Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book SynopsisThis book bridges the divide between the fields of power systems engineering and computer communication through the new field of power system information theory.Table of ContentsAbout the Author xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xxiii Acronyms xxv Part One ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS: THE MAIN COMPONENT 1 Introduction to Power Systems Before Smart Grid 3 1.1 Overview 3 1.2 Yesterday’s Grid 8 1.3 Fundamentals of Electric Power 20 1.4 Case Studies: Postmortem Analysis of Blackouts 34 1.5 Drivers Toward the Smart Grid 42 1.6 Goals of the Smart Grid 43 1.7 A Few Words on Standards 46 1.8 From Energy and Information to Smart Grid and Communications 47 1.9 Summary 48 1.10 Exercises 50 2 Generation 55 2.1 Introduction to Generation 55 2.2 Centralized Generation 57 2.3 Management and Control: Introducing Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems 73 2.4 Energy Storage 81 2.5 Summary 85 2.6 Exercises 86 3 Transmission 89 3.1 Introduction 89 3.2 Basic Power Grid Components 93 3.3 Classical Power Grid Analytical Techniques 98 3.4 Transmission Challenges 110 3.5 Wireless Power Transmission 118 3.6 Summary 118 3.7 Exercises 119 4 Distribution 121 4.1 Introduction 121 4.2 Protection Techniques 138 4.3 Conservation Voltage Reduction 145 4.4 Distribution Line Carrier 146 4.5 Summary 147 4.6 Exercises 147 5 Consumption 151 5.1 Introduction 151 5.2 Loads 152 5.3 Variability in Consumption 168 5.4 The Consumer Perspective 169 5.5 Visibility 171 5.6 Flexibility for the Consumer 176 5.7 Summary 179 5.8 Exercises 180 Part Two COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING: THE ENABLER 6 What is Smart Grid Communication? 185 6.1 Introduction 185 6.2 Energy and Information 192 6.3 System View 198 6.4 Power System Information Theory 199 6.5 Communication Architecture 216 6.6 Wireless Communication Introduction 224 6.7 Summary 232 6.8 Exercises 233 7 Demand-Response and the Advanced Metering Infrastructure 235 7.1 Introduction 235 7.2 Demand-Response 236 7.3 Advanced Metering Infrastructure 239 7.4 IEEE 802.15.4, 6LoWPAN, ROLL, and RPL 244 7.5 IEEE 802.11 255 7.6 Summary 256 7.7 Exercises 257 8 Distributed Generation and Transmission 259 8.1 Introduction 259 8.2 Distributed Generation 260 8.3 The Smart Power Transmission System 276 8.4 Wireless Power Transmission 278 8.5 Wide-Area Monitoring 281 8.6 Networked Control 294 8.7 Summary 298 8.8 Exercises 298 9 Distribution Automation 301 9.1 Introduction 301 9.2 Protection Coordination Utilizing Distribution Automation 306 9.3 Self-healing, Communication, and Distribution Automation 309 9.4 Summary 329 9.5 Exercises 329 10 Standards Overview 333 10.1 Introduction 333 10.2 National Institute of Standards and Technology 334 10.3 International Electrotechnical Commission 335 10.4 International Council on Large Electric Systems 339 10.5 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 339 10.6 American National Standards Institute 343 10.7 International Telecommunication Union 347 10.8 Electric Power Research Institute 348 10.9 Other Standardization-Related Activities 349 10.10 Summary 353 10.11 Exercises 354 Part Three EMBEDDED AND DISTRIBUTED INTELLIGENCE FOR A SMARTER GRID: THE ULTIMATE GOAL 11 Machine Intelligence in the Grid 359 11.1 Introduction 359 11.2 Machine Intelligence and Communication 360 11.3 Computing Models for Smart Grid 364 11.4 Machine Intelligence in the Grid 373 11.5 Machine-to-Machine Communication in Smart Grid 383 11.6 Summary 385 11.7 Exercises 386 12 State Estimation and Stability 389 12.1 Introduction 389 12.2 Networked Control 396 12.3 State Estimation 397 12.4 Distributed State Estimation 399 12.5 Stability 402 12.6 Stability and High-Penetration Distributed Generation 410 12.7 Summary 411 12.8 Exercises 412 13 Synchrophasor Applications 415 13.1 Introduction 415 13.2 Synchrophasors 416 13.3 Phasor Measurement Unit 426 13.4 Networking Synchrophasor Information 427 13.5 Synchrophasor Applications 430 13.6 Summary 431 13.7 Exercises 432 14 Power System Electronics 435 14.1 Introduction 435 14.2 Power System Electronics 437 14.3 Power Electronic Transformer 443 14.4 Protection Devices and Current Limiters 452 14.5 Superconducting Technologies 453 14.6 Summary 460 14.7 Exercises 461 15 Future of the Smart Grid 465 15.1 Introduction 465 15.2 Geomagnetic Storms as Generators 468 15.3 Future Microgrids 472 15.4 Nanoscale Communication Networks 476 15.5 Emerging Technologies 480 15.6 Near-Space Power Generation 482 15.7 Summary 484 15.8 Exercises 487 Appendix: Smart Grid Simulation Tools 489 References 493 Index 507

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Book SynopsisBridging the industry divide between the technical expertise of engineers and the aims of market and business planners, Making Telecoms Work provides a basis for more effective interdisciplinary analysis of technology, engineering, market and business investment risk and opportunity. Since fixed and mobile broadband has become a dominant deliverable, multiple areas of transition and transformation have occurred; the book places these changes in the context of the political, social and economic dynamics of the global telecommunications industry. Drawing on 25 years of participative experience in the mobile phone and telecommunications industry, the author closely analyses the materials, components and devices that have had a transformative impact. By presenting detailed case studies of materials innovation, such as those shown at success story Apple, the book shows how the collaboration of technological imagination with business knowledge will shape the industry's future.Trade Review“In this excellent book, Geoff Varrall uses his 25 years of experience within the mobile phone and telecommunications industries to analyse the components, devices, and materials that will have a significant impact on the marketplace.” (Radio-Electronics.com, 16 April 2012) Table of ContentsForeword xvii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xix Acknowledgements xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Differentiating Technology and Engineering Innovation 1 1.2 Differentiating Invention and Innovation 2 1.3 The Role of Standards, Regulation and Competition Policy 2 1.4 Mobile Broadband Auction Values – Spectral Costs and Liabilities and Impact on Operator Balance Sheets 3 1.5 TV and Broadcasting and Mobile Broadband Regulation 4 1.6 Technology Convergence as a Precursor of Market Convergence? 5 1.7 Mobile Broadband Traffic Growth Forecasts and the Related Impact on Industry Profitability 5 1.8 Radio versus Copper, Cable and Fibre – Comparative Economics 6 1.9 Standardised Description Frameworks – OSI Seven-Layer Model as a Market and Business Descriptor 7 1.10 Technology and Engineering Economics – Regional Shifts and Related Influence on the Design and Supply Chain, RF Component Suppliers and the Operator Community 8 1.11 Apple as an Example of Technology-Led Market Innovation 12 Part I USER HARDWARE 2 Physical Layer Connectivity 15 2.1 Differentiating Guided and Unguided Media 15 2.2 The Transfer of Bandwidth from Broadcasting to Mobile Broadband 15 2.3 The Cost of Propagation Loss and Impact of OFDM 17 2.4 Competition or Collaboration? 18 2.5 The Smith Chart as a Descriptor of Technology Economics, Vector Analysis and Moore’s Law 19 2.6 Innovation Domains, Enabling Technologies and their Impact on the Cost of Delivery 20 2.7 Cable Performance Benchmarks 33 2.8 Hybrid Fibre Coaxial Systems 34 2.9 The DVB-S Satellite Alternative 35 2.10 Terrestrial TV 35 2.11 Copper Access – ADSL and VDSL Evolution 36 2.12 The Copper Conundrum – the Disconnect between Competition Policy and Technical Reality 42 2.13 OFDM in Wireless – A Similar Story? 42 2.14 Chapter Summary 54 3 Interrelationship of the Physical Layer with Other Layers of the OSI Model 55 3.1 MAC Layer and Physical Layer Relationships 55 3.2 OFDM and the Transformative Power of Transforms 56 3.3 The Role of Binary Arithmetic in Achieving Sensitivity, Selectivity and Stability 61 3.4 Summary 69 3.5 Contention Algorithms 69 3.6 The WiFi PHY and MAC Relationship 73 3.7 LTE Scheduling Gain 83 3.8 Chapter Summary 88 4 Telecommunications Economies of Scale 91 4.1 Market Size and Projections 91 4.2 Market Dynamics 97 4.3 Impact of Band Allocation on Scale Economics 103 4.4 The Impact of Increased RF Integration on Volume Thresholds 113 4.5 The RF Functions in a Phone 118 4.6 Summary 123 5 Wireless User Hardware 125 5.1 Military and Commercial Enabling Technologies 125 5.2 Smart Phones 129 5.3 Smart Phones and the User Experience 141 5.4 Summary So Far 142 5.5 RF Component Innovation 146 5.6 Antenna Innovations 153 5.7 Other Costs 162 5.8 Summary 165 6 Cable, Copper, Wireless and Fibre and theWorld of the Big TV 167 6.1 Big TV 167 6.2 3DTV 169 6.3 Portable Entertainment Systems 170 6.4 Summary of this Chapter and the First Five Chapters – Materials Innovation, Manufacturing Innovation, Market Innovation 171 Part II USER SOFTWARE 7 Device-Centric Software 175 7.1 Battery Drain – The Memristor as One Solution 175 7.2 Plane Switching, Displays and Visual Acuity 176 7.3 Relationship of Display Technologies to Processor Architectures, Software Performance and Power Efficiency 177 7.4 Audio Bandwidth Cost and Value 181 7.5 Video Bandwidth Cost and Value 182 7.6 Code Bandwidth and Application Bandwidth Value, Patent Value and Connectivity Value 184 8 User-Centric Software 185 8.1 Imaging and Social Networking 185 8.2 The Image Processing Chain 186 8.3 Image Processing Software – Processor and Memory Requirements 191 8.4 Digital Camera Software 194 8.5 Camera-Phone Network Hardware 196 8.6 Camera-Phone Network Software 196 8.7 Summary 197 9 Content- and Entertainment-Centric Software 199 9.1 iClouds and MyClouds 199 9.2 Lessons from the Past 200 9.3 Memory Options 203 9.4 Gaming in the Cloud and Gaming and TV Integration 205 9.5 Solid-State Storage 206 10 Information-Centric Software 211 10.1 Standard Phones, Smart Phones and Super Phones 211 10.2 Radio Waves, Light Waves and the Mechanics of Information Transfer 212 10.3 The Optical Pipe and Pixels 214 10.4 Metadata Defined 217 10.5 Mobile Metadata and Super-Phone Capabilities 219 10.6 The Role of Audio, Visual and Social Signatures in Developing ‘Inference Value’ 221 10.7 Revenues from Image and Audio and Memory and Knowledge Sharing – The Role of Mobile Metadata and Similarity Processing Algorithms 221 10.8 Sharing Algorithms 222 10.9 Disambiguating Social Mobile Metadata 223 10.10 The Requirement for Standardised Metadata Descriptors 223 10.11 Mobile Metadata and the Five Domains of User Value 224 10.12 Mathematical (Algorithmic Value) as an Integral Part of the Mobile Metadata Proposition 225 11 Transaction-Centric Software 229 11.1 Financial Transactions 229 11.2 The Role of SMS in Transactions, Political Influence and Public Safety 230 11.3 The Mobile Phone as a Dominant Communications Medium? 232 11.4 Commercial Issues – The End of the Cheque Book? 232 Part III NETWORK HARDWARE 12 Wireless Radio Access Network Hardware 237 12.1 Historical Context 237 12.2 From Difference Engine to Connection Engine 238 12.3 IP Network Efficiency Constraints 240 12.4 Telecoms – The Tobacco Industry of the Twentyfirst Century? 242 12.5 Amortisation Time Scales 242 12.6 Roads and Railways and the Power and Water Economy – The Justification of Long-Term Returns 243 12.6.1 Historical Precedents – Return on Infrastructure Investment Time Scales 243 12.7 Telecommunications and Economic Theory 244 12.8 The New Wireless Economy in a New Political Age? 250 12.9 Connected Economies – A Definition 251 12.10 Inferences and Implications 254 12.11 The Newly Connected Economy 255 13 Wireless Core Network Hardware 257 13.1 The Need to Reduce End-to-End Delivery Cost 257 13.2 Microwave-Link Economics 258 13.3 The Backhaul Mix 259 13.4 The HRAN and LRAN 260 13.5 Summary – Backhaul Options Economic Comparisons 263 13.6 Other Topics 264 14 Cable Network and Fibre Network Technologies and Topologies 267 14.1 Telegraph Poles as a Proxy for Regulatory and Competition Policy 267 14.2 Under the Streets of London 267 14.3 Above the Streets of London – The Telegraph 269 14.4 Corporate Success and Failure – Case Studies – The Impact of Regulation and Competition Policy 269 14.5 The Correlation of Success and Failure with R and D Spending 271 14.6 Broadband Delivery Economics and Delivery Innovation 273 15 Terrestrial Broadcast/Cellular Network Integration 275 15.1 Broadcasting in Historical Context 275 15.2 Digital Radio Mondiale 277 15.3 COFDM in DRM 277 15.4 Social and Political Impact of the Transistor Radio 278 15.5 Political and Economic Value of Broadcasting 280 15.6 DAB, DMB and DVB H 281 15.7 HSPA as a Broadcast Receiver 283 15.8 Impact of Global Spectral Policy and Related Implications for Receiver Design and Signal Flux Levels 284 15.9 White-Space Devices 287 15.10 Transmission Efficiency 289 15.11 Scale Economy Efficiency 289 15.12 Signalling Efficiency 289 15.13 Power Efficiency Loss as a Result of a Need for Wide Dynamic Range 290 15.14 Uneconomic Network Density as a Function of Transceiver TX and RX Inefficiency 290 15.15 Cognitive Radios Already Exist – Why Not Extend Them into White-Space Spectrum? 290 15.16 An Implied Need to Rethink the White-Space Space 291 15.17 White-Space White House 291 15.18 LTE TV 292 15.19 Summary 295 15.20 TV or not TV – That is the Question – What is the Answer? 295 15.21 And Finally the Issue of Potential Spectral Litigation 297 15.22 Technology Economics 300 15.23 Engineering Economics 300 15.24 Market Economics 300 15.25 Business Economics 301 15.26 Political Economics 301 15.27 Remedies 301 16 Satellite Networks 303 16.1 Potential Convergence 303 16.2 Traditional Specialist User Expectations 303 16.3 Impact of Cellular on Specialist User Expectations 304 16.4 DMR 446 305 16.5 TETRA and TETRA TEDS 305 16.6 TETRAPOL 306 16.7 WiDEN 306 16.8 APCO 25 306 16.9 Why the Performance Gap Between Cellular and Two-Way Radio will Continue to Increase Over Time 307 16.10 What This Means for Two-Way Radio Network Operators 307 16.11 Lack of Frequency Harmonisation as a Compounding Factor 307 16.12 The LTE 700 MHz Public-Safety-Band Plan 309 16.13 The US 800-MHz Public-Safety-Band Plan 310 16.14 Policy Issues and Technology Economics 313 16.15 Satellites for Emergency-Service Provision 315 16.16 Satellites and Cellular Networks 316 16.17 The Impact of Changing Technology and a Changed and Changing Economic and Regulatory Climate – Common Interest Opportunities 317 16.18 And Finally – Satellite and Terrestrial Hybrid Networks 318 16.19 Satellite Spectrum and Orbit Options 321 16.20 Terrestrial Broadcast and Satellite Coexistence in L Band 324 16.21 Terrestrial DAB Satellite DAB and DVB H 324 16.22 World Space Satellite Broadcast L Band GSO Plus Proposed ATC 324 16.23 Inmarsat – L Band GSO Two-Way Mobile Communications 324 16.24 Thuraya 2 L Band GSO Plus Triband GSM and GPS 325 16.25 ACeS L Band GSO Plus Triband GSM and GPS 325 16.26 Mobile Satellite Ventures L Band GSO Plus ATC 325 16.27 Global Positioning MEOS at L Band GPS, Galileo and Glonass 325 16.28 Terrestrial Broadcast and Satellite Coexistence in S Band 326 16.29 XM and Sirius in the US – S Band GEO Plus S Band ATC 326 16.30 Mobaho in Japan and S DMB in South Korea – S Band GSO Plus ATC 326 16.31 Terrestar S Band in the US – GSO with ATC 327 16.32 ICO S Band GSO with ATC 327 16.33 ICO S Band MEO at S Band with ATC 327 16.34 Eutelsat and SES ASTRA GSO – ‘Free’ S Band Payloads 328 16.35 Intelsat C Band Ku Band and Ka Band GSO 328 16.36 Implications for Terrestrial Broadcasters 328 16.37 Implications for Terrestrial Cellular Service Providers 329 16.38 The Impact of Satellite Terrestrial ATC Hybrids on Cellular Spectral and Corporate Value 329 16.39 L Band, S Band, C Band, K Band and V Band Hybrids 329 16.40 Summary 330 Part IV NETWORK SOFTWARE 17 Network Software – The User Experience 335 17.1 Definition of a Real-Time Network 335 17.2 Switching or Routing 336 17.3 IP Switching as an Option 336 17.4 Significance of the IPv6 Transition 336 17.5 Router Hardware/Software Partitioning 336 17.6 The Impact of Increasing Policy Complexity 337 17.7 So What Do Whorls Have to Do with Telecom Networks? 338 17.8 Packet Arrival Rates 342 17.9 Multilayer Classification 342 18 Network Software – Energy Management and Control 347 18.1 Will the Pot Call the Kettle Back? 347 18.2 Corporate M2M 348 18.3 Specialist M2M 348 18.4 Consumer M2M 349 18.5 Device Discovery and Device Coupling in Consumer M2M Applications and the Role of Near-Field Communication 349 18.6 Bandwidth Considerations 350 18.7 Femtocells as an M2M Hub? 351 18.8 Summary 352 19 Network Software – Microdevices and Microdevice Networks – The Software of the Very Small 353 19.1 Microdevices – How Small is Small? 354 19.2 Contactless Smart Cards at 13.56 MHz – A Technology, Engineering and Business Model? 357 19.3 Contactless Smart Cards and Memory Spots – Unidirectional and Bidirectional Value 358 19.4 Contactless Smart Cards, RF ID and Memory Spots 358 19.5 Contactless Smart Cards, RF ID, Memory Spot and Mote (Smart Dust) Applications 359 19.6 The Cellular Phone as a Bridge Between Multiple Devices and Other Network-Based Information 359 19.7 Multiple RF Options 360 19.8 Multiple Protocol Stacks 360 19.9 Adoption Time Scales – Bar Codes as an Example 360 19.10 Summary 361 20 Server Software 363 20.1 The Wisdom of the Cloud? 364 20.2 A Profitable Cloud? 364 20.3 A Rural Cloud? 365 20.4 A Locally Economically Relevant Cloud? 365 20.5 A Locally Socially Relevant Cloud? 365 20.6 A Locally Politically Relevant Cloud – The China Cloud? 366 20.7 The Cultural Cloud? 367 21 Future Trends, Forecasting, the Age of Adaptation and More Transformative Transforms 369 21.1 Future Forecasts 369 21.2 The Contribution of Charles Darwin to the Theory of Network Evolution 370 21.3 Famous Mostly Bearded Botanists and Their Role in Network Design – The Dynamics of Adaptation 371 21.4 Adaptation, Scaling and Context 371 21.5 Examples of Adaptation in Existing Semiconductor Solutions 372 21.6 Examples of Adaptation in Present Mobile Broadband Systems 372 21.7 Examples of Adaptation in Future Semiconductor Solutions 373 21.8 Examples of Adaptation in Future Cellular Networks 373 21.9 Specialisation 375 21.10 The Role of Standards Making 376 21.11 The Need for a Common Language 376 21.12 A Definition of Descriptive Domains 377 21.13 Testing the Model on Specific Applications 379 21.14 Domain Value 380 21.15 Quantifying Domain-Specific Economic and Emotional Value 381 21.16 Differentiating Communications and Connectivity Value 382 21.17 Defining Next-Generation Networks 383 21.18 Defining an Ultralow-Cost Network 384 21.19 Standards Policy, Spectral Policy and RF Economies of Scale 385 21.20 The Impact of IPR on RF Component and Subsystem Costs 386 21.21 The Cost of ‘Design Dissipation’ 386 21.22 The Hidden Costs of Content – Storage Cost 387 21.23 The Hidden Costs of User-Generated Content – Sorting Cost 387 21.24 The Hidden Cost of Content – Trigger Moments 387 21.25 The Hidden Cost of Content – Delivery Cost 388 21.26 The Particular Costs of Delivering Broadcast Content Over Cellular Networks 388 21.27 Summary – Cost and Value Transforms 388 Index 391

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Book SynopsisLTE- A and Next Generation Wireless Networks: Channel Modeling and Performancedescribes recent advances in propagation and channel modeling necessary for simulating next generation wireless systems. Due to the radio spectrum scarcity, two fundamental changes are anticipated compared to the current status. Firstly, the strict reservation of a specific band for a unique standard could evolve toward a priority policy allowing the co-existence of secondary users in a band allocated to a primary system. Secondly, a huge increase of the number of cells is expected by combining outdoor base stations with smaller cells such as pico/femto cells and relays. This evolution is accompanied with the emergence of cognitive radio that becomes a reality in terminals together with the development of self-organization capabilities and distributed cooperative behaviors. The book is divided into three parts: Part I addresses the fundamentals (e.g. technologies, channel modelinTable of ContentsAbout the Editors xv List of Contributors xvii Preface xix Acknowledgements xxiii List of Acronyms xxv Part I BACKGROUND 1 Enabling Technologies for 3GPP LTE-Advanced Networks 3 Narcis Cardona, Jose F. Monserrat and Jorge Cabrejas 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 General IMT-Advanced Features and Requirements 5 1.3 Long Term Evolution Advanced Requirements 11 1.4 Long Term Evolution Advanced Enabling Technologies 15 1.5 Summary 33 2 Propagation and Channel Modeling Principles 35 Andreas F. Molisch 2.1 Propagation Principles 35 2.2 Deterministic Channel Descriptions 41 2.3 Stochastic Channel Description 46 2.4 Channel Modeling Methods 51 Part II RADIO CHANNELS 3 Indoor Channels 67 Jianhua Zhang and Guangyi Liu 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Indoor Large Scale Fading 69 3.3 Indoor Small Scale Fading 83 4 Outdoor Channels 97 Petros Karadimas 4.1 Introduction 97 4.2 Reference Channel Model 98 4.3 Small Scale Variations 103 4.4 Path Loss and Large Scale Variations 117 4.5 Summary 119 5 Outdoor-Indoor Channel 123 Andres Alayon Glazunov, Zhihua Lai and Jie Zhang 5.1 Introduction 123 5.2 Modelling Principles 124 5.3 Empirical Propagation Models 127 5.4 Deterministic Models 137 5.5 Hybrid Models 142 6 Vehicular Channels 153 Laura Bernado, Nicolai Czink, Thomas Zemen, Alexander Paier, Fredrik Tufvesson, Christoph Mecklenbrauker and Andreas F. Molisch 6.1 Introduction 153 6.2 Radio Channel Measurements 154 6.3 Vehicular Channel Characterization 160 6.4 Channel Models for Vehicular Communications 171 6.5 New Vehicular Communication Techniques 180 7 Multi-User MIMO Channels 187 Fredrik Tufvesson, Katsuyuki Haneda and Veli-Matti Kolmonen 7.1 Introduction 187 7.2 Multi-User MIMO Measurements 188 7.3 Multi-User Channel Characterization 196 7.4 Multi-User Channel Models 200 8 Wideband Channels 215 Vit Sipal, David Edward and Ben Allen 8.1 Large Scale Channel Properties 216 8.2 Impulse Response of UWB Channel 219 8.3 Frequency Selective Fading in UWB Channels 226 8.4 Multiple Antenna Techniques 239 8.5 Implications for LTE-A 243 9 Wireless Body Area Network Channels 247 Rob Edwards, Muhammad Irfan Khattak and Lei Ma 9.1 Introduction 247 9.2 Wearable Antennas 249 9.3 Analysis of Antennas Close to Human Skin 251 9.4 A Survey of Popular On-Body Propagation Models 259 9.5 Antenna Implants-Possible Future Trends 263 9.6 Summary 265 Part III SIMULATION AND PERFORMANCE 10 Ray-Tracing Modeling 271 Yves Lostanlen and Thomas Kurner 10.1 Introduction 271 10.2 Main Physical Phenomena Involved in Propagation 272 10.3 Incorporating the Influence of Vegetation 277 10.4 Ray-Tracing Methods 280 11 Finite-Difference Modeling 293 Guillaume de la Roche 11.1 Introduction 293 11.2 Models for Solving Maxwell’s Equations 294 11.3 Practical Use of FD Methods 298 11.4 Results 303 11.5 Perspectives for Finite Difference Models 308 11.6 Summary and Perspectives 314 12 Propagation Models for Wireless Network Planning 317 Thomas Kurner and Yves Lostanlen 12.1 Geographic Data for RNP 317 12.2 Categorization of Propagation Models 322 12.3 Empirical Models 325 12.4 Semi-Empirical Models for Macro Cells 326 12.5 Deterministic Models for Urban Areas 332 12.6 Accuracy of Propagation Models for RNP 339 12.7 Coverage Probability 344 13 System-Level Simulations with the IMT-Advanced Channel Model 349 Jan Ellenbeck 13.1 Introduction 349 13.2 IMT-Advanced Simulation Guidelines 350 13.3 The IMT-Advanced Channel Models 357 13.4 Channel Model Calibration 366 13.5 Link-to-System Modeling for LTE-Advanced 371 13.6 3GPP LTE-Advanced System-Level Simulator Calibration 379 13.7 Summary and Outlook 385 14 Channel Emulators for Emerging Communication Systems 389 Julian Webber 14.1 Introduction 389 14.2 Emulator Systems 390 14.3 Random Number Generation 391 14.4 Fading Generators 394 14.5 Channel Convolution 401 14.6 Emulator Development 403 14.7 Example Transceiver Applications for Emerging Systems 403 14.8 Summary 407 15 MIMO Over-the-Air Testing 411 Andres Alayon Glazunov, Veli-Matti Kolmonen and Tommi Laitinen 15.1 Introduction 411 15.2 Channel Modelling Concepts 414 15.3 DUTs and Usage Definition 418 15.4 Figures-of-Merit for OTA 419 15.5 Multi-Probe MIMO OTA Testing Methods 421 15.6 Other MIMO OTA Testing Methods 429 15.6.1 Reverberation Chambers 429 15.6.2 Two-Stage Method 436 15.7 Future Trends 437 16 Cognitive Radio Networks: Sensing, Access, Security 443 Ghazanfar A. Safdar 16.1 Introduction 443 16.2 Cognitive Radio: A Definition 443 16.3 Spectrum Sensing in CRNs 448 16.4 Spectrum Assignment–Medium Access Control in CRNs 452 16.5 Security in Cognitive Radio Networks 461 16.6 Applications of CRNs 468 16.7 Summary 470 17 Antenna Design for Small Devices 473 Tim Brown 17.1 Antenna Fundamentals 474 17.2 Figures of Merit and their Impact on the Propagation Channel 477 17.3 Challenges in Mobile Terminal Antenna Design 484 17.4 Multiple-Antenna Minaturization Techniques 485 17.5 Multiple Antennas with Multiple Bands 489 17.6 Multiple Users and Antenna Effects 491 17.7 Small Cell Antennas 492 17.8 Summary 492 18 Statistical Characterization of Antennas in BANs 495 Carla Oliveira, Michal Mackowiak and Luis M. Correia 18.1 Motivation 495 18.2 Scenarios 496 18.3 Concepts 498 18.4 Body Coupling: Theoretical Models 500 18.5 Body Coupling: Full Wave Simulations 508 18.6 Body Coupling: Practical Experiments 513 18.7 Correlation Analysis for BANs 517 18.8 Summary 522 Acknowledgements 523 References 523 Index 525

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Book SynopsisThe Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm (MLFMA) for Solving Large-Scale Computational Electromagnetic Problems provides a detailed and instructional overview of implementing MLFMA. The book: Presents a comprehensive treatment of the MLFMA algorithm, including basic linear algebra concepts, recent developments on the parallel computation, and a number of application examples Covers solutions of electromagnetic problems involving dielectric objects and perfectly-conducting objects Discusses applications including scattering from airborne targets, scattering from red blood cells, radiation from antennas and arrays, metamaterials etc. Is written by authors who have more than 25 years experience on the development and implementation of MLFMA The book will be useful for post-graduate students, researchers, and academics, studying in the areas of computational electromagnetics, numerical analTable of ContentsPreface xi List of Abbreviations xiii 1 Basics 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Simulation Environments Based on MLFMA 2 1.3 From Maxwell’s Equations to Integro-Differential Operators 3 1.4 Surface Integral Equations 7 1.5 Boundary Conditions 9 1.6 Surface Formulations 10 1.7 Method of Moments and Discretization 12 1.7.1 Linear Functions 15 1.8 Integrals on Triangular Domains 21 1.8.1 Analytical Integrals 22 1.8.2 Gaussian Quadratures 26 1.8.3 Adaptive Integration 26 1.9 Electromagnetic Excitation 29 1.9.1 Plane-Wave Excitation 29 1.9.2 Hertzian Dipole 31 1.9.3 Complex-Source-Point Excitation 31 1.9.4 Delta-Gap Excitation 32 1.9.5 Current-Source Excitation 34 1.10 Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm 35 1.11 Low-Frequency Breakdown of MLFMA 39 1.12 Iterative Algorithms 41 1.12.1 Symmetric Lanczos Process 42 1.12.2 Nonsymmetric Lanczos Process 44 1.12.3 Arnoldi Process 45 1.12.4 Golub-Kahan Process 45 1.13 Preconditioning 46 1.14 Parallelization of MLFMA 50 2 Solutions of Electromagnetics Problems with Surface Integral Equations 53 2.1 Homogeneous Dielectric Objects 53 2.1.1 Surface Integral Equations 54 2.1.2 Surface Formulations 55 2.1.3 Discretizations of Surface Formulations 58 2.1.4 Direct Calculations of Interactions 60 2.1.5 General Properties of Surface Formulations 67 2.1.6 Decoupling for Perfectly Conducting Surfaces 73 2.1.7 Accuracy with Respect to Contrast 74 2.2 Low-Contrast Breakdown and Its Solution 77 2.2.1 A Combined Tangential Formulation 77 2.2.2 Nonradiating Currents 80 2.2.3 Conventional Formulations in the Limit Case 81 2.2.4 Low-Contrast Breakdown 82 2.2.5 Stabilization by Extraction 82 2.2.6 Double-Stabilized Combined Tangential Formulation 87 2.2.7 Numerical Results for Low Contrasts 88 2.2.8 Breakdown for Extremely Low Contrasts 91 2.2.9 Field-Based-Stabilized Formulations 93 2.2.10 Numerical Results for Extremely Low Contrasts 95 2.3 Perfectly Conducting Objects 105 2.3.1 Comments on the Integral Equations 106 2.3.2 Internal-Resonance Problem 108 2.3.3 Formulations of Open Surfaces 108 2.3.4 Low-Frequency Breakdown 111 2.3.5 Accuracy with the RWG Functions 115 2.3.6 Compatibility of the Integral Equations 122 2.3.7 Convergence to Minimum Achievable Error 124 2.3.8 Alternative Implementations of MFIE 130 2.3.9 Curl-Conforming Basis Functions for MFIE 131 2.3.10 LN-LT Type Basis Functions for MFIE and CFIE 137 2.3.11 Excessive Discretization Error of the Identity Operator 160 2.4 Composite Objects with Multiple Dielectric and Metallic Regions 165 2.4.1 Special Case: Homogeneous Dielectric Object 168 2.4.2 Special Case: Coated Dielectric Object 169 2.4.3 Special Case: Coated Metallic Object 172 2.5 Concluding Remarks 175 3 Iterative Solutions of Electromagnetics Problems with MLFMA 177 3.1 Factorization and Diagonalization of the Green’s Function 177 3.1.1 Addition Theorem 177 3.1.2 Factorization of the Translation Functions 180 3.1.3 Expansions 183 3.1.4 Diagonalization 184 3.2 Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm 186 3.2.1 Recursive Clustering 186 3.2.2 Far-Field Interactions 187 3.2.3 Radiation and Receiving Patterns 188 3.2.4 Near-Field Interactions 190 3.2.5 Sampling 190 3.2.6 Computational Requirements 192 3.2.7 Anterpolation 194 3.3 Lagrange Interpolation and Anterpolation 196 3.3.1 Two-Step Method 198 3.3.2 Virtual Extension 199 3.3.3 Sampling at the Poles 201 3.3.4 Interpolation of Translation Operators 205 3.4 MLFMA for Hermitian Matrix-Vector Multiplications 211 3.5 Strategies for Building Less-Accurate MLFMA 213 3.6 Iterative Solutions of Surface Formulations 215 3.6.1 Hybrid Formulations of PEC Objects 216 3.6.2 Iterative Solutions of Normal Equations 226 3.6.3 Iterative Solutions of Dielectric Objects 238 3.6.4 Iterative Solutions of Composite Objects with Multiple Dielectric and Metallic Regions 247 3.7 MLFMA for Low-Frequency Problems 252 3.7.1 Factorization of the Matrix Elements 256 3.7.2 Low-Frequency MLFMA 259 3.7.3 Broadband MLFMA 261 3.7.4 Numerical Results 261 3.8 Concluding Remarks 268 4 Parallelization of MLFMA for the Solution of Large-Scale Electromagnetics Problems 269 4.1 On the Parallelization of MLFMA 269 4.2 Parallel Computing Platforms for Numerical Examples 270 4.3 Electromagnetics Problems for Numerical Examples 271 4.4 Simple Parallelizations of MLFMA 271 4.4.1 Near-Field Interactions 271 4.4.2 Far-Field Interactions 273 4.5 The Hybrid Parallelization Strategy 274 4.5.1 Aggregation Stage 275 4.5.2 Translation Stage 277 4.5.3 Disaggregation Stage 278 4.5.4 Communications in Hybrid Parallelizations 278 4.5.5 Numerical Results with the Hybrid Parallelization Strategy 279 4.6 The Hierarchical Parallelization Strategy 283 4.6.1 Hierarchical Partitioning of Tree Structures 283 4.6.2 Aggregation Stage 285 4.6.3 Translation Stage 286 4.6.4 Disaggregation Stage 286 4.6.5 Communications in Hierarchical Parallelizations 287 4.6.6 Irregular Partitioning of Tree Structures 288 4.6.7 Comparisons with Previous Parallelization Strategies 289 4.6.8 Numerical Results with the Hierarchical Parallelization Strategy 291 4.7 Efficiency Considerations for Parallel Implementations of MLFMA 295 4.7.1 Efficient Programming 295 4.7.2 System Software 297 4.7.3 Load Balancing 297 4.7.4 Memory Recycling and Optimizations 302 4.7.5 Parallel Environment 306 4.7.6 Parallel Computers 315 4.8 Accuracy Considerations for Parallel Implementations of MLFMA 317 4.8.1 Mesh Quality 324 4.9 Solutions of Large-Scale Electromagnetics Problems Involving PEC Objects 324 4.9.1 PEC Sphere 326 4.9.2 Other Canonical Problems 338 4.9.3 NASA Almond 342 4.9.4 Flamme 354 4.10 Solutions of Large-Scale Electromagnetics Problems Involving Dielectric Objects 358 4.11 Concluding Remarks 368 5 Applications 369 5.1 Case Study: External Resonances of the Flamme 369 5.2 Case Study: Realistic Metamaterials Involving Split-Ring Resonators and Thin Wires 373 5.3 Case Study: Photonic Crystals 377 5.4 Case Study: Scattering from Red Blood Cells 380 5.5 Case Study: Log-Periodic Antennas and Arrays 389 5.5.1 Nonplanar Trapezoidal-Tooth Log-Periodic Antennas 389 5.5.2 Circular Arrays of Log-Periodic Antennas 395 5.5.3 Circular-Sectoral Arrays of Log-Periodic Antennas 403 5.6 Concluding Remarks 410 Appendix 411 A.1 Limit Part of the Operator 411 A.2 Post Processing 412 A.2.1 Near-Zone Electromagnetic Fields 413 A.2.2 Far-Zone Fields 414 A.3 More Details of the Hierarchical Partitioning Strategy 423 A.3.1 Aggregation/Disaggregation Stages 423 A.3.2 Translation Stage 424 A.4 Mie-Series Solutions 425 A.4.1 Definitions 426 A.4.2 Debye Potentials 426 A.4.3 Electric and Magnetic Fields 427 A.4.4 Incident Fields 427 A.4.5 Perfectly Conducting Sphere 428 A.4.6 Dielectric Sphere 428 A.4.7 Coated Perfectly Conducting Sphere 429 A.4.8 Coated Dielectric Sphere 430 A.4.9 Far-Field Expressions 432 A.5 Electric-Field Volume Integral Equation 433 A.6 Calculation of Some Special Functions 437 A.6.1 Spherical Bessel Functions 437 A.6.2 Legendre Functions 437 A.6.3 Gradient of Multipole-to-Monopole Shift Functions 439 A.6.4 Gaunt Coefficients 439 References 441

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Book SynopsisUnderstand the mechanics of wireless communication Wireless Communications: Principles, Theory and Methodology offers a detailed introduction to the technology. Comprehensive and well-rounded coverage includes signaling, transmission, and detection, including the mathematical and physics principles that underlie the technology''s mechanics. Problems with modern wireless communication are discussed in the context of applied skills, and the various approaches to solving these issues offer students the opportunity to test their understanding in a practical manner. With in-depth explanations and a practical approach to complex material, this book provides students with a clear understanding of wireless communication technology.Table of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgments xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Resources for wireless communications 3 1.2 Shannon’s theory 3 1.3 Three challenges 4 1.4 Digital modulation versus coding 5 1.5 Philosophy to combat interference 6 1.6 Evolution of processing strategy 7 1.7 Philosophy to exploit two-dimensional random fields 7 1.8 Cellular: Concept, Evolution, and 5G 8 1.9 The structure of this book 10 1.10 Repeatedly used abbreviations and math symbols 10 Problems 12 References 12 2 Mathematical Background 14 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Congruence mapping and signal spaces 14 2.3 Estimation methods 19 2.3.1 Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) 20 2.3.2 Maximum a posteriori estimation 21 2.4 Commonly used distributions in wireless 21 2.4.1 Chi-square distributions 21 2.4.2 Gamma distribution 25 2.4.3 Nakagami distribution 26 2.4.4 Wishart distribution 26 2.5 The calculus of variations 28 2.6 Two inequalities for optimization 29 2.6.1 Inequality for Rayleigh quotient 29 2.6.2 Hadamard inequality 29 2.7 Q-function 30 2.8 The CHF method and its skilful applications 32 2.8.1 Gil-Pelaez’s lemma 32 2.8.2 Random variables in denominators 32 2.8.3 Parseval’s theorem 33 2.9 Matrix operations and differentiation 33 2.9.1 Decomposition of a special determinant 33 2.9.2 Higher order derivations 33 2.9.3 Kronecker product 34 2.10 Additional reading 34 Problems 34 References 35 3 Channel Characterization 37 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Large-scale propagation loss 38 3.2.1 Free-space propagation 39 3.2.2 Average large-scale path loss in mobile 40 3.2.3 Okumura’s model 40 3.2.4 Hata’s model 42 3.2.5 JTC air model 42 3.3 Lognormal shadowing 43 3.4 Multipath characterization for local behavior 44 3.4.1 An equivalent bandwidth 44 3.4.2 Temporal evolution of path coefficients 49 3.4.3 Statistical description of local fluctuation 50 3.4.4 Complex Gaussian distribution 50 3.4.5 Nakagami fading 51 3.4.6 Clarke–Jakes model 52 3.5 Composite model to incorporate multipath and shadowing 53 3.6 Example to illustrate the use of various models 54 3.6.1 Static design 54 3.6.2 Dynamic design 55 3.6.3 Large-scale design 56 3.7 Generation of correlated fading channels 56 3.7.1 Rayleigh fading with given covariance structure 56 3.7.2 Correlated Nakagami fading 57 3.7.3 Complex correlated Nakagami channels 62 3.7.4 Correlated lognormal shadowing 62 3.7.5 Fitting a lognormal sum 64 3.8 Summary 65 3.9 Additional reading 66 Problems 66 References 68 4 Digital Modulation 70 4.1 Introduction 70 4.2 Signals and signal space 71 4.3 Optimal MAP and ML receivers 72 4.4 Detection of two arbitrary waveforms 74 4.5 MPSK 77 4.5.1 BPSK 77 4.5.2 QPSK 79 4.5.3 MPSK 81 4.6 M-ary QAM 85 4.7 Noncoherent scheme–differential MPSK 88 4.7.1 Differential BPSK 88 4.7.2 Differential MPSK 89 4.7.3 Connection to MPSK 89 4.8 MFSK 90 4.8.1 BFSK with coherent detection 90 4.9 Noncoherent MFSK 92 4.10 Bit error probability versus symbol error probability 93 4.10.1 Orthogonal MFSK 93 4.10.2 Square M-QAM 93 4.10.3 Gray-mapped MPSK 94 4.11 Spectral efficiency 96 4.12 Summary of symbol error probability for various schemes 97 4.13 Additional reading 98 Problems 98 References 102 5 Minimum Shift Keying 103 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 MSK 104 5.3 de Buda’s approach 105 5.3.1 The basic idea and key equations 105 5.4 Properties of MSK signals 106 5.5 Understanding MSK 108 5.5.1 MSK as FSK 108 5.5.2 MSK as offset PSK 109 5.6 Signal space 109 5.7 MSK power spectrum 110 5.8 Alternative scheme–differential encoder 113 5.9 Transceivers for MSK signals 115 5.10 Gaussian-shaped MSK 116 5.11 Massey’s approach to MSK 117 5.11.1 Modulation 117 5.11.2 Receiver structures and error performance 117 5.12 Summary 119 Problems 119 References 120 6 Channel Coding 121 6.1 Introduction and philosophical discussion 121 6.2 Preliminary of Galois fields 123 6.2.1 Fields 123 6.2.2 Galois fields 124 6.2.3 The primitive element of GF(q) 124 6.2.4 Construction of GF(q) 124 6.3 Linear block codes 126 6.3.1 Syndrome test 129 6.3.2 Error-correcting capability 132 6.4 Cyclic codes 134 6.4.1 The order of elements: a concept in GF(q) 134 6.4.2 Cyclic codes 136 6.4.3 Generator, parity check, and syndrome polynomial 137 6.4.4 Systematic form 138 6.4.5 Syndrome and decoding 140 6.5 Golay code 141 6.6 BCH codes 141 6.6.1 Generating BCH codes 142 6.6.2 Decoding BCH codes 143 6.7 Convolutional codes 146 6.7.1 Examples 146 6.7.2 Code generation 147 6.7.3 Markovian property 148 6.7.4 Decoding with hard-decision Viterbi algorithm 150 6.7.5 Transfer function 152 6.7.6 Choice of convolutional codes 155 6.7.7 Philosophy behind decoding strategies 156 6.7.8 Error performance of convolutional decoding 160 6.8 Trellis-coded modulation 162 6.9 Summary 166 Problems 166 References 170 7 Diversity Techniques 171 7.1 Introduction 171 7.2 Idea behind diversity 173 7.3 Structures of various diversity combiners 174 7.3.1 MRC 174 7.3.2 EGC 175 7.3.3 SC 176 7.4 PDFs of output SNR 176 7.4.1 MRC 176 7.4.2 EGC 178 7.4.3 SC 178 7.5 Average SNR comparison for various schemes 179 7.5.1 MRC 179 7.5.2 EGC 180 7.5.3 SC 181 7.6 Methods for error performance analysis 182 7.6.1 The chain rule 182 7.6.2 The CHF method 183 7.7 Error probability of MRC 183 7.7.1 Error performance in nondiversity Rayleigh fading 183 7.7.2 MRC in i.i.d. Rayleigh fading 185 7.7.3 MRC in correlated Rayleigh fading 187 7.7.4 Pe for generic channels 188 7.8 Error probability of EGC 189 7.8.1 Closed-form solution to order-3 EGC 189 7.8.2 General EGC error performance 191 7.8.3 Diversity order of EGC 192 7.9 Average error performance of SC in Rayleigh fading 193 7.9.1 Pure SC 193 7.9.2 Generalized SC 195 7.10 Performance of diversity MDPSK systems 196 7.10.1 Nondiversity MDPSK in Rayleigh fading 196 7.10.2 Remarks on use of the chain rule 199 7.10.3 Linear prediction to fit the chain rule 199 7.10.4 Alternative approach for diversity MDPSK 200 7.11 Noncoherent MFSK with diversity reception 201 7.12 Summary 203 Problems 204 References 206 8 Processing Strategies for Wireless Systems 209 8.1 Communication problem 209 8.2 Traditional strategy 210 8.3 Paradigm of orthogonality 211 8.4 Turbo processing principle 211 Problems 213 References 213 9 Channel Equalization 214 9.1 Introduction 214 9.2 Pulse shaping for ISI-free transmission 215 9.3 ISI and equalization strategies 216 9.4 Zero-forcing equalizer 217 9.4.1 Orthogonal projection 217 9.4.2 ZFE 219 9.4.3 Equivalent discrete ZFE receiver 221 9.5 MMSE linear equalizer 225 9.6 Decision-feedback equalizer (DFE) 227 9.7 SNR comparison and error performance 229 9.8 An example 230 9.9 Spectral factorization 233 9.10 Summary 234 Problems 234 References 236 10 Channel Decomposition Techniques 238 10.1 Introduction 238 10.2 Channel matrix of ISI channels 239 10.3 Idea of channel decomposition 239 10.4 QR-decomposition-based Tomlinson–Harashima equalizer 240 10.5 The GMD equalizer 242 10.6 OFDM for time-invariant channel 243 10.6.1 Channel SVD 243 10.6.2 OFDM: a multicarrier modulation technique 244 10.6.3 PAPR and statistical behavior of OFDM 246 10.6.4 Combating PAPR 247 10.7 Cyclic prefix and circulant channel matrix 248 10.8 OFDM receiver 251 10.9 Channel estimation 251 10.10 Coded OFDM 252 10.11 Additional reading 252 Problems 252 References 254 11 Turbo Codes and Turbo Principle 257 11.1 Introduction and philosophical discussion 257 11.1.1 Generation of random-like long codes 258 11.1.2 The turbo principle 259 11.2 Two-device mechanism for iteration 259 11.3 Turbo codes 261 11.3.1 A turbo encoder 261 11.3.2 RSC versus NRC 261 11.3.3 Turbo codes with two constituent RSC encoders 264 11.4 BCJR algorithm 266 11.5 Turbo decoding 270 11.6 Illustration of turbo-code performance 270 11.7 Extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) charts 272 11.8 Convergence and fixed points 276 11.9 Statistics of LLRs 277 11.9.1 Mean and variance of LLRs 277 11.9.2 Mean and variance of hard decision 277 11.10 Turbo equalization 278 11.11 Turbo CDMA 281 11.12 Turbo IDMA 283 11.13 Summary 283 Problems 284 References 287 12 Multiple-Access Channels 289 12.1 Introduction 289 12.2 Typical MA schemes 291 12.3 User space of multiple-access 292 12.3.1 User spaces for TDMA 293 12.3.2 User space for CDMA 294 12.3.3 User space for MC-CDMA 294 12.3.4 MC-DS-CDMA 295 12.3.5 User space for OFDMA 296 12.3.6 Unified framework for orthogonal multiaccess schemes 297 12.4 Capacity of multiple-access channels 298 12.4.1 Flat fading 299 12.4.2 Frequency-selective fading 300 12.5 Achievable MI by various MA schemes 301 12.5.1 AWGN channel 301 12.5.2 Flat-fading MA channels 304 12.6 CDMA-IS-95 306 12.6.1 Forward link 306 12.6.2 Reverse link 308 12.7 Processing gain of spreading spectrum 310 12.8 IS-95 downlink receiver and performance 310 12.9 IS-95 uplink receiver and performance 317 12.10 3GPP-LTE uplink 318 12.11 m-Sequences 321 12.11.1 PN sequences of a shorter period 322 12.11.2 Conditions for m-sequence generators 322 12.11.3 Properties of m-sequence 323 12.11.4 Ways to generate PN sequences 324 12.12 Walsh sequences 327 12.13 CAZAC sequences for LTE-A 327 12.14 Nonorthogonal MA schemes 329 12.15 Summary 330 Problems 330 References 334 13 Wireless MIMO Systems 337 13.1 Introduction 337 13.2 Signal model and mutual information 338 13.3 Capacity with CSIT 339 13.4 Ergodic capacity without CSIT 340 13.4.1 i.i.d. MIMO Rayleigh channels 341 13.4.2 Ergodic capacity for correlated MIMO channels 341 13.5 Capacity: asymptotic results 344 13.5.1 Asymptotic capacity with large MIMO 344 13.5.2 Large SNR approximation 345 13.6 Optimal transceivers with CSIT 346 13.6.1 Optimal eigenbeam transceiver 347 13.6.2 Distributions of the largest eigenvalue 348 13.6.3 Average symbol-error probability 350 13.6.4 Average mutual information of MIMO-MRC 350 13.6.5 Average symbol-error probability 351 13.7 Receivers without CSIT 352 13.8 Optimal receiver 352 13.9 Zero-forcing MIMO receiver 353 13.10 MMSE receiver 355 13.11 VBLAST 357 13.11.1 Alternative VBLAST based on QR decomposition 358 13.12 Space–time block codes 359 13.13 Alamouti codes 359 13.13.1 One receive antenna 359 13.13.2 Two receive antennas 360 13.14 General space–time codes 362 13.14.1 Exact pairwise error probability 363 13.15 Information lossless space–time codes 365 13.16 Multiplexing gain versus diversity gain 365 13.16.1 Two frameworks 366 13.16.2 Derivation of the DMT 367 13.16.3 Available DFs for diversity 368 13.17 Summary 370 Problems 370 References 374 14 Cooperative Communications 377 14.1 A historical review 377 14.2 Relaying 378 14.3 Cooperative communications 379 14.3.1 Cooperation protocols 380 14.3.2 Diversity analysis 382 14.3.3 Resource allocation 384 14.4 Multiple-relay cooperation 385 14.4.1 Multi-relay over frequency-selective channels 386 14.4.2 Optimal matrix structure 389 14.4.3 Power allocation 390 14.5 Two-way relaying 395 14.5.1 Average power constraints 397 14.5.2 Instantaneous power constraint 399 14.6 Multi-cell MIMO 400 14.7 Summary 401 Problems 401 References 402 15 Cognitive Radio 405 15.1 Introduction 405 15.2 Spectrum sensing for spectrum holes 406 15.3 Matched filter versus energy detector 407 15.3.1 Matched-filter detection 407 15.3.2 Energy detection 408 15.4 Detection of random primary signals 410 15.4.1 Energy-based detection 411 15.4.2 Maximum likelihood ratio test 412 15.4.3 Eigenvalue ratio test 413 15.5 Detection without exact knowledge of σ2n 414 15.5.1 LRT with σ2n 414 15.5.2 LRT without noise-level reference 415 15.6 Cooperative spectrum sensing 416 15.7 Standardization of CR networks 418 15.8 Experimentation and commercialization of CR systems 418 Problems 419 References 420 Index 423

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Book SynopsisAn authoritative yet highly accessible guide to the design and operation of the FlexRay bus, the latest protocol for automotive network communications A translation of the French edition, originally published in January 2011, this work is the result of numerous training courses that Dominique Paret has given in companies, and it provides detailed explanations of the design and operation of the FlexRay bus. Comprised of five parts the book covers: the FlexRay concept and its communication protocol; the FlexRay physical layer; synchronization and global time and; architecture of a node, components and development aid tools for hardware and software. Provides comprehensive treatment of the FlexRay network, including its implementation through a real automotive application Includes the latest specifications (Version 3) concluded by the FlexRay consortium widely expected to become the industry standard Written by an author with in-depth experience oTable of ContentsPreface xiii List of Abbreviations xvii Part A 'SECURE REAL TIME' APPLICATIONS 1 Reminders about the CAN Protocol 3 1.1 The Limitations of CAN 3 1.2 'Event-Triggered' and 'Time-Triggered' Aspects 4 2 The TTCAN Protocol 7 2.1 TTCAN – ISO 11898-4 7 2.2 Session Layer 8 2.3 Principle of Operation of TTCAN 8 3 Emergence of ‘X-by-Wire’ Systems 11 3.1 High Throughput and X-by-Wire 11 3.2 Redundancy 11 3.3 High-Level Application Requirements 13 3.4 High-Level Functional Requirements 14 Part B THE FLEXRAY CONCEPT AND ITS COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL 4 The Genesis of FlexRay 19 4.1 The TTP/C Protocol 19 4.2 FlexRay 20 4.3 The FlexRay Consortium 20 4.4 The Aim of FlexRay 23 5 FlexRay and Real Time 29 5.1 Physical Time 29 5.2 Local Time 30 5.3 Global View at Network Level – Global Time 32 5.4 Summarising: Time and its Hierarchies in FlexRay 36 6 The FlexRay Protocol 41 6.1 History 41 6.2 General – Channels, Cycles, Segments and Slots 41 6.3 Channels and Cycles 44 6.4 Segments 47 6.5 Communication Frames 57 6.6 'SW – Symbol Window' Segment 74 6.7 'NIT – Network Idle Time' Segment 76 7 Access to the Physical Layer 77 7.1 Definition of Tasks 77 7.2 Execution of the Communication Cycle 80 7.3 Frame ID (11 Bits) 80 7.4 Arbitration Grid Level 81 7.5 Conditions of Transmission and Access to the Medium during the Static Segment 83 7.6 Conditions of Transmission and Access to the Medium during the Dynamic Segment 84 7.7 Similarity of the Use of the Dynamic Segment to the Network Access of the CAN Protocol 88 7.8 Some Additions in the Case of FlexRay Being Used with Two Channels 89 Appendices of Part B 91 Appendix B1 Examples of Applications 93 The BMW X5 (Development Code L6) 93 A Little Strategy 93 Global View of the Parameters of the FlexRay System 95 Desired Functional Parameters 96 Description and Justification of the Implemented Choice 97 Appendix B2 Scheduling Problems – Application of the FlexRay Protocol to Static and Dynamic Segments 103 Introduction 103 Problems of ‘Real Time’ Systems 104 FlexRay 108 Scheduling Real Time Systems 109 Different Approaches to Real Time Scheduling 113 Scheduling in Single-Processor Systems 116 Algorithms Based on Priorities 116 Scheduling Communications in Distributed Systems 120 Problem of Task Allocation in a Distributed System 121 Scheduling Communications 121 Policy of Assigning Priorities 126 Class of Scheduling Problem 127 Scheduling Algorithm 128 Conclusion 129 Part C THE FLEXRAY PHYSICAL LAYER 8 Creation and Transmission (Tx) of the FlexRay Signal 135 8.1 Creation of the Signal 135 8.2 Physical Representation of Bits 136 8.3 Line Driver ‘Tx’ 138 9 Medium, Topology and Transport of the FlexRay Signal 143 9.1 Medium 143 9.2 Effects Linked to Propagation 146 9.3 Topologies and Consequences for Network Performance 147 9.4 Single-Channel, Dual-Channel and Multi-Channel Communication Topologies 151 9.5 The FlexRay Topologies 153 9.6 Examples of Topologies 159 10 Reception of the FlexRay Signal 165 10.1 Signal Reception Stage 165 10.2 Processing of the Received Signal by the Communication Controller 170 11 The Bit Error Rate (BER) 175 11.1 Integrity of Signal and BER 175 11.2 Eye Diagram 175 11.3 Relationship between the Integrity of the Signal, the Eye Diagram and the BER 180 12 Modelling and Simulating the Performance of a Network 185 12.1 Modelling and Simulating the Performance of a Network and its Topology 185 12.2 Modelling the Elements of the Network 185 12.3 Simulation 188 13 Summary on the Physical Layer of FlexRay 193 Part D SYNCHRONISATION AND GLOBAL TIME 14 Communication Cycle, Macrotick and Microtick 197 14.1 The FlexRay Time Hierarchy 197 14.2 Synchronisation in a Network of TDMA–FlexRay Type 198 14.3 Proposed Solution to the Problem 202 14.4 Application and Implementation of Corrective Values 214 14.5 Summary 218 15 Network Wakeup, Network Startup and Error Management 223 15.1 Network Wakeup Phase 223 15.2 Network Startup Phase 225 15.3 Error Management 226 16 FlexRay v3.0 231 16.1 Protocol Enhancements 231 16.2 Physical Layer Enhancements 235 16.3 FlexRay and ISO 239 16.4 FlexRay in Other Industries 240 Part E ARCHITECTURE OF A NODE, COMPONENTS AND DEVELOPMENT AID TOOLS 17 Architecture of a FlexRay Node 245 17.1 The Major Components of a Node 245 17.2 Architecture of the Processor and Protocol Manager 245 18 Electronic Components for the FlexRay Network 249 18.1 The Component Range 249 18.1.1 FlexRay Protocol Manager 250 18.2 EMC and EMC Measurements 263 18.3 Protection from ESD 265 18.4 Conformity Tests 265 18.5 Bus Guardian 267 19 Tools for Development, Integration, Analysis and Testing 271 19.1 The V-Shaped Development Cycle 271 19.2 DaVinci Network Designer (Point 1 of the V Cycle) 271 19.3 CANoe.FlexRay 273 19.4 FlexRay CANalyzer (Covers Points 2, 4 and 5 of the V Cycle) 276 19.5 Test and Diagnostics (Point 6 of the V Cycle) 277 19.6 Features of the FlexRay Protocol 278 19.7 Communication Interface 280 20 Implementation of FlexRay Communication in Automotive Logic Controllers 283 20.1 FlexRay and AUTOSAR 283 20.2 The AUTOSAR Partnership 284 20.3 Communication in an AUTOSAR System 284 Appendix of Part E 291 21 Conclusion 297 Appendix 1 The Official Documents 299 Appendix 2 Principal Parameters of the FlexRay Protocol 301 Bibliography 311 Index 313

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Book SynopsisMathematical Foundations of Fuzzy Sets Introduce yourself to the foundations of fuzzy logic with this easy-to-use guide Many fields studied are defined by imprecise information or high degrees of uncertainty. When this uncertainty derives from randomness, traditional probabilistic statistical methods are adequate to address it; more everyday forms of vagueness and imprecision, however, require the toolkit associated with ''fuzzy sets'' and ''fuzzy logic''. Engineering and mathematical fields related to artificial intelligence, operations research and decision theory are now strongly driven by fuzzy set theory. Mathematical Foundations of Fuzzy Sets introduces readers to the theoretical background and practical techniques required to apply fuzzy logic to engineering and mathematical problems. It introduces the mathematical foundations of fuzzy sets as well as the current cutting edge of fuzzy-set operations and arithmetic, offering a roundedTable of ContentsPreface ix 1 Mathematical Analysis 1 1.1 Infimum and Supremum 1 1.2 Limit Inferior and Limit Superior 3 1.3 Semi-Continuity 11 1.4 Miscellaneous 19 2 Fuzzy Sets 23 2.1 Membership Functions 23 2.2 𝛼-level Sets 24 2.3 Types of Fuzzy Sets 34 3 Set Operations of Fuzzy Sets 43 3.1 Complement of Fuzzy Sets 43 3.2 Intersection of Fuzzy Sets 44 3.3 Union of Fuzzy Sets 51 3.4 Inductive and Direct Definitions 56 3.5 𝛼-Level Sets of Intersection and Union 61 3.6 Mixed Set Operations 65 4 Generalized Extension Principle 69 4.1 Extension Principle Based on the Euclidean Space 69 4.2 Extension Principle Based on the Product Spaces 75 4.3 Extension Principle Based on the Triangular Norms 84 4.4 Generalized Extension Principle 92 5 Generating Fuzzy Sets 109 5.1 Families of Sets 110 5.2 Nested Families 112 5.3 Generating Fuzzy Sets from Nested Families 119 5.4 Generating Fuzzy Sets Based on the Expression in the Decomposition Theorem 123 5.4.1 The Ordinary Situation 123 5.4.2 Based on One Function 129 Trim Size: 170mm x 244mm Single Column Tight Wu981527 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/14/2022 2:05pm Page vi [1] [1] [1] [1] vi Contents 5.4.3 Based on Two Functions 140 5.5 Generating Fuzzy Intervals 150 5.6 Uniqueness of Construction 160 6 Fuzzification of Crisp Functions 173 6.1 Fuzzification Using the Extension Principle 173 6.2 Fuzzification Using the Expression in the Decomposition Theorem 176 6.2.1 Nested Family Using 𝛼-Level Sets 177 6.2.2 Nested Family Using Endpoints 181 6.2.3 Non-Nested Family Using Endpoints 184 6.3 The Relationships between EP and DT 187 6.3.1 The Equivalences 187 6.3.2 The Fuzziness 191 6.4 Differentiation of Fuzzy Functions 196 6.4.1 Defined on Open Intervals 196 6.4.2 Fuzzification of Differentiable Functions Using the Extension Principle 197 6.4.3 Fuzzification of Differentiable Functions Using the Expression in the Decomposition Theorem 198 6.5 Integrals of Fuzzy Functions 201 6.5.1 Lebesgue Integrals on a Measurable Set 201 6.5.2 Fuzzy Riemann Integrals Using the Expression in the Decomposition Theorem 203 6.5.3 Fuzzy Riemann Integrals Using the Extension Principle 207 7 Arithmetics of Fuzzy Sets 211 7.1 Arithmetics of Fuzzy Sets in ℝ 211 7.1.1 Arithmetics of Fuzzy Intervals 214 7.1.2 Arithmetics Using EP and DT 220 7.1.2.1 Addition of Fuzzy Intervals 220 7.1.2.2 Difference of Fuzzy Intervals 222 7.1.2.3 Multiplication of Fuzzy Intervals 224 7.2 Arithmetics of Fuzzy Vectors 227 7.2.1 Arithmetics Using the Extension Principle 230 7.2.2 Arithmetics Using the Expression in the Decomposition Theorem 230 7.3 Difference of Vectors of Fuzzy Intervals 235 7.3.1 𝛼-Level Sets of 𝐀̃⊖EP 𝐁̃ 235 7.3.2 𝛼-Level Sets of 𝐀̃ ⊖⋄ DT 𝐁̃ 237 7.3.3 𝛼-Level Sets of 𝐀̃ ⊖⋆ DT 𝐁̃ 239 7.3.4 𝛼-Level Sets of 𝐀̃ ⊖† DT 𝐁̃ 241 7.3.5 The Equivalences and Fuzziness 243 7.4 Addition of Vectors of Fuzzy Intervals 244 7.4.1 𝛼-Level Sets of 𝐀̃⊕EP 𝐁̃ 244 7.4.2 𝛼-Level Sets of 𝐀̃⊕DT 𝐁̃ 246 Trim Size: 170mm x 244mm Single Column Tight Wu981527 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/14/2022 2:05pm Page vii [1] [1] [1] [1] Contents vii 7.5 Arithmetic Operations Using Compatibility and Associativity 249 7.5.1 Compatibility 250 7.5.2 Associativity 255 7.5.3 Computational Procedure 264 7.6 Binary Operations 268 7.6.1 First Type of Binary Operation 269 7.6.2 Second Type of Binary Operation 273 7.6.3 Third Type of Binary Operation 274 7.6.4 Existence and Equivalence 277 7.6.5 Equivalent Arithmetic Operations on Fuzzy Sets in ℝ 282 7.6.6 Equivalent Additions of Fuzzy Sets in ℝm 289 7.7 Hausdorff Differences 294 7.7.1 Fair Hausdorff Difference 294 7.7.2 Composite Hausdorff Difference 299 7.7.3 Complete Composite Hausdorff Difference 304 7.8 Applications and Conclusions 312 7.8.1 Gradual Numbers 312 7.8.2 Fuzzy Linear Systems 313 7.8.3 Summary and Conclusion 315 8 Inner Product of Fuzzy Vectors 317 8.1 The First Type of Inner Product 317 8.1.1 Using the Extension Principle 318 8.1.2 Using the Expression in the Decomposition Theorem 322 8.1.2.1 The Inner Product 𝐀̃ ⊛⋄ DT 𝐁̃ 323 8.1.2.2 The Inner Product 𝐀̃ ⊛⋆ DT 𝐁̃ 325 8.1.2.3 The Inner Product 𝐀̃ ⊛† DT 𝐁̃ 327 8.1.3 The Equivalences and Fuzziness 329 8.2 The Second Type of Inner Product 330 8.2.1 Using the Extension Principle 333 8.2.2 Using the Expression in the Decomposition Theorem 335 8.2.3 Comparison of Fuzziness 338 9 Gradual Elements and Gradual Sets 343 9.1 Gradual Elements and Gradual Sets 343 9.2 Fuzzification Using Gradual Numbers 347 9.3 Elements and Subsets of Fuzzy Intervals 348 9.4 Set Operations Using Gradual Elements 351 9.4.1 Complement Set 351 9.4.2 Intersection and Union 353 9.4.3 Associativity 359 9.4.4 Equivalence with the Conventional Situation 363 9.5 Arithmetics Using Gradual Numbers 364 Trim Size: 170mm x 244mm Single Column Tight Wu981527 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/14/2022 2:05pm Page viii [1] [1] [1] [1] viii Contents 10 Duality in Fuzzy Sets 373 10.1 Lower and Upper Level Sets 373 10.2 Dual Fuzzy Sets 376 10.3 Dual Extension Principle 378 10.4 Dual Arithmetics of Fuzzy Sets 380 10.5 Representation Theorem for Dual-Fuzzified Function 385 Bibliography 389 Mathematical Notations 397 Index 401

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Book SynopsisThe Engineering Design of Systems Comprehensive resource covering methods to design, verify, and validate systems with a model-based approach, addressing engineering of current software-centric systems The newly revised and updated Fourth Edition of The Engineering Design of Systems includes content addressing model-based systems engineering, digital engineering, digital threads, AI, SysML 1.0 and 2.0, digital twins, and GENESYS software. The authors explore system and software-centric architecture, allocations, and logical and physical architecture development, including revised terminologies for a variety of subsections throughout. Composed of 15 chapters, this book includes important new sections on modeling approaches for middle-out engineering, reverse engineering, and agile systems engineering, with a separate section on emerging trends within systems engineering to explore the most update-to-date methods. The authors include comprehensive diagrams and a separate chapter on a complete exercise of the System Engineering process, ranging from the operational concept to integration and qualification. To aid in reader comprehension and retention of concepts, the text is embedded with problems at the end of each chapter, along with relevant case studies. Sample topics covered in The Engineering Design of Systems include: Structural system models to executable models, verification and validation on systems of systems, and external systems and context modeling Digital engineering, digital threads, artificial/augmented intelligence (AI), stakeholder requirements, and scientific foundations for systems engineering Quantifying a context and external systems' model, including intended and unintended inputs, both deterministic and non-deterministic Functional architecture development, logical and physical architecture development, allocated architecture development, interface design, and decision analysis for design trades The Engineering Design of Systems is highly suitable as a main text for undergraduate and graduate students studying courses in system engineering design, systems architecture, and systems integration. The text is also valuable as a reference for practicing system architects, systems engineers, industrial engineers, engineering management professionals, and systems integrators.

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisDeterministic and Stochastic Modeling in Computational Electromagnetics Help protect your network with this important reference work on cyber security Deterministic computational models are those for which all inputs are precisely known, whereas stochastic modeling reflects uncertainty or randomness in one or more of the data inputs. Many problems in computational engineering therefore require both deterministic and stochastic modeling to be used in parallel, allowing for different degrees of confidence and incorporating datasets of different kinds. In particular, non-intrusive stochastic methods can be easily combined with widely used deterministic approaches, enabling this more robust form of data analysis to be applied to a range of computational challenges. Deterministic and Stochastic Modeling in Computational Electromagnetics provides a rare treatment of parallel deterministicstochastic computational modeling and its beneficial applications. Unlike Table of ContentsAbout the Authors xv Preface xvii Part I Some Fundamental Principles in Field Theory 1 1 Least Action Principle in Electromagnetics 3 1.1 Hamilton Principle 4 1.2 Newton's Equation of Motion from Lagrangian 7 1.3 Noether's Theorem and Conservation Laws 8 1.4 Equation of Continuity from Lagrangian 12 1.5 Lorentz Force from Gauge Invariance 16 2 Fundamental Equations of Engineering Electromagnetics 21 2.1 Derivation of Two-Canonical Maxwell's Equation 21 2.2 Derivation of Two-Dynamical Maxwell's Equation 22 2.3 Integral Form of Maxwell's Equations, Continuity Equations, and Lorentz Force 25 2.4 Phasor Form of Maxwell's Equations 27 2.5 Continuity (Interface) Conditions 29 2.6 Poynting Theorem 30 2.7 Electromagnetic Wave Equations 32 2.8 Plane Wave Propagation 35 2.9 Hertz Dipole as a Simple Radiation Source 37 2.10 Wire Antennas of Finite Length 41 3 Variational Methods in Electromagnetics 47 3.1 Analytical Methods 47 3.2 Variational Basis for Numerical Methods 51 4 Outline of Numerical Methods 57 4.1 Variational Basis for Numerical Methods 60 4.2 The Finite Element Method 61 4.3 The Boundary Element Method 77 Part II Deterministic Modeling 87 5 Wire Configurations – Frequency Domain Analysis 89 5.1 Single Wire in the Presence of a Lossy Half-Space 89 5.2 Horizontal Dipole Above a Multi-layered Lossy Half-Space 100 5.3 Wire Array Above a Multilayer 125 5.4 Wires of Arbitrary Shape Radiating Over a Layered Medium 150 5.5 Complex Power of Arbitrarily Shaped Thin Wire Radiating Above a Lossy Half-Space 186 6 Wire Configurations – Time Domain Analysis 207 6.1 Single Wire Above a Lossy Ground 208 6.2 Numerical Solution of Hallen Equation via the Galerkin–Bubnov Indirect Boundary Element Method (GB-IBEM) 222 6.3 Application to Ground-Penetrating Radar 228 6.4 Simplified Calculation of Specific Absorption in Human Tissue 246 6.5 Time Domain Energy Measures 255 6.6 Time Domain Analysis of Multiple Straight Wires above a Half-Space by Means of Various Time Domain Measures 260 7 Bioelectromagnetics – Exposure of Humans in GHz Frequency Range 285 7.1 Assessment of Sab in a Planar Single Layer Tissue 286 7.2 Assessment of Transmitted Power Density in a Single Layer Tissue 295 7.3 Assessment of Sab in a Multilayer Tissue Model 318 7.4 Assessment of Transmitted Power Density in the Planar Multilayer Tissue Model 325 8 Multiphysics Phenomena 339 8.1 Electromagnetic-Thermal Modeling of Human Exposure to HF Radiation 340 8.2 Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) Models for Plasma Confinement 348 8.3 Modeling of the Schrodinger Equation 370 Part III Stochastic Modeling 385 9 Methods for Stochastic Analysis 387 9.1 Uncertainty Quantification Framework 388 9.2 Stochastic Collocation Method 393 9.3 Sensitivity Analysis 402 10 Stochastic–Deterministic Electromagnetic Dosimetry 407 10.1 Internal Stochastic Dosimetry for a Simple Body Model Exposed to Low-Frequency Field 408 10.2 Internal Stochastic Dosimetry for a Simple Body Model Exposed to Electromagnetic Pulse 413 10.3 Internal Stochastic Dosimetry for a Realistic Three-Compartment Human Head Exposed to High-Frequency Plane Wave 417 10.4 Incident Field Stochastic Dosimetry for Base Station Antenna Radiation 423 11 Stochastic–Deterministic Thermal Dosimetry 433 11.1 Stochastic Sensitivity Analysis of Bioheat Transfer Equation 434 11.2 Stochastic Thermal Dosimetry for Homogeneous Human Brain 437 11.3 Stochastic Thermal Dosimetry for Three-Compartment Human Head 447 11.4 Stochastic Thermal Dosimetry below 6 GHz for 5G Mobile Communication Systems 450 12 Stochastic–Deterministic Modeling in Biomedical Applications of Electromagnetic Fields 459 12.1 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 460 12.2 Transcranial Electric Stimulation 466 12.3 Neuron's Action Potential Dynamics 481 12.4 Radiation Efficiency of Implantable Antennas 488 13 Stochastic–Deterministic Modeling of Wire Configurations in Frequency and Time Domain 503 13.1 Ground-Penetrating Radar 503 13.2 Grounding Systems 515 13.3 Air Traffic Control Systems 523 14 A Note on Stochastic Modeling of Plasma Physics Phenomena 535 14.1 Tokamak Current Diffusion Equation 535 References 543 Index 545

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Book SynopsisIdentification of a physical system deals with the problem of identifying its mathematical model using the measured input and output data. As the physical system is generally complex, nonlinear, and its input output data is corrupted noise, there are fundamental theoretical and practical issues that need to be considered.Table of ContentsPreface xv Nomenclature xxi 1 Modeling of Signals and Systems 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Classification of Signals 2 1.2.1 Deterministic and Random Signals 3 1.2.2 Bounded and Unbounded Signal 3 1.2.3 Energy and Power Signals 3 1.2.4 Causal, Non-causal, and Anti-causal Signals 4 1.2.5 Causal, Non-causal, and Anti-causal Systems 4 1.3 Model of Systems and Signals 5 1.3.1 Time-Domain Model 5 1.3.2 Frequency-Domain Model 8 1.4 Equivalence of Input–Output and State-Space Models 8 1.4.1 State-Space and Transfer Function Model 8 1.4.2 Time-Domain Expression for the Output Response 8 1.4.3 State-Space and the Difference Equation Model 9 1.4.4 Observer Canonical Form 9 1.4.5 Characterization of the Model 10 1.4.6 Stability of (Discrete-Time) Systems 10 1.4.7 Minimum Phase System 11 1.4.8 Pole-Zero Locations and the Output Response 11 1.5 Deterministic Signals 11 1.5.1 Transfer Function Model 12 1.5.2 Difference Equation Model 12 1.5.3 State-Space Model 14 1.5.4 Expression for an Impulse Response 14 1.5.5 Periodic Signal 14 1.5.6 Periodic Impulse Train 15 1.5.7 A Finite Duration Signal 16 1.5.8 Model of a Class of All Signals 17 1.5.9 Examples of Deterministic Signals 18 1.6 Introduction to Random Signals 23 1.6.1 Stationary Random Signal 23 1.6.2 Joint PDF and Statistics of Random Signals 24 1.6.3 Ergodic Process 27 1.7 Model of Random Signals 28 1.7.1 White Noise Process 29 1.7.2 Colored Noise 30 1.7.3 Model of a Random Waveform 30 1.7.4 Classification of the Random Waveform 31 1.7.5 Frequency Response and Pole-Zero Locations 31 1.7.6 Illustrative Examples of Filters 36 1.7.7 Illustrative Examples of Random Signals 36 1.7.8 Pseudo Random Binary Sequence (PRBS) 38 1.8 Model of a System with Disturbance and Measurement Noise 41 1.8.1 Input–Output Model of the System 41 1.8.2 State-Space Model of the System 44 1.8.3 Illustrative Examples in Integrated System Model 47 1.9 Summary 50 References 54 Further Readings 54 2 Characterization of Signals: Correlation and Spectral Density 57 2.1 Introduction 57 2.2 Definitions of Auto- and Cross-Correlation (and Covariance) 58 2.2.1 Properties of Correlation 61 2.2.2 Normalized Correlation and Correlation Coefficient 66 2.3 Spectral Density: Correlation in the Frequency Domain 67 2.3.1 Z-transform of the Correlation Function 69 2.3.2 Expressions for Energy and Power Spectral Densities 71 2.4 Coherence Spectrum 74 2.5 Illustrative Examples in Correlation and Spectral Density 76 2.5.1 Deterministic Signals: Correlation and Spectral Density 76 2.5.2 Random Signals: Correlation and Spectral Density 87 2.6 Input–Output Correlation and Spectral Density 91 2.6.1 Generation of Random Signal from White Noise 92 2.6.2 Identification of Non-Parametric Model of a System 93 2.6.3 Identification of a Parametric Model of a Random Signal 94 2.7 Illustrative Examples: Modeling and Identification 98 2.8 Summary 109 2.9 Appendix 112 References 116 3 Estimation Theory 117 3.1 Overview 117 3.2 Map Relating Measurement and the Parameter 119 3.2.1 Mathematical Model 119 3.2.2 Probabilistic Model 120 3.2.3 Likelihood Function 122 3.3 Properties of Estimators 123 3.3.1 Indirect Approach to Estimation 123 3.3.2 Unbiasedness of the Estimator 124 3.3.3 Variance of the Estimator: Scalar Case 125 3.3.4 Median of the Data Samples 125 3.3.5 Small and Large Sample Properties 126 3.3.6 Large Sample Properties 126 3.4 Cramér–Rao Inequality 127 3.4.1 Scalar Case: and ̂ Scalars while y is a Nx1 Vector 128 3.4.2 Vector Case: is a Mx1 Vector 129 3.4.3 Illustrative Examples: Cramér–Rao Inequality 130 3.4.4 Fisher Information 138 3.5 Maximum Likelihood Estimation 139 3.5.1 Formulation of Maximum Likelihood Estimation 139 3.5.2 Illustrative Examples: Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Mean or Median 141 3.5.3 Illustrative Examples: Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Mean and Variance 148 3.5.4 Properties of Maximum Likelihood Estimator 154 3.6 Summary 154 3.7 Appendix: Cauchy–Schwarz Inequality 157 3.8 Appendix: Cram´er–Rao Lower Bound 157 3.8.1 Scalar Case 158 3.8.2 Vector Case 160 3.9 Appendix: Fisher Information: Cauchy PDF 161 3.10 Appendix: Fisher Information for i.i.d. PDF 161 3.11 Appendix: Projection Operator 162 3.12 Appendix: Fisher Information: Part Gauss-Part Laplace 164 Problem 165 References 165 Further Readings 165 4 Estimation of Random Parameter 167 4.1 Overview 167 4.2 Minimum Mean-Squares Estimator (MMSE): Scalar Case 167 4.2.1 Conditional Mean: Optimal Estimator 168 4.3 MMSE Estimator: Vector Case 169 4.3.1 Covariance of the Estimation Error 171 4.3.2 Conditional Expectation and Its Properties 172 4.4 Expression for Conditional Mean 172 4.4.1 MMSE Estimator: Gaussian Random Variables 173 4.4.2 MMSE Estimator: Unknown is Gaussian and Measurement Non-Gaussian 174 4.4.3 The MMSE Estimator for Gaussian PDF 176 4.4.4 Illustrative Examples 178 4.5 Summary 183 4.6 Appendix: Non-Gaussian Measurement PDF 184 4.6.1 Expression for Conditional Expectation 184 4.6.2 Conditional Expectation for Gaussian x and Non-Gaussian y 185 References 188 Further Readings 188 5 Linear Least-Squares Estimation 189 5.1 Overview 189 5.2 Linear Least-Squares Approach 189 5.2.1 Linear Algebraic Model 190 5.2.2 Least-Squares Method 190 5.2.3 Objective Function 191 5.2.4 Optimal Least-Squares Estimate: Normal Equation 193 5.2.5 Geometric Interpretation of Least-Squares Estimate: Orthogonality Principle 194 5.3 Performance of the Least-Squares Estimator 195 5.3.1 Unbiasedness of the Least-Squares Estimate 195 5.3.2 Covariance of the Estimation Error 197 5.3.3 Properties of the Residual 198 5.3.4 Model and Systemic Errors: Bias and the Variance Errors 201 5.4 Illustrative Examples 205 5.4.1 Non-Zero-Mean Measurement Noise 209 5.5 Cram´er–Rao Lower Bound 209 5.6 Maximum Likelihood Estimation 210 5.6.1 Illustrative Examples 210 5.7 Least-Squares Solution of Under-Determined System 212 5.8 Singular Value Decomposition 213 5.8.1 Illustrative Example: Singular and Eigenvalues of Square Matrices 215 5.8.2 Computation of Least-Squares Estimate Using the SVD 216 5.9 Summary 218 5.10 Appendix: Properties of the Pseudo-Inverse and the Projection Operator 221 5.10.1 Over-Determined System 221 5.10.2 Under-Determined System 222 5.11 Appendix: Positive Definite Matrices 222 5.12 Appendix: Singular Value Decomposition of a Matrix 223 5.12.1 SVD and Eigendecompositions 225 5.12.2 Matrix Norms 226 5.12.3 Least Squares Estimate for Any Arbitrary Data Matrix H 226 5.12.4 Pseudo-Inverse of Any Arbitrary Matrix 228 5.12.5 Bounds on the Residual and the Covariance of the Estimation Error 228 5.13 Appendix: Least-Squares Solution for Under-Determined System 228 5.14 Appendix: Computation of Least-Squares Estimate Using the SVD 229 References 229 Further Readings 230 6 Kalman Filter 231 6.1 Overview 231 6.2 Mathematical Model of the System 233 6.2.1 Model of the Plant 233 6.2.2 Model of the Disturbance and Measurement Noise 233 6.2.3 Integrated Model of the System 234 6.2.4 Expression for the Output of the Integrated System 235 6.2.5 Linear Regression Model 235 6.2.6 Observability 236 6.3 Internal Model Principle 236 6.3.1 Controller Design Using the Internal Model Principle 237 6.3.2 Internal Model (IM) of a Signal 237 6.3.3 Controller Design 238 6.3.4 Illustrative Example: Controller Design 241 6.4 Duality Between Controller and an Estimator Design 244 6.4.1 Estimation Problem 244 6.4.2 Estimator Design 244 6.5 Observer: Estimator for the States of a System 246 6.5.1 Problem Formulation 246 6.5.2 The Internal Model of the Output 246 6.5.3 Illustrative Example: Observer with Internal Model Structure 247 6.6 Kalman Filter: Estimator of the States of a Stochastic System 250 6.6.1 Objectives of the Kalman Filter 251 6.6.2 Necessary Structure of the Kalman Filter 252 6.6.3 Internal Model of a Random Process 252 6.6.4 Illustrative Example: Role of an Internal Model 254 6.6.5 Model of the Kalman Filter 255 6.6.6 Optimal Kalman Filter 256 6.6.7 Optimal Scalar Kalman Filter 256 6.6.8 Optimal Kalman Gain 260 6.6.9 Comparison of the Kalman Filters: Integrated and Plant Models 260 6.6.10 Steady-State Kalman Filter 261 6.6.11 Internal Model and Statistical Approaches 261 6.6.12 Optimal Information Fusion 262 6.6.13 Role of the Ratio of Variances 262 6.6.14 Fusion of Information from the Model and the Measurement 263 6.6.15 Illustrative Example: Fusion of Information 264 6.6.16 Orthogonal Properties of the Kalman Filter 266 6.6.17 Ensemble and Time Averages 266 6.6.18 Illustrative Example: Orthogonality Properties of the Kalman Filter 267 6.7 The Residual of the Kalman Filter with Model Mismatch and Non-Optimal Gain 267 6.7.1 State Estimation Error with Model Mismatch 268 6.7.2 Illustrative Example: Residual with Model Mismatch and Non-Optimal Gain 271 6.8 Summary 274 6.9 Appendix: Estimation Error Covariance and the Kalman Gain 277 6.10 Appendix: The Role of the Ratio of Plant and the Measurement Noise Variances 279 6.11 Appendix: Orthogonal Properties of the Kalman Filter 279 6.11.1 Span of a Matrix 284 6.11.2 Transfer Function Formulae 284 6.12 Appendix: Kalman Filter Residual with Model Mismatch 285 References 287 7 System Identification 289 7.1 Overview 289 7.2 System Model 291 7.2.1 State-Space Model 291 7.2.2 Assumptions 292 7.2.3 Frequency-Domain Model 292 7.2.4 Input Signal for System Identification 293 7.3 Kalman Filter-Based Identification Model Structure 297 7.3.1 Expression for the Kalman Filter Residual 298 7.3.2 Direct Form or Colored Noise Form 300 7.3.3 Illustrative Examples: Process, Predictor, and Innovation Forms 302 7.3.4 Models for System Identification 304 7.3.5 Identification Methods 305 7.4 Least-Squares Method 307 7.4.1 Linear Matrix Model: Batch Processing 308 7.4.2 The Least-Squares Estimate 308 7.4.3 Quality of the Least-Squares Estimate 312 7.4.4 Illustrative Example of the Least-Squares Identification 313 7.4.5 Computation of the Estimates Using Singular Value Decomposition 315 7.4.6 Recursive Least-Squares Identification 316 7.5 High-Order Least-Squares Method 318 7.5.1 Justification for a High-Order Model 318 7.5.2 Derivation of a Reduced-Order Model 323 7.5.3 Formulation of Model Reduction 324 7.5.4 Model Order Selection 324 7.5.5 Illustrative Example of High-Order Least-Squares Method 325 7.5.6 Performance of the High-Order Least-Squares Scheme 326 7.6 The Prediction Error Method 327 7.6.1 Residual Model 327 7.6.2 Objective Function 327 7.6.3 Iterative Prediction Algorithm 328 7.6.4 Family of Prediction Error Algorithms 330 7.7 Comparison of High-Order Least-Squares and the Prediction Error Methods 330 7.7.1 Illustrative Example: LS, High Order LS, and PEM 331 7.8 Subspace Identification Method 334 7.8.1 Identification Model: Predictor Form of the Kalman Filter 334 7.9 Summary 340 7.10 Appendix: Performance of the Least-Squares Approach 347 7.10.1 Correlated Error 347 7.10.2 Uncorrelated Error 347 7.10.3 Correlation of the Error and the Data Matrix 348 7.10.4 Residual Analysis 350 7.11 Appendix: Frequency-Weighted Model Order Reduction 352 7.11.1 Implementation of the Frequency-Weighted Estimator 354 7.11.2 Selection of the Frequencies 354 References 354 8 Closed Loop Identification 357 8.1 Overview 357 8.1.1 Kalman Filter-Based Identification Model 358 8.1.2 Closed-Loop Identification Approaches 358 8.2 Closed-Loop System 359 8.2.1 Two-Stage and Direct Approaches 359 8.3 Model of the Single Input Multi-Output System 360 8.3.1 State- Space Model of the Subsystem 360 8.3.2 State-Space Model of the Overall System 361 8.3.3 Transfer Function Model 361 8.3.4 Illustrative Example: Closed-Loop Sensor Network 362 8.4 Kalman Filter-Based Identification Model 364 8.4.1 State-Space Model of the Kalman Filter 364 8.4.2 Residual Model 365 8.4.3 The Identification Model 366 8.5 Closed-Loop Identification Schemes 366 8.5.1 The High-Order Least-Squares Method 366 8.6 Second Stage of the Two-Stage Identification 372 8.7 Evaluation on a Simulated Closed-Loop Sensor Net 372 8.7.1 The Performance of the Stage I Identification Scheme 372 8.7.2 The Performance of the Stage II Identification Scheme 373 8.8 Summary 374 References 377 9 Fault Diagnosis 379 9.1 Overview 379 9.1.1 Identification for Fault Diagnosis 380 9.1.2 Residual Generation 380 9.1.3 Fault Detection 380 9.1.4 Fault Isolation 381 9.2 Mathematical Model of the System 381 9.2.1 Linear Regression Model: Nominal System 382 9.3 Model of the Kalman Filter 382 9.4 Modeling of Faults 383 9.4.1 Linear Regression Model 383 9.5 Diagnostic Parameters and the Feature Vector 384 9.6 Illustrative Example 386 9.6.1 Mathematical Model 386 9.6.2 Feature Vector and the Influence Vectors 387 9.7 Residual of the Kalman Filter 388 9.7.1 Diagnostic Model 389 9.7.2 Key Properties of the Residual 389 9.7.3 The Role of the Kalman Filter in Fault Diagnosis 389 9.8 Fault Diagnosis 390 9.9 Fault Detection: Bayes Decision Strategy 390 9.9.1 Pattern Classification Problem: Fault Detection 391 9.9.2 Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test 392 9.9.3 Maximum Likelihood Estimate 392 9.9.4 Decision Strategy 394 9.9.5 Other Test Statistics 395 9.10 Evaluation of Detection Strategy on Simulated System 396 9.11 Formulation of Fault Isolation Problem 396 9.11.1 Pattern Classification Problem: Fault Isolation 397 9.11.2 Formulation of the Fault Isolation Scheme 398 9.11.3 Fault Isolation Tasks 399 9.12 Estimation of the Influence Vectors and Additive Fault 399 9.12.1 Parameter-Perturbed Experiment 400 9.12.2 Least-Squares Estimates 401 9.13 Fault Isolation Scheme 401 9.13.1 Sequential Fault Isolation Scheme 402 9.13.2 Isolation of the Fault 403 9.14 Isolation of a Single Fault 403 9.14.1 Fault Discriminant Function 403 9.14.2 Performance of Fault Isolation Scheme 404 9.14.3 Performance Issues and Guidelines 405 9.15 Emulators for Offline Identification 406 9.15.1 Examples of Emulators 407 9.15.2 Emulators for Multiple Input-Multiple-Output System 407 9.15.3 Role of an Emulator 408 9.15.4 Criteria for Selection 409 9.16 Illustrative Example 409 9.16.1 Mathematical Model 409 9.16.2 Selection of Emulators 410 9.16.3 Transfer Function Model 410 9.16.4 Role of the Static Emulators 411 9.16.5 Role of the Dynamic Emulator 412 9.17 Overview of Fault Diagnosis Scheme 414 9.18 Evaluation on a Simulated Example 414 9.18.1 The Kalman Filter 414 9.18.2 The Kalman Filter Residual and Its Auto-correlation 414 9.18.3 Estimation of the Influence Vectors 416 9.18.4 Fault Size Estimation 416 9.18.5 Fault Isolation 417 9.19 Summary 418 9.20 Appendix: Bayesian Multiple Composite Hypotheses Testing Problem 422 9.21 Appendix: Discriminant Function for Fault Isolation 423 9.22 Appendix: Log-Likelihood Ratio for a Sinusoid and a Constant 424 9.22.1 Determination of af, bf , and cf 424 9.22.2 Determination of the Optimal Cost 425 References 426 10 Modeling and Identification of Physical Systems 427 10.1 Overview 427 10.2 Magnetic Levitation System 427 10.2.1 Mathematic Model of a Magnetic Levitation System 427 10.2.2 Linearized Model 429 10.2.3 Discrete-Time Equivalent of Continuous-Time Models 430 10.2.4 Identification Approach 432 10.2.5 Identification of the Magnetic Levitation System 433 10.3 Two-Tank Process Control System 436 10.3.1 Model of the Two-Tank System 436 10.3.2 Identification of the Closed-Loop Two-Tank System 438 10.4 Position Control System 442 10.4.1 Experimental Setup 442 10.4.2 Mathematical Model of the Position Control System 442 10.5 Summary 444 References 446 11 Fault Diagnosis of Physical Systems 447 11.1 Overview 447 11.2 Two-Tank Physical Process Control System 448 11.2.1 Objective 448 11.2.2 Identification of the Physical System 448 11.2.3 Fault Detection 449 11.2.4 Fault Isolation 451 11.3 Position Control System 452 11.3.1 The Objective 452 11.3.2 Identification of the Physical System 452 11.3.3 Detection of Fault 455 11.3.4 Fault Isolation 455 11.3.5 Fault Isolability 455 11.4 Summary 457 References 457 12 Fault Diagnosis of a Sensor Network 459 12.1 Overview 459 12.2 Problem Formulation 461 12.3 Fault Diagnosis Using a Bank of Kalman Filters 461 12.4 Kalman Filter for Pairs of Measurements 462 12.5 Kalman Filter for the Reference Input-Measurement Pair 463 12.6 Kalman Filter Residual: A Model Mismatch Indicator 463 12.6.1 Residual for a Pair of Measurements 463 12.7 Bayes Decision Strategy 464 12.8 Truth Table of Binary Decisions 465 12.9 Illustrative Example 467 12.10 Evaluation on a Physical Process Control System 469 12.11 Fault Detection and Isolation 470 12.11.1 Comparison with Other Approaches 473 12.12 Summary 474 12.13 Appendix 475 12.13.1 Map Relating yi(z) to yj(z) 475 12.13.2 Map Relating r(z) to yj(z) 476 References 477 13 Soft Sensor 479 13.1 Review 479 13.1.1 Benefits of a Soft Sensor 479 13.1.2 Kalman Filter 479 13.1.3 Reliable Identification of the System 480 13.1.4 Robust Controller Design 480 13.1.5 Fault Tolerant System 481 13.2 Mathematical Formulation 481 13.2.1 Transfer Function Model 482 13.2.2 Uncertainty Model 482 13.3 Identification of the System 483 13.3.1 Perturbed Parameter Experiment 484 13.3.2 Least-Squares Estimation 484 13.3.3 Selection of the Model Order 485 13.3.4 Identified Nominal Model 485 13.3.5 Illustrative Example 486 13.4 Model of the Kalman Filter 488 13.4.1 Role of the Kalman Filter 488 13.4.2 Model of the Kalman Filter 489 13.4.3 Augmented Model of the Plant and the Kalman Filter 489 13.5 Robust Controller Design 489 13.5.1 Objective 489 13.5.2 Augmented Model 490 13.5.3 Closed-Loop Performance and Stability 490 13.5.4 Uncertainty Model 491 13.5.5 Mixed-sensitivity Optimization Problem 492 13.5.6 State-Space Model of the Robust Control System 493 13.6 High Performance and Fault Tolerant Control System 494 13.6.1 Residual and Model-mismatch 494 13.6.2 Bayes Decision Strategy 495 13.6.3 High Performance Control System 495 13.6.4 Fault-Tolerant Control System 496 13.7 Evaluation on a Simulated System: Soft Sensor 496 13.7.1 Offline Identification 497 13.7.2 Identified Model of the Plant 497 13.7.3 Mixed-sensitivity Optimization Problem 498 13.7.4 Performance and Robustness 499 13.7.5 Status Monitoring 499 13.8 Evaluation on a Physical Velocity Control System 500 13.9 Conclusions 502 13.10 Summary 503 References 507 Index 509

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Book SynopsisMobility Models for Next Generation Wireless Networks: Ad Hoc, Vehicular and Mesh Networks provides the reader with an overview of mobility modelling, encompassing both theoretical and practical aspects related to the challenging mobility modelling task.Table of ContentsList of Figures xv List of Tables xxiii About the Author xxv Preface xxvii Acknowledgments xxxiii List of Abbreviations xxxv Part I INTRODUCTION 1 Next Generation Wireless Networks 3 1.1 WLAN and Mesh Networks 5 1.2 Ad Hoc Networks 8 1.3 Vehicular Networks 10 1.4 Wireless Sensor Networks 13 1.5 Opportunistic Networks 14 2 Modeling Next Generation Wireless Networks 19 2.1 Radio Channel Models 20 2.2 The Communication Graph 26 2.3 The Energy Model 31 3 Mobility Models for Next Generation Wireless Networks 33 3.1 Motivation 33 3.2 Cellular vs. Next Generation Wireless Network Mobility Models 35 3.3 A Taxonomy of Existing Mobility Models 38 3.4 Mobility Models and Real-World Traces: The CRAWDAD Resource 43 3.5 Basic Definitions 45 Part II “GENERAL-PURPOSE” MOBILITY MODELS 4 Random Walk Models 51 4.1 Discrete Random Walks 52 4.2 Continuous Random Walks 55 4.3 Other Random Walk Models 57 4.4 Theoretical Properties of Random Walk Models 58 5 The Random Waypoint Model 61 5.1 The RWP Model 62 5.2 The Node Spatial Distribution of the RWP Model 64 5.3 The Average Nodal Speed of the RWP Model 69 5.4 Variants of the RWP Model 73 6 Group Mobility and Other Synthetic Mobility Models 75 6.1 The RPGM Model 76 6.2 Other Synthetic Mobility Models 83 7 Random Trip Models 89 7.1 The Class of Random Trip Models 89 7.2 Stationarity of Random Trip Models 93 7.3 Examples of Random Trip Models 94 Part III MOBILITY MODELS FOR WLAN AND MESH NETWORKS 8 WLAN and Mesh Networks 101 8.1 WLAN and Mesh Networks: State of the Art 101 8.2 WLAN and Mesh Networks: User Scenarios 107 8.3 WLAN and Mesh Networks: Perspectives 109 8.4 Further Reading 111 9 Real-World WLAN Mobility 113 9.1 Real-World WLAN Traces 113 9.2 Features of WLAN Mobility 116 10 WLAN Mobility Models 121 10.1 The LH Mobility Model 122 10.2 The KKK Mobility Model 129 10.3 Final Considerations and Further Reading 137 Part IV MOBILITY MODELS FOR VEHICULAR NETWORKS 11 Vehicular Networks 141 11.1 Vehicular Networks: State of the Art 141 11.2 Vehicular Networks: User Scenarios 146 11.3 Vehicular Networks: Perspectives 150 11.4 Further Reading 151 12 Vehicular Networks: Macroscopic and Microscopic Mobility Models 153 12.1 Vehicular Mobility Models: The Macroscopic View 154 12.2 Vehicular Mobility Models: The Microscopic View 156 12.3 Further Reading 157 13 Microscopic Vehicular Mobility Models 159 13.1 Simple Microscopic Mobility Models 159 13.2 The SUMO Mobility Model 164 13.3 Integrating Vehicular Mobility and Wireless Network Simulation 168 Part V MOBILITY MODELS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 14 Wireless Sensor Networks 175 14.1 Wireless Sensor Networks: State of the Art 175 14.2 Wireless Sensor Networks: User Scenarios 180 14.3 WSNs: Perspectives 183 14.4 Further Reading 184 15 Wireless Sensor Networks: Passive Mobility Models 185 15.1 Passive Mobility in WSNs 186 15.2 Mobility Models for Wildlife Tracking Applications 187 15.3 Modeling Movement Caused by External Forces 191 16 Wireless Sensor Networks: Active Mobility Models 197 16.1 Active Mobility of Sensor Nodes 198 16.2 Active Mobility of Sink Nodes 208 Part VI MOBILITY MODELS FOR OPPORTUNISTIC NETWORKS 17 Opportunistic Networks 217 17.1 Opportunistic Networks: State of the Art 217 17.2 Opportunistic Networks: User Scenarios 219 17.3 Opportunistic Networks: Perspectives 222 17.4 Further Reading 223 18 Routing in Opportunistic Networks 225 18.1 Mobility-Assisted Routing in Opportunistic Networks 225 18.2 Opportunistic Network Mobility Metrics 231 19 Mobile Social Network Analysis 237 19.1 The Social Network Graph 238 19.2 Centrality and Clustering Metrics 239 19.3 Characterizations of Human Mobility 244 19.4 Further Reading 250 20 Social-Based Mobility Models 251 20.1 The Weighted Random Waypoint Mobility Model 252 20.2 The Time-Variant Community Mobility Model 254 20.3 The Community-Based Mobility Model 256 20.4 The SWIM Mobility Model 259 20.5 The Self-Similar Least Action Walk Model 264 20.6 The Home-MEG Model 267 20.7 Further Reading 270 Part VII CASE STUDIES 21 Random Waypoint Model and Wireless Network Simulation 275 21.1 RWP Model and Simulation Accuracy 276 21.2 Removing the Border Effect 278 21.3 Removing Speed Decay 285 21.4 The RWP Model and “Perfect Simulation” 287 22 Mobility Modeling and Opportunistic Network Performance Analysis 293 22.1 Unicast in Opportunistic Networks 293 22.2 Broadcast in Opportunistic Networks 299 Appendix A Elements of Probability Theory 309 A.1 Basic Notions of Probability Theory 309 A.2 Probability Distributions 313 A.3 Markov Chains 317 Appendix B Elements of Graph Theory, Asymptotic Notation, and Miscellaneous Notions 323 B.1 Asymptotic Notation 323 B.2 Elements of Graph Theory 326 B.3 Miscellaneous Notions 330 References 333 Index 335

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Book SynopsisA practical and highly popular guide for electrical contractors of small installations, now fully revised in accordance with the latest wiring regulations The book is a clearly written practical guide on how to design and complete a range of electrical installation projects in a competitive manner, while ensuring full compliance with the new Wiring Regulations (updated late 2008). The updated regulations introduced changes in terminology, such as basic' and fault protection', and also changed the regulation numbers. This new edition reflects these changes. It discusses new sections covering domestic, commercial, industrial and agricultural projects, including material on marinas, caravan sites, and small scale floodlighting. This book provides guidance on certification and test methods, with full attention given to electrical safety requirements. Other brand new sections cover protective measures, additional protection by means of RCDs, the new cable guidelines for thin walTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xvii Preface to the Fourth Edition xix Acknowledgements xxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Layout of chapters 1 1.2 Wiring regulations 2 1.3 Terminology 2 1.4 Competence and responsibility 3 1.5 Procedures 3 1.6 Inspection and test 4 1.7 Completion 5 1.8 Working methods and materials 5 1.9 Operatives 5 1.10 Materials 5 1.11 Amendments to BS 7671: 2008 6 1.12 Voltages 6 1.13 Voltage drop 6 2 Three Bedroom House 8 2.1 The bare minimum 9 2.2 Standards 9 2.3 Building regulations 11 2.4 Load assessment 11 2.5 A typical domestic supply 12 2.6 Project specification 12 2.7 Wiring systems and cable sizes 12 2.8 Lighting 12 2.9 13 A socket-outlets 13 2.10 Cable sizes 15 2.11 Circuit protection 15 2.12 Additional protection for socket-outlets 15 2.13 Arrangement of circuits 16 2.14 Arrangement of consumer unit 16 2.15 Main switch 17 2.16 Earthing and bonding 17 2.17 Gas services bonding and external meters 18 2.18 Supplementary bonding 19 3 A Block of Retirement Flatlets 21 3.1 Two schemes 21 3.2 Early considerations 21 3.3 Other interested parties 22 3.4 Building details 22 3.5 Part 1 – Flats 24 3.6 Part 2 – Landlord’s areas 29 4 Overcurrent Protection 35 4.1 Overload 35 4.2 Overload protection 36 4.3 Overload protective devices 37 4.4 Fault current 38 4.5 Fault Current Protection 39 4.6 Omission of fault current protection 39 4.7 Short-circuit rating 39 4.8 Disconnection times 41 4.9 Earth loop impedance 42 4.10 Summary of cb specification 42 4.11 Conclusion 43 5 An Architect’s Office 44 5.1 Other interested parties 44 5.2 Building structure and finishes 45 5.3 Electrical requirements 46 5.4 Skirting system 51 5.5 Underfloor system 51 5.6 Socket-outlets 51 5.7 Lighting circuits 51 5.8 Battened out ceilings 52 5.9 Extra-Low Voltage lighting (elv) 52 5.10 Group transformers 53 5.11 Individual transformers 53 5.12 Fire prevention 53 5.13 Arrangement of circuits 53 5.14 Distribution boards 54 5.15 Cable sizes 55 5.16 Switchgear 55 5.17 Print machine 57 5.18 Wall heaters in toilets 57 5.19 Storage heaters 57 5.20 Presence of 400 Volts 58 5.21 Access to switchgear 58 5.22 Earthing and bonding 58 5.23 Main earthing terminal 58 5.24 False ceiling grid 59 5.25 Computer installations 60 5.25.1 Computer supplies 60 5.26 High protective conductor currents 60 5.27 Mains filters 60 5.28 Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) 61 6 A High Street Shop 62 6.1 Special considerations 62 6.2 Other interested parties 63 6.3 Building structure and finishes 63 6.4 Electrical requirements 63 6.5 Loading and diversity 63 6.6 Lighting 65 6.7 Socket-outlets 66 6.8 Other appliances 67 6.9 Phase balance 68 6.10 Wiring systems 68 6.11 Start by considering cost 69 6.12 Shop area 69 6.13 Bakery area 69 6.14 Temperature limit of 70° C 70 6.15 Temperature limit of 90° C 70 6.16 Final selection and cable sizes 70 6.17 Bakery wiring 70 6.18 Shop wiring 71 6.19 Distribution board 71 6.20 Cable sizes 72 6.21 Switchgear 73 6.22 Isolation and switching 73 6.23 Earthing and bonding 73 6.24 Main earthing terminal (MET) 73 6.25 False-ceiling grid 74 6.26 Steel tables in the bakery 74 7 Earthing and Bonding 75 7.1 Terminology 75 7.2 Definitions 76 7.3 Green-and-yellow conductors 76 7.4 Protective earthing and protective equipotential bonding 77 7.5 Protective Multiple Earthing (PME) 77 7.6 Reliability of the earth-neutral path 78 7.7 Main bonding 79 7.8 Single fault condition 81 7.9 Supplementary bonding 82 7.10 Circuit Protective Conductors (CPCs) 82 7.11 Steel conduit and trunking 83 7.12 Steel wire armoured cable 84 7.13 Comparison of thermoplastic (PVC) and thermosetting (XLPE) armoured cable 84 7.14 Continuity of cable glands 84 7.15 Equipment having high protective conductor currents 86 7.16 Protective conductor currents 86 7.17 'High integrity' earthing 87 7.18 Earth monitoring and isolated supplies 87 7.19 Socket-outlets for desktop computers 88 7.20 Connections of protective conductors 89 7.21 Residual current devices 89 8 Car Service Workshop 90 8.1 Standards and recommendations 90 8.2 An adaptable design 91 8.3 Motor vehicle repair premises 91 8.4 Other interested parties 91 8.5 Building structure and finishes 91 8.6 Construction 94 8.7 Electrical requirements 94 8.8 Health and safety executive guidance and regulations 94 8.9 Health and safety guidance note HSG 261 95 8.10 Wiring regulations 96 8.11 Load assessment and maximum demand 96 8.12 Maximum demand load and diversity 96 8.13 Lighting 97 8.14 Welder 99 8.15 Compressor 99 8.16 Gas blowers 100 8.17 Phase balance 100 8.18 Estimate of maximum demand 101 8.19 What about a distribution circuit (sub-main)? 102 8.20 Wiring systems 102 8.21 Workshop 102 8.22 Office 105 8.23 Arrangement of circuits 105 8.24 Distribution boards 105 8.25 Cable sizes 105 8.26 Isolation and switching 107 8.27 Machinery 107 8.28 Cooker 107 8.29 Gas boiler 107 8.30 110 V transformer 108 8.31 Earthing and bonding 108 8.32 Main earthing terminal 109 8.33 Protective conductors at distribution board B 109 8.34 Armoured cable glands 109 8.35 Steel conduit and trunking 110 9 Circuits 111 9.1 Terminology 111 9.2 Colours of three phases 111 9.3 Conventional circuits 112 9.4 Lighting circuits 112 9.5 Induction 113 9.6 Socket-outlet circuits 113 9.7 Changing methods 113 9.8 Ring main obsolescence 113 9.9 History of the ring final circuit 114 9.10 Times have changed 114 9.11 Alternative methods 116 9.12 Radial circuits 117 9.13 Introducing the tree 117 9.14 20 A tree 117 9.14.1 Domestic 117 9.14.2 Commercial and similar 117 9.15 32 A tree 118 9.16 Switching and control 119 9.17 Comparison of systems 120 9.18 32 A ring final circuit 120 9.19 20 A tree 121 9.20 Composite circuits 121 10 Farming and Horticulture 123 10.1 Why farms are different 124 10.2 Special earthing requirements on farms with TT systems 126 10.3 Earth electrodes 127 10.4 Alternative electrodes 127 10.5 Bonding 128 10.6 Supplementary bonding 129 10.7 Residual current devices 129 10.8 Shock protection 130 10.9 General requirements for automatic disconnection of supply (ADS) 131 10.10 Fire protection 132 10.11 Automatic life support for high density livestock rearing 132 10.12 Switchgear 133 10.13 Wiring systems 134 10.14 Overhead or underground wiring 134 10.15 Non-metallic wiring systems 135 10.16 Steel Wire Armoured (SWA) cable 136 10.17 Twin and earth cable 136 10.18 General rules regarding farm electrical installations 136 11 Isolation and Switching 138 11.1 Isolation and switching 138 11.2 Isolation 139 11.3 Mechanical maintenance 140 11.4 Emergency switching 141 11.5 Labelling and notices 143 12 A Village Sports Centre 145 12.1 Special conditions 145 12.2 Codes of practice 145 12.3 Other interested parties 146 12.4 Building details 146 12.5 Structure and finishes 147 12.6 Electricity supply and requirements 148 12.7 Off-peak tariff 148 12.8 Normal tariff 148 12.9 Load assessment and diversity 150 12.10 Off-peak heating 150 12.11 Normal tariff 150 12.12 Total estimated maximum current demand 152 12.13 Wiring systems 152 12.14 Circuitry and cable sizing 154 12.15 Cable grouping factors 155 12.16 Arrangement of circuits 156 12.17 Switchgear 157 12.18 Shock protection 157 12.19 Earthing 157 12.20 Bonding 157 12.21 An occasional problem 157 12.22 Solutions 158 12.23 Requirements for a TT installation 159 13 An Indoor Swimming Pool 160 13.1 Special conditions 160 13.2 Other interested parties 161 13.3 Building details 161 13.4 Application of zoning to this project 162 13.5 Dehumidifiers 167 13.6 Changing room/shower area 167 13.7 Loading and diversity for the swimming pool project 168 13.8 Wiring systems 169 13.9 Cable sizes 170 13.10 Distribution board 170 13.11 Isolation 171 13.12 110 V system 171 13.13 Earthing 172 13.14 Local supplementary bonding 172 13.15 Floor grid 172 14 Cables and Wiring Systems 174 14.1 External influences 174 14.2 Cost considerations 175 14.3 Choosing suitable cable routes 175 14.4 Is armouring always necessary? 175 14.5 Fire barriers 175 14.6 Holes through fire barriers 176 14.7 Sealing the wiring system 176 14.8 Work in progress 176 14.9 Records 177 14.10 Hidden cables 177 14.11 Cables within a floor 177 14.12 Cables above false ceilings 178 14.13 Cables in walls 178 14.14 Mechanically protected cables 179 14.15 Fire and smoke 179 14.16 Thermoplastic (PVC) insulation 180 14.17 Thermosetting (XLPE) 181 14.18 Silicone rubber 181 14.19 Low smoke zero halogen (LS0H) 181 14.20 Mineral insulated copper sheathed (MICS) cables 182 14.21 Heat transference from cables 182 14.22 Wiring systems and cable management 182 14.23 Emergency systems 182 14.24 Care with wiring systems 183 14.25 Thermoplastic (PVC) insulated and sheathed cables 183 14.26 Thermosetting (PVC) insulated conduit cables 183 14.27 Steel conduit systems and trunking 184 14.28 Plastic conduit systems and trunking 184 14.29 MICS cables 184 14.30 Steel wire armoured cables 185 14.31 Silicone insulated PVC sheathed cables 185 15 Inspection, Testing and Certification 186 15.1 Labelling and documentation 187 15.2 Specification and manual 187 15.3 Regulations 187 15.4 Electrical installation certificate (EIC) 187 15.5 Signatories 190 15.6 Alterations and additions 192 15.7 Limits of responsibility 192 15.8 Deviations and departures 193 15.9 New materials and inventions 193 15.10 Particulars of the installation 194 15.11 Inspections and test schedules 194 15.12 Inspection procedures 194 15.13 Testing 197 15.14 Continuity testing 198 15.15 Polarity 198 15.16 Continuity of protective conductors 198 15.17 Continuity of ring circuit conductors 198 15.18 Insulation resistance 200 15.19 Earth fault loop impedance 202 15.20 Supply impedance Ze 204 15.21 Earth loop impedance of circuits Zs 205 15.22 Prospective fault current 206 15.23 Operation of residual current devices 206 16 A Caravan Park 208 16.1 Measures for protection against electric shock 208 16.2 Earthing arrangements 209 16.3 PME must not be used for caravans 209 16.4 Electrical equipment (external influences) 210 16.5 Wiring systems 210 16.6 Cables buried in the ground 210 16.7 Overhead cables 210 16.8 Caravan pitch electrical supply equipment 211 16.9 Plugs and socket-outlets 211 17 Residual Current Devices 213 17.1 How does an RCD work? 214 17.2 Fault protection 214 17.3 Additional protection 217 17.4 Requirements to provide additional protection by RCDs 217 17.5 RCDs incorporated into a consumer unit, to meet the requirements for additional protection 218 17.6 Protection against fire 220 17.7 Avoiding a hazard and/or minimising an inconvenience due to the tripping of an RCD 221 17.8 Reducing the possibility of unwanted tripping of RCDs 221 17.9 Use of a ‘front-end’ 30 mA RCD is generally considered unacceptable practice 222 17.10 Installations forming part of a T T system 222 17.11 RCDs connected in series 223 17.12 Labelling 223 18 Flood Lighting (Outdoor Lighting) Project 224 18.1 Lighting arrangement 224 18.2 General requirements 224 18.3 Wiring system 225 18.4 Protective measures 226 18.5 Load assessment 226 18.6 Rating of the overcurrent protective device 227 18.7 Circuit design 227 18.8 Voltage drop consideration 228 18.9 Switchgear 230 19 Circuit Design Calculations 231 19.1 Design process 231 19.2 Protective conductors 235 19.3 Worked example 235 19.4 Solution 236 Index 239

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Book SynopsisWith the explosive growth in PV (photovoltaic) installations globally, the sector continues to benefit from important improvements in manufacturing technology and the increasing efficiency of solar cells, this timely handbook brings together all the latest design, layout and construction methods for entire PV plants in a single volume.Trade ReviewReview copy sent 29/02/12: Book News Review copies sent on 2.2.12 to: ENGINEERING STRUCTURES RENEWABLE ENERGY PHOTOVOLTAICS BULLETIN SOLAR ENERGY JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES ENERGY RESEARCH REAL POWER SOLAR WIND TECHNOLOGY MODERN POWER SYSTEMS ENERGY AND POWER RISK MANAGEMENT NEW POWERTable of ContentsForeword xiii Preface xv About the Author xvii Acknowledgements xix Note on the Examples and Costs xxi List of Symbols xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Photovoltaics – What’s It All About? 1 1.2 Overview of This Book 1 1.3 A Brief Glossary of Key PV Terms 10 1.4 Recommended Guide Values for Estimating PV System Potential 14 1.5 Examples 24 1.6 Bibliography 25 2 Key Properties of Solar Radiation 27 2.1 Sun and Earth 27 2.2 Extraterrestrial Radiation 31 2.3 Radiation on the Horizontal Plane of the Earth’s Surface 32 2.4 Simple Method for Calculating Solar Radiation on Inclined Surfaces 39 2.5 Radiation Calculation on Inclined Planes with Three-Component Model 49 2.6 Approximate Annual Energy Yield for Grid-Connected PV Systems 68 2.7 Composition of Solar Radiation 71 2.8 Solar Radiation Measurement 71 2.9 Bibliography 76 3 Solar Cells: Their Design Engineering and Operating Principles 79 3.1 The Internal Photoelectric Effect in Semiconductors 79 3.2 A Brief Account of Semiconductor Theory 81 3.3 The Solar Cell: A Specialized Semiconductor Diode With a Large Barrier Layer that is Exposed to Light 86 3.4 Solar Cell Efficiency 94 3.5 The Most Important Types of Solar Cells and the Attendant Manufacturing Methods 108 3.6 Bifacial Solar Cells 122 3.7 Examples 122 3.8 Bibliography 124 4 Solar Modules and Solar Generators 127 4.1 Solar Modules 127 4.2 Potential Solar Cell Wiring Problems 138 4.3 Interconnection of Solar Modules and Solar Generators 149 4.4 Solar Generator Power Loss Resulting from Partial Shading and Mismatch Loss 160 4.5 Solar Generator Structure 166 4.6 Examples 217 4.7 Bibliography 221 5 PV Energy Systems 223 5.1 Stand-alone PV Systems 223 5.2 Grid-Connected Systems 262 5.3 Bibliography 389 6 Protecting PV Installations Against Lightning 395 6.1 Probability of Direct Lightning Strikes 395 6.2 Lightning Strikes: Guide Value; Main Effects 398 6.3 Basic Principles of Lightning Protection 400 6.4 Shunting Lightning Current to a Series of Down-conductors 402 6.5 Potential Increases; Equipotential Bonding 404 6.6 Lightning-Current-Induced Voltages and Current 408 6.7 PV Installation Lightning Protection Experiments 432 6.8 Optimal Sizing of PV Installation Lightning Protection Devices 459 6.9 Recommendations for PV Installation Lightning Protection 470 6.1 Recap and Conclusions 484 6.11 Bibliography 485 7 Standardized Representation of Energy and Power of PV Systems 487 7.1 Introduction 487 7.2 Standardized Yield, Losses and Performance Ratio 487 7.3 Normalized Diagrams for Yields and Losses 491 7.4 Normalized PV Installation Power Output 495 7.5 Anomaly Detection Using Various Types of Diagrams 502 7.6 Recap and Conclusions 506 7.7 Bibliography 506 8 PV Installation Sizing 507 8.1 Principal of and Baseline Values for Yield Calculations 507 8.2 Energy Yield Determination for Grid-Connected Systems 523 8.3 Sizing PV Installations that Integrate a Battery Pack 533 8.4 Insolation Calculation Freeware 549 8.5 Simulation Software 550 8.6 Bibliography 9 The Economics of Solar Power 551 9.1 How Much Does Solar Energy Cost? 553 9.2 Grey Energy; Energy Payback Time; Yield Factor 562 9.3 Bibliography 566 10 Performance Characteristics of Selected PV Installations 569 10.1 Energy Yield Data and Other Aspects of Selected PV Installations 569 10.2 Long Term Comparison of Four Swiss PV Installations 614 10.3 Long Term Energy Yield of the Burgdorf Installation 617 10.4 Mean PV Installation Energy Yield in Germany 619 10.5 Bibliography 620 11 In Conclusion… 623 Annex A: Calculation Tables and Insolation Data 633 A1 Insolation Calculation Tables 633 A2 Aggregate Monthly Horizontal Global Irradiance 634 A3 Global Insolation for Various Reference Locations 634 A4 RB Factors for Insolation Calculations Using the Three-Component Model 648 A5 Shading Diagrams for Various Latitudes 673 A6 Energy Yield Calculation Tables 676 A7 kT and kG Figures for Energy Yield Calculations 681 A8 Insolation and Energy Yield Calculation Maps 683 A8.1 Specimen polar shading diagram Appendix B: Links; Books; Acronyms; etc. 691 B1 Links to PV Web Sites 691 B2 Books on Photovoltaic and Related Areas 693 B3 Acronyms 695 B4 Prefixes for Decimal Fractions and Metric Multiples 696 B5 Conversion Factors 696 B6 Key Physical Constants 696 Index 697

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses a broad range of topics on antennas for space applications. First, it introduces the fundamental methodologies of space antenna design, modelling and analysis as well as the state-of-the-art and anticipated future technological developments. Each of the topics discussed are specialized and contextualized to the space sector.Table of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgments xix Acronyms xxi Contributors xxv 1 Antenna Basics 1Luigi Boccia and Olav Breinbjerg 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Antenna Performance Parameters 2 1.2.1 Reflection Coefficient and Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 2 1.2.2 Antenna Impedance 3 1.2.3 Radiation Pattern and Coverage 4 1.2.4 Polarization 6 1.2.5 Directivity 7 1.2.6 Gain and Realized Gain 8 1.2.7 Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power 8 1.2.8 Effective Area 9 1.2.9 Phase Center 9 1.2.10 Bandwidth 9 1.2.11 Antenna Noise Temperature 9 1.3 Basic Antenna Elements 10 1.3.1 Wire Antennas 10 1.3.2 Horn Antennas 10 1.3.3 Reflectors 15 1.3.4 Helical Antennas 17 1.3.5 Printed Antennas 19 1.4 Arrays 26 1.4.1 Array Configurations 28 1.5 Basic Effects of Antennas in the Space Environment 30 1.5.1 Multipaction 30 1.5.2 Passive Inter-modulation 31 1.5.3 Outgassing 31 References 32 2 Space Antenna Modeling 36Jian Feng Zhang, Xue Wei Ping, Wen Ming Yu, Xiao Yang Zhou, and Tie Jun Cui 2.1 Introduction 36 2.1.1 Maxwell’s Equations 37 2.1.2 CEM 37 2.2 Methods of Antenna Modeling 39 2.2.1 Basic Theory 39 2.2.2 Method of Moments 40 2.2.3 FEM 45 2.2.4 FDTD Method 49 2.3 Fast Algorithms for Large Space Antenna Modeling 54 2.3.1 Introduction 54 2.3.2 MLFMA 54 2.3.3 Hierarchical Basis for the FEM 62 2.4 Case Studies: Effects of the Satellite Body on the Radiation Patterns of Antennas 68 2.5 Summary 73 Acknowledgments 73 References 73 3 System Architectures of Satellite Communication, Radar, Navigation and Remote Sensing 76Michael A. Thorburn 3.1 Introduction 76 3.2 Elements of Satellite System Architecture 76 3.3 Satellite Missions 77 3.4 Communications Satellites 77 3.4.1 Fixed Satellite Services 77 3.4.2 Broadcast Satellite Services (Direct Broadcast Services) 78 3.4.3 Digital Audio Radio Services 78 3.4.4 Direct to Home Broadband Services 78 3.4.5 Mobile Communications Services 78 3.5 Radar Satellites 79 3.6 Navigational Satellites 79 3.7 Remote Sensing Satellites 80 3.8 Architecture of Satellite Command and Control 80 3.9 The Communications Payload Transponder 80 3.9.1 Bent-Pipe Transponders 81 3.9.2 Digital Transponders 81 3.9.3 Regenerative Repeater 81 3.10 Satellite Functional Requirements 81 3.10.1 Key Performance Concepts: Coverage, Frequency Allocations 82 3.10.2 Architecture of the Communications Payload 82 3.10.3 Satellite Communications System Performance Requirements 83 3.11 The Satellite Link Equation 83 3.12 The Microwave Transmitter Block 84 3.12.1 Intercept Point 85 3.12.2 Output Backoff 86 3.12.3 The Transmit Antenna and EIRP 87 3.13 Rx Front-End Block 88 3.13.1 Noise Figure and Noise Temperature 88 3.14 Received Power in the Communications System’s RF Link 90 3.14.1 The Angular Dependencies of the Uplink and Downlink 91 3.15 Additional Losses in the Satellite and Antenna 91 3.15.1 Additional Losses due to Propagation Effects and the Atmosphere 91 3.15.2 Ionospheric Effects – Scintillation and Polarization Rotation 93 3.16 Thermal Noise and the Antenna Noise Temperature 93 3.16.1 The Interface between the Antenna and the Communications System 93 3.16.2 The Uplink Signal to Noise 94 3.17 The SNR Equation and Minimum Detectable Signal 94 3.18 Power Flux Density, Saturation Flux Density and Dynamic Range 95 3.18.1 Important Relationship between PFD and Gain State of the Satellite Transponder 95 3.19 Full-Duplex Operation and Passive Intermodulation 96 3.20 Gain and Gain Variation 96 3.21 Pointing Error 97 3.22 Remaining Elements of Satellite System Architecture 98 3.23 Orbits and Orbital Considerations 98 3.24 Spacecraft Introduction 100 3.25 Spacecraft Budgets (Mass, Power, Thermal) 101 3.25.1 Satellite Mass 101 3.25.2 Satellite Power 101 3.25.3 Satellite Thermal Dissipation 101 3.26 Orbital Mission Life and Launch Vehicle Considerations 102 3.27 Environment Management (Thermal, Radiation) 102 3.28 Spacecraft Structure (Acoustic/Dynamic) 103 3.29 Satellite Positioning (Station Keeping) 103 3.30 Satellite Positioning (Attitude Control) 104 3.31 Power Subsystem 104 3.32 Tracking, Telemetry, Command and Monitoring 105 References 105 4 Space Environment and Materials 106J. Santiago-Prowald and L. Salghetti Drioli 4.1 Introduction 106 4.2 The Space Environment of Antennas 106 4.2.1 The Radiation Environment 107 4.2.2 The Plasma Environment 109 4.2.3 The Neutral Environment 110 4.2.4 Space Environment for Typical Spacecraft Orbits 111 4.2.5 Thermal Environment 111 4.2.6 Launch Environment 113 4.3 Selection of Materials in Relation to Their Electromagnetic Properties 117 4.3.1 RF Transparent Materials and Their Use 117 4.3.2 RF Conducting Materials and Their Use 117 4.3.3 Material Selection Golden Rules for PIM Control 118 4.4 Space Materials and Manufacturing Processes 118 4.4.1 Metals and Their Alloys 118 4.4.2 Polymer Matrix Composites 121 4.4.3 Ceramics and Ceramic Matrix Composites 125 4.5 Characterization of Mechanical and Thermal Behaviour 127 4.5.1 Thermal Vacuum Environment and Outgassing Screening 127 4.5.2 Fundamental Characterization Tests of Polymers and Composites 128 4.5.3 Characterization of Mechanical Properties 130 4.5.4 Thermal and Thermoelastic Characterization 131 Acknowledgements 131 References 131 5 Mechanical and Thermal Design of Space Antennas 133J. Santiago-Prowald and Heiko Ritter 5.1 Introduction: The Mechanical–Thermal–Electrical Triangle 133 5.1.1 Antenna Product 134 5.1.2 Configuration, Materials and Processes 135 5.1.3 Review of Requirements and Their Verification 136 5.2 Design of Antenna Structures 136 5.2.1 Typical Design Solutions for Reflectors 136 5.2.2 Structural Description of the Sandwich Plate Architecture 143 5.2.3 Thermal Description of the Sandwich Plate Architecture 143 5.2.4 Electrical Description of the Sandwich Plate Architecture in Relation to Thermo-mechanical Design 144 5.3 Structural Modelling and Analysis 144 5.3.1 First-Order Plate Theory 145 5.3.2 Higher Order Plate Theories 148 5.3.3 Classical Laminated Plate Theory 148 5.3.4 Homogeneous Isotropic Plate Versus Symmetric Sandwich Plate 149 5.3.5 Skins Made of Composite Material 150 5.3.6 Honeycomb Core Characteristics 152 5.3.7 Failure Modes of Sandwich Plates 152 5.3.8 Mass Optimization of Sandwich Plate Architecture for Antennas 154 5.3.9 Finite Element Analysis 156 5.3.10 Acoustic Loads on Antennas 159 5.4 Thermal and Thermoelastic Analysis 166 5.4.1 The Thermal Environment of Space Antennas 166 5.4.2 Transverse Thermal Conductance Model of the Sandwich Plate 167 5.4.3 Thermal Balance of the Flat Sandwich Plate 168 5.4.4 Thermal Distortions of a Flat Plate in Space 169 5.4.5 Thermoelastic Stability of an Offset Parabolic Reflector 171 5.4.6 Thermal Analysis Tools 172 5.4.7 Thermal Analysis Cases 173 5.4.8 Thermal Model Uncertainty and Margins 173 5.5 Thermal Control Strategies 173 5.5.1 Requirements and Principal Design Choices 173 5.5.2 Thermal Control Components 174 5.5.3 Thermal Design Examples 176 Acknowledgements 177 References 178 6 Testing of Antennas for Space 179Jerzy Lemanczyk, Hans Juergen Steiner, and Quiterio Garcia 6.1 Introduction 179 6.2 Testing as a Development and Verification Tool 180 6.2.1 Engineering for Test 180 6.2.2 Model Philosophy and Definitions 182 6.2.3 Electrical Model Correlation 190 6.2.4 Thermal Testing and Model Correlation 195 6.3 Antenna Testing Facilities 203 6.3.1 Far-Field Antenna Test Ranges 203 6.3.2 Compact Antenna Test Ranges 203 6.3.3 Near-Field Measurements and Facilities 212 6.3.4 Environmental Test Facilities and Mechanical Testing 220 6.3.5 PIM Testing 224 6.4 Case Study: SMOS 226 6.4.1 The SMOS MIRAS Instrument 227 6.4.2 SMOS Model Philosophy 231 6.4.3 Antenna Pattern Test Campaign 238 References 248 7 Historical Overview of the Development of Space Antennas 250Antoine G. Roederer 7.1 Introduction 250 7.2 The Early Days 252 7.2.1 Wire and Slot Antennas on Simple Satellite Bodies 252 7.2.2 Antenna Computer Modelling Takes Off 254 7.2.3 Existing/Classical Antenna Designs Adapted for Space 259 7.3 Larger Reflectors with Complex Feeding Systems 262 7.3.1 Introduction 262 7.3.2 Multi-frequency Antennas 263 7.3.3 Large Unfurlable Antennas 271 7.3.4 Solid Surface Deployable Reflector Antennas 279 7.3.5 Polarization-Sensitive and Shaped Reflectors 282 7.3.6 Multi-feed Antennas 285 7.4 Array Antennas 297 7.4.1 Conformal Arrays on Spin-Stabilized Satellites 297 7.4.2 Arrays for Remote Sensing 298 7.4.3 Arrays for Telecommunications 302 7.5 Conclusions 306 Acknowledgements 307 References 307 8 Deployable Mesh Reflector Antennas for Space Applications: RF Characterizations 314Paolo Focardi, Paula R. Brown, and Yahya Rahmat-Samii 8.1 Introduction 314 8.2 History of Deployable Mesh Reflectors 315 8.3 Design Considerations Specific to Mesh Reflectors 320 8.4 The SMAP Mission – A Representative Case Study 320 8.4.1 Mission Overview 320 8.4.2 Key Antenna Design Drivers and Constraints 322 8.4.3 RF Performance Determination of Reflector Surface Materials 327 8.4.4 RF Modeling of the Antenna Radiation Pattern 329 8.4.5 Feed Assembly Design 338 8.4.6 Performance Verification 340 8.5 Conclusion 341 Acknowledgments 341 References 341 9 Microstrip Array Technologies for Space Applications 344Antonio Montesano, Luis F. de la Fuente, Fernando Monjas, Vicente GarcÍa, Luis E. Cuesta, Jennifer Campuzano, Ana Trastoy, Miguel Bustamante, Francisco Casares, Eduardo Alonso, David Álvarez, Silvia Arenas, José Luis Serrano, and Margarita Naranjo 9.1 Introduction 344 9.2 Basics of Array Antennas 345 9.2.1 Functional (Driving) Requirements and Array Design Solutions 345 9.2.2 Materials for Passive Arrays Versus Environmental and Design Requirements 347 9.2.3 Array Optimization Methods and Criteria 349 9.3 Passive Arrays 350 9.3.1 Radiating Panels for SAR Antennas 350 9.3.2 Navigation Antennas 354 9.3.3 Passive Antennas for Deep Space 361 9.4 Active Arrays 363 9.4.1 Key Active Elements in Active Antennas: Amplifiers 363 9.4.2 Active Hybrids 366 9.4.3 The Thermal Dissipation Design Solution 367 9.4.4 Active Array Control 369 9.4.5 Active Arrays for Communications and Data Transmission 370 9.5 Summary 383 Acknowledgements 383 References 384 10 Printed Reflectarray Antennas for Space Applications 385Jose A. Encinar 10.1 Introduction 385 10.2 Principle of Operation and Reflectarray Element Performance 388 10.3 Analysis and Design Techniques 391 10.3.1 Analysis and Design of Reflectarray Elements 391 10.3.2 Design and Analysis of Reflectarray Antennas 393 10.3.3 Broadband Techniques 396 10.4 Reflectarray Antennas for Telecommunication and Broadcasting Satellites 400 10.4.1 Contoured-Beam Reflectarrays 400 10.4.2 Dual-Coverage Transmit Antenna 402 10.4.3 Transmit–Receive Antenna for Coverage of South America 405 10.5 Recent and Future Developments for Space Applications 414 10.5.1 Large-Aperture Reflectarrays 414 10.5.2 Inflatable Reflectarrays 415 10.5.3 High-Gain Antennas for Deep Space Communications 416 10.5.4 Multibeam Reflectarrays 418 10.5.5 Dual-Reflector Configurations 420 10.5.6 Reconfigurable and Steerable Beam Reflectarrays 424 10.5.7 Conclusions and Future Developments 428 Acknowledgments 428 References 429 11 Emerging Antenna Technologies for Space Applications 435Safieddin Safavi-Naeini and Mohammad Fakharzadeh 11.1 Introduction 435 11.2 On-Chip/In-Package Antennas for Emerging Millimeter-Wave Systems 436 11.2.1 Recent Advances in On-Chip Antenna Technology 436 11.2.2 Silicon IC Substrate Limitations for On-Chip Antennas 437 11.2.3 On-Chip Antenna on Integrated Passive Silicon Technology 439 11.3 Integrated Planar Waveguide Technologies 441 11.4 Microwave/mmW MEMS-Based Circuit Technologies for Antenna Applications 445 11.4.1 RF/Microwave MEMS-Based Phase Shifter 447 11.4.2 Reflective-Type Phase Shifters for mmW Beam-Forming Applications 447 11.5 Emerging THz Antenna Systems and Integrated Structures 448 11.5.1 THz Photonics Techniques: THz Generation Using Photo-mixing Antennas 451 11.5.2 THz Generation Using a Photo-mixing Antenna Array 453 11.6 Case Study: Low-Cost/Complexity Antenna Technologies for Land-Mobile Satellite Communications 454 11.6.1 System-Level Requirements 454 11.6.2 Reconfigurable Very Low-Profile Antenna Array Technologies 454 11.6.3 Beam Steering Techniques 455 11.6.4 Robust Zero-Knowledge Beam Control Algorithm 457 11.6.5 A Ku-band Low-Profile, Low-Cost Array System for Vehicular Communication 458 11.7 Conclusions 462 References 462 12 Antennas for Satellite Communications 466Eric Amyotte and LuÍs Martins Camelo 12.1 Introduction and Design Requirements 466 12.1.1 Link Budget Considerations 467 12.1.2 Types of Satellite Communications Antennas 469 12.1.3 Materials 469 12.1.4 The Space Environment and Its Design Implications 470 12.1.5 Designing for Commercial Applications 470 12.2 UHF Satellite Communications Antennas 471 12.2.1 Typical Requirements and Solutions 471 12.2.2 Single-Element Design 472 12.2.3 Array Design 473 12.2.4 Multipactor Threshold 473 12.3 L/S-band Mobile Satellite Communications Antennas 474 12.3.1 Introduction 474 12.3.2 The Need for Large Unfurlable Reflectors 474 12.3.3 Beam Forming 475 12.3.4 Hybrid Matrix Power Amplification 476 12.3.5 Feed Array Element Design 478 12.3.6 Diplexers 478 12.3.7 Range Measurements 479 12.4 C-, Ku- and Ka-band FSS/BSS Antennas 479 12.4.1 Typical Requirements and Solutions 479 12.4.2 The Shaped-Reflector Technology 480 12.4.3 Power Handling 481 12.4.4 Antenna Structures and Reflectors 481 12.4.5 Reflector Antenna Geometries 482 12.4.6 Feed Chains 491 12.5 Multibeam Broadband Satellite Communications Antennas 496 12.5.1 Typical Requirements and Solutions 496 12.5.2 SFB Array-Fed Reflector Antennas 497 12.5.3 FAFR Antennas 500 12.5.4 DRA Antennas 503 12.5.5 RF Sensing and Tracking 503 12.6 Antennas for Non-geostationary Constellations 504 12.6.1 Typical Requirements and Solutions 504 12.6.2 Global Beam Ground Links 505 12.6.3 High-Gain Ground Links 505 12.6.4 Intersatellite Links or Cross-links 506 12.6.5 Feeder Links 507 Acknowledgments 508 References 508 13 SAR Antennas 511Pasquale Capece and Andrea Torre 13.1 Introduction to Spaceborne SAR Systems 511 13.1.1 General Presentation of SAR Systems 511 13.1.2 Azimuth Resolution in Conventional Radar and in SAR 512 13.1.3 Antenna Requirements Versus Performance Parameters 514 13.2 Challenges of Antenna Design for SAR 518 13.2.1 Reflector Antennas 518 13.2.2 Active Antennas and Subsystems 519 13.3 A Review of the Development of Antennas for Spaceborne SAR 534 13.3.1 TecSAR 534 13.3.2 SAR- Lupe 535 13.3.3 ASAR (EnviSat) 535 13.3.4 Radarsat 1 535 13.3.5 Radarsat 2 535 13.3.6 Palsar (ALOS) 535 13.3.7 TerraSAR-X 536 13.3.8 COSMO (SkyMed) 536 13.4 Case Studies of Antennas for Spaceborne SAR 539 13.4.1 Instrument Design 539 13.4.2 SAR Antenna 540 13.5 Ongoing Developments in SAR Antennas 544 13.5.1 Sentinel 1 544 13.5.2 Saocom Mission 544 13.5.3 ALOS 2 545 13.5.4 COSMO Second Generation 545 13.6 Acknowledgments 546 References 546 14 Antennas for Global Navigation Satellite System Receivers 548Chi-Chih Chen, Steven (Shichang) Gao, and Moazam Maqsood 14.1 Introduction 548 14.2 RF Requirements of GNSS Receiving Antenna 551 14.2.1 General RF Requirements 551 14.2.2 Advanced Requirements for Enhanced Position Accuracy and Multipath Signal Suppression 556 14.3 Design Challenges and Solutions for GNSS Antennas 561 14.3.1 Wide Frequency Coverage 562 14.3.2 Antenna Delay Variation with Frequency and Angle 562 14.3.3 Antenna Size Reduction 567 14.3.4 Antenna Platform Scattering Effect 568 14.4 Common and Novel GNSS Antennas 572 14.4.1 Single-Element Antenna 572 14.4.2 Multi-element Antenna Array 580 14.5 Spaceborne GNSS Antennas 582 14.5.1 Requirements for Antennas On Board Spaceborne GNSS Receivers 582 14.5.2 A Review of Antennas Developed for Spaceborne GNSS Receivers 584 14.6 Case Study: Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for Spacecraft Precise Orbit Determination Applications 586 14.6.1 Antenna Development 586 14.6.2 Results and Discussions 588 14.7 Summary 591 References 592 15 Antennas for Small Satellites 596Steven (Shichang) Gao, Keith Clark, Jan Zackrisson, Kevin Maynard, Luigi Boccia, and Jiadong Xu 15.1 Introduction to Small Satellites 596 15.1.1 Small Satellites and Their Classification 596 15.1.2 Microsatellites and Constellations of Small Satellites 597 15.1.3 Cube Satellites 598 15.1.4 Formation Flying of Multiple Small Satellites 599 15.2 The Challenges of Designing Antennas for Small Satellites 600 15.2.1 Choice of Operating Frequencies 600 15.2.2 Small Ground Planes Compared with the Operational Wavelength 601 15.2.3 Coupling between Antennas and Structural Elements 601 15.2.4 Antenna Pattern 602 15.2.5 Orbital Height 602 15.2.6 Development Cost 602 15.2.7 Production Costs 602 15.2.8 Testing Costs 602 15.2.9 Deployment Systems 603 15.2.10 Volume 603 15.2.11 Mass 603 15.2.12 Shock and Vibration Loads 603 15.2.13 Material Degradation 603 15.2.14 Atomic Oxygen 603 15.2.15 Material Outgassing 604 15.2.16 Creep 604 15.2.17 Material Charging 604 15.2.18 The Interaction between Satellite Antennas and Structure 604 15.3 Review of Antenna Development for Small Satellites 606 15.3.1 Antennas for Telemetry, Tracking and Command (TT&C) 606 15.3.2 Antennas for High-Rate Data Downlink 609 15.3.3 Antennas for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Receivers and Reflectometry 615 15.3.4 Antennas for Intersatellite Links 618 15.3.5 Other Antennas 619 15.4 Case Studies 621 15.4.1 Case Study 1: Antenna Pointing Mechanism and Horn Antenna 621 15.4.2 Case Study 2: X-band Downlink Helix Antenna 623 15.5 Conclusions 627 References 628 16 Space Antennas for Radio Astronomy 629Paul F. Goldsmith 16.1 Introduction 629 16.2 Overview of Radio Astronomy and the Role of Space Antennas 629 16.3 Space Antennas for Cosmic Microwave Background Studies 631 16.3.1 The Microwave Background 631 16.3.2 Soviet Space Observations of the CMB 632 16.3.3 The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) Satellite 633 16.3.4 The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) 635 16.3.5 The Planck Mission 637 16.4 Space Radio Observatories for Submillimeter/Far-Infrared Astronomy 641 16.4.1 Overview of Submillimeter/Far-Infrared Astronomy 641 16.4.2 The Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite 643 16.4.3 The Odin Orbital Observatory 646 16.4.4 The Herschel Space Observatory 648 16.4.5 The Future: Millimetron, CALISTO, and Beyond 650 16.5 Low-Frequency Radio Astronomy 652 16.5.1 Overview of Low-Frequency Radio Astronomy 652 16.5.2 Early Low-Frequency Radio Space Missions 653 16.5.3 The Future 655 16.6 Space VLBI 655 16.6.1 Overview of Space VLBI 655 16.6.2 HALCA 656 16.6.3 RadioAstron 658 16.7 Summary 658 Acknowledgments 660 References 660 17 Antennas for Deep Space Applications 664Paula R. Brown, Richard E. Hodges, and Jacqueline C. Chen 17.1 Introduction 664 17.2 Telecommunications Antennas 665 17.3 Case Study I – Mars Science Laboratory 666 17.3.1 MSL Mission Description 666 17.3.2 MSL X-band Antennas 668 17.3.3 MSL UHF Antennas 676 17.3.4 MSL Terminal Descent Sensor (Landing Radar) 680 17.4 Case Study II – Juno 681 17.4.1 Juno Mission Description 681 17.4.2 Telecom Antennas 682 17.4.3 Juno Microwave Radiometer Antennas 684 Acknowledgments 692 References 693 18 Space Antenna Challenges for Future Missions, Key Techniques and Technologies 695Cyril Mangenot and William A. Imbriale 18.1 Overview of Chapter Contents 695 18.2 General Introduction 696 18.3 General Evolution of Space Antenna Needs and Requirements 697 18.4 Develop Large-Aperture Antennas 699 18.4.1 Problem Area and Challenges 699 18.4.2 Present and Expected Future Space Missions 700 18.4.3 Promising Antenna Concepts and Technologies 702 18.5 Increase Telecommunication Satellite Throughput 707 18.5.1 Problem Area and Challenges 707 18.5.2 Present and Expected Future Space Missions 707 18.5.3 Promising Antenna Concepts and Technologies 708 18.6 Enable Sharing the Same Aperture for Multiband and Multipurpose Antennas 709 18.6.1 Problem Area and Challenges 709 18.6.2 Present and Expected Future Space Missions 710 18.6.3 Promising Antenna Concepts and Technologies 710 18.7 Increase the Competitiveness of Well-Established Antenna Products 710 18.7.1 Problem Area and Challenges 710 18.7.2 Present and Expected Future Space Missions 711 18.7.3 Promising Antenna Concepts and Technologies 712 18.8 Enable Single-Beam In-Flight Coverage/Polarization Reconfiguration 713 18.8.1 Problem Area and Challenges 713 18.8.2 Present and Expected Future Space Missions 714 18.8.3 Promising Antenna Concepts and Technologies 714 18.9 Enable Active Antennas at Affordable Cost 715 18.9.1 Problem Area and Challenges 715 18.9.2 Present and Expected Future Space Missions 717 18.9.3 Promising Antenna Concepts and Technologies 718 18.10 Develop Innovative Antennas for Future Earth Observation and Science Instruments 724 18.10.1 Problem Area and Challenges 724 18.10.2 Present and Expected Future Space Missions 725 18.10.3 Promising Antenna Concepts and Technologies 729 18.11 Evolve Towards Mass Production of Satellite and User Terminal Antennas 732 18.11.1 Problem Area and Challenges 732 18.11.2 Present and Expected Future Space Missions 732 18.11.3 Promising Antenna Concepts and Technologies 732 18.12 Technology Push for Enabling New Missions 734 18.12.1 Problem Area and Challenges 734 18.12.2 Promising Antenna Concepts and Technologies 734 18.13 Develop New Approaches for Satellite/Antenna Modelling and Testing 735 18.13.1 Problem Area and Challenges 735 18.13.2 Promising Antenna Concepts and Technologies 736 18.14 Conclusions 737 Acronyms 738 Acknowledgements 740 References 740 Index 741

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Book SynopsisA timely addition to the understanding of IMT-Advanced, this book places particular emphasis on the new areas which IMT-Advanced technologies rely on compared with their predecessors. These latest areas include Radio Resource Management, Carrier Aggregation, improved MIMO support and Relaying. Each technique is thoroughly described and illustrated before being surveyed in context of the LTE-Advanced standards. The book also presents state-of-the-art information on the different aspects of the work of standardization bodies (such as 3GPP and IEEE), making global links between them. Explores the latest research innovations to assess the future of the LTE standard Covers the latest research techniques for beyond IMT-Advanced such as Coordinated multi-point systems (CoMP), Network Coding, Device-to-Device and Spectrum Sharing Contains key information for researchers from academia and industry, engineers, regulators and decision makers working on LTE-AdvanTrade Review"The book is up with the latest thinking and standards, and as such provides a particularly useful coverage of the way in which cellular telecommunications is moving. It would be a valuable addition to the library of any individual or company that is serious about keeping up with the latest LTE technology." (Radio-Electronics.com, 1 January 2012) Table of ContentsAbout the Editors xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xvii List of Abbreviations xix List of Contributors xxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Market and Technology Trends 1 1.2 Technology Evolution 3 1.3 Development of IMT-Advanced and Beyond 6 References 8 2 Radio Resource Management 11 2.1 Overview of Radio Resource Management 11 2.2 Resource Allocation in IMT-Advanced Technologies 13 2.2.1 Main IMT-Advanced Characteristics 13 2.2.2 Scheduling 16 2.2.3 Interference Management 16 2.2.4 Carrier Aggregation 18 2.2.5 MBMS Transmission 18 2.3 Dynamic Resource Allocation 19 2.3.1 Resource Allocation and Packet Scheduling Using Utility Theory 19 2.3.2 Resource Allocation with Relays 22 2.3.3 Multiuser Resource Allocation Maximizing the UE QoS 24 2.3.4 Optimization Problems and Performance 26 2.4 Interference Coordination in Mobile Networks 26 2.4.1 Power Control 27 2.4.2 Resource Partitioning 28 2.4.3 MIMO Busy Burst for Interference Avoidance 33 2.5 Efficient MBMS Transmission 35 2.5.1 MBMS Transmission 36 2.5.2 Performance Assessment 37 2.6 Future Directions of RRM Techniques 39 References 40 3 Carrier Aggregation 43 3.1 Basic Concepts 43 3.2 ITU-R Requirements and Implementation in Standards 45 3.3 Evolution Towards Future Technologies 48 3.3.1 Channel Coding 48 3.3.2 Scheduling 51 3.3.3 Channel Quality Indicator 53 3.3.4 Additional Research Directions 54 3.4 Cognitive Radio Enabling Dynamic/Opportunistic Carrier Aggregation 55 3.4.1 Spectrum Sharing and Opportunistic Carrier Aggregation 56 3.4.2 Spectrum Awareness 58 3.4.3 Cognitive Component Carrier Identification, Selection and Mobility 59 3.5 Implications for Signaling and Architecture 59 3.6 Hardware and Legal Limitations 60 References 61 4 Spectrum Sharing 63 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Literature Overview 64 4.2.1 Spectrum Sharing from a Game Theoretic Perspective 66 4.2.2 Femtocells 67 4.3 Spectrum Sharing with Game Theory 68 4.3.1 Noncooperative Case 68 4.3.2 Hierarchical Case 69 4.4 Spectrum Trading 70 4.4.1 Revenue and Cost Function for the Offering Operator 73 4.4.2 Numerical Results 74 4.5 Femtocells and Opportunistic Spectrum Usage 75 4.5.1 Femtocells and Standardization 77 4.5.2 Self-Organized Femtocells 79 4.5.3 Beacon-Based Femtocells 81 4.5.4 Femtocells with Intercell Interference Coordination 82 4.5.5 Femtocells with Game Theory 83 4.6 Conclusion, Discussion and Future Research 84 4.6.1 Future Research 85 References 86 5 Multiuser MIMO Systems 89 5.1 MIMO Fundamentals 89 5.1.1 System Model 91 5.1.2 Point-to-Point MIMO Communications 92 5.1.3 Multiuser MIMO Communications 96 5.1.4 MIMO with Interference 100 5.2 MIMO in LTE-Advanced and 802.16m 101 5.2.1 LTE-Advanced 102 5.2.2 WiMAX Evolution 104 5.3 Generic Linear Precoding with CSIT 104 5.3.1 Transmitter–Receiver Design 105 5.3.2 Transceiver Design with Interference Nulling 110 5.4 CSI Acquisition for Multiuser MIMO 112 5.4.1 Limited Feedback 112 5.4.2 CSI Sounding 113 5.5 Future Directions of MIMO Techniques 114 References 115 6 Coordinated Multi Point (CoMP) Systems 121 6.1 Overview of CoMP 121 6.1.1 CoMP Types 122 6.1.2 Architectures and Clustering 123 6.1.3 Theoretical Performance Limits and Implementation Constraints 126 6.2 CoMP in the Standardization Bodies 129 6.2.1 Overview of CoMP Studies 129 6.2.2 Design Choices for a CoMP Functionality 131 6.3 Generic System Model for Downlink CoMP 133 6.3.1 SINR for Linear Transmissions 133 6.3.2 Compact Matricial Model 134 6.4 Joint Processing Techniques 134 6.4.1 State of the Art 135 6.4.2 Potential of Joint Processing 136 6.4.3 Dynamic Joint Processing 137 6.4.4 Uplink Joint Processing 141 6.5 Coordinated Beamforming and Scheduling Techniques 142 6.5.1 State of the Art 142 6.5.2 Decentralized Coordinated Beamforming 143 6.5.3 Coordinated Scheduling via Worst Companion Reporting 145 6.6 Practical Implementation of CoMP in a Trial Environment 147 6.6.1 Setup and Scenarios 149 6.6.2 Measurement Results 149 6.7 Future Directions 151 References 152 7 Relaying for IMT-Advanced 157 7.1 An Overview of Relaying 157 7.1.1 Relay Evolution 158 7.1.2 Relaying Deployment Scenarios 159 7.1.3 Relaying Protocol Strategies 160 7.1.4 Half Duplex and Full Duplex Relaying 162 7.1.5 Numerical Example 162 7.2 Relaying in the Standard Bodies 164 7.2.1 Relay Types in LTE-Advanced Rel-10 164 7.2.2 Relay Nodes in IEEE 802.16m 166 7.3 Comparison of Relaying and CoMP 166 7.3.1 Protocols and Resource Management 167 7.3.2 Simulation Results 169 7.4 In-band RNs versus Femtocells 171 7.5 Cooperative Relaying for Beyond IMT-Advanced 173 7.6 Relaying for beyond IMT-Advanced 176 7.6.1 Multihop RNs 176 7.6.2 Mobile Relay 177 7.6.3 Network Coding 177 References 177 8 Network Coding in Wireless Communications 181 8.1 An Overview of Network Coding 181 8.1.1 Historical Background 182 8.1.2 Types of Network Coding 183 8.1.3 Applications of Network Coding 183 8.2 Uplink Network Coding 188 8.2.1 Detection Strategies 188 8.2.2 User Grouping 190 8.2.3 Relay Selection 191 8.2.4 Performance 192 8.2.5 Integration in IMT-Advanced and Beyond 194 8.3 Nonbinary Network Coding 194 8.3.1 Nonbinary NC based on UE Cooperation 195 8.3.2 Nonbinary NC for Multiuser and Multirelay 196 8.3.3 Performance 197 8.3.4 Integration in IMT-Advanced and Beyond 198 8.4 Network Coding for Broadcast and Multicast 199 8.4.1 Efficient Broadcast Network Coding Scheme 200 8.4.2 Performance 201 8.5 Conclusions and Future Directions 202 References 203 9 Device-to-Device Communication 207 9.1 Introduction 207 9.2 State of the Art 208 9.2.1 In Standards 208 9.2.2 In Literature 210 9.3 Device-to-Device Communication as Underlay to Cellular Networks 211 9.3.1 Session Setup 212 9.3.2 D2D Transmit Power 214 9.3.3 Multiantenna Techniques 215 9.3.4 Radio Resource Management 220 9.4 Future Directions 225 References 228 10 The End-to-end Performance of LTE-Advanced 231 10.1 IMT-Advanced Evaluation: ITU Process, Scenarios and Requirements 231 10.1.1 ITU-R Process for IMT-Advanced 232 10.1.2 Evaluation Scenarios 234 10.1.3 Performance Requirements 235 10.2 Short Introduction to LTE-Advanced Features 238 10.2.1 The WINNER+ Evaluation Group Assessment Approach 238 10.3 Performance of LTE-Advanced 239 10.3.1 3GPP Self-evaluation 239 10.3.2 Simulative Performance Assessment by WINNER+ 241 10.3.3 LTE-Advanced Performance in the Rural Indian Open Area Scenario 243 10.4 Channel Model Implementation and Calibration 243 10.4.1 IMT-Advanced Channel Model 243 10.4.2 Calibration of Large-Scale Parameters 246 10.4.3 Calibration of Small-Scale Parameters 247 10.5 Simulator Calibration 248 10.6 Conclusion and Outlook on the IMT-Advanced Process 249 References 250 11 Future Directions 251 11.1 Radio Resource Allocation 252 11.2 Heterogeneous Networks 252 11.3 MIMO and CoMP 253 11.4 Relaying and Network Coding 254 11.5 Device-to-Device Communications 254 11.6 Green and Energy Efficiency 255 References 256 Appendices 259 Appendix A Resource Allocation 261 A.1 Dynamic Resource Allocation 261 A.1.1 Utility Predictive Scheduler 261 A.1.2 Resource Allocation with Relays 261 A.2 Multiuser Resource Allocation 263 A.2.1 PHY/MAC Layer Model 263 A.2.2 APP Layer Model 263 A.2.3 Optimization Problem 264 A.2.4 Simulation Results 265 A.3 Busy Burst Extended to MIMO 266 A.4 Efficient MBMS Transmission 267 A.4.1 Service Operation 267 A.4.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) Performance 268 Appendix B Spectrum Awareness 269 B.1 Spectrum Sensing 269 B.2 Geo-Location Databases 270 B.3 Beacon Signaling 270 Appendix C CoordinatedMultiPoint (CoMP) 271 C.1 Joint Processing Methods 271 C.1.1 Partial Joint Processing 271 C.1.2 Dynamic Base Station Clustering 271 C.2 Coordinated Beamforming and Scheduling 273 C.2.1 Decentralized Coordinated Beamforming 273 C.2.2 Coordinated Scheduling via Worst Companion Reporting 276 C.3 Test-Bed: Distributed Realtime Implementation 276 Appendix D Network Coding 281 D.1 Nonbinary NC based on UE Cooperation 281 D.2 Multiuser and Multirelay Scenario 282 Appendix E LTE-Advanced Analytical Performance and Peak Spectral Efficiency 285 E.1 Analytical and Inspection Performance Assessment by WINNER+ 285 E.1.1 Analytical Evaluation 285 E.1.2 Inspection 286 E.2 Peak Spectral Efficiency Calculation 287 E.2.1 FDD Mode Downlink Direction 287 E.2.2 FDD Mode Uplink Direction 288 E.2.3 TDD Mode Downlink Direction 289 E.2.4 TDD Mode Uplink Direction 291 E.2.5 Comparison with Self-Evaluation 292 References 292 Index 295

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Book SynopsisThis unique treatment systematically interprets a spectrum of importance measures to provide a comprehensive overview of their applications in the areas of reliability, network, risk, mathematical programming, and optimization. Investigating the precise relationships among various importance measures, it describes how they are modelled and combined with other design tools to allow users to solve readily many real-world, large-scale decision-making problems. Presenting the state-of-the-art in network analysis, multistate systems, and application in modern systems, this book offers a clear and complete introduction to the topic. Through describing the reliability importance and the fundamentals, it covers advanced topics such as signature of coherent systems, multi-linear functions, and new interpretation of the mathematical programming problems. Key highlights: Generalizes the concepts behind importance measures (such as sensitivity and perturbation analysiTrade Review“It will definitely be very useful for those interested in studying various structures.” (Computing Reviews, 5 November 2012) Table of ContentsPreface xv References xvii Acknowledgements xix Part One INTRODUCTION and BACKGROUND 1 Introduction 2 1 Introduction to Importance Measures 5 References 11 2 Fundamentals of Systems Reliability 13 2.1 Block Diagrams 13 2.2 Structure Functions 14 2.3 Coherent Systems 17 2.4 Modules within a Coherent System 18 2.5 Cuts and Paths of a Coherent System 19 2.6 Critical Cuts and Critical Paths of a Coherent System 21 2.7 Measures of Performance 23 2.7.1 Reliability for a mission time 24 2.7.2 Reliability function (of time t) 25 2.7.3 Availability function 27 2.8 Stochastic Orderings 28 2.9 Signature of Coherent Systems 28 2.10 Multilinear Functions and Taylor (Maclaurin) Expansion 31 2.11 Redundancy 32 2.12 Reliability Optimization and Complexity 33 2.13 Consecutive-k-out-of-n Systems 34 2.14 Assumptions 35 References 36 Part Two PRINCIPLES of IMPORTANCE MEASURES 39 Introduction 40 3 The Essence of Importance Measures 43 3.1 ImportanceMeasures in Reliability 43 3.2 Classifications 44 3.3 c-type and p-type ImportanceMeasures 45 3.4 ImportanceMeasures of a Minimal Cut and a Minimal Path 45 3.5 Terminology 45 References 46 4 Reliability Importance Measures 47 4.1 The B-reliability Importance 47 4.1.1 The B-reliability importance for system functioning and for system failure 52 4.1.2 The criticality reliability importance 52 4.1.3 The Bayesian reliability importance 53 4.2 The FV Reliability Importance 53 4.2.1 The c-type FV (c-FV) reliability importance 54 4.2.2 The p-type FV (p-FV) reliability importance 54 4.2.3 Decomposition of state vectors 54 4.2.4 Properties 56 References 57 5 Lifetime Importance Measures 59 5.1 The B-time-dependent-lifetime Importance 59 5.1.1 The criticality time-dependent lifetime importance 61 5.2 The FV Time-dependent Lifetime Importance 61 5.2.1 The c-FV time-dependent lifetime importance 61 5.2.2 The p-FV time-dependent lifetime importance 63 5.2.3 Decomposition of state vectors 64 5.3 The BP Time-independent Lifetime Importance 64 5.4 The BP Time-dependent Lifetime Importance 69 5.5 Numerical Comparisons of Time-dependent Lifetime ImportanceMeasures 69 5.6 Summary 71 References 72 6 Structure Importance Measures 73 6.1 The B-i.i.d. Importance and B-structure Importance 73 6.2 The FV Structure Importance 76 6.3 The BP Structure Importance 76 6.4 Structure ImportanceMeasures Based on the B-i.i.d. importance 79 6.5 The Permutation Importance and Permutation Equivalence 80 6.5.1 Relations to minimal cuts and minimal paths 81 6.5.2 Relations to systems reliability 83 6.6 The Domination Importance 85 6.7 The Cut Importance and Path Importance 86 6.7.1 Relations to the B-i.i.d. importance 87 6.7.2 Computation 89 6.8 The Absoluteness Importance 91 6.9 The Cut-path Importance,Min-cut Importance, and Min-path Importance 92 6.10 The First-term Importance and Rare-event Importance 93 6.11 c-type and p-type of Structure ImportanceMeasures 93 6.12 Structure ImportanceMeasures for Dual Systems 94 6.13 Dominant Relations among ImportanceMeasures 96 6.13.1 The absoluteness importance with the domination importance 96 6.13.2 The domination importance with the permutation importance 96 6.13.3 The domination importance with the min-cut importance and min-path importance 96 6.13.4 The permutation importance with the FV importance 96 6.13.5 The permutation importance with the cut-path importance, min-cut importance, and min-path importance 100 6.13.6 The cut-path importance with the cut importance and path importance 101 6.13.7 The cut-path importance with the B-i.i.d. importance 101 6.13.8 The B-i.i.d. importance with the BP importance 102 6.14 Summary 102 References 105 7 ImportanceMeasures of Pairs and Groups of Components 107 7.1 The Joint Reliability Importance and Joint Failure Importance 107 7.1.1 The joint reliability importance of dependent components 110 7.1.2 The joint reliability importance of two gate events 110 7.1.3 The joint reliability importance for k-out-of-n systems 111 7.1.4 The joint reliability importance of order k 111 7.2 The Differential ImportanceMeasure 112 7.2.1 The first-order differential importance measure 112 7.2.2 The second-order differential importance measure 113 7.2.3 The differential importance measure of order k 114 7.3 The Total Order Importance 114 7.4 The Reliability AchievementWorth and Reliability ReductionWorth 115 References 116 8 ImportanceMeasures for Consecutive-k-out-of-n Systems 119 8.1 Formulas for the B-importance 119 8.1.1 The B-reliability importance and B-i.i.d. importance 119 8.1.2 The B-structure importance 122 8.2 Patterns of the B-importance for Lin/Con/k/n Systems 123 8.2.1 The B-reliability importance 123 8.2.2 The uniform B-i.i.d. importance 124 8.2.3 The half-line B-i.i.d. importance 126 8.2.4 The nature of the B-i.i.d. importance patterns 126 8.2.5 Patterns with respect to p 128 8.2.6 Patterns with respect to n 129 8.2.7 Disproved patterns and conjectures 131 8.3 Structure ImportanceMeasures 135 8.3.1 The permutation importance 135 8.3.2 The cut-path importance 135 8.3.3 The BP structure importance 135 8.3.4 The first-term importance and rare-event importance 136 References 137 Part Three IMPORTANCE MEASURES for RELIABILITY DESIGN 139 Introduction 140 References 141 9 Redundancy Allocation 143 9.1 Redundancy ImportanceMeasures 144 9.2 A Common Spare 145 9.2.1 The redundancy importance measures 145 9.2.2 The permutation importance 147 9.2.3 The cut importance and path importance 147 9.3 Spare Identical to the Respective Component 148 9.3.1 The redundancy importance measures 148 9.3.2 The permutation importance 149 9.4 Several Spares in a k-out-of-n System 150 9.5 Several Spares in an Arbitrary Coherent System 150 9.6 Cold Standby Redundancy 152 References 152 10 Upgrading System Performance 155 10.1 Improving Systems Reliability 156 10.1.1 Same amount of improvement in component reliability 156 10.1.2 A fractional change in component reliability 157 10.1.3 Cold standby redundancy 158 10.1.4 Parallel redundancy 158 10.1.5 Example and discussion 158 10.2 Improving Expected System Lifetime 159 10.2.1 A shift in component lifetime distributions 160 10.2.2 Exactly one minimal repair 160 10.2.3 Reduction in the proportional hazards 167 10.2.4 Cold standby redundancy 168 10.2.5 A perfect component 170 10.2.6 An imperfect repair 170 10.2.7 A scale change in component lifetime distributions 171 10.2.8 Parallel redundancy 171 10.2.9 Comparisons and numerical evaluation 172 10.3 Improving Expected System Yield 174 10.3.1 A shift in component lifetime distributions 175 10.3.2 Exactly one minimal repair / cold standby redundancy / a perfect component / parallel redundancy 180 10.4 Discussion 182 References 182 11 Component Assignment in Coherent Systems 185 11.1 Description of Component Assignment Problems 186 11.2 Enumeration and Randomization Methods 187 11.3 Optimal Design based on the Permutation Importance and Pairwise Exchange 188 11.4 Invariant Optimal and InvariantWorst Arrangements 189 11.5 Invariant Arrangements for Parallel-series and Series-parallel Systems 191 11.6 Consistent B-i.i.d. Importance Ordering and Invariant Arrangements 192 11.7 Optimal Design based on the B-reliability Importance 194 11.8 Optimal Assembly Problems 196 References 197 12 Component Assignment in Consecutive-k-out-of-n and Its Variant Systems 199 12.1 Invariant Arrangements for Con/k/n Systems 199 12.1.1 Invariant optimal arrangements for Lin/Con/k/n systems 200 12.1.2 Invariant optimal arrangements for Cir/Con/k/n systems 200 12.1.3 Consistent B-i.i.d. importance ordering and invariant arrangements 202 12.2 Necessary Conditions for Component Assignment in Con/k/n Systems 204 12.3 Sequential Component Assignment Problems in Con/2/n:F Systems 206 12.4 Consecutive-2 Failure Systems on Graphs 207 12.4.1 Consecutive-2 failure systems on trees 208 12.5 Series Con/k/n Systems 208 12.5.1 Series Con/2/n:F systems 209 12.5.2 Series Lin/Con/k/n:G systems 209 12.6 Consecutive-k-out-of-r-from-n Systems 211 12.7 Two-dimensional and Redundant Con/k/n Systems 213 12.7.1 Con/(r, k)/(r, n) systems 214 12.8 Miscellaneous 216 References 217 13 B-importance based Heuristics for Component Assignment 219 13.1 The Kontoleon Heuristic 219 13.2 The LK Type Heuristics 221 13.2.1 The LKA heuristic 221 13.2.2 Another three LK type heuristics 221 13.2.3 Relation to invariant optimal arrangements 221 13.2.4 Numerical comparisons of the LK type heuristics 224 13.3 The ZK Type Heuristics 225 13.3.1 Four ZK type heuristics 225 13.3.2 Relation to invariant optimal arrangements 227 13.3.3 Comparisons of initial arrangements 227 13.3.4 Numerical comparisons of the ZK type heuristics 229 13.4 The B-importance based Two-stage Approach 229 13.4.1 Numerical comparisons with the GAMS/CoinBomin solver and enumeration method 230 13.4.2 Numerical comparisons with the randomization method 230 13.5 The B-importance based Genetic Local Search 231 13.5.1 The description of algorithm 232 13.5.2 Numerical comparisons with the B-importance based two-stage approach and a genetic algorithm 235 13.6 Summary and Discussion 236 References 238 Part Four RELATIONS and GENERALIZATIONS 241 Introduction 242 14 Comparisons of Importance Measures 245 14.1 Relations to the B-importance 245 14.2 Rankings of Reliability ImportanceMeasures 247 14.2.1 Using the permutation importance 247 14.2.2 Using the permutation importance and joint reliability importance 249 14.2.3 Using the domination importance 250 14.2.4 Summary 250 14.3 ImportanceMeasures for Some Special Systems 250 14.4 Computation of ImportanceMeasures 251 References 253 15 Generalizations of Importance Measures 255 15.1 Noncoherent Systems 255 15.1.1 Binary monotone systems 256 15.2 Multistate Coherent Systems 257 15.2.1 The μ, _ B-importance 258 15.2.2 The μ, _ cut importance 259 15.3 Multistate Monotone Systems 261 15.3.1 The permutation importance 261 15.3.2 The utility B-reliability importance 262 15.3.3 The utility-decomposition reliability importance 262 15.3.4 The utility B-structure importance, joint structure importance, and joint reliability importance 263 15.3.5 The B-importance, FV importance, reliability achievement worth, and reliability reduction worth with respect to system mean unavailability and mean performance 265 15.4 Binary Type Multistate Monotone Systems 266 15.4.1 The B-t.d.l. importance, BP t.i.l. importance, and L1 t.i.l. importance 267 15.5 Summary of ImportanceMeasures for Multistate Systems 268 15.6 Continuum Systems 270 15.7 Repairable Systems 272 15.7.1 The B-availability importance 272 15.7.2 The c-FV unavailability importance 273 15.7.3 The BP availability importance 273 15.7.4 The L1 t.i.l. importance 274 15.7.5 Simulation-based importance measures 275 15.8 Applications in the Power Industry 276 References 277 Part Five BROAD IMPLICATIONS to RISK and MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING 281 Introduction 282 References 283 16 Networks 285 16.1 Network Flow Systems 285 16.1.1 The edge importance measures in a network flow system 286 16.1.2 The edge importance measures for a binary monotone system 288 16.1.3 The B-reliability importance, FV reliability importance, reliability reduction worth, and reliability achievement worth 289 16.1.4 The flow-based importance and impact-based importance 290 16.2 K-terminal Networks 291 16.2.1 Importance measures of an edge 293 16.2.2 A K-terminal optimization problem 295 References 295 17 Mathematical Programming 297 17.1 Linear Programming 297 17.1.1 Basic concepts 298 17.1.2 The simplex algorithm 300 17.1.3 Sensitivity analysis 301 17.2 Integer Programming 303 17.2.1 Basic concepts and branch-and-bound algorithm 303 17.2.2 Branch-and-bound using linear programming relaxations 306 17.2.3 Mixed integer nonlinear programming 309 References 309 18 Sensitivity Analysis 311 18.1 Local Sensitivity and Perturbation Analysis 311 18.1.1 The B-reliability importance 311 18.1.2 The multidirectional sensitivity measure 312 18.1.3 The multidirectional differential importance measure and total order importance 317 18.1.4 Perturbation analysis 318 18.2 Global Sensitivity Analysis 319 18.2.1 ANOVA-decomposition based global sensitivity measures 320 18.2.2 Elementary effect methods and derivative-based global sensitivity measures 323 18.2.3 Relationships between the ANOVA-decomposition-based and the derivativebased sensitivity measures 326 18.2.4 The case of random input variables 327 18.2.5 Moment-independent sensitivity measures 328 18.3 Systems reliability subject to uncertain component reliability 330 18.3.1 Software Reliability 332 18.4 Broad applications 335 References 336 19 Risk and Safety in Nuclear Power Plants 339 19.1 Introduction to Probabilistic Risk Analysis and Probabilistic Safety Assessment 339 19.2 Probabilistic (Local) ImportanceMeasures 340 19.3 Uncertainty and Global Sensitivity Measures 342 19.4 A Case Study 343 19.5 Review of Applications 345 19.6 System Fault Diagnosis and Maintenance 347 References 348 Afterword 350 References 354 APPENDIX 355 A Proofs 357 A.1 Proof of Theorem 8.2.7 357 A.2 Proof of Theorem 10.2.10 358 A.3 Proof of Theorem 10.2.17 359

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Book SynopsisLogically ordered to follow the order of the blocks encountered along a receiver or a transmitter path in a communication platform, this book provides an introduction to system performance metrics, followed by topics on RF/Analog modeling, and simulation examples to support the modeling theory.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii About the Author xv 1 Introduction to Communication System-on-Chip, RF Analog Front-End, OFDM Modulation, and Performance Metrics 1 1.1 Communication System-on-Chip 1 1.1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.2 CMOS Technology 3 1.1.3 Coexistence Issues 4 1.2 RF AFE Overview 6 1.2.1 Introduction 6 1.2.2 Superheterodyne Transceiver 8 1.2.3 Homodyne Transceiver 10 1.2.4 Low-IF Transceiver 11 1.2.5 Analog Baseband Filter Order versus ADC Dynamic Range 12 1.2.6 Digital Compensation of RF Analog Front-End Imperfections 13 1.3 OFDM Modulation 14 1.3.1 OFDM as a Multicarrier Modulation 14 1.3.2 Fourier Transform and Orthogonal Subcarriers 15 1.3.3 Channel Estimation and Equalization in Frequency Domain 18 1.3.4 Pilot-Tones 20 1.3.5 Guard Interval 21 1.3.6 Windowed OFDM 21 1.3.7 Adaptive Transmission 22 1.3.8 OFDMA for Multiple Access 23 1.3.9 Scalable OFDMA 23 1.3.10 OFDM DBB Architecture 24 1.3.11 OFDM-Based Standards 27 1.4 SNR, EVM, and 1.4.1 Bit Error Rate 27 1.4.2 SNR versus EVM 28 1.4.3 SNR versus E 1.4.4 Complex Baseband Representation 32 References 34 Eb/N0 Definitions and Relationship 27b/N0 31 2 RF Analog Impairments Description and Modeling 37 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Thermal Noise 38 2.2.1 Additive White Gaussian Noise 38 2.2.2 Noise Figure and Sensitivity 40 2.2.3 Cascaded Noise Voltage in IC Design 41 2.2.4 AWGN in Simulations 42 2.2.5 Flicker Noise and AWGN Modeling 43 2.3 Oscillator Phase Noise 44 2.3.1 Description and Impact on the System 44 2.3.2 Phase Noise Modeling in the Frequency Domain 45 2.3.3 Simulation in Temporal Domain 49 2.3.4 SNR Limitation due to the Phase Noise 50 2.3.5 Impact of Phase Noise in OFDM 52 2.4 Sampling Jitter 57 2.4.1 Jitter Definitions 57 2.4.2 Sampling Jitter and Phase Noise Relationship 58 2.4.3 SNR Limitation due to Sampling Jitter 61 2.4.4 Impact of Sampling Jitter in OFDM 63 2.4.5 Sampling Jitter Modeling 63 2.5 Carrier Frequency Offset 64 2.5.1 Description 64 2.5.2 Impact of CFO in OFDM 65 2.6 Sampling Frequency Offset 67 2.6.1 Description 67 2.6.2 Impact of SFO in OFDM 68 2.7 I and Q Mismatch 71 2.7.1 Description 71 2.7.2 IQ Mismatch Modeling 76 2.7.3 SNR Limitation due to IQ Mismatch 76 2.7.4 Impact of IQ Mismatch in OFDM 78 2.8 DAC/ADC Quantization Noise and Clipping 79 2.8.1 SNR Limitation due to the Quantization Noise and Clipping Level 79 2.8.2 Impact of Converter Clipping Level in OFDM 82 2.8.3 DAC and ADC Dynamic Range in OFDM 84 2.8.4 DAC and ADC Modeling 86 2.9 IP2 and IP3: Second- and Third-Order Nonlinearities 87 2.9.1 Harmonics (Single-Tone Test) 87 2.9.2 Intermodulation Distortion (Two-Tone Test) 89 2.9.3 Receiver Performance Degradation due to the Non-linearities 92 2.9.4 Impact of Third-Order Nonlinearity in OFDM 95 2.9.5 Simulation in Complex Baseband 98 2.10 Power Amplifier Distortion 99 2.10.1 PA Modeling 99 2.10.2 Impact of PA Distortions in OFDM 102 References 104 3 Simulation of the RF Analog Impairments Impact on Real OFDM-Based Transceiver Performance 107 3.1 Introduction 107 3.2 WLAN and Mobile WiMAX PHY Overview 108 3.2.1 WLAN: Standard IEEE 802.11a/g 108 3.2.2 Mobile WiMAX: Standard IEEE 802.16e 109 3.3 Simulation Bench Overview 110 3.3.1 WiFi and WiMAX OFDM Transceiver Modeling 110 3.3.2 EVM Estimation as Performance Metric 112 3.3.3 EVM versus SNR Simulations in AWGN Channel 113 3.4 WiFi OFDM and Mobile WiMAX Signals PAPR 116 3.5 Transmitter Impairments Simulation 117 3.5.1 Introduction 117 3.5.2 DAC Clipping and Resolution 118 3.5.3 I and Q Mismatch 121 3.5.4 RF Oscillator Phase Noise 125 3.5.5 Power Amplifier Distortion 130 3.5.6 Transmitter Complete Simulation 133 3.6 Receiver Impairments Simulation 134 3.6.1 Introduction 134 3.6.2 Carrier Frequency Offset 135 3.6.3 Sampling Frequency Offset 140 3.6.4 Linearity: IIP2 and IIP3 146 3.6.5 I and Q Mismatch 154 3.6.6 RF Oscillator Phase Noise and Reciprocal Mixing 154 3.6.7 Sampling Jitter 156 3.6.8 ADC Clipping and Resolution 158 3.6.9 Receiver Complete Simulation 160 3.7 Adaptive Modulation Illustration 162 3.8 Summary 164 References 164 4 Digital Compensation of RF Analog Impairments 167 4.1 Introduction 167 4.2 CFO Estimation and Correction 168 4.2.1 CFO Estimation Principle 168 4.2.2 CFO Estimation in the Time Domain 170 4.2.3 CFO Estimation in the Frequency Domain 172 4.2.4 CFO Correction 175 4.3 SFO Estimation and Correction 176 4.3.1 SFO Estimation Principle 176 4.3.2 SFO Estimation 178 4.3.3 SFO Correction 181 4.3.4 Joint SFO and CFO Estimation 181 4.4 IQ Mismatch Estimation and Correction 183 4.4.1 Principle 183 4.4.2 Effect of the Channel 186 4.4.3 Simulation Results 187 4.5 Power Amplifier Linearization 190 4.5.1 Digital Predistortion Principle 190 4.5.2 Memory Polynomial Predistortion 191 4.5.3 Polynomial Coefficients Computation 192 4.5.4 Simulation Results 193 4.6 Summary 196 References 197 Index 199

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Book SynopsisFocusing on current advances in heterogeneous cellular networks, this book enables readers to better understand the technical details and performance gains that are made possible by this state-of-the-art technology.Table of ContentsContributors xiii Preface xv 1 Overview of Heterogeneous Networks 1 1.1 Motivations for Heterogeneous Networks 2 1.1.1 Explosive Growth of Data Capacity Demands 2 1.1.2 From Spectral Efficiency to Network Efficiency 3 1.1.3 Challenges in Service Revenue and Capacity Investment 5 1.2 Definitions of Heterogeneous Networks 5 1.3 Economics of Heterogeneous Networks 6 1.3.1 Total Cost of Ownership 7 1.3.2 Heterogeneous Networks Use Scenarios 8 1.3.3 General Tends in Heterogeneous Networks Development 10 1.4 Aspects of Heterogeneous Network Technology 10 1.4.1 RF Interference 10 1.4.2 Radio System Configuration 12 1.4.3 Network Coupling 13 1.4.4 User and Device Credential 14 1.4.5 Interworking 15 1.4.6 Handover 16 1.4.7 Data Routing 18 1.4.8 Quality of Service 19 1.4.9 Security and Privacy 21 1.4.10 Capacity and Performance Evaluation 22 1.5 Future Heterogeneous Network Applications 22 References 24 Part I Radio Resource and Interference Management 2 Radio Resource and Interference Management for Heterogeneous Networks 29 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Heterogeneous Networks Deployment Scenarios and Interference Management Categories Based on Spectrum Usage 31 2.2.1 Heterogeneous Network Deployment Scenarios 31 2.2.2 Interference Management Categories Based on Spectrum Usage 33 2.3 Multi-carrier Inter-cell Interference Management for Heterogeneous Networks 33 2.3.1 Interference Management via Carrier Partitioning 34 2.3.2 Enhanced Carrier Reuse with Power Control 36 2.3.3 Carrier Aggregation Based Inter-cell Interference Coordination 36 2.4 Co-channel Inter-cell Interference Management for Heterogeneous Networks 38 2.4.1 Control Channel Interference Management 39 2.4.2 Data Channel Interference Management 46 2.5 Conclusion 48 References 48 3 Capacity and Coverage Enhancement in Heterogeneous Networks 51 3.1 Introduction 52 3.2 Deployment Scenarios 54 3.2.1 Multi-tier Network Elements 54 3.2.2 Multi-radio Techniques 55 3.3 Multi-tier Interference Mitigation 56 3.3.1 Multi-tier Spectral Reuse Scenarios 56 3.3.2 Cross-tier Interference 56 3.3.3 Network Synchronization for IM 57 3.3.4 Overview of Interference Mitigation Techniques 57 3.3.5 Performance Comparison of IM Schemes 60 3.4 Multi-radio Performance 61 3.5 Standardization and Future Research Directions 62 3.5.1 Status of Wireless Standards 62 3.5.2 Future Research Directions 62 3.6 Conclusion 64 References 64 4 Cross-tier Interference Management in 3GPP LTE-Advanced Heterogeneous Networks 67 4.1 Introduction 67 4.1.1 Heterogeneous Network Deployments 68 4.1.2 OSG Scenario 68 4.1.3 CSG Scenario 70 4.2 Interference Management for LTE and LTE-Advanced Networks 70 4.2.1 Interference Management Methods for Homogenous Networks 71 4.2.2 Interference Management for Heterogeneous Networks 73 4.2.3 Time Domain Based ICIC Schemes 74 4.2.4 Power Setting for Femtocells 85 4.3 Conclusions 89 Appendix: Simulation Models 89 References 92 5 Inter-cell Interference Management for Heterogeneous Networks 93 5.1 Introduction 93 5.2 Conventional Inter-cell Interference Coordination 95 5.3 Enhanced Inter-cell Interference Coordination 98 5.3.1 Interference Scenarios in Heterogeneous Networks 98 5.3.2 Enhanced ICIC Solutions for Heterogeneous Networks 100 5.4 Conclusion 116 References 116 6 Cognitive Radios to Mitigate Interference in Macro/femto Heterogeneous Networks 119 6.1 Introduction 119 6.2 Information Requirement and Acquisition for Interference Mitigation 122 6.3 Descriptions of System Models 124 6.3.1 Two-tier Network Architecture 124 6.3.2 Channel Model 124 6.3.3 Traffic Model 125 6.3.4 CR-enabled Operations 125 6.4 Cross-tier Interference Mitigation 125 6.4.1 Interference Coordination: Orthogonality in the Time/Frequency Domain 125 6.4.2 Interference Coordination: Orthogonality in the Antenna Spatiality Domain 126 6.4.3 Interference Cancellation: Coding Techniques 129 6.5 Intra-tier Interference Mitigation 130 6.5.1 Strategic Game for Collocated Femtocells 131 6.5.2 Gibbs Sampler for Collocated Femtocells 132 6.6 Interference Mitigation for Machine-to-Machine Communications 136 6.6.1 Background of Compressive Sensing 138 6.6.2 SMRM for Femtocells 138 6.6.3 Compressive Sensing for the Spectrum Map Construction 140 6.6.4 Performance Evaluations 140 6.7 Conclusion 141 References 142 7 Game Theoretic Approach to Distributed Bandwidth Allocation in OFDMA-based Self-organizing Femtocell Networks 145 7.1 Introduction 145 7.2 Distributed Bandwidth Allocation 146 7.3 Convergence Analysis 150 7.4 Choice of Utility Function and its Parameters 152 7.5 Simulation Results 155 7.5.1 Convergence Studies 156 7.5.2 Bandwidth Allocation and Network Tuning 156 7.6 Extensions and Discussions 159 7.7 Conclusion 162 Acknowledgement 162 References 162 Part II Mobility and Handover Management 8 Mobility Management and Performance Optimization in Next Generation Heterogeneous Mobile Networks 167 8.1 Introduction 167 8.2 Overview of Mobility Management in RRC-connected State 168 8.3 Mobility Robustness Optimization 171 8.4 Mobility Load Balancing Optimization 176 8.4.1 Related Works 177 8.4.2 Problem Description 177 8.4.3 Load Balancing Algorithm with Penalized Handovers 180 8.4.4 Numerical Examples 182 8.5 Cooperation of MRO and MLB 185 8.5.1 Achieve Load Balance by Adjusting CI O 186 8.5.2 Coordination Rules between MRO and MLB 186 8.5.3 Jointly Consider MRO and MLB 187 8.5.4 Simulation Results 188 8.6 Mobility Enhancement for Femtocells 192 8.7 Conclusion 194 Acknowledgements 195 References 195 9 Connected-mode Mobility in LTE Heterogeneous Networks 199 9.1 Introduction 199 9.2 Cell Selection and Problem Statement 200 9.3 Simulation Methodology 202 9.4 Handover Modelling 207 9.5 Results 210 Reference 214 10 Cell Selection Modes in LTE Macro–Femtocell Deployment 215 10.1 Introduction 215 10.2 Distinction of Cells 216 10.3 Access Control 219 10.3.1 Access Control Scenarios 220 10.3.2 Access Control Executor 220 10.3.3 Access Control Mechanisms 223 10.3.4 Performance of Access Control Mechanisms 225 10.4 Cell Selection and Cell Reselection 231 10.4.1 UE in Idle Mode 232 10.4.2 PLMN Selection 234 10.4.3 Cell Selection 235 10.4.4 Cell Reselection 239 10.4.5 Cell Reselection with Femtocells 241 References 244 11 Distributed Location Management for Generalized HetNets. Case Study of All-wireless Networks of Femtocells 247 11.1 Introduction 247 11.1.1 Motivation 248 11.1.2 Approach 249 11.1.3 On Location Management in Generalized HetNets 250 11.2 Background on Geographic Routing and Geographic Location Management 250 11.3 All-wireless Networks of Femtocells 252 11.3.1 Challenges of All-wireless Networks of Femtocells 253 11.4 Architecture for Geographic-based All-wireless Networks of Femtocells 254 11.4.1 Overview of the Architecture 254 11.4.2 Network Entities Supporting Networks of Femtocells 255 11.4.3 Operation of the Network of Femtocells 256 11.4.4 Sample Protocol Stacks for Wifi-based All-wireless NoFs 257 11.4.5 Other Relevant Issues 257 11.5 Location Management Procedures 258 11.5.1 Paging 259 11.5.2 Handoff 260 11.6 Summary and Conclusions 262 Acknowledgements 263 References 263 12 Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Networks: a Comparative Experimental and Simulation-based Investigation 265 12.1 Introduction 265 12.2 Preliminaries on VHO 266 12.3 Experimental Investigation 267 12.3.1 VHO Decision Algorithms 267 12.3.2 Experimental Setup and Results 270 12.4 Simulation-based Investigation 274 12.4.1 The OPNET Simulator 274 12.4.2 Performance Results 276 12.5 Discussion on the VHO in HetNets 283 12.5.1 Role of the (Internal) Decision Algorithm 283 12.5.2 Role of the Authentication Procedures 283 12.5.3 Impact of VHO on HetNet Coverage 284 12.5.4 Impact of VHO on HetNet Capacity 284 12.6 Conclusions 284 Acknowledgment 285 References 285 Part III Deployment, Standardization and Field Trials 13 Evolution of HetNet Technologies in LTE-advanced Standards 289 13.1 Introduction 289 13.2 Deployment Scenarios for LTE-advanced HetNet 290 13.2.1 Macro–Femto Scenario 291 13.2.2 Macro–Pico Scenario 292 13.3 Inter-cell Interference Coordination for HetNet 292 13.3.1 Rel-8/9 ICIC 293 13.3.2 Rel-10 Enhanced ICIC 294 13.3.3 System-level Performance of HetNet with Time-domain eICIC 299 13.4 Ongoing Work in Rel-11 LTE-A 305 13.4.1 Support of Non-zero Power ABS 306 13.4.2 Network-assisted Cell Acquisition for CRE UE in Low Geometry 308 13.4.3 Mitigation of CRS Interference for CRE UE in Low Geometry 309 13.5 Conclusion 310 References 310 14 Macro–Femto Heterogeneous Network Deployment and Management 313 14.1 Introduction 314 14.2 Frameworks for Macro–Femto Network Deployment and Management 315 14.2.1 Joint-deployment Framework 315 14.2.2 WSP-deployment Framework 318 14.2.3 User-deployment Framework 318 14.3 Revenue Maximization with WSP-deployed Femto-BSs 319 14.3.1 On Cross-tier Channel Allocation 320 14.3.2 On Optimal Pricing and Spectrum Partition 326 14.4 Summary 332 References 333 15 Field Trial of LTE Technology 335 15.1 Introduction 335 15.2 Field Trial Overview 336 15.2.1 UE Antennas 337 15.2.2 Network Configuration and Field Trial Setup 338 15.3 Measurement Results 338 15.4 Summary Comparison 344 15.5 Conclusion 346 References 347 Index 349

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Book SynopsisSuitable for the undergraduate or the first-semester graduate students who study power systems, this book gives its readers an understanding of the underlying principles of the basic elements of the modern power system including generation, transmission, operation, and control with practical examples for the analysis of real-life problems.Table of ContentsChapter 1: General Background Chapter 2: Basic Concepts Chapter 3: Transformers and Synchronous MachinesChapter 4: Parameters of Transmission LinesChapter 5: Modeling Transmission LinesChapter 6: Network CalculationsChapter 7: Power Flow StudiesChapter 8: Symmetrical FaultsChapter 9: Symmetrical Components and Sequence NetworksChapter 10: Unsymmetrical FaultsChapter 11: Power System ProtectionChapter 12: Economic Dispatch and Automatic Generation ControlChapter 13: Power System StabilityAppendix A Table A1: Typical Range of Transformer Reactances Table A2: Typical Reactances of Three-phase Synchronous Machines Table A3: Electrical Characteristics of Bare Aluminum Conductors Steel-Reinforced(ACSR) Table A4: Inductive Reactance Spacing Factor Xd at 60 Hz (ohms per mile perconductor) Table A5: Shunt Capacitance-Reactance Spacing Factor Xd at 60 Hz (megaohm-miles perconductor) Table A6: ABCD Constants for Various Networks Index

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Design, build, and pilot custom dronesâno prior experience necessary!This fun guide shows, step-by-step, how to construct powerful drones from inexpensive parts, add personalized features, and become a full-fledged pilot. DIY Drones for the Evil Genius: Design, Build, and Customize Your Own Drones not only covers safety, mechanics, drone design, and assembly, but also teaches the basics of Aerospace Engineering. You will discover how to add video transmitters, GPS, first-person view, and virtual reality goggles to your creations. The book walks you through the FAA licensTable of Contents1 Preflight ChecklistProject 1: Drone? Aircraft? Unmanned?Project 2: Wing-Free FlightProject 3: Ready for TakeoffProject 4: Safety FirstProject 5: License to Drone2 Small-Scale FunProject 6: Your First DroneProject 7: TakeoffProject 8: Basic MovementProject 9: Smooth SailingProject 10: Flips3 Picking the PartsProject 11: How Big?Project 12: PowertrainProject 13: PowerProject 14: Radio ControlProject 15: Brains4 AssemblyProject 16: Soldering 101Project 17: The Build Begins!Project 18: Now That’s a DroneProject 19: Flight ComputerProject 20: Looks Matter5 We Have LiftoffProject 21: It’s Alive!Project 22: Calibration Is KeyProject 23: Get in ControlProject 24: First FlightProject 25: PID Values6 Payload FunProject 26: High HeelsProject 27: Let There be Light!Project 28: FilmingProject 29: Wobbly WoesProject 30: Ideas Galore7 First-Person FlyingProject 31: Equipment BasicsProject 32: Broadcasting Live!Project 33: FPV SafetyProject 34: Take ControlProject 35: FPV 2.08 Onwards and UpwardsProject 36: IntelligenceProject 37: Hexacopter? Octocopter? Bigger? Smaller?Project 38: Brain DumpProject 39: Show OffProject 40: Airborne!Index

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Up-to-date hacks that will breathe life into your Arduino and Raspberry Pi creations!This intuitive DIY guide shows how to wire, disassemble, tweak, and re-purpose household devices and integrate them with your Raspberry Pi and Arduino inventions. Packed with full-color illustrations, photos, and diagrams, Hacking Electronics: Learning Electronics with Arduino and Raspberry Pi, Second Edition, features fun, easy-to-follow projects. Youâll discover how to build an Internet-controlled hacked electric toy, ultrasonic rangefinder, remote-controlled robotic rover, audio amp, slot car brakes and headlightsâeven a smart card reader!â Get up and running on both Arduino and Raspberry P

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Two books in one! Up-to-date coverage of electrical and electronics systems for all types of aircraft -- plus a full student study guideThis thoroughly revised guide offers comprehensive explanations of the theory, design, and maintenance of current aircraft electrical and electronics systems. In-depth details on AC and DC systems for all varieties of aircraftâincluding the newest modelsâare provided, along withimproved diagrams and helpful troubleshooting techniques. You will get complete coverage of cutting-edge topics, including digital control systems, digital data transfer methods, fiber-optic technology, and the latest flight deck instrumentation systems. A student study guide is also incluTable of Contents1. Fundamentals of ElectricityThe Electron TheoryStatic ElectricityUnits of ElectricityTheory of MagnetismMagnetic DevicesMethods of Producing VoltageElectromagnetic Induction2. Applications of Ohm’s LawOhm’s LawTypes of CircuitsSolving Series CircuitsSolving Parallel CircuitsSeries-Parallel CircuitsKirchhoff’s LawsSolution of a Resistance Bridge CircuitPractical Applications of Ohm’s Law3. Aircraft Storage BatteriesDry Cells and BatteriesLead-Acid Storage BatteriesLead-Acid Battery Maintenance ProceduresBattery RatingsNickel-Cadmium Storage BatteriesNickel-Cadmium Battery Maintenance ProceduresInstallation of Aircraft Batteries4. Electric Wire and Wiring PracticesCharacteristics of Electric WireRequirements for Open WiringElectrical ConduitConnecting DevicesBonding and ShieldingWire Identification5. Alternating CurrentDefinition and CharacteristicsImpedancePolyphase AC CircuitsAlternating Current and the Airplane6. Electrical Control DevicesSwitchesCircuit-Protection DevicesResistorsCapacitorsInductorsTransformersDiodes and RectifiersTransistorsOther Solid-State DevicesPrinted Circuit BoardsCathode-Ray TubeFlat Panel Displays7. Digital ElectronicsThe Digital SignalDigital NumerologyBinary Code SystemsLogic GatesIntegrated CircuitsCommon Logic Circuit FunctionsMicroprocessorsComputer OperationsData Bus StandardsARINC 664 Data BusTroubleshooting Digital Circuits8. Electric Measuring InstrumentsMeter MovementsThe AmmeterThe VoltmeterThe OhmmeterAC Measuring InstrumentsThe MultimeterDigital MetersThe Oscilloscope9. Electric MotorsMotor TheoryMotor DesignAC MotorsInspection and Maintenance of Motors10. Generators and Related Control CircuitsGenerator TheoryDC Generator ConstructionStarter-GeneratorsGenerator ControlGenerator Inspection, Service, and Repair11. Alternators, Inverters, and Related ControlsAC GenerationAlternator ControlAC Generators–AC AlternatorsInvertersVariable-Speed Constant-Frequency Power Systems12. Power Distribution SystemsRequirements for Power Distribution SystemsMain Power Distribution SystemsPower Distribution on Composite AircraftVery Light Jet Electrical Power SystemsLarge-Aircraft Electrical Systems13. Design and Maintenance of Aircraft Electrical SystemsRequirements for Electrical SystemsAircraft LightsLarge-Aircraft Electrical SystemsMaintenance and Troubleshooting of Electrical Systems14. Radio TheoryRadio WavesAmplifiersFunctions of a TransmitterReceivers15. Communication and Navigation SystemsCommunicationsNavigation SystemsInstallation of Avionics EquipmentAntennas16. Weather Warning and Other Safety SystemsRadarDigital Airborne Weather Radar SystemsRadar MaintenanceLightning DetectionAviation Satellite WeatherGround Proximity Warning SystemsTraffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)17. Instruments and Autoflight SystemsRPM-Measuring InstrumentsTemperature IndicatorsSynchro SystemsFuel-Quantity IndicatorsElectromechanical Flight InstrumentsElectronic Flight SystemsAutomatic Flight Control SystemsTypical Automatic Pilot and Flight Control SystemThe Boeing B-757 Flight Management SystemAppendixGlossaryIndexStudy Guide follows Index

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Thoroughly revised, comprehensive coverage of battery technology, characteristics, and applicationsThis fully updated guide offers complete coverage of batteries and battery usageâfrom classic designs to emerging technologies. Compiled by a pioneer in secondary lithium batteries, the book contains all the information needed to solve engineering problems and make proper battery selections. You will get in-depth descriptions of the principles, properties, and performance specifications of every major battery type. Lindenâs Handbook of Batteries, Fifth Edition, contains cutting-edge data and equations, design specifications, and troubleshooting techniques from international experts. New chapters discuss renewable ene

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Book SynopsisThe definitive antenna referenceâthoroughly revised and expanded to cover the latest technologies!This fully updated handbook lays out complex antenna fundamentals in simple terms for ham and short wave radio hobbyists and electronics technicians. The book begins with quick explanations of present day antenna theories and practices before providing start-to-finish instruction on the fabrication and installation of real antennas. You will explore every type of antenna systemâfrom VHF/UHF to mobile/wireless and everything in between.Practical Antenna Handbook, Sixth Edition bridges the gap between the highly theoretical mathematics of antenna engineers and the âœhands-onâ focus of radio amateurs and experimenters. The book covers key areas such as multiple antenna families, inexpensive or free software modeling tools, and antenna testing using low-cost techniques. You will get coverage of new antenna types for low-frequency applications only now being opene

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.On-the-job electrical safety essentialsâthoroughly revised for the latest procedures and standardsThis fully updated electrical safety guide is a practical, illustrated source of life-saving information designed for specific work environments. The book has been fully revised and expanded to conform to every current major electrical standard, including NEC, NESC, NFPA70E, IEEE 1584, and OSHA. Written by experts in electrical operations, maintenance, engineering, construction, and safety, Electrical Safety Handbook, Fifth EditionTable of ContentsForeword Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1. Hazards of Electricity Introduction Hazard Analysis Shock Description Influencing Factors Arc Definition and Description Arc Energy Release Arc Energy Arc Energy Input Arcing Voltage Arc Surface Area Incident Energy Arc Burns Blast Affected Body Parts General Skin The Nervous System Muscular System The Heart The Pulmonary System Summary of Causes—Injury and Death Shock Effect Arc-Flash Effect Causes of Injury Causes of Death Protective Strategies References Chapter 2. Basic Physics of Electrical Hazards Introduction Electromagnetism Introduction The Four Fundamental Forces (Interactions) of Nature The Electromagnetic Spectrum Electrical Properties of Materials Conductors Nonconductors Physics Considerations in Electrical Fault Conditions Risks Bolted Fault Arcing Fault Review of Foundational Approaches to Interpreting Arcing Phenomena Summary References Chapter 3. Electrical Safety Equipment Introduction General Inspection and Testing Requirements for Electrical Safety Equipment Arc-Flash and Thermal Protection A Note on When to Use Thermal Protective Clothing Thermal Performance Evaluation Clothing Materials Non-Arc-Rated Materials Arc-Rated Materials Work Clothing Arc-Flash Suits Head, Eye, and Hand Protection Head and Eye Protection Hard Hats Safety Glasses, Goggles, and Face Shields Rubber Insulating Equipment Rubber Gloves Rubber Mats Rubber Blankets Rubber Covers Line Hose Rubber Sleeves In-Service Inspection and Periodic Testing of Rubber Goods Hot Sticks Description and Application When to Use How to Use Testing Requirements Insulated Tools Description and Application When to Use How to Use and Care For Barriers and Signs Barrier Tape Signs When and How to Use Safety Tags, Locks, and Locking Devices Safety Tags Locks and Multiple-Lock Devices Locking Devices When and Where to Use Lockout-Tagout Voltage-Measuring Instruments Safety Voltage Measurement Proximity Testers Contact Testers Selecting Voltage-Measuring Instruments Instrument Condition Low-Voltage Voltmeter Safety Standards Three-Step Voltage Measurement Process General Considerations for Low-Voltage Measuring Instruments Safety Grounding Equipment The Need for Safety Grounding Safety Grounding Switches Safety Grounding Jumpers Selecting Safety Grounding Jumpers Installation and Location Ground-Fault Circuit-Interrupters Operating Principles Applications Arc-Fault Circuit-Interrupters Safety Electrical One-Line Diagram The Electrician’s Safety Kit References Chapter 4. Safety Procedures and Methods Introduction Electrical Hazard Risk Assessments Working While Exposed to Electrical Hazards The Six-Step Safety Method Think—Be Aware Understand Your Procedures Follow Your Procedures Use Appropriate Safety Equipment Ask If You Are Unsure, and Do Not Assume Do Not Answer If You Do Not Know Job Briefings Definition What Should Be Included? When Should Job Briefings Be Held? Energized or De-Energized? The Fundamental Rules A Hot-Work Decision Tree After the Decision Is Made Safe Switching of Power Systems Introduction Remote Operation Operating Medium-Voltage Switchgear Operating Low-Voltage Switchgear Operating Molded-Case Breakers and Panelboards Operating Enclosed Switches and Disconnects Operating Open-Air Disconnects Operating Motor Starters Energy Control Programs General Energy Control Programs Specific Energy Control Programs Basic Energy Control Rules Lockout-Tagout Definition and Description When to Use Locks and Tags Locks without Tags or Tags without Locks Rules for Using Locks and Tags Responsibilities of Employees Sequence Lock and Tag Application Isolation Verification Removal of Locks and Tags Safety Ground Application Control Transfer Nonemployees and Contractors Lockout-Tagout Training Procedural Reviews Voltage-Measurement Techniques Purpose Instrument Selection Instrument Condition Three-Step Measurement Process What to Measure How to Measure Placement of Safety Grounds Safety Grounding Principles Safety Grounding Location Application of Safety Grounds The Equipotential Zone Removal of Safety Grounds Control of Safety Grounds Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations and Approach Distances Introduction Approach Distance Definitions Determining Shock Hazard Approach Distances Calculating the Arc-Flash Hazard Minimum Approach Distance (Arc-Flash Protection Boundary) Calculating the Required Level of Arc Protection (Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations) Introduction The Lee Method Methods Outlined in NFPA 70E IEEE Std 1584-2018 Software Solutions Required PPE for Crossing the Arc-Flash Hazard Boundary A Simplified Approach to the Selection of Protective Clothing Barriers and Warning Signs Illumination Conductive Clothing and Materials Confined Work Spaces Tools and Test Equipment General Authorized Users Visual Inspections Electrical Tests Wet and Hazardous Environments Field Marking of Potential Hazards The One-Minute Safety Audit References Chapter 5. Grounding and Bonding of Electrical Systems and Equipment Introduction Electric Shock Hazard General Requirements for Grounding and Bonding Grounding of Electrical Systems Grounding of Electrical Equipment Bonding of Electrically Conductive Materials and Other Equipment Performance of Fault Path Arrangement to Prevent Objectionable Current Alterations to Stop Objectionable Current Temporary Currents Not Classified as Objectionable Current Connection of Grounding and Bonding Equipment Protection of Ground Clamps and Fittings Clean Surfaces System Grounding Purposes of System Grounding Grounding Service-Supplied Alternating-Current Systems Conductors to Be Grounded—Alternating-Current Systems Main Bonding Jumper Grounding Electrode System Grounding Electrode System Resistance Grounding Electrode Conductor Grounding Conductor Connection to Electrodes Bonding Equipment Grounding Equipment to Be Grounded Grounding Cord- and Plug-Connected Equipment Equipment Grounding Conductors Sizing Equipment Grounding Conductors Use of Grounded Circuit Conductor for Grounding Equipment Ferroresonance Summary Chapter 6. Electrical Maintenance and Its Relationship to Safety Introduction The Safety-Related Case for Electrical Maintenance Overview Regulatory Relationship of Improperly Maintained Electrical Equipment to the Hazards of Electricity Maintenance and the Potential Impact on an Electrical Arc-Flash Hazards Associated with Electrical Maintenance The Economic Case for Electrical Maintenance Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) What Is Reliability-Centered Maintenance? A Brief History of RCM RCM in the Industrial and Utility Arena The Primary RCM Principles Failure Maintenance Actions in an RCM Program Impact of RCM on a Facilities Life Cycle Conclusion The Eight-Step Maintenance Program Introduction Step 1—Plan Step 2—Inspect Step 3—Clean Step 4—Tighten Step 5—Lubricate Step 6—Test Step 7—Record Step 8—Evaluate Summary Frequency of Maintenance Determining Testing Intervals Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM) Introduction The Elements of CBM Data Analysis Methods for CBM Maintenance Requirements for Specific Equipment and Locations General Maintenance Requirements Substations, Switchgear, Panelboards, Motor Control Centers, and Disconnect Switches Fuse Maintenance Requirements Molded-Case Circuit Breakers Low-Voltage Power Circuit Breakers Medium-Voltage Circuit Breakers Protective Relays Rotating Equipment Portable Electric Tools and Equipment Personal Safety and Protective Equipment Electrical Safety by Design Introduction Including Safety in Engineering Design Criteria Improved Engineering Standards Conclusion References Chapter 7. Regulatory and Legal Safety Requirements and Standards Introduction The Regulatory Bodies International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Other Electrical Safety Organizations The National Electrical Safety Code (NESC)—IEEE C-2 General Description Industries and Facilities Covered Technical and Safety Items Cov ered The National Electrical Code (NEC)—NFPA 70 General Description Industries and Facilities Covered Technical and Safety Items Covered Electrical Equipment Maintenance—NFPA 70B General Description Industries and Facilities Covered Technical and Safety Items Covered Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace—NFPA 70E General Description Industries and Facilities Covered Technical and Safety Items Covered American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standards Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standards Overview General Industry Construction Industry Chapter 8. Accident Prevention, Accident Investigation, Rescue, and First Aid Introduction Accident Prevention Individual Responsibility Installation Safety Power System Studies First Aid General First Aid Resuscitation (Artificial Respiration) Heart-Lung Resuscitation Automated External Defibrillator (AED) How an AED Works When Should an AED Be Used? How to Use an Automated External Defibrillator What Risks Are Associated with Using an Automated External Defibrillator? Key Points about Automated External Defibrillators Rescue Techniques General Rescue Procedures Elevated Rescue Confined-Space Rescue Ground-Level Rescue Accident Investigation Purpose General Rules Data Gathering Accident Analysis Chapter 9. Medical Aspects of Electrical Trauma Introduction Statistical Survey Nonoccupational Electrical Trauma Electrical Events Electrocution and Electrical Fatalities Medical Aspects Nonelectrical Effects in Electrical Events Survivor Experience Worker Reflexes Triage and Medical Evacuation Medical and Surgical Intervention Hospitalization Experience Outpatient Care Rehabilitation Focus and Return to Work Planning Reentry to Employment Settings Plateau in Recovery References Chapter 10. Low-Voltage Safety Synopsis Introduction Low-Voltage Equipment Extension Cords Electric Hand Tools Current Transformers Grounding Low-Voltage Systems What Is a Ground? Bonding versus Grounding Voltage Hazards System Grounds Equipment Grounds Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupters Safety Equipment Overview Hard Hats Eye Protection Arc Protection Rubber Insulating Equipment Voltage-Testing Devices Safety Procedures General Approach Distances Voltage Measurement Locking and Tagging Closing Protective Devices After Operation Electrical Safety Around Electronic Circuits The Nature of the Hazard Special Safety Precautions Stationary Battery Safety Introduction Basic Battery Construction Safety Hazards of Stationary Batteries Battery Safety Procedures Electrical Hazards of the Home-Based Business Electrical Hazards in the Home Working Alone Working with Employees Evaluating Electrical Safety Electrical Safety Checklists Electrical Inspections by Professionals Chapter 11. Medium- and High-Voltage Safety Synopsis Introduction High-Voltage Equipment Current Transformers Grounding Systems of over 1000 V What Is a Ground? Bonding versus Grounding Voltage Hazards System Grounds Equipment Grounds Safety Equipment Overview Hard Hats Eye Protection Arc Protection Rubber Insulating Equipment Voltage-Testing Devices Safety Procedures General Approach Distances Voltage Measurement Locking and Tagging Closing Protective Devices after Operation Chapter 12. Human Factors in Electrical Safety Introduction Overview Defense in Depth Evolution of Human Factors Visualization Cognitive Ergonomics Summary References Recommended Readings Chapter 13. Safety Management and Organizational Structure Introduction Changing the Safety Culture Electrical Safety Program Structure Electrical Safety Program Development Company Electrical Safety Team Company Safety Policy Assessing the Need Problems and Solutions Program Implementation Examples Company Safety Procedures Results Assessment Employee Electrical Safety Teams Reason Method Safety Meetings Who Attends What Material Should Be Covered When Meetings Should Be Held Where Meetings Should Be Held How Long Meetings Should Be Evaluation of Safety Meetings Outage Reports Safety Audits Description Purposes Procedure The Audit Team Audit Tools Follow-Up Internal versus External Audits Chapter 14. Safety Training Methods and Systems Introduction Safety Training Definitions Training Myths Conclusion Comparison of the Four Most Commonly Used Methods of Adult Training Introduction Classroom Presentation Computer-Based Training (CBT) and Web-Based Training (WBT) Video Training Conclusion Elements of a Good Training Program Element 1: Classroom Training Element 2: On-the-Job Training (OJT) Element 3: Self-Training Conclusion On-the-Job Training Setup Implementation Evaluation Conclusion Training Consultants and Vendors Canned Programs and Materials Tailored Programs Training Analysis Evaluating Training Vendors and Consultants Conclusion Training Program Setup—A Step-by-Step Method Introduction Background A Plan Analyze Design Develop Implement Evaluate Modify Glossary Index

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Craft awesome DIY electronics projects using fabric, paper, and creativityâno prior experience necessary!This fun TAB guide provides an entertaining, hands-on introduction to electronics and making. The book contains 20 DIY projects that teach electronics and craft skills using inexpensive, readily available materials. Youâll also find four inspiring interviews with awesome makers. The author explains how to work with conductive thread, sewable LEDs, copper tape, small motors, simple sensors, and more. Written by a dedicated maker, The Crafty Kid's Guide to DIY Electronics: 20 Fun Projects for Makers, Crafters, and Everyone in Between focuses on paper circuits, soft circuits, wTable of ContentsIntroductionAcknowledgmentsPART ONE Paper CircuitsIntroduction to Paper CircuitsPaper Circuits: Essential SkillsWhat Is Electricity?What Is a Circuit?Conductive and Nonconductive MaterialsBuying Copper TapeProject 1 Light-Up Greeting CardChoosing Your MaterialsStarting Your First CircuitWhat Is an LED Sticker?How to Work with Copper TapeLaying Down Your PathsFinishing Your First CircuitAdding in More than One LEDIntroducing Series CircuitsIntroducing Parallel CircuitsDesigning the Circuit for Your Greeting CardMaking the Circuit for Your Greeting CardFinishing the Circuit for Your Greeting CardFinishing the Design for Your Greeting CardProject 2 Dancing Origami LadybirdPreparing Your MaterialsHow to Make Your First Origami FoldsMaking Your First FoldsFolding Your Ladybird’s Shell and HeadMaking Your Final FoldsAdding the Final TouchesPreparing Your CircuitStarting Your CircuitFinishing Your Origami LadybirdProject 3 Cardboard DoorbellPreparing Your MaterialsHow to Work with CardboardConstructing Your Doorbell Base PlatesWhat Are Buttons and Switches?Planning Where to Put Your DoorbellHow to Move Electricity Along a PathMaking Paths for Your CircuitFinishing Your Cardboard DoorbellTesting Your Cardboard DoorbellProject 4 Flickering Firefly Wall ArtPreparing the FramePreparing Your CardHow to Score CardStarting Your Flickering Firefly CircuitHow to Make a Parallel CircuitMaking Your Parallel CircuitFinishing Your Flickering Firefly CircuitDecorate Your Flickering Firefly CircuitFrame Your Flickering Firefly CircuitProject 5 Spy BirdPreparing Your MaterialsFolding Your Spy BirdHow to Make a Reverse FoldFolding Your Spy Bird’s HeadFolding Your Spy Bird’s Wings and TailHow to Use an LED in a Paper CircuitPlanning Your Negative PathPlanning Your Positive PathFinishing Your Spy BirdProject 6 Pop-Up CityscapePreparing Your MaterialsHow to Make a Pop-Up CardDesigning Your CityscapeHow to Use a Craft KnifeMaking the CityscapeHow to Plan More Complex Paper CircuitsStarting Your Cityscape CircuitFinishing Your Cityscape CircuitAdding PowerMaker Spotlight: Coco SatoRoborigamiGesture-Sensing Origami FanPART TWO Soft CircuitsIntroduction to Soft CircuitsSoft Circuits: Essential SkillsHow to Thread a NeedleHow to Tie a KnotHow to Do a Running StitchHow to End a StitchProject 7 Circuit Sewing SamplerChoosing Your MaterialsPreparing Your SamplerHow to Make Good ConnectionsHow to Avoid Short CircuitsSewing Your First CircuitCompleting Your First CircuitHow to Make a Series CircuitDesigning Your Series Circuit SamplerSewing Your Series Circuit SamplerCompleting Your Series Circuit SamplerHow to Make a Parallel CircuitDesigning Your Parallel Circuit SamplerMaking Your Parallel Circuit SamplerProject 8 Squishable Sparkle HeartPreparing Your MaterialsSewing Your Hearts TogetherHow to Prepare an LED for SewingAnchoring Your LEDsSewing Your CircuitAdding Power to Your CircuitHow to Make a Fabric Battery PackFinishing Your Squishy HeartProject 9 Tiny Squishy TorchWhat Is a Switch?Preparing Your MaterialsSewing Your Pressure SensorSewing Your LEDsSewing the Other Side of the Pressure SensorSewing the Rest of the Battery PackFinishing Your Pressure SwitchHow to Sew a Blanket StitchAdding Your Batteries in SeriesProject 10 Constellation Night LightPreparing Your MaterialsHow to Embroider with a BackstitchSewing Your Constellation Night LightAdding Your North StarStitching in Your StarsFinishing Your ConstellationAdding an On/Off SwitchHow to Link Batteries TogetherSewing Your BatteriesProject 11 Grumpy Monster with DIY Tilt SensorPreparing Your MaterialsDesigning Your MonsterSewing the Battery PackSewing Your Cube with Blanket StitchesConstructing Your MonsterWhat Is a Tilt Sensor?Sewing Your Tilt Sensor ContactSewing the BuzzerMaking Your Tilt Sensor Switch and Finishing Your MonsterMaker Spotlight: Rachel Freiree-Textile CrystallographyStretchy CircuitsPART THREE WearablesIntroduction to WearablesWearables: Essential SkillsHow to Make Good ConnectionsHow to Avoid Short CircuitsHow to Wire Your Circuits in Different WaysHow to Make a Series CircuitHow to Make a Parallel CircuitProject 12 Conductivity-Sensing BraceletPreparing Your MaterialsHow to Test for ConductivitySketching Your CircuitHow to Power Different Colors of LEDsDesigning Your Conductivity-Sensing BraceletSewing Your Conductivity-Sensing BraceletSewing the Negative Side of Your BraceletFinishing Your Conductivity-Sensing BraceletHow to Use a Conductivity SensorProject 13 LED Paper Flower CrownPreparing Your MaterialsHacking Your HeadbandCompleting Your Negative PathSewing Your Positive PathPreparing Your Paper FlowersMaking Your Paper FlowersFinishing Your Paper FlowersAttaching Your Paper FlowersFinishing Your LED Paper Flower CrownProject 14 Glove Hacks: Touchscreen Glove and BFF GlovesPreparing Your Materials for the Touchscreen GloveStarting Your DIY Touchscreen GloveFinishing Your DIY Touchscreen GloveHow Touchscreens WorkPreparing Your Materials for the BFF GloveHow to Choose and Use Conductive FabricStarting Your BFF GlovesSewing Your Positive PathsSewing Your Negative PathsSewing the Negative Side of Your LEDSewing the Negative Side of Your LEDTesting and Using Your BFF GlovesProject 15 Dark-Sensing AmuletPreparing Your MaterialsHow to Make a Lark’s Head KnotSewing Your Battery PackWhat Is a Light Sensor?Sewing Your Light SensorSewing Your Light Sensor to Your LEDFinishing Your CircuitHow to Tie an Adjustable Sliding KnotUsing Your Dark-Sensing AmuletProject 16 Secret Signal Mood BadgePreparing Your MaterialsWhat Are RGB LEDs?Wiring Your RGB LEDsFinishing Your Positive PathsSewing Your Battery PackHow to Avoid Short CircuitsInsulating Your CircuitFinishing Your Secret Signal Mood BadgeUsing Your Secret Signal Mood BadgeMaker Spotlight: Hadeel AyoubBrightSign GlovePART FOUR RobotsIntroduction to RobotsRobots: Essential SkillsWhat Are Motors?How to Use Wire for the First TimeProject 17 Googly-Eyed Trash RobotPreparing Your MaterialsHow to Choose and Use MotorsHow to Use a Wire StripperMaking Your DIY Vibration MotorAdding Your 3V Battery HolderAttaching Your Circuit to Your Robot BodyMaking Googly Eyes on StalksAttaching the Googly Eyes to Your Trash RobotFinishing Your Googly-Eyed Trash RobotProject 18 Modern Art RobotPreparing Your MaterialsPreparing the MotorConnecting Your 3V Battery HolderAttaching Your Circuit to Your Robot BodyMaking the Legs of Your Modern Art RobotPreparing Your CanvasMaking Your First Piece of ArtHow to Experiment with Your Robot’s MovementDisplaying Your ArtworkProject 19 Extremely Annoying Robot Alarm ClockPreparing Your MaterialsUnderstanding Your CircuitHow to Choose and Use Different WiresWiring Up Your DC MotorCompleting Your CircuitAttaching the Circuit to Your Robot BodyMaking Your Robot Alarm Clock Extra AnnoyingFinishing Your Robot Alarm ClockProject 20 Unicorn AutomatonPreparing Your MaterialsMaking Your FrameMaking Holes in Your FrameMaking Your Unicorn AutomatonFinishing Your Unicorn AutomatonAssembling Your AutomatonHow to Use Cams in AutomatonsAdding Movement to Your Unicorn AutomatonFinishing Your Unicorn AutomatonMaker Spotlight: Phoenix PerryBot PartyThrumPART FIVE TemplatesMaker NotesTemplatesIndex

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Tough Test Questions? Missed Lectures? Not Enough Time? Textbook too Pricey?Fortunately, thereâs Schaumâs. More than 40 million students have trusted Schaumâs to help them succeed in the classroom and on exams. Schaumâs is the key to faster learning and higher grades in every subject. Each Outline presents all the essential course information in an easy-to-follow, topic-by-topic format. You also get hundreds of examples, solved problems, and practice exercises to test your skills. Schaumâs Outline of Signals and Systems, Fourth Edition is packed hundreds of examples, solved problems, and practice exercises to test your skills. This updated guide approaches the subject in a more concise, ordered manneTable of ContentsPreface to The Second Edition Preface to The First Edition To the Student Contents Chapter 1. Signals and Systems 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Signals and Classification of Signals 1.3 Basic Continuous-Time Signals 1.4 Basic Discrete-Time Signals 1.5 Systems and Classification of Systems Solved Problems Chapter 2. Linear Time-Invariant Systems 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Response of a Continuous-Time LTI System and the Convolution Integral 2.3 Properties of Continuous-Time LTI Systems 2.4 Eigenfunctions of Continuous-Time LTI Systems 2.5 Systems Described by Differential Equations 2.6 Response of a Discrete-Time LTI System and Convolution Sum 2.7 Properties of Discrete-Time LTI Systems 2.8 Eigenfunctions of Discrete-Time LTI Systems 2.9 Systems Described by Difference Equations Solved Problems Chapter 3. Laplace Transform and Continuous-Time LTI Systems 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Laplace Transform 3.3 Laplace Transforms of Some Common Signals 3.4 Properties of the Laplace Transform 3.5 The Inverse Laplace Transform 3.6 The System Function 3.7 The Unilateral Laplace Transform Solved Problems Chapter 4. The z-Transform and Discrete-Time LTI Systems 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The z-Transform 4.3 z-Transforms of Some Common Sequences 4.4 Properties of the z-Transform 4.5 The Inverse z-Transform 4.6 The System Function of Discrete-Time LTI Systems 4.7 The Unilateral z-Transform Solved Problems Chapter 5. Fourier Analysis of Continuous-Time Signals and Systems 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Fourier Series Representation of Periodic Signals 5.3 The Fourier Transform 5.4 Properties of the Continuous-Time Fourier Transform 5.5 The Frequency Response of Continuous-Time LTI Systems 5.6 Filtering 5.7 Bandwidth Solved Problems Chapter 6. Fourier Analysis of Discrete-Time Signals and Systems 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Discrete Fourier Series 6.3 The Fourier Transform 6.4 Properties of the Fourier Transform 6.5 The Frequency Response of Discrete-Time LTI Systems 6.6 System Response to Sampled Continuous-Time Sinusoids 6.7 Simulation 6.8 The Discrete Fourier Transform Solved Problems Chapter 7. State Space Analysis 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Concept of State 7.3 State Space Representation of Discrete-Time LTI Systems 7.4 State Space Representation of Continuous-Time LTI Systems 7.5 Solutions of State Equations for Discrete-Time LTI Systems 7.6 Solutions of State Equations for Continuous-Time LTI Systems Solved Problems Chapter 8. Random Signals 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Random Processes 8.3 Statistics of Random Processes 8.4 Gaussian Random Process Solved Problems Chapter 9. Power Spectral Density and Random Signals in Linear System 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Correlations and Power Spectral Densities 9.3 White Noise 9.4 Response of Linear System to Random Input Solved Problems Appendix A. Review of Matrix Theory A.1 Matrix Notation and Operations A.2 Transpose and Inverse A.3 Linear Independence and Rank A.4 Determinants A.5 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors A.6 Diagonalization and Similarity Transformation A.7 Functions of a Matrix A.8 Differentiation and Integration of Matrices Appendix B. Review of Probability B.1 Probability B.2 Random Variables B.3 Two-Dimensional Random Variables B.4 Functions of Random Variables B.5 Statistical Averages Appendix C. Properties of Linear Time-Invariant Systems and Various Transforms C.1 Continuous-Time LTI Systems C.2 The Laplace Transform C.3 The Fourier Transform C.4 Discrete-Time LTI Systems C.5 The z-Transform C.6 The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform C.7 The Discrete Fourier Transform C.8 Fourier Series C.9 Discrete Fourier Series Appendix D. Review of Complex Numbers D.1 Representation of Complex Numbers D.2 Addition, Multiplication, and Division D.3 The Complex Conjugate D.4 Powers and Roots of Complex Numbers Appendix E. Useful Mathematical Formulas E.1 Summation Formulas E.2 Euler’s Formulas E.3 Trigonometric Identities E.4 Power Series Expansions E.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions E.6 Some Definite Integrals Schaum’s Signals and Systems Videos Schaum’s Signals and Systems MATLAB Videos MATLAB Prints for Online Videos Index

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Explore the latest power electronics principles, practices, and applicationsThis electrical engineering guide offers comprehensive coverage of design, modeling, simulation, and control for power electronics. The book describes real-world applications for the technology and features case studies worked out in both MATLAB and Simulink. Presented in an accessible style, Power Electronics Step-by-Step: Design, Modeling, Simulation, and Control focuses on the latest technologies, such as DC-based systems, and emphasizes the averaging technique for both simulation and modeling. You will get photos, diagrams, flowcharts, graphs, equations, and tables that illustrate each topic. Circuit components Non-isolated DC/DC conversion Power analysis

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.The new edition of the best-known reference for electriciansâfully updated for the latest codes and standardsFor over a century, this practical handbook has served as the definitive industry reference for information on designing, installing, operating, and maintaining electrical systems and equipment. This seventeenth edition has been thoroughly revised to comply with the most recent (2020) National Electrical Code and National Electrical Safety Code. American Electriciansâ Handbook, 17th Edition, covers current energy-efficient technologies, such as Power over Ethernet (PoE), photovoltaics and induction lighting, and contains a new chapter that clearly explains new industry safety methods, along with detailed coverage of how those procedures correlat

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Book SynopsisLearn to set up and use today's home entertainment products Want to buy a new TV, projector or stereo, but don't know where to start? Got problems with items you already bought? In this straightforward guide, a lifelong electronics guru walks you through buying, setting up and using home entertainment technology, and helps you resolve any issues that might arise. Filled with clear explanations, tips and insider tricks, this friendly, conversational resource covers today's tech in plain language, with plenty of pictures and illustrations. You'll feel like there's an expert by your side every inch of the way! Along with an extensive glossary, there's an appendix of connectors showing what the different plugs and jacks look like and do. Make informed choices when buying video and audio gear Save money by picking what's right for you and avoiding overpriced gimmicks See how to set up and connect today's seemingly complex productsTable of ContentsForewordIntroductionChapter 1 TV and Home Theater Keep It Simple Antenna Reception Overview of Modern TV Technology How to Buy Your Video Entertainment System How to Set Up Your Video Entertainment System How to Operate Your Video Entertainment System Solving ProblemsChapter 2 Stereo Systems Keep It Simple Overview of Stereo Technology How to Buy Your Stereo System How to Set Up Your Stereo System How to Operate Your Stereo SystemChapter 3 Remote Controls Keep It Simple Overview of Remote Control Technology How to Buy Your Remote Control How to Set Up Your Remote Control How to Operate Your Remote Control Solving ProblemsChapter 4 Batteries Keep It Simple Overview of Battery Technology Buying Batteries Setting Up Your Batteries Using Your Batteries Solving ProblemsChapter 5 AC Adapters Keep It Simple How to Buy an AC Adapter Setting Up Your AC Adapter Using Your AC Adapter Solving ProblemsAppendix of ConnectorsGlossaryIndex

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Book SynopsisLearn fundamental concepts of power electronics for conventional and modern energy conversion systemsThis textbook offers comprehensive coverage of power electronics for the dynamic and steady-state analysis of conventional and modern energy conversion systems. The book includes detailed discussions of power converters for energy conversion techniques in renewable energy systems, grid-interactive inverters, and motor-drives. Written by a seasoned educator, Power Electronics in Energy Conversion Systems contains exclusive topics and features hundreds of helpful illustrations. Readers will gain clear understandings of the concepts through many examples and simulations.Coverage includes: An introduction to power electronics and energy conversion Fundamental concepts in electric and magnetic circuits Principles of electromechanical systems Steady-state analysis of DC-DC converters Dynamics of DC-DC converters Table of ContentsPreface1 Introduction 1.1 Solid-State Switching Devices 1.2 Basics of Photovoltaic Energy Systems 1.3 Basics of Wind Energy Systems 1.4 Basics of Motor-Drives 1.5 Basics of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 1.6 Problems2 Fundamental Concepts in Electric Circuits 2.1 Single-Phase Electric Circuits 2.2 Solid-State Switching Circuits 2.3 Three-Phase Circuits 2.4 Instantaneous and Average Power 2.5 Problems3 Fundamental Concepts in Magnetic Circuits 3.1 Ampere’s Law 3.2 Magnetic Material Permeability 3.3 Reluctance and Magnetic Circuit 3.4 Faraday’s Law 3.5 Self and Mutual Inductance 3.6 Effect of Current on Inductance 3.7 Magnetic Field Energy 3.8 Loss in Magnetic Cores Due to AC Excitation 3.9 Circuit Model of Nonideal Coils 3.10 Transformers 3.11 Problems4 Principles of Electromechanical Systems 4.1 Developed Force and Torque in Electromechanical Systems 4.2 Three-Phase Rotating AC Machines 4.3 Basics of Switched Reluctance Motors 4.4 Problems5 Steady-State Analysis of DC-DC Converters 5.1 Basic Gate-Drive Circuit 5.2 Buck Converter 5.3 Boost Converter 5.4 Buck-Boost Converter 5.5 Single-Ended Primary Inductance Converter (SEPIC) 5.6 Isolated Buck-Boost (Flyback) Converter 5.7 Forward Converter 5.8 Bidirectional Half- and Full-Bridge DC-DC Converters 5.9 Problems6 Dynamics of DC-DC Converters 6.1 Dynamics of Buck Converter 6.2 Dynamics of Boost Converter 6.3 Dynamics of Buck-Boost Converter 6.4 Dynamics of SEPIC 6.5 Problems7 Steady-State Analysis of Inverters 7.1 Single-Phase Two-Level Voltage Source Inverter 7.2 Three-Phase Two-Level Voltage Source Inverter 7.3 Six-Step Switching Pattern 7.4 Space-Vector Pulse-Width Modulation (SVPWM) 7.5 Sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation (SPWM) 7.6 Selective Harmonic Elimination Pulse-Width Modulation (SHE-PWM) 7.7 Hysteresis Pulse-Width Modulation (HPWM) 7.8 Multilevel Inverters 7.9 Problems8 Steady-State Analysis and Control of Rectifiers 8.1 Single-Phase Diode Rectifier 8.2 Single-Phase Two-Stage Boost PFC Rectifier 8.3 Single-Phase PWM Rectifier 8.4 Three-Phase Diode Rectifier 8.5 Filters for Three-Phase Diode Rectifier 8.6 Three-Phase PWM Rectifier 8.7 Problems9 Control and Dynamics of Grid-Interactive Inverters 9.1 Steady-State Operation of Grid-Following Inverters 9.2 Grid-Interactive Inverters and PQ Controller 9.3 Grid-Interactive Inverters and Voltage Support 9.4 Grid-Interactive Inverters and DC-Bus Voltage Regulation 9.5 Stability of Grid-Interactive Inverters 9.6 Phase Detection and Inverter Synchronization 9.7 Grid-Interactive Inverters and Negative-Sequence and Harmonic Compensations 9.8 Single-Phase Inverters in Solar Energy Conversion Systems 9.9 Islanding Detection Feature for Grid-Interactive Inverters 9.10 Grid-Forming and Paralleling Inverters 9.11 Problems10 Dynamics of AC Machines 10.1 Dynamics of Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor 10.2 Dynamics of Doubly-Fed Induction Generators 10.3 Dynamics of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines 10.4 Problems11 Control of Inverters in Motor-Drive Systems 11.1 Induction Motor Scalar Control 11.2 Vector Control of AC Motors 11.3 Vector Control of Induction Motors 11.4 Vector Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors 11.5 Problems12 Inverters and High-Frequency Transients 12.1 Electromagnetic Interference and Standards 12.2 Common-Mode Voltage in Three-Phase Inverters 12.3 Electrostatic and Magnetic Couplings 12.4 Reflected Waves in Motor-Drive Systems 12.5 ProblemsA Trigonometric IdentitiesB Laplace TransformationBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisA hands-on introduction to the principles and practices of modern artificial intelligenceThis comprehensive textbook focuses on the core techniques and processes underlying todayâs artificial intelligence, including algorithms, data structures, logic, automated reasoning, and problem solving. The book contains information about planning and about expert systems.Fundamentals of Artificial Intelligence: Problem Solving and Automated Reasoning is written in a concise format with a view to optimizing learning. Each chapter contains a brief historical overview, control questions to reinforce important concepts, plus computer assignments and ideas for independent thought. The book includes many visuals to illustrate the essential ideas and many examples to show how to use these ideas in practical implementations. Presented in a concise format to optimize learning Includes historical overviews, summaries, exercises, thought experiments, and co

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Book SynopsisA complete guide to the full spectrum of fundamental radar signal processing systemsâfully updated for the latest advancesThis thoroughly revised resource offers comprehensive coverage of foundational digital signal processing methods for both pulsed and FMCW radar. Developed from the authorâs extensive academic and professional experience, Fundamentals of Radar Signal Processing, Third Edition covers all of the digital signal processing techniques that form the backbone of modern radar systems, revealing the common threads that unify them. The basic tools of linear systems, filtering, sampling, and Fourier analysis are used throughout to provide a unified tutorial approach. You will get end-of-chapter problems that reinforce and apply salient points as well as an online suite of tutorial MATLAB(R) demos and supplemental technical notes. Classroom instructors additionally receive a solutions manual and sample MATLAB tutorial demos.Coverage includes:<

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Book SynopsisFrank Petruzella''s Electricity for the Trades sets the standard for textbooks on electrical training. Frank Petruzella is a tradesman with more than 30 years of experience. This well-illustrated text provides an excellent foundation of electrical and electronic principles. This text prepares students for specialization in the electrical trades or one of the many related trades that require a special understanding of electrical fundamentals.New to the third edition is Connect with SmartBook 2.0!Table of ContentsSection 1 Fundametals of ElectricityChapter 1 SafetyChapter 2 Atoms and ElectricityChapter 3 Sources and Characteristics of ElectricityChapter 4 Electrical Quantities and OHM's LawChapter 5 Simple, Series, and Parallel CircuitsChapter 6 Measuring Voltage, Current, and ResistanceChapter 7 OHM's LawChapter 8 ResistorsChapter 9 Electricity and MagnetismChapter 10 Electric Power and EnergySection 2 Direct Current (DC) CircuitsChapter 11 Solving The DC Series CircuitChapter 12 Solving The DC Parallel CircuitChapter 13 Solving The DC Series-Parallel CircuitChapter 14 Network TheoremsSection 3 Alternating Current (AC) CircuitsChapter 15 Alternating Current FundamentalsChapter 16 Inductance and CapacitanceChapter 17 Resistive, Inductive, Capacitive (RLC) Series CircuitsChapter 18 Resistive, Inductive, Capacitive (RLC) Parallel CircuitsChapter 19 TransformersSection 4 Electrical Installation and MaintenanceChapter 20 Circuit Conductors and Wire SizesChapter 21 Fuses and Circuit BreakersChapter 22 RelaysChapter 23 Lighting EquipmentChapter 24 Electric Motors and ControlsChapter 25 Electric Controls

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