Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book SynopsisThis book provides an introduction, discussion, and formal-based modelling of trust theory and its applications in agent-based systems This book gives an accessible explanation of the importance of trust in human interaction and, in general, in autonomous cognitive agents including autonomous technologies. The authors explain the concepts of trust, and describe a principled, general theory of trust grounded on cognitive, cultural, institutional, technical, and normative solutions. This provides a strong base for the author's discussion of role of trust in agent-based systems supporting human-computer interaction and distributed and virtual organizations or markets (multi-agent systems). Key Features: Provides an accessible introduction to trust, and its importance and applications in agent-based systems Proposes a principled, general theory of trust grounding on cognitive, cultural, institutional, technical, and normative solTrade Review"I highly recommend this book to anyone who wants to delve deep into the concept of trust, in particular for use in computational applications and social simulations to strengthen awareness of complexity, complications and conundrums of trust." (JASSS, 2011) "Castelfranchi and Falcone's (both Italian National Research Council) is the first book providing an overview of the field of modeling trust and computational models of trust." (Book News, September 2010) Table of ContentsForeword xv Introduction 1 1 Definitions of Trust: From Conceptual Components to the General Core 7 1.1 A Content Analysis 8 1.2 Missed Components and Obscure Links 12 1.3 Intentional Action and Lack of Controllability: Relying on What is Beyond Our Power 15 1.4 Two Intertwined Notions of Trust: Trust as Attitude vs. Trust as Act 17 1.5 A Critique of Some Significant Definitions of Trust 19 1.5.1 Gambetta: Is Trust Only About Predictability? 19 1.5.2 Mayer, Davis, & Schoorman: Is Trust Only Willingness, for Any Kind of Vulnerability? 19 1.5.3 McKnight: The Black Boxes of Trust 21 1.5.4 Marsh: Is a Mere Expectation Enough for Modeling Trust? 21 1.5.5 Yamagishi: Mixing up the Act of Trusting and the Act of Cooperating 22 1.5.6 Trust as Based on Reciprocity 26 1.5.7 Hardin: Trust as Encapsulated Interest 26 1.5.8 Rousseau: What Kind of Intention is ‘Trust’? 30 References 31 2 Socio-Cognitive Model of Trust: Basic Ingredients 35 2.1 A Five-Part Relation and a Layered Model 36 2.1.1 A Layered Notion 36 2.1.2 Goal State and Side Effects 38 2.2 Trust as Mental Attitude: a Belief-Based and Goal-Based Model 38 2.2.1 Trust as Positive Evaluation 39 2.2.2 The ‘Motivational’ Side of Trust 44 2.2.3 The Crucial Notion of ‘Goal’ 45 2.2.4 Trust Versus Trustworthiness 47 2.2.5 Two Main Components: Competence Versus Predictability 47 2.2.6 Trustworthiness (and trust) as Multidimensional Evaluative Profiles 49 2.2.7 The Inherently Attributional Nature of Trust 50 2.2.8 Trust, Positive Evaluation and Positive Expectation 52 2.3 Expectations: Their Nature and Cognitive Anatomy 54 2.3.1 Epistemic Goals and Activity 54 2.3.2 Content Goals 55 2.3.3 The Quantitative Aspects of Mental Attitudes 56 2.3.4 The Implicit Counterpart of Expectations 58 2.3.5 Emotional Response to Expectation is Specific: the Strength of Disappointment 58 2.3.6 Trust is not Reducible to a Positive Expectation 60 2.4 ‘No Danger’: Negative or Passive or Defensive Trust 60 2.5 Weakening the Belief-Base: Implicit Beliefs, Acceptances, and Trust by-Default 62 2.6 From Disposition to Action 64 2.6.1 Trust That and Trust in 66 2.6.2 Trust Pre-disposition and Disposition: From Potential to Actual Trust 67 2.6.3 The Decision and Act of Trust Implies the Decision to Rely on 69 2.7 Can we Decide to Trust? 72 2.8 Risk, Investment and Bet 73 2.8.1 ‘Risk’ Definition and Ontology 74 2.8.2 What Kinds of Taken Risks Characterize Trust Decisions? 76 2.9 Trust and Delegation 77 2.9.1 Trust in Different Forms of Delegation 79 2.9.2 Trust in Open Delegation Versus Trust in Closed Delegation 80 2.10 The Other Parts of the Relation: the Delegated Task and the Context 82 2.10.1 Why Does X Trust Y? 82 2.10.2 The Role of the Context/Environment in Trust 83 2.11 Genuine Social Trust: Trust and Adoption 84 2.11.1 Concern 88 2.11.2 How Expectations Generate (Entitled) Prescriptions: Towards ‘Betrayal’ 88 2.11.3 Super-Trust or Tutorial Trust 89 2.12 Resuming the Model 91 References 92 3 Socio-Cognitive Model of Trust: Quantitative Aspects 95 3.1 Degrees of Trust: a Principled Quantification of Trust 95 3.2 Relationships between Trust in Beliefs and Trust in Action and Delegation 97 3.3 A Belief-Based Degree of Trust 98 3.4 To Trust or Not to Trust: Degrees of Trust and Decision to Trust 101 3.5 Positive Trust is not Enough: a Variable Threshold for Risk Acceptance/Avoidance 107 3.6 Generalizing the Trust Decision to a Set of Agents 111 3.7 When Trust is Too Few or Too Much 112 3.7.1 Rational Trust 112 3.7.2 Over-Confidence and Over-Diffidence 112 3.8 Conclusions 114 References 115 4 The Negative Side: Lack of Trust, Implicit Trust, Mistrust, Doubts and Diffidence 117 4.1 From Lack of Trust to Diffidence: Not Simply a Matter of Degree 117 4.1.1 Mistrust as a Negative Evaluation 118 4.2 Lack of Trust 119 4.3 The Complete Picture 120 4.4 In Sum 121 4.5 Trust and Fear 122 4.6 Implicit and by Default Forms of Trust 122 4.6.1 Social by-Default Trust 124 4.7 Insufficient Trust 125 4.8 Trust on Credit: The Game of Ignorance 126 4.8.1 Control and Uncertainty 126 4.8.2 Conditional Trust 127 4.8.3 To Give or Not to Give Credit 127 4.8.4 Distrust as Not Giving Credit 129 References 131 5 The Affective and Intuitive Forms of Trust: The Confidence We Inspire 133 5.1 Two Forms of ‘Evaluation’ 134 5.2 The Dual Nature of Valence: Cognitive Evaluations Versus Intuitive Appraisal 134 5.3 Evaluations 135 5.3.1 Evaluations and Emotions 136 5.4 Appraisal 137 5.5 Relationships Between Appraisal and Evaluation 138 5.6 Trust as Feeling 140 5.7 Trust Disposition as an Emotion and Trust Action as an Impulse 141 5.8 Basing Trust on the Emotions of the Other 142 5.9 The Possible Affective Base of ‘Generalized Trust’ and ‘Trust Atmosphere’ 143 5.10 Layers and Paths 143 5.11 Conclusions About Trust and Emotions 144 References 145 6 Dynamics of Trust 147 6.1 Mental Ingredients in Trust Dynamics 148 6.2 Experience as an Interpretation Process: Causal Attribution for Trust 150 6.3 Changing the Trustee’s Trustworthiness 154 6.3.1 The Case of Weak Delegation 154 6.3.2 The Case of Strong Delegation 158 6.3.3 Anticipated Effects: A Planned Dynamics 161 6.4 The Dynamics of Reciprocal Trust and Distrust 164 6.5 The Diffusion of Trust: Authority, Example, Contagion, Web of Trust 168 6.5.1 Since Z Trusts Y, Also X Trusts Y 168 6.5.2 Since X Trusts Y, (by Analogy) Z Trusts W 173 6.5.3 Calculated Influence 173 6.6 Trust Through Transfer and Generalization 174 6.6.1 Classes of Tasks and Classes of Agents 175 6.6.2 Matching Agents’ Features and Tasks’ Properties 175 6.6.3 Formal Analysis 177 6.6.4 Generalizing to Different Tasks and Agents 178 6.6.5 Classes of Agents and Tasks 182 6.7 The Relativity of Trust: Reasons for Trust Crisis 184 6.8 Concluding Remarks 188 References 189 7 Trust, Control and Autonomy: A Dialectic Relationship 191 7.1 Trust and Control: A Complex Relationship 191 7.1.1 To Trust or to Control? Two Opposite Notions 192 7.1.2 What Control is 192 7.1.3 Control Replaces Trust and Trust Makes Control Superflous? 195 7.1.4 Trust Notions: Strict (Antagonist of Control) and Broad (Including Control) 196 7.1.5 Relying on Control and Bonds Requires Additional Trust: Three Party Trust 198 7.1.6 How Control Increases and Complements Trust 200 7.1.7 Two Kinds of Control 201 7.1.8 Filling the Gap between Doing/Action and Achieving/Results 203 7.1.9 The Dynamics 204 7.1.10 Control Kills Trust 205 7.1.11 Resuming the Relationships between Trust and Control 206 7.2 Adjusting Autonomy and Delegation on the Basis of Trust in Y 206 7.2.1 The Notion of Autonomy in Collaboration 209 7.2.2 Delegation/Adoption Theory 209 7.2.3 The Adjustment of Delegation/Adoption 213 7.2.4 Channels for the Bilateral Adjustments 222 7.2.5 Protocols for Control Adjustments 223 7.2.6 From Delegation Adjustment to Autonomy Adjustment 225 7.2.7 Adjusting Meta-Autonomy and Realization-Autonomy of the Trustee 225 7.2.8 Adjusting Autonomy by Modyfing Control 226 7.2.9 When to Adjust the Autonomy of the Agents 227 7.3 Conclusions 230 References 232 8 The Economic Reductionism and Trust (Ir)rationality 235 8.1 Irrational Basis for Trust? 236 8.1.1 Is Trust a Belief in the Other’s Irrationality? 236 8.2 Is Trust an ‘Optimistic’ and Irrational Attitude and Decision? 239 8.2.1 The Rose-Tinted Glasses of Trust 239 8.2.2 Risk Perception 246 8.3 Is Trust Just the Subjective Probability of the Favorable Event? 247 8.3.1 Is Trust Only about Predictability? A Very Bad Service but a Sure One 247 8.3.2 Probability Collapses Trust ‘that’ and ‘in’ 248 8.3.3 Probability Collapses Internal and External (Attributions of) Trust 248 8.3.4 Probability Misses the Active View of Trust 250 8.3.5 Probability or Plausibility? 250 8.3.6 Probability Reduction Exposes to Eliminative Behavior: Against Williamson 250 8.3.7 Probability Mixes up Various Kinds of Beliefs, Evaluations, Expectations about the Trustee and Their Mind 252 8.4 Trust in Game Theory: from Opportunism to Reciprocity 254 8.4.1 Limiting Trust to the Danger of Opportunistic Behavior 255 8.4.2 ‘To Trust’ is not ‘to Cooperate’ 255 8.5 Trust Game: A Procuste’s Bed for Trust Theory 256 8.6 Does Trust Presuppose Reciprocity? 258 8.7 The Varieties of Trust Responsiveness 260 8.8 Trusting as Signaling 260 8.9 Concluding Remarks 261 References 261 9 The Glue of Society 265 9.1 Why Trust is the ‘Glue of Society’ 265 9.2 Trust and Social Order 266 9.2.1 Trust Routinization 268 9.3 How the Action of Trust Acquires the Social Function of Creating Trust 268 9.4 From Micro to Macro: a Web of Trust 270 9.4.1 Local Repercussions 270 9.4.2 Trans-Local Repercussions 271 9.5 Trust and Contracts 272 9.5.1 Do Contracts Replace Trust? 272 9.5.2 Increasing Trust: from Intentions to Contracts 272 9.5.3 Negotiation and Pacts: Trust as Premise and Consequence 275 9.6 Is Trust Based on Norms? 275 9.6.1 Does Trust Create Trust and does There Exist a Norm of Reciprocating Trust? 277 9.7 Trust: The Catalyst of Institutions 278 9.7.1 The Radical Trust Crisis: Institutional Deconstruction 279 References 279 10 On the Trustee’s Side: Trust As Relational Capital 281 10.1 Trust and Relational Capital 282 10.2 Cognitive Model of Being Trusted 284 10.2.1 Objective and Subjective Dependence 285 10.2.2 Dependence and Negotiation Power 289 10.2.3 Trust Role in Dependence Networks 292 10.3 Dynamics of Relational Capital 297 10.3.1 Increasing, Decreasing and Transferring 297 10.3.2 Strategic Behavior of the Trustee 300 10.4 From Trust Relational Capital to Reputational Capital 301 10.5 Conclusions 302 References 302 11 A Fuzzy Implementation for the Socio-Cognitive Approach to Trust 305 11.1 Using a Fuzzy Approach 306 11.2 Scenarios 306 11.3 Belief Sources 307 11.4 Building Belief Sources 307 11.4.1 A Note on Self-Trust 309 11.5 Implementation with Nested FCMs 310 11.6 Converging and Diverging Belief Sources 311 11.7 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Sources 312 11.8 Modeling Beliefs and Sources 312 11.9 Overview of the Implementation 313 11.9.1 A Note on Fuzzy Values 315 11.10 Description of the Model 316 11.11 Running the Model 316 11.12 Experimental Setting 317 11.12.1 Routine Visit Scenario 317 11.12.2 Emergency Visit Scenario 319 11.12.3 Trustfulness and Decision 320 11.12.4 Experimental Discussion 321 11.12.5 Evaluating the Behavior of the FCMs 322 11.12.6 Personality Factors 322 11.13 Learning Mechanisms 323 11.13.1 Implicit Revision 324 11.13.2 Explicit Revision 324 11.13.3 A Taxonomy of Possible Revisions 325 11.14 Contract Nets for Evaluating Agent Trustworthiness 326 11.14.1 Experimental Setting 326 11.14.2 Delegation Strategies 327 11.14.3 The Contract Net Structure 328 11.14.4 Performing a Task 329 11.14.5 FCMs for Trust 329 11.14.6 Experiments Description 330 11.14.7 Using Partial Knowledge: the Strength of a Cognitive Analysis 333 11.14.8 Results Discussion 339 11.14.9 Comparison with Other Existing Models and Conclusions 341 References 342 12 Trust and Technology 343 12.1 Main Difference Between Security and Trust 344 12.2 Trust Models and Technology 345 12.2.1 Logical Approaches 346 12.2.2 Computational Approach 347 12.2.3 Different Kinds of Sources 347 12.2.4 Centralized Reputation Mechanisms 348 12.2.5 Decentralized Reputation Mechanisms 349 12.2.6 Different Kinds of Metrics 350 12.2.7 Other Models and Approaches to Trust in the Computational Framework 351 12.3 Concluding Remarks 354 References 354 13 Concluding Remarks and Pointers 359 13.1 Against Reductionism 359 13.2 Neuro-Trust and the Need for a Theoretical Model 360 13.3 Trust, Institutions, Politics (Some Pills of Reflection) 361 13.3.1 For Italy (All’Italia) 362 References 363 Index 365

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Book SynopsisThis classic opens with a history of the development of the infrared portion of the spectrum, probes the system engineering process, and then examines the characteristics of the successful system engineer. The next eleven chapters delve deeply into the elements of infrared technology.Table of ContentsPART 1. THE ELEMENTS OF THE INFRARED SYSTEM. Chapter 1. Introduction to Infrared System Engineering. Chapter 2. Infrared Radiation. Chapter 3. Source of Infrared Radiation. Chapter 4. transmission of Infrared Radiation Through the Earth's Atmosphere. Chapter 5. Optics. Chapter 6. Optical Modulation. Chapter 7. Introduction to Detectors. Chapter 8. Noise. Chapter 9. The Measurement of Detector Characteristics. Chapter 10. Modern Detectors and the Ultimate Limits on their Performance. Chapter 11. Techniques for Cooling Detectors. Chapter 12. Signal Processing and Displays. Chapter 13. The Analysis of Infrared Systems. Chapter 14. The Design of an Infrared Search System. PART II: THE APPLICATIONS OF INFRARED. Chapter 15. An Introduction to the Applications of Infrared techniques. Chapter 16. Military Applications of Infrared Techniques. Chapter 17. Industrial Applications of Infrared Techniques. Chapter 18. Medical Applications of Infrared Techniques. Chapter 19. Scientific Applications of Infrared Techniques. Appendix 1: The Symbols and Abbreviations Used in This Book. Appendix 2: Symbols and Nomenclature for Radiometry and Photometry. Appendix 3: Conversion Factors. Appendix 4: The Unpublished Literature of the Infrared. Index.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive tutorial on the design and practical applications of antenna arrays An antenna array is an assembly of antenna elements that maximizes a received or transmitted signal in a desired direction. This practical book covers a wide range of antenna array topics that are becoming increasingly important in wireless applications, with emphasis on array design, applications, and computer modeling. Each chapter in Antenna Arrays builds upon the previous chapter, progressively addressing more difficult material. Beginning with basic electromagnetics/antennas/antenna systems information, the book then deals with the analysis and synthesis of arrays of point sources and their associated array factors. It presents a sampling of different antenna elements that replace these point sources, then presents element configurations that do not have to lie along a line or in a plane. The complex and difficult-to-predict interactions of elements and electromagnetTable of ContentsPreface. 1. Antenna Array Basics. 1.1. History of Antenna Arrays. 1.2. Electromagnetics for Array Analysis. 1.3. Solving for Electromagnetic Fields. 1.3.1. The Wave Equation. 1.3.2. Point Sources. 1.3.3. Hertzian Dipole. 1.3.4. Small Loop. 1.3.5. Plane Waves. 1.4. Antenna Models. 1.4.1. An Antenna as a Circuit Element. 1.4.2. An Antenna as a Spatial Filter. 1.4.3. An Antenna as a Frequency Filter. 1.4.4. An Antenna as a Collector. 1.4.5. An Antenna as a Polarization Filter. 1.5. Antenna Array Applications. 1.5.1. Communications System. 1.5.2. Radar System. 1.5.3. Radiometer. 1.5.4. Electromagnetic Heating. 1.5.5. Direction Finding. 1.6. Organization and Overview. References. 2. Array Factor Analysis. 2.1. The Array Factor. 2.1.1. Phase Steering. 2.1.2. End-Fire Array. 2.1.3. Main Beam Steering with Frequency. 2.1.4. Focusing. 2.2. Uniform Arrays. 2.2.1. Uniform Sum Patterns. 2.2.2. Uniform Difference Patterns. 2.3. Fourier Analysis of Linear Arrays. 2.4. Fourier Analysis of Planar Arrays. 2.5. Array Bandwidth. 2.6. Directivity. 2.7. Amplitude Tapers. 2.8. z Transform of the Array Factor. 2.9. Circular Arrays. 2.10. Direction Finding Arrays. 2.10.1. Adcock Array. 2.10.2. Orthogonal Linear Arrays. 2.11. Subarrays. 2.12. Errors. 2.12.1. Random Errors. 2.12.2. Quantization Errors. 2.13. Fractal Arrays. References. 3. Linear and Planar Array Factor Synthesis. 3.1. Synthesis of Amplitude and Phase Tapers. 3.1.1. Fourier Synthesis. 3.1.2. Woodward-Lawson Synthesis. 3.1.3. Least Squares Synthesis. 3.2. Analytical Synthesis of Amplitude Tapers. 3.2.1. Binomial Taper. 3.2.2. Dolph-Chebyshev Taper. 3.2.3. Taylor Taper. 3.2.4. Bickmore-Spellmire Taper. 3.2.5. Bayliss Taper. 3.2.6. Unit Circle Synthesis of Arbitrary Linear Array Factors. 3.2.7. Partially Tapered Arrays. 3.3. Numerical Synthesis of Low-Sidelobe Tapers. 3.4. Aperiodic Arrays. 3.4.1. Thinned Arrays. 3.4.2. Nonuniformly Spaced Arrays. 3.5. Low-Sidelobe Phase Taper. 3.6. Suppressing Grating Lobes Due to Subarray Weighting. 3.6.1. Subarray Tapers. 3.6.2. Thinned Subarrays. 3.7. Plane Wave Projection. 3.8. Interleaved Arrays. 3.9. Null Synthesis. References. 4. Array Factors and Element Patterns. 4.1. Pattern Multiplication. 4.2. Wire Antennas. 4.2.1. Dipoles. 4.2.2. Helical Antenna. 4.3. Aperture Antennas. 4.3.1. Apertures. 4.3.2. Open-Ended Waveguide Antennas. 4.3.3. Slots in Waveguides. 4.3.4. Horn Antennas. 4.4. Patch Antennas. 4.5. Broadband Antennas. 4.5.1. Spiral Antennas. 4.5.2. Dipole-Like Antennas. 4.5.3. Tapered Slot Antennas. 4.5.4. Dielectric Rod Antennas. References. 5. Nonplanar Arrays. 5.1. Arrays with Multiple Planar Faces. 5.2. Arrays on Singly Curved Surfaces. 5.2.1. Circular Adcock Array. 5.3. Arrays Conformal to Doubly Curved Surfaces. 5.4. Distributed Array Beamforming. 5.5. Time-Varying Arrays. 5.5.1. Synthetic Apertures. 5.5.2. Time-Modulated Arrays. 5.5.3. Time-Varying Array Element Positions. References. 6. Mutual Coupling. 6.1. Mutual Impedance. 6.2. Coupling Between Two Dipoles. 6.3. Method of Moments. 6.4. Mutual Coupling in Finite Arrays. 6.5. Infinite Arrays. 6.5.1. Infinite Arrays of Point Sources. 6.5.2. Infinite Arrays of Dipoles and Slots. 6.6. Large Arrays. 6.6.1. Fast Multipole Method. 6.6.2. Average Element Patterns. 6.6.3. Representative Element Patterns. 6.6.4. Center Element Patterns. 6.7. Array Blindness and Scanning. 6.8. Mutual Coupling Reduction/Compensation. References. 7. Array Beamforming Networks. 7.1. Transmission Lines. 7.2. S Parameters. 7.3. Matching Circuits. 7.4. Corporate and Series Feeds. 7.5. Slotted Waveguide Arrays. 7.5.1. Resonant Waveguide Arrays. 7.5.2. Traveling-Wave Waveguide Arrays. 7.6. Blass Matrix. 7.7. Butler Matrix. 7.8. Lenses. 7.8.1. Bootlace Lens. 7.8.2. Rotman Lens. 7.9. Refl ectarray. 7.10. Array Feeds for Refl ectors. 7.11. Array Feeds for Horn Antennas. 7.12. Phase Shifters. 7.13. Transmit/Receive Modules. 7.14. Digital Beamforming. 7.15. Neural Beamforming. 7.16. Calibration. References. 8. Smart Arrays. 8.1. Retrodirective Arrays. 8.2. Array Signals and Noise. 8.3. Direction of Arrival Estimation. 8.3.1. Periodogram. 8.3.2. Capon's Minimum Variance. 8.3.3. MUSIC Algorithm. 8.3.4. Maximum Entropy Method. 8.3.5. Pisarenko Harmonic Decomposition. 8.3.6. ESPRIT. 8.3.7. Estimating and Finding Sources. 8.4. Adaptive Nulling. 8.4.1. Sidelobe Blanking and Canceling. 8.4.2. Adaptive Nulling Using the Signal Correlation Matrix. 8.4.3. Adaptive Nulling via Power Minimization. 8.5. Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) System. 8.6. Reconfigurable Arrays. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisAn up-to-date analysis of the SAR wavefront reconstruction signal theory and its digital implementation. With the advent of fast computing and digital information processing techniques, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) technology has become both more powerful and more accurate.Table of ContentsRange Imaging. Cross-Range Imaging. SAR Radiation Pattern. Generic Synthetic Aperture Radar. Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar. Stripmap Synthetic Aperture Radar. Circular Synthetic Aperture Radar. Monopulse Synthetic Aperture Radar. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book deals with the packaging of electronic equipment to prevent damage from vibration and exposure to large variations in temperature.Trade Review"...text s purpose is to show manufacturers how to design, analyze, and evaluate electronic systems for lower cost and improved reliability in harsh environments..." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2001)Table of ContentsPreface. Symbols. Physics of Failure In Electronic Systems. Thermal Expansion Displacements, Forces, and Stresses. Vibration of Beams and Other Simple Structures. Vibration of Printed Circuit Boards and Flat Plates. Estimating Fatigue Life in Thermal Cycling and VibrationEnvironments. Octave Rule, Snubbers, Dampers, and Isolation for PreventingVibration Damage to Electronic Systems. Displacements, Forces, and Stresses in Axial Leaded ComponentWires Due to Thermal Expansions. Designing Electronic Equipment for Sinusoidal Vibration. Assessment of Random Vibration on Electronic Design. Combining Fatigue Damage for Random Vibration and Thermal Cycling. Thermal Cycling Failures in Surface-Mounted Components. Stresses and Fatigue Life in Component Lead Wires and SolderJoints Due to Dynamic Forces and PCB Displacements. Fatigue Life of Long Components, Tall Components, and SmallComponents Mounted on PCBs. Wear and Interface Surface Fretting Corrosion in ElectricalConnectors. Case Histories of Failures and Failure Analyses. Bibliography. Index.

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Book Synopsis"Dennis Palumbo has great insight into a writer s psyche. Every writer should have a shrink or this book. The book is cheaper. " -Gary Shandling, actor, comic, and writer "wise, compassionate, and funny.Table of ContentsForeword ix Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 Part One THE WRITING LIFE Writer’s Block 15 Your “Baby” 19 Inspiration 23 The Buddy System 26 It’s Alive! 29 Your “Precious Darlings” 32 Writing Begets Writing 35 Part Two YOU ARE ENOUGH Simple, but Not Easy 45 What Really Happened. . . . 49 “For I Have Done Good Work” 53 On the Couch 57 “You’re No John Updike!” 61 Part Three GRIST FOR THE MILL Envy 69 Faith and Doubt 72 Fear 75 The Judge 79 Double-Barreled Blues 82 Myths, Fairy Tales, and Woody Allen 86 The Long View 91 Part Four THE REAL WORLD The Pitch 101 Rejection 105 That Sinking Feeling 108 Reinventing Yourself 112 Deadline Dread 115 Three Hard Truths 119 Part Five PAGE FRIGHT Gumption Traps 127 Procrastination 130 Patience 134 Perspective 138 In Praise of Goofing Off 141 Writing about Dogs 145 Going the Distance 148 Part Six THE REAL WORLD, PART II Agents 159 Home of the Heart 163 The Unknown 167 Lately, I Don’t Like the Things I Love 171 Ageism 175 Part Seven HANGING ON Commitment 185 News Flash: Writing Is Hard! 189 Burnout: A Modest Proposal 193 A Writer’s Library 197 A Stillness That Characterizes Prayer 201 Part Eight DISPATCHES FROM THE FRONT Phone Call from Paradise 211 The Idea Man 216 I’ve Come a Long Way on Paper 220 Loneliness 223 Larry: A True Story 226 Conclusion 239

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Book SynopsisThe first extensive reference on these important techniques The restructuring of the electric utility industry has created the need for a mechanism that can effectively coordinate the various entities in a power market, enabling them to communicate efficiently and perform at an optimal level. Communication and Control in Electric Power Systems, the first resource to address its subject in an extended format, introduces parallel and distributed processing techniques as a compelling solution to this critical problem. Drawing on their years of experience in the industry, Mohammad Shahidehpour and Yaoyu Wang deliver comprehensive coverage of parallel and distributed processing techniques with a focus on power system optimization, control, and communication. The authors begin with theoretical background and an overview of the increasingly deregulated power market, then move quickly into the practical applications and implementations of these pivotal techniques. ChapTable of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 2. Parallel and Distributed Processing of Power Systems. 3. Information System for Control Centers. 4. Common Information Model and Middleware for Integration. 5. Parallel and Distributed Load Flow Computation. 6. Parallel and Distributed Load Flow of Distribution Systems. 7. Parallel and Distributed State Estimation. 8. Distributed Power System Security Analysis. 9. Hierarchical and Distributed Control of Voltage/VAR. 10. Transmission Congestion Management Based on Multi-Agent Theory. 11. Integration, Control, and Operation of Distributed Generation. 12. Special Topics in Power System Information System. Appendix A. Example System Data. Appendix B. Measurement Data for Distributed State Estimation. Appendix C. IEEE-30 Bus System Data. Appendix D. Acronyms. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisDevice-independent reproduction of colour is the qualities of image reproduction achieved through the use of different input and output devices, for instance colour monitors and graphic user interfaces. This work provides a coverage of this key aspect of design and presentation. It is suitable for colour engineers, colour scientists, and students.Trade Review"...an excellent text that provides the essential tools, techniques and references required by those involved in colour management..." (Coloration Technology, Issue 3, 2003)Table of ContentsColour plate captions. Contributors. Series Preface. Preface. Light and colour (A. Tarrant). Instruments and methods for colour measurement (D. Rich). Colorimetry and colour difference (P. Green). The CIE 1997 colour appearance model: CIECAM97s (M. Luo). Colour notation systems (P. Rhodes). Overview of characterization methods (P. Green). Methods for characterizing displays (R. Berns and N. Katoh). Methods for characterizing colour scanners and digital cameras (T. Johnson). Color processing for digital photography (J. Holm, et al.). Characterizing hard copy printers (P. Green). Color management and transformation through ICC profiles (D. Wallner). Colour gamut determination (M. Mahy). Colour gamut mapping (J. Morovic). Implementation of device-independent color at Kodak (K. Spaulding and E. Giorgianni). Engineering color at Adobe (J. King). Colour management in digital film post-production (W. Lempp and L. Noriega). Managing color in digital image libraries (S. Süsstrunk). Standards activities for colour imaging (D. McDowell). Author biographies. Index.

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Book SynopsisDetails infallible techniques for designing electronic hardware to withstand severe thermal environments. Using both SI and English units throughout, it presents methods for the development of various reliable electronic systems without the need of high-speed computers. It also offers mathematical modeling applications, using analog resistor networks, to provide the breakup of complex systems into numerous individual thermal resistors and nodes for those who prefer high-speed digital computer solutions to thermal problems.Table of ContentsEvaluating the Cooling Requirements. Designing the Electronic Chassis. Conduction Cooling for Chassis and Circuit Boards. Mounting and Cooling Techniques for Electronic Components. Practical Guides for Natural Convection and RadiationCooling. Forced-Air Cooling for Electronics. Thermal Stresses in Lead Wires, Solder Joints, and PlatedThroughholes. Predicting the Fatigue Life in Thermal Cycling and VibrationEnvironment. Transient Cooling for Electronic Systems. Special Applications for Tough Cooling Jobs. Effective Cooling for Large Racks and Cabinets. Finite Element Methods for Mathematical Modeling. Environmental Stress Screening Techniques. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisDesigned as a source of facts, data, and definitions, this work reflects the developments in technology and practices in the United States and abroad. It is based on an unpublished revision of the standard reference in the German optics industry.Trade Review"…will provide optical engineers, practicing opticians as well as those engaged in optical design, testing and manufacturing, a very handy reference tool…" (E-STREAMS, September 2005)Table of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1. Optical Materials. Chapter 2. Material Production and Forms of Supply. Chapter 3. Optical Shop Supplies. Chapter 4. Tools and Fixtures. Chapter 5. Optical Fabrication—Methods and Machines. Chapter 6. Optical Shop Testing-Methods and Instruments. Index.

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Book SynopsisLeading experts explore the exotic properties and exciting applications of electromagnetic metamaterials Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations gives readers a clearly written, richly illustrated introduction to the most recent research developments in the area of electromagnetic metamaterials.Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. PART I: DOUBLE-NEGATIVE (DNG) METAMATERIALS. SECTION I: THREE-DIMENSIONAL VOLUMETRIC DNG METAMATERIALS. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION, HISTORY, AND SELECTED TOPICS IN FUNDAMENTAL THEORIES OF METAMATERIALS (Richard W. Ziolkowski and Nader Engheta). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Wave Parameters in DNG Media. 1.3 FDTD Simulations of DNG Media. 1.4 Causality in DNG Media. 1.5 Scattering from a DNG Slab. 1.6 Backward Waves. 1.7 Negative Refraction. 1.8 Phase Compensation with a DNG Medium. 1.9 Dispersion Compensation in a Transmission Line Using a DNG Medium. 1.10 Subwavelength Focusing with a DNG Medium. 1.11 Metamaterials with a Zero Index of Refraction. 1.12 Summary. References. CHAPTER 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVEGUIDE AND ANTENNA APPLICATIONS INVOLVING DNG AND SNG METAMATERIALS (Nader Engheta, Andrea Alù, Richard W. Ziolkowski, and Aycan Erentok). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Subwavelength Cavities and Waveguides. 2.3 Subwavelength Cylindrical and Spherical Core–Shell Systems. 2.4 ENG–MNG and DPS–DNG Matched Metamaterial Pairs for Resonant Enhancements of Source-Generated Fields. 2.5 Efficient, Electrically Small Dipole Antennas: DNG Nested Shells. 2.6 Efficient, Electrically Small Dipole Antennas: ENG Nested Shells—Analysis. 2.7 Efficient, Electrically Small Dipole Antennas: HFSS Simulations of Dipole–ENG Shell Systems. 2.8 Metamaterial Realization of an Artificial Magnetic Conductor for Antenna Applications. 2.9 Zero-Index Metamaterials for Antenna Applications. 2.10 Summary. References. CHAPTER 3: WAVEGUIDE EXPERIMENTS TO CHARACTERIZE PROPERTIES OF SNG AND DNG METAMATERIALS (Silvio Hrabar). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Basic Types of Bulk Metamaterials with Inclusions. 3.3 Theoretical Analysis of Rectangular Waveguide Filled with General Metamaterial. 3.4 Investigation of Rectangular Waveguide Filled with 2D Isotropic ENG Metamaterial. 3.5 Investigation of Rectangular Waveguide Filled with 2D Isotropic MNG Metamaterial. 3.6 Investigation of Rectangular Waveguide Filled with 2D Uniaxial MNG Metamaterial. 3.7 Investigation of Rectangular Waveguide Filled with 2D Isotropic DNG Metamaterial. 3.8 Investigation of Subwavelength Resonator. 3.9 Conclusions. References. CHAPTER 4: REFRACTION EXPERIMENTS IN WAVEGUIDE ENVIRONMENTS (Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk, Jin Au Kong, and Ran Lixin). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Microscopic and Macroscopic Views of Metamaterials. 4.3 Measurement Techniques. 4.4 Conclusion. Acknowledgments. References. SECTION II: TWO-DIMENSIONAL PLANAR NEGATIVE-INDEX STRUCTURES. CHAPTER 5: ANTENNA APPLICATIONS AND SUBWAVELENGTH FOCUSING USING NEGATIVE-REFRACTIVE-INDEX TRANSMISSION LINE STRUCTURES (George V. Eleftheriades). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Planar Transmission Line Media with Negative Refractive Index. 5.3 Zero-Degree Phase-Shifting Lines and Applications. 5.4 Backward Leaky-Wave Antenna Radiating in Its Fundamental Spatial Harmonic. 5.5 Superresolving NRI Transmission Line Lens. 5.6 Detailed Dispersion of Planar NRI-TL Media. Acknowledgments. References. CHAPTER 6: RESONANCE CONE ANTENNAS (Keith G. Balmain and Andrea A. E. Lüttgen). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Planar Metamaterial, Corner-Fed, Anisotropic Grid Antenna. 6.3 Resonance Cone Refraction Effects in a Low-Profile Antenna. 6.4 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. CHAPTER 7: MICROWAVE COUPLER AND RESONATOR APPLICATIONS OF NRI PLANAR STRUCTURES (Christophe Caloz and Tatsuo Itoh). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Composite Right/Left-Handed Transmission Line Metamaterials. 7.3 Metamaterial Couplers. 7.4 Metamaterial Resonators. 7.5 Conclusions. References. PART II: ELECTROMAGNETIC BANDGAP (EBG) METAMATERIALS. SECTION I: THREE-DIMENSIONAL VOLUMETRIC EBG MEDIA. CHAPTER 8: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND REVIEW OF FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES IN MODELING THREE-DIMENSIONAL PERIODIC STRUCTURES WITH EMPHASIS ON VOLUMETRIC EBGs (Maria Kafesaki and Costas M. Soukoulis). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Theoretical and Numerical Methods. 8.3 Comparison of Different Numerical Techniques. 8.4 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. CHAPTER 9: FABRICATION, EXPERIMENTATION, AND APPLICATIONS OF EBG STRUCTURES (Peter de Maagt and Peter Huggard). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Manufacturing. 9.3 Experimental Characterization of EBG Crystals. 9.4 Current and Future Applications of EBG Systems. 9.5 Conclusions. References. CHAPTER 10: SUPERPRISM EFFECTS AND EBG ANTENNA APPLICATIONS (Boris Gralak, Stefan Enoch, and G´erard Tayeb). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Refractive Properties of a Piece of Photonic Crystal. 10.3 Superprism Effect. 10.4 Antenna Applications. 10.5 Conclusion. References. SECTION II: TWO-DIMENSIONAL PLANAR EBG STRUCTURES. CHAPTER 11: REVIEW OF THEORY, FABRICATION, AND APPLICATIONS OF HIGH-IMPEDANCE GROUND PLANES (Dan Sievenpiper). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Surface Waves. 11.3 High-Impedance Surfaces. 11.4 Surface Wave Bands. 11.5 Reflection Phase. 11.6 Bandwidth. 11.7 Design Procedure. 11.8 Antenna Applications. 11.9 Tunable Impedance Surfaces. 11.10 Reflective-Beam Steering. 11.11 Leaky-Wave Beam Steering. 11.12 Backward Bands. 11.13 Summary. References. CHAPTER 12: DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLEX ARTIFICIAL GROUND PLANES IN ANTENNA ENGINEERING (Yahya Rahmat-Samii and Fan Yang). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 FDTD Analysis of Complex Artificial Ground Planes. 12.3 Various Complex Artificial Ground-Plane Designs. 12.4 Applications of Artificial Ground Planes in Antenna Engineering. 12.5 Summary. References. CHAPTER 13: FSS-BASED EBG SURFACES (Stefano Maci and Alessio Cucini). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 MoM Solution. 13.3 Accessible Mode Admittance Network. 13.4 Pole–Zero Matching Method for Dispersion Analysis. 13.5 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. CHAPTER 14: SPACE-FILLING CURVE HIGH-IMPEDANCE GROUND PLANES (John McVay, Nader Engheta, and Ahmad Hoorfar). 14.1 Resonances of Space-Filling Curve Elements. 14.2 High-Impedance Surfaces Made of Space-Filling Curve Inclusions. 14.3 Use of Space-Filling Curve High-Impedance Surfaces in Antenna Applications. 14.4 Space-Filling Curve Elements as Inclusions in DNG Bulk Media. 14.5 Conclusions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe use of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) represents a new era in remote sensing technology. A complete handbook for anyone who must design an SAR system capable of reliably producing high quality image data products, free from image artifacts and calibrated in terms of the target backscatter coefficient. Combines fundamentals underlying the SAR imaging process and the practical system engineering required to produce quality images from a real SAR system. Beginning with a broad overview of SAR technology, it goes on to examine SAR system capabilities and components and detail the techniques required for design and development of the SAR ground data system with emphasis on the correlation processing. Intended for SAR system engineers and researchers, it is generously illustrated for maximum clarity.Table of ContentsThe Radar Equation. The Matched Filter and Pulse Compression. Imaging and the Rectangular Algorithm. Ancillary Processes in Image Formation. SAR Flight System. Radiometric Calibration of SAR Data. Geometric Calibration of SAR Data. The SAR Ground System. Other Imaging Algorithms. Appendices. List of Acronyms. Index.

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Book Synopsis"This anthology combines 15 years of microstrip antenna technology research into one significant volume and includes a special introductory tutorial by the co--editors.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Review Articles. Basic Microstrip Antenna Elements and Feeding Techniques. Dual and Circularly Polarized Elements. Techniques for Improving Element Bandwidth. Modeling Techniques for Microstrip Antenna Elements. Microstrip Antenna Array Design. Analysis of Arrays and Mutual Coupling. Other Topics. Author Index. Subject Index. Editors' Biographies.

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Table of ContentsGeneral Applications of Filter Structures in Microwave Engineering. Useful Circuit Concepts and Equations. Principles of the Image Method for Filter Design. Low-Pass Prototype Filters Obtained by Network Synthesis Methods. Properties of Common Microwave Filter Elements. Stepped-Impedance Transformers and Filter Prototypes. Low-Pass and High-Pass Filters Using Semi-Lumped Elements or Waveguide Corrugations. Band-Pass Filters. Special Procedures for the Practical Development of Coupled-Resonator Band-Pass Filters, Impedance-Matching Networks and Time-Delay Networks. Band-Stop Filters. Ten-Mode, Coupled-Transmission-Line Directional Couplers, and Branch-Line Directional Couplers. Directional, Channel-Separation Filters and Traveling Wave Ring-Resonators. High-Power Filters. Multiplexer Design. Mechanically and Magnetically Tunable Microwave Filters.

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Book SynopsisDr. Brewer presents a complete guide to international virtual team communication with the most up-to-date research developments in the engineering workplace on a global scale, and a problem-solving approach to using and communicating in virtual teams. Presents guidelines heavily based on empirical data Application of virtual team communication guidelines to the field of engineering Provides strategies and sample projects for teaching Table of ContentsA Note from the Series Editor xiii Foreword xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix 1 The Critical Role of Global Virtual Teams 1 1.1 Unique Features of This Book 2 1.2 Growth in International Virtual Workplaces 3 1.3 The International Nature of Virtual Teams 4 1.4 The Value of Information 5 1.5 Foundations of Global Virtual Team Theory 6 1.6 Global Virtual Team Basics 8 1.7 Targeted Benefits of Global Virtual Teams 8 1.8 Challenges of Global Virtual Teams 9 1.9 Connecting Global Engineering Talent 10 1.10 Engineering Successes and Failures 11 1.11 A Look Ahead 13 References 13 2 Virtual Team Basics 15 2.1 Defining and Describing Virtual Teams 15 2.2 Virtual Teams as Intercultures 17 2.3 Characteristics of Virtual Teams 18 2.4 Constructing the Virtual Workplace 19 2.5 The Transfer of Meaningful Information 20 2.6 Characteristics of Successful Virtual Teams 21 2.7 Challenges to Virtual Teams 22 2.7.1 Gaining Trust Takes Time 22 2.7.2 Engaging in Social Communication Influences Trust 23 2.7.3 Understanding the Communication Patterns of Other Team Members is a Challenge 23 2.7.4 Attributing an Incorrect Meaning to a Message is Common and Costly 24 2.7.5 Establishing Shared Interpretations of Language is Important Even among Speakers of the Same Language 25 2.7.6 Establishing Shared Expectations of Technology Presents Some Surprising Complexities 27 2.7.7 Communicating Clear Boundaries Makes Sense in an Abstract Space 28 2.7.8 Negotiating Time Zones and Perception of Time are Cultural Hurdles 29 2.7.9 Identifying Clear Leadership Roles May Be More Difficult Online 30 2.8 Summary 30 References 30 3 Cultural Preparation for Virtual Teams 33 3.1 Defining Culture 34 3.2 Alternative Perspectives on Culture 36 3.3 Levels of Consciousness 37 3.4 Language as a Barrier to Communication 38 3.5 Face-to-Face Intercultural Communication Theory 39 3.6 Common Challenges to Intercultural Face-To-Face Communication 42 3.7 A New Interculture—Online Virtual Teams 44 3.8 Working Through Filters 47 3.8.1 Directness and Culture Interact Differently in Online than in Face-to-Face Contexts 48 3.8.2 Credibility and Culture Affect the Transfer of Knowledge Online 48 3.9 Common Challenges to Global Virtual Communication 49 3.10 Success Strategies for Working Across Cultures Online 50 3.11 Summary 51 References 52 4 Patterns That Challenge the Effectiveness of Global Virtual Teams 55 4.1 Broad Patterns of Communication That are Common to Most Global Virtual Teams 56 4.2 Organizational/Technological Patterns of Virtual Team Communication 58 4.3 Individual Patterns of Virtual Team Communication 59 4.4 Information Sharing—Challenges and Success Strategies 61 4.5 Understanding the Other Person and Culture—Challenges and Success Strategies 66 4.6 Use of Language—Challenges and Success Strategies 67 4.6.1 The Need for Translation Exists within and between Languages 69 4.6.2 Connotation Affects Interpretation 70 4.6.3 Pronunciation and Accents Affect Audio Messages 70 4.6.4 Language Proficiency May Affect an Audience’s Ability to Identify Key Points 70 4.6.5 Lower Language Proficiency Often Leads to a Lack of Useful Detail 71 4.6.6 Idiomatic Expressions are Difficult to Translate 71 4.7 Trust/Credibility—Challenges and Success Strategies 72 4.8 Navigating Time Zones—Challenges and Success Strategies 73 4.9 Working with Technology—Challenges and Success Strategies 74 4.10 Managing Haste/Errors—Challenges and Success Strategies 76 4.11 Using Tone—Challenges and Success Strategies 76 4.12 Working with Directness—Challenges and Success Strategies 78 4.13 Working with Social Distance—Challenges and Success Strategies 79 4.14 Using Social Communication—Challenges and Success Strategies 80 4.15 Navigating Boundaries—Challenges and Success Strategies 81 4.16 Delivering Criticism—Challenges and Success Strategies 81 4.17 Netiquette—Challenges and Success Strategies 83 4.18 Personnel Issues—Challenges and Success Strategies 84 4.19 Working Through Misattribution—Challenges and Success Strategies 84 4.20 Working Through Lack of Response—Challenges and Success Strategies 85 4.21 The Impact of Cross-Cultural Miscommunication 86 4.22 Summary 87 References 88 5 How to Prevent Identify and Resolve Miscommunication in Virtual Teams 91 5.1 The Prevalence of Miscommunication in Virtual Teams 92 5.2 Strategies to Prevent Miscommunication 92 5.2.1 Plan for Effective Communication 94 5.2.2 Meet Synchronously (As an Online Version of the Face-to-Face Meeting) 95 5.2.3 Use Mixed Media 96 5.2.4 Use Metacommunication Strategies 96 5.2.5 Communicate Explicitly 97 5.2.6 Communicate Informally/Socially 98 5.3 Strategies to Identify Miscommunication 100 5.4 Strategies to Resolve Miscommunication 101 5.4.1 Communicate More Explicitly 102 5.4.2 Hold a Face-to-Face Meeting 103 5.4.3 Use Mixed Media 103 5.4.4 Clarify/Explain for Other People 104 5.4.5 Train/Educate Your Virtual Team Members 105 5.4.6 Evaluate the Situation before Acting 106 5.4.7 Repeat/Summarize/Resend Related Messages 106 5.4.8 Respond Quickly 106 5.4.9 Apologize with an Emphasis on Reasons 106 5.4.10 Refer the Problem to a Third Party 107 5.4.11 Wait or Ignore the Problem (Use Caution!) 107 5.4.12 A Few Other Suggestions 108 5.5 Beware of Some Solution Strategies 109 5.6 A Comparison of Solution Strategies 110 5.7 Summary 110 References 112 6 Technology and Global Virtual Teams 114 6.1 The Filtering Effects of Technology 116 6.1.1 Technology Limits Messages 116 6.1.2 Technology is Not Neutral in Its Effects on Messages 117 6.2 Technology and Speed 120 6.3 Technology and Culture 122 6.4 Technology Use in Engineering Virtual Teams 123 6.5 Assessing Technology Needs for the Global Virtual Team 125 6.6 Modes of Technology and Related Affordances 129 6.7 Success Strategies for Building Virtual Team Technology Infrastructures 133 6.8 Summary 134 References 135 7 Establishing Successful Global Virtual Teams 137 7.1 The Basics of Metacommunication 138 7.2 The Strategic Significance of Metacommunication 140 7.2.1 Metacommunication Can Help Decrease Threats to Face 140 7.2.2 Metacommunication Can Help Navigate the Gap Between Cultures 140 7.2.3 Metacommunication Can Help Work with the Delicate Issue of Criticism 141 7.2.4 Metacommunication Can Help Build Trust 142 7.3 Naming the Metacommunication Process 143 7.4 Implementing Metacommunication 144 7.5 Steps for Establishing New Global Virtual Teams 150 7.6 Summary 156 References 156 8 Evaluating and Maintaining Effective Global Virtual Teams 158 8.1 Characteristics of Highly Functioning Global Virtual Teams 159 8.1.1 Highly Functioning Virtual Teams Share a Common Vision of Team Purpose 160 8.1.2 Highly Functioning Virtual Teams Accomplish Organizational and Individual Goals 160 8.1.3 Highly Functioning Virtual Teams Use Healthy Communication Patterns 161 8.2 Evaluating Existing Virtual Teams 166 8.3 Tools for Maintaining Highly Functioning Global Virtual Teams 167 8.4 A Beginning Look at Training Resources 176 8.4.1 Basic Business Writing (Style and Ethics) 176 8.4.2 Cross-Cultural Communication 177 8.4.3 Grammar/Language Skills 177 8.4.4 Netiquette 178 8.4.5 Organizational Communication 178 8.4.6 Technology 179 8.5 Summary 180 References 181 9 Designing Training for Global Virtual Team Communication 182 9.1 Importance of Global Virtual Team Preparation 183 9.2 Current State of Global Virtual Team Education and Training 184 9.3 Benefits of Improving Education and Training 185 9.4 Instructional Design for Global Virtual Team Preparation 186 9.4.1 Use Experiential Learning as a Method for Instruction 186 9.4.2 Carefully Choose the Learning Environment for Instruction 186 9.4.3 Teach Participants to Communicate Globally and Locally 187 9.4.4 Connect with International Colleagues 187 9.5 Adaptable Experiential Project Module 190 9.5.1 Establish Instructor Partnerships 190 9.5.2 Plan the Project with Your Partner Instructor 190 9.5.3 Provide an Overview for Participants 192 9.5.4 Facilitate a Study of the Cultures of Team Members 192 9.5.5 Discuss Writing for Translation 192 9.5.6 Initiate Participant Relationships 194 9.5.7 Introduce the Team Project and Purpose 195 9.5.8 Allow Time for Metacommunication 195 9.5.9 Document Expectations in a Communication Norming Guide 197 9.5.10 Complete Project Tasks 197 9.5.11 Reflect on Learning 198 9.5.12 Evaluate the Projects 198 9.6 Common Lessons Learned 199 9.7 Sample Project Designs 199 9.8 Summary 207 References 207 A Methods Used in Study A (Survey on Using International Virtual Teams in Engineering) 208 A.1 Research Focus 208 A.2 Participants 208 A.3 Data Collection Methods 209 A.4 Research Timeline 209 B Methods Used in Study B (Case Study Research of International Virtual Teams) 210 B.1 Research Questions 210 B.2 Participants 211 B.3 Data Collection Methods 213 B.4 Research Timeline 213 Glossary 215 Index 219

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Book SynopsisWritten by an expert in the field, this book covers the principles, architectures, applications, specifications and characterizations of radio receivers In this book, the author introduces the reader to the basic principles and theories of present-day communications receiver technology. The first section of the book presents realization concepts at the system level, taking into consideration the various types of users. Details of the circuitry are described providing the reader with an understanding of fully digitized radio receivers, offering an insight into the state-of-the-art. The remaining sections address radio receivers, particularly as two-port devices. Furthermore, the author outlines the fields of applications (with sample calculations and with reference to practical work) and their features and considers also the specialty of high-quality radio receivers. As can be seen from the multitude of terrestrial applications described in Part II, they are typiTable of ContentsAbout the Author xi Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv I Functional Principle of Radio Receivers 1 I.1 Some History to Start 1 I.2 Present-Day Concepts 4 I.3 Practical Example of an (All-)Digital Radio Receiver 23 I.4 Practical Example of a Portable Wideband Radio Receiver 39 References 46 Further Reading 48 II Fields of Use and Applications of Radio Receivers 49 II.1 Prologue 49 II.2 Wireless Telecontrol 50 II.3 Non-Public Radio Services 54 II.4 Radio Intelligence, Radio Surveillance 64 II.5 Direction Finding and Radio Localization 83 II.6 Terrestrial Radio Broadcast Reception 101 II.7 Time Signal Reception 104 II.8 Modern Radio Frequency Usage and Frequency Economy 107 References 109 Further Reading 112 III Receiver Characteristics and their Measurement 113 III.1 Objectives and Benefits 113 III.2 Preparations for Metrological Investigations 114 III.3 Receiver Input Matching and Input Impedance 118 III.4 Sensitivity 121 III.5 Spurious Reception 147 III.6 Near Selectivity 156 III.7 Reciprocal Mixing 162 III.8 Blocking 171 III.9 Intermodulation 174 III.10 Cross-Modulation 199 III.11 Quality Factor of Selective RF Preselectors under Operating Conditions 204 III.12 Large-Signal Behaviour in General 209 III.13 Audio Reproduction Properties 213 III.14 Behaviour of the Automatic Gain Control (AGC) 218 III.15 Long-Term Frequency Stability 223 III.16 Characteristics of the Noise Squelch 226 III.17 Receiver Stray Radiation 227 III.18 (Relative) Receive Signal Strength and S Units 230 III.19 AM Suppression in the F3E Receiving Path 236 III.20 Scanning Speed in Search Mode 238 References 240 Further Reading 242 IV Practical Evaluation of Radio Receivers (A Model) 245 IV.1 Factual Situation 245 IV.2 Objective Evaluation of Characteristics in Practical Operation 245 IV.3 Information Gained in Practical Operation 249 IV.4 Interpretation (and Contents of the ‘Table of operational PRACTICE’) 253 IV.5 Specific Equipment Details 255 References 255 Further Reading 255 V Concluding Information 257 V.1 Cascade of Noisy Two-Ports (Overall Noise Performance) 257 V.2 Cascade of Intermodulating Two-Ports (Overall Intermodulation Performance) 260 V.3 Mathematical Description of the Intermodulation Formation 264 V.4 Mixing and Derivation of Spurious Reception 269 V.5 Characteristics of Emission Classes According to the ITU RR 272 V.6 Geographic Division of the Earth by Region According to ITU RR 272 V.7 Conversion of dB. . . Levels 272 References 278 Further Reading 279 List of Tables 281 Index 283

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Book SynopsisThe advance of variable speed drives systems (VSDs) engineering highlights the need of specific technical guidance provision by electrical machines and drives manufacturers, so that such applications can be properly designed to present advantages in terms of both energy efficiency and expenditure.Table of ContentsForeword xi Acknowledgments xiii About the Authors xiv Nomenclature xvi 1 Introduction to Electric Drives with LC Filters 1 1.1 Preliminary Remarks 1 1.2 General Overview of AC Drives with Inverter Output Filters 2 1.3 Book Overview 4 1.4 Remarks on Simulation Examples 5 References 6 2 Problems with AC Drives and Voltage Source Inverter Supply Effects 9 2.1 Effects Related to Common Mode Voltage 9 2.1.1 Capacitive Bearing Current 15 2.1.2 Electrical Discharge Machining Current 15 2.1.3 Circulating Bearing Current 15 2.1.4 Rotor Grounding Current 17 2.1.5 Dominant Bearing Current 17 2.2 Determination of the Induction Motor CM Parameters 18 2.3 Prevention of Common Mode Current: Passive Methods 20 2.3.1 Decreasing the Inverter Switching Frequency 20 2.3.2 Common Mode Choke 21 2.3.3 Integrated Common Mode and Differential Mode Choke 23 2.3.4 Common Mode Transformer 25 2.3.5 Machine Construction and Bearing Protection Rings 26 2.4 Active Systems for Reducing the CM Current 27 2.5 Common Mode Current Reduction by PWM Algorithm Modifications 28 2.5.1 Three Nonparity Active Vectors 30 2.5.2 Three Active Vector Modulation 32 2.5.3 Active Zero Voltage Control 32 2.5.4 Space Vector Modulation with One Zero Vector 36 2.6 Simulation Examples 39 2.6.1 Model of Induction Motor Drive with PWM Inverter and CMV 39 2.6.2 PWM Algorithms for Reduction of CMV 44 2.7 Summary 46 References 46 3 Model of AC Induction Machine 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.1.1 T]Model of Induction Machine 50 3.2 Inverse]Γ Model of Induction Machine 53 3.3 Per]Unit System 54 3.4 Machine Parameters 56 3.5 Simulation Examples 59 References 63 4 Inverter Output Filters 65 4.1 Structures and Fundamentals of Operations 65 4.2 Output Filter Model 71 4.3 Design of Inverter Output Filters 74 4.3.1 Sinusoidal Filter 74 4.3.2 Common Mode Filter 80 4.4 dV/dt Filter 83 4.5 Motor Choke 85 4.6 Simulation Examples 86 4.6.1 Inverter with LC Filter 86 4.6.2 Inverter with Common Mode and Differential Mode Filter 90 4.7 Summary 95 References 96 5 Estimation of the State Variables in the Drive with LC Filter 97 5.1 Introduction 97 5.2 The State Observer with LC Filter Simulator 99 5.3 Speed Observer with Simplified Model of Disturbances 103 5.4 Speed Observer with Extended Model of Disturbances 106 5.5 Speed Observer with Complete Model of Disturbances 107 5.6 Speed Observer Operating for Rotating Coordinates 109 5.7 Speed Observer Based on Voltage Model of Induction Motor 114 5.8 Speed Observer with Dual Model of Stator Circuit 122 5.9 Adaptive Speed Observer 125 5.10 Luenberger Flux Observer 129 5.11 Simulation Examples 130 5.11.1 Model of the State Observer with LC Filter Simulator 130 5.11.2 Model of Speed Observer with Simplified Model of Disturbances 133 5.11.3 Model of Rotor Flux Luenberger Observer 136 5.12 Summary 138 References 138 6 Control of Induction Motor Drives with LC Filters 141 6.1 Introduction 141 6.2 A Sinusoidal Filter as the Control Object 141 6.3 Field Oriented Control 143 6.4 Nonlinear Field Oriented Control 148 6.5 Multiscalar Control 156 6.5.1 Main Control System of the Motor State Variables 157 6.5.2 Subordinated Control System of the Sinusoidal Filter State Variables 160 6.6 Electric Drive with Load]Angle Control 166 6.7 Direct Torque Control with Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation 178 6.8 Simulation Examples 186 6.8.1 Induction Motor Multiscalar Control with Multiloop Control of LC Filter 186 6.8.2 Inverter with LC Filter and LR Load with Closed]Loop Control 194 6.9 Summary 198 References 198 7 Current Control of the Induction Motor 201 7.1 Introduction 201 7.2 Current Controller 203 7.2.1 Predictive Object Model 207 7.2.2 Costs Function 208 7.2.3 Predictive Controller 208 7.3 Investigations 208 7.4 Simulation Examples of Induction Motor with Motor Choke and Predictive Control 210 7.5 Summary and Conclusions 216 References 217 8 Diagnostics of the Motor and Mechanical Side Faults 218 8.1 Introduction 218 8.2 Drive Diagnosis Using Motor Torque Analysis 218 8.3 Diagnosis of Rotor Faults in Closed]Loop Control 233 8.4 Simulation Examples of Induction Motor with Inverter Output Filter and Load Torque Estimation 235 8.5 Conclusions 239 References 239 9 Multiphase Drive with Induction Motor and an LC Filter 241 9.1 Introduction 241 9.2 Model of a Five]Phase Machine 243 9.3 Model of a Five]Phase LC Filter 246 9.4 Five]Phase Voltage Source Inverter 247 9.5 Control of Five]Phase Induction Motor with an LC Filter 253 9.6 Speed and Flux Observer 255 9.7 Induction Motor and an LC Filter for Five]Phase Drive 257 9.8 Investigations of Five]Phase Sensorless Drive with an LC Filter 257 9.9 FOC Structure in the Case of Combination of Fundamental and Third Harmonic Currents 262 9.10 Simulation Examples of Five]Phase Induction Motor with a PWM Inverter 266 References 269 10 General Summary, Remarks, and Conclusion 271 Appendix A Synchronous Sampling of Inverter Output Current 273 References 276 Appendix B Examples of LC Filter Design 277 B.1 Introduction 277 Appendix C Equations of Transformation 282 References 285 Appendix D Data of the Motors Used in Simulations and Experiments 286 Appendix E Adaptive Backstepping Observer 289Marcin Morawiec E.1 Introduction 289 E.2 LC Filter and Extended Induction Machine Mathematical Models 290 E.3 Backstepping Speed Observer 292 E.4 Stability Analysis of the Backstepping Speed Observer 298 E.5 Investigations 304 E.6 Conclusions 305 References 307 Appendix F Significant Variables and Functions in Simulation Files 308 Index 311

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Book SynopsisFilling the gap in the market dedicated to PLL structures for power systems Internationally recognized expert Dr. Masoud Karimi-Ghartemani brings over twenty years of experience working with PLL structures to Enhanced Phase-Locked Loop Structures for Power and Energy Applications, the only book on the market specifically dedicated to PLL architectures as they apply to power engineering. As technology has grown and spread to new devices, PLL has increased in significance for power systems and the devices that connect with the power grid. This book discusses the PLL structures that are directly applicable to power systems using simple language, making it easily digestible for a wide audience of engineers, technicians, and graduate students. Enhanced phase-locked loop (EPLL) has become the most widely utilized architecture over the past decade, and many books lack explanation of the structural differences between PLL and EPLL. This book discusses those diffeTable of ContentsI Pll Structures for Single-phase Applications 1 1 PLL Basics and Standard Structure 3 2 Enhanced Phase-Locked Loop 15 3 EPLL Extensions and Modifications 47 4 Digital Implementation of EPLL 79 5 Integrated Synchronization and Control 97 II Pll Structures for Three-phase Applications 131 6 Synchronous Reference Frame PLL 133 7 Three-Phase EPLL-I 147 8 Three-Phase EPLL-II 161 9 Structural Extensions to 3EPLL-I and 3EPLL-II 171 10 Three-Phase EPLL-III 181

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Book SynopsisMOBILE TERMINAL RECEIVER DESIGN MOBILE TERMINAL RECEIVER DESIGNLTE and LTE-Advanced IndiaThis all-in-one guide addresses the challenges of designing innovative mobile handset solutions that offer smaller size, low power consumption, low cost, and tremendous flexibility, with improved data rates and higher performance. Readers are introduced to mobile phone system architecture and its basic building blocks, different air interface standards and operating principles, before progressing to hardware anatomy, software and protocols, and circuits for legacy and next-generation smart phones, including various research areas in 4G and 5G systems. Mobile Terminal Receiver Design explains basic working principles, system architecture and specification detailsof legacy and possible next-generation mobile systems, from principle to practiceto product; covers in detail RF transmitter and receiver blocks, digital baseband processingblocks, receiver and transTable of ContentsPreface xi Abbreviations xiii 1 Introduction to Mobile Terminals 1 1.1 Introduction to Mobile Terminals 1 1.1.1 Building Blocks of a Smartphone 2 1.2 History of the Mobile Phone 4 1.3 Growth of the Mobile Phone Market 5 1.4 Past, Present, and Future of Mobile Communication Devices 8 Further Reading 8 2 Cellular Systems Modems 9 2.1 Introduction to Modems 9 2.2 Telecommunication Networks 10 2.3 Cellular Concepts 14 2.4 Evolution of Mobile Cellular Networks 16 2.5 First]Generation (1G) Cellular Systems 16 2.5.1 First]Generation Mobile Phone Modem Anatomy 18 2.6 Cellular System Standardization 18 2.7 Second]Generation (2G) Cellular Systems 19 2.7.1 GSM System 20 2.8 GSM Mobile Phone Modem Anatomy 27 2.8.1 Receiver Unit 27 2.8.2 Transmitter Unit 33 2.9 Channel Estimation and Equalization in GSM Mobile Terminals 33 2.9.1 Channel Condition Detection Techniques 34 2.9.2 Protocol Stack of GSM Mobile 38 2.10 Third]Generation (3G) Cellular Systems 40 2.10.1 Overview of UMTS System Architecture 40 2.10.2 UMTS Air Interface 41 2.10.3 Physical Channel Transmission 46 2.10.4 UMTS UE Protocol Architecture 52 2.10.5 UMTS Addressing Mechanism 57 2.10.6 Radio Links, Radio Bearers, and Signal Radio Bearers 58 2.11 UMTS UE System Operations 58 2.11.1 Carrier RSSI Scan 58 2.11.2 Cell Search 58 2.11.3 System Information Reception 60 2.11.4 Paging Reception and DRX 61 2.11.5 RRC Connection Establishment 62 2.12 WCDMA UE Transmitter Anatomy 65 2.13 WCDMA UE Receiver Anatomy 67 2.13.1 Baseband Architecture 67 2.14 Evolution of the UMTS System 71 2.14.1 HSDPA 72 2.14.2 HSUPA 76 2.14.3 HSPA+ 81 2.14.4 Receiver Architecture (RAKE and G-RAKE) Evolution for WCDMA 83 References 85 Further Reading 85 3 LTE Systems 87 3.1 LTE Cellular Systems 87 3.2 3GPP Long]Term Evolution (LTE) Overview 88 3.2.1 LTE Design Goals 88 3.3 3GPP LTE Specifications 89 3.4 LTE Network Architecture 89 3.5 Interfaces 91 3.6 System Protocol Architecture 91 3.6.1 User Plane Data Flow Diagram 93 3.6.2 Protocol States 93 3.6.3 Bearer Service Architecture 95 3.7 LTE]Uu Downlink and Uplink Transmission Schemes and Air Interface 95 3.7.1 Downlink Transmission Scheme 95 3.7.2 LTE Downlink Frame Structure 100 3.7.3 Uplink Transmission Scheme and Frame Structure 103 3.8 Channel Structure 104 3.8.1 Downlink Channel Structure and Transmission Mechanism 105 3.8.2 Downlink Physical Channel Processing 124 3.8.3 Uplink Channel Structure and Transmission Mechanism 128 3.8.4 Uplink Physical Channel Processing 131 3.9 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) 133 3.9.1 MIMO in the LTE System 135 3.9.2 Transmission Mode (TM) 136 3.10 Uplink Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) 137 3.11 UE Categories 137 3.12 LTE UE Testing 137 References 139 Further Reading 139 4 LTE UE Operations Procedures and Anatomy 140 4.1 UE Procedures 140 4.2 Network and Cell Selection in Terminals 142 4.2.1 PLMN Selection 142 4.2.2 Closed Subscriber Group Selection 144 4.2.3 Cell Selection Criteria 144 4.3 Cell Search and Acquisition 145 4.3.1 Cell Search and Synchronization Procedure 145 4.4 Cell]Specific Reference (CRS) Signal Detection 148 4.5 PBCH (MIB) Reception 150 4.6 PCFICH Reception 152 4.7 PHICH Reception 152 4.8 PDCCH Reception 152 4.8.1 Implementation of Control Channel Decoder 153 4.9 PDSCH Reception 155 4.10 SIB Reception 155 4.11 Paging Reception 155 4.11.1 Calculation of Paging Frame Number 156 4.11.2 Paging Procedure 156 4.12 UE Measurement Parameters 158 4.13 Random Access Procedure (RACH Transmission) 159 4.13.1 Preamble Transmission by UE 160 4.14 Data Transmission 162 4.15 Handover 164 4.15.1 Idle State Mobility Management 166 4.15.2 Interoperability with Legacy Systems (I]RAT) 166 4.16 Anatomy of an LTE UE 167 4.17 Channel Estimation 168 4.18 Equalization 170 4.19 Detection 172 4.20 Decoder 173 Reference 173 Further Reading 173 5 Smartphone Hardware and System Design 174 5.1 Introduction to Smartphone Hardware 174 5.2 Smartphone Processors 174 5.2.1 Processor Operations 178 5.2.2 Processor Types 179 5.2.3 Advanced Risk Machine (ARM) 181 5.2.4 DSP]Based Implementation 189 5.2.5 SOC]Based Architecture 189 5.2.6 Commonly Used Processors in Smart Phones 190 5.3 LTE Smartphone Hardware Implementation 190 5.4 Memory 191 5.4.1 Read]Only Memory (ROM) 192 5.4.2 Flash Memory 193 5.4.3 Random]Access Memory (RAM) 194 5.5 Application Processing Unit 196 5.5.1 Application Processor Peripherals 196 5.6 Multimedia Modules 197 5.7 Microphone 197 5.7.1 Principle of Operation 197 5.8 Loudspeaker 200 5.9 Camera 201 5.10 Display 202 5.11 Keypad and Touchscreen 203 5.12 Analog]to]Digital Conversion (ADC) Module 205 5.13 Automatic Gain Control (AGC) Module 207 5.14 Frequency Generation Unit 209 5.15 Automatic Frequency Correction (AFC) Module 212 5.15.1 The Analog VC]TCXO 213 5.15.2 Digitally Controlled Crystal Oscillators – DCXO 213 5.16 Alert Signal Generation 215 5.17 Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) 216 5.18 Connectivity Modules 217 5.18.1 Bluetooth 217 5.18.2 USB 219 5.18.3 WiFi 222 5.19 RF Baseband (BB) Interface 226 5.20 System Design 226 5.20.1 System Design Goal and Metrics 227 5.20.2 System Architecture 228 Reference 229 Further Reading 229 6 UE RF Components and System Design 230 6.1 Introduction to RF Systems 230 6.2 RF Front]End Module (FEM) 230 6.2.1 Antenna 230 6.2.2 Baluns 242 6.2.3 Mixers 247 6.3 RF Downconversion 251 6.3.1 Different Types of RF Downconversion Techniques 251 6.3.2 Homodyne Receivers 256 6.3.3 Low IF Receiver 264 6.3.4 Wideband IF Receivers 267 6.4 Receiver Performance Evaluation Parameters 269 6.4.1 Receiver Architecture Comparison 272 6.4.2 Other Feasible Architectures 272 6.4.3 Path to Future Receivers 272 6.5 RF Transmitter 272 6.5.1 Power]Limited and Bandwidth]Limited Digital Communication System Design 275 6.5.2 Investigation of the Tradeoffs between Modulation and Amplifier Nonlinearity 278 6.6 Transmitter Architecture Design 279 6.6.1 Nonlinear Transmitters 280 6.6.2 Linear Transmitters 280 6.6.3 Common Architecture for Nonlinear and Linear Transmitters 281 6.6.4 Polar Transmitter 283 6.6.5 Power Amplifier (PA) 285 6.7 Transmitter Performance Measures 288 6.7.1 Design Challenges 289 6.8 LTE Frequency Bands 289 Further Reading 291 7 Software Architecture Design 292 7.1 Introduction 292 7.2 Booting Process 292 7.2.1 Initialization (Boot) Code 294 7.3 Operating System 298 7.3.1 Commonly Used Mobile Operating Systems 299 7.3.2 Real]Time Operating System 302 7.3.3 OS Operation 302 7.3.4 Selection of an Operating System 303 7.4 Device Driver Software 303 7.5 Speech and Multimedia Application Software 304 7.5.1 Speech Codec 304 7.5.2 Voice Support in LTE 309 7.5.3 Audio Codec 310 7.5.4 Images 311 7.5.5 Video 313 7.6 UE Protocol Stack Software 314 Further Reading 316 8 Battery and Power Management Unit Design 317 8.1 Introduction to the Power Management Unit 317 8.2 Battery Charging Circuit 318 8.2.1 Battery Charging from a USB Port 319 8.2.2 Wireless Charging 320 8.3 Battery 320 8.3.1 Battery Working Principles 320 8.3.2 Power versus Energy 322 8.3.3 Talk Time and Standby Time 322 8.3.4 Types of Rechargeable Batteries and Performance Parameters 322 8.4 Mobile Terminal Energy Consumption 324 8.4.1 System]Level Analysis of Power Consumption 325 8.5 Low]Power Smartphone Design 326 8.6 Low]Power Design Techniques 327 8.6.1 System]Level Power Optimization 327 8.6.2 Algorithmic Level 329 8.6.3 Technology 330 8.6.4 Circuit/Logic 331 8.6.5 Architecture 332 8.6.6 Power Consumption in Microprocessors 332 8.6.7 Power Consumption in Memory 332 Further Reading 335 9 4G and Beyond 337 9.1 Introduction to LTE]Advanced 337 9.2 LTE]Advanced Features 337 9.2.1 Carrier Aggregation 337 9.2.2 Enhanced Uplink Multiple Access 341 9.2.3 Enhanced Multiple Antenna Transmission 342 9.2.4 Relaying 342 9.2.5 Device to Device 342 9.2.6 Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP) 344 9.2.7 Heterogeneous Networks and Enhanced ICIC 344 9.2.8 LTE Self]Optimizing Networks (SON) 346 9.3 LTE]A UE Modem Processing 346 9.4 LTE]A UE Implementation 347 9.5 Future Generations (5G) 348 9.6 Internet of Things (IoT) 350 Further Reading 351 Index 352

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Book SynopsisElectronic devices based on oxide semiconductors are the focus of much attention, with crystalline materials generating huge commercial success. Indiumgalliumzinc oxide (IGZO) transistors have a higher mobility than amorphous silicon transistors, and an extremely low off-state current. C-axis aligned crystalline (CAAC) IGZO enables aggressive down-scaling, high reliability, and process simplification of transistors in displays and LSI devices. This original book introduces the CAAC-IGZO structure, and describes the physics and technology of this new class of oxide materials. It explains the crystallographic classification and characteristics of crystalline oxidesemiconductors, their crystallographic characteristics and physical properties, and how this unique material has made a major contribution to the field of oxide semiconductor thin films. Two further books in this series describe applications of CAAC-IGZO in flat-panel displays and LSI devices. Key features: <Table of ContentsAbout the Editors ix List of Contributors xi Series Editor’s Foreword xii Preface xiv Acknowledgments xvii Introduction xviii 1 Layered Compounds in the In 2 O 3 –Ga 2 O 3 –ZnO System and Related Compounds in the Ternary System 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Syntheses and Phase Equilibrium Diagrams 3 1.2.1 Phase Equilibrium Diagrams in the System R 2 O 3 −Fe 2 O 3 −FeO (R = Y and Yb) 4 1.2.2 Phase Equilibrium Diagram for the System In 2 O 3 −A 2 O 3 −BO (A = Ga and Fe; B = Zn, Mg, Cu, and Co) 6 1.2.3 Phase Equilibrium Diagram of the System In 2 O 3 –A 2 O 3 –ZnO (A = Fe and Al) 12 1.2.4 Other Layered-Structure Compounds 16 1.3 Crystal Structures 16 1.3.1 Crystal Structures of InGaO 3 (ZnO) m (m = 1, 2, 3, and 4) 17 1.3.2 Lattice Constants of InAO 3 (ZnO) m (A = In, Fe, Ga, and Al) 30 1.3.3 Structural Characteristics of RAO 3 (BO) m Crystals 35 1.4 Latest Topics in Crystalline IGZO 37 1.4.1 Interest in Non-conventional Compounds, InGaO3 (ZnO) m(m: non-integral number) 37 1.4.2 Crystal Structures and Local Structures 38 1.4.3 Atomic Distribution in Crystalline IGZO(1:1:1.5) 41 1.4.4 Influence of Composition of Crystalline IGZO 41 Appendix 1.A High-Angle Annular Dark-Field Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy and Annular Bright-Field Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy 43 1.a.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy 43 1.a.2 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy 44 References 46 2 Systematic View of CAAC-IGZO and Other Crystalline IGZO Thin Films 50 2.1 Introduction 50 2.2 Fabrication Process 53 2.2.1 Features of CAAC-IGZO 54 2.2.2 Relation between Deposition Conditions and Crystallinity 54 2.2.3 Comparison with Other Apparatus 61 2.2.4 2D-XRD Analysis 62 2.2.5 Inhibition of Crystal Growth by Impurities 66 2.2.6 Summary 69 2.3 Structural Analysis 70 2.3.1 Features of CAAC-IGZO 70 2.3.2 Structural Analysis by TEM 72 2.3.3 Evaluation of Crystal Morphology in CAAC-IGZO 77 2.3.4 Summary 83 2.4 Deposition Mechanism 84 2.4.1 Introduction 84 2.4.2 Formation of Nanoclusters in CAAC-IGZO Thin Films 88 2.4.3 Lateral Growth Model of IGZO Nanoclusters 91 2.4.4 Discussion on Growth Mechanism 94 2.4.5 Summary 98 2.5 Structural Stability 98 2.5.1 Introduction 98 2.5.2 Electron Diffraction Analysis of CAAC-IGZO and nc-IGZO Films 99 2.5.3 NBED Analysis of Nanoscale Region in nc-IGZO Film 100 2.5.4 Stability Against Electron-Beam Irradiation 102 2.5.5 Measurement of Nanoclusters in CAAC-IGZO and nc-IGZO Films 104 2.5.6 Influence of Deposition Pressure on Density of IGZO Film 108 2.5.7 Chemical Stability 112 2.5.8 Summary 114 2.6 Single-Crystal and Polycrystalline IGZO 115 2.6.1 Introduction 115 2.6.2 Crystalline IGZO Formed by Thermal Annealing 115 2.6.3 Crystalline IGZO Fabricated by Laser Annealing 118 2.7 Researching More Highly Functional IGZO Material 125 2.7.1 Homologous Series of IGZO 125 2.7.2 Constituent Elements of IGZO and their Influence on Properties 129 2.7.3 Selection of High-Mobility IGZO Material in Terms of Solid-Solution Region 130 2.7.4 Evaluation Results of IGZO (In : Ga : Zn = 4 : 2 : 3) Film 130 2.7.5 CAAC-IGZO FET Characteristics of IGZO(4:2:3) 134 2.7.6 Summary 134 Appendix 2.A Discovery of CAAC-IGZO 135 Appendix 2.B Selected-Area Electron Diffraction and Nano-Beam Electron Diffraction 137 2.b.1 Diffraction Method 137 2.b.2 Electron Diffraction 138 Appendix 2.C Electron Diffraction Simulation of IGZO 142 Appendix 2.D Quantitative Evaluation of Alignment of IGZO Using NBED Method 143 Appendix 2.E Crystallinity of IGZO Thin Film Deposited by Pulsed Laser Deposition 147 2.e.1 Introduction 147 2.e.2 Crystallinity of IGZO Thin Film Deposited by Pulsed Laser Deposition 148 References 150 3 Fundamental Properties of IGZO 153 3.1 Introduction 153 3.2 Band Structure 155 3.2.1 Introduction 155 3.2.2 Optical Characteristics and Bandgap 155 3.2.3 Band Structure and Effective Mass 158 3.2.4 Summary 161 3.3 Defect Levels in IGZO Bandgaps 161 3.3.1 Introduction 161 3.3.2 Evaluation of Oxygen Vacancy and Defect Levels in IGZO Thin Films 162 3.3.3 Low-Temperature Photoluminescence 163 3.3.4 Constant Photocurrent Method 163 3.3.5 Deep Defect Level by Calculation 167 3.3.6 Oxygen Vacancy and Crystallinity of IGZO 170 3.3.7 Observations of Oxygen in IGZO 174 3.3.8 Summary 177 3.4 Origin of Main Donor 179 3.4.1 Introduction 179 3.4.2 Relationship between Hydrogen Concentration and Conductivity 179 3.4.3 Quantitative Relationship between Carrier and Hydrogen Concentrations 182 3.4.4 Stable Structure for Coexistence of Oxygen Vacancy and Hydrogen 183 3.4.5 Energy Level of Donor States 184 3.4.6 Thermal Stability of Hydrogen Substituting Oxygen 185 3.4.7 Summary 189 3.5 Electrical Conduction Mechanisms 190 3.5.1 Introduction 190 3.5.2 Dominant Scattering Center in Crystalline IGZO 191 3.5.3 Theoretical Model of Electron Mobility for In-Rich IGZO 194 3.5.4 Conclusion and Some Ideas for Conduction Mechanisms in IGZO 198 3.6 Summary 199 Appendix 3.A X-Ray Reflectivity and Constant Photocurrent Method 200 3.a.1 X-Ray Reflectivity 200 3.a.2 Constant Photocurrent Method 202 Appendix 3.B First-Principles Calculation Methods 205 3.b.1 Search for Stable Distribution of Ga and Zn Atoms in InGaZnO 4 206 3.b.2 Formation of Amorphous IGZO Model 209 3.b.3 Defect Valuation by Calculation 211 References 214 4 CAAC-IGZO Field-Effect Transistor 216 4.1 Physics of MOSFETs 216 4.1.1 Classification of MOSFETs 217 4.1.2 Operating Mechanism of CAAC-IGZO FET 219 4.1.3 FET Characteristics and Performance Indexes 229 4.2 Electrical Characteristics of CAAC-IGZO FET 232 4.2.1 Current–Voltage Characteristics of CAAC-IGZO FET 232 4.2.2 Normally-Off Threshold Voltage of CAAC-IGZO FET 235 4.2.3 Extremely Low Off-State Current of CAAC-IGZO FET 237 4.2.4 Frequency Characteristics of CAAC-IGZO FET 254 4.3 Comparison between CAAC-IGZO and Si FETs 258 4.3.1 Off-State Current 259 4.3.2 Saturation Characteristics 260 4.3.3 Short-Channel Effects 263 4.4 Advantages of CAAC-IGZO as FET Material 266 4.4.1 Effects of CAAC Morphology on IGZO Thin-Film and FET Characteristics 266 4.4.2 Application to Large-Sized Devices 272 4.4.3 Multi-layered CAAC-IGZO 274 4.4.4 Impurity Blocking Effects of CAAC-IGZO 280 4.5 Summary 281 References 282 5 Device Application Using CAAC-IGZO 285 5.1 Introduction 285 5.2 CAAC-IGZO FETs 286 5.2.1 Bottom-Gate Top-Contact Structure 287 5.2.2 Top-Gate Top-Contact Structure 292 5.2.3 Top-Gate Self-aligned Structure 293 5.2.4 Summary 297 5.3 Application to LSI 298 5.4 Application to Displays 304 5.5 Market Prospects 309 References 309 Appendix: Unit Prefix 311 Index 312

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Book SynopsisA hands-on introduction to advanced applications of power system transients with practical examples Transient Analysis of Power Systems: A Practical Approach offers an authoritative guide to the traditional capabilities and the new software and hardware approaches that can be used to carry out transient studies and make possible new and more complex research. The book explores a wide range of topics from an introduction to the subject to a review of the many advanced applications, involving the creation of custom-made models and tools and the application of multicore environments for advanced studies. The authors cover the general aspects of the transient analysis such as modelling guidelines, solution techniques and capabilities of a transient tool. The book also explores the usual application of a transient tool including over-voltages, power quality studies and simulation of power electronics devices. In addition, it contains an introduction to the traTable of ContentsAbout the Editor xv List of Contributors xvii Preface xix About the Companion Website xxi 1 Introduction to Transients Analysis of Power Systems with ATP 1 Juan A. Martinez-Velasco 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 The ATP Package 3 1.3 ATP Documentation 5 1.4 Scope of the Book 6 References 8 2 Modelling of Power Components for Transients Studies 11 Juan A. Martinez-Velasco 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Overhead Lines 12 2.2.1 Overview 12 2.2.2 Multi-conductor Transmission Line Equations and Models 13 2.2.2.1 Transmission Line Equations 13 2.2.2.2 Corona Effect 15 2.2.2.3 Line Constants Routine 15 2.2.3 Transmission Line Towers 16 2.2.4 Transmission Line Grounding 17 2.2.4.1 Introduction 17 2.2.4.2 Low-Frequency Models 17 2.2.4.3 High-Frequency Models 18 2.2.4.4 Treatment of Soil Ionization 20 2.2.5 Transmission Line Insulation 21 2.2.5.1 Voltage-Time Curves 21 2.2.5.2 Integration Methods 22 2.2.5.3 Physical Models 22 2.3 Insulated Cables 23 2.3.1 Overview 23 2.3.2 Insulated Cable Designs 24 2.3.3 Bonding Techniques 25 2.3.4 Material Properties 26 2.3.5 Discussion 27 2.3.6 Cable Constants/Parameters Routines 27 2.4 Transformers 28 2.4.1 Overview 28 2.4.2 Transformer Models for Low-Frequency Transients 31 2.4.2.1 Introduction to Low-Frequency Models 31 2.4.2.2 Single-Phase Transformer Models 32 2.4.2.3 Three-Phase Transformer Models 36 2.4.3 Transformer Modelling for High-Frequency Transients 37 2.4.3.1 Introduction to High-Frequency Models 37 2.4.3.2 Models for Internal Voltage Calculation 39 2.4.3.3 Terminal Models 41 2.5 Rotating Machines 45 2.5.1 Overview 45 2.5.2 Rotating Machine Models for Low-Frequency Transients 46 2.5.2.1 Introduction 46 2.5.2.2 Modelling of Induction Machines 46 2.5.2.3 Modelling of Synchronous Machines 51 2.5.3 High-Frequency Models for Rotating Machine Windings 55 2.5.3.1 Introduction 55 2.5.3.2 Internal Models 56 2.5.3.3 Terminal Models 58 2.6 Circuit Breakers 58 2.6.1 Overview 58 2.6.2 Circuit Breaker Models for Opening Operations 59 2.6.2.1 Current Interruption 59 2.6.2.2 Circuit Breaker Models 60 2.6.2.3 Gas-Filled Circuit Breaker Models 61 2.6.2.4 Vacuum Circuit Breaker Models 62 2.6.3 Circuit Breaker Models for Closing Operations 64 2.6.3.1 Introduction 64 2.6.3.2 Statistical Switches 65 2.6.3.3 Prestrike Models 66 Acknowledgement 66 References 66 3 Solution Techniques for Electromagnetic Transient Analysis 75 Juan A. Martinez-Velasco 3.1 Introduction 75 3.2 Modelling of Power System Components for Transient Analysis 76 3.3 Solution Techniques for Electromagnetic Transients Analysis 78 3.3.1 Introduction 78 3.3.2 Solution Techniques for Linear Networks 78 3.3.2.1 The Trapezoidal Rule 78 3.3.2.2 Companion Circuits of Basic Circuit Elements 79 3.3.2.3 Computation of Transients in Linear Networks 85 3.3.2.4 Example: Transient Solution of a Linear Network 86 3.3.3 Networks with Nonlinear Elements 87 3.3.3.1 Introduction 87 3.3.3.2 Compensation Methods 87 3.3.3.3 Piecewise Linear Representation 89 3.3.4 Solution Methods for Networks with Switches 90 3.3.5 Numerical Oscillations 91 3.4 Transient Analysis of Control Systems 96 3.5 Initialization 97 3.5.1 Introduction 97 3.5.2 Initialization of the Power Network 97 3.5.2.1 Options for Steady-State Solution Without Harmonics 97 3.5.2.2 Steady-State Solution 98 3.5.3 Load Flow Solution 99 3.5.4 Initialization of Control Systems 100 3.6 Discussion 100 3.6.1 Solution Techniques Implemented in ATP 101 3.6.2 Other Solution Techniques 101 3.6.2.1 Transient Solution of Networks 101 3.6.2.2 Transient Analysis of Control Systems 102 3.6.2.3 Steady-State Initialization 102 Acknowledgement 103 References 103 To Probe Further 106 4 The ATP Package: Capabilities and Applications 107 Juan A. Martinez-Velasco and Jacinto Martin-Arnedo 4.1 Introduction 107 4.2 Capabilities of the ATP Package 108 4.2.1 Overview 108 4.2.2 The Simulation Module – TPBIG 109 4.2.2.1 Overview 109 4.2.2.2 Modelling Capabilities 110 4.2.2.3 Solution Techniques 117 4.2.3 The Graphical User Interface – ATPDraw 120 4.2.3.1 Overview 120 4.2.3.2 Main Functionalities 120 4.2.3.3 Supporting Modules for Power System Components 123 4.2.4 The Postprocessor – TOP 125 4.2.4.1 Data Management 125 4.2.4.2 Data Display 126 4.2.4.3 Data Processing 127 4.2.4.4 Data Formatting 127 4.2.4.5 Graphical Output 127 4.3 Applications 128 4.4 Illustrative Case Studies 129 4.4.1 Introduction 129 4.4.2 Case Study 1: Optimum Allocation of Capacitor Banks 130 4.4.3 Case Study 2: Parallel Resonance Between Transmission Lines 132 4.4.4 Case Study 3: Selection of Surge Arresters 133 4.5 Remarks 136 References 136 To Probe Further 138 5 Introduction to the Simulation of Electromagnetic Transients Using ATP 139 Juan A. Martinez-Velasco and Francisco González-Molin 5.1 Introduction 139 5.2 Input Data File Using ATP Formats 140 5.3 Some Important Issues 142 5.3.1 Before Simulating the Test Case 142 5.3.1.1 Setting Up a System Model 142 5.3.1.2 Topology Requirements 142 5.3.1.3 Selection of the Time-Step Size and the Simulation Time 143 5.3.1.4 Units 143 5.3.1.5 Output Selection 144 5.3.2 After Simulating the Test Case 144 5.3.2.1 Verifying the Results 144 5.3.2.2 Debugging Suggestions 144 5.4 Introductory Cases. Linear Circuits 145 5.4.1 The Series and Parallel RLC Circuits 145 5.4.2 The Series RLC Circuit: Energization Transient 145 5.4.2.1 Theoretical Analysis 145 5.4.2.2 ATP Implementation 147 5.4.2.3 Simulation Results 148 5.4.3 The Parallel RLC Circuit: De-energization Transient 150 5.4.3.1 Theoretical Analysis 150 5.4.3.2 ATP Implementation 152 5.4.3.3 Simulation Results 153 5.5 Switching of Capacitive Currents 155 5.5.1 Introduction 155 5.5.2 Switching Transients in Simple Capacitive Circuits – DC Supply 155 5.5.2.1 Energization of a Capacitor Bank 155 5.5.2.2 Energization of a Back-to-Back Capacitor Bank 157 5.5.3 Switching Transients in Simple Capacitive Circuits – AC Supply 159 5.5.3.1 Energization of a Capacitor Bank 159 5.5.3.2 Energization of a Back-to-Back Capacitor Bank 160 5.5.3.3 Reclosing into Trapped Charge 162 5.5.4 Discharge of a Capacitor Bank 164 5.6 Switching of Inductive Currents 168 5.6.1 Introduction 168 5.6.2 Switching of Inductive Currents in Linear Circuits 168 5.6.2.1 Interruption of Inductive Currents 168 5.6.2.2 Voltage Escalation During the Interruption of Inductive Currents 170 5.6.2.3 Current Chopping 172 5.6.2.4 Making of Inductive Currents 175 5.6.3 Switching of Inductive Currents in Nonlinear Circuits 176 5.6.4 Transients in Nonlinear Reactances 178 5.6.4.1 Interruption of an Inductive Current 180 5.6.4.2 Energization of a Nonlinear Reactance 181 5.6.5 Ferroresonance 184 5.7 Transient Analysis of Circuits with Distributed Parameters 187 5.7.1 Introduction 187 5.7.2 Transients in Linear Circuits with Distributed-Parameter Components 187 5.7.2.1 Energization of Lines and Cables 187 5.7.2.2 Transient Recovery Voltage During Fault Clearing 191 5.7.3 Transients in Nonlinear Circuits with Distributed-Parameter Components 195 5.7.3.1 Surge Arrester Protection 195 5.7.3.2 Protection Against Lightning Overvoltages Using Surge Arresters 196 References 201 Acknowledgement 202 To Probe Further 202 6 Calculation of Power System Overvoltages 203 Juan A. Martinez-Velasco and Ferley Castro-Aranda 6.1 Introduction 203 6.2 Power System Overvoltages: Causes and Characterization 204 6.3 Modelling for Simulation of Power System Overvoltages 206 6.3.1 Introduction 206 6.3.2 Modelling Guidelines for Temporary Overvoltages 207 6.3.3 Modelling Guidelines for Slow-Front Overvoltages 208 6.3.3.1 Lines and Cables 208 6.3.3.2 Transformers 208 6.3.3.3 Switchgear 208 6.3.3.4 Capacitors and Reactors 209 6.3.3.5 Surge Arresters 209 6.3.3.6 Loads 210 6.3.3.7 Power Supply 210 6.3.4 Modelling Guidelines for Fast-Front Overvoltages 210 6.3.4.1 Overhead Transmission Lines 210 6.3.4.2 Substations 212 6.3.4.3 Surge Arresters 213 6.3.4.4 Sources 214 6.3.5 Modelling Guidelines for Very Fast-Front Overvoltages in Gas Insulated Substations 214 6.4 ATP Capabilities for Power System Overvoltage Studies 216 6.5 Case Studies 216 6.5.1 Introduction 216 6.5.2 Low-Frequency Overvoltages 216 6.5.2.1 Case Study 1: Resonance Between Parallel Lines 217 6.5.2.2 Case Study 2: Ferroresonance in a Distribution System 219 6.5.3 Slow-Front Overvoltages 225 6.5.3.1 Case Study 3: Transmission Line Energization 227 6.5.3.2 Case Study 4: Capacitor Bank Switching 238 6.5.4 Fast-Front Overvoltages 243 6.5.4.1 Case Study 5: Lightning Performance of an Overhead Transmission Line 244 6.5.5 Very Fast-Front Overvoltages 261 6.5.5.1 Case Study 6: Origin of Very Fast-Front Transients in GIS 262 6.5.5.2 Case Study 7: Propagation of Very Fast-Front Transients in GIS 263 6.5.5.3 Case Study 8: Very Fast-Front Transients in a 765 kV GIS 267 References 270 To Probe Further 274 7 Simulation of Rotating Machine Dynamics 275 Juan A. Martinez-Velasco 7.1 Introduction 275 7.2 Representation of Rotating Machines in Transients Studies 275 7.3 ATP Rotating Machines Models 276 7.3.1 Background 276 7.3.2 Built-in Rotating Machine Models 276 7.3.3 Rotating Machine Models for Fast Transients Simulation 278 7.4 Solution Methods 278 7.4.1 Introduction 278 7.4.2 Three-Phase Synchronous Machine Model 278 7.4.3 Universal Machine Module 281 7.4.4 WindSyn-Based Models 284 7.5 Procedure to Edit Machine Data Input 284 7.6 Capabilities of Rotating Machine Models 285 7.7 Case Studies: Three-Phase Synchronous Machine 287 7.7.1 Overview 287 7.7.2 Case Study 1: Stand-Alone Three-Phase Synchronous Generator 288 7.7.3 Case Study 2: Load Rejection 288 7.7.4 Case Study 3: Transient Stability 298 7.7.5 Case Study 4: Subsynchronous Resonance 302 7.8 Case Studies: Three-Phase Induction Machine 309 7.8.1 Overview 309 7.8.2 Case Study 5: Induction Machine Test 310 7.8.3 Case Study 6: Transient Response of the Induction Machine 313 7.8.3.1 First Case 314 7.8.3.2 Second Case 314 7.8.3.3 Third Case 318 7.8.4 Case Study 7: SCIM-Based Wind Power Generation 323 References 328 To Probe Further 331 8 Power Electronics Applications 333 Juan A. Martinez-Velasco and Jacinto Martin-Arnedo 8.1 Introduction 333 8.2 Converter Models 334 8.2.1 Switching Models 334 8.2.2 Dynamic Average Models 334 8.3 Power Semiconductor Models 335 8.3.1 Introduction 335 8.3.2 Ideal Device Models 335 8.3.3 More Detailed Device Models 335 8.3.4 Approximate Models 336 8.4 Solution Methods for Power Electronics Studies 337 8.4.1 Introduction 337 8.4.2 Time-Domain Transient Solution 337 8.4.3 Initialization 338 8.5 ATP Simulation of Power Electronics Systems 338 8.5.1 Introduction 338 8.5.2 Switching Devices 339 8.5.2.1 Built-in Semiconductor Models 339 8.5.2.2 Custom-made Semiconductor Models 340 8.5.3 Power Electronics Systems 342 8.5.4 Power Systems 343 8.5.5 Control Systems 343 8.5.6 Rotating Machines 344 8.5.6.1 Built-in Rotating Machine Models 344 8.5.6.2 Custom-made Rotating Machine Models 344 8.5.7 Simulation Errors 345 8.6 Power Electronics Applications in Transmission, Distribution, Generation and Storage Systems 345 8.6.1 Overview 345 8.6.2 Transmission Systems 346 8.6.3 Distribution Systems 346 8.6.4 DER Systems 347 8.7 Introduction to the Simulation of Power Electronics Systems 349 8.7.1 Overview 349 8.7.2 One-Switch Case Studies 350 8.7.3 Two-Switches Case Studies 351 8.7.4 Application of the GIFU Request 355 8.7.5 Simulation of Power Electronics Converters 361 8.7.5.1 Single-phase Inverter 361 8.7.5.2 Three-phase Line-Commutated Diode Bridge Rectifier 362 8.7.6 Discussion 365 8.8 Case Studies 367 8.8.1 Introduction 367 8.8.2 Case Study 1: Three-phase Controlled Rectifier 367 8.8.3 Case Study 2: Three-phase Adjustable Speed AC Drive 369 8.8.4 Case Study 3: Digitally-controlled Static VAR Compensator 373 8.8.4.1 Test System 375 8.8.4.2 Control Strategy 375 8.8.5 Case Study 4: Unified Power Flow Controller 382 8.8.5.1 Configuration 382 8.8.5.2 Control 382 8.8.5.3 Modelling 384 8.8.5.4 ATPDraw Implementation 385 8.8.5.5 Simulation Results 385 8.8.6 Case Study 5: Solid State Transformer 386 8.8.6.1 Introduction 386 8.8.6.2 SST Configuration 388 8.8.6.3 Control Strategies 388 8.8.6.4 Test System and Modelling Guidelines 393 8.8.6.5 Case Studies 396 Acknowledgement 399 References 399 To Probe Further 404 9 Creation of Libraries 405 Juan A. Martinez Velasco and Jacinto Martin-Arnedo 9.1 Introduction 405 9.2 Creation of Custom-Made Modules 406 9.2.1 Introduction 406 9.2.2 Application of DATA BASE MODULE 406 9.2.3 Application of MODELS 411 9.2.4 The Group Option 417 9.3 Application of the ATP to Power Quality Studies 419 9.3.1 Introduction 419 9.3.2 Power Quality Issues 419 9.3.3 Simulation of Power Quality Problems 422 9.3.4 Power Quality Studies 423 9.4 Custom-Made Modules for Power Quality Studies 426 9.5 Case Studies 426 9.5.1 Overview 426 9.5.2 Harmonics Analysis 426 9.5.2.1 Case Study 1: Generation of Harmonic Waveforms 428 9.5.2.2 Case Study 2: Harmonic Resonance 431 9.5.2.3 Case Study 3: Harmonic Frequency Scan 434 9.5.2.4 Case Study 4: Compensation of Harmonic Currents 441 9.5.3 Voltage Dip Studies in Distribution Systems 447 9.5.3.1 Overview 447 9.5.3.2 Case Study 5: Voltage Dip Measurement 449 9.5.3.3 Case Study 6: Voltage Dip Characterization 454 9.5.3.4 Case Study 7: Voltage Dip Mitigation 462 References 466 To Probe Further 470 10 Protection Systems 471 Juan A. Martinez-Velasco and Jacinto Martin-Arnedo 10.1 Introduction 471 10.2 Modelling Guidelines for Protection Studies 472 10.2.1 Line and Cable Models 472 10.2.1.1 Models for Steady-State Studies 473 10.2.1.2 Models for Transient Studies 473 10.2.2 Transformer Models 473 10.2.2.1 Low-frequency Transformer Models 474 10.2.2.2 High-frequency Transformer Models 475 10.2.3 Source Models 475 10.2.4 Circuit Breaker Models 475 10.3 Models of Instrument Transformers 476 10.3.1 Introduction 476 10.3.2 Current Transformers 476 10.3.3 Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformers 478 10.3.4 Voltage Transformers 479 10.3.5 Case Studies 480 10.3.5.1 Case Study 1: Current Transformer Test 480 10.3.5.2 Case Study 2: Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformer Test 482 10.3.6 Discussion 484 10.4 Relay Modelling 484 10.4.1 Introduction 484 10.4.2 Classification of Relay Models 485 10.4.3 Implementation of Relay Models 486 10.4.4 Applications of Relay Models 488 10.4.5 Testing and Validation of Relay Models 488 10.4.6 Accuracy and Limitations of Relay Models 490 10.4.7 Case Studies 490 10.4.7.1 Overview 490 10.4.7.2 Case Study 3: Simulation of an Electromechanical Distance Relay 491 10.4.7.3 Case Study 4: Simulation of a Numerical Distance Relay 497 10.5 Protection of Distribution Systems 508 10.5.1 Introduction 508 10.5.2 Protection of Distribution Systems with Distributed Generation 508 10.5.2.1 Distribution Feeder Protection 508 10.5.2.2 Interconnection Protection 508 10.5.3 Modelling of Distribution Feeder Protective Devices 509 10.5.3.1 Circuit Breakers – Overcurrent Relays 509 10.5.3.2 Reclosers 511 10.5.3.3 Fuses 511 10.5.3.4 Sectionalizers 512 10.5.4 Protection of the Interconnection of Distributed Generators 513 10.5.5 Case Studies 514 10.5.5.1 Case Study 5: Testing the Models 514 10.5.5.2 Case Study 6: Coordination Between Protective Devices 524 10.5.5.3 Case Study 7: Protection of Distributed Generation 525 10.6 Discussion 531 Acknowledgement 533 References 533 To Probe Further 537 11 ATP Applications Using a Parallel Computing Environment 539 Javier A. Corea-Araujo, Gerardo Guerra and Juan A. Martinez-Velasco 11.1 Introduction 539 11.2 Bifurcation Diagrams for Ferroresonance Characterization 540 11.2.1 Introduction 540 11.2.2 Characterization of Ferroresonance 540 11.2.3 Modelling Guidelines for Ferroresonance Analysis 541 11.2.4 Generation of Bifurcation Diagrams 541 11.2.5 Parametric Analysis Using a Multicore Environment 542 11.2.6 Case Studies 544 11.2.6.1 Case 1: An Illustrative Example 544 11.2.6.2 Case 2: Ferroresonant Behaviour of a Voltage Transformer 545 11.2.6.3 Case 3: Ferroresonance in a Five-Legged Core Transformer 545 11.2.7 Discussion 550 11.3 Lightning Performance Analysis of Transmission Lines 550 11.3.1 Introduction 550 11.3.2 Lightning Stroke Characterization 551 11.3.3 Modelling for Lightning Overvoltage Calculations 552 11.3.4 Implementation of the Monte Carlo Procedure Using Parallel Computing 554 11.3.5 Illustrative Example 555 11.3.5.1 Test Line 555 11.3.5.2 Line and Lightning Stroke Parameters 555 11.3.5.3 Simulation Results 559 11.3.6 Discussion 562 11.4 Optimum Design of a Hybrid HVDC Circuit Breaker 563 11.4.1 Introduction 563 11.4.2 Design and Operation of the Hybrid HVDC Circuit Breaker 563 11.4.3 ATP Implementation of the Hybrid HVDC Circuit Breaker 565 11.4.4 Test System 566 11.4.5 Transient Response of the Hybrid Circuit Breaker 567 11.4.6 Implementation of a Parallel Genetic Algorithm 568 11.4.7 Simulation Results 570 11.4.8 Discussion 574 Acknowledgement 575 References 575 A Characteristics of the Multicore Installation 579 B Test System Parameters for Ferroresonance Studies 579 To Probe Further 580 Index 581

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Book SynopsisIntelligent Reconfigurable Surfaces (IRS) for Prospective 6G Wireless Networks Authoritative resource covering preliminary concepts and advanced concerns in the field of IRS and its role in 6G wireless systems Intelligent Reconfigurable Surfaces (IRS) for Prospective 6G Wireless Networks provides an in-depth treatment of the fundamental physics behind reconfigurable metasurfaces, also known as intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS), and outlines the research roadmap towards their development as a low-complexity and energy-efficient solution aimed at turning the wireless environment into a software-defined entity. The text demonstrates IRS from different angles, including the underlying physics, hardware architecture, operating principles, and prototype designs. It enables readers to grasp the knowledge of the interplay of IRS and state-of-the-art technologies, examining the advantages, key principles, challenges, and potential use-cases. Practically, it equips readers with the fundamentTable of ContentsList of Contributors xiii 1 Introduction 1 Muhammad Ali Imran, Lina Mohjazi, Lina Bariah, Sami Muhaidat, Tei Jun Cui, and Qammer H. Abbasi References 5 2 IRS in the Near-Field: From Basic Principles to Optimal Design 7 Konstantinos Dovelos, Stylianos D. Assimonis, Hien Q. Ngo, and Michail Matthaiou 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Basic Principles 8 2.2.1 IRS Model 8 2.2.2 Signal Model of IRS-Aided System 9 2.3 Near-Field Channel Model 10 2.3.1 Spherical Wavefront 10 2.3.2 Path Loss 12 2.4 Phase Shift Design 13 2.4.1 Beamfocusing 13 2.4.2 Conventional Beamforming 14 2.5 Energy Efficiency 17 2.5.1 MIMO System 17 2.5.2 IRS-aided MIMO System 18 2.6 Optimal IRS Placement 19 2.7 Open Future Research Directions 20 2.8 Conclusions 22 References 22 3 Feasibility of Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces to Combine Terrestrial and Non-terrestrial Networks 25 Muhammad A. Jamshed, Qammer H. Abbasi, and Masood Ur-Rehman 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces 27 3.2.1 Background and Architecture 27 3.2.2 Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces in Wireless Networks 28 3.3 Non-terrestrial Networks 29 3.3.1 Non-terrestrial Networks: 3GPP Vision 30 3.4 Revamping Non-terrestrial Networks Using Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces 34 3.4.1 Satellites for Communication: Background 34 3.4.2 Indoor Connectivity Using Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces 35 3.5 Conclusion 37 References 37 4 Towards the Internet of MetaMaterial Things: Software Enablers for User-Customizable Electromagnetic Wave Propagation 41 Christos Liaskos, Georgios G. Pyrialakos, Alexandros Pitilakis, Ageliki Tsioliaridou, Michail Christodoulou, Nikolaos Kantartzis, Sotiris Ioannidis, Andreas Pitsillides, and Ian F. Akyildiz 4.1 Introduction 41 4.1.1 Key Enabler 1 42 4.1.2 Key Enabler 2 43 4.2 Pre-requisites and Related Work 47 4.2.1 Meta-materials: Principles of Operation, Classification, and Supported Functionalities 49 4.3 Networked meta-materials and SDN workflows 51 4.4 Application Programming Interface for Meta-materials 53 4.4.1 Data Structures of the Meta-material API 55 4.4.2 API Callbacks and Event Handling 56 4.5 The Meta-material Middleware 58 4.5.1 Functionality Optimization Workflow: Meta-material Modelling and State Calibration 60 4.5.2 The Meta-material Functionality Profiler 64 4.6 Software Implementation and Evaluation 65 4.7 Discussion: The Transformational Potential of the IoMMT and Future Directions 73 4.8 Conclusion 75 Acknowledgements 76 References 77 5 IRS Hardware Architectures 83 Jun Y. Dai, Qiang Cheng, and Tie Jun Cui 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 Concept, Principle, and Composition of IRS 85 5.3 Operation Mode of IRS 87 5.3.1 Prototypes of Wavefront Manipulation Mode 88 5.3.2 Prototypes of Information Modulation Mode 91 5.4 Hardware Configuration of IRS 94 5.5 Conclusions 95 References 95 6 Practical Design Considerations for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces 99 James Rains, Jalil ur Rehman Kazim, Anvar Tukmanov, Lei Zhang, Qammer H. Abbasi, and Muhammad Ali Imran 6.1 Intelligent Reflecting Surface Architecture 99 6.1.1 Tunability of Unit-cell Elements 101 6.1.2 Configuration Networks 105 6.1.3 IRS Control Layer 108 6.2 Physical Limitations of IRSs 110 6.2.1 Bandwidth versus Phase Resolution 110 6.2.2 Incidence Angle Response 114 6.2.3 Quantization Effects: How Many Bits? 117 References 117 7 Channel Modelling in RIS-Empowered Wireless Communications 123 Ibrahim Yildirim and Ertugrul Basar 7.1 Introduction 123 7.2 A General Perspective on RIS Channel Modelling 125 7.3 Physical Channel Modelling for RIS-Empowered Systems at mmWave Bands 130 7.4 Physical Channel Modelling for RIS-Empowered Systems at Sub-6 GHz Bands 135 7.5 SimRIS Channel Simulator 139 7.6 Performance Analysis Using SimRIS Channel Simulator 141 7.7 Summary 145 Funding Acknowledgment 145 References 145 8 Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRS)-Aided Cellular Networks and Deep Learning-Based Design 149 Taniya Shafique, Amal Feriani, Hina Tabassum, and Ekram Hossain 8.1 Introduction 149 8.2 Contributions 150 8.3 Literature Review 151 8.3.1 Optimization 151 8.3.2 Deep Learning 152 8.4 System Model 154 8.4.1 Transmission Model 154 8.4.2 IRS-Assisted Transmission 155 8.4.2.1 Desired Signal Power 155 8.4.2.2 Interference Power 156 8.4.3 Direct Transmission 157 8.4.3.1 Desired Signal Power 157 8.4.3.2 Interference Power 157 8.4.4 SINR and Achievable Rate 157 8.5 Problem Formulation 158 8.6 Phase Shifts Optimization 158 8.6.1 Optimization-based Approach 159 8.6.2 DRL-based Approach 160 8.6.2.1 Backgound 160 8.6.2.2 MDP Formulation 161 8.6.2.3 Training Procedure 161 8.6.2.4 Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) 161 8.6.2.5 Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) 162 8.7 Numerical Results 163 8.7.1 Experimental Setup 163 8.7.2 Baselines 164 8.7.3 Results 164 8.8 Conclusion 167 References 167 9 Application and Future Direction of RIS 171 Jalil R. Kazim, James Rains, Muhammad Ali Imran, and Qammer H. Abbasi 9.1 Background 171 9.2 Introduction 172 9.2.1 Intelligent Reflective Surface 173 9.2.2 Analysis of RIS 174 9.2.3 Basic Functions of RIS 176 9.3 RIS-assisted High-Frequency Communication 177 9.3.1 RIS-assisted Multi-User Communication 179 9.4 RIS-assisted RF Sensing and Imaging 179 9.5 RIS-assisted-UAV Communication 180 9.6 RIS-assisted Wireless Power Transfer 181 9.7 RIS-assisted Indoor Localization 182 9.8 Conclusion 183 References 184 10 Distributed Multi-IRS-assisted 6G Wireless Networks: Channel Characterization and Performance Analysis 189 Tri N. Do, Georges Kaddoum, and Thanh L. Nguyen 10.1 Introduction 189 10.2 System Model 192 10.3 Channel Characterization and Performance Analysis 194 10.3.1 Gamma Distribution-based Statistical Channel Characterization 196 10.3.1.1 Gamma Distribution-based Ergodic Capacity Analysis 199 10.3.1.2 Gamma Distribution-based Outage Probability Analysis 200 10.3.2 Log-normal Distribution-based Statistical Channel Characterization 201 10.3.2.1 Log-normal Distribution-based Ergodic Capacity Analysis 201 10.3.2.2 Log-normal Distribution-based Outage Probability Analysis 203 10.4 Numerical Results and Discussions 203 10.5 Conclusions 209 References 210 11 RIS-Assisted UAV Communications 213 Mohammad O. Abualhauja’a, Shuja Ansari, Olaoluwa R. Popoola, Lina Mohjazi, Lina Bariah, Sami Muhaidat, Qammer H. Abbasi, and Muhammad Ali Imran 11.1 Introduction 213 11.2 Background 215 11.3 The Role of UAVs in the Future Mobile Networks and Their Unique Characteristics 216 11.3.1 UAV Characteristics 216 11.4 Challenges of UAV Communications 218 11.4.1 Air-to-Ground (3D) Channel Modelling 218 11.4.2 Three-dimensional Deployment of UAVs 219 11.4.3 Optimal Trajectory Planning 219 11.4.4 Network Planning for Cellular-connected UAV Applications 220 11.4.5 Interference Caused by Ground BSs 220 11.5 RIS-assisted UAV Communications: Integration Paradigms and Use Cases 220 11.5.1 RIS to Support UAV-assisted Communications Air-to-Ground (A2G) Links 222 11.5.2 RIS to Support Cellular-Connected UAV Ground-to-Air (G2A) Links 223 11.5.3 RIS-equipped Aerial Platforms RIS to Support Air-to-Air (A2A) Links 224 11.6 Preliminary Investigations 225 11.6.1 RIS versus Relay 225 11.6.1.1 System Model 225 11.6.1.2 Direct Transmission 226 11.6.1.3 RIS-supported Transmission 226 11.6.1.4 Relay-supported Transmission 227 11.6.1.5 Results and Discussion 227 11.7 Conclusions 229 References 229 12 Optical Wireless Communications Using Intelligent Walls 233 Anil Yesilkaya, Hanaa Abumarshoud, and Harald Haas 12.1 Introduction 233 12.2 Optical IRS: Background and Applications 235 12.2.1 IRS from the Physics Perspective 235 12.2.2 IRS Applications in OWC 238 12.2.2.1 Reflection for Blockage Mitigation 238 12.2.2.2 Enhanced Optical MIMO 240 12.2.2.3 Media-Based Modulation 241 12.2.2.4 Enhanced Optical NOMA 242 12.2.2.5 Enhanced PLS 243 12.3 Case Study: High Performance IRS-Aided Indoor LiFi 243 12.3.1 Channel Modelling 243 12.3.1.1 Generation of the Indoor Environment 245 12.3.1.2 Source Characterization 246 12.3.1.3 IRS and Coating Material Characterization 249 12.3.1.4 Receiver Characterization 252 12.3.2 Obtaining the Channel Models 254 12.3.2.1 MCRT Channel Characterization Results 256 12.3.2.2 VL Band Results 259 12.3.2.3 IR Band Results 262 12.3.3 The Achievable Rates for IRS-aided LiFi 265 12.4 Challenges and Research Directions 268 12.4.1 Modelling and Characterization 268 12.4.2 Inter-symbol Interference (ISI) 268 12.4.3 Channel Estimation 269 12.4.4 Real-time Operation 269 References 269 13 Conclusion 275 Muhammad Ali Imran, Lina Mohjazi, Lina Bariah, Sami Muhaidat, Tei Jun Cui, and Qammer H. Abbasi Index 279

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Book SynopsisThe definitive antenna referenceâthoroughly revised and expanded to cover the latest technologies!This fully updated handbook lays out complex antenna fundamentals in simple terms for ham and short wave radio hobbyists and electronics technicians. The book begins with quick explanations of present day antenna theories and practices before providing start-to-finish instruction on the fabrication and installation of real antennas. You will explore every type of antenna systemâfrom VHF/UHF to mobile/wireless and everything in between.Practical Antenna Handbook, Sixth Edition bridges the gap between the highly theoretical mathematics of antenna engineers and the âœhands-onâ focus of radio amateurs and experimenters. The book covers key areas such as multiple antenna families, inexpensive or free software modeling tools, and antenna testing using low-cost techniques. You will get coverage of new antenna types for low-frequency applications only now being opene

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Book SynopsisComprehensive reference covering signal detection for random access in IoT systems from the beginner to expert level With a carefully balanced blend of theoretical elements and applications, IoT Signal Detection is an easy-to-follow presentation on signal detection for IoT in terms of device activity detection, sparse signal detection, collided signal detection, round-trip delay estimation, and backscatter signal division, building progressively from basic concepts and important background material up to an advanced understanding of the subject. Various signal detection and estimation techniques are explained, e.g., variational inference algorithm and compressive sensing reconstruction algorithm, and a number of recent research outcomes are included to provide a review of the state of the art in the field. Written by four highly qualified academics, IoT Signal Detection discusses sample topics such as: ML, ZF, and MMSE detection, Markov chain Monte Carlo-based detection, variational in

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Book SynopsisAlthough magnetic sensors are usually only briefly mentioned in most textbooks on sensors, this reference provides a comprehensive overview of the basic principles and uses of such devices in remote sensing applications.Table of ContentsBasics; induction sensors; fluxgte sensors; magnetoresistors; Hall-effect magnetic sensors; magneto-optical sensors; resonant magnetometers; superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs); other principles; applications of magentic sensors; testing and calibration instruments; magnetic sensors for nonmagnetic variables; magnetic sensors, magnometers and calibration equipment manufacturers; list of sysmbols and abbrviations.

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Book SynopsisWritten by an exponent of systems engineering, this is a comprehensive examination of systems thinking and methods, demonstrating how to use the ideas to create and manage more effective engineering systems. Using this resource, engineers should be able to apply systems thinking to the design, implementation and management of engineering systems.Table of ContentsPart A Systems philosophy, systems science: the need for, and value of systems; measure for measure; the human element; systems engineering philosophy; a theory of complexity; systems lifecycle theory; the social genotype. Part B Systems thinking: tools and methods for systems thinking; system thinking at work - cases. Part C System engineering: system concept and design; classification of systems engineering; from systems thinking to systems in operation; operational systems engineering. Part D Systems management and organization: managing systems; societal systems evolution.

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Book SynopsisOut-of-print for years, this highly sought-after volume, remains the most popular reference on inertial navigation systems analysis. Finally, this classic book is back in print and readily available only from Artech House. Authored by a pioneer in the field, this authoritative resource focuses on terrestrial navigation, but is also useful for air and sea applications. Packed with valuable, time-saving equations and models, the book helps engineers design optimal navigation systems by comparing the performance of the various types of system mechanizations. Although applications and technology have changed over the years, this book remains the best source for fundamental inertial navigation system knowledge, from notational conventions, reference frames, and geometry of the earth, to unified error analysis, self-alignment techniques, and the development of a system error model. This well-illustrated, timeless reference belongs on the shelf of every practicing engineer working in this area. It is suitable for electrical engineers working in the area of GPS and other navigation systems, as well as for graduate engineering students in related courses.Table of ContentsIntroduction; Mathematical Notation and Techniques; Reference Frames; Geometry of the Earth; Single-Degree-of-Freedom Gyroscope Performance; The Space-Stabilized Terrestrial Navigator; The Local-Level Terrestrial Navigator; Development of a Unified Error Analysis; Self-Alignment Techniques; Appendices.

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Book SynopsisBased on the authors' 20 years' research work on Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) imaging of moving targets and non-cooperative target recognition, this book provides readers with knowledge of various algorithms of ISAR imaging of targets and implementation with MATLAB. It introduces basic principles of radar backscattering, radar imaging, and signal analysis. It describes the characteristics of radar returns from targets, how to produce well-focused ISAR images of moving targets, and what features that can extracted from ISAR images. Also introduced are several important algorithms for ISAR image formation, ISAR image auto-focusing, and applications of ISAR imaging to air targets, sea vessels and ground moving targets. Examples of ISAR imaging of ground moving targets, air targets, and sea vessels are discussed in detail.Trade Review'This new text is an excellent addition to the radar literature for both students and experienced practitioners. Both Dr Chen and Prof. Martorella are mature lecturers, and this shows in the development of the algorithms from the basic physics to the advanced radar applications. Most importantly, their MATLAB code closely follows the chapters, and demystifies the science. This text can be equally used for both graduate level courses and for development of radar applications in industry.' -- Mark E. Davis, Life Fellow IEEETable of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction to ISAR Imaging Chapter 2: Basic Principles of ISAR Imaging Chapter 3: ISAR Image Formation Chapter 4: ISAR Motion Compensation Chapter 5: ISAR Autofocus Algorithms Chapter 6: Signal Processing Issues in ISAR Imaging Chapter 7: ISAR Target Feature Extraction Chapter 8: ISAR Imaging for Refocusing Moving Targets in SAR Images Chapter 9: FMCW ISAR Chapter 10: Bistatic ISAR Chapter 11: Polarimetric ISAR Chapter 12: Applications of ISAR Imaging

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Book SynopsisTechnology is ever-changing in the field of aircraft avionics and new systems may require a different approach to testing. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) revises its regulatory material as a result of system updates and therefore requirements for airworthiness testing also need to be updated. Test and Evaluation of Aircraft Avionics and Weapon Systems, 2nd Edition is a unique training book which serves as both a text and practical reference for all personnel involved in avionics and weapons system evaluation and testing, in the air and on the ground. Whether training pilots and personnel or planning to test systems, this book provides readers with the fundamentals and practical information needed to get the job done. This new edition has been updated and expanded to offer additional chapter exercises plus three new chapters; UAV technology has exploded on the scene, therefore creating a high demand for a guide to UAV testing, Operational Test and Evaluation is a specialised form of testing accomplished by the end-user before final acceptance of the product, Night Vision Systems and Helmet Mounted Displays are also newer technologies advanced in the revised edition. Trade ReviewRobert McShea's second edition of Test and Evaluation of Aircraft Avionics and Weapon Systems is a timely update of a highly regarded text. The second edition retains the readability and excellent graphics that made the first edition a useful resource while adding important new material. The updated material on civil certification will prove beneficial to avionics engineers as they prepare their avionics systems to go through FAA certification. With the rapid expansion of Unmanned Air Systems(UAS) in both military and civilian applications the chapter on data links as well as the new chapter on these UAS platforms will benefit engineers and program managers as they migrate from manned aircraft to UAS procurement and testing. Modern aircraft are relying more heavily on night vision devices and helmet mounted display systems. The additional chapter on NVIS and helmet mounted displays provides the flight test professional an excellent overview of the testing methodology for these integrated display systems. Overall, this text is an excellent update of an already valuable reference for the systems flight test professional and should be a ready reference for all flight test engineers and aircrew working in the discipline. -- Vernon Gordon, Florida Tech, USATable of Contents Chapter 1: What is Avionics Flight Test and Why Do We Need It Chapter 2: Time, Space, Position Information Chapter 3: MIL-STD-1553 and Digital Data Busses: Data Reduction and Analysis Chapter 4: Communications Flight Test Chapter 5: Navigation Systems Chapter 6: Part 23/25/27/29 Avionics Civil Certifications Chapter 7: Electro-optical and Infrared Systems Chapter 8: Radio Detection and Ranging - Radar Chapter 9: Electronic Warfare Chapter 10: Air-to-Air/Air-to-Ground Weapons Integration Chapter 11: A Typical Avionics Integration Flight Test Program Chapter 12: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) Chapter 13: Night Vision Imaging Systems (NVIS) and Helmet Mounted Displays (HMD) Chapter 14: Acquisition, Test Management, and Operational Test and Evaluation

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Book SynopsisCurrent categorizations of software requirements are highly ambiguous and inconsistent, mainly due to the lack of a clear, common framework for defining software elements and relevant environmental factors. This book overhauls the traditional approach by proposing an innovative systemic method for categorizing and modeling software requirements. It introduces an unprecedented frame of reference, putting an end to divergent interpretations by precisely defining software elements and environmental factors. This framework forms an indispensable basis for all the other components of this approach: a redefinition of requirements, a hybrid categorization that combines several taxonomies and scales, a metadata model used to qualify requirements, and a multi-view model that represents all possible categories of requirements. By adopting this new approach, professionals will be able to improve the clarity, precision and relevance of their specifications, and thus optimize the success of their software projects.

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Book SynopsisFor the last 50 years, the power of integrated circuits has continued to grow. However, this performance will end up reaching its physical limit. What new ways will then be available to develop even more powerful and up-to-date systems? This book introduces the principles of quantic computing, the use of nano-tubes in molecular transistors and ADN computing. It suggests new fabrication methods for the 21st century and introduces new architecture models, ranging from the most conventional to the most radical. Using a chronological theme, it explains our unavoidable entry in the nano-device world: from the 1948 transistor to the microchip. It concludes by anticipating the changes in daily living: investments, impact on coding activities, nanocomputing systems implementation and IT job mutation.Table of ContentsForeword ix Didier TRUTT Preface xiii Acknowledgements xix Introduction xxi Chapter 1. Revolution or Continuity? 1 1.1. Ubiquity and pervasion 1 1.2. From the art of building small – perspectives of nanoproduction 4 Chapter 2. The Rise and Anticipated Decline of the Silicon Economy 7 2.1. 40 years of global growth 7 2.2. From sand to the chip, the epic of semi-conductors 9 2.2.1. Semi-conductors – some solid-state physics 10 2.2.2. CMOS technology and high-density integrated circuits 14 2.2.3. Half a century of industrial methods and processes 16 2.3. The fatality of Moore’s Law: “the wall” 22 2.3.1. The disaggregation of the microelectronics industry value chain 26 2.3.2. The ITRS (International Roadmap for Semi-conductors) – a race to controlled miniaturization 29 2.3.3. Will a slowdown in the economy overturn established models? 33 2.4. Beyond silicon – from microelectronics to nanotechnologies 36 Chapter 3. Rebuilding the World Atom by Atom 41 3.1. Manipulation on an atomic scale – the scanning tunneling microscope 41 3.2. From the manipulation of atoms to nanomachines – the concept of self-assembly 45 3.3. From the feasibility of molecular assemblers to the creation of self-replicating entities 49 3.4. Imitating nature – molecular biology and genetic engineering 55 3.4.1. When nature builds its own nanomachines 56 3.4.2. Genetic engineering – the nanotechnology approach by life sciences 60 3.5. From coal to nanotubes – the nanomaterials of the Diamond Age 62 3.6. Molecular electronics and nanoelectronics – first components and first applications 70 3.6.1. Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistors (CNFET) 71 3.6.2. Hybrid mono-molecular electronic circuits73 3.6.3. Organic molecular electronics 75 3.6.4. Spin valves and spintronic semi-conductor components 82 3.6.5. Quantum dots and the phenomenon of quantum confinement 85 Chapter 4. The Computers of Tomorrow 89 4.1. From evolution to revolution 89 4.2. Silicon processors – the adventure continues 93 4.2.1. Progress in photolithography and new materials 95 4.2.2. The structure of microprocessors 101 4.2.3. Digital signal processing and DSP processors 107 4.3. Conventional generation platforms 109 4.3.1. Traditional platforms 110 4.3.2. Emerging platforms 113 4.3.3. Distributed computing, an alternative to supercomputers 115 4.4. Advanced platforms – the exploration of new industries 119 4.4.1. Quantum information systems 121 4.4.2. DNA computing 130 Chapter 5. Elements of Technology for Information Systems of the New Century 135 5.1. Beyond processors 135 5.2. Memories and information storage systems 138 5.2.1. Memories consisting of semi-conductors – perspectives 140 5.2.2. Limits of magnetic data storage 146 5.2.3. Holographic memory 150 5.2.4. The technology of AFM memories 154 5.2.5. Molecular memory 156 5.3. Batteries and other forms of power supply 157 5.3.1. Lithium-ion and lithium-polymer batteries 159 5.3.2. Zinc-air batteries 160 5.3.3. Micro-batteries 161 5.3.4. Micro-batteries using nuclear energy 162 5.3.5. Recharging batteries with the help of kinetic energy 163 5.4. New peripheral devices and interfaces between humans and machines 163 5.4.1. Automatic speech recognition 165 5.4.2. Gesture recognition 170 5.4.3. Processing and recognizing writing 171 5.4.4. Eye tracking 172 5.4.5. Brain machine interface 173 5.4.6. Electronic paper 177 5.4.7. New visualization systems 181 5.5. Telecommunications – a different kind of revolution 184 5.6. The triumph of microsystems 187 5.7. Is this the end of the silicon era? 190 Chapter 6. Business Mutation and Digital Opportunities in the 21st Century 197 6.1. Towards a new concept of information technology 197 6.2. Ubiquitous information technology and the concept of “diluted” information systems 199 6.3. Highly diffused information systems – RFID 204 6.3.1. The “Internet of things” and the supply chain of the future – Auto-ID 209 6.3.2. Economic opportunities vs. privacy protection 214 6.4. New challenges for web applications in a global network of objects 218 6.4.1. Complexity and efficiency of very large infrastructures 219 6.4.2. From centralized intelligence to swarm intelligence – reinventing the programming code 224 6.5. The IT jobs mutation 231 6.5.1. New concepts in agile software development 235 6.5.2. Ambient intelligence and the delocalization of jobs in the IT sector 241 6.5.3. New opportunities for the profession 245 Conclusion 253 Bibliography 259 Index 263

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Book SynopsisSie sind neugierig, wie Scrum zur Verbesserung Ihrer Arbeitsabläufe beitragen kann? Dann ist dieses Buch genau das richtige für Sie. Es erklärt Ihnen, was Scrum ist und wie genau es funktioniert. Lernen Sie die verschiedenen Rollen wie Product Owner und Scrum Master kennen, planen Sie Meetings und Sprints, erstellen Sie Scrum-Boards und organisieren Sie Daily Scrums. Außerdem erfahren Sie, wie Sie Scrum auch mit mehreren Teams erfolgreich einsetzen und erhalten viele nützliche Tipps für Ihr erstes Scrum-Projekt. So können Sie schon bald Ihre erste User Story auf »done« setzen und Ihr Projekt erfolgreich abschließen.Trade Review"... Das Handbuch des erfahrenen Autors ist ein gut strukturierter, praxisnaher, kompakter Einstieg für alle, die sofort mit Scrum beginnen möchten." (GetAbstract im Juni 2019)Table of ContentsVorwort 9 Über den Autor 11 Danksagung 13 Einleitung 23 Warum Scrum? 23 Törichte Annahmen über die Leser 24 Wie dieses Buch aufgebaut ist 25 Teil I: Die Rollen 25 Teil II: Die Listen 25 Teil III: Die Meetings 25 Teil IV: Der Top-10-Teil 25 Symbole, die in diesem Buch verwendet werden 26 Teil I Die Rollen 27 Kapitel 1 Das ist Scrum und so funktioniert es 29 Scrum und agile Softwareentwicklung 29 Wie funktioniert Scrum? 30 Drei Rollen 31 Zwei Listen 33 Vier Meetings 33 Kapitel 2 Der Product Owner 35 Die Rolle des Product Owners 35 Backlog-Management 37 Stakeholder-Management 38 Inventarisieren der Stakeholder 38 Meetings mit den Stakeholdern 39 Die Arbeit mit dem Development-Team 40 Release Management 41 Vision Statement 42 Dann aber auch releasen 44 Eigenschaften eines Product Owners 44 Product Owner und Technik 46 Ein Tag im Leben eines Product Owners 47 Kapitel 3 Der Scrum Master 53 Die Rolle des Scrum Masters 53 Unterstützung für Scrum organisieren 54 Die Spielregeln durchsetzen 56 Hilfsmittel für den Scrum Master 59 Die fünf Scrum-Prinzipien 60 Das Agile Manifest 61 Hindernisse aus dem Weg räumen 63 Der Veränderungsmanager 67 Ein Tag im Leben eines Scrum Masters 68 Kapitel 4 Das Team 73 Die Rolle des Teams 73 Arbeiten in Iterationen 75 Warum schätzen? 78 Arbeit schätzen 80 Im Sprint 82 Sprint Planning I 82 Sprint Planning II 82 Die eigentliche Arbeit 84 Sprint Review 89 Sprint-Retrospektive 89 Ein Tag im Leben eines Teammitglieds 91 Teil II Die Listen 95 Kapitel 5 Das Product Backlog 97 Das Ziel des Product Backlogs 97 Priorisieren 99 User Storys 102 Schätzen 104 Product Backlog Items aufteilen 107 Beispiel für ein Product Backlog 113 Kapitel 6 Das Sprint Backlog 115 Das Ziel des Sprint Backlogs 115 Von Storys zu Aufgaben 117 Berichte und Tools 119 Kapitel 7 Definition of Done 123 Das Ziel der Definition of Done 123 Bestandteile der Definition of Done 125 Die Definition of Done erfüllen 127 Kapitel 8 Burndowns 129 Den Fortschritt im Auge behalten 129 Der Release Burndown 130 Der Sprint Burndown 132 Scrumboard 134 Teil III Die Meetings 137 Kapitel 9 Sprint Planning Meeting 139 Product Backlog Refinement 140 Die Definition of Ready 140 Sprint Planning I 142 Umfang festlegen 142 Wie viel Arbeit? 143 Ablauf des Meetings 143 Sprint Planning II 145 Product Owner anwesend 147 In Aufgaben zerlegen 147 Noch einmal schätzen? 148 Commitment 149 Kapitel 10 Der Daily Scrum 151 Arbeitsbesprechung 151 Chicken and Pigs 153 Soziale Kontrolle? 154 Der Product Owner 155 Das Scrumboard aktualisieren 155 Kapitel 11 Sprint Review 157 Die Bedeutung von Feedback 157 Das Meeting: Mehr als eine Demo 158 Die Demo 159 Das Feedback 161 Aktionen definieren 162 Kapitel 12 Sprint-Retrospektive 163 Nehmen Sie sich Zeit zur Reflexion 163 Stimmung schaffen 164 Product Owner bei der Retrospektive? 165 War da was? 166 Einsichten gewinnen 167 Aktionen 169 Die Routine durchbrechen: Retro-Formen 171 Kapitel 13 Der Sprint 175 Ziel eines Sprints 175 Die Dauer eines Sprints 176 Kapitel 14 Scrum mit mehreren Teams 179 Regel 1: Finger weg! 179 So wird skaliert 180 Phase 1 180 Phase 2 183 Phase 3 184 Teil IV Der Top-Ten-Teil 187 Kapitel 15 Zehn Gründe, mit Scrum zu arbeiten 189 Mehr Ware fürs Geld 189 Mehr Kontrolle 189 Zufriedene Nutzer 189 Bessere Qualität 190 Business-Case-Validierung 190 Besserer Anschluss beim Auftraggeber 190 Weniger Bürokratie 190 Kleine Organisationen skalieren 191 Wissen teilen 191 Mehr Spaß 191 Kapitel 16 Zehn Tipps für Ihr erstes Scrum-Projekt 193 Nehmen Sie ein Business-Projekt 193 Nehmen Sie ein kleines Projekt, … 193 … aber nicht zu klein … 194 … und außerdem wichtig! 194 Verkaufen Sie kein Scrum 194 Sorgen Sie für Unterstützung auf allen Ebenen der Organisation 195 Haben Sie keine Angst vor einem Misserfolg 195 Kommunizieren Sie und seien Sie transparent 195 Haben Sie Mut 195 Feiern Sie Ihre Erfolge 196 Kapitel 17 Zehn Schritte zum Start eines Scrum-Projekts 197 Sorgen Sie dafür, dass Sie einen Product Owner haben 197 Schreiben Sie ein Vision Statement 197 Legen Sie die erste Version des Product Backlogs an 197 Suchen Sie einen Scrum Master 198 Sorgen Sie für Vollmacht vom Management 198 Suchen Sie ein Team 198 Formulieren Sie eine Definition of Done 198 Organisieren Sie ein Product Backlog Refinement Meeting mit dem Team 198 Richten Sie einen Teamraum ein 199 Beginnen Sie mit dem ersten Sprint 199 Kapitel 18 Zehn Tipps zur Arbeit mit Planungspoker 201 Schätzen 201 Reihenfolge 201 Ausreißer 201 Fragezeichen 202 Exponentiell 202 Konzentration 202 Keine Annahmen 202 Fixpunkte 202 Relativ 203 Priorität 203 Stichwortverzeichnis 205

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface Chapter 1: Overview 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Understanding Project Management 1.2 Defining Project Success 1.3 Trade-Offs and Competing Constraints 1.4 The Entry-Level Project Manager 1.5 The Talent Triangle 1.6 Technology-Based Projects 1.7 The Project Manager–Line Manager Interface 1.8 Defining the Project Manager’s Role 1.9 Defining the Functional Manager’s Role 1.10 Defining the Functional Employee’s Role 1.11 Defining the Executive’s Role 1.12 Working with Executives 1.13 Committee Sponsorship/Governance 1.14 The Project Manager as the Planning Agent 1.15 Project Champions 1.16 Project-Driven Versus Non–Project-Driven Organizations 1.17 Marketing in the Project-Driven Organization 1.18 Classification of Projects 1.19 Location of the Project Manager 1.20 Differing Views of Project Management 1.21 Public-Sector Project Management 1.22 International Project Management 1.23 Concurrent Engineering: A Project Management Approach 1.24 Added Value 1.25 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam Answers Problems Case Study: Williams Machine Tool Company Chapter 2: Project Management Growth: Concepts and Definitions 2.0 Introduction 2.1 The Evolution of Project Management: 1945–2021 2.2 Resistance to Change 2.3 Systems, Programs, and Projects: A Definition 2.4 Projects versus Operations 2.5 Product versus Project Management: A Definition 2.6 Maturity and Excellence: A Definition 2.7 Informal Project Management: A Definition 2.8 The Many Faces of Success 2.9 The Many Faces of Failure 2.10 Causes of Project Failure 2.11 Degrees of Success and Failure 2.12 Project Health Checks 2.13 The Stage-Gate Process 2.14 Project Life Cycles 2.15 Gate Review Meetings (Project Closure) 2.16 Engagement Project Management 2.17 Project Management Methodologies: A Definition 2.18 From Enterprise Project Management Methodologies to Frameworks 2.19 Growth of Strategic Project Management 2.20 Business Models 2.21 Methodologies Can Fail 2.22 Lean Project Management 2.23 Organizational Change Management and Corporate Cultures 2.24 Benefits Harvesting and Cultural Change 2.25 Agile and Adaptive Project Management Cultures 2.26 Project Management Intellectual Property 2.27 Systems Thinking 2.28 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam Answers Problems Case Study: Creating a Methodology Chapter 3: Organizational Structures 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Organizational Work Flow 3.2 Traditional (Classical) Organization 3.3 Pure Product (Projectized) Organization 3.4 Matrix Organizational Form 3.5 Modification of Matrix Structures 3.6 The Strong, Weak, or Balanced Matrix 3.7 Project Management Offices 3.8 Selecting the Organizational Form 3.9 Strategic Business Unit (SBU) Project Management 3.10 Transitional Management 3.11 Seven Fallacies That Delay Project Management Maturity 3.12 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam Answers Problems Chapter 4: Organizing and Staffing the Project Office and Team 4.0 Introduction 4.1 The Staffing Environment 4.2 Selecting the Project Manager: An Executive Decision 4.3 Skill Requirements for Project and Program Managers 4.4 Special Cases in Project Manager Selection 4.5 Today’s Project Managers 4.6 Duties and Job Descriptions 4.7 The Organizational Staffing Process 4.8 The Project Office 4.9 The Functional Team 4.10 The Project Organizational Chart 4.11 Selecting the Project Management Implementation Team 4.12 Mistakes Made by Inexperienced Project Managers 4.13 Studying Tips for the PMI®Project Management Certification Exam Answers Problems Chapter 5: Management Functions 5.0 Introduction 5.1 Controlling 5.2 Directing 5.3 Project Authority 5.4 Interpersonal Influences 5.5 Barriers to Project Team Development 5.6 Suggestions for Handling the Newly Formed Team 5.7 Team Building as an Ongoing Process 5.8 Leadership in a Project Environment 5.9 Value-Based Project Leadership 5.10 Transformational Project Management Leadership 5.11 Organizational Impact 5.12 Employee–Manager Problems 5.13 General Management Pitfalls 5.14 Time Management Pitfalls 5.15 Management Policies and Procedures 5.16 Human Behavior Education 5.17 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam Answers Problems Case Study: The Trophy Project Case Study: McRoy Aerospace Case Study: The Poor Worker Case Study: The Prima Donna Case Study: The Reluctant Workers Case Study: Leadership Effectiveness (A) Case Study: Leadership Effectiveness (B) Chapter 6: Communications Management 6.0 Introduction 6.1 Modeling the Communications Environment 6.2 The Project Manager as a Communicator 6.3 Project Review Meetings 6.4 Project Management Bottlenecks 6.5 Active Listening 6.6 Communication Traps 6.7 Project Problem Solving 6.8 Using Action Items 6.9 Brainstorming 6.10 Predicting the Outcome of a Decision 6.11 Facilitation 6.12 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam Answers Problems Case Study: Communication Failures Case Study: The Team Meeting Chapter 7: Conflicts 7.0 Introduction 7.1 The Conflict Environment 7.2 Types of Conflicts 7.3 Conflict Resolution 7.4 The Management of Conflicts 7.5 Conflict Resolution Modes 7.6 Understanding Superior, Subordinate, and Functional Conflicts 7.7 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam Problems Case Study: Facilities Scheduling at Mayer Manufacturing Case Study: Telestar International Case Study: Handling Conflict in Project Management Chapter 8: Special Topics 8.0 Introduction 8.1 Performance Measurement 8.2 Financial Compensation and Rewards 8.3 Effective Project Management in the Small Business Organization 8.4 Mega Projects 8.5 Morality, Ethics, and the Corporate Culture 8.6 Professional Responsibilities 8.7 Internal and External Partnerships 8.8 Training and Education 8.9 Integrated Product/Project Teams 8.10 Virtual Project Teams 8.11 Managing Innovation Projects 8.12 Agile Project Management 8.13 Artificial Intelligence 8.14 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam Answers Problems Case Study: Is It Fraud? Chapter 9: The Variables for Success 9.0 Introduction 9.1 Predicting Project Success 9.2 Project Management Effectiveness 9.3 Expectations 9.4 Lessons Learned 9.5 Understanding Best Practices 9.6 Downside Risks of Best Practices 9.7 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam Answers Problems Case Study: Radiance International Chapter 10: Working with Executives 10.0 Introduction 10.1 The Project Sponsor 10.2 Handling Disagreements with the Sponsor 10.3 The Collective Belief 10.4 The Exit Champion 10.5 The In-House Representatives 10.6 Stakeholder Relations Management 10.7 Project Portfolio Management 10.8 Politics 10.9 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam Answers Problems Case Study: The Prioritization of Projects Case Study: The Irresponsible Sponsors Case Study: Selling Executives on Project Management Chapter 11: Planning 11.0 Introduction 11.1 Business Case 11.2 Validating the Assumptions 11.3 Validating the Objectives 11.4 General Planning 11.5 Life-Cycle Phases 11.6 Life-Cycle Milestones 11.7 Kickoff Meetings 11.8 Understanding Participants’ Roles 11.9 Establishing Project Objectives 11.10 The Statement of Work 11.11 Project Specifications 11.12 Data Item Milestone Schedules 11.13 Work Breakdown Structure 11.14 WBS Decomposition Problems 11.15 Work Breakdown Structure Dictionary 11.16 Project Selection 11.17 Role of the Executive in Planning 11.18 Management Cost and Control System 11.19 Work Planning Authorization 11.20 Why Do Plans Fail? 11.21 Stopping Projects 11.22 Handling Project Phaseouts and Transfers 11.23 Detailed Schedules and Charts 11.24 Master Production Scheduling 11.25 Project Plan 11.26 The Project Charter 11.27 Project Baselines 11.28 Verification and Validation 11.29 Management Control 11.30 Configuration Management 11.31 Enterprise Project Management Methodologies 11.32 Project Audits 11.33 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam Answers Problems Chapter 12: Network Scheduling Techniques 12.0 Introduction 12.1 Network Fundamentals 12.2 Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique (GERT) 12.3 Dependencies 12.4 Slack Time 12.5 Network Replanning 12.6 Estimating Activity Time 12.7 Estimating Total Project Time 12.8 Total Pert/CPM Planning 12.9 Crash Times 12.10 PERT/CPM Problem Areas 12.11 Alternative PERT/CPM Models 12.12 Precedence Networks 12.13 Lag 12.14 Scheduling Problems 12.15 The Myths of Schedule Compression 12.16 Project Management Software 12.17 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam Answers Problems Case Study: The Invisible Sponsor Chapter 13: Pricing and Estimating 13.0 Introduction 13.1 Global Pricing Strategies 13.2 Types of Estimates 13.3 Pricing Process 13.4 Organizational Input Requirements 13.5 Labor Distributions 13.6 Overhead Rates 13.7 Materials/Support Costs 13.8 Pricing out the Work 13.9 Smoothing Out Department Man-Hours 13.10 The Pricing Review Procedure 13.11 Systems Pricing 13.12 Developing the Supporting/Backup Costs 13.13 The Low-Bidder Dilemma 13.14 Special Problems 13.15 Estimating Pitfalls 13.16 Estimating High-Risk Projects 13.17 Project Risks 13.18 The Disaster of Applying the 10 Percent Solution to Project Estimates 13.19 Life-Cycle Costing (LCC) 13.20 Logistics Support 13.21 Economic Project Selection Criteria: Capital Budgeting 13.22 Payback Period 13.23 The Time Value of Money and Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) 13.24 Net Present Value (NPV) 13.25 Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 13.26 Comparing IRR, NPV, and Payback 13.27 Risk Analysis 13.28 Capital Rationing 13.29 Project Financing 13.30 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam Answers Problems Case Study: The Estimating Problem Chapter 14: Cost Control 14.0 Introduction 14.1 Understanding Control 14.2 The Operating Cycle 14.3 Cost Account Codes 14.4 Budgets 14.5 The Earned Value Measurement System (EVMS) 14.6 Variance and Earned Value 14.7 The Cost Baseline 14.8 Justifying the Costs 14.9 The Cost Overrun Dilemma 14.10 Recording Material Costs Using Earned Value Measurement 14.11 Material Variances: Price and Usage 14.12 Summary Variances 14.13 Status Reporting 14.14 Cost Control Problems 14.15 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam Answers Problems Case Study: The Bathtub Period Case Study: Franklin Electronics Chapter 15: Metrics 15.0 Introduction 15.1 Project Management Information Systems 15.2 Enterprise Resource Planning 15.3 Project Metrics 15.4 Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) 15.5 Growth of New Metrics and KPIs 15.6 Value-Based Metrics 15.7 Strategic Metrics 15.8 Metrics for Measuring Intangible Assets 15.9 Dashboards and Scorecards 15.10 Metrics Feedback 15.11 Metrics and Customer Relations Management 15.12 Business Intelligence 15.13 Studying Tips for the PMI®Project Management Certification Exam Answers Problems Chapter 16: Trade-off Analysis in a Project Environment 16.0 Introduction 16.1 Methodology for Trade-Off Analysis 16.2 Contracts: Their Influence on Projects 16.3 Industry Trade-Off Preferences 16.4 Project Manager’s Control of Trade-Offs 16.5 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam Answers Problems Chapter 17: Risk Management 17.0 Introduction 17.1 Definition of Risk 17.2 Tolerance for Risk 17.3 Definition of Risk Management 17.4 Certainty, Risk, and Uncertainty 17.5 Risk Management Process 17.6 Plan Risk Management 17.7 Risk Identification 17.8 Risk Analysis 17.9 Qualitative Risk Analysis 17.10 Quantitative Risk Analysis 17.11 Plan Risk Response 17.12 Monitor and Control Risks 17.13 Some Implementation Considerations 17.14 The Use of Lessons Learned 17.15 Dependencies between Risks 17.16 The Impact of Risk Handling Measures 17.17 Risk and Concurrent Engineering 17.18 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam Answers Problems Case Study: Teloxy Engineering (A) Case Study: Teloxy Engineering (B) Case Study: The Risk Management Department Chapter 18: Learning Curves 18.0 Introduction 18.1 General Theory 18.2 The Learning Curve Concept 18.3 Graphic Representation 18.4 Key Words Associated with Learning Curves 18.5 The Cumulative Average Curve 18.6 Sources of Experience 18.7 Developing Slope Measures 18.8 Unit Costs and Use of Midpoints 18.9 Selection of Learning Curves 18.10 Follow-on Orders 18.11 Manufacturing Breaks 18.12 Learning Curve Limitations 18.13 Competitive Weapon 18.14 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam Answers Problems Chapter 19: Contract Management 19.0 Introduction 19.1 Procurement 19.2 Plan Procurements 19.3 Conducting the Procurements 19.4 Conduct Procurements: Request Seller Responses 19.5 Conduct Procurements: Select Sellers 19.6 Types of Contracts 19.7 Incentive Contracts 19.8 Contract Type versus Risk 19.9 Contract Administration 19.10 Contract Closure 19.11 Using a Checklist 19.12 Proposal-Contractual Interaction 19.13 Studying Tips for the PMI® Project Management Certification Exam Answers Problems Case Study: To Bid or Not to Bid Case Study: The Management Reserve Chapter 20: Quality Management 20.0 Introduction 20.1 Definition of Quality 20.2 The Quality Movement 20.3 Quality Management Concepts 20.4 The Cost of Quality 20.5 The Seven Quality Control Tools 20.6 Acceptance Sampling 20.7 Implementing Six Sigma 20.8 Quality Leadership 20.9 Responsibility for Quality 20.10 Quality Circles 20.11 Total Quality Management (TQM) 20.12 Studying Tips for the PMI®Project Management Certification Exam Answers Problems Chapter 21: Modern Developments in Project Management 21.0 Introduction 21.1 The Project Management Maturity Model (PMMM) 21.2 Developing Effective Procedural Documentation 21.3 Project Management Methodologies 21.4 Continuous Improvement 21.5 Capacity Planning 21.6 Competency Models 21.7 Managing Multiple Projects 21.8 The Business of Scope Changes 21.9 End-of-Phase Review Meetings Case Study: Honicker Corporation Case Study: Kemko Manufacturing Appendix A: Solution to Leadership Exercise Appendix B: Solutions to the Project Management Conflict Exercise Appendix C: Dorale Products Case Studies Appendix D: Solutions to the Dorale Products Case Studies Appendix E: Alignment of the PMBOK® Guide, 6e to the Text Appendix F: Alignment of the PMBOK® Guide, 7e to the Text Index

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Book SynopsisWith its in-depth exploration of the close connection between microelectronics, AI, and VLSI technology, this book offers valuable insights into the cutting-edge techniques and tools used in VLSI design automation, making it an essential resource for anyone seeking to stay ahead in the rapidly evolving field of VLSI design. Very large-scale integration (VLSI) is the inter-disciplinary science of utilizing advanced semiconductor technology to create various functions of computer system. This book addresses the close link of microelectronics and artificial intelligence (AI). By combining VLSI technology, a very powerful computer architecture confinement is possible. To overcome problems at different design stages, researchers introduced artificial intelligent (AI) techniques in VLSI design automation. AI techniques, such as knowledge-based and expert systems, first try to define the problem and then choose the best solution from the domain of possible solutions. These day

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisElektrochemische Energiewandler und -speicher Ein einführendes Lehrbuch zur elektrochemischen Energieumwandlung und-speicherung, das die aktuellen und zukünftigen Energieperspektiven berücksichtigt Elektrochemische Energiewandler und -speicher schlieβt eine Lücke in der Literatur, indem es eine umfassende Beschreibung der Grundlagen und einen detaillierten Überblick über die realen, praktischen Anwendungen der elektrochemischen Energiespeicherung und-umwandlung bietet. Das von zwei anerkannten Experten zu diesem Thema geschriebene Lehrbuch behandelt sowohl die Grundlagen der Energieumwandlung und -speicherung als auch die Arten der Umwandlung und Speicherung von elektrischer Energie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Nutzung erneuerbarer Energiequellen. Das Buch richtet sich sowohl an Studierende als auch an Fachleute und deckt ein breites Spektrum an Themen ab, das von thermodynamischen, kinetischen und elektrochemischen Grundlagen bis hin zu einer vollständigen Darstellung aller elektrochemischen Systeme für die Energieumwandlung und -speicherung reicht. Zahlreiche Abbildungen, Beispiele und Beschreibungen praktischer Anwendungen erleichtern das Verständnis des dargestellten Materials. Dieses wichtige Lehrbuch: Bietet eine dringend benötigte Einführung in die Grundlagen und jüngsten Entwicklungen der elektrochemischen Energietechnik Beleuchtet die Prozesse und Anwendungen der Energieumwandlung und -speicherung Liefert Informationen über experimentelle Methoden Elektrochemische Energiewandler und -speicher richtet sich an Studierende der Chemie, der Materialwissenschaften und der Ingenieurwissenschaften und beantwortet die Nachfrage nach einer aktuellen Einführung in dieses wichtige Thema.Table of ContentsGeleitwort xi Vorwort xiii Akronyme, Begriffe und Definitionen xv 1 Prozesse und Anwendungen der Energiewandlung und -speicherung 1 Weiterführende Literatur 22 2 Elektrochemische Prozesse und Systeme 23 2.1 Parasitäre Reaktionen 32 2.2 Selbstentladung 33 2.3 Systemverschlechterung 36 2.3.1 Alterung 40 Weiterführende Literatur 42 3 Thermodynamik elektrochemischer Systeme 45 Weiterführende Literatur 61 4 Kinetik elektrochemischer Energieumwandlungsprozesse 63 4.1 Schritte von Elektrodenreaktionen und Überpotentialen 64 4.2 Transport 64 4.3 Ladungsdurchtritt 66 4.4 Überpotentiale 68 Weiterführende Literatur 78 5 Elektroden und Elektrolyte 81 5.1 Recycling 95 Weiterführende Literatur 96 6 Experimentelle Methoden 99 6.1 Batterietester 99 6.2 Strom-Potential-Messungen 100 6.3 Lade-/Entlademessungen 104 6.4 Batterieladung 113 6.5 Einfache und zyklische Voltammetrie 120 6.6 Impedanzmessungen 124 6.7 Galvanostatische Titration 131 6.8 Potentiostatische Titration 132 6.9 Elektrochemische Potentialsprungspektroskopie 133 6.10 Elektrochemische Quarzmikrowaage 134 6.11 Nichtelektrochemische Methoden 134 6.11.1 Festkörper-Kernresonanzspektroskopie 135 6.11.2 Gasadsorptionsmessungen 135 6.11.3 Mikroskopien 135 6.11.4 Thermische Messungen 135 6.11.5 Modellierung 136 Weiterführende Literatur 140 7 Primärsysteme 141 7.1 Wäßrige Systeme 143 7.1.1 Zink-Kohle-Batterie 143 7.1.2 Alkalische Zn/MnO2-Batterie 145 7.1.3 Zn/HgO-Batterien 149 7.1.4 Zn/AgO-Batterie 150 7.1.5 Cd/AgO-Batterien 153 7.1.6 Mg/MnO2-Batterien 155 7.2 Nichtwäßrige Systeme 156 7.2.1 Lithiumprimärbatterien 157 7.2.2 Li/MnO2 159 7.2.3 Li/Bi2O3 160 7.2.4 Li/CuO 161 7.2.5 Li/V2O5,Li/Ag2V4O11 und Li/CSVO 162 7.2.6 Li/CuS 163 7.2.7 Li/FeS2 164 7.2.8 Li/Cfx-primärbatterien 165 7.2.9 Li/I2 167 7.2.10 Li/SO2 167 7.2.11 Li/SOCl2 169 7.2.12 Li/SO2Cl2 172 7.2.13 Li/Oxyhalid-Primärbatterien 172 7.3 Metall-Luft-Systeme 173 7.3.1 Wäßrige Metall-Luft-Primärbatterien 173 7.3.2 Nichtwäßrige Metall-Luft-Batterien 185 7.4 Füllzellen 187 7.4.1 Seewasseraktivierbare Batterien 187 7.4.2 Aktivierbare Hochleistungsbatterien 189 Weiterführende Literatur 190 8 Sekundärsysteme 191 8.1 Wäßrige Systeme 193 8.1.1 Blei-Säure-Akkumulator 193 8.1.2 Sekundärbatterien auf Nickelbasis 207 8.1.3 Wäßrige wiederaufladbare Lithiumbatterien 221 8.1.4 Wäßrige wiederaufladbare Natriumbatterien 227 8.2 Nichtwäßrige Systeme 228 8.2.1 Lithium-Ionen-Batterien 228 8.2.2 Wiederaufladbare Li/S-Batterien 252 8.2.3 Wiederaufladbare Na/S-Batterien 255 8.2.4 Wiederaufladbare Li/Se-Batterien 257 8.2.5 Wiederaufladbare Mg-Batterien 257 8.3 Sekundärbatterien auf Basis von Gelpolymerelektrolyten 259 8.3.1 Gel-Lithium-Ionen-Batterien 260 8.3.2 Gelelektrolyte für Natriumbatterien 261 8.4 Sekundärbatterien auf Festelektrolytbasis 262 8.4.1 Feste Lithium-Ionen-Batterien 263 8.4.2 Wiederaufladbare feste Lithiumbatterien 264 8.5 Wiederaufladbare Metall-Luft-Batterien 265 8.5.1 Wiederaufladbare Li/Luft-Batterien 265 8.5.2 Wiederaufladbare Na/Luft-Batterien 268 8.5.3 Wiederaufladbare Zn/Luft-Batterien 269 8.6 Hochtemperatursysteme 271 8.6.1 Natrium-Schwefel-Batterie 271 8.6.2 Natrium-Nickelchlorid-Batterie 274 8.6.3 Flüssigmetallakkumulatoren 279 Weiterführende Literatur 279 9 Brennstoffzellen 281 9.1 Die Sauerstoffelektrode 286 9.2 Die Wasserstoffelektrode 292 9.3 Gemeinsamkeiten von Brennstoffzellen 293 9.4 Klassifizierung von Brennstoffzellen 297 9.4.1 Brennstoffzellen bei Umgebungstemperatur 298 9.4.2 Alkalische Brennstoffzellen 298 9.4.3 Polymerelektrolytmembran-Brennstoffzellen (PEMFCs) 300 9.4.4 Direkte Alkoholbrennstoffzellen 307 9.4.5 Bioelektrochemische Brennstoffzellen 309 9.4.6 Mitteltemperaturbrennstoffzellen 310 9.4.7 Phosphorsäurebrennstoffzellen 310 9.4.8 Schmelzcarbonatbrennstoffzellen 311 9.4.9 Hochtemperaturbrennstoffzellen 313 9.5 Anwendungen von Brennstoffzellen 314 9.6 Brennstoffzellen in Energiespeichersystemen 315 Weiterführende Literatur 317 10 Redoxbatterien 319 10.1 Das Eisen-Chrom-System 324 10.2 Das Eisen-Vanadium-System 325 10.3 Das Eisen-Cadmium-System 326 10.4 Das Brom-Polysulfid-System 326 10.5 Das All-Vanadium-System 327 10.6 Das Vanadium-Brom-System 328 10.7 Actiniden-RFB 329 10.8 All-Organische RFBs 330 10.9 Nichtwäßrige RFBs 330 10.10 Hybride Systeme 330 10.11 Das Zink-Cer-System 330 10.12 Das Zink-Brom-System 331 10.13 Das Zink/Organisch-System 332 10.14 Das Cadmium/Organisch-System 332 10.15 Das Blei-Bleidioxid-System 333 10.16 Das Cadmium-Bleidioxid-System 334 10.17 Das All-Kupfer-System 334 10.18 Das Zink-Nickel-System 334 10.19 Das Lithium-LiFePO4-System 335 10.20 Vanadium-Festsalz-Batterie 335 10.21 Vanadium-Sauerstoff-System 336 10.22 Elektrochemischer Flußkondensator 337 10.23 Entwicklungsstand und Perspektiven 337 Weiterführende Literatur 339 11 Superkondensatoren 341 11.1 Klassifizierung von Superkondensatoren 342 11.2 Elektrochemische Doppelschichtkondensatoren 344 11.2.1 Elektrolyte für EDLCs 345 11.2.2 Elektrodenmaterialen für EDLCs 346 11.2.3 Elektrochemische Leistung von EDLCs 354 11.3 Pseudokondensatoren 356 11.3.1 RuO2 356 11.3.2 MnO2 359 11.3.3 Intrinsisch leitfähige Polymere 365 11.3.4 Redoxsysteme 373 11.3.5 Elektrochemische Leistung von Pseudokondensatoren 376 11.4 Hybridkondensatoren 380 11.4.1 Negative Elektrodenmaterialien 380 11.4.2 Positive Elektrodenmaterialen 389 11.4.3 Elektrochemische Leistung von Hybridkondensatoren 402 11.5 Testen von Superkondensatoren 408 11.6 Kommerziell erhältliche Superkondensatoren 408 11.7 Anwendung von Superkondensatoren 409 11.7.1 Unterbrechungsfreie Stromversorgung 410 11.7.2 Transport 411 11.7.3 Intelligente Netze 411 11.7.4 Militärische Ausrüstung 412 11.7.5 Andere zivile Anwendungen 413 Weiterführende Literatur 414 A Anhang 415 Stichwortverzeichnis 419

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Book SynopsisBatterien Für die Mobilität und Energieversorgung der Zukunft: Kompakte und praxisnahe Wissensvermittlung aller wichtigen Batteriegrundlagen und -systeme Batterien sind in vielen Fällen die bevorzugte Lösung zur technischen und wirtschaftlichen Optimierung von Fahrzeugen und Energieversorgungsystemen und ermöglichen es, Emissionen zu verringern und die Abhängigkeit von Erdöl und Erdgas zu reduzieren. In der Summe aller Eigenschaften erfüllen Blei-Säure-Batterien und Lithium-Ionen-Batterien die Anforderungen der verschiedensten Anwendungen am besten und dominieren deshalb den Markt. Lithium-Ionen-Batterien dringen in immer weitere Anwendungsgebiete vor, bzgl. Wert und Produktionsmenge in MWh dominieren aber immer noch Blei-Säure-Batterien. Aus Sicht der Autoren sind Kenntnisse beider Batterietechnologien wichtig, um das Verständnis für Batteriesysteme zu vertiefen und sie in den seltenen Fällen, in denen diese beiden Batterietechnologien technische oder wirtschaftliche Alternativen sind, gegeneinander abzuwägen. Die Anforderungen an Batteriesysteme sind hoch. Sie müssen leicht und häufig ladbar sein und müssen thermisch, elektrisch und mechanisch stabil sein. In der Batterieforschung kommt materialwissenschaftliches, elektrochemisches und Ingenieurwissen zusammen. Die Autoren Alexander Börger und Heinz Wenzl geben mit diesem Buch einen umfassenden und kompakten Überblick zu den Grundlagen, Systemen und Anwendungen der Batterietechnik. Es werden Hintergründe zum Aufbau von Batterien und grundlegende Prozesse anschaulich erläutert. Anhand vieler Beispiele wird gezeigt, wie das Wissen in die Praxis umgesetzt wird. Klarer Fokus: Das Buch legt den Schwerpunkt auf Batteriesysteme, ihre Eigenschaften im Betrieb und Anwendungen. Das Buch ist als Begleitlektüre zum Studium verwendbar. Wachstumsmarkt: Das Interesse an Elektromobilität und Batteriespeichern in der Stromversorgung wächst und damit auch der Bedarf an Batteriesystemen. Anwendungsnah: Fallbeispiele aus der aktuellen Batterieentwicklung setzen die Theorie in die Praxis um. Expertenwissen: Die Autoren verfügen über langjährige Erfahrung auf dem Gebiet der Batterietechnik. Batterien: Grundlagen, Systeme, Anwendungen richtet sich an Ingenieurinnen und Ingenieure zur Einarbeitung in die Materie und als Nachschlagewerk sowie an Studierende als Begleitlektüre zu Vorlesungen.Table of Contentsvorwort v Symbolverzeichnis xxiii 1 Einführung 1 1.1 Energieversorgung allgemein 1 1.2 Elektrochemische und nicht-elektrochemische Energiespeichertechnologien 3 1.3 Grundlegende Eigenschaften von Batterien, Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede 5 1.4 Überbrückungszeit 7 1.5 Vergleich von Batterietechnologien 9 1.6 Anwendungen und Einordnung von Batterien in Gesamtsysteme 10 Literatur 12 Aufgaben 12 2 Elektrochemische Grundlagen 15 2.1 Elektrochemische Grundbegriffe 16 2.1.1 Einige Definitionen 16 2.1.2 Spannung und Ladungsträgerverteilung 17 2.1.3 Die spannungsbildenden Reaktionen – Hauptreaktionen 18 2.1.4 Doppelschichtkondensator und Austauschstromdichte 20 2.1.5 Faradaysche Zahl 21 2.1.6 Theoretische spezifische Kapazität von Elektroden oder Zellen 21 2.2 Elektrochemische Thermodynamik 22 2.2.1 Energiebilanz und Gleichgewichtsspannung 22 2.2.2 Konzentrationsabhängigkeit der Gleichgewichtsspannung (Nernst-Spannung) 23 2.2.3 Temperaturabhängigkeit der Gleichgewichtsspannung 24 2.2.4 Entropieterm und Wärmetönung – reversible Wärme 24 2.2.5 Elektrochemische Spannungsreihe 24 2.2.6 Grenzen thermodynamischer Betrachtungen 25 2.2.7 Theoretische spezifische Energie 26 2.2.8 Referenzelektrode 26 2.3 Elektrochemische Kinetik 27 2.3.1 Überspannungsarten 27 2.3.2 Ladungsträgerdurchtrittsspannung 28 2.3.3 Butler-Volmer-Gleichung 28 2.3.4 Abhängigkeit der BV-Gleichung von wichtigen Systemparametern 33 2.3.5 Widerstandsverluste bei der Stromleitung – ohmsche Erwärmung 37 2.3.6 Auswirkungen der Temperatur 37 2.3.7 U-I-Kennlinie von elektrochemischen Systemen 40 2.4 Ersatzschaltbilder 41 2.4.1 Grundlagen elektrochemischer Ersatzschaltbilder 41 2.4.2 Grundlegende Ersatzschaltbilder einer Elektrode und einer Zelle 42 2.4.3 Ersatzschaltbild bei konstantem Strom 44 2.5 Nebenreaktionen 45 Literatur 47 Aufgaben 47 3 Laden und Entladen von Zellen und Batterien 51 3.1 Begriffsbestimmungen Kapazität und Innenwiderstand 52 3.1.1 Kapazität 52 3.1.2 Innenwiderstand 54 3.2 Begriffsbestimmung Laden und Entladen von Batterien 54 3.2.1 Entladen 55 3.2.2 Laden 55 3.2.3 Ladefaktor und Wirkungsgrad 58 3.3 Entladen und Laden von Elektroden einer Zelle 59 3.3.1 Bedeutung der BV-Gleichung für den Verlauf von Strom und Spannung 59 3.3.2 Entladen und Laden mit konstantem Strom 61 3.3.3 Laden mit konstantem Strom 62 3.3.4 Strom- und Spannungsverlauf von Batterien 64 3.4 Reihenschaltung von Elektrodenwechselwirkungen von Elektroden aufeinander 65 3.5 Entladen und Laden von Elektroden in einer Zelle 66 3.5.1 Bedeutung von Nebenreaktionen bei Reihenschaltung 67 3.5.2 Entladen von Zellen ohne Nebenreaktionen in Reihenschaltung 68 3.5.3 Entladen von Zellen mit Nebenreaktionen in Reihenschaltung 69 3.5.4 Laden von Zellen mit Nebenreaktionen in Reihenschaltung 72 3.5.5 Laden von Zellen ohne Nebenreaktionen in Reihe 75 3.6 Auswirkungen eines Kurzschlusses einer Zelle bei Reihenschaltung 76 3.7 Fehlerpropagation, parallele Batteriestränge und Weiteres 77 Literatur 77 Aufgaben 77 4 Aufbau von Elektroden, Zellen und kompletten Batteriesystemen 81 4.1 Elektrochemische Anforderungen an die Struktur von Aktivmassen 82 4.1.1 Allgemeine Anforderungen 82 4.1.2 Verfügbarkeit von Reaktanten 84 4.1.3 Ionische und elektronische Leitfähigkeit von Elektroden und Zellen 85 4.1.4 Mechanische Beanspruchung der Elektroden 86 4.2 Aufbau von Zellen 87 4.2.1 Allgemeine Hinweise 87 4.2.2 Bipolarplattenaufbau 88 4.2.3 Stapelzellen und gewickelte Zellen 88 4.3 Kombinierte Ionen- und Elektronenleitfähigkeit der Elektroden 94 4.4 Zellgehäuse und Batteriesysteme 95 4.4.1 Allgemeine Anforderungen 95 4.4.2 Spezifische Energie von Zellen, Modulen und Batteriesystemen 96 Literatur 97 Aufgaben 97 5 Thermische Eigenschaften von Zellen und Batterien 99 5.1 Inhomogene Wärmekapazität und anisotrope Wärmeleitung 100 5.2 Wärmequelldichte 101 5.2.1 Wärmequellen 101 5.2.2 Widerstandsverluste bei der Stromleitung – ohmsche Erwärmung 102 5.2.3 Ladungsträgerdurchtritt 103 5.2.4 Reversible Wärme der Reaktion 104 5.2.5 Chemische Reaktionen 105 5.2.6 Vergleich der Wärmeerzeugungsterme 105 5.3 Wärmeaustausch mit der Umgebung 106 5.3.1 Wärmeleitung 106 5.3.2 Konvektion 107 5.3.3 Strahlung 107 5.4 Wärmebilanz 107 5.5 Temperaturauswirkungen 108 5.6 Bestimmung thermischer Kenngrößen 110 Literatur 110 Aufgabe 110 6 Alterungseigenschaften von Batterien und Zellen 111 6.1 Klassifikation von Alterungsprozessen 112 6.2 Lebensdauer 113 6.2.1 Definition Lebensdauerende 113 6.2.2 Bestimmung des Lebensdauerendes 116 6.2.3 Veränderungen der Eigenschaften während der Nutzung 117 6.3 Grenzen der Lebensdauer 119 6.3.1 Grundsätzliche Begrenzung der Lebensdauer 119 6.3.2 Herstellerangaben über die zu erwartende Lebensdauer 119 6.4 Verfahren zur Lebensdauerprognose 120 6.4.1 Gewichtete Amperestundendurchsatzverfahren 120 6.4.2 Ereignisbasierte Lebensdauerprognoseverfahren 121 6.4.3 Prognose des Kapazitäts- und Innenwiderstandsverlaufs 122 Literatur 123 Aufgaben 124 7 Zustandsbestimmung von Zellen und Batterien 125 7.1 Motivation 126 7.2 Ladezustand und Entladetiefe 127 7.2.1 Strenge Definition des Ladezustands 127 7.2.2 Hauptreaktionsstrom 128 7.2.3 Messung des Batteriestroms 129 7.2.4 Yazami-Theorem 131 7.2.5 Experimentelle Bestimmung des Ladezustands 131 7.2.6 Entladetiefe 132 7.2.7 State of energy 132 7.3 State of health und state of function 133 7.3.1 Begriffe 133 7.3.2 Abgrenzung und Diskussion der Begriffe state of function und state of health 133 7.3.3 Messung von SoH und SoF 135 7.4 State of safety 136 Literatur 136 Aufgabe 137 8 Batteriemodelle 139 8.1 Klassifikation, Einsatz und Grenzen von Modellen 139 8.1.1 Zum Begriff des Batteriemodells 139 8.1.2 Nutzung von Modellen 140 8.1.3 Einsatzgrenzen 141 8.2 Ersatzschaltbildmodelle 141 8.2.1 Grundsätzliches 141 8.2.2 Aufbau von Ersatzschaltbildmodellen 142 8.2.3 Elektrolytkondensatoreigenschaften einer Batterie 144 8.2.4 Berücksichtigung von zeitlichen Prozessen, Massentransport und Temperatur 145 8.2.5 Örtlich aufgelöste Ersatzschaltbildmodelle 145 8.2.6 Relaxationsprozesse 146 8.3 Modelle mit ladezustandsunabhängigen Parametern: das Shepherd-Modell 147 8.4 Modelle mit ladezustandsabhängigen Parametern 149 8.4.1 Thévenet-Modell 149 8.4.2 Randles-Modell 149 8.5 Ablauf von Simulationen 150 8.6 Vergleich von Modellen 152 8.7 Modellbildung bei größeren Systemen 152 Literatur 154 Aufgaben 154 9 Parameterbestimmung 155 9.1 Begriffsbestimmung 155 9.2 Bestimmung durch physikochemische Methoden 156 9.2.1 Experimentelle Bestimmung 156 9.2.2 Kapazitätsbestimmung 158 9.2.3 Temperatur- und Stromabhängigkeit der Kapazität 158 9.2.4 Kältekapazität und Kälteprüfstrom 159 9.2.5 Überbrückungszeiten mit konstanter Leistung 159 9.3 Ruhespannungskurve 160 9.4 Innenwiderstandsbestimmung mit Strom- bzw. Spannungspulsen 160 9.5 Kurzschlussstrom 163 9.6 Parametrisierung für das Randles-Modell aus Pulsbelastungen (Messung im Zeitbereich) 164 9.7 Parameterbestimmung durch Messung des Impedanzspektrums (Messung im Frequenzbereich) 164 9.8 Messung des Wechselstrominnenwiderstands 166 9.9 Parametrisierung des Randles-Modells über alle Betriebszustände 167 Literatur 168 Aufgaben 169 10 Batterieanalytik 171 10.1 Methodenüberblick 171 10.2 Bewertung der Veränderungen elektrischer Kenngrößen 172 10.3 Elektrochemische Analyseverfahren 173 10.3.1 Stationäre elektrochemische Analyseverfahren 174 10.3.2 Quasistationäre elektrochemische Analyseverfahren 174 10.3.3 Nicht-stationäre Verfahren 176 10.4 Chemische und spektroskopische Verfahren – Post-mortem-Analyseverfahren 178 10.4.1 Allgemeines 178 10.4.2 Chemische Techniken inkl. Trennverfahren und Charakterisierungsverfahren für Oberflächen und Korngrößen 178 10.4.3 Mikroskopische Techniken 179 10.4.4 Spektroskopische Techniken 181 10.4.5 Diffraktometrische Techniken 183 10.5 In-situ-Analyseverfahren 184 10.6 Zusammenfassung 185 Literatur 185 Aufgaben 186 11 Übersicht über Batteriesysteme 187 11.1 Physikochemische Daten und Charakteristika 187 11.2 Investitions- und Betriebskosten 191 11.3 Marktstruktur 192 11.4 Verfügbarkeit von Informationen 192 11.5 Normungsdichte 193 Weiterführende Literatur 194 12 Blei-Säure-Batterien 195 12.1 Einführung und wirtschaftliche Bedeutung 196 12.2 Elektrochemie 196 12.2.1 Übersicht über aktive Komponenten 197 12.2.2 Übersicht über die wichtigsten Reaktionen an der positiven und negativen Elektrode 198 12.2.3 Beschreibung der Hauptreaktionen 200 12.2.4 Überentladereaktionen beim Entladen 201 12.2.5 Nebenreaktionen der positiven und negativen Elektrode beim Überladen 203 12.2.6 Nebenreaktionen und Selbstentladung im Ruhezustand 205 12.2.7 Laden und Entladen von Zellen in Reihe 206 12.3 Weitere elektrochemische Reaktionen 207 12.3.1 Batterien mit internem Sauerstoffkreislauf (verschlossene Batterien, VRLA) 208 12.3.2 Elektrochemie 208 12.4 Aktivmaterialien 213 12.4.1 Elektrische Leitfähigkeit der Aktivmassen 214 12.4.2 Effektive Oberfläche und Mikrostruktur der Aktivmassen 216 12.4.3 Bleisulfat 217 12.4.4 Spannungssack zu Beginn der Entladung 218 12.4.5 Herstellungsverfahren 220 12.5 Elektrolyt 220 12.6 Stromkollektoren, Gitter 222 12.6.1 Korrosionsbeständigkeit 224 12.6.2 Elektrischer Widerstand 224 12.6.3 Mechanische Stabilität 225 12.6.4 Elektrischer Kontakt zwischen Gittern und Aktivmassen 226 12.7 Herstellungsverfahren und weitere Komponenten zur Herstellung von Zellen oder Blöcken 226 12.7.1 Herstellung von Stromkollektoren und Elektroden (Platten) 226 12.7.2 Separator 227 12.7.3 Herstellung von Plattensätzen 228 12.7.4 Batteriegehäuse und Deckel 229 12.7.5 Zellverbinder 230 12.8 Strominhomogenität 230 12.9 Säureschichtung 232 12.10 Auslegung und konstruktive Unterschiede bei verschiedenen Anwendungen 235 12.10.1 Auslegung von Zellen 235 12.10.2 Starterbatterien 236 12.10.3 Traktionsbatterien für Flurförderzeuge und Semitraktionsbatterien 237 12.10.4 Batterien für stationäre bzw. ortsfeste Anlagen 238 12.10.5 Eigenschaften 239 12.10.6 Entladeverhalten und Kapazität 239 12.10.7 Überwachungsanforderungen beim Entladen 246 12.11 Leistungsabgabe und Innenwiderstand 246 12.12 Laden und Ladekennlinien 248 12.12.1 Grundlegendes zum Laden von Blei-Säure-Batterien 248 12.12.2 IU-Ladekennlinie 249 12.12.3 IUoU-Ladekennlinie 251 12.12.4 Weitere Ladekennlinien 252 12.12.5 Bewertung der Ladekennlinien 255 12.12.6 Vollladekriterien 257 12.13 Alterungseffekte 258 12.13.1 Übersicht zu Alterungseffekten 258 12.13.2 Verminderung der Oberfläche der aktiven Massen 260 12.13.3 Sulfatierung 260 12.13.4 Premature capacity loss (PLC) 261 12.13.5 Abschlammen der Aktivmasse 261 12.13.6 Korrosion des Separators 262 12.13.7 Austrocknen des Elektrolyts (verschlossene Batterien) 262 12.13.8 Dendritenbildung 263 12.13.9 Sauerstoffverzehr und Entstehung von Unterdruck in verschlossenen Batterien 263 12.14 Korrosion des positiven Gitters, positiven Kopfbleis, negativer Pole und Interzellverbinder 263 12.14.1 Korrosion des positiven Gitters 263 12.14.2 Auswirkungen der Gitterkorrosion 265 12.14.3 Korrosion der positiven Pole und Polbrücken (Kopfblei) 267 12.14.4 Korrosion der negativen Gitter, Pole und Polbrücken 269 12.14.5 Explosionsrisiko 270 12.15 Korrosion der Interzellverbinder 270 12.16 Betriebsstrategien und konstruktive Auswirkungen für Blei-Säure-Batterien 272 12.17 Zustandsbestimmung 274 12.17.1 Ladezustand 274 12.17.2 Kapazität bzw. State of Health 276 12.18 Sicherheit 277 12.18.1 Explosionsrisiko durch Knallgas 277 12.18.2 Wässrige Schwefelsäure 278 12.18.3 Umgang mit Blei 279 12.19 Batterieprobleme 279 Literatur 280 Aufgaben 283 13 Lithium-Ionen-Batterien 287 13.1 Einführung und wirtschaftliche Bedeutung 288 13.2 Elektrochemie 288 13.2.1 Grundprinzip 288 13.2.2 Übersicht über aktive Komponenten 290 13.2.3 Übersicht über die wichtigsten Reaktionen an der positiven und negativen Elektrode 291 13.2.4 Nebenreaktionen 293 13.2.5 Überlade- und Überentladereaktionen 294 13.3 Aktivmaterialien 294 13.3.1 Kathodenmaterialien 294 13.3.2 Anodenmaterialien 297 13.3.3 Ionenleitfähigkeit der Aktivmassen 301 13.4 Elektrolyt 301 13.4.1 Grundsätzliches 301 13.4.2 Organische Lösungsmittel 302 13.4.3 Weitere Bestandteile 303 13.5 Solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) und die Bedeutung für die Lithium-Ionen-Batterie 305 13.6 Stromkollektoren 307 13.7 Produktion von Elektroden 308 13.8 Separatoren 309 13.9 Sicherheitsmaßnahmen 310 13.10 Bauformen von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien 312 13.10.1 Aufbau von Zellen 312 13.10.2 Aufbau von Modulen und Batterien 315 13.11 Auslegung und konstruktive Unterschiede bei verschiedenen Anwendungen 316 13.11.1 Auslegung von Zellen 316 13.11.2 Elektrotraktionsbatterien 318 13.11.3 Starterbatterien 318 13.11.4 Batterien für stationäre bzw. ortsfeste Anlagen 319 13.11.5 Consumer-Batterien 320 13.12 Eigenschaften 321 13.12.1 Entladeverhalten und Kapazität 321 13.12.2 Kapazitätsangabe und Kapazitätsmessung 322 13.12.3 Überwachungsanforderungen 322 13.13 Innenwiderstandsmessung 323 13.14 Laden und Ladekennlinien 323 13.14.1 Ladekennlinien 323 13.14.2 Vollladung 324 13.14.3 Festkörperdiffusion beim Entladen und Laden 324 13.14.4 Laden bei tiefen Temperaturen 325 13.14.5 Schnellladen 325 13.15 Alterungseffekte 325 13.15.1 Alterungseffekte allgemein 325 13.15.2 Alterung der Kathode 326 13.15.3 Alterung der Anode 327 13.15.4 Alterung im Elektrolyt 330 13.15.5 Korrosion des Separators 331 13.15.6 Sonstige Alterungseffekte 331 13.16 Einfluss kalendarischer und zyklischer Alterung und Modellierung 331 13.16.1 Alterung und die Notwendigkeit ihrer Modellierung 331 13.16.2 Modellierung und Simulation von Alterung 332 13.16.3 Quantitative Modellansätze zur Beschreibung von Alterung 335 13.17 Batteriemanagementsysteme und Batteriebetriebsstrategien 336 13.17.1 Generelles 336 13.17.2 Technische Realisierungen von Batteriemanagementsystemen für Lithium-Ionen-Batterien 337 13.17.3 Balancing 339 13.17.4 Datenanalyse und Fehlererkennung 340 13.17.5 Integration von Kühlung und Heizung 341 13.18 Zustands- und Parameterbestimmung 341 13.18.1 Ladezustand 341 13.18.2 Kapazität, Innenwiderstand bzw. State of Health 342 13.19 Sicherheit 343 13.19.1 Allgemeine Sicherheitsaspekte 343 13.19.2 Missbrauchstests 344 13.20 State of Safety 346 13.20.1 Generelle Situation 346 13.20.2 Gefährdungs- und Sicherheitsstufen 346 13.20.3 Sicherheitsgrenzen 348 13.20.4 Definitionsversuche 349 13.21 Interne Kurzschlüsse 350 13.22 Thermal Runaway und thermische Propagation 351 13.22.1 Problematik und Feldsituation 351 13.22.2 Thermal runaway 353 13.22.3 Thermische Propagation 357 13.23 Sicherheitsengineering 361 13.24 Batterieprobleme 362 Literatur 365 Aufgaben 367 14 Andere Batterietechnologien 369 14.1 Alkalische Nickel-Batterien 370 14.1.1 Generelles 370 14.1.2 Physikalisch-chemische Grundlagen 370 14.1.3 Zellaufbau 372 14.1.4 Batterieeigenschaften 374 14.1.5 Alterungsverhalten 374 14.1.6 Sicherheitsaspekte 376 14.1.7 Optimaler Betrieb 377 14.1.8 Ausblick 377 14.2 Zink-Luft-Batterien 378 14.2.1 Generelles 378 14.2.2 Physikalisch-chemische Grundlagen 378 14.2.3 Zellaufbau 379 14.2.4 Eigenschaften 379 14.2.5 Alterungsverhalten 379 14.2.6 Optimaler Betrieb 380 14.2.7 Sicherheitseigenschaften 380 14.2.8 Ausblick 380 14.3 Redox-Flow-Batterien 380 14.3.1 Generelles und physikalisch-chemische Grundlagen 380 14.3.2 Ausblick 381 14.4 Hochtemperaturbatterien 382 14.4.1 Generelles 382 14.4.2 Physikalisch-chemische Grundlagen 382 14.4.3 Zellaufbau 383 14.4.4 Eigenschaften 383 14.4.5 Alterungserscheinungen 383 14.4.6 Sicherheitseigenschaften 383 14.4.7 Optimaler Betrieb 383 14.4.8 Ausblick 384 14.5 Lithium-Feststoffelektrolyt-Batterien 384 14.5.1 Generelles 384 14.5.2 Physikalisch-chemische Grundlagen 385 14.5.3 Ausblick 385 14.6 Lithium-Schwefel-Batterien 386 14.6.1 Generelles 386 14.6.2 Physikalisch-chemische Grundlagen 387 14.6.3 Ausblick 387 14.7 Lithium-Luft-Batterien 388 14.7.1 Generelles 388 14.7.2 Physikalisch-chemische Grundlagen 389 14.7.3 Aktueller Stand 389 14.8 Natrium-Luft-Batterien 390 14.8.1 Generelles 390 14.8.2 Physikalisch-chemische Grundlagen 390 14.8.3 Ausblick 390 14.9 Ultrakondensatoren und Hybridbatterien 390 14.9.1 Generelles 390 14.9.2 Physikalisch-chemische Grundlagen 391 14.9.3 Hybride Batteriekonzepte 392 Literatur 392 Aufgaben 393 15 Übersicht über Anwendungen 395 15.1 Allgemeine Bemerkungen 396 15.2 Leistungsverlauf 397 15.2.1 Gleichzeitige Verbindung von Batterien mit Ladegerät und Lasten 397 15.2.2 Zeitlich getrennte Verbindung von Batterien mit Ladegerät und Last 400 15.3 Ladezustand und Restkapazität 400 15.4 Wirkungsgrad 400 15.4.1 Wirkungsgrad bei zyklischer Belastung 401 15.4.2 Stand-by-Verluste 402 15.4.3 Relevanz des Wirkungsgrades der Batterie 402 15.5 Sicherheit und umweltverträglicher Umgang mit Batterien 403 15.6 Unterteilung in Anwendungsbereiche 403 15.6.1 Starterbatterien für Fahrzeuge (starting, lighting, ignition, SLI) 404 15.6.2 Batterien für die Elektromobilität 404 15.6.3 Batterien für Flurförderzeuge für den innerbetrieblichen Transport 404 15.6.4 Stationäre Anwendungen 405 15.6.5 Batterien für portable Geräte (Werkzeuge, Kommunikationsendgeräte etc.) 405 Literatur 405 Aufgaben 406 16 Starterbatterien für Fahrzeuge (starting, lighting, ignition, SLI) 407 16.1 Begriffsbestimmung 407 16.2 Anforderungen an die Batterie 408 16.3 Wahl der Batterietechnologie 412 16.4 Auslegung und Betrieb 414 16.5 Überwachung der Batterie 416 16.6 Sonstiges 417 Literatur 417 Aufgaben 417 17 Batterien für die Elektromobilität 419 17.1 Begriffsbestimmung 419 17.2 Anforderungen an die Batterie 421 17.3 Wahl der Batterietechnologie 424 17.4 Aufbau des Batteriesystems 425 17.5 Auslegung und Betrieb 426 17.6 Überwachung der Batterie 430 17.7 Sonstiges 431 Literatur 432 Aufgaben 433 18 Traktionsbatterien für den innerbetrieblichen Transport 435 18.1 Flurförderzeuge für den innerbetrieblichen Transport 435 18.1.1 Anforderungen 436 18.1.2 Wahl der Batterietechnologie 436 18.1.3 Betrieb 438 18.1.4 Überwachung von Batterien 444 18.2 Kleintraktionsbatterien 444 18.2.1 Anforderungen 445 18.2.2 Wahl der Batterietechnologie 445 18.2.3 Betrieb 445 Literatur 445 19 Stationäre Anwendungen von Batterien 447 19.1 Bereitschaftsparallelbetrieb für Netzersatz- und USV-Anlagen 448 19.1.1 Begriffsklärung 448 19.1.2 Anforderungen 450 19.1.3 Wahl der Batterietechnologie 451 19.1.4 Auslegung 452 19.1.5 Betrieb 453 19.1.6 Überwachung der Batterie 454 19.1.7 Sonstige Informationen 460 19.2 Dieselstart bei Netzersatzanlagen 460 19.2.1 Anforderungen 461 19.2.2 Wahl der Batterietechnologie 462 19.2.3 Wartung und Fehlerdiagnose 463 19.3 Batterien für den zeitlichen Ausgleich von Stromnachfrage und -angebot 463 19.3.1 Anwendungsgruppen 463 19.3.2 Anforderungen 465 19.3.3 Wahl der Batterietechnologie 466 19.3.4 Auslegung 467 19.3.5 Betriebsstrategie 469 19.3.6 Überwachung 470 19.4 Batterien für die Stabilisierung des Energieversorgungssystems 470 19.4.1 Beispiele für große Batteriespeicher auf der Welt und Bewertung 470 19.4.2 Anforderungen 471 19.4.3 Wahl der Batterietechnologie 472 19.4.4 Sonstiges 472 Literatur 473 Aufgaben 473 20 Batterien für portable Anwendungen 477 20.1 Begriffsbestimmung 477 20.2 Anforderungen an die Batterie 478 20.3 Wahl der Batterietechnologie 479 20.4 Auslegung und Betrieb 480 20.5 Überwachung der Batterien 481 20.6 Sonstiges 481 Literatur 482 Aufgaben 482 Anhang A Übersicht über Begriffe 483 Anhang B Sicherer und umweltverträglicher Umgang mit Batterien 495 B.1 Generelles 495 B.2 Elektrische Sicherheit 496 B.3 Brandschutz 499 B.4 Explosionsschutz 500 B.4.1 Explosionsschutz bei Blei-Säure-Batterien 501 B.4.2 Explosionsschutz bei Lithium-Ionen-Batterien 504 B.5 Bauliche Maßnahmen und Transport 504 B.6 Umweltbelastung und Entsorgung 505 Literatur 505 Anhang C Normenübersicht 507 Anhang D Elektrochemische Impedanzspektroskopie (EIS) 513 D.1 Begriffsübersicht 513 D.2 Ergebnisdarstellung 515 D.3 Bestimmung von Zellparametern mittels Impedanzspektroskopie 516 D.4 Qualität der Parameterbestimmung 522 Literatur 524 Anhang E Säureschichtung 525 Literatur 529 Stichwortverzeichnis 531

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive review to the synthesis, properties, and applications of diarylethene-based molecular photoswitches Diarylethene Molecular Photoswitches: Concept and Functionalities provides the fundamental concepts of molecular photoswitches and includes information on how the bistable photoswitches of diarylethenes modulate the functions of materials and biological activities. Written by Masahiro Irie (the inventor of photochromic diarylethene compound), the book explores the reaction mechanism, photoswitching performance, photoswitchable crystals, and the myriad applications of diarylethenes based photoswitches. This book offers academics, chemists, and engineers an essential resource for understanding the molecular photoswitches and provides a guide to the development of new photoresponsive materials. The author explores the applications based on diarylethene and its dirivatives to Field-Effect Transistors, Metal-Organic Frameworks including nanoparticles, super-resolution fluorescence microscopies, drug release, and self-healing materials. This important book: * Offers a guide to diarylethene derivatives, the most widely studied compounds worldwide among the photochromic compounds * Includes the basic concepts of molecular photoswitches * Explores the myraid applications grounded in diarylethene and its derivatives * Presents an authortative text from the inventor of the photochromic diarylethene compound Written for materials scientists, organic, polymer, and physical chemists, and electronics engineers, Diarylethene Molecular Photoswitches offers an introduction to the topic and includes recent developments in the field. Table of ContentsPreface ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 General Introduction 1 1.2 Discovery of Diarylethene Molecular Photoswitches 4 References 12 2 Reaction Mechanism 15 2.1 Basic Concepts 15 2.2 Theoretical Study 20 2.3 Reaction Dynamics 22 2.3.1 Cyclization Reaction 22 2.3.2 Cycloreversion Reaction 27 References 29 3 Photoswitching Performance 31 3.1 Quantum Yield 31 3.1.1 Photocyclization Quantum Yield 31 3.1.2 Solvent Effect on Cyclization Quantum Yield 42 3.1.3 Photocycloreversion Quantum Yield 44 3.2 Thermal Stability 49 3.3 Fatigue Resistance 53 3.4 Fluorescence Property 60 3.4.1 Turn-Off Mode Photoswitching 61 3.4.2 Turn-On Mode Photoswitching 76 3.5 Chiral Property 80 References 86 4 Photoswitchable Crystals 93 4.1 Dichroism 93 4.2 X-Ray Crystallographic Analysis 97 4.3 Quantum Yield 101 4.4 Multicolored Systems and Nano-Layered Periodic Structures 106 4.5 Fluorescent Crystals 108 4.6 Photomechanical Response 110 4.6.1 Surface Morphology Change 112 4.6.2 Reversible Shape Change 113 4.6.3 Bending Response of Mixed Crystals 116 References 121 5 Memory 125 5.1 Single-Molecule Memory 125 5.2 Near-Field Optical Memory 128 5.3 Three-Dimensional Optical Memory 130 5.4 Readout Using Infrared Absorption, Raman Scattering, and Refractive Index Changes 132 References 134 6 Switches 137 6.1 Single-Molecule Conductance Photoswitch 137 6.2 Optical Switch Based on Refractive Index Change 141 6.3 Magnetism 141 References 146 7 Surface Properties 149 7.1 SurfaceWettability 149 7.2 Selective Metal Deposition 151 7.3 Subwavelength Nanopatterning 154 References 155 8 Polymers and Liquid Crystals 157 8.1 Polymers 157 8.2 Liquid Crystals 175 References 178 9 Applications 183 9.1 Organic Field-Effect Transistors (OFETs) 183 9.2 Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) 185 9.3 Super-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy 188 9.3.1 Control of Cycloreversion Quantum Yield 189 9.3.2 Fatigue Resistance 191 9.3.3 Photoswitching with Single-Wavelength Visible Light 192 9.3.4 Super-Resolution Bioimaging 195 9.4 Chemical Reactivity Control 197 9.5 Biological Activity 201 9.6 Color Dosimeters 204 References 209 A Synthesis Procedures of Typical Diarylethenes 213 A.1 1,2-Bis(2,4-dimethyl-5-phenyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene 213 A.2 1,2-Bis(2-ethyl-6-phenyl-1-benzothiophene-1,1-dioxide-3-yl)-perfluorocyclopenetene 215 References 217 Index 219

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