Part I addresses the fundamentals (e.g. technologies, channel modelin
Table of Contents
About the Editors xv
List of Contributors xvii
Preface xix
Acknowledgements xxiii
List of Acronyms xxv
Part I BACKGROUND
1 Enabling Technologies for 3GPP LTE-Advanced Networks 3
Narcis Cardona, Jose F. Monserrat and Jorge Cabrejas
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 General IMT-Advanced Features and Requirements 5
1.3 Long Term Evolution Advanced Requirements 11
1.4 Long Term Evolution Advanced Enabling Technologies 15
1.5 Summary 33
2 Propagation and Channel Modeling Principles 35
Andreas F. Molisch
2.1 Propagation Principles 35
2.2 Deterministic Channel Descriptions 41
2.3 Stochastic Channel Description 46
2.4 Channel Modeling Methods 51
Part II RADIO CHANNELS
3 Indoor Channels 67
Jianhua Zhang and Guangyi Liu
3.1 Introduction 67
3.2 Indoor Large Scale Fading 69
3.3 Indoor Small Scale Fading 83
4 Outdoor Channels 97
Petros Karadimas
4.1 Introduction 97
4.2 Reference Channel Model 98
4.3 Small Scale Variations 103
4.4 Path Loss and Large Scale Variations 117
4.5 Summary 119
5 Outdoor-Indoor Channel 123
Andres Alayon Glazunov, Zhihua Lai and Jie Zhang
5.1 Introduction 123
5.2 Modelling Principles 124
5.3 Empirical Propagation Models 127
5.4 Deterministic Models 137
5.5 Hybrid Models 142
6 Vehicular Channels 153
Laura Bernado, Nicolai Czink, Thomas Zemen, Alexander Paier, Fredrik Tufvesson, Christoph Mecklenbrauker and Andreas F. Molisch
6.1 Introduction 153
6.2 Radio Channel Measurements 154
6.3 Vehicular Channel Characterization 160
6.4 Channel Models for Vehicular Communications 171
6.5 New Vehicular Communication Techniques 180
7 Multi-User MIMO Channels 187
Fredrik Tufvesson, Katsuyuki Haneda and Veli-Matti Kolmonen
7.1 Introduction 187
7.2 Multi-User MIMO Measurements 188
7.3 Multi-User Channel Characterization 196
7.4 Multi-User Channel Models 200
8 Wideband Channels 215
Vit Sipal, David Edward and Ben Allen
8.1 Large Scale Channel Properties 216
8.2 Impulse Response of UWB Channel 219
8.3 Frequency Selective Fading in UWB Channels 226
8.4 Multiple Antenna Techniques 239
8.5 Implications for LTE-A 243
9 Wireless Body Area Network Channels 247
Rob Edwards, Muhammad Irfan Khattak and Lei Ma
9.1 Introduction 247
9.2 Wearable Antennas 249
9.3 Analysis of Antennas Close to Human Skin 251
9.4 A Survey of Popular On-Body Propagation Models 259
9.5 Antenna Implants-Possible Future Trends 263
9.6 Summary 265
Part III SIMULATION AND PERFORMANCE
10 Ray-Tracing Modeling 271
Yves Lostanlen and Thomas Kurner
10.1 Introduction 271
10.2 Main Physical Phenomena Involved in Propagation 272
10.3 Incorporating the Influence of Vegetation 277
10.4 Ray-Tracing Methods 280
11 Finite-Difference Modeling 293
Guillaume de la Roche
11.1 Introduction 293
11.2 Models for Solving Maxwell’s Equations 294
11.3 Practical Use of FD Methods 298
11.4 Results 303
11.5 Perspectives for Finite Difference Models 308
11.6 Summary and Perspectives 314
12 Propagation Models for Wireless Network Planning 317
Thomas Kurner and Yves Lostanlen
12.1 Geographic Data for RNP 317
12.2 Categorization of Propagation Models 322
12.3 Empirical Models 325
12.4 Semi-Empirical Models for Macro Cells 326
12.5 Deterministic Models for Urban Areas 332
12.6 Accuracy of Propagation Models for RNP 339
12.7 Coverage Probability 344
13 System-Level Simulations with the IMT-Advanced Channel Model 349
Jan Ellenbeck
13.1 Introduction 349
13.2 IMT-Advanced Simulation Guidelines 350
13.3 The IMT-Advanced Channel Models 357
13.4 Channel Model Calibration 366
13.5 Link-to-System Modeling for LTE-Advanced 371
13.6 3GPP LTE-Advanced System-Level Simulator Calibration 379
13.7 Summary and Outlook 385
14 Channel Emulators for Emerging Communication Systems 389
Julian Webber
14.1 Introduction 389
14.2 Emulator Systems 390
14.3 Random Number Generation 391
14.4 Fading Generators 394
14.5 Channel Convolution 401
14.6 Emulator Development 403
14.7 Example Transceiver Applications for Emerging Systems 403
14.8 Summary 407
15 MIMO Over-the-Air Testing 411
Andres Alayon Glazunov, Veli-Matti Kolmonen and Tommi Laitinen
15.1 Introduction 411
15.2 Channel Modelling Concepts 414
15.3 DUTs and Usage Definition 418
15.4 Figures-of-Merit for OTA 419
15.5 Multi-Probe MIMO OTA Testing Methods 421
15.6 Other MIMO OTA Testing Methods 429
15.6.1 Reverberation Chambers 429
15.6.2 Two-Stage Method 436
15.7 Future Trends 437
16 Cognitive Radio Networks: Sensing, Access, Security 443
Ghazanfar A. Safdar
16.1 Introduction 443
16.2 Cognitive Radio: A Definition 443
16.3 Spectrum Sensing in CRNs 448
16.4 Spectrum Assignment–Medium Access Control in CRNs 452
16.5 Security in Cognitive Radio Networks 461
16.6 Applications of CRNs 468
16.7 Summary 470
17 Antenna Design for Small Devices 473
Tim Brown
17.1 Antenna Fundamentals 474
17.2 Figures of Merit and their Impact on the Propagation Channel 477
17.3 Challenges in Mobile Terminal Antenna Design 484
17.4 Multiple-Antenna Minaturization Techniques 485
17.5 Multiple Antennas with Multiple Bands 489
17.6 Multiple Users and Antenna Effects 491
17.7 Small Cell Antennas 492
17.8 Summary 492
18 Statistical Characterization of Antennas in BANs 495
Carla Oliveira, Michal Mackowiak and Luis M. Correia
18.1 Motivation 495
18.2 Scenarios 496
18.3 Concepts 498
18.4 Body Coupling: Theoretical Models 500
18.5 Body Coupling: Full Wave Simulations 508
18.6 Body Coupling: Practical Experiments 513
18.7 Correlation Analysis for BANs 517
18.8 Summary 522
Acknowledgements 523
References 523
Index 525
