 58 4 Bandlimited Time-of-Arrival Measurements 77 4.1 Wideband Multipath Theorem 78 4.2 Bandlimited Correlogram Characteristics 80 4.3 Model of Bandlimited Correlogram 83 4.4 Peak-Tracking Algorithm Performance 86 4.5 Leading-edge Projection Tracking Algorithm 95 4.6 Leading-edge Ratio Algorithm 101 4.7 Multipath Phase 108 4.8 Performance Summary of Tracking Algorithms 110 5 Fundamentals of Positioning Systems 115 5.1 Navigation Systems and Tracking Systems 116 5.2 System Architecture 118 5.3 Overview of Position Determination 132 5.4 Indoor Performance Issues 139 6 Noniterative Position Determination 147 6.1 Basic Positioning Methods 147 6.2 Linearization-Based Least-Squares Methods 157 6.3 Spherical Interpolation Approach 159 6.4 Quasi-Least-Squares Solution 164 6.5 Linear-Correction Least-Squares Approach 168 7 Iterative Position Determination 173 7.1 Iterative Algorithms 173 7.2 Filtering-Based Methods 184 7.3 Data Smoothing 191 8 Positioning Accuracy Evaluation 199 8.1 Accuracy Measures 199 8.2 Cramer--Rao Lower Bound in Line-of-Sight Conditions 201 8.3 Derivation of Cramer--Rao Lower Bound in Non-Line-of-Sight Conditions 207 8.4 Approximate Variance of Linear Least-Squares Algorithm 210 8.5 Accuracy Comparison 215 9 Geometric Dilution of Precision Analysis 223 9.1 Geometric Error Analysis 223 9.2 Statistical Error Analysis 226 9.3 Calculation of Geometric Dilution of Precision 228 9.4 Accuracy Probabilities 230 9.5 Special Cases: Analytical Solutions to Geometric Dilution of Precision 232 9.6 Geometric Dilution of Precision Performance 244 10 Multipath Mitigation 249 10.1 Residual-Weighting-based Method 249 10.2 Filtering-based Method 250 10.3 Constrained Optimization 253 10.4 Scatterer-based Method 266 10.5 Error Statistics 270 10.6 Propagation-Model-based Method 274 10.7 Pattern Matching 276 10.8 Performance Analysis 280 11 Anchor-based Localization for Wireless Sensor Networks 289 11.1 Characteristics of Wireless Sensor Networks 290 11.2 Coarse Localization Methods 291 11.3 Global Localization Methods 294 11.4 Localization with Unknown Internal Delays and Clock Offsets 298 12 Anchor Position Accuracy Enhancement 321 12.1 Impact of Anchor Location Accuracy on Sensor Node Localization 322 12.2 Line-of-Sight and Non-Line-of-Sight Propagation Models 324 12.3 Anchor Position Accuracy Bound 326 12.4 Accuracy Improvement Based on Distance and Angle Estimates 330 12.5 Accuracy Improvement Based on Distance Estimates 335 13 Anchor-Free Localization 343 13.1 Robust Quads 344 13.2 Multidimensional Scaling Method 344 13.3 Mass--Spring Model 348 13.4 Hybrid Approach 349 13.5 Graphical Model 352 13.6 Clustering and Stitching 353 13.7 Referent Coordinate System Establishment 355 13.8 Cramer--Rao Lower Bound 356 13.9 Accuracy of Location Estimates 359 13.10 Distance-Error-based Accuracy Measure 363 13.11 Accuracy Evaluation 364 14 Non-Line-of-Sight Identification 371 14.1 Data Smoothing 372 14.2 Distribution Tests 373 14.3 Calculating Level Crossing Rate and Fade Duration 379 14.4 Estimating the Rician Factor 381 14.5 Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test 381 14.6 Nonparametric Method 383 14.7 Using Intermediate Location Estimation 385 14.8 Neyman--Pearson Test 387 14.9 Joint Time-of-Arrival and Received Signal Strength-based Approaches 390 14.10 Angle-of-Arrival-based Methods 395 Appendix A: Hyperbolic Navigation 409 A.1 Analytical Equations of a Hyperbola 409 A.2 Solution to Hyperbolic Navigation 412 A.3 Solution to Example Problem 414 Appendix B: Radio Propagation Measurement Techniques 417 B.1 Measurements with a Network Analyzer 417 B.2 Time-Domain Measurements 421 Index

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Book SynopsisRadio Technologies and Concepts for IMT-Advanced presents the findings of the Wireless World Initiative New Radio (WINNER) project, a discussion of future consumer expectations and requirements.Table of ContentsAbout the Editors. Preface. Acknowledgements. Abbreviations. List of Contributors. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Development and Status of Mobile and Wireless Communications. 1.2 Expectations of Data Traffic Growth. 1.3 Development Towards IMT-Advanced. 1.4 Global Research Activities. 1.5 WINNER Project. 1.6 Future Work. References. 2 Usage Scenarios and Technical Requirements. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Key Scenario Elements. 2.3 Service Classes and Service Requirements. 2.4 Requirements for System Capabilities. 2.5 Terminal Requirements. 2.6 Performance Requirements. 2.7 Spectrum Requirements. 2.8 Dependency of Requirements. 2.9 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 3 WINNER II Channel Models. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Modelling Considerations. 3.3 Channel-Modelling Approach. 3.4 Channel Models and Parameters. 3.5 Channel Model Usage. 3.6 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 4 System Concept and Architecture. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Design Principles and Main Characteristics. 4.3 Logical Node Architecture. 4.4 Protocol and Service Architecture. 4.5 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 5 Modulation and Coding Techniques. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Basic Modulation and Coding Scheme. 5.3 Coding Schemes. 5.4 Link Adaptation. 5.5 Link Level Aspects of H-ARQ. 5.6 Conclusions. References. 6 Link Level Procedures. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Pilot Design. 6.3 Channel Estimation. 6.4 Radio Frequency Impairments. 6.5 Measurements and Signalling. 6.6 Link Level Synchronisation. 6.7 Network Synchronisation. 6.8 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 7 Advanced Antennas Concept for 4G. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Multiple Antennas Concept. 7.3 Spatial Adaptation. 7.4 Spatial Schemes. 7.5 Interference Mitigation. 7.6 Pilots, Feedback and Measurements. 7.7 MIMO Aspects in Relaying. 7.8 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 8 Layer-2 Relays for IMT-Advanced Cellular Networks. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Motivation for Layer-2 Relays and Prior Work. 8.3 Relay-based Deployments. 8.4 Design Choices for Relay-based Cellular Networks. 8.5 System and Network Aspects. 8.6 System-level Performance Evaluation. 8.7 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 9 Multiple Access Schemes and Inter-cell Interference Mitigation Techniques. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Multiple Access Schemes. 9.3 Inter-cell Interference Mitigation Schemes. 9.4 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 10 Radio Resource Control and System Level Functions. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 IPCL Layer. 10.3 Radio Resource Control. 10.4 Centralised, Distributed and Hybrid RRM Architecture. 10.5 System-Level Performance Results. 10.6 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 11 Sharing and Flexible Spectrum Use Capabilities. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Spectrum Technologies Framework. 11.3 Detailed Design of a Spectrum Assignment Negotiation Mechanism. 11.4 Spectrum Assignment Enabling Mechanisms. 11.5 WINNER Sharing with FSS. 11.6 Performance Evaluation of Spectrum Assignment Mechanisms. 11.7 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 12 ITU-R Spectrum Demand Calculation for IMT-Advanced. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 ITU-R Work on Spectrum Requirements of IMT-Advanced. 12.3 ITU-R Spectrum Calculation Methodology. 12.4 Software Implementation of Methodology. 12.5 Estimated Spectrum Requirements of IMT-Advanced. 12.6 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 13 System Model, Test Scenarios, and Performance Evaluation. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Performance Assessment of Wireless Networks. 13.3 Interface between Link and System Simulations. 13.4 Test Scenarios. 13.5 Spectral Efficiency and Number of Satisfied Users under QoS Constraints. 13.6 End-to-End Performance Evaluation. 13.7 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 14 Cost Assessment and Optimisation for WINNER Deployments. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Cost Assessment Framework and Assumptions. 14.3 Cost Components. 14.4 Cost Assessment Models. 14.5 Reference Deployment Scenarios and Cost Assessments. 14.6 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents state-of-the-art research on architectures, algorithms, protocols, and applications in pervasive computing and networking, one of the hottest topics on the agenda of researchers and practitioners working on the next generation of mobile communications and networks.Table of ContentsList of Contributors About the Editors PART ONE PERVASIVE COMPUTING AND SYSTEMS 1 Introduction Mohammad S. Obaidat and Isaac Woungang 1.1 Pervasive Computing and Its Significance 1.2 Research Trends in Pervasive Computing and Networking 1.3 Scanning the Book 1.4 Target Audience 1.5 Supplementary Resources 1.6 Acknowledgments References 2 Tools and Techniques for Dynamic Reconfiguration and Interoperability of Pervasive Systems Evens Jean, Sahra Sedigh, Ali R. Hurson, and Behrooz A. Shirazi 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Mobile Agent Technology 2.3 Sensor Networks 2.4 Collaboration and Interoperability Among Sensor Networks 2.5 Applications 2.6 Conclusion References 3 Models for Service and Resource Discovery in Pervasive Computing Mehdi Khouja, Carlos Juiz, Ramon Puigjaner, and Farouk Kamoun 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Service Oriented Architecture 3.3 Industry and Consortia Supported Models for Service Discovery 3.4 Research Initiatives in Service Discovery for Pervasive Systems 3.5 Conclusions References 4 Pervasive Learning Tools and Technologies Neil Y. Yen, Qun Jin, Hiroaki Ogata, Timothy K. Shih, and Y. Yano 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Pervasive Learning: A Promising Innovative Paradigm 4.3 Emerging Technologies and Systems for Pervasive Learning 4.4 Integration of Real-World Practice and Experience with Pervasive Learning 4.5 Nature of Pervasive Learning and Provision of Well-Being in Education 4.6 Conclusion References 5 Service Management in Pervasive Computing Environments Jiannong Cao, Joanna Siebert, and Vaskar Raychoudhury 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Service Management in Pervasive Computing Environments 5.3 Techniques for Service Management in PvCE 5.4 Service Composition 5.5 Conclusions References 6 Wireless Sensor Cooperation for a Sustainable Quality of Information Abdelmajid Khelil, Christian Reinl, Brahim Ayari, Faisal Karim Shaikh, Piotr Szczytowski, Azad Ali, and Neeraj Suri 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Sensing the Real World 6.3 Inter-Sensor Cooperation 6.4 Mobile Sensor Cooperation 6.5 Cooperation Across Mobile Entities 6.6 Inter-WSN Cooperation 6.7 Conclusions and Future Research Directions References 7 An Opportunistic Pervasive Networking Paradigm: Multi-Hop Cognitive Radio Networks Didem Gozupek and Fatih Alagoz 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Overview of Multi-Hop Cognitive Radio Networks MAC Layer 7.3 Proposed Mac Layer Protocols 7.4 Open Issues 7.5 Conclusions References 8 Wearable Computing and Sensor Systems for Healthcare Franca Delmastro and Marco Conti 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The Health Body Area Network 8.3 Medical and Technological Requirements of Health Sensors 8.4 Wearable Sensors for Vital Signals Monitoring 8.5 Wearable Sensors for Activity Recognition 8.6 Sensors and Signals for Emotion Recognition 8.7 Intra-BAN Communications in Pervasive Healthcare Systems: Standards and Protocols 8.8 Conclusions References 9 Standards and Implementation of Pervasive Computing Applications Daniel Cascado, Jose Luis Sevillano, Luis Fernandez-Luque, Karl Johan Grøttum, L. Kristian Vognild, and T. M. Burkow 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Wireless Technologies and Standards 9.3 Middleware 9.4 Case Studies References PART TWO PERVASIVE NETWORKING SECURITY. 10 Security and Privacy in Pervasive Networks Tarik Guelzim and Mohammad S. Obaidat 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Security Classics 10.3 Hardening Pervasive Networks 10.4 Privacy in Pervasive Networks 10.5 Conclusion References 11 UnderstandingWormhole Attacks in Pervasive Networks Isaac Woungang, Sanjay Kumar Dhurandher, and Abhishek Gupta 11.1 Introduction 11.2 A Wormhole Attack 11.3 Severity of a Wormhole Attack 11.4 Background 11.5 Classification of Wormholes 11.6 Wormhole Attack Modes 11.7 Mitigating Wormhole Attacks 11.8 Discussion of Some Mitigating Solutions to Avoid Wormhole Attacks 11.9 Conclusion and Future Work References 12 An Experimental Comparison of Collaborative Defense Strategies for Network Security Hao Chen and Yu Chen 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Background 12.3 Small-World Network Based Modeling Platform 12.4 Internet Worm Attack and Defense 12.5 Experiments and Performance Evaluation 12.6 Conclusions References 13 Smart Devices, Systems and Intelligent Environments Joaquin Entrialgo and Mohammad S. Obaidat 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Smart Devices and Systems 13.3 Intelligent Environments 13.4 Trends 13.5 Limitations and Challenges 13.6 Applications and Case Studies 13.7 Conclusion References PART THREE PERVASIVE NETWORKING AND COMMUNICATIONS. 14 Autonomic and Pervasive Networking Thabo K. R. Nkwe, Mieso K. Denko, and Jason B. Ernst 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Ubiquitous/Pervasive Networks 14.3 Applying Autonomic Techniques to Ubiquitous/Pervasive Networks 14.4 Self-* (star) In Autonomic and Pervasive Networks 14.5 Autonomic and Pervasive Networking Challenges 14.6 Conclusions and Future Directions References 15 An Adaptive Architecture of Service Component for Pervasive Computing Fei Li, Y. He, Athanasios V. Vasilakos, and Naixue Xiong 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Motivation 15.3 An Overview of the Delaying Adaptation Tool 15.4 Case Study 15.5 Related Work 15.6 Conclusions References 16 On Probabilistic k-Coverage in Pervasive Wireless Sensor Networks Habib M. Ammari 16.1 Introduction 16.2 The Coverage Problem 16.3 Coverage Configuration Problem 16.4 Stochastic k-Coverage Protocol 16.5 Conclusion References 17 On the Usage of Overlays to Provide QoS Over IEEE 802.11b/g/e Pervasive and Mobile Networks Luca Caviglione, Franco Davoli, and Piergiulio Maryni 17.1 Introduction 17.2 A Glance at P2P Overlay Networks and QoS Mechanisms 17.3 Design of Overlays to Support QoS 17.4 Performance Evaluation 17.5 Conclusions and Future Developments Appendic I. The Distributed Algortihm for Bandwidth Management References 18 Performance Evaluation of Pervasive Networks Based on WiMAX Networks Elmabruk Laias and Irfan Awan 18.1 Introduction 18.2 IEEE 802.16 Architecture and QoS Requirements 18.3 Related Work 18.4 Proposed QoS Framework 18.5 Simulation Experiments and Numerical Results 18.6 Summary References 19 Implementation Frameworks for Mobile and Pervasive Networks Bilhanan Silverajan and Jarmo Harju 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Correlating Design to Implementations 19.3 Challenges for Implementation Frameworks 19.4 State of the Art in Implementation Frameworks 19.5 Current Frameworks Research for Network Protocols and Applications 19.6 Evaluating Frameworks and Implementations 19.7 Conclusion References Index

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Book SynopsisFemtocells are low-power wireless access points used in the home and office. They operate in licensed spectrum to connect standard mobile phones (WCDMA, LTE, WiMAX, CDMA and GSM) and other mobile devices to a mobile operator's network via standard broadband internet connections. This technology is of high interest for mobile operators and for millions of users who will benefit from enhanced access to mobile broadband services. Femtocells outlines how wireless access points can be used by mobile operators to provide high-speed wireless access, enhancing coverage and capacity and delivering entirely new services, while maximising the benefits of licensed spectrum. The book examines the market, exploring commercial and technical factors which are critical in the initial deployment and long-term success of femtocells. Business, standards and regulatory aspects are also considered to provide a complete but concise overview. One of the first authoritative texts to concentratTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xv Foreword xix Preface xxi Acknowledgements xxiii Abbreviations xxv List of Figures xxxv List of Tables xxxix 1 Introduction to Femtocells 1 Simon Saunders 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Why Femtocells? The Market Context 1 1.3 The Nature of Mobile Broadband Demand 2 1.4 What is a Femtocell? 4 1.4.1 Femtocell Attributes 6 1.4.2 Femtocell Standards 7 1.4.3 Types of Femtocell 7 1.5 Applications for Femtocells 7 1.6 What a Femtocell is not 8 1.7 The Importance of ‘Zero-Touch’ 10 1.8 User Benefits 11 1.9 Operator Motivations and Economic Impact 13 1.10 Operator Responses 14 1.11 Challenges 15 1.12 Chapter Overview 15 2 Small Cell Background and Success Factors 17 Simon Saunders 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Small Cell Motivations 17 2.2.1 Cellular Principles 17 2.2.2 Conventional Cell Types: Why ‘Femtocells’? 18 2.2.3 Challenges of Achieving Indoor Coverage from Outdoor Macrocells 20 2.2.4 Spectrum Efficiency 21 2.2.5 Geometry Factors 23 2.2.6 The Backhaul Challenge 24 2.3 Other Small-Cell Systems 24 2.3.1 Overview 24 2.3.2 Picocells 24 2.3.3 Distributed Antenna Systems 25 2.3.4 Wireless Local Area Networks 27 2.4 The Small-Cell Landscape 28 2.5 Emergence of the Femtocell – Critical Success Factors 29 2.5.1 Mobile Data Adoption and Revenue Growth 30 2.5.2 Broadband Adoption 30 2.5.3 Connecting Four Billion Users – And Counting 31 2.5.4 Internet Applications 33 2.5.5 Fixed–Mobile Substitution 33 2.5.6 User Device Availability 36 2.5.7 Processing Power and Cost 36 2.6 Conclusions 37 3 Market Issues for Femtocells 39 Stuart Carlaw 3.1 Key Benefits of a Femtocell from Market Perspective 39 3.1.1 In-Home Coverage 39 3.1.2 Macro Network Capacity Gain 40 3.1.3 Termination Fees 40 3.1.4 Simplistic Handset Approach 41 3.1.5 Home Footprint and the Quadruple Play 41 3.1.6 Maximising Returns on Spectrum Investment 42 3.1.7 Churn Reduction – The Sticky Bundle 42 3.1.8 Positive Impact on Subsidisation Trends 43 3.1.9 Value-Added Services 43 3.1.10 Changing User Behaviour 43 3.1.11 Reducing Energy Consumption 44 3.2 Key Primers 44 3.2.1 Broadband Penetration 44 3.2.2 Saturation 45 3.2.3 Evolution in Carrier Business Model 46 3.2.4 Competition 47 3.2.5 Technical Feasibility 48 3.2.6 Economics 48 3.2.7 Limitations in Other Services 49 3.2.8 Carrier and Manufacturer Support 49 3.2.9 Consumer Demand 50 3.2.10 Supporting the Data Boom 50 3.2.11 Growing Standardisation 50 3.2.12 Air Interface Technology Evolution 52 3.3 Key Market Challenges 52 3.3.1 Cost Pressure 52 3.3.2 Intellectual Property Rights 53 3.3.3 Technology Issues 53 3.3.4 Establishing a ‘Sellable’ Proposition 54 3.3.5 Disconnect Between OEMs and Carriers 54 3.3.6 Too Much Reliance on Standards 54 3.3.7 Window of Opportunity 55 3.3.8 Developing the Ecosystem 55 3.4 Business Cases for Femtocells 55 3.4.1 Business Case Foundations 55 3.4.2 Exploring the Economics 57 3.5 Air Interface Choices 60 3.5.1 GSM Advantages 60 3.5.2 GSM Disadvantages 61 3.5.3 WCDMA Advantages 61 3.5.4 WCDMA Disadvantages 61 3.5.5 Conclusions 61 3.5.6 HSDPA, HSUPA and HSPA+ 62 3.6 Product Feature Sets 62 3.6.1 Stand-Alone 62 3.6.2 Broadband Gateway 63 3.6.3 Wi-Fi Access Point 63 3.6.4 TV Set-Top Box 63 3.6.5 Video Distribution Mechanisms 64 3.6.6 Segmentation 64 3.7 Additional Considerations 64 3.7.1 Enterprise Femtocells 64 3.7.2 Super-Femtocells and Outdoor Femtocells 65 3.8 Adoption Forecasts and Volumes 65 3.8.1 Methodology 65 3.8.2 Forecasts 68 3.9 Conclusions 70 4 Radio Issues for Femtocells 71 Simon Saunders 4.1 Introduction 71 4.2 Spectrum Scenarios 71 4.3 Propagation in Femtocell Environments 73 4.4 Coverage 74 4.5 Downlink Interference 75 4.6 Interference Challenges and Mitigations 79 4.7 Femtocell-to-Femtocell Interference 80 4.8 System-Level Performance 81 4.9 RF Specifications in WCDMA 84 4.10 Health and Safety Concerns 86 4.11 Conclusions 89 5 Femtocell Networks and Architectures 91 Andrea Giustina 5.1 Introduction 91 5.2 Challenges 92 5.3 Requirements 93 5.4 Femto Architectures and Interfaces 94 5.5 Key Architectural Choices 96 5.5.1 Connecting Remote Femtocells 96 5.5.2 Integrating the Femto Network with the Macro Network 98 5.5.3 Functional Split between the FAP and the FGW 100 5.6 Other Important Femto Solution Aspects 101 5.6.1 End-to-End Quality of Service 102 5.6.2 Local Access (Data and Voice) 103 5.6.3 Femtozone Services 105 5.6.4 Mobility 106 5.6.5 Femtocell Location 108 5.6.6 Enterprise and Open Spaces 109 5.7 UMTS Femtos 110 5.7.1 Iuh Protocol Stacks 110 5.8 CDMA 112 5.9 WiMAX 113 5.10 GSM 114 5.11 LTE 115 5.12 Conclusions 116 6 Femtocell Management 117 Ravi Raj Bhat and V. Srinivasa Rao 6.1 Introduction 117 6.2 Femtocell FCAPS Requirements 118 6.2.1 Fault and Event Management 119 6.2.2 Configuration Management 119 6.2.3 Accounting and Administration Management 119 6.2.4 Performance Management 120 6.2.5 Security Management 120 6.3 Broadband Forum Auto-Configuration Architecture and Framework 120 6.4 Auto-Configuration Data Organisation 121 6.4.1 Data Hierarchy 121 6.4.2 Profiles 123 6.5 CPE WAN Management Protocol Overview 123 6.5.1 Protocol Stack and Operation 124 6.6 FAP Service Data Model 126 6.6.1 Control Object Group 126 6.6.2 Configuration Object Group 126 6.6.3 Monitoring Object Group 128 6.6.4 Management Object Group 129 6.7 DOCSIS OSS Architecture and Framework 129 6.8 Conclusions 132 7 Femtocell Security 133 Rasa Siegberg 7.1 Why is Security Important? 133 7.1.1 Viewpoint: Continuity 133 7.1.2 Viewpoint: (Contained) Change 134 7.2 The Threat Model 134 7.2.1 Threats from ‘Outsiders’ – Third Parties 135 7.2.2 Threats from ‘Insiders’ – Device Owners 135 7.3 Countering the Threats 136 7.3.1 Radio Link Protection 136 7.3.2 Protecting the (IP) Backhaul 138 7.3.3 Device Integrity – Tamper Resistance 143 7.4 Conclusions 145 8 Femtocell Standards and Industry Groups 147 Simon Saunders 8.1 The Importance of Standards 147 8.2 GSM 148 8.3 WCDMA 148 8.3.1 TSG RAN WG2 – Radio Layer 2 and Radio Layer 3 RR 149 8.3.2 TSG RAN WG3 Architecture 149 8.3.3 TSG RAN WG4 Radio Performance and Protocol Aspects RF Parameters and BS Conformance 150 8.3.4 TSG SA WG1 – Services 150 8.3.5 TSG SA WG3 – Security 150 8.3.6 TSG SA WG5 Telecom Management 151 8.3.7 Summary of WCDMA Standards 151 8.4 TD-SCDMA 151 8.5 LTE 151 8.6 CDMA 153 8.7 Mobile WiMAX 155 8.8 The Femto Forum 156 8.9 The Broadband Forum 157 8.10 GSMA 157 8.11 Conclusions 157 9 Femtocell Regulation 159 Simon Saunders 9.1 Introduction 159 9.2 Regulatory Benefits of Femtocells 159 9.3 Spectrum Efficiency 160 9.4 Economic Efficiency 160 9.5 Enabling Competition 160 9.6 Broadening Access to Services 161 9.7 Enabling Innovation 161 9.8 Environmental Goals 161 9.9 Spectrum Licensing Issues 162 9.10 Location 163 9.11 Authentication 163 9.12 Emergency Calls 163 9.13 Lawful Interception and Local IP Access 164 9.14 Backhaul Challenges 165 9.15 Mobile Termination Rates 165 9.16 Competition Concerns 166 9.17 Equipment Approvals 166 9.18 Examples of Femtocell Regulations 166 9.19 Conclusions 168 10 Femtocell Implementation Considerations 169 Simon Saunders 10.1 Introduction 169 10.2 Signal Processing 170 10.3 Location 170 10.4 Frequency and Timing Control 171 10.5 Protocol Implementation 172 10.6 RF Implementation 172 10.7 System Design and Cost 173 10.8 Mobile Device Challenges and Opportunities 175 10.9 Conclusions 176 11 Business and Service Options for Femtocells 177 Simon Saunders and Stuart Carlaw 11.1 Introduction 177 11.2 Ways of being a Femtocell Operator 177 11.3 Femtocells for Fixed-Line Operators 180 11.4 Types of Femtocell Service 181 11.5 Service Examples 182 11.5.1 Femtozone Services 182 11.5.2 Connected Home Services 184 11.6 Service Enablers 185 11.6.1 Service Implementation 186 11.7 Stages of Femtocell Service Introduction 186 11.7.1 Stage 1 – Supporting Fixed Mobile Substitution 187 11.7.2 Stage 2 – Prompting Mobile Data Uptake 187 11.7.3 Stage 3 – Bringing the Mobile Phone into the Connected Home Concept 187 11.7.4 Stage 4 – Taking the Connected Home into the Wider World 187 11.8 Conclusions 188 12 Summary: The Status and Future of Femtocells 189 Simon Saunders 12.1 Summary 189 12.2 Potential Future Femtocell Landscape 191 12.2.1 Growth of Femtocell Adoption 191 12.2.2 Femtocells in Homes and Offices 192 12.2.3 Femtocells in Developing and Rural Markets 192 12.2.4 Femtocells Outdoors 192 12.2.5 Femtocell-Only Operators 193 12.2.6 Femtos Enabling Next-Generation Mobile Networks 193 12.2.7 When is a Femtocell not a Femtocell? 195 12.3 Concluding Remarks 195 References 197 Further Reading 203 Appendix: A Brief Guide to Units and Spectrum 205 Index 207

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Book SynopsisA guide to implementing the DVB-H system for the carriage of MobileTV services, The DVB-H Handbook provides an overview of all aspects of the specification. Placing particular emphasis on the technical elements, it includes important information on the signalling and service discovery. The background, functioning, planning and optimisation of DVB-H are systematically explained for use in network planning and optimization. Subjects such as coding, different modes for channel delivery and protection in core and radio system are detailed. Giving examples on the practical interpretation of the DVB-H specifications, this book also describes the process behind the realization of the end-to-end system. Outlines the functioning, planning and optimization of the complete DVB-H system Spans topics from physical network planning and link layer specifications, to application ingredients such as EPGs and audiovisual streaming technologies Uses illustrations and selected Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. Preface. Acknowledgements. Abbreviations. List of Contributors. List of Figures. 1. General. 1.1 Setting up the Scene. 1.2 Benefits of DVB-H. 1.3 Standardization. 1.4 Contents of the Book. 2. DVB-H Overview. 2.1 Time Slicing. 2.2 MPE-FEC. 2.3 DVB-H Specific Signaling. 2.4 The Broadcast and Cellular Systems in DVB-H. 2.5 Market Needs. 2.6 Applications. 3. Mobile TV Business Eco-System. 3.1 The Network of Dependencies in Mobile TV Business. 3.2 Mobile TV Business Role. 3.3 Vertical Business Model, Mobile Operator-Driven Model. 3.4 Virtual Network Operator Model, Mobile Operator Operator-Driven Model. 3.5 Wholesaler-Reseller Model, Broadcast Network Operator-Driven Model.. 3.6 NewCo or Consortium – Broadcaster-Driven Model. 3.7 Revenue Models. 3.8 Broadcast Network as Starting Point. 4. Technical Architecture. 4.1 Main Elements. 4.2 Core Network. 4.3 Mobile Broadcast Solution (MBS). 4.4 Radio Network. 4.5 Interfaces and Protocols. 5. DVB-H Equipment. 5.1 Terminals. 5.2 Core Elements. 5.3 Radio Elements. 5.4 Antenna Systems. 5.5 Measurement Equipment. 5.6 Other Equipment. 6. Functionality of the System. 6.1 The Protocol Stack of the End-to-End OMA-BCAST over DVB-H System. 6.2 Upper Layer Protocols. 6.3 MPE in DVB-H. 6.4 MPE-FEC Frame. 6.5 Principle of Time-Sliced Transmission. 6.6 Program-Specific Information (PSI)/Service Information (SI). 6.7 Transport Stream. 6.8 Transmission Parameter Signaling (TPS). 6.9 The Head-End Functionality. 6.10 The Receiver and Terminal Functionality. 6.11 The DVB-H Network Types. 7. Signalling. 7.1 Service Discovery Signalling. 7.2 End-to-End Service Discovery. 7.3 Interaction Channel. 7.4 Service and Content Protection. 8. DVB-H Head-End. 8.1 Overview. 8.2 A/V Content Encoding. 8.3 A/V Content Scrambling. 8.4 Electronic Service Guide (ESG) Generation. 8.5 IP Encapsulation. 8.6 Service Management. 8.7 Subscriber and Subscription Management. 8.8 SFN Synchronization. 9. DVB-H Radio Network. 9.1 OFDM. 9.2 DVB-H Radio Frequency. 9.3 Modulation. 9.4 FFT Mode. 9.5 Guard Interval. 9.6 Error Correction. 10. Radio Network Dimensioning. 10.1 Radio Network Planning Process. 10.2 Capacity. 10.3 Link Budget. 10.4 Coverage Area Calculations. 10.5 Trade-offs Between the Parameters. 10.6 Radio Network Measurements and Analysis. 10.7 EMC and Bio-effect Calculations. 11. Optimization of the Network. 11.1 Technical Parameters. 11.2 SFN Size. 11.3 Effect of Transmitter Power on Network Costs. 12. Future. 13. Appendix 1. DVB Standards List. 13. 1 Transmission. 13.2 Multiplexing. 13.3 Source Coding. 13.4 Subtitling. 13.5 Interactivity. 13.6 Middleware. 13.7 Content Protection and Copy Management. 13.8 Interfacing. 13.9 Internet Protocol. 13.10 Conditional Access. 13.11 Measurements. References. Internet Links. Index.

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Book Synopsis*Focuses mainly on higher layer networking, aTable of ContentsAbout the Editors xiii List of Contributors xvii 1 Introduction 1 Mohammad S. Obaidat and Sudip Misra 1.1 Major Features of the Book 4 1.2 Target Audience 4 1.3 Supplementary Resources 5 1.4 Acknowledgements 5 2 Fundamentals and Issues with Cooperation in Networking 7 Mohammad S. Obaidat and Tarik Guelzim 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Fundamentals of Cooperating Networks 7 2.2.1 Cooperative Adhoc Network Services 8 2.2.2 Cooperative Relaying Network Service 13 2.3 Issues and Security Flaws with Cooperating Networks: Wireless Sensor Networks Case Study 15 2.3.1 Limitations in Mobile Ad hoc Networks 16 2.4 Conclusions 19 References 19 3 To Cooperate or Not to Cooperate? That is the Question! 21 Mohamed H. Ahmed and Salama S. Ikki 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Overview of Cooperative-Diversity Systems 22 3.2.1 Relaying Techniques 22 3.2.2 Combining Techniques 23 3.2.3 Other Cooperating Techniques 24 3.3 Benefits of Cooperative-Diversity Systems 25 3.3.1 Signal-Quality Improvement 25 3.3.2 Reduced Power 28 3.3.3 Better Coverage 28 3.3.4 Capacity Gain 28 3.4 Major Challenges of Cooperative-Diversity Systems 28 3.4.1 Resources Over-Utilization 28 3.4.2 Additional Delay 29 3.4.3 Complexity 30 3.4.4 Unavailability of Cooperating Nodes 32 3.4.5 Security Threats 32 3.5 Discussion and Conclusion 32 References 33 4 Cooperation in Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks 35 J. Barbancho, D. Cascado, J. L. Sevillano, C. León, A. Linares and F. J. Molina 4.1 Introduction 35 4.2 Why Could Cooperation in WAdSN be Useful? 36 4.2.1 Time Synchronization, Localization and Calibration 36 4.2.2 Routing 41 4.2.3 Data Aggregation and Fusion 43 4.3 Research Directions for Cooperation in WAdSN 45 4.3.1 Middleware for WAdSN 46 4.3.2 Multi-Agent Systems in WAdSN 48 4.3.3 Artificial Neural Networks in WAdSN 50 4.4 Final Remarks 53 4.5 Acknowledgements 53 References 53 5 Cooperation in Autonomous Vehicular Networks 57 Sidi Mohammed Senouci, Abderrahim Benslimane and Hassnaa Moustafa 5.1 Introduction 57 5.2 Overview on Vehicular Networks 58 5.3 Cooperation at Different OSI Layers 59 5.3.1 Cooperation at Lower Layers 59 5.3.2 Cooperation at Network Layer 60 5.3.3 Security and Authentication versus Cooperation 67 5.3.4 Cooperation at Upper Layers 69 5.4 Conclusion 73 References 73 6 Cooperative Overlay Networking for Streaming Media Content 77 F. Wang, J. Liu and K. Wu 6.1 Introduction 77 6.2 Architectural Choices for Streaming Media Content over the Internet 78 6.2.1 Router-Based Architectures: IP Multicast 79 6.2.2 Architectures with Proxy Caching 80 6.2.3 Peer-to-Peer Architectures 81 6.3 Peer-to-Peer Media Streaming 82 6.3.1 Comparisons with Other Peer-to-Peer Applications 82 6.3.2 Design Issues 83 6.3.3 Approaches for Overlay Construction 83 6.4 Overview of mTreebone 85 6.4.1 Treebone: A Stable Tree-Based Backbone 85 6.4.2 Mesh: An Adaptive Auxiliary Overlay 86 6.5 Treebone Construction and Optimization 87 6.5.1 Optimal Stable Node Identification 87 6.5.2 Treebone Bootstrapping and Evolution 88 6.5.3 Treebone Optimization 89 6.6 Collaborative Mesh-Tree Data Delivery 91 6.6.1 Seamless Push/Pull Switching 91 6.6.2 Handling Host Dynamics 91 6.7 Performance Evaluation 92 6.7.1 Large-Scale Simulations 92 6.7.2 PlanetLab-Based Experiments 94 6.8 Conclusion and Future Work 98 References 98 7 Cooperation in DTN-Based Network Architectures 101 Vasco N. G. J. Soares and Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues 7.1 Introduction 101 7.2 Delay-Tolerant Networks 102 7.2.1 DTN Application Domains 103 7.2.2 Cooperation in Delay-Tolerant Networks 103 7.3 Vehicular Delay-Tolerant Networks 106 7.3.1 Cooperation in Vehicular-Delay Tolerant Networks 106 7.3.2 Performance Assessment of Node Cooperation 108 7.4 Conclusions 112 7.5 Acknowledgements 113 References 113 8 Access Selection and Cooperation in Ambient Networks 117 Ram´on Agüero 8.1 Leveraging the Cooperation in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks 117 8.2 The Ambient Networks Philosophy 118 8.2.1 Generic Link Layer 120 8.2.2 Management of Heterogeneous Wireless Resources 120 8.2.3 Additional Functional Entities 121 8.2.4 Multi-Access Functions and Procedures 122 8.3 Related Work 125 8.4 Outlook 125 8.4.1 Cognition 125 8.4.2 Mesh Topologies 127 8.5 Conclusions 127 References 128 9 Cooperation in Intrusion Detection Networks 133 Carol Fung and Raouf Boutaba 9.1 Overview of Network Intrusions 133 9.1.1 Single-Host Intrusion and Malware 133 9.1.2 Distributed Attacks and Botnets 134 9.1.3 Cooperative Attacks and Phishing 134 9.2 Intrusion Detection Systems 135 9.2.1 Signature-Based and Anomaly-Based IDSs 135 9.2.2 Host-Based and Network-Based IDSs 135 9.3 Cooperation in Intrusion Detection Networks 136 9.3.1 Cooperation Topology 136 9.3.2 Cooperation Scope 137 9.3.3 Specialization 137 9.3.4 Cooperation Technologies and Algorithms 137 9.3.5 Taxonomy 138 9.4 Selected Intrusion Detection Networks 139 9.4.1 Indra 139 9.4.2 DOMINO 139 9.4.3 DShield 140 9.4.4 NetShield 140 9.4.5 Gossip 141 9.4.6 Worminator 142 9.4.7 ABDIAS 142 9.4.8 CRIM 142 9.4.9 HBCIDS 143 9.4.10 ALPACAS 143 9.4.11 CDDHT 143 9.4.12 SmartScreen Filter 143 9.4.13 FFCIDN 144 9.5 Open Challenges and Future Directions 144 9.6 Conclusion 144 References 144 10 Cooperation Link Level Retransmission in Wireless Networks 147 Mehrdad Dianati, Xuemin (Sherman) Shen and Kshirasagar Naik 10.1 Introduction 147 10.2 Background 149 10.2.1 Modeling of Fading Channels 149 10.2.2 Automatic Repeat Request 152 10.3 System Model 154 10.4 Protocol Model 155 10.5 Node Cooperative SW Scheme 156 10.6 Performance Analysis 157 10.7 Delay Analysis 164 10.8 Verification of Analytical Models 168 10.8.1 Throughput 169 10.8.2 Average Delay and Delay Jitter 171 10.9 Discussion of the Related Works 172 10.10 Summary 174 10.11 Acknowledgement 174 References 175 11 Cooperative Inter-Node and Inter-Layer Optimization of Network Protocols 177 D. Kliazovich, F. Granelli and N. L. S. da Fonseca 11.1 Introduction 177 11.2 A Framework for Cooperative Configuration and Optimization 178 11.2.1 Tuning TCP/IP Parameters 178 11.2.2 Cooperative Optimization Architecture 179 11.3 Cooperative Optimization Design 181 11.3.1 Inter-Layer Cooperative Optimization 181 11.3.2 Inter-Node Cooperative Optimization 183 11.4 A Test Case: TCP Optimization Using a Cooperative Framework 184 11.4.1 Implementation 184 11.4.2 Inter-Layer Cognitive Optimization 186 11.4.3 Inter-Node Cognitive Optimization 187 11.5 Conclusions 189 References 189 12 Cooperative Network Coding 191 H. Rashvand, C. Khirallah, V. Stankovic and L. Stankovic 12.1 Introduction 191 12.2 Network Coding Concept 192 12.2.1 Example 192 12.3 Cooperative Relay 195 12.4 Cooperation Strategies 196 12.4.1 Performance Measures 197 12.5 Cooperative Network Coding 206 12.6 Conclusions 214 References 214 13 Cooperative Caching for Chip Multiprocessors 217 J. Chang, E. Herrero, R. Canal and G. Sohi 13.1 Caching and Chip Multiprocessors 217 13.1.1 Caching Background 217 13.1.2 CMP (Chip Multiprocessor) 218 13.1.3 CMP Caching Challenges 218 13.2 Cooperative Caching and CMP Caching 220 13.2.1 Motivation for Cooperative Caching 220 13.2.2 The Unique Aspects of Cooperative Caching 220 13.2.3 CMP Cache Partitioning Schemes 225 13.2.4 A Taxonomy of CMP Caching Techniques 226 13.3 CMP Cooperative Caching Framework 226 13.3.1 CMP Cooperative Caching Framework 227 13.3.2 CC Mechanisms 229 13.3.3 CC Implementations 234 13.3.4 CC for Large Scale CMPs 241 13.3.5 Distributed Cooperative Caching 243 13.3.6 Summary 249 13.4 CMP Cooperative Caching Applications 251 13.4.1 CMP Cooperative Caching for Latency Reduction 252 13.4.2 CMP Cooperative Caching for Adaptive Repartitioning 259 13.4.3 CMP Cooperative Caching for Performance Isolation 262 13.5 Summary 269 References 270 14 Market-Oriented Resource Management and Scheduling: A Taxonomy and Survey 277 Saurabh Kumar Garg and Rajkumar Buyya 14.1 Introduction 277 14.2 Overview of Utility Grids and Preliminaries 277 14.3 Requirements 279 14.3.1 Consumer Side Requirements 279 14.3.2 Resource Provider Side Requirements 280 14.3.3 Market Exchange Requirements 280 14.4 Utility Grid Infrastructural Components 282 14.5 Taxonomy of Market-Oriented Scheduling 283 14.5.1 Market Model 284 14.5.2 Allocation Decision 288 14.5.3 Participant Focus 288 14.5.4 Application Type 288 14.5.5 Allocation Objective 289 14.6 Survey of Grid Resource Management Systems 289 14.6.1 Survey of Market-Oriented Systems 289 14.6.2 System-Oriented Schedulers 296 14.7 Discussion and Gap Analysis 300 14.7.1 Scheduling Mechanisms 300 14.7.2 Market Based Systems 301 14.8 Summary 302 References 303 Glossary 307 Index 319

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Book Synopsis3G, HSPA and FDD versus TDD Networking, Second Edition is the only book that contrasts the network capacity gains that may be achieved with the advent of adaptive antenna arrays and HSDPA-style adaptive modulation techniques in the context of FDD and TDD CDMA cellular networks.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors xv Other Wiley and IEEE Press Books on Related Topics xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxxi 1 Third-generation CDMA Systems 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Basic CDMA System 2 1.2.1 Spread Spectrum Fundamentals 2 1.2.2 The Effect of Multipath Channels 6 1.2.3 Rake Receiver 9 1.2.4 Multiple Access 13 1.2.5 Spreading Codes 19 1.2.6 Channel Estimation 22 1.2.7 Summary 26 1.3 Third-generation Systems 26 1.3.1 Introduction 26 1.3.2 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) 29 1.3.3 The cdma2000 Terrestrial Radio Access 68 1.3.4 Performance-enhancement Features 82 1.3.5 Summary of 3G Systems 84 1.4 Summary and Conclusions 85 2 High Speed Downlink and Uplink Packet Access 87 2.1 Introduction 87 2.2 High Speed Downlink Packet Access 88 2.2.1 Physical Layer 92 2.2.2 Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer 98 2.3 High Speed Uplink Packet Access 99 2.3.1 Physical Layer 102 2.3.2 MAC Layer 108 2.4 Implementation Issues 112 2.4.1 HS-SCCH Detection Algorithm 112 2.4.2 16QAM 115 2.4.3 HARQ Result Processing Time 116 2.4.4 Crest Factor 117 3 HSDPA-style Burst-by-Burst Adaptive Wireless Transceivers 119 3.1 Motivation 119 3.2 Narrowband Burst-by-Burst Adaptive Modulation 120 3.3 Wideband Burst-by-Burst Adaptive Modulation 123 3.3.1 Channel Quality Metrics 123 3.4 Wideband BbB-AQAM Video Transceivers 126 3.5 BbB-AQAM Performance 129 3.6 Wideband BbB-AQAM Video Performance 131 3.6.1 AQAM Switching Thresholds 133 3.6.2 Turbo-coded AQAM Videophone Performance 135 3.7 Burst-by-Burst Adaptive Joint-Detection CDMA Video Transceiver 136 3.7.1 Multi-user Detection for CDMA 136 3.7.2 JD-ACDMA Modem Mode Adaptation and Signalling 138 3.7.3 The JD-ACDMA Video Transceiver 139 3.7.4 JD-ACDMA Video Transceiver Performance 141 3.8 Subband-adaptive OFDM Video Transceivers 145 3.9 Summary and Conclusions 150 4 Intelligent Antenna Arrays and Beamforming 151 4.1 Introduction 151 4.2 Beamforming 152 4.2.1 Antenna Array Parameters 152 4.2.2 Potential Benefits of Antenna Arrays in Mobile Communications 153 4.2.3 Signal Model 162 4.2.4 A Beamforming Example 165 4.2.5 Analog Beamforming 166 4.2.6 Digital Beamforming 167 4.2.7 Element-space Beamforming 167 4.2.8 Beam-space Beamforming 168 4.3 Adaptive Beamforming 169 4.3.1 Fixed Beams 170 4.3.2 Temporal Reference Techniques 171 4.3.3 Spatial Reference Techniques 184 4.3.4 Blind Adaptation 187 4.3.5 Adaptive Arrays in the Downlink 189 4.3.6 Adaptive Beamforming Performance Results 191 4.4 Summary and Conclusions 213 5 Adaptive Arrays in an FDMA/TDMA Cellular Network 215 5.1 Introduction 215 5.2 Modelling Adaptive Antenna Arrays 216 5.2.1 Algebraic Manipulation with Optimal Beamforming 216 5.2.2 Using Probability Density Functions 218 5.2.3 Sample Matrix Inversion Beamforming 219 5.3 Channel Allocation Techniques 220 5.3.1 Overview of Channel Allocation 221 5.3.2 Simulation of the Channel Allocation Algorithms 232 5.3.3 Overview of Channel Allocation Algorithms 236 5.3.4 DCA Performance without Adaptive Arrays 241 5.4 Employing Adaptive Antenna Arrays 242 5.5 Multipath Propagation Environments 245 5.6 Network Performance Results 251 5.6.1 System Simulation Parameters 252 5.6.2 Non-wraparound Network Performance Results 261 5.6.3 Wrap-around Network Performance Results 292 5.7 Summary and Conclusions 315 6 HSDPA-style FDD Networking, Adaptive Arrays and Adaptive Modulation 317 6.1 Introduction 317 6.2 Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access 318 6.3 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access 320 6.3.1 Spreading and Modulation 321 6.3.2 Common Pilot Channel 325 6.3.3 Power Control 326 6.3.4 Soft Handover 328 6.3.5 Signal-to-interference plus Noise Ratio Calculations 329 6.3.6 Multi-user Detection 331 6.4 Simulation Results 332 6.4.1 Simulation Parameters 332 6.4.2 The Effect of Pilot Power on Soft Handover Results 336 6.4.3 Ec/Io Power Based Soft Handover Results 351 6.4.4 Overview of Results 363 6.4.5 Performance of Adaptive Antenna Arrays in a High Data Rate Pedestrian Environment 365 6.4.6 Performance of Adaptive Antenna Arrays and Adaptive Modulation in a High Data Rate Pedestrian Environment 373 6.5 Summary and Conclusions 380 7 HSDPA-style FDD/CDMA Performance Using Loosely Synchronized Spreading Codes 383 7.1 Effects of Loosely Synchronized Spreading Codes on the Performance of CDMA Systems 383 7.1.1 Introduction 383 7.1.2 Loosely Synchronized Codes 384 7.1.3 System Parameters 386 7.1.4 Simulation Results 388 7.1.5 Summary 391 7.2 Effects of Cell Size on the UTRA Performance 392 7.2.1 Introduction 392 7.2.2 System Model and System Parameters 393 7.2.3 Simulation Results and Comparisons 395 7.2.4 Summary and Conclusion 400 7.3 Effects of SINR Threshold on the Performance of CDMA Systems 401 7.3.1 Introduction 401 7.3.2 Simulation Results 402 7.3.3 Summary and Conclusion 406 7.4 Network-layer Performance of Multi-carrier CDMA 407 7.4.1 Introduction 407 7.4.2 Simulation Results 413 7.4.3 Summary and Conclusions 419 8 HSDPA-style TDD/CDMA Network Performance 421 8.1 Introduction 421 8.2 UMTS FDD versus TDD Terrestrial Radio Access 422 8.2.1 FDD versus TDD Spectrum Allocation of UTRA 422 8.2.2 Physical Channels 423 8.3 UTRATDD/CDMA System 424 8.3.1 The TDD Physical Layer 425 8.3.2 Common Physical Channels of the TDD Mode 425 8.3.3 Power Control 426 8.3.4 Time Advance 428 8.4 Interference Scenario in TDD CDMA 428 8.4.1 Mobile-to-Mobile Interference 429 8.4.2 Base Station-to-Base Station Interference 429 8.5 Simulation Results 430 8.5.1 Simulation Parameters 431 8.5.2 Performance of Adaptive Antenna Array Aided TDD CDMA Systems 433 8.5.3 Performance of Adaptive Antenna Array and Adaptive Modulation Aided TDD HSDPA-style Systems 438 8.6 Loosely Synchronized Spreading Code Aided Network Performance Of UTRA-like TDD/CDMA Systems 442 8.6.1 Introduction 442 8.6.2 LS Codes in UTRA TDD/CDMA 444 8.6.3 System Parameters 445 8.6.4 Simulation Results 446 8.6.5 Summary and Conclusions 449 9 The Effects of Power Control and Hard Handovers on the UTRA TDD/CDMA System 451 9.1 A Historical Perspective on Handovers 451 9.2 Hard HO in UTRA-like TDD/CDMA Systems 452 9.2.1 Relative Pilot Power-based Hard HO 453 9.2.2 Simulation Results 454 9.3 Power Control in UTRA-like TDD/CDMA Systems 464 9.3.1 UTRATDD Downlink Closed-loop Power Control 464 9.3.2 UTRA TDD Uplink Closed-loop Power Control 466 9.3.3 Closed-loop Power Control Simulation Results 466 9.3.4 UTRA TDDUL Open-loop Power Control 475 9.3.5 Frame-delay-based Power Adjustment Model 476 9.4 Summary and Conclusion 486 10 Genetically Enhanced UTRA/TDD Network Performance 489 10.1 Introduction 489 10.2 The Genetically Enhanced UTRA-like TDD/CDMA System 490 10.3 Simulation Results 494 10.4 Summary and Conclusion 499 11 Conclusions and Further Research 501 11.1 Summary of FDD Networking 501 11.2 Summary of FDD versus TDD Networking 506 11.3 Further Research 511 11.3.1 Advanced Objective Functions 513 11.3.2 Other Types of GAs 513 Glossary 515 Bibliography 521 Subject Index 547 Author Index 553

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