Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book SynopsisHow to plan your future strategy for efficient, cost-saving data management Businesses have historically treated data protection as an afterthought, as simply making an occasional copy of data that could be used in the future. Today, this attitude is changing rapidly. The ever-increasing amount of data, along with the emphasis on continuous availability, necessitates changes in the approach to data integrity, which results in management and protection becoming much more closely aligned. Digital Data Integrity throws light on the data integrity landscape of the future. It provides the reader with a brief overview of the historical methods and subsequent evolution of data protection. The text shows how the whole subject of data integrity is changing and describes and positions many of the new, enhanced, more intelligent protection technologies and methods. Digital Data Integrity: Takes a unique, forward look at data protection and manageTable of ContentsAcknowledgements. Introduction. 1. An Introduction to Data Protection Today. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Traditional Backup and Recovery. 1.3 Hierarchical Storage Migration (HSM). 1.4 Disaster Recovery. 1.5 Vaulting. 1.6 Encryption. 1.7 Management and Reporting. 1.8 Summary. 2. The Evolution. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Storage Virtualization. 2.3 RAID. 2.4 RAID Levels. 2.5 What Mirroring and RAID Do Not Do. 2.6 Replication. 2.6.1 Host-Based Replication. 2.6.2 RAID System Replication. 2.7 Standby or DR Site. 2.8 Summary. 3. Backup Integration. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Snapshots. 4. Bare Metal Restore. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Background. 4.3 The Evolution of BMR Capabilities. 4.4 Filling the Gap – Integrated BMR. 4.5 The Problem of Dissimilar Disk Recovery. 4.6 The Problem of Automating Disk Mapping. 4.7 The Problem of Dissimilar System Recovery. 4.8 The Current State of Integrated BMR. 4.9 The Future of BMR. 4.10 New Capabilities and Challenges in Data Protection and the Effect on Bare Metal Recovery. 4.11 Large-Scale Automated Bare Metal Recovery. 4.12 Summary. 5. Management. 5.1 Introduction 67 5.2 Protecting Data Throughout Its Life Cycle. 5.3 Architecting for Efficient Management. 5.4 Reporting. 5.5 Business Unit Chargeback. 5.6 Conclusion. 6. Security. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Encryption and Data Protection. 6.3 Data Protection Application Security. 6.4 Security Vulnerabilities in Data Protection Applications. 6.5 Conclusion. 7. New Features in Data Protection. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Synthetic Backups. 7.3 Evolution of Synthetic Backups. 7.4 Benefits of Synthetic Backups. 7.5 Building a Synthetic Backup. 7.6 Technical Considerations and Limitations. 7.7 Disk-Based Solutions. 7.8 Disk to Disk. 7.9 Disk Staging. 7.10 Virtual Tape. 7.11 Disk-Based Data Protection Implementation Issues. 7.12 Conclusion. 8. Disk-Based Protection Technologies. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Disk Synthetic Backup. 8.3 Online Protection: CDP. 8.4 Data Reduction: SIS. 8.5 New Pricing Paradigms for Disk-Based Protection. 8.6 Conclusion. 9. Managing Data Life Cycle and Storage. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Issues Surrounding Data Life Cycle. 9.3 Data Life Cycle Management. 9.4 Application Considerations. 9.5 Additional Considerations. 9.6 Security. 9.7 Compliance. 9.8 Conclusion. 10. Quality Control. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Quality Control as a Framework. 10.3 Managing the Service Level Agreements (SLAs). 10.4 Protection by Business Unit. 10.5 Application Considerations. 10.6 Policy and Compliance. 10.7 Cost Modelling. 10.8 Security. 10.9 Conclusion. 11. Tools for the System. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 HA. 11.3 Provisioning. 11.4 Virtualization. 11.5 Summary. Conclusion. Glossary. Appendix A. Appendix B. Index.

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Book SynopsisFrom the editors of the highly successful WCDMA for UMTS, this new book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date reference to High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) technologies for WCDMA. The editors cover both HSDPA and HSUPA, including an in-depth description and explanation of 3GPP standards, and expected performance based on simulations and first measurements. The text also discusses the impact of HSDPA and HSUPA on network dimensioning, covers applications and end-to-end performance in detail, and includes a section on radio frequency requirements and terminal design considerations. The most comprehensive and advanced guide to the HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) and HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access) technologies and standardisation, HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS: Analyses the impact of HSDPA/HSUPA on network dimensioning, discussing co-existence with R99 (Release 99) and GPRS/EDGE (General Packet Radio Services/ Enhanced Data GSM Environment) Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. Abbreviations. 1. Introduction (Harri Holma and Antti Toskala). 1.1 WCDMA technology and deployment status. 1.2 HSPA standardization and deployment schedule. 1.3 Radio capability evolution with HSPA. 2. HSPA standardization and background (Antti Toskala and Karri Ranta-Aho) 2.1 3GPP. 2.2 References. 3. HSPA architecture and protocols (Antti Toskala and Juho Pirskanen). 3.1 Radio resource management architecture. 3.2 References. 4. HSDPA principles (Juho Pirskanen and Antti Toskala). 4.1 HSDPA vs Release 99 DCH. 4.2 Key technologies with HSDPA. 4.3 High-speed dedicated physical control channel. 4.4 BTS measurements for HSDPA operation. 4.5 Terminal capabilities. 4.6 HSDPA MAC layer operation. 4.7 References. 5. HSUPA principles (Karri Ranta-Aho and Antti Toskala). 5.1 HSUPA vs Release 99 DCH. 5.2 Key technologies with HSUPA. 5.3 E-DCH transport channel and physical channels. 5.4 Physical layer procedures. 5.5 MAC layer. 5.6 Iub parameters. 5.7 Mobility. 5.8 UE capabilities and data rates. 5.9 References and list of related 3GPP specifications. 6. Radio resource management (Harri Holma, Troels Kolding, Klaus Pedersen, and Jeroen Wigard). 6.1 HSDPA radio resource management. 6.2 HSUPA radio resource management. 6.3 References. 7. HSDPA bit rates, capacity and coverage (Frank Frederiksen, Harri Holma, Troels Kolding, and Klaus Pedersen). 7.1 General performance factors. 7.2 Single-user performance. 7.3 Multiuser system performance. 7.4 Iub transmission efficiency. 7.5 Capacity and cost of data delivery. 7.6 Round trip time. 7.7 HSDPA measurements. 7.8 HSDPA performance evolution. 7.9 Conclusions. 7.10 Bibliography. 8. HSUPA bit rates, capacity and coverage (Jussi Jaatinen, Harri Holma, Claudio Rosa, and Jeroen Wigard). 8.1 General performance factors. 8.2 Single-user performance. 8.3 Cell capacity. 8.4 HSUPA performance enhancements. 8.5 Conclusions. 8.6 Bibliography. 9. Application and end-to-end performance (Chris Johnson, Sandro Grech, Harri Holma, and Martin Kristensson) 9.1 Packet application introduction. 9.2 Always-on connectivity. 9.3 Application performance over HSPA. 9.4 Application performance vs network load. 9.5 References. 10. Voice-over-IP (Harri Holma, Esa Malkama¨ki, and Klaus Pedersen). 10.1 VoIP motivation. 10.2 IP header compression. 10.3 VoIP over HSPA. 10.4 References. 11. RF requirements of an HSPA terminal (Harri Holma, Jussi Numminen, Markus Pettersson, and Antti Toskala). 11.1 Transmitter requirements. 11.2 Receiver requirements. 11.3 Frequency bands and multiband terminals. 11.4 References. Index.

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Book SynopsisIn this excellent book, Fred Barclay challenges the accepted industry parameters for measuring fuel cell performance and efficiency - reviewing fuel cell technology from the outside, based on his inter-disciplinary experience in the fields of power, nuclear power, and desalination.Table of ContentsForeword. Introduction, and Commentary on Matters Affecting all Chapters. 1. Altered Perspectives. 1.1 Power Storage. 1.2 Circulators. 1.3 Incompleteness. 1.4 The Hydrogen Mine. 1.5 Coal Gasification. 1.6 SOFCs. 1.7 MCFCs. 1.8 The PEFC. 1.9 Engines. 2. Regenerative Fuel Cells or Redox Flow Batteries. 2.1 Introduction to the Regenesys System. 2.2 History and Patents. 2.3 Regenesys Technologies Ltd; Power Storage. 2.4 Elementary Chemistry. 2.5 Modus Operandi of Regenesys. 2.6 Some Construction Details. 2.7 Ion and Electron Transfer. 2.8 Power Storage Applications. 2.9 Initial Operating Experience. 2.10 Electrical Equipment. 2.11 Remarks. 2.12 Conclusions. 3. Irreversible Thermodynamics. 3.1 Cells and Electrolysers with and without Circulators. 3.2 Irreversibility – An Introduction via Joule’s Experiment. 3.3 PEFC Irreversibility. 3.4 Bacon’s Fuel Cell; Avoidance of Irreversibility. 3.5 Fuel Cell Engineering. 3.6 Irreversibility in Calculation Routes. 3.7 Juggling with Irreversibilities. 3.8 Air-Breathing Fuel Cells – Irreversibilities. 3.9 Liquid Electrolytes at the Electrode, ‘Ice’ Films, Marangoni Forces and Diffusion Irreversibilities. 3.10 Overvoltage – An Electrical Irreversibility. 3.11 Biconductor Layers at the Electrode/Electrolyte Interface. 3.12 IR Drop. 3.13 Remarks. 4. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs). 4.1 Introduction. 4.1.1 The SOFC. 4.1.2 Electrolytes. 4.1.3 Electrolyte Thickness. 4.1.4 Cell Performance. 4.1.5 Competitive Cells. 4.1.6 Oxygen Ion Concentration. 4.1.7 Unused Fuel. 4.1.8 SOFC Internal Process. 4.1.9 SOFC Preheating for Start-Up. 4.1.10 SOFC Manoeuvrability. 4.1.11 Direct Hydrocarbon Oxidation. 4.2 Siemens Westinghouse. 4.2.1 Siemens – SOFC Integration with Gas Turbines. 4.3 Rolls-Royce. 4.4 NGK Insulators. 4.5 Mitsubishi Materials Corporation (MMTL). 4.6 Imperial College London and Ceres Power Ltd. 4.7 Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd, Australia. 4.8 Forschungs Zentrum Julich (FZJ). 4.9 Global Thermoelectric. 4.10 Allied Signal. 4.11 Acumentrics. 4.12 Adelan. 4.13 Sulzer Hexis. 4.14 ECN/INDEC Petten, the Netherlands. 4.15 Remarks. 5. Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs). 5.1 Introduction to the MCFC. 5.1.1 MCFCs of FCE and MTU. 5.1.2 Detailed Fuel Cell Description. 5.1.3 Matrix Initiation. 5.1.4 Matrix and Cathode Deterioration. 5.1.5 Performance of Complete Cells. 5.1.6 Bipolar Plates. 5.1.7 Stacks. 5.1.8 Gas Turbine Integration with an MCFC. 5.1.9 Nickel Oxide Deposition at the Cathode at High Pressure. 5.1.10 Nickel Behaviour, Short-Circuiting. 5.1.11 MCFC Integration with Coal Gasification. 5.2 MCFC Status. 5.3 Remarks. 6. Polymer Electrolyte and Direct Methanol Fuel Cells. 6.1 Introduction. 6.1.1 Ballard Power Systems. 6.1.2 Ballard History. 6.1.3 Ballard Status. 6.1.4 Ballard Stacks. 6.1.5 Flexible Graphite and Ballard. 6.1.6 Ballard MEAs. 6.1.7 Nafion and Alternatives. 6.1.8 Alternative Flow Plate Materials Used by Competitors. 6.1.9 Ballard Operating Experience. 6.2 Electrocatalysis in the SPFC. 6.3 Cathode Voltage Losses in the PEFC. 6.4 The PEFC Hydrogen Economy in Iceland. 6.5 Fuel Supply. 6.6 DMFCS. 6.7 Tokyo Gas Company, Desulphuriser. 6.8 Remarks. 7. Fuel Cell Economics and Prognosis. 7.1 Opening Remarks. 7.2 Fuel Cell Economics – Selected Summaries. 7.3 Non-Fuel-Cell Motor Vehicle Economics. 7.4 Price Waterhouse Fuel Cell Industry Survey. 7.5 Remarks. Appendix A: Equilibrium Thermodynamics of Perfect Fuel Cells. A.1 Thermodynamic Preamble to the Fuel Cell Equilibrium Diagram. A.2 Utilisation of Equilibrium Diagram for Calculation of Chemical Exergy. A.3 Chemical Exergy of Methane and Related High-Efficiency Hydrogen Production. A.4 Elaboration of Figures A.4 and A.5, the Equilibrium Methane Oxidation Routes. A.5 Practical Power Production for the Future. Appendix B: Patent Search Examples. Appendix C: List of Web Sites. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisDialogue systems are a very appealing technology with an extraordinary future. Spoken, Multilingual and Multimodal Dialogues Systems: Development and Assessment addresses the great demand for information about the development of advanced dialogue systems combining speech with other modalities under a multilingual framework. It aims to give a systematic overview of dialogue systems and recent advances in the practical application of spoken dialogue systems. Spoken Dialogue Systems are computer-based systems developed to provide information and carry out simple tasks using speech as the interaction mode. Examples include travel information and reservation, weather forecast information, directory information and product order. Multimodal Dialogue Systems aim to overcome the limitations of spoken dialogue systems which use speech as the only communication means, while Multilingual Systems allow interaction with users that speak different languages. Presents a clear Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction to Dialogue Systems. 1.1 Human-Computer Interaction and Speech Processing. 1.2 Spoken Dialogue Systems. 1.3 Multimodal Dialogue Systems. 1.4 Multilingual Dialogue Systems. 1.5 Dialogue Systems Referenced in This Book. 1.6 Area Organisation and Research Directions. 1.7 Overview of the Book. 1.8 Further Reading. 2. Technologies Employed to Set Up Dialogue Systems. 2.1 Input Interface. 2.2 Multimodal Processing. 2.3 Output Interface. 2.4 Summary. 2.5 Further Reading. 3. Multimodal Dialogue Systems. 3.1 Benefits of Multimodal Interaction. 3.2 Development of Multimodal Dialogue Systems. 3.3 Summary. 3.5 Further Reading. 4. Multilingual Dialogue Systems. 4.1 Implications of Multilinguality in the Architecture of Dialogue Systems. 4.2 Multilingual Dialogue Systems Based on Interlingua. 4.3 Multilingual Dialogue Systems Based on Web Applications. 4.4 Summary. 4.5 Further Reading. 5. Dialogue Annotation, Modelling and Management. 5.1 Dialogue Annotation. 5.2 Dialogue Modelling. 5.3 Dialogue Management. 5.4 Implications of Multimodality in the Dialogue Management. 5.5 Implications of Mulitlinguality in the Dialogue Management. 5.6 Implications of Task Independency in the Dialogue Management. 5.7 Summary. 5.8 Further Reading. 6. Development Tools. 6.1 Tools for Spoken and Multilingual Dialogue Systems. 6.2 Standards and Tools for Multimodal Dialogue Systems. 6.3 Summary. 6.4 Further Reading. 7. Assessment. 7.1 Overview of Evaluation Techniques. 7.2 Evaluation of Spoken and Multilingual Dialogue Systems. 7.3 Evaluation of Multimodal Dialogue Systems. 7.4 Summary. 7.5 Further Reading. Appendix A: Basic Tutorial on VoiceXML. Appendix B: Multimodal Databases. Appendix C: Coding Schemes for Multimodal Resources. Appendix D: URLs of Interest. Appendix E: List of Abbreviations. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisIn eleven chapters, Systems Engineering in Wireless Communications covers a wide range of system engineering topics from cellular radio systems and radio resource management to position location systems and network management. The book varies from other books on the market as it emphasizes the dynamical issues arising from mobile systems.Table of ContentsPreface. List of Abbreviations. 1 Introduction. 2 Feedback Control Basics. 3 Channel Modeling. 4 Channel Estimation and Prediction. 5 Power Control, Part I: Linear Algebra Perspective. 6 Power Control II: Control Engineering Perspective. 7 Admission and Load Control. 8 Combining Different Radio Resources. 9 Smart Antennas. 10 Cognitive Radios and Networks. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe key feature of future mobile communication systems is the ability to deliver wideband and high bit-rate multimedia services alongside the traditional radio services such as voice, messaging and slow rate data. The broad range of services expected to be supported can be divided into different Quality of Service (QoS) classes.Table of ContentsPreface. List of Acronyms. 1 Introduction. 1.1 The mobile communications sector. 1.2 UMTS. 1.3 QoS model in UMTS. References. 2 CDMA Concepts. 2.1 Multiple access techniques. 2.2 CDMA signal generation. 2.3 CDMA signal reception. 2.4 CDMA in cellular systems. References. 3 UMTS Radio Interface Description. 3.1 The UMTS protocols. 3.2 Radio interface protocol structure. 3.3 Physical layer. 3.4 Layer 2 protocols. 3.5 Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol. 3.6 Examples of Radio Access Bearers. References. 4 Basics of RRM in WCDMA. 4.1 Radio Resource concept. 4.2 Radio network planning. 4.3 Radio Resource Management. 4.4 Air interface characterization. 4.5 RRM functions. 4.6 System characteristics relevant at RRM level. References. Appendix - Path loss distribution. 5 RRM Algorithms. 5.1 RRM algorithm evaluation methodology. 5.2 Admission control algorithms. 5.3 Handover and cell selection algorithms. 5.4 Congestion control algorithms. 5.5 Short term RRM algorithms. 5.6 Power control. References. Appendix - Simulation models. A5.1 Propagation models. A5.2 Mobility models. A5.3 Traffic models. 6 CRRM in Beyond 3G Systems. 6.1 Heterogeneous networks. 6.2 Radio Access Networks characterization. 6.3 Interworking and coupling among Radio Access Networks. 6.4 Flexible radio resource and spectrum management. 6.5 CRRM algorithm implementation. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisFuture wireless communication systems should be operating mainly, if not completely, on burst data services carrying multimedia traffic. The need to support high-speed burst traffic has already posed a great challenge to all currently available air-link technologies based either on TDMA or CDMA.Table of ContentsPreface. About the Author. 1 Introduction. 2 Basics of CDMA Communications. 3 CDMA-Based 2G and 3G Systems. 4 Technical Limitations of Traditional CDMA Technology. 5 What is Next Generation CDMA Technology? 6 Complementary Codes. 7 CDMA Systems Based on Complementary Codes. 8 Integration of Space-Time Coding with CC-CDMA Technologies. 9 M-ary CDMA Technologies. 10 Next Generation Optical CDMA Communications. A. Relation between Periodic and Aperiodic Correlation Functions. B. Proof of Flock-wise Orthoganilty of CC codes. C. Proof of n-Chip Orthogonality of CC Codes. D. Proof of Equation (8.27). E. List of Complete Complementary Codes (PG = 8 ~ 512) F. List of Super Complementary Codes (PG = 4 ~64) References. Index.

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Book SynopsisParlay will enable rapid and cost-effective delivery of services based on telecommunications networks, and will be an essential part of the 3G future. We live in an exciting time. 3G networks are taking off, and as greater bandwidth and communication speeds become available, people are seeking new means by which to increase their interaction potential. Newer and more exciting services are being developed to drive more revenues and to enhance end-user experiences. New technologies are being designed and implemented to supplement and leverage the new capabilities being built into core networks. Parlay/OSA: From Standards to Reality is an accessible primer on network ecosystems and operations today, discussing the need for Parlay, the details of standards, aspects of network evolution and support for legacy systems, and advanced topics from an implementation perspective. The authors examine the potential of the Parlay/OSA (Open Service Access) solution from a numbTable of ContentsTrademarks and Permissions. Dedication. About the Authors. Foreword. A Note to the Reader. Acknowledgements. End-user Scenarios. Scenario 1: The Operator’s Perspective. Scenario 2: The Application Developer’s Perspective. Scenario 3: End-user Perspective. Scenario 4: Yet more perspectives. News Flash (Sometime During 2003–2004). Scenario 5: The Future. Part I Background and Introduction. 1 The Internet is Calling – Today’s Network Ecosystems and Their Evolution. 2 The Need for New Technologies. 3 Follow the Yellow Brick Road. 4 Parlay and OSA. 5 The Parlay Conceptual Architecture. Part II The Standards In Detail. 6 Standards Capabilities and Directions. 7 Standards Capabilities and Directions II – Scenarios and Details. 8 Standards Capabilities and Directions III – The Lay of the Land. Part III Building a Service Mediation Gateway. 9 Alternative Architectures. 10 Considerations for Building ‘Carrier-Grade’ Systems. Part IV Realizing Parlay. 11 Deploying Parlay Gateways. 12 Parlay and Legacy Systems – Handling Feature Interactions 13 Application Implementation Perspectives. Part V Advanced Topics and their Implementation. 14 The Parlay Proxy Manager (*). 15 Multi-Network Deployment Scenarios. 16 Parlay/OSA and XML-based Technologies. Bibliography. List of Abbreviations and Acronyms. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisProviding an introduction to the field of Conversational Informatics from an engineering perspective, Engineering Approaches to Conversational Informatics emphasizes the integration of engineering and scientific approaches to understanding and augmenting conversations.Table of ContentsPreface. List of Contributors. 1 Introduction (Toyoaki Nishida). 1.1 Conversation: the Most Natural Means of Communication. 1.2 An Engineering Approach to Conversation. 1.3 Towards a Breakthrough. 1.4 Approaches Used in Conversational Informatics. 1.5 Conversational Artifacts. 1.6 Conversational Content. 1.7 Conversational Environment Design. 1.8 Conversation Measurement, Analysis, and Modeling. 1.9 Underlying Methodology. References. Part I Conversational Artifacts. 2 Conversational Agents and the Construction of Humorous Acts (Anton Nijholt). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 The Role of Humor in Interpersonal Interaction. 2.3 Embodied Conversation Agents. 2.4 Appropriateness of Humorous Acts in Conversations. 2.5 Humorous Acts and Computational Humor. 2.6 Nonverbal Support for Humorous Acts. 2.7 Methods, Tools, Corpora, and Future Research. 2.8 Conclusions. References. 3 Why Emotions should be Integrated into Conversational Agents (Christian Becker, Stefan Kopp, and Ipke Wachsmuth). 3.1 Introduction and Motivation. 3.2 How to Conceptualize Emotions. 3.3 Why to Integrate Emotions into Conversational Agents. 3.4 Making the Virtual Human Max Emotional. 3.5 Examples and Experiences. 3.6 Conclusions. References. 4 More Than Just a Friendly Phrase: Multimodal Aspects of Polite Behavior in Agents (Matthias Rehm and Elisabeth Andre) 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 The Augsburg SEMMEL Corpus. 4.3 Employing the Results for ECA Control. 4.4 Evaluating Multimodal Politeness Behavior. 4.5 Conclusions. References. 5 Attentional Behaviors as Nonverbal Communicative Signals in Situated Interactions with Conversational Agents (Yukiko I. Nakano and Toyoaki Nishida). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Related Work. 5.3 Nonverbal Grounding using Attentional Behaviors Towards the Physical World. 5.4 Dialogue Management using Attentional Behaviors Towards the Virtual World. 5.5 Conclusions. References. 6 Attentional Gestures in Dialogues Between People and Robots (Candace L. Sidner and Christopher Lee). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Background and Related Research. 6.3 A Conversational Robot. 6.4 Looking Behaviors for the Robot. 6.5 Nodding at the Robot. 6.6 Lessons Learned. 6.7 Future Directions. References. 7 Dialogue Context for Visual Feedback Recognition (Louis-Philippe Morency, Candace L. Sidner, and Trevor Darrell). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Background and Related Research. 7.3 Context for Visual Feedback. 7.4 Context from Dialogue Manager. 7.5 Framework for Context-based Gesture Recognition. 7.6 Contextual Features. 7.7 Context-based Head Gesture Recognition. 7.8 Conclusions. References. 8 Trading Spaces: How Humans and Humanoids Use Speech and Gesture to Give Directions (Stefan Kopp, Paul A. Tepper, Kimberley Ferriman, Kristina Striegnitz, and Justine Cassell). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Words and Gestures for Giving Directions. 8.3 Relationship between Form and Meaning of Iconic Gestures in Direction-giving. 8.4 Discussion of Empirical Results. 8.5 Generating Directions with Humanoids. 8.6 Multimodal Microplanning. 8.7 Surface Realization. 8.8 Discussion of Generation Results. 8.9 Conclusions. References. 9 Facial Gestures: Taxonomy and Application of Nonverbal, Nonemotional Facial Displays for Embodied Conversational Agents (Goranka Zoric, Karlo Smid, and Igor S. Pandzic). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Facial Gestures for Embodied Conversational Agents. 9.3 Example of a Practical System Implementation. 9.4 Results. 9.5 Conclusions. References. Part II Conversational Contents. 10 Conversation Quantization and Sustainable Knowledge Globe (Hidekazu Kubota, Yasuyuki Sumi, and Toyoaki Nishida). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Conversation Quantization. 10.3 Knowledge Landscape. 10.4 Experiments. 10.5 Discussion. 10.6 Conclusions. References. 11 Automatic Text Presentation for the Conversational Knowledge Process (Sadao Kurohashi, Daisuke Kawahara, Nobuhiro Kaji, and Tomohide Shibata). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Current State of Natural Language Processing. 11.3 Unit of Conversation: the Knowledge Card. 11.4 Paraphrasing Written Language to Spoken Language. 11.5 Automatic Slide Generation. 11.7 Experiments and Discussion. 11.6 Conclusions. References. 12 Video Content Acquisition and Editing for Conversation Scenes (Yuichi Nakamura). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Obtaining Conversation Contents. 12.3 Capturing Conversation Scenes. 12.4 Editing Conversation Scenes. 12.5 Example of Capture and Editing. 12.6 Performance Evaluation. 12.7 Conclusion. References. 13 Personalization of Video Contents (Noboru Babaguchi). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Related Work. 13.3 Metadata. 13.4 Profile. 13.5 Definition of Video Summarization. 13.6 Scene Significance. 13.7 Generation of Video Digest. 13.8 Generation of Video Poster. 13.9 Experimental Results. 13.10 Discussion. 13.11 Conclusions. References. Part III Conversational Environment Design. 14 Conversational Content Acquisition by Ubiquitous Sensors (Yasuyuki Sumi, Kenji Mase, and Toyoaki Nishida). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Capturing Conversation Scenes by Multiple Sensors. 14.3 Segmentation and Interpretation of Scenes. 14.4 Video Summary: Chronological Collage of Multiple-viewpoint Videos. 14.5 Building 3D Virtual Space by Spatiotemporal Video Collage. 14.6 The Ambient Sound Shower: Sound Collage for Revealing Situated Conversations. 14.7 Inferring Semantic Information about Detected Conversation Scenes by Nonverbal Information. 14.8 Related Work. 14.9 Conclusions. References. 15 Real-time Human Proxy (Rin-ichiro Taniguchi and Daisaku Arita). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Concept of Real-time Human Proxy. 15.3 Acquisition of Human Motion. 15.4 Presentation of Avatar. 15.5 Prototype of Real-time Human Proxy. 15.6 Conclusions. References. 16 Lecture Archiving System (Satoshi Nishiguchi, Koh Kakusho, and Michihiko Minoh). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Concept of Environmental Media. 16.3 Related Works. 16.4 Definition of Dynamic Situations in the Classroom. 16.5 Recognition of Dynamic Situations. 16.6 Speaker Detection by Multimodal Sensors. 16.7 Experimental Results. 16.8 Conclusions. References. Part IV Conversational Measurement, Analysis, and Modeling. 17 A Scientific Approach to Conversational Informatics: Description, Analysis, and Modeling of Human Conversation (Yasuharu Den and Mika Enomoto). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Recording and Description of Multimodal Three-party Conversations. 17.3 Analysis of Multimodal Three-Party Conversations. 17.4 Modeling Human-to-Human Conversation. 17.5 Conclusions. References. 18 Embodied Synchrony in Conversation (Chika Nagaoka, Masashi Komori, and Sakiko Yoshikawa). 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Measurement and Quantification of Embodied Synchrony. 18.3 Influences on Embodied Synchrony. 18.4 Embodied Synchrony and Human Behavior. 18.5 Model and Theory of Embodied Synchrony. 18.6 Conclusions. References. 19 Modeling Communication Atmosphere (Tomasz M. Rutkowski and Danilo P. Mandic). 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 Communication Atmosphere. 19.3 Automatic Assessment of Communication Atmosphere: Machine Learning Methods. 19.4 Experiments. 19.5 Conclusions. References. 20 Analysis of Interaction Mechanisms in Online Communities (Naohiro Matsumura). 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 Four Roles for Individuals. 20.3 Measuring the Influence of Individuals. 20.4 Three Types of Communication. 20.5 Frequent Communication Patterns. 20.6 Conclusions. References. 21 Mutual Adaptation: A New Criterion for Designing and Evaluating Human–Computer Interaction (Kazuhiro Ueda and Takanori Komatsu). 21.1 Introduction. 21.2 Communication Experiment. 21.3 Proposal for a Meaning-acquisition Model. 21.4 Interaction between the Proposed Model and Users. 21.5 Discussion. 21.6 Conclusions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis advanced book is a comprehensive guide to security issues in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks. The book is organized into two main sections. The first, gives an introduction to the fundamentals and key issues related to wireless ad hoc networking, with an emphasis on security related issues.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. Preface. Acknowledgements. List of Acronyms. Part One Wireless Ad Hoc, Sensor and Mesh Networking. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Information Security. 1.2 Scope of the Book. 1.3 Structure of the Book. 1.4 Electronic Resources for the Book. 1.5 Review Questions. 2 Wireless Ad Hoc, Sensor and Mesh Networks. 2.1 Ad Hoc Networks and Applications. 2.2 Sensor and Actuator Networks. 2.3 Mesh Networks. 2.4 Tactical Communications and Networks. 2.5 Factors Influencing the Design of Wireless Ad Hoc, Sensor and Mesh Networks. .6 Review Questions. 3 The Wireless Medium. 3.1 Wireless Channel Fundamentals and Security. 3.2 Advanced Radio Technologies. 3.3 Review Questions. 4 Medium Access and Error Control. 4.1 Medium Access Control. 4.2 Error Control. 4.3 Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks. 4.4 Wireless Local Area Networks. 4.5 Wireless Personal Area Networks. 4.6 Review Questions. 5 Routing. 5.1 Internet Protocol and Mobile IP. 5.2 Routing in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. 5.3 Routing in Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks. 5.4 Review Questions. 6 Reliability, Flow and Congestion Control. 6.1 Reliability. 6.2 Flow and Congestion Control. 6.3 Review Questions. 7 Other Challenges and Security Aspects. 7.1 Localization and Positioning. 7.2 Time Synchronization. 7.3 Addressing. 7.4 Data Aggregation and Fusion. 7.5 Data Querying. 7.6 Coverage. 7.7 Mobility Management. 7.8 Cross-layer Design. 7.9 Review Questions. Part Two Security in Wireless Ad Hoc, Sensor and Mesh Networking. 8 Security Attacks in Ad Hoc, Sensor and Mesh Networks. 8.1 Security Attacks. 8.2 Attackers. 8.3 Security Goals. 8.4 Review Questions. 9 Cryptography. 9.1 Symmetric Encryption. 9.2 Asymmetric Encryption. 9.3 Hash Functions and Message Authentication Code. 9.4 Cascading Hashing. 9.5 Review Questions. 10 Challenges and Solutions: Basic Issues. 10.1 Bootstrapping Security in Ad Hoc Networks. 10.2 Bootstrapping Security in Sensor Networks. 10.3 Key Distribution, Exchange and Management. 10.4 Authentication Issues. 10.5 Integrity. 10.6 Review Questions. 11 Challenges and Solutions: Protection. 11.1 Privacy and Anonymity. 11.2 Intrusion Detection. 11.3 Defense Against Traffic Analysis. 11.4 Access Control and Secure Human–Computer Interaction. 11.5 Software-Based Anti-Tamper Techniques. 11.6 Tamper Resilience: Hardware Protection. 11.7 Availability and Plausibility. 11.8 Review Questions. 12 Secure Routing. 12.1 Defense Against Security Attacks in Ad Hoc Routing. 12.2 Secure Ad Hoc Routing Protocols. 12.3 Further Reading. 12.4 Review Questions. 13 Specific Challenges and Solutions. 13.1 SPINS: Security Protocols for Sensor Networks. 13.2 Quarantine Region Scheme for Spam Attacks. 13.3 Secure Charging and Rewarding Scheme. 13.4 Secure Node Localization. 13.5 Secure Time Synchronization. 13.6 Secure Event and Event Boundary Detection. 13.7 Review Questions. 14 Information Operations and Electronic Warfare. 14.1 Electronic Support. 14.2 Electronic Attack. 14.3 Electronic Protection. 14.4 Review Questions. 15 Standards. 15.1 X.800 and RFC 2828. 15.2 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP). 15.3 Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA). References. Index.

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Book SynopsisDivided into four sections, Advances in Fuzzy Clustering and its Applications first explores the essentials of fuzzy clustering, including motivation, basic algorithms, computing aspects, realizations, cluster validity assessment, and ensuing interpretation of the results along with several representative areas of applications.Trade ReviewResearchers, as well as those with incipient interest in the field, will find this book very useful and informative. (Computing Reviews, July 8, 2008)Table of ContentsList of Contributors xi Foreword xv Preface xvii Part I Fundamentals 1 1 Fundamentals of Fuzzy Clustering 3Rudolf Kruse, Christian Döring and Marie-Jeanne Lesot 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Basic Clustering Algorithms 4 1.3 Distance Function Variants 14 1.4 Objective Function Variants 18 1.5 Update Equation Variants: Alternating Cluster Estimation 25 1.6 Concluding Remarks 27 Acknowledgements 28 References 29 2 Relational Fuzzy Clustering 31Thomas A. Runkler 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 Object and Relational Data 31 2.3 Object Data Clustering Models 34 2.4 Relational Clustering 38 2.5 Relational Clustering with Non-spherical Prototypes 41 2.6 Relational Data Interpreted as Object Data 45 2.7 Summary 46 2.8 Experiments 46 2.9 Conclusions 49 References 50 3 Fuzzy Clustering with Minkowski Distance Functions 53Patrick J.F. Groenen, Uzay Kaymak and Joost van Rosmalen 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Formalization 54 3.3 The Majorizing Algorithm for Fuzzy C-means with Minkowski Distances 56 3.4 The Effects of the Robustness Parameter l 60 3.5 Internet Attitudes 62 3.6 Conclusions 65 References 66 4 Soft Cluster Ensembles 69Kunal Punera and Joydeep Ghosh 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Cluster Ensembles 71 4.3 Soft Cluster Ensembles 75 4.4 Experimental Setup 78 4.5 Soft vs. Hard Cluster Ensembles 82 4.6 Conclusions and Future Work 90 Acknowledgements 90 References 90 Part II Visualization 93 5 Aggregation and Visualization of Fuzzy Clusters Based on Fuzzy Similarity Measures 95János Abonyi and Balázs Feil 5.1 Problem Definition 97 5.2 Classical Methods for Cluster Validity and Merging 99 5.3 Similarity of Fuzzy Clusters 100 5.4 Visualization of Clustering Results 103 5.5 Conclusions 116 Appendix 5A.1 Validity Indices 117 Appendix 5A.2 The Modified Sammon Mapping Algorithm 120 Acknowledgements 120 References 120 6 Interactive Exploration of Fuzzy Clusters 123Bernd Wiswedel, David E. Patterson and Michael R. Berthold 6.1 Introduction 123 6.2 Neighborgram Clustering 125 6.3 Interactive Exploration 131 6.4 Parallel Universes 135 6.5 Discussion 136 References 136 Part III Algorithms and Computational Aspects 137 7 Fuzzy Clustering with Participatory Learning and Applications 139Leila Roling Scariot da Silva, Fernando Gomide and Ronald Yager 7.1 Introduction 139 7.2 Participatory Learning 140 7.3 Participatory Learning in Fuzzy Clustering 142 7.4 Experimental Results 145 7.5 Applications 148 7.6 Conclusions 152 Acknowledgements 152 References 152 8 Fuzzy Clustering of Fuzzy Data 155Pierpaolo D’Urso 8.1 Introduction 155 8.2 Informational Paradigm, Fuzziness and Complexity in Clustering Processes 156 8.3 Fuzzy Data 160 8.4 Fuzzy Clustering of Fuzzy Data 165 8.5 An Extension: Fuzzy Clustering Models for Fuzzy Data Time Arrays 176 8.6 Applicative Examples 180 8.7 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 187 References 189 9 Inclusion-based Fuzzy Clustering 193Samia Nefti-Meziani and Mourad Oussalah 9.1 Introduction 193 9.2 Background: Fuzzy Clustering 195 9.3 Construction of an Inclusion Index 196 9.4 Inclusion-based Fuzzy Clustering 198 9.5 Numerical Examples and Illustrations 201 9.6 Conclusions 206 Acknowledgements 206 Appendix 9A.1 207 References 208 10 Mining Diagnostic Rules Using Fuzzy Clustering 211Giovanna Castellano, Anna M. Fanelli and Corrado Mencar 10.1 Introduction 211 10.2 Fuzzy Medical Diagnosis 212 10.3 Interpretability in Fuzzy Medical Diagnosis 213 10.4 A Framework for Mining Interpretable Diagnostic Rules 216 10.5 An Illustrative Example 221 10.6 Concluding Remarks 226 References 226 11 Fuzzy Regression Clustering 229Mikal Sato-Ilic 11.1 Introduction 229 11.2 Statistical Weighted Regression Models 230 11.3 Fuzzy Regression Clustering Models 232 11.4 Analyses of Residuals on Fuzzy Regression Clustering Models 237 11.5 Numerical Examples 242 11.6 Conclusion 245 References 245 12 Implementing Hierarchical Fuzzy Clustering in Fuzzy Modeling Using the Weighted Fuzzy C-means 247George E. Tsekouras 12.1 Introduction 247 12.2 Takagi and Sugeno’s Fuzzy Model 248 12.3 Hierarchical Clustering-based Fuzzy Modeling 249 12.4 Simulation Studies 256 12.5 Conclusions 261 References 261 13 Fuzzy Clustering Based on Dissimilarity Relations Extracted from Data 265Mario G.C.A. Cimino, Beatrice Lazzerini and Francesco Marcelloni 13.1 Introduction 265 13.2 Dissimilarity Modeling 267 13.3 Relational Clustering 275 13.4 Experimental Results 280 13.5 Conclusions 281 References 281 14 Simultaneous Clustering and Feature Discrimination with Applications 285Hichem Frigui 14.1 Introduction 285 14.2 Background 287 14.3 Simultaneous Clustering and Attribute Discrimination (SCAD) 289 14.4 Clustering and Subset Feature Weighting 296 14.5 Case of Unknown Number of Clusters 298 14.6 Application 1: Color Image Segmentation 298 14.7 Application 2: Text Document Categorization and Annotation 302 14.8 Application 3: Building a Multi-modal Thesaurus from Annotated Images 305 14.9 Conclusions 309 Appendix 14A.1 310 Acknowledgements 311 References 311 Part IV Real-time and Dynamic Clustering 313 15 Fuzzy Clustering in Dynamic Data Mining – Techniques and Applications 315Richard Weber 15.1 Introduction 315 15.2 Review of Literature Related to Dynamic Clustering 315 15.3 Recent Approaches for Dynamic Fuzzy Clustering 317 15.4 Applications 324 15.5 Future Perspectives and Conclusions 331 Acknowledgement 331 References 331 16 Fuzzy Clustering of Parallel Data Streams 333Jürgen Beringer and Eyke Hüllermeier 16.1 Introduction 333 16.2 Background 334 16.3 Preprocessing and Maintaining Data Streams 336 16.4 Fuzzy Clustering of Data Streams 340 16.5 Quality Measures 343 16.6 Experimental Validation 345 16.7 Conclusions 350 References 351 17 Algorithms for Real-time Clustering and Generation of Rules from Data 353Dimitar Filev and Plamer Angelov 17.1 Introduction 353 17.2 Density-based Real-time Clustering 355 17.3 FSPC: Real-time Learning of Simplified Mamdani Models 358 17.4 Applications 362 17.5 Conclusion 367 References 368 Part V Applications and Case Studies 371 18 Robust Exploratory Analysis of Magnetic Resonance Images using FCM with Feature Partitions 373Mark D. Alexiuk and Nick J. Pizzi 18.1 Introduction 373 18.2 FCM with Feature Partitions 374 18.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 379 18.4 FMRI Analysis with FCMP 381 18.5 Data-sets 382 18.6 Results and Discussion 384 18.7 Conclusion 390 Acknowledgements 390 References 390 19 Concept Induction via Fuzzy C-means Clustering in a High-dimensional Semantic Space 393Dawei Song, Guihong Cao, Peter Bruza and Raymond Lau 19.1 Introduction 393 19.2 Constructing a High-dimensional Semantic Space via Hyperspace Analogue to Language 395 19.3 Fuzzy C-means Clustering 397 19.4 Word Clustering on a HAL Space – A Case Study 399 19.5 Conclusions and Future Work 402 Acknowledgement 402 References 402 20 Novel Developments in Fuzzy Clustering for the Classification of Cancerous Cells using FTIR Spectroscopy 405Xiao-Ying Wang, Jonathan M. Garibaldi, Benjamin Bird and Mike W. George 20.1 Introduction 405 20.2 Clustering Techniques 406 20.3 Cluster Validity 412 20.4 Simulated Annealing Fuzzy Clustering Algorithm 413 20.5 Automatic Cluster Merging Method 418 20.6 Conclusion 423 Acknowledgements 424 References 424 Index 427

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an introduction to formal methods based on temporal logic, describing techniques for testing and developing complex computational systems. It starts with a full introduction to the subject and then goes into more detail, covering the basics of temporal logics in order to give the reader a firm basis on which to progress further.Trade Review“The strength of the book is the nice mixture of a pleasant to read and gentle presentation of the underlying concepts together with detailed tool descriptions (focused on a user's point of view). This book is perfectly suited for a course at senior undergraduate or beginning graduate level.” (Zentralblatt MATH, 1 December 2012) "I highly recommend this book, both for formal methods in general and for temporal logic in particular. It will remain within my easy reach for a long time." (Computing Reviews, 1 December 2011) Table of ContentsPreface vii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Aims of the book 2 1.2 Why temporal logic? 3 1.3 What is temporal logic? 4 1.4 Structure of the book 6 2 Temporal logic 9 2.1 Intuition 10 2.2 Syntactic aspects 12 2.3 Semantics 14 2.4 Reactive system properties 22 2.5 What is temporal logic? 25 2.6 Normal form 28 2.7 Büchi automata and temporal logic 29 2.8 Advanced topics 37 2.9 Final exercises 47 3 Specification 49 3.1 Describing simple behaviours 49 3.2 A semantics of imperative programs 53 3.3 Linking specifications 60 3.4 Advanced topics 74 3.5 Final exercises 82 3.6 Where to next? 83 4 Deduction 85 4.1 Temporal proof 85 4.2 Clausal temporal resolution 87 4.3 The TSPASS system 108 4.4 Advanced topics 122 4.5 Final exercises 127 5 Model checking 129 5.1 Algorithmic verification 129 5.2 Automata-theoretic model checking 135 5.3 The Spin system 143 5.4 Advanced topics 171 5.5 Final exercises 181 6 Execution 185 6.1 From specifications to programs 185 6.2 MetateM: executing temporal formulae 188 6.3 The Concurrent MetateM system 211 6.4 Advanced topics 233 7 Selected applications 243 7.1 Model checking programs 243 7.2 Security protocol analysis 246 7.3 Recognizing temporal patterns 251 7.4 Parameterized systems 255 7.5 Reasoning with intervals 260 7.6 Planning 264 8 Summary 267 A Review of classical logic 269 A.1 Introduction 269 A.2 Propositional logic 271 A.3 Normal forms 276 A.4 Propositional resolution 279 A.5 Horn clauses 286 A.6 First-order logic 288 B Solutions to exercises 307 References 321 Index 349

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Book SynopsisSelf-Organization in Sensor and Actor Networks explores self-organization mechanisms and methodologies concerning the efficient coordination between intercommunicating autonomous systems.Self-organization is often referred to as the multitude of algorithms and methods that organise the global behaviour of a system based on inter-system communication. Studies of self-organization in natural systems first took off in the 1960s. In technology, such approaches have become a hot research topic over the last 4-5 years with emphasis upon management and control in communication networks, and especially in resource-constrained sensor and actor networks. In the area of ad hoc networks new solutions have been discovered that imitate the properties of self-organization. Some algorithms for on-demand communication and coordination, including data-centric networking, are well-known examples. Key features include: Detailed treatment of self-organization, mobile sensor and actoTable of ContentsForeword. Preface. About the Author. List of Abbreviations. I Self-Organization. 1 Introduction to Self-Organization. 1.1 Understanding self-organization. 1.2 Application scenarios for self-organization. 2 System Management and Control – A Historical Overview. 2.1 System architecture. 2.2 Management and control. 2.2.1 Centralized control. 2.2.2 Distributed systems. 2.2.3 Self-organizing systems. 3 Self-Organization – Context and Capabilities. 3.1 Complex systems. 3.2 Self-organization and emergence. 3.3 Systems lacking self-organization. 3.3.1 External control. 3.3.2 Blueprints and templates. 3.4 Self-X capabilities. 3.5 Consequences of emergent properties. 3.6 Operating self-organizing systems. 3.6.1 Asimov’s Laws of Robotics. 3.6.2 Attractors. 3.7 Limitations of self-organization. 4 Natural Self-Organization. 4.1 Development of understandings. 4.2 Examples in natural sciences. 4.2.1 Biology. 4.2.2 Chemistry. 4.3 Differentiation self-organization and bio-inspired. 4.3.1 Exploring bio-inspired. 4.3.2 Bio-inspired techniques. 4.3.3 Self-organization vs. bio-inspired. 5 Self-Organization in Technical Systems. 5.1 General applicability. 5.1.1 Autonomous systems. 5.1.2 Multi-robot systems. 5.1.3 Autonomic networking. 5.1.4 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. 5.1.5 Sensor and Actor Networks. 5.2 Operating Sensor and Actor Networks. 6 Methods and Techniques. 6.1 Basic methods. 6.1.1 Positive and negative feedback. 6.1.2 Interactions among individuals and with the environment. 6.1.3 Probabilistic techniques. 6.2 Design paradigms for self-organization. 6.2.1 Design process. 6.2.2 Discussion of the design paradigms. 6.3 Developing nature-inspired self-organizing systems. 6.4 Modeling self-organizing systems. 6.4.1 Overview to modeling techniques. 6.4.2 Differential equation models. 6.4.3 Monte Carlo simulations. 6.4.4 Choosing the right modeling technique. Appendix I Self-Organization – Further Reading. II Networking Aspects: Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks. 7 Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks. 7.1 Ad hoc networks. 7.1.1 Basic properties of ad hoc networks. 7.1.2 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. 7.2 Wireless Sensor Networks. 7.2.1 Basic properties of sensor networks. 7.2.2 Composition of single sensor nodes. 7.2.3 Communication in sensor networks. 7.2.4 Energy aspects. 7.2.5 Coverage and deployment. 7.2.6 Comparison between MANETs and WSNs. 7.2.7 Application examples. 7.3 Challenges and research issues. 7.3.1 Required functionality and constraints. 7.3.2 Research objectives. 8 Self-Organization in Sensor Networks. 8.1 Properties and objectives. 8.2 Categorization in two dimensions. 8.2.1 Horizontal dimension. 8.2.2 Vertical dimension. 8.3 Methods and application examples. 8.3.1 Mapping with primary self-organization methods. 8.3.2 Global state. 8.3.3 Location information. 8.3.4 Neighborhood information. 8.3.5 Local state. 8.3.6 Probabilistic techniques. 9 Medium Access Control. 9.1 Contention-based protocols. 9.2 Sensor MAC. 9.2.1 Synchronized listen/sleep cycles. 9.2.2 Performance aspects. 9.2.3 Performance evaluation. 9.3 Power-Control MAC protocol. 9.4 Conclusion. 10 Ad Hoc Routing. 10.1 Overview and categorization. 10.1.1 Address-based routing vs. data-centric forwarding. 10.1.2 Classification of ad hoc routing protocols. 10.2 Principles of ad hoc routing protocols. 10.2.1 Destination Sequenced Distance Vector. 10.2.2 Dynamic Source Routing. 10.2.3 Ad Hoc on Demand Distance Vector. 10.2.4 Dynamic MANET on Demand. 10.3 Optimized route stability. 10.4 Dynamic address assignment. 10.4.1 Overview and centralized assignment. 10.4.2 Passive Duplicate Address Detection. 10.4.3 Dynamic Address Allocation. 10.5 Conclusion. 11 Data-Centric Networking. 11.1 Overview and classification. 11.1.1 Data dissemination. 11.1.2 Network-centric operation. 11.1.3 Related approaches. 11.2 Flooding, gossiping, and optimizations. 11.2.1 Flooding. 11.2.2 Pure gossiping. 11.2.3 Optimized gossiping. 11.3 Agent-based techniques. 11.4 Directed diffusion. 11.4.1 Basic algorithm. 11.4.2 Mobility support. 11.4.3 Energy efficiency. 11.5 Data aggregation. 11.5.1 Principles and objectives. 11.5.2 Aggregation topologies. 11.6 Conclusion. 12 Clustering. 12.1 Principles of clustering. 12.1.1 Requirements and classification. 12.1.2 k-means. 12.1.3 Hierarchical clustering. 12.2 Clustering for efficient routing. 12.2.1 Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy. 12.2.2 Hybrid Energy-Efficient Distributed Clustering Approach. 12.3 Conclusion. Appendix II Networking Aspects – Further reading. III Coordination and Control: Sensor and Actor Networks. 13 Sensor and Actor Networks. 13.1 Introduction. 13.1.1 Composition of SANETs – an example. 13.1.2 Properties and capabilities. 13.1.3 Components of SANET nodes. 13.1.4 Application examples. 13.2 Challenges and research objectives. 13.2.1 Communication and coordination. 13.2.2 Collaboration and task allocation. 13.3 Limitations. 14 Communication and Coordination. 14.1 Synchronization vs. coordination. 14.1.1 Problem statement. 14.1.2 Logical time. 14.1.3 Coordination. 14.2 Time synchronization in WSNs and SANETs. 14.2.1 Requirements and objectives. 14.2.2 Conventional approaches. 14.2.3 Algorithms for WSNs. 14.3 Distributed coordination. 14.3.1 Scalable coordination. 14.3.2 Selected algorithms. 14.3.3 Integrated sensor-actor and actor-actor coordination. 14.3.4 Problems with selfish nodes. 14.4 In-network operation and control. 14.5 Conclusion. 15 Collaboration and Task Allocation. 15.1 Introduction to MRTA. 15.1.1 Primary objectives. 15.1.2 Classification and taxonomy. 15.2 Intentional cooperation – auction-based task allocation. 15.2.1 Open Agent Architecture. 15.2.2 MURDOCH. 15.2.3 Dynamic negotiation algorithm. 15.3 Emergent cooperation. 15.3.2 Stimulation by state. 15.4 Conclusion. Appendix III Coordination and Control – Further reading. IV Self-Organization Methods in Sensor and Actor Networks. 16 Self-Organization Methods – Revisited. 16.1 Self-organization methods in SANETs. 16.2 Positive and negative feedback. 16.3 Interactions among individuals and with the environment . 16.4 Probabilistic techniques. 17 Evaluation Criteria. 17.1 Scalability. 17.2 Energy considerations. 17.2.1 Energy management. 17.2.2 Transmission power management. 17.3 Network lifetime. 17.3.1 Definition of network lifetime. 17.3.2 Scenario-based comparisons of network lifetime. V Bio-inspired Networking. 18 Bio-inspired Systems. 18.1 Introduction and overview. 18.1.1 Ideas and concepts. 18.1.2 Bio-inspired research fields. 18.2 Swarm Intelligence. 18.2.1 Principles of ant foraging. 18.2.2 Ant-based routing. 18.2.3 Ant-based task allocation. 18.3 Artificial Immune System. 18.3.1 Principles of the immune system. 18.3.2 Application examples. 18.4 Cellular signaling pathways. 18.4.1 Introduction to signaling pathways. 18.4.2 Applicability in SANETs. 18.5 Conclusion. Appendix IV Bio-inspired Networking – Further reading. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisSelf-Doped Conducting Polymers provides an introduction to conducting polymers in general and self-doped conducting polymers in particular. This is followed by an in depth exploration of the synthesis, properties and utilization of several types of self-doped polymers. Optimization of self-doped polymers is also discussed.Trade Review"The authors have achieved their aim of providing and 'up-to-date overview' of self-doping conduction polymers." (Materials World, June 2008) "…a timely book for those active in this specific area and should also be acquired by all good scientific libraries." (Reactive and Functional Polymers, March 2007) "An especially pleasing feature of the reference is that the title of the papers are given, which helps one to choose items of interest for further reading." (Angewandte International Edition, November 2007)Table of Contents1. Introduction. 1.1 Conducting Polymers. 1.2 What Are Self-doped Conducting Polymers? 1.3 Types of Self-doped Polymers. 1.4 Doping Mechanism in Self-doped Polymers. 1.5 Effect of Substituents on Properties of Polymer. 1.6 Applications of Self-doped Polymers. References. 2. Self-doped Derivatives of Polyaniline. 2.0 Introduction. 2.1 Chemical Synthesis of Sulfonic Acid Derivatives. 2.2 Electrochemical Synthesis of Sulfonic Acid Derivatives. 2.3 Enzymatic Synthesis of Sulfonic Acid Derivatives. 2.4 Properties of Sulfonic Acid Derivatives. 2.5 Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxyl Acid Derivatives. 2.6 Synthesis and Characterization of Phosphonic Acid Derivatives. 2.7 Self-doped Polyaniline Nanostructures. References. 3. Boronic acid Substituted Self-doped Polyaniline. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Synthesis. 3.3 Properties of Self-doped PABA. 3.4 Self-Cross-Linked Self-doped Polyaniline. 3.5 Applications. References. 4. Self-doped Polythiophenes. 4.1 Sulfonic Acid Derivatives. 4.2 Carboxylate Derivatives. 4.3 Phosphanate Derivatives. References. 5. Miscellaneous Self-doped Polymers. 5.1 Self-doped Sulfonated Polypyrrole. 5.2 Carboxyl Acid Derivative. 5.3 Self-doped Poly(3,6-carbaz-9-yl)propanesulfonate. 5.4 Self-doped Poly(p-phenylenes). 5.5Self-doped Polyphenylenevinylene. 5.6 Self-doped Poly(indole-5-carboxylic acid). 5.7 Self-doped Ionically Conducting Polymers. References.

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Book SynopsisSoftware modernisation or re-engineering as a concept lacks universal clarity. System Building with APL + Win seeks to clarify this problem by identifying the solution to the long term survival of the APL application as the elimination of APL specific considerations in the choice of a development tool. The author shows how to deploy mainstream industry standard system components within an APL + Win development environment, enabling the APL application to be just like any application on the Windows platform. Demonstrates the power and agility of APL + Win in today's approach to system building Features a code intensive' approach, which overcomes the lack of APL+Win specific documentation of system components Illustrates the potential for multi-language system building from an APL+Win environment Explains how increasing the collaborative nature of APL will enable it to become an even more valuable tool for application development Table of ContentsEditorial Foreword. Acknowledgements. Preface. Chapter 1 - System Building Overview. 1.1 Why APL? 1.2 Which APL? 1.3 The n-tier model. 1.4 Prevailing design architecture. 1.5 APL interface to components. 1.6 Structured Query Language (SQL). 1.7 The Windows Registry. 1.8 Regional settings. 1.9 Software development. 1.10 APL and Windows API. 1.11 The future challenge. Chapter 2 - Advanced APL Techniques. 2.1 Removing legacy code clutter. 2.2 Bit-wise Boolean techniques. 2.3 Managing workspace variables. 2.4 Generating test data. 2.5 APL+Win as an ActiveX Server. 2.6 Debugging applications. 2.7 Functions with methods. Chapter 3 - Application Interface. 3.1 Managing the hidden interface. 3.2 The user interface. 3.3 The user interface is the application. 3.4 APL+Win design safeguards. 3.5 Context sensitive help. 3.6 Help format as a user option. 3.7 Application messages. 3.8 User-defined properties of the system object. 3.9 The scope of user documentation. 3.10 Designing menus. 3.11 Designing forms. 3.12 Access control. 3.13 Empower the user. 3.14 Sales considerations. 3.15 Application exit. Chapter 4 - Working with Windows. 4.1 The APL legacy. 4.2 Windows resources. 4.3 API calls. 4.4 The Windows Script Host (WSH). 4.5 Creating a shortcut. 4.6 Intelligent file operations with API calls. 4.7 Universal Naming Convention (UNC). 4.8 Application configuration. 4.9 Using INI files with APL. 4.10 XML files for application configuration. 4.11 INI/XML comparative advantage. 4.12 The filing system. 4.13 Platform enhancements. Chapter 5 - The Component Object Model. 5.1 Objects are global. 5.2 APL+Win COM event handling. 5.3 The promise of COM development. 5.4 Types of COM components. 5.5 Maintaining objects. 5.6 APL+Win and ActiveX components. 5.7 APL+Win post version 4.0 ActiveX syntax. 5.8 ActiveX typed parameters. 5.9 Development environment features. 5.10 Using ActiveX asynchronously. Chapter 6 - Mixed Language Programming. 6.1 Application extension trade-offs. 6.2 VB ActiveX DLLs. 6.3 A sample ActiveX DLL project. 6.4 Using VBDLLINAPL.DLL. 6.5 Processing APL+Win arrays. 6.6 Deploying ActiveX DLLs. 6.7 Building a DLL for APL using C# Express 5. Chapter 7 - Application Extension using Scripting. 7.1 The APL/VBScript affinity. 7.2 Error trapping. 7.3 Exploring the Script Control. 7.4 Extending the Script Control. 7.5 Multi-language programming. 7.6 Sharing with the APL Grid object. 7.7 Concurrent sharing with the Script Control. 7.8 APL+Win and HTML. Chapter 8 - Windows Script Components. 8.1 Building a Script Component using JavaScript. 8.2 Building a Script Component using VBScript. 8.3 About the VBS file. 8.4 Runtime errors in script components. 8.5 Which Scripting language? 8.6 Multi-language Script component. 8.7 What is in MULTILANGUAGE.WSC? 8.8 Finally, just because it is possible…. 8.9 The way forward with script components. Chapter 9 - Working with Excel. 9.1 Application or automation server. 9.2 The basic structure of Excel. 9.3 APL arrays and Excel ranges. 9.4 Object syntax. 9.5 Excel using APL+Win to retrieve APL data. 9.6 The Excel Add-In. 9.7 The EWA model in action. 9.8 Transferring APL+Win data to Excel. 9.9 Automation issues. 9.10 Why use Excel with APL? Chapter 10 - Working with Word. 10.1 The Word difference. 10.2 Word templates. 10.3 Starting Word. 10.4 Word as a report generation component. 10.5 Populating form fields. 10.6 Word vs. Excel for APL+Win automation. 10.7 Automation. Chapter 11 - Working with Access. 11.1 The Access pathways. 11.2 The Access object. 11.3 JET Engine types. 11.4 Access—below the surface. 11.5 Working with many data sources. 11.6 Troubleshooting data projects. 11.7 The Jet compromise. 11.8 Unified approach with ADO and SQL. 11.9 Access SQL. 11.10 Database filing. 11.11 Automation issues. Chapter 12 - Working with ActiveX Data Object (ADO). 12.1 Translating code examples into APL+Win. 12.2 The connection object. 12.3 The record object. 12.4 The data source catalogue. 12.5 Learning ADO. Chapter 13 - Data Source Connection Strategies. 13.1 The application handle. 13.2 The DSN overhead. 13.3 Automating user/system DSN creation. 13.4 The ODBC Data Source Administrator. 13.5 System DSN connection. 13.6 User DSN Connection. 13.7 DSNManager syntax summary. 13.8 File DSN Connection. 13.9 UDL connection. 13.10 DSN-less connection. 13.11 Server data sources. 13.12 Access data sources. 13.13 Excel data sources. 13.14 Text data sources. 13.15 Data source issues. 13.16 Inward APL+Win issues. 13.17 Outward APL issues. 13.18 The way forward with the data tier. Chapter 14 - Structured Query Language. 14.1 SQL statements. 14.2 SQL prime culprits. 14.3 APL and SQL. 14.4 Learning SQL. Chapter 15 - Application Evolution. 15.1 Application deployment. 15.2 The next release. 15.3 Application workspace. 15.4 APL libraries vs UNC names. 15.5 Readability. 15.6 Global variables. 15.7 Using API calls. 15.8 Version control. 15.9 Change management. 15.10 Legacy management. 15.11 Indentation. 15.12 Documentation. 15.13 Testing. 15.14 Release. 15.15 Application listings. 15.16 Epilogue. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisFinally a comprehensive overview of speech quality in VoIP from the user''s perspective! Speech Quality of VoIP is an essential guide to assessing the speech quality of VoIP networks, whilst addressing the implications for the design of VoIP networks and systems. This book bridges the gap between the technical network-world and the psychoacoustic world of quality perception. Alexander Raake's unique perspectivecombines awareness of the technical characteristics of VoIP networks and original research concerning the perception of speech transmitted across them. Starting from the network designer's point of view, the different characteristics of the network are addressed, and then linked to features perceived by users. This book provides an overview of the available knowledge on the principal, relevant aspects of speech and speech quality perception, of speech quality assessment, and of transmission properties of telephone and VoIP networks, and of the related percTable of ContentsPreface. List of Abbreviations. Introduction. 1 Speech Quality in Telephony. 1.1 Speech. 1.2 Speech Quality. 2 Speech Quality Measurement Methods. 2.1 Auditory Methods. 2.2 Instrumental Methods. 2.3 Speech Quality Measurement Methods: Summary. 3 Quality Elements and Quality Features of VoIP. 3.1 Speech Transmission Using Internet Protocol. 3.2 Overview of Quality Elements. 3.3 Quality Elements and Related Features. 3.4 Quality Dimensions. 3.5 Combined Elements and Combined Features. 3.6 Listening and Conversational Features. 3.7 Desired Nature. 3.8 Open Questions. 3.9 From Elements to Features: Modeling VoIP Speech Quality. 3.10 Quality Elements and Quality Features of VoIP: Summary. 4 Time-Varying Distortion: Quality Features and Modeling. 4.1 Microscopic Loss Behavior. 4.2 Macroscopic Loss Behavior. 4.3 Interactivity. 4.4 Packet Loss and Combined Impairments. 4.5 Time-Varying Distortion: Summary. 5 Wideband Speech, Linear and Non Linear Distortion: Quality Features and Modeling. 5.1 Wideband Speech: Improvement Over Narrowband. 5.2 Bandpass-Filtered Speech. 5.3 Wideband Codecs. 5.4 Desired Nature. 6 From Elements to Features: Extensions of the E-model. 6.1 E-model: Packet Loss. 6.2 E-model: Additivity. 6.3 E-model: Wideband, Linear and Non-Linear Distortion. 7 Summary and Conclusions. 8 Outlook. A Aspects of a Parametric Description of Time-Varying Distortion. B Simulation of Quality Elements. C Frequency Responses. D Test Data Normalization and Transformation. E E-model Algorithm. F Interactive Short Conversation Test Scenarios (iSCTs). G Auditory Test Settings and Results. H Modeling Details. I Glossary. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisHysterisis is a system property that is fundamental to a range of engineering applications as the components of systems with hysterisis are able to react differently to different forces applied to them. Control theory is used to model these complex systems and cause them to behave in the desired manner; the Bouc-Wen model is a well-known semi-physical model that is used extensively to describe the hysterisis of systems in the areas of smart structures and civil engineering. The Bouc-Wen model for system hysterisis has increased in popularity due to its capability of capturing in an analytical form a range of shapes of hysteretic cycles that match the behaviour of a wide class of hysteretic systems. Systems with Hysterisis: Analysis, Identification and Control using the Bouc-Wen Model deals with the analysis, identification and control of these systems, and offers a comprehensive and self-contained framework for the study of the Bouc-Wen model. IncludesTable of ContentsPreface. List of Figures. List of Tables. 1. Introduction 1.1 Objective and contents of the book 1.2 The Bouc-Wen model: origin and literature review 2. Physical consistency of the Bouc-Wen model 2.1 Introduction 2.2 BIBO stability of the Bouc-Wen model 2.2.1 The model 2.2.2 Problem statement 2.2.3 Classi¯cation of the BIBO stable Bouc-Wen models 2.2.4 Practical remarks 2.3 Free motion of a hysteretic structural system 2.3.1 Problem statement 2.3.2 Asymptotic trajectories 2.3.3 Practical remarks 2.4 Passivity of the Bouc-Wen model 2.5 Limit cases 2.5.1 The limit case n = 1 2.5.2 The limit case ® = 1 2.5.3 The limit case ® = 0 2.5.4 The limit case ¯ + ° = 0 2.6 Conclusion 3 Forced limit cycle characterization of the Bouc-Wen model 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Problem statement 3.2.1 The class of inputs 3.2.2 Problem statement 3.3 The normalized Bouc-Wen model 3.4 Instrumental functions 3.5 Characterization of the asymptotic behavior of the hysteretic output 3.5.1 Technical Lemmas 3.5.2 Analytic description of the forced limit cycles for the Bouc-Wen model 3.6 Simulation example 3.7 Conclusion 4 Variation of the hysteresis loop with the Bouc-Wen model parameters 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Background results and methodology of the analysis 4.2.1 Background results 4.2.2 Methodology of the analysis 4.3 Maximal value of the hysteretic output 4.3.1 Variation with respect to ± 4.3.2 Variation with respect to ¾ 4.3.3 Variation with respect to n 4.3.4 Summary of the obtained results 4.4 Variation of the zero of the hysteretic output 4.4.1 Variation with respect to ± 4.4.2 Variation with respect to ¾ 4.4.3 Variation with respect to n 4.4.4 Summary of the obtained results 4.5 Variation of the hysteretic output with the Bouc-Wen model parameters 4.5.1 Variation with respect to ± 4.5.2 Variation with respect to ¾ 4.5.3 Variation with respect to n 4.5.4 Summary of the obtained results 4.6 The four regions of the Bouc-Wen model 4.6.1 The linear region Rl 4.6.2 The plastic region Rp 4.6.3 The transition regions Rt and Rs 4.7 Interpretation of the normalized Bouc-Wen model parameters 4.7.1 The parameters ½ and ± 4.7.2 The parameter ¾ 4.7.3 The parameter n 4.8 Conclusion 5 Robust identification of the Bouc-Wen model parameters 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Parameter identi¯cation for the Bouc-Wen model 5.2.1 Class of inputs 5.2.2 Identi¯cation methodology 5.2.3 Robustness of the identi¯cation method 5.2.4 Numerical simulation example 5.3 Modeling and identi¯cation of a magnetorheological damper 5.3.1 Some insights into the viscous + Bouc-Wen model for shear mode MR dampers 5.3.2 Alternatives to the viscous + Bouc-Wen model for shear mode MR dampers 5.4 Identi¯cation methodology for the viscous + Dahl model . . 5.4.1 Numerical simulations 5.5 Conclusion 6 Control of a system with a Bouc-Wen hysteresis 6.1 Introduction and problem statement 6.2 Control design and stability analysis 6.3 Numerical simulation 6.4 Conclusion A Mathematical background A.1 Existence and uniqueness of solutions A.2 Concepts of stability A.3 Passivity and absolute stability A.3.1 Passivity in mechanical systems A.3.2 Positive realness A.3.3 Sector functions A.3.4 Absolute stability A.4 Input-output properties References. Index.

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Book SynopsisPrinciples of Ad Hoc Networking presents a systematic introduction to the fundamentals of ad hoc networks. An ad-hoc network is a small network, especially one with wireless or temporary plug-in connections. Typically, some of the network devices are part of the network only for the duration of a communications session or, in the case of mobile or portable devices, while in some close proximity to the rest of the network. These networks can range from small and static systems with constrained power resources to larger-scale dynamic and mobile environments. Wireless ad hoc networks facilitate numerous and diverse applications for establishing survivable dynamic systems in emergency and rescue operations, disaster relief and intelligent home settings. Principles of Ad Hoc Networking: Introduces the essential characteristics of ad hoc networks such as: physical layer, medium access control, Bluetooth discovery and network formation, wireless network pTable of ContentsPreface. Glossary. 1. Wireless Data Communications. 1.1 Signal Representation. 1.2 Analog to Digital Conversion. 1.3 Digital to Analog Conversion. 1.4 Architecture of an SDR Application. 1.5 Quadrature Modulation and Demodulation. 1.6 Spread Spectrum. 1.7 Antenna. 1.8 Propagation. 1.9 Ultrawideband. 1.10 Energy Management. 1.11 Exercise. 2. Medium Access Control. 2.1 Fundamentals of Probability and Statistics. 2.2 Modeling Traffic. 2.3 Multiple Access. 2.4 Demand Assigned Multiple Access. 2.5 Carrier Sense Multiple Access in IEEE 802.11. 2.6 Medium Access Control in ad hov Networks. 2.7 Bibliographic Comments. 2.8 Exercises. 3. Ad Hov Wireless Access. 3.1 Management of Bluetooth Networks. 3.2 Model for Node Discovery in Bluetooth. 3.3 Bluetooth Formation Algorithms. 3.4 Mesh Mode of WiMAX/802.16. 3.5 Bibliographic Comments. Exercises. 4. Wireless Network Programming. 4.1 Structure of Information. 4.2 Socket. 4.3 Parameters and Control. 4.4 Receiving Frames. 4.5 Sending Frames. 4.6 Exercises. 5. Ad Hov Networks Protocols. 5.1 Normal IP Routing. 5.2 The Reactive Approach. 5.3 The Proactive Approach. 5.4 The Hybrid Approach. 5.5 Clustering. 5.6 Quality of Service. 5.7 Sensor Network Protocols. 5.8 Exercises. 6. Location Awareness. 6.1 Geographic Proximity. 6.2 Constructing Spanners of ad hov Networks. 6.3 Information Dissemination. 6.4 Geographic Location Determination. 6.5 Random Unit Disc Graphs. 6.6 Coverage and Connectivity with Directional Sensors. 6.7 Bibliographic Comments. 6.8 Exercises. 7. Ad Hov Networks Security. 7.1 Authentication Techniques. 7.2 Physical Layer Attacks. 7.3 Security of Application Protocols. 7.4 Biometrics-based Key Establishment. 7.5 Routing Security. 7.6 Broadcast Security. 7.7 Secure Location Verification. 7.8 Security in Directional Antenna Systems. 7.9 Bibliographic Comments. 7.10 Exercises. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisRecent advances in nanomedicine offer ground-breaking methods for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of some fatal diseases. Amongst the most promising nanomaterials being developed are magnetic nanomaterials, including magnetic nanoparticles and magnetic nanosensors. Some nanomagnetic medical applications are already commercially available with more set to be released over the coming years. Nanomedicine, Design and Applications of Magnetic Nanomaterials, Nanosensors and Nanosystems presents a comprehensive overview of the biomedical applications of various types of functional magnetic materials. The book provides an introduction to magnetic nanomaterials before systematically discussing the individual materials, their physical and chemical principles, fabrication techniques and biomedical applications. This methodical approach allows this book to be used both as a textbook for beginners to the subject and as a convenient reference for professionals in the field. Table of ContentsCONTENTS Preface About the Authors Introduction 1.1 What is nanoscience and nanotechnology 1.2 Magnets and nanometers: mutual attraction 1.3 Typical magnetic nanomaterials 1.4 Nanomedicine and magnetic nanomedicine 1.5 Typical biomedical applications of functional magnetic nanomaterials Physical background for the biomedical applications of functional magnetic nanomaterials 2.1 Requirements for biomedical applications 2.2 Fundamentals of nanomagnetism 2.3 Magnetic relaxation of ferrofluids 2.4 Magnetorheology of ferrofluids 2.5 Manipulation of magnetic particles in fluids 2.6 Interactions between biological nanomaterials and functionalized magnetic nanoparticles Magnetic nanoparticles 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Basics of nanomagnetics 3.3 Synthesis techniques 3.4 Synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles 3.5 Bio-inspired magnetic nanoparticles 3.6 Functionalization of magnetic nanoparticles 3.7 Future prospects Biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Diagnostic applications 4.3 Therapeutic applications 4.4 Physiological aspects 4.5 Toxic effects Magnetosomes and their biomedical applications 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Magnetosome formation 5.3 Cultivation of magnetotactic bacteria 5.4 Characterization of magnetosomes 5.5 Biomedical applications of magnetosomes Magnetic nanowires and their biomedical applications 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Magnetism of magnetic nanowires 6.3 Template-based synthesis of magnetic nanowires 6.4 Characterization of magnetic nanowires 6.5 Functionalization of magnetic nanowires 6.6 Magnetic nanowires in suspension 6.7 Biomedical applications of magnetic nanowires Magnetic nanotubes and their biomedical applications 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Magnetism of nanotubes 7.3 Multifunctionality of magnetic nanotubes 7.4 Synthesis and characterization of magnetic nanotubes 7.5 Biomedical applications of magnetic nanotubes Magnetic biosensors 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Magnetoresistance-based sensors 8.3 Hall effect sensors 8.4 Other sensors detecting stray magnetic fields 8.5 Sensors detecting magnetic relaxations 8.6 Sensors detecting ferrofluid susceptibility Magnetic biochips: basic principles 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Biochips based on giant magnetoresistance sensors 9.3 Biochips based on spin valve sensors 9.4 Biochips based on magnetic tunnel junctions 9.5 Fully integrated biochips Biomedical applications of magnetic biosensors and biochips 10.1 Introduction 10.2 DNA analysis 10.3 Protein analysis and protein biochips 10.4 Virus detection and cell analysis 10.5 Study of the interactions between biomolecules 10.6 Detection of biological warfare agents 10.7 Environmental monitoring and cleanup 10.8 Outlook Appendix A1. Units for magnetic properties

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Book SynopsisAnalysis of Electromagnetic Waves describes the general analysis principles for electromagnetic fields, principally with applications in microwave, millimetre wave and optical frequency regions, but also for static problems.Table of ContentsPreface. 1 THE METHOD OF LINES. 1.1 INTRODUCTION. 1.2 MOL: FUNDAMENTALS OF DISCRETISATION. 1.2.1 Qualitative description. 1.2.2 Quantitative description of the discretisation. 1.2.3 Numerical example. 2 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE METHOD OF LINES. 2.1 INTRODUCTION. 2.2 BASIC EQUATIONS. 2.2.1 Anisotropic material parameters. 2.2.2 Relations between transversal electric and magnetic fields – generalised transmission line (GTL) equations. 2.2.3 Relation to the analysis with vector potentials. 2.2.4 GTL equations for 2D structures. 2.2.5 Solution of the GTL equations. 2.2.6 Numerical examples. 2.3 EIGENMODES IN PLANAR WAVEGUIDE STRUCTURES WITH ANISOTROPIC LAYERS. 2.3.1 Introduction. 2.3.2 Analysis equations for eigenmodes in planar structures. 2.3.3 Examples of systemequations. 2.3.4 Impedance/admittance transformation in multilayered structures. 2.3.5 System equation in transformed domain. 2.3.6 System equation in spatial domain. 2.3.7 Matrix partition technique: two examples. 2.3.8 Numerical results. 2.4 ANALYSIS OF PLANAR CIRCUITS. 2.4.1 Discretisation of the transmission line equations. 2.4.2 Determination of the field components. 2.5 FIELD AND IMPEDANCE/ADMITTANCE TRANSFORMATION. 2.5.1 Introduction. 2.5.2 Impedance/admittance transformation in multilayered and multisectioned structures. 2.5.3 Impedance/admittance transformation with finite differences. 2.5.4 Stable field transformation through layers and sections. 3 ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE CIRCUITS. 3.1 INTRODUCTION. 3.2 CONCATENATIONS OF WAVEGUIDE SECTIONS. 3.2.1 LSM and LSE modes in circular waveguide bends. 3.2.2 LSM and LSE modes in straight waveguides. 3.2.3 Impedance transformation at waveguide interfaces. 3.2.4 Numerical results for concatenations. 3.2.5 Numerical results for waveguide filters. 3.3 WAVEGUIDE JUNCTIONS. 3.3.1 E-plane junctions. 3.3.2 H-plane junctions. 3.3.3 Algorithm for generalised scattering parameters. 3.3.4 Special junctions: E-plane 3-port junction. 3.3.5 Matched E-plane bend. 3.3.6 Analysis of waveguide bend discontinuities. 3.3.7 Scattering parameters. 3.3.8 Numerical results. 3.4 ANALYSIS OF 3D WAVEGUIDE JUNCTIONS. 3.4.1 General description. 3.4.2 Basic equations. 3.4.3 Discretisation scheme for propagation between A and B. 3.4.4 Discontinuities. 3.4.5 Coupling to other ports. 3.4.6 Impedance/admittance transformation. 3.4.7 Numerical results. 4 ANALYSIS OF WAVEGUIDE STRUCTURES IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES. 4.1 INTRODUCTION. 4.2 GENERALISED TRANSMISSION LINE (GTL) EQUATIONS. 4.2.1 Material parameters in a cylindrical coordinate system. 4.2.2 GTL equations for z-direction. 4.2.3 GTL equations for φ-direction. 4.2.4 Analysis of circular (coaxial) waveguides with azimuthally-magnetised ferrites and azimuthallymagnetised solid plasma. 4.2.5 GTL equations for r-direction. 4.3 DISCRETISATION OF THE FIELDS AND SOLUTIONS. 4.3.1 Equations for propagation in z-direction. 4.3.2 Equations for propagation in φ-direction. 4.3.3 Solution of the wave equations in z- and φ-direction. 4.3.4 Equations for propagation in r -direction. 4.4 SOLUTION IN RADIAL DIRECTION. 4.4.1 Discretisation in z -direction – circular dielectric resonators. 4.4.2 Discretisation in z -direction – propagation in φ-direction. 4.4.3 Discretisation in φ-direction – eigenmodes in circular multilayered waveguides. 4.4.4 Eigenmodes of circular waveguides with magnetised ferrite or plasma – discretisation in r -direction. 4.4.5 Waveguide bends – discretisation in r -direction. 4.4.6 Uniaxial anisotropic fibres with circular and noncircular cross-section – discretisation in φ-direction. 4.5 DISCONTINUITIES IN CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDES – ONE-DIMENSIONAL DISCRETISATION IN RADIAL DIRECTION. 4.5.1 Introduction. 4.5.2 Basic equations for rotational symmetry. 4.5.3 Solution of the equations for rotational symmetry. 4.5.4 Admittance and impedance transformation. 4.5.5 Open ending circular waveguide. 4.5.6 Numerical results for discontinuities in circular waveguides. 4.5.7 Numerical results for coaxial line discontinuities and coaxial filter devices. 4.5.8 Non-rotational modes in circular waveguides. 4.5.9 Numerical results and discussion. 4.6 ANALYSIS OF GENERAL AXIALLY SYMMETRIC ANTENNAS WITH COAXIAL FEED LINES. 4.6.1 Introduction. 4.6.2 Theory. 4.6.3 Regions with crossed lines. 4.6.4 Two special cases. 4.6.5 Port relations of section D. 4.6.6 Numerical results. 4.6.7 Further structures and remarks. 4.7 DEVICES IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES –TWO-DIMENSIONAL DISCRETISATION. 4.7.1 Discretisation in r- and φ-direction. 4.7.2 Numerical results. 4.7.3 Discretisation in r- and z-direction. 4.7.4 Discretisation in φ- and z -direction. 4.7.5 GTL equations for r-direction. 5 ANALYSIS OF PERIODIC STRUCTURES. 5.1 INTRODUCTION. 5.2 PRINCIPLE BEHAVIOUR OF PERIODIC STRUCTURES. 5.3 GENERAL THEORY OF PERIODIC STRUCTURES. 5.3.1 Port relations for general two ports. 5.3.2 Floquetmodes for symmetric periods. 5.3.3 Concatenation of N symmetric periods. 5.3.4 Floquet modes for unsymmetric periods. 5.3.5 Some further general relations in periodic structures. 5.4 NUMERICAL RESULTS FOR PERIODIC STRUCTURES IN ONE DIRECTION. 5.5 ANALYSIS OF PHOTONIC CRYSTALS. 5.5.1 Determination of band diagrams. 5.5.2 Waveguide circuits in photonic crystals. 5.5.3 Numerical results for photonic crystal circuits. 6 ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX STRUCTURES. 6.1 LAYERS OF VARIABLE THICKNESS. 6.1.1 Introduction. 6.1.2 Matching conditions at curved interfaces. 6.2 MICROSTRIP SHARP BEND. 6.3 IMPEDANCE TRANSFORMATION AT DISCONTINUITIES. 6.3.1 Impedance transformation at concatenated junctions. 6.4 ANALYSIS OF PLANAR WAVEGUIDE JUNCTIONS. 6.4.1 Main diagonal submatrices. 6.4.2 Off-diagonal submatrices – coupling to perpendicular ports. 6.5 NUMERICAL RESULTS. 6.5.1 Discontinuities in microstrips. 6.5.2 Waveguide junctions. 7 PRECISE RESOLUTION WITH AN ENHANCED AND GENERALISED LINE ALGORITHM. 7.1 INTRODUCTION. 7.2 CROSSED DISCRETISATION LINES AND CARTESIAN COORDINATES. 7.2.1 Theoretical background. 7.2.2 Lines in vertical direction. 7.2.3 Lines in horizontal direction. 7.3 SPECIAL STRUCTURES IN CARTESIAN COORDINATES. 7.3.1 Groove guide. 7.3.2 Coplanar waveguide. 7.4 CROSSED DISCRETISATION LINES AND CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES. 7.4.1 Principle of analysis. 7.4.2 General formulas for eigenmode calculation. 7.4.3 Discretisation lines in radial direction. 7.4.4 Discretisation lines in azimuthal direction. 7.4.5 Coupling to neighbouring ports. 7.4.6 Steps of the analysis procedure. 7.5 NUMERICAL RESULTS. 8 WAVEGUIDE STRUCTURES WITH MATERIALS OF GENERAL ANISOTROPY IN ARBITRARY ORTHOGONAL COORDINATE SYSTEMS. 8.1 GENERALISED TRANSMISSION LINE EQUATIONS. 8.1.1 Material properties. 8.1.2 Maxwell’s equations in matrix notation. 8.1.3 Generalised transmission line equations in Cartesian coordinates for general anisotropic material. 8.1.4 Generalised transmission line equations for general anisotropic material in arbitrary orthogonal coordinates. 8.1.5 Boundary conditions. 8.1.6 Interpolationmatrices. 8.2 DISCRETISATION. 8.2.1 Two-dimensional discretisation. 8.2.2 One-dimensional discretisation. 8.3 SOLUTION OF THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS. 8.3.1 General solution. 8.3.2 Field relation between interfaces A and B. 8.4 ANALYSIS OF WAVEGUIDE JUNCTIONS AND SHARP BENDS WITH GENERAL ANISOTROPIC MATERIAL BY USING ORTHOGONAL PROPAGATING WAVES. 8.4.1 Introduction. 8.4.2 Theory. 8.4.3 Main diagonal submatrices. 8.4.4 Off-diagonal submatrices – coupling to other ports. 8.4.5 Steps of the analysis procedure. 8.5 NUMERICAL RESULTS. 8.6 ANALYSIS OF WAVEGUIDE STRUCTURES IN SPHERICAL COORDINATES. 8.6.1 Introduction. 8.6.2 Generalised transmission line equations in spherical coordinates. 8.6.3 Analysis of special devices – conformal antennas. 8.6.4 Analysis of special devices – conical horn antennas. 8.6.5 Numerical results. 8.7 ELLIPTICAL COORDINATES. 8.7.1 GTL equations for z-direction. 8.7.2 GTL equations for ξ-direction. 8.7.3 GTL equations for η-direction. 8.7.4 Hollow waveguides with elliptic cross-section. 9 SUMMARY AND PROSPECT FOR THE FUTURE. A. DISCRETISATION SCHEMES AND DIFFERENCE OPERATORS. A.1 DETERMINATION OF THE EIGENVALUES AND EIGENVECTORS OF P. A.1.1 Calculation of the matrices δ. A.1.2 Derivation of the eigenvalues of the Neumann problem from those of the Dirichlet problem. A.1.3 The component of εr at an abrupt transition. A.1.4 Eigenvalues and eigenvectors for periodic boundary conditions. A.1.5 Discretisation for non-ideal places of the boundaries. A.2 ABSORBING BOUNDARY CONDITIONS (ABCs). A.2.1 Introduction1. A.2.2 Factorisation of the Helmholtz equation. A.2.3 Pad´e approximation. A.2.4 Polynomial approximations. A.2.5 Construction of the difference operator for ABCs. A.2.6 Special boundary conditions (SBCs). A.2.7 Numerical results. A.2.8 ABCs for cylindrical coordinates. A.2.9 Periodic boundary conditions. A.3 HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENCE OPERATORS [11]. A.3.1 Introduction. A.3.2 Theory. A.3.3 Numerical results. A.4 NON-EQUIDISTANT DISCRETISATION. A.4.1 Introduction. A.4.2 Theory. A.4.3 Interpolation. A.4.4 Numerical results. A.5 REFLECTIONS IN DISCRETISATION GRIDS. A.5.1 Introduction. A.5.2 Dispersion relations. A.5.3 Reflections at discretisation transitions. A.6 FIELD EXTRAPOLATION FOR NEUMANN BOUNDARY CONDITIONS. A.7 ABOUT THE NATURE OF THE METHOD OF LINES. A.7.1 Introduction. A.7.2 Relation between shielded structures and periodic ones. A.7.3 Method of Lines and discrete Fourier transformation. A.7.4 Discussion. A.8 RELATION BETWEEN THE MODE MATCHING METHOD (MMM) AND THE METHOD OF LINES (MoL) FOR INHOMOGENEOUSMEDIA. A.9 RECIPROCITYAND ITS CONSEQUENCES. B TRANSMISSION LINE EQUATIONS. B.1 TRANSMISSION LINE EQUATIONS IN FIELD VECTOR NOTATION. B.2 DERIVATION OF THE MULTICONDUCTOR TRANSMISSION LINE EQUATIONS. C SCATTERING PARAMETERS. D EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS FOR DISCONTINUITIES. E APPROXIMATE METALLIC LOSS CALCULATION IN CONFORMAL STRUCTURES. Index.

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Book SynopsisPower Quality (PQ) indices are a powerful tool for quickly quantifying PQ disturbances. They also serve as the basis for illustrating the negative impact of electrical disturbances on components and for assessing compliance with the required standards and recommendations within a regulating framework.Table of ContentsAbout the authors. Preface. Acknowledgements. 1 Traditional power quality indices. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Background concepts. 1.2.1 Power quality disturbances. 1.2.2 Power quality disturbances and electromagnetic compatibility. 1.3 Power quality disturbances: indices and objectives. 1.3.1 Waveform distortions. 1.3.2 Slow voltage variations. 1.3.3 Unbalances. 1.3.4 Voltage fluctuations. 1.3.5 Mains signalling voltages. 1.3.6 Voltage dips (sags). 1.3.7 Transient overvoltages. 1.3.8 Rapid voltage changes. 1.4 Conclusions. References. 2 Assessing responsibilities between customer and utility. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Waveform distortions and voltage unbalances: indices based on a single metering section. 2.2.1 Indices based on harmonic impedances. 2.2.2 Indices based on powers in non-ideal conditions. 2.2.3 Indices based on comparison with an ideal linear load. 2.3 Waveform distortions and voltage unbalances: indices based on distributed measurement systems. 2.3.1 The global index. 2.3.2 The cost of deleterious effects index. 2.4 Voltage fluctuations. 2.4.1 An approach based on the correlation between flicker level and load power. 2.4.2 An approach based on Gaussian probability functions. 2.4.3 Summation law-based approaches. 2.4.4 Voltage-based approaches. 2.4.5 Voltage and current-based approaches. 2.4.6 Power-based approaches. 2.4.7 A simplified approach. 2.5 Voltage sags. 2.5.1 Disturbance power and energy approach. 2.5.2 Slope of the system trajectory approach. 2.5.3 Resistance sign approach. 2.5.4 Real current component approach. 2.5.5 Distance relay approach. 2.6 Voltage transients. 2.7 Conclusions. References. 3 Advanced methods and nonstationary waveforms. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Discrete time waveforms and windowing. 3.2.1 Hanning windowing. 3.2.2 Result interpolation. 3.2.3 Synchronized processing. 3.2.4 Desynchronized processing. 3.3 Short-time Fourier transform. 3.3.1 Theoretical background. 3.3.2 STFT-based indices. 3.4 Wavelet transform. 3.4.1 Theoretical background. 3.4.2 Wavelet-based indices. 3.5 Parametric methods. 3.5.1 Theoretical background. 3.5.2 Parametric method-based indices. 3.5.3 Some comparisons between DFT-based methods and parametric methods. 3.6 Time–frequency distributions. 3.6.1 Theoretical background. 3.6.2 Time–frequency distribution-based indices. 3.7 Transient waveform distortions (bursts). 3.7.1 Theoretical background. 3.7.2 Burst indices. 3.8 Conclusions. References. 4 Quantifying the quality of the overall supply voltage. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Global indices based on a comparison between ideal and actual voltages. 4.2.1 The normalized RMS error. 4.2.2 The normalized three-phase global index. 4.2.3 The voltage quality deviation factor. 4.3 Global indices based on the treatment of traditional indices. 4.3.1 The global indicator. 4.3.2 The unified power quality index. 4.4 Global indices based on the economic impact on the customer. 4.5 Comparisons of global indices. 4.6 Conclusions. References. 5 Distribution systems with dispersed generation. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Power quality variation indices. 5.2.1 Site indices. 5.2.2 System indices. 5.3 Impact system indices. 5.4 Conclusions. References. 6 Economic aspects of power quality disturbances. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Economic impact of power quality disturbances. 6.2.1 Cost of voltage dips in deterministic scenarios. 6.2.2 Cost of harmonics in deterministic scenarios. 6.2.3 Cost of voltage dips in probabilistic scenarios. 6.2.4 Cost of harmonics in probabilistic scenarios. 6.3 Some economic mechanisms for improving power quality levels. 6.3.1 USA: a mechanism based on the harmonic-adjusted power factor. 6.3.2 USA: a proposal based on the service quality index. 6.3.3 Argentina: a mechanism based on the equivalence between voltage quality and continuity. 6.3.4 Colombia: a mechanism based on the customer’s perception of the impact of each disturbance. 6.3.5 Iran: a proposal based on a penalty function depending on the type of customer. 6.3.6 Italy: a mechanism based on the unified power quality index. 6.3.7 Various countries: power quality contracts. 6.4 Conclusions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a complete guide to RFID (radio frequency identification) at ultra-high and super-high frequencies, covering the underlying principles and theory of the technology, then going on to set out information on RFID system components, application fields, market potential, and regulations and standards.Trade Review"This comprehensive reference is ideal for computer and electronics engineers working on the design and development of RFID systems for the electronics industry, as well as for those in other industries such as automotive, security and transport, who want to implement RFID into their business.". (More RFID, 28 November 2010)Table of ContentsAbout the Author. Preface. Acknowledgements. Note to Readers. Part One RFID: General Features, Basic Principles and Market. 1 Introduction, Definitions and Vocabulary. 1.1 To Understand Radio Frequency, We Must Know about Frequencies and Their Classification. 1.2 RFID: Who Uses It and What For? 1.3 History. 1.4 Radio Frequency (or Contactless) Identification and Its Range of Applications. 1.5 The Concept of Contactless Communication. 1.6 The Elements, Terms and Vocabulary of RFID. 1.7 Vocabulary: The Many Terms Used for the Elements Of RFID. 1.8 Appendix: Units and Constants. 2 General Operating Principles of the Base Station-Tag Pair. 2.1 Energy Transfer and Communication Modes. 2.2 Forward Link and Return Link. 2.3 Data Communications. 2.4 The Principle of Communication. 2.5 The Concept of Operating Modes. 2.6 General Operating Problems in Data Transmission. 2.7 More Specific Problems Relating to ‘Long Distance’ RFID Systems. 3 The Market and Applications for Contactless Technology. 3.1 The Market for Contactless Technology and RFID. 3.2 Applications for Tags. 3.3 Operators and Participants in the Market. Part Two Wave Propagation: Principles, Theories ... and the Reality. 4 Some Essential Theory. 4.1 The Phenomenon of Propagation and Radiation. 4.2 The Hertzian Dipole. 4.3 Classification of Fields and Regions of Space. 4.4 RFID Applications Using UHF and SHF, i.e. Far Field Applications. 4.5 The Hertzian Dipole and the Dipole of any Length, λ/n and λ/2. 4.6 List of the Main Formulae in This Chapter. 4.7 Appendix 1: Brief Notes on Maxwell’s Equations. 4.8 Appendix 2: Brief Notes on Complex Numbers. 4.9 Appendix 3: Brief Notes on Powers Expressed as Complex Numbers. 4.10 Appendix 4: Brief Notes on Vectors. 5 Wave Propagation in Free Space. 5.1 Isotropic and Anisotropic Antennas. 5.2 Antenna Gain. 5.3 Power Flux Density at One Point in Space. 5.4 Effective Radiated Power PERP. 6 Power Recovery at the Terminals of the Tag Antenna. 6.1 Recovering the Transmitted Radiated Power (or Some of It). 6.2 The Concept of Aperture or Surface. 6.3 Definition of the Main Parameters Required for an RFID Application. 7 Reality Check: How to Manage Everyday Problems. 7.1 Effects of the Application Environment. 7.2 Tag Polarization Losses, θ polarization = P. 7.3 Antenna Load Mismatch Factor, θ load matching = q. 7.4 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR). 7.5 Losses Due to the Physical Design of the Antenna, θantenna. 7.6 By Way of Conclusion. 7.7 Real-World Examples of RFID at UHF and 2.45 GHz. 7.8 Effects of the Mounting of the Integrated Circuit on the Tag Substrate. 7.9 By Way of Conclusion. 7.10 Example at UHF and SHF. 7.11 Appendix: Fact and Fantasy about UHF Tags and Water. 8 Reflection and/or Reradiation of Waves and RFID Applications. 8.1 The Physical Phenomenon of Wave Scattering. 8.2 Scattering Modes. 8.3 Power Dispersed/Reradiated/Reflected by the Tag, Ps. 8.4 Radar Cross-Section (RCS) of the Tag, σ e s. 8.5 Appendix. 9 The Back Scattering Technique and Its Application. 9.1 The Principle of Communication by Back Scattering between the Base Station and the Tag. 9.2 The Merit Factor of a Tag, Δσe s or ΔRCS. 9 3 Appendix: Summary of the Principal Formulae of Chapters 7, 8 and 9. 10 RFID Case Studies Summarizing the Preceding Chapters. 10.1 Case 1: Application to a ‘Remotely Powered Passive Tag’. 10.2 Case 2: Application to a ‘Battery-Assisted Passive Tag’. 10.3 Examples 1a and B: Application to a ‘Remotely Powered Passive Tag’. 10.4 Example 2: Application to a ‘Battery-Assisted Passive Tag’. Part Three Communication and Transmission, Baseband Signals, Carrier Modulation and Interleaving. 11 Digital Aspect: Bit Coding and Baseband Signals. 11.1 Bit Coding. 11.2 Different Types of Bit Coding for use in RFID at UHF and SHF. 11.3 Summary of the Different Types of Bit Coding. 12 Analogue Aspect: Carrier Modulation Methods. 12.1 Type of Modulation. 12.2 Types of Carrier Modulation for the Forward Link from the Base Station to the Tag. 12.3 Amplitude Modulation. 12.4 Frequency Modulation and Phase Modulation. 12.5 Conclusion. 13 Spread Spectrum Techniques. 13.1 Frequency Hopping and Agility Systems and Spread Spectrum Techniques. 13.2 Spread Spectrum Techniques (Spread Spectrum Modulation, SS). 13.3 Frequency Hopping or Agility Systems for Spreading the Radiated Spectrum of Narrowband Modulated Carriers. 13.4 Spread Spectrum Systems for Spreading the Radiated Spectrum of Wide Band Modulated Carriers. 13.5 ‘Hybrid’ Spread Spectrum Techniques: DSSS and FHSS. 13.6 Back to the Future. 13.7 Examples at SHF. 13.8 FHSS, LBT, DSSS ... and RFID. 14 Interactions and Conclusion. 14.1 Relations, Interactions and Performance: How They Are Affected by the Choice of Bit Coding and the Types of Modulation Used. 14.2 General Conclusion of Part Three. Part Four Standards and Regulations. 15 Standards for RFID at UHF and SHF. 15.1 The Purpose of the Standards. 15.2 Users and Providers of Standards. 15.3 The ISO/OSI Layer Models. 15.4 ISO Standards for Contactless Technology. 15.5 Appendix 1: Hierarchy and Structure of the EPC System. 15.6 Appendix 2: The Structure of the EPC Number. 15.7 Appendix 3: Some Facts about the Everyday Performance of ISO 18000-6 mode C – EPC C1 G2. 16 Regulations and Human Exposure. 16.1 Survey of Standards and Regulations. 16.2 Summary of Regulations in the USA, Europe, France and the Rest of the World Relating to RFID at UHF and SHF. 16.3 Standards for Magnetic and Electrical Fields in a Human Environment: Human Exposure. 16.4 Other Requirements to be Met. 16.5 Appendix. 17 The Effects and Repercussions of Regulations on Performance. 17.1 Frequencies. 17.2 Transmission Level. 17.3 Summary. 17.4 Comparison between Europe and the USA. 17.5 UHF or 13.56 MHz Around the World and in Europe. 17.6 Appendix: The Main Standards and Regulations. Part Five Components for Tags and Base Stations. 18 RFID Tags. 18.1 Some General Remarks. 18.2 Summary of Operating Principles. 18.3 The Technology of Tags. 18.4 Antennas for Tags. 19 The Base Station. 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 Examples of Base Station Hardware Architecture. 19.3 Examples of Products. 19.4 Antennas for Base Stations. 19.5 Some Concluding Remarks. 20 Conformity, Performance and Methods for Evaluating Tags and Systems. 20.1 Official Measurement and Test Methods. 20.2 Required Parameters. 20.3 Simple Methods of Measurement. 20.4 By Way of Conclusion. Conclusions. Useful Addresses, Component Manufacturers and Further Reading. Index.

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Book SynopsisAlthough the notion is a relatively recent one, the notions and principles of Granular Computing (GrC) have appeared in a different guise in many related fields including granularity in Artificial Intelligence, interval computing, cluster analysis, quotient space theory and many others.Table of ContentsPreface. Foreword. Biographies. Part One Fundamentals and Methodology of Granular Computing Based on Interval Analysis, Fuzzy Sets and Rough Sets. 1 Interval Computation as an Important Part of Granular Computing: An Introduction (Vladik Kreinovich). 2 Stochastic Arithmetic as a Model of Granular Computing (René Alt and Jean Vignes). 3 Fundamentals of Interval Analysis and Linkages to Fuzzy Set Theory (Weldon A. Lodwick). 4 Interval Methods for Non-Linear Equation Solving Applications (Courtney Ryan Gwaltney, Youdong Lin, Luke David Simoni, and Mark Allen Stadtherr). 5 Fuzzy Sets as a User-Centric Processing Framework of Granular Computing (Witold Pedrycz). 6 Measurement and Elicitation of Membership Functions (Taner Bilgiç and Ä°. Burhan TürkÅ?en). 7 Fuzzy Clustering as a Data-Driven Development Environment for Information Granules (Paulo Fazendeiro and José Valente de Oliveira). 8 Encoding and Decoding of Fuzzy Granules (Shounak Roychowdhury). 9 Systems of Information Granules (Frank Hoeppner and Frank Klawann). 10 Logical Connectives for Granular Computing (Erich Peter Klement, Radko Mesiar, Andrea Mesiarová-Zemánková and Susanne Saminger-Platz). 11 Calculi of Information Granules. Fuzzy Relational Equations (Siegfried Gottwald). 12 Fuzzy Numbers and Fuzzy Arithmetic (Luciano Stefanini, Laerte Sorini, and Maria Letizia Guerra). 13 Rough-Granular Computing (Andrzej Skowron and James F. Peters). 14 Wisdom Granular Computing (Andrzej Jankowski and Andrzej Skowron). 15 Granular Computing for Reasoning about Ordered Data: The Dominance-Based Rough Set Approach (Salvatore Greco, Benedetto Matarazzo, and Roman SlowiÅ?ski). 16 A Unified Approach to Granulation of Knowledge and Granular Computing Based on Rough Mereology: A Survey (Lech Polkowski). 17 A Unified Framework of Granular Computing (Yiyu Yao). 18 Quotient Spaces and Granular Computing (Ling Zhang and Bo Zhang). 19 Rough Sets and Granular Computing: Toward Rough-Granular Computing (Andrzej Skowron and Jaroslaw Stepaniuk). 20 Construction of Rough Information Granules (Anna GomoliÅ?ska). 21 Spatiotemporal Reasoning in Rough Sets and Granular Computing (Piotr Synak). Part Two Hybrid Methods and Models of Granular Computing. 22 A Survey of Interval-Valued Fuzzy Sets (Humberto Bustince, Javier Montero, Miguel Pagola, Edurne Barrenechea, and Daniel Gomez). 23 Measurement Theory and Uncertainty in Measurements: Application of Interval Analysis and Fuzzy Sets Methods (Leon Reznik). 24 Fuzzy Rough Sets: From Theory into Practice (Chris Cornelis, Martine De Cock, and Anna Maria Radzikowska). 25 On Type 2 Fuzzy Sets as Granular Models for Words (Jerry M. Mendel). 26 Design of Intelligent Systems with Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic (Oscar Castillo and Patricia Melin). 27 Theoretical Aspects of Shadowed Sets (Gianpiero Cattaneo and Davide Ciucci). 28 Fuzzy Representations of Spatial Relations for Spatial Reasoning (Isabelle Bloch). 29 Roughâ??Neural Methodologies in Granular Computing (Sushmita Mitra and Mohua Banerjee). 30 Approximation and Perception in Ethology-Based Reinforcement Learning (James F. Peters). 31 Fuzzy Linear Programming (Jaroslav Ramík). 32 A Fuzzy Regression Approach to Acquisition of Linguistic Rules (Junzo Watada and Witold Pedrycz). 33 Fuzzy Associative Memories and Their Relationship to Mathematical Morphology (Peter Sussner and Marcos Eduardo Valle). 34 Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (E.I. Papageorgiou and C.D. Stylios). Part Three Applications and Case Studies. 35 Rough Sets and Granular Computing in Behavioral Pattern Identification and Planning (Jan G. Bazan). 36 Rough Sets and Granular Computing in Hierarchical Learning (Sinh Hoa Nguyen and Hung Son Nguyen). 37 Outlier and Exception Analysis in Rough Sets and Granular Computing (Tuan Trung Nyuyen). 38 Information Access and Retrieval (Gloria Bordogna, Donald H. Kraft, and Gabriella Pasi). 39 Granular Computing in Medical Informatics (Giovanni Bortolan). 40 Eigen Fuzzy Sets and Image Information Retrieval (Ferdinando Di Martino, Salvatore Sessa, and Hajime Nobuhara). 41 Rough Sets and Granular Computing in Dealing with Missing Attribute Values (Jerzy W. Grzymala-Busse). 42 Granular Computing in Machine Learning and Data Mining (Eyke Huellermeier). 43 On Group Decision Making, Consensus Reaching, Voting, and Voting Paradoxes under Fuzzy Preferences and a Fuzzy Majority: A Survey and a Granulation Perspective (Janusz Kacprzyk, Slawomir. Zadrożny, Mario Fedrizzi and Hannu Nurmi). 44 FuzzJADE: A Framework for Agent-Based FLCs (Vincenzo Loia and Mario Veniero). 45 Granular Models for Time-Series Forecasting (Marina Hirota Magalhães, Rosangela Ballini, and Fernando Gomide). 46 Rough Clustering (Pawan Lingras, S. Asharaf, and Cory Butz). 47 Rough Document Clustering and The Internet (Hung Son Nguyen and Tu Bao Ho). 48 Rough and Granular Case-Based Reasoning (Simon C.K. Shiu, Sankar K. Pal, and Yan Li). 49 Granulation in Analogy-Based Classification (Arkadiusz Wojna). 50 Approximation Spaces in Conflict Analysis: A Rough Set Framework (Sheela Ramanna). 51 Intervals in Finance and Economics: Bridge between Words and Numbers, Language of Strategy (Manuel Tarrazo). 52 Granular Computing Methods in Bioinformatics (JulioJ. Valdés). Index.

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Book SynopsisEach chapter of Modern Antenna Handbook has been authored by a leading expert and includes materials about current and future antenna-related technology. The topics covered include classical antenna configurations along with advanced topics and associated designs.Trade Review"This handbook is both an achievement and a real tool.... the book achieves a rare balance between usage and reference value. I highly recommend it to both practitioners and researchers." (Computing Reviews, April 13, 2009)Table of ContentsPreface xi Contributors xv Part I Introduction 1. Fundamental Parameters and Definitions for Antennas 3 Constantine A. Balanis Part II Antenna Elements 2. Wire Elements: Dipoles, Monopoles, and Loops 59 Cynthia M. Furse, Om P. Gandhi, and Gianluca Lazzi 3. Aperture Antennas: Waveguides and Horns 97 Christophe Granet, Graeme L. James, and A. Ross Forsyth 4. Microstrip Antennas: Analysis, Design, and Application 157 John Huang 5. Reflector Antennas 201 William A. Imbriale 6. Frequency-Independent Antennas: Spirals and Log-Periodics 263 Hisamatsu Nakano 7. Leaky-Wave Antennas 325 David R. Jackson and Arthur A. Oliner 8. Reconfigurable Antennas 369 Gregory H. Huff and Jennifer T. Bernhard 9. Wideband and Traveling-Wave Antennas 399 Lotfollah Shafai and Sima Noghanian 10. Small and Fractal Antennas 475 Steven R. Best Part III Arrays and Synthesis Methods 11. Arrays and Smart Antennas 531 George V. Tsoulos and Christos G. Christodoulou 12. Wideband Arrays 581 William F. Croswell, Tim Durham, Mark Jones, Daniel Schaubert, Paul Friederich, and James G. Maloney 13. Synthesis Methods for Antennas 631 Warren Stutzman and Stanislav Licul Part IV Structures and Techniques Related to Antennas 14. Antenna Applications of Negative Refractive Index Transmission-Line (NRI-TL) Metamaterials 677 George V. Eleftheriades and Marco A. Antoniades 15. Artificial Impedance Surfaces for Antennas 737 Daniel F. Sievenpiper 16. Frequency-Selective Screens 779 Thomas Cwik 17. Mems Integrated and Micromachined Antenna Elements, Arrays, and Feeding Networks 829 Bo Pan, John Papapolymerou, and Manos M. Tentzeris 18. Feed Antennas 867 Trevor S. Bird 19. Near-Field Scanning Measurements: Theory and Practice 929 Michael H. Francis and Ronald C. Wittmann 20. Antenna Measurements 977 Constantine A. Balanis and Craig R. Birtcher 21. Antenna Scattering and Design Considerations 1035 Oren B. Kesler, Douglas Pasquan, and Larry Pellett Part V Antenna Applications 22. Integrated Antennas for Wireless Personal Communications 1079 Yahya Rahmat-Samii, Jerzy Guterman, A. A. Moreira, and C. Peixeiro 23. Antennas for Mobile Communications 1143 Kyohei Fujimoto 24. Antennas for Mobile Systems 1229Simon R. Saunders and Alejandro Aragόn-Zavala 25. Antenna Array Technologies for Advanced Wireless Systems 1255 Magdy F. Iskander, Wayne Kim, Jodie Bell, Nuri Celik, and Zhengqing Yun 26. Antenna Design Considerations for Mimo and Diversity Systems 1327 Michael A. Jensen and Jon W. Wallace 27. Antennas for Medical Therapy and Diagnostics 1377 James C. Lin, Paolo Bernardi, Stefano Pisa, Marta Cavagnaro, and Emanuele Piuzzi 28. Antennas for Biological Experiments 1429 James C. Lin, Paolo Bernardi, Stefano Pisa, Marta Cavagnaro, and Emanuele Piuzzi Part VI Methods of Analysis, Modeling, and Simulation 29. Antenna Modeling Using Integral Equations and The Method of Moments 1463 Andrew F. Peterson 30. Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method Applied to Antennas 1495 Glenn S. Smith and James G. Maloney 31. Finite-Element Analysis and Modeling of Antennas 1531 Jian-Ming Jin, Zheng Lou, Norma Riley, and Douglas Riley 32. Genetic Algorithms for Antennas 1595 Randy L. Haupt 33. Neural Networks for Antennas 1625 Christos G. Christodoulou and Amalendu Patnaik Index 1659

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Book SynopsisFinally a book on Wireless Sensor Networks that covers real world applications and contains practical advice! Kuorilehto et al. have written the first practical guide to wireless sensor networks. The authors draw on their experience in the development and field-testing of autonomous wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to offer a comprehensive reference on fundamentals, practical matters, limitations and solutions of this fast moving research area. Ultra Low Energy Wireless Sensor Networks in Practice: Explains the essential problems and issues in real wireless sensor networks, and analyzes the most promising solutions. Provides a comprehensive guide to applications, functionality, protocols, and algorithms for WSNs. Offers practical experiences from new applications and their field-testing, including several deployed networks. Includes simulations and physical measurements for energy coTrade Review"Ultra-Low Energy Wireless Sensor Networks in Practice stands by itself as an essential guide to a promising-and potentially disruptive technology." (RFID Journal, February 2009)Table of ContentsPreface xiii List of Abbreviations xv PART I INTRODUCTION 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Overview of Wireless Technologies 3 1.2 TUTWSN 5 1.3 Contents of the Book 6 PART II DESIGN SPACE OF WSNS 7 2 WSN Properties 9 2.1 Characteristics of WSNs 9 2.2 WSN Applications 11 2.2.1 Commercial WSNs 12 2.2.2 Research WSNs 14 2.3 Requirements for WSNs 16 3 Standards and Proposals 19 3.1 Standards 19 3.1.1 IEEE 1451 Standard 19 3.1.2 IEEE 802.15 Standard 21 3.2 Variations of Standards 28 3.2.1 Wibree 28 3.2.2 Z-Wave 28 3.2.3 MiWi 28 4 Sensor Node Platforms 29 4.1 Platform Components 29 4.1.1 Communication Subsystem 30 4.1.2 Computing Subsystem 33 4.1.3 Sensing Subsystem 33 4.1.4 Power Subsystem 34 4.2 Existing Platforms 36 4.3 TUTWSN Platforms 39 4.3.1 Temperature-sensing Platform 39 4.3.2 SoC Node Prototype 43 4.3.3 Ethernet Gateway Prototype 44 4.4 Antenna Design 46 4.4.1 Antenna Design Flow 46 4.4.2 Planar Antenna Types 48 4.4.3 Trade-Offs in Antenna Design 49 5 Design of WSNs 51 5.1 Design Dimensions 51 5.2 WSN Design Flow 54 5.3 Related Research on WSN Design 56 5.3.1 WSN Design Methodologies 56 5.4 WSN Evaluation Methods 60 5.5 WSN Evaluation Tools 61 5.5.1 Networking Oriented Simulators for WSN 61 5.5.2 Sensor Node Simulators 62 5.5.3 Analysis of Evaluation Tools 63 PART III WSN PROTOCOL STACK 67 6 Protocol Stack Overview 69 6.1 Outline of WSN Stack 69 6.1.1 Physical Layer 70 6.1.2 Data Link Layer 71 6.1.3 Network Layer 71 6.1.4 Transport Layer 71 6.1.5 Application Layer 72 7 MAC Protocols 73 7.1 Requirements 73 7.2 General MAC Approaches 75 7.2.1 Contention Protocols 75 7.2.2 Contention-free Protocols 77 7.2.3 Multichannel Protocols 78 7.3 WSN MAC Protocols 80 7.3.1 Synchronized Low Duty-cycle Protocols 80 7.3.2 Unsynchronized Low Duty-cycle Protocols 85 7.3.3 Wake-up Radio Protocols 87 7.3.4 Summary 88 8 Routing Protocols 91 8.1 Requirements 91 8.2 Classifications 92 8.3 Operation Principles 93 8.3.1 Nodecentric Routing 93 8.3.2 Data-centric Routing 94 8.3.3 Location-based Routing 95 8.3.4 Multipath Routing 97 8.3.5 Negotiation-based Routing 97 8.3.6 Query-based Routing 98 8.3.7 Cost Field-based Routing 99 8.4 Summary 101 9 Middleware and Application Layer 103 9.1 Motivation and Requirements 103 9.2 WSN Middleware Approaches 105 9.3 WSN Middleware Proposals 106 9.3.1 Interfaces 106 9.3.2 Virtual Machines 107 9.3.3 Database Middlewares 107 9.3.4 Mobile Agent Middlewares 108 9.3.5 Application-driven Middlewares 108 9.3.6 Programming Abstractions 109 9.3.7 WSN Middleware Analysis 110 10 Operating Systems 115 10.1 Motivation and Requirements 115 10.1.1 OS Services and Requirements 116 10.1.2 Implementation Approaches 117 10.2 Existing OSs 119 10.2.1 Event-handler OSs 120 10.2.2 Preemptive Multithreading OSs 121 10.2.3 Analysis 121 11 QoS Issues in WSN 125 11.1 Traditional QoS 125 11.2 Unique Requirements in WSNs 125 11.3 Parameters Defining WSN QoS 126 11.4 QoS Support in Protocol Layers 128 11.4.1 Application Layer 128 11.4.2 Transport Layer 128 11.4.3 Network Layer 129 11.4.4 Data Link Layer 130 11.4.5 Physical Layer 131 11.5 Summary 131 12 Security in WSNs 133 12.1 WSN Security Threats and Countermeasures 133 12.1.1 Passive Attacks 134 12.1.2 Active Attacks 134 12.2 Security Architectures for WSNs 135 12.2.1 TinySec 135 12.2.2 SPINS 136 12.2.3 IEEE 802.15.4 Security 136 12.2.4 ZigBee Security 137 12.2.5 Bluetooth Security 139 12.3 Key Distribution in WSNs 140 12.3.1 Public-key Cryptography 140 12.3.2 Pre-distributed Keys 140 12.3.3 Centralized Key Distribution 141 12.4 Summary of WSN Security Considerations 142 PART IV TUTWSN 143 13 TUTWSN MAC Protocol 145 13.1 Network Topology 145 13.2 Channel Access 147 13.3 Frequency Division 149 13.4 Advanced Mobility Support 152 13.4.1 Proactive Distribution of Neighbor Information 153 13.4.2 Neighbor-discovery Algorithm 154 13.4.3 Measured Performance of ENDP Protocol 158 13.5 Advanced Support for Bursty Traffic 159 13.5.1 Slot Reservations within a Superframe 160 13.5.2 On-demand Slot Reservation 161 13.5.3 Traffic-adaptive Slot Reservation 161 13.5.4 Performance Analysis 162 13.6 TUTWSN MAC Optimization 165 13.6.1 Reducing Radio Requirements 165 13.6.2 Network Beacon Rate Optimization 170 13.7 TUTWSN MAC Implementation 179 13.8 Measured Performance of TUTWSN MAC 180 14 TUTWSN Routing Protocol 183 14.1 Design and Implementation 183 14.2 Related Work 183 14.3 Cost-Aware Routing 184 14.3.1 Sink-initiated Route Establishment 185 14.3.2 Node-initiated Route Discovery 185 14.3.3 Traffic Classification 186 14.4 Implementation 187 14.4.1 Protocol Architecture 187 14.4.2 Implementation on TUTWSN MAC 188 14.5 Measurement Results 188 14.5.1 Network Parameter Configuration 189 14.5.2 Network Build-up Time 189 14.5.3 Distribution of Traffic 190 14.5.4 End-to-end Delays 192 15 TUTWSN API 193 15.1 Design of TUTWSN API 194 15.1.1 Gateway API 194 15.1.2 Node API 196 15.2 TUTWSN API Implementation 197 15.2.1 Gateway API 198 15.2.2 Node API 198 15.3 TUTWSN API Evaluation 200 15.3.1 Ease of Use 200 15.3.2 Resource Consumption 200 15.3.3 Operational Performance 201 16 TUTWSN SensorOS 203 16.1 SensorOS Design 203 16.1.1 SensorOS Architecture 204 16.1.2 OS Components 204 16.2 SensorOS Implementation 206 16.2.1 HAL Implementation 206 16.2.2 Component Implementation 207 16.3 SensorOS Performance Evaluation 210 16.3.1 Resource Usage 210 16.3.2 Context Switch Performance 210 16.4 Lightweight Kernel Configuration 211 16.4.1 Lightweight OS Architecture and Implementation 211 16.4.2 Performance Evaluation 212 16.5 SensorOS Bootloader Service 213 16.5.1 SensorOS Bootloader Design Principles 213 16.5.2 Bootloader Implementation 213 17 Cross-layer Issues in TUTWSN 217 17.1 Cross-layer Node Configuration 217 17.1.1 Application Layer 219 17.1.2 Routing Layer 219 17.1.3 MAC Layer 219 17.1.4 Physical Layer 220 17.1.5 Configuration Examples 220 17.2 Piggybacking Data 223 17.3 Self-configuration with Cross-layer Information 224 17.3.1 Frequency and TDMA Selection 224 17.3.2 Connectivity Maintenance 224 17.3.3 Role Selection 225 18 Protocol Analysis Models 227 18.1 PHY Power Analysis 227 18.2 Radio Energy Models 229 18.2.1 TUTWSN Radio Energy Models 230 18.2.2 ZigBee Radio Energy Models 232 18.3 Contention Models 234 18.3.1 TUTWSN Contention Models 234 18.3.2 ZigBee Contention Models 235 18.4 Node Operation Models 238 18.4.1 TUTWSN Throughput Models 238 18.4.2 ZigBee Throughput Models 239 18.4.3 TUTWSN Power Consumption Models 240 18.4.4 ZigBee Power Consumption Models 243 18.5 Summary 245 19 WISENES Design and Evaluation Environment 247 19.1 Features 247 19.2 WSN Design with WISENES 248 19.3 WISENES Framework 249 19.3.1 Short Introduction to SDL 251 19.3.2 WISENES Instantiation 252 19.3.3 Central Simulation Control 253 19.3.4 Transmission Medium 253 19.3.5 Sensing Channel 254 19.3.6 Sensor Node 254 19.4 Existing WISENES Designs 256 19.4.1 TUTWSN Stack 258 19.4.2 ZigBee Stack 260 19.5 WISENES Simulation Results 263 19.5.1 Simulated Node Platforms 264 19.5.2 Accuracy of Simulation Results 266 19.5.3 Protocol Comparison Simulations 268 PART V DEPLOYMENT 277 20 TUTWSN Deployments 279 20.1 TUTWSN Deployment Architecture 280 20.1.1 WSN Server 281 20.1.2 WSN and Gateway 282 20.1.3 Database 282 20.1.4 User Interfaces 282 20.2 Network Self-diagnostics 283 20.2.1 Problem Statement 283 20.2.2 Implementation 284 20.3 Security Experiments 290 20.3.1 Experimental KDC-based Key Distribution and Authentication Scheme 291 20.3.2 Implementation Experiments 291 21 Sensing Applications 293 21.1 Linear-position Metering 293 21.1.1 Problem Statement 293 21.1.2 Implementation 294 21.1.3 Results 296 21.2 Indoor-temperature Sensing 297 21.2.1 WSN Node Design 298 21.2.2 Results 298 21.3 Environmental Monitoring 300 21.3.1 Problem Statement 300 21.3.2 Implementation 300 21.3.3 Results 306 22 Transfer Applications 313 22.1 TCP/IP for TUTWSN 313 22.1.1 Problem Statement 313 22.1.2 Implementation 314 22.1.3 Results 316 22.2 Realtime High-performance WSN 318 22.2.1 Problem Statement 318 22.2.2 Implementation 318 22.2.3 Results 324 23 Tracking Applications 327 23.1 Surveillance System 327 23.1.1 Problem Statement 328 23.1.2 Surveillance WSN Design 328 23.1.3 WSN Prototype Implementation 331 23.1.4 Surveillance WSN Implementation on TUTWSN Prototypes 332 23.2 Indoor Positioning 334 23.2.1 Problem Statement 335 23.2.2 Implementation 335 23.3 Team Game Management 342 23.3.1 Problem Statement 343 23.3.2 Implementation 343 23.3.3 Example Application Scenario 345 PART VI CONCLUSIONS 349 24 Conclusions 351 References 353 Index 369

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Book SynopsisDialogue management technology has developed rapidly over the years resulting in real-time applications like telephony directories, timetable enquiries, and in-car applications. However, the current technology is still largely based on models that use rigid command language type interactions, and the users need to adapt their human communication strategies to the needs of the technology. As an increasing number of interactive ubiquitous applications will appear, challenges for interaction technology concern especially natural, more human-friendly communication. Recent research has focused on developing speech-based interactive systems that aim to increase the system's communicative competence. By including aspects of interaction beyond simple speech recognition and question-answer based interaction, applications with more conversational interfaces have become possible. New dialogue management technology needs to address the challenges in human-technology interaction, so that smart enviTable of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgements. Introduction. Two Metaphors for Interaction Design. Design Models for Interactive Systems. Human Aspects in Dialogue System Design. Dialogue Models. Brief History. Modelling Approaches. Dialogue Management. Constructive Dialogue Model (CDM). Basic Principles of Communication. Full-blown Communication. Conversations with Computer Agents. Construction of Dialogue and Domain Information. Coherence and Context - Aboutness. Information Sturcture of Utterances - New and Old Information. Definitions of NewInfo and Topic. Topic Shifting. Information Management as Feedback Giving Activity. Information Management and Rational Agents. Dialogue Systems. Desiderata for Dialogue Agents. Technical Aspects in CDM. Summary. Constructive Information Technology. Learning and Adaptation. Cognitive Systems and Group Intelligence. Interaction and Affordance. Conclusions and Future Views. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive reference to noise and signal interference in optical fiber communications Noise and Signal Interference in Optical Fiber Transmission Systems is a compendium on specific topics within optical fiber transmission and the optimization process of the system design. It offers comprehensive treatment of noise and intersymbol interference (ISI) components affecting optical fiber communications systems, containing coverage on noise from the light source, the fiber and the receiver. The ISI is modeled with a statistical approach, leading to new useful computational methods. The author discusses the subject with the help of numerous applications and simulations of noise and signal interference theory. Key features: Complete all-in-one reference on the subject for engineers and designers of optical fiber transmission systems Discusses the physical principles behind several noise contributions encountered in the opticTable of ContentsBook Content Note to the reader Introduction Acknowledgements Chapter 1: Introductory Concepts and Noise Fundamentals Chapter 2: Noise Principlesin Optical FiberCommunications Chapter 3: Theory of Stochastic Processes Chapter 4: Linear Systems and Noise Chapter 5: Statistical Theory of the Intersymbol Interference Chapter 6: Modeling and Simulation of the Intersymbol Interference Chapter 7: The Frequency Representation of the Intersymbol Interference Chapter 8: The DBRV Method for the Calculation of the ISI Statistic

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Book SynopsisPanoramic imaging is a progressive application and research area. This technology has applications in digital photography, robotics, film productions for panoramic screens, architecture, environmental studies, remote sensing and GIS technology. Applications demand different levels of accuracy for 3D documentation or visualizations. This book describes two modern technologies for capturing high-accuracy panoramic images and range data, namely the use of sensor-line cameras and laser range-finders. It provides mathematically accurate descriptions of the geometry of these sensing technologies and the necessary information required to apply them to 3D scene visualization or 3D representation. The book is divided into three parts: Part One contains a full introduction to panoramic cameras and laser range-finders, including a discussion of calibration to aid preparation of equipment ready for use. Part Two explains the concept of stereo panoramic imaging,Table of ContentsPreface. Series Preface. Website and Exercises. List of Symbols. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Panoramas 1.2 Panoramic Paintings 1.3 Panoramic or Wide-Angle Photographs 1.4 Digital Panoramas 1.5 Striving for Accuracy 1.6 Exercises 1.7 Further Reading 2. Cameras and Sensors. 2.1 Camera Models 2.2 Optics 2.3 Sensor Models 2.4 Examples and Challenges 2.5 Exercises 2.6 Further Reading 3. Spatial Alignments. 3.1 Mathematical Fundamentals 3.2 Central Projection:World into Image Plane 3.3 Classification of Panoramas 3.4 Coordinate Systems for Panoramas 3.5 General Projection Formula for Cylindrical Panorama 3.6 Rotating Cameras 3.7 Mappings between Different Image Surfaces 3.8 Laser Range-Finder 3.9 Exercises 3.10 Further Reading 4. Epipolar Geometry. 4.1 General Epipolar Curve Equation 4.2 Constrained Poses of Cameras 4.3 Exercises 4.4 Further Reading 5. Sensor Calibration. 5.1 Basics 5.2 Preprocesses for a Rotating Sensor-Line Camera 5.3 A Least-Square Error Optimization Calibration Procedure 5.4 Geometric Dependencies of R and w 5.5 Error Components in LRF Data 5.6 Exercises 5.7 Further Reading 6. Spatial Sampling. 6.1 Stereo Panoramas 6.2 Sampling Structure 6.3 Spatial Resolution 6.4 Distances between Spatial Samples 6.5 Exercises 6.6 Further Reading 7. Image Quality Control. 7.1 Two Requirements 7.2 Terminology 7.3 Parameter Optimization 7.4 Error Analysis 7.5 Exercises 7.6 Further Reading 8. Sensor Analysis and Design. 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Scene Composition Analysis 8.3 Stereoacuity Analysis 8.4 Specification of Camera Parameters 8.5 Exercises 8.6 Further Reading 9. 3D Meshing and Visualization. 9.1 3D Graphics 9.2 Surface Modeling 9.3 More Techniques for Dealing with Digital Surfaces 9.4 Exercises 9.5 Further Reading 10. Data Fusion. 10.1 Determination of Camera Image Coordinates 10.2 Texture Mapping 10.3 High Resolution Orthophotos 10.4 Fusion of Panoramic Images and Airborne Data 10.5 Exercises 10.6 Further Reading References. Index.

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Book SynopsisPhotoalignment possesses significant advantages in comparison with the usual rubbing' treatment of the substrates of liquid crystal display (LCD) cells as it is a non-contact method with a high resolution. A new technique recently pioneered by the authors of this book, namely the photo-induced diffusion reorientation of azodyes, does not involve any photochemical or structural transformations of the molecules. This results in photoaligning films which are robust and possess good aligning properties making them particularly suitable for the new generation of liquid crystal devices. Photoalignment of Liquid Crystalline Materials covers state-of-the-art techniques and key applications, as well as the authors' own diffusion model for photoalignment. The book aims to stimulate new research and development in the field of liquid crystalline photoalignment and in so doing, enable the technology to be used in large scale LCD production. Key features: Provides a Trade Review"I believe that the reader will obtain beneficial information on the various aspects of the physics and applications of the photoalignment of LCs and the techniques involved." (Liquid Crystals Today, June 2010) Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. Series Editor's Foreword. 1. Introduction. References. 2. Mechanisms of LC Photoalignment. 2.1 Cis-Trans Isomerization. 2.2 Pure Reorientation of the Azo-Dye Chromophore Molecules or Azo-Dye Molecular Solvates. 2.3 Crosslinking in Cinnamoyl Side-Chain Polymers. 2.4 Photodegradation in Polymide Materials. 2.5 Photoinduced Order in Langmuir–Blodgett Films. References. 3. LC-Surface Interaction in a Photoaligned Cell. 3.1 Pretilt Angle Generation in Photoaligning Materials. 3.2 Generation of Large Pretilt Angles. 3.3 Anchoring Energy in Photoaligning Materials. 3.4 Stability of Photoaligning Materials Sensitivity to UV Light. 3.5 Comparison of the Characteristics of Photoalignment Layers for Different Mechanisms of LC Photoalignment. 3.6 Various Methods for the Experimental Characterization of Photoalignment Layers. References. 4. Photoalignment of LCs. 4.1 Vertical LC Alignment. 4.2 Twisted LC Photoalignment. 4.3 Photoalignment of Ferroelectric LC. 4.4 Optical Rewritable LC Alignment. 4.5 Photoalignment with Asymmetric Surface Anchoring. 4.6 LC Photoalignment on Plastic Substrates. 4.7 Photoalignment on Grating Surface. 4.8 Photoalignment of Lyotropic and Discotic LCs. 4.9 Other Types of LC Photoalignment. References. 5. Application of Photoalignment Materials in Optical Elements. 5.1 Polarizers. 5.2 Retardation Films. 5.3 Transflective LCD with Photo-Patterned Polarizers and Phase Retarders. 5.4 Security Applications of Photoaligning and Photo-Patterning. 5.5 Optical Elements Based on Photoaligning Technology. References. 6. Novel LCDs Based on Photoalignment. 6.1 Bistable Nematic Displays. 6.2 Photoaligned Liquid-Crystal-on-Silicon Microdisplays. 6.3 Photoaligned Ferroelectric LCDs. 6.4 New Optical Rewritable Electronic Paper. 6.5 Application of Photoalignment in Photonic LC Devices. References. 7. US Patents Related to Photoalignment of Liquid Crystals. 7.1 Introductory Remarks. 7.2 List of Patents Patent Classification. 7.3 Analysis and Comments on the Patents. Index.

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Book SynopsisIntelligent recognition methods have recently proven to be indispensable in a variety of modern industries, including computer vision, robotics, medical imaging, visualization and the media. Furthermore, they play a critical role in the traditional fields such as character recognition, natural language processing and personal identification.Table of ContentsPreface. List of Contributors. 1. On Offline Arabic Character Recognition (Muhammad Sarfraz, Abdulmalek Zidouri, and Syed Nazim Nawaz (Saudi Arabia). 2. License Plate Recognition System: Saudi Arabian Case (Muhammad Sarfraz and Mohammed Jameel Ahmed (Saudi Arabia). 3. Algorithms for Extracting Textual Characters in Color Video (Edward K. Wong and Minya Chen(USA). 4. Separation of Handwritten Touching Digits: A Multi-Agents Approach (Ashraf Elnagar (UAE ) and Reda Al-Hajj (Canada). 5. Prototype-based Handwriting Recognition using Shape and Execution Prototypes (Miguel L. Bote-Lorenzo, Eduardo Gómez-Sánchez, Yannis A. Dimitriadis (Spain). 6. Logo Detection in Document Images with Complex Backgrounds (Tuan D. Pham and Jinsong Yang (Australia). 7. An Intelligent On-line Signature Verification System (Bin Li (China) and David Zhang (Hong Kong). 8. Hybrid Fingerprint Recognition using Minutiae and Shape (Asker Bazen, Raymond Veldhuis, and Sabih Gerez (The Netherlands). 9. Personal Authentication Using the Fusion of Multiple Palm-print Features (Chin-Chuan Han ( Taiwan, R.O.C.). 10. Intelligent Iris Recognition Using Neural Networks (Muhammad Sarfraz, Mohamed Deriche, Muhammad Moinuddin, and Syed Saad Azhar Ali (Saudi Arabia). 11. Pose Invariant Face Recognition using Subspaces Techniques (Mohamed Deriche and Mohammed Aleemuddin (Saudi Arabia). 12. Developmental Vision: Adaptive Recognition of Human Faces by Humanoid Robots (Hon-fai Chia and Ming Xie (Singapore). 13. Empirical Study on Appearance-based Binary Age Classification (Mohammed Yeasin, Rahul Khare, and Rajeev Sharma (USA). 14. Intelligent Recognition in Medical Pattern Understanding and Cognitive Analysis (Marek R. Ogiela and Ryszard Tadeusiewicz (Poland). 15. The Road Map for Recognizing Regions of Interest in Medical Images (Sabah M.A. Mohammed, Jinan A.W. Fiaidhi, and Lei Yang (Canada). 16. Feature Extraction and Compression with Discriminative and Nonlinear Classifiers and Applications in Speech Recognition (Xuechuan Wang (Canada). 17. Improving Mine Recognition through Processing and Dempster-Shafer Fusion of Multisensor Data (Nada Milisavljević (Belgium) and Isabelle Bloch (France). 18. Fast Object Recognition Using Dynamic Programming from Combination of Salient Line Groups (Dong Joong Kang, Jong Eun Ha, and In So Kweon (Korea). 19. Holo-Extraction and Intelligent Recognition of Digital Curves Scanned from Paper Drawings (Ke-Zhang Chen, Xi-Wen Zhang, Zong-Ying Ou, and Xin-An Feng(China). 20. Topological Segmentation and Smoothing of Discrete Curve Skeletons (Wenjie Xie, Renato Perucchio, David Sedmera, and Robert P. Thompson (USA). 21. Applications of Clifford Valued Neural Networks to Pattern Classification and Pose Estimation (Eduardo Bayro-Corrochano and Nancy Arana-Daniel (México). 22. Intelligent Recognition: Components of the Short Time Fourier Transform vs. Conventional Approaches(Leonid Gelman, Mike Sanderson, Chris Thompson, and Paul Anuzis (UK). 23. Conceptual Data Classification: Application for Knowledge Extraction(Ahmed Hasnah, Ali Jaoua, and Jihad Jaam (Qatar). 24. Cryptographic Communications With Chaotic Semiconductor Lasers (Andrés Iglesias (Spain). Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book combines theory with advanced practical applications in wireless broadband networks, presenting the reader with a standard reference that covers all aspects of the technology. It discusses the key theories underlying wireless broadband networks and shows readers how these theories are applied to real-world systems.Table of ContentsPreface xiii I Enabling Technologies for Wireless Broadband Networks 1 1 Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing and Other Block-Based Transmissions 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Wireless Communication Systems 3 1.3 Block-Based Transmissions 5 1.4 Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing Systems 9 1.5 Single-Carrier Cyclic Prefix Systems 11 1.6 Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access 12 1.7 Interleaved Frequency-Division Multiple Access 13 1.8 Single-Carrier Frequency-Division Multiple Access 16 1.9 CP-Based Code Division Multiple Access 17 1.10 Receiver Design 18 Summary 25 Appendix 26 References 27 2 Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output Antenna Systems 31 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 MIMO System Model 32 2.3 Channel Capacity 33 2.4 Diversity 42 2.5 Diversity and Spatial Multiplexing Gain 43 2.6 SIMO Systems 44 2.7 MISO Systems 45 2.8 Space–Time Coding 45 2.9 MIMO Transceiver Design 50 2.10 SVD-Based Eigen-Beamforming 52 2.11 MIMO for Frequency-Selective Fading Channels 52 2.12 Transmitting Diversity for Frequency-Selective Fading Channels 56 2.13 Cyclic Delay Diversity 59 Summary 62 References 62 3 Ultrawideband 65 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Time-Hopping Ultrawideband 67 3.3 Direct Sequence Ultrawideband 84 3.4 Multiband 94 3.5 Other Types of UWB 97 Summary 107 References 110 4 Medium Access Control 115 4.1 Introduction 115 4.2 Slotted ALOHA MAC 117 4.3 Carrier-Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance MAC 119 4.4 Polling MAC 126 4.5 Reservation MAC 127 4.6 Energy-Efficient MAC 132 4.7 Multichannel MAC 139 4.8 Directional-Antenna MAC 141 4.9 Multihop Saturated Throughput of IEEE 802.11 MAC 147 4.10 Multiple-Access Control 156 Summary 161 References 161 5 Mobility Resource Management 165 5.1 Introduction 165 5.2 Types of Handoffs 167 5.3 Handoff Strategies 169 5.4 Channel Assignment Schemes 170 5.5 Multiclass Channel Assignment Schemes 195 5.6 Location Management 218 5.7 Mobile IP 220 5.8 Cellular IP 221 5.9 HAWAII 222 Summary 223 References 224 6 Routing Protocols for Multihop Wireless Broadband Networks 227 6.1 Introduction 227 6.2 Multihop Wireless Broadband Networks: Mesh Networks 227 6.3 Importance of Routing Protocols 230 6.4 Routing Metrics 239 6.5 Classification of Routing Protocols 245 6.6 MANET Routing Protocols 254 Summary 262 References 262 7 Radio Resource Management for Wireless Broadband Networks 267 7.1 Introduction 267 7.2 Packet Scheduling 268 7.3 Admission Control 295 Summary 303 References 304 8 Quality of Service for Multimedia Services 307 8.1 Introduction 307 8.2 Traffic Models 309 8.3 Quality of Service in Wireless Systems 321 8.4 Outage Probability for Video Services in a Multirate DS-CDMA System 326 Summary 336 References 337 II Systems for Wireless Broadband Networks 339 9 Long-Term-Evolution Cellular Networks 341 9.1 Introduction 341 9.2 Network Architecture 343 9.3 Physical Layer 343 9.4 Medium Access Control Scheduling 354 9.5 Mobility Resource Management 361 9.6 Radio Resource Management 362 9.7 Security 363 9.8 Quality of Service 364 9.9 Applications 365 Summary 365 References 366 10 Wireless Broadband Networking with WiMAX 367 10.1 Introduction 367 10.2 WiMAX Overview 367 10.3 Competing Technologies 370 10.4 Overview of the Physical Layer 371 10.5 PMP Mode 374 10.6 Mesh Mode 378 10.7 Multihop Relay Mode 384 Summary 387 References 387 11 Wireless Local Area Networks 391 11.1 Introduction 391 11.2 Network Architectures 393 11.3 Physical Layer of IEEE 802.11n 393 11.4 Medium Access Control 404 11.5 Mobility Resource Management 422 11.6 Quality of Service 425 11.7 Applications 426 Summary 426 References 427 12 Wireless Personal Area Networks 429 12.1 Introduction 429 12.2 Network Architecture 430 12.3 Physical Layer 431 12.4 Medium Access Control 437 12.5 Mobility Resource Management 459 12.6 Routing 460 12.7 Quality of Service 460 12.8 Applications 460 Summary 461 References 461 13 Convergence of Networks 463 13.1 Introduction 463 13.2 3GPP/WLAN Interworking 464 13.3 IEEE 802.11u Interworking with External Networks 467 13.4 LAN/WLAN/WiMax/3G Interworking Based on IEEE 802.21 Media-Independent Handoff 468 13.5 Future Cellular/WiMax/WLAN/WPAN Interworking 471 13.6 Analytical Model for Cellular/WLAN Interworking 474 Summary 478 References 478 Appendix Basics of Probability, Random Variables, Random Processes, and Queueing Systems 481 A.1 Introduction 481 A.2 Probability 481 A.3 Random Variables 483 A.4 Poisson Random Process 486 A.5 Birth–Death Processes 487 A.6 Basic Queueing Systems 489 References 501 Index 503

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Book SynopsisPhysics of Multiantenna Systems and Broadband Processing presents the physics of multiantenna systems and broadband processing. The book provides a methodology for applying the concept of channel capacity in the correct fashion based on the Maxwellian principles. The capacity is defined in terms of the antenna gain and not directivity.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Chapter 1. What is an Antenna and How Does it Work? Chapter 2. Fundamentals of Antenna Theory in the Frequency Domain. Chapter 3. Fundamentals of an Antenna in the Time Domain. Chapter 4. A Look at the Concept of Channel Capacity from a Maxwellian Viewpoint. Chapter 5. Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) Antenna Systems. Chapter 6. Use of the Output Energy Filter in Multiantenna Systems for Adaptive Estimation. Chapter 7. Minimum Norm Property for the Sum of the Adaptive Weights in Adaptive or in Space-Time Processing. Chapter 8. Using Real Weights in Adaptive and Space-Time Processing. Chapter 9. Phase-Only Adaptive and Space-Time Processing. Chapter 10. Simultaneous Multiple Adaptive Beamforming. Chapter 11. Performance Comparison Between Statistical-Based and Direct Data Domain Least Squares Space-Time Adaptive Processing Algorithms. Chapter 12. Approximate Compensation for Mutual Coupling Using the In Situ Antenna Element Patterns. Chapter 13. Signal Enhancement Through Polarization Adaptivity on Transmit in a Near-Field MIMO Environment. Chapter 14. Direction of Arrival Estimation by Exploiting Unitary Transform in the Matrix Pencil Method and its Comparison with ESPRIT. Chapter 15. DOA Estimation Using Electrically Small Matched Dipole Antennas and the Associated Cramer-Rao Bound. Chapter 16. Non-Conventional Least Squares Optimization for DOA Estimation Using Arbitrary-Shaped Antenna Arrays. Chapter 17. Broadband Direction of Arrival Estimations Using the Matrix Pencil Method. Chapter 18. Adaptive Processing of Broadband Signals. Chapter 19. Effect of Random Antenna Position Errors on A Direct Data Domain Least Squares Approach for Space-Time Adaptive Processing. Index.

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Book SynopsisAlternative techniques and tools for analyzing biomolecular networks With the recent rapid advances in molecular biology, high-throughput experimental methods have resulted in enormous amounts of data that can be used to study biomolecular networks in living organisms. With this development has come recognition of the fact that a complicated living organism cannot be fully understood by merely analyzing individual components. Rather, it is the interactions of components or biomolecular networks that are ultimately responsible for an organism''s form and function. This book addresses the important need for a new set of computational tools to reveal essential biological mechanisms from a systems biology approach. Readers will get comprehensive coverage of analyzing biomolecular networks in cellular systems based on available experimental data with an emphasis on the aspects of network, system, integration, and engineering. Each topic is treated in depth with specific biologicaTable of ContentsPREFACE. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. ACRONYMS. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Basic Concepts in Molecular Biology. 1.2 Biomolecular Networks in Cells. 1.3 Network Systems Biology. 1.4 About This Book. I GENE NETWORKS. 2 Transcription Regulation: Networks and Models. 2.1 Transcription Regulation and Gene Expression. 2.2 Networks in Transcription Regulation. 2.3 Nonlinear Models Based on Biochemical Reactions. 2.4 Integrated Models for Regulatory Networks. 2.5 Summary. 3 Reconstruction of Gene Regulatory Networks. 3.1 Mathematical Models of Gene Regulatory Network. 3.2 Reconstructing Gene Regulatory Networks. 3.3 Inferring Gene Networks from Multiple Datasets. 3.4 Gene Network-Based Drug Target Identification. 3.5 Summary. 4 Inference of Transcriptional Regulatory Networks. 4.1 Predicting TF Binding Sites and Promoters. 4.2 Inference of Transcriptional Interactions. 4.3 Identifying Combinatorial Regulations of TFs. 4.4 Inferring Cooperative Regulatory Networks. 4.5 Prediction of Transcription Factor Activity. 4.6 Summary. II PROTEIN INTERACTION NETWORKS. 5 Prediction of Protein–Protein Interactions. 5.1 Experimental Protein–Protein Interactions. 5.2 Prediction of Protein–Protein Interactions. 5.3 Protein Interaction Prediction Based on Multidomain Pairs. 5.4 Domain Interaction Prediction Methods. 5.5 Summary. 6 Topological Structure of Biomolecular Networks. 6.1 Statistical Properties of Biomolecular Networks. 6.2 Evolution of Protein Interaction Networks. 6.3 Hubs, Motifs, and Modularity in Biomolecular Networks. 6.4 Explorative Roles of Hubs and Network Motifs. 6.5 Modularity Evaluation of Biomolecular Networks. 6.6 Summary. 7 Alignment of Biomolecular Networks. 7.1 Biomolecular Networks from Multiple Species. 7.2 Pairwise Alignment of Biomolecular Networks. 7.3 Network Alignment by Mathematical Programming. 7.4 Multiple Alignment of Biomolecular Networks. 7.5 Subnetwork and Pathway Querying. 7.6 Summary. 8 Network-Based Prediction of Protein Function. 8.1 Protein Function and Annotation. 8.2 Protein Functional Module Detection. 8.3 Functional Linkage for Protein Function Annotation. 8.4 Protein Function Prediction from High-Throughput Data. 8.5 Function Annotation Methods for Domains. 8.6 Summary. III METABOLIC NETWORKS AND SIGNALING NETWORKS. 9 Metabolic Networks: Analysis, Reconstruction, and Application. 9.1 Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Pathways. 9.2 Metabolic Network Analysis and Modeling. 9.3 Reconstruction of Metabolic Networks. 9.4 Drug Target Detection in Metabolic Networks. 9.5 Summary. 10 Signaling Networks: Modeling and Inference. 10.1 Signal Transduction in Cellular Systems. 10.2 Modeling of Signal Transduction Pathways. 10.3 Inferring Signaling Networks from High-Throughput Data. 10.4 Inferring Signaling Networks by Linear Programming. 10.5 Inferring Signaling Networks from Experimental Evidence. 10.6 Summary. 11 Other Topics and New Trends. 11.1 Network-Based Protein Structural Analysis. 11.2 Integration of Biomolecular Networks. 11.3 Posttranscriptional Regulation of Noncoding RNAs. 11.4 Biomolecular Interactions and Human Diseases. 11.5 Summary. REFERENCES. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisThe digital age has driven the need to combine radio-frequency engineering experience with overall high-speed digital design, as well as the need for an overall understanding of system performance.

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Book Synopsis* Focuses on several aspects of wireless ad hoc networks, particularly algorithmic methods and distributed computing with mobility and computation capability. * This book provides the crucial building foundation for the design and construction of the future generation of ad hoc networks.Table of ContentsPreface ix Contributors xiii About the Editor xvii 1. Algorithms for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 1Azzedine Boukerche, Daniel Câmara, Antonio A.F. Loureiro, and Carlos M.S. Figueiredo 2. Establishing a Communication Infrastructure in Ad Hoc Networks 21Michel Barbeau, Evangelos Kranakis, and Ioannis Lambadaris 3. Robustness Control for Network-Wide Broadcast in Multihop Wireless Networks 51Paul Rogers and Nael B. Abu-Ghazaleh 4. Encoding for Efficient Data Distribution in Multihop Ad Hoc Networks 87Luciana Pelusi, Andrea Passarella, and Marco Conti 5. A Taxonomy of Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 129Azzedine Boukerche, Mohammad Z. Ahmad, Damla Turgut, and Begumhan Turgut 6. Adaptive Backbone Multicast Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 165Chaiporn Jaikaeo and Chien-Chung Shen 7. Effect of Interference on Routing in Multihop Wireless Networks 187Vinay Kolar and Nael B. Abu-Ghazaleh 8. Routing Protocols in Intermittently Connected Mobile Ad Hoc Networks and Delay-Tolerant Networks 219Zhensheng Zhang 9. Transport Layer Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 251Lap Kong Law, Srikanth V. Krishnamurthy, and Michalis Faloutsos 10. ACK-Thinning Techniques for TCP in MANETs 277Stylianos Papanastasiou, Mohamed Ould-Khaoua, and Lewis M. MacKenzie 11. Power Control Protocols for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks 315Junhua Zhu, Brahim Bensaou, and Farid Naït-Abdesselam 12. Power Saving in Solar-Powered WLAN Mesh Networks 353Amir A. Sayegh, Mohammed N. Smadi, and Terence D. Todd 13. Reputation-and-Trust-Based Systems for Ad Hoc Networks 375Avinash Srinivasan, Joshua Teitelbaum, Jie Wu, Mihaela Cardei, and Huigang Liang 14. Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: An Emerging Technology Toward Safe and Efficient Transportation 405Maen M. Artimy, William Robertson, and William J. Phillips 15. Performance Issues in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks 433Maria Kihl and Mihail L. Sichitiu 16. Cluster Interconnection in 802.15.4 Beacon-Enabled Networks 459Jelena Misic and Ranjith Udayshankar Index 481

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive understanding of current and debated future networking technologies. It gives insight into building end-to-end networks and services with Carrier Ethernet, PBT, MPLS-TP, and VPLS while also shedding light on the pros and cons of these technologies for service providers and enterprise network owners. Focusing on layer-2 networking and services, Networks and Services covers: The basics of Ethernet such as protocol stack, bridges, switches, and hubs Key techniques that are being used in building carrier-class Carrier Ethernet networks and services like synchronization, pseudowires, and protection Carrier Ethernet network architectures and services that are currently deployed in the industry Traffic management and OAM capabilities of Carrier Ethernet Circuit Emulation Services PBB and PBT to resolve possible scalability issues of Carrier Ethernet Technologies that are compTable of ContentsForeword xiii Preface xv 1 Introduction and Overview 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Basic Ethernet 2 1.3 Synchronization 2 1.4 Pseudowires 2 1.5 Protection 2 1.6 Carrier Ethernet Architecture and Services 3 1.7 Carrier Ethernet Traffic Management 4 1.8 Ethernet Operations, Administrations, and Maintenance (OAM) 5 1.9 Circuit Emulation 6 1.10 Ethernet Local Management Interface (ELMI) 7 1.11 PBT 8 1.12 T-MPLS and MPLS-TP 9 1.13 Virtual Private LAN Services (VPLS) 11 2 Basic Ethernet 14 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 CSMA/CD 15 2.3 Full Duplex, Pause, Autonegotiation 16 2.4 Repeaters and Hubs 16 2.5 Bridges 17 2.6 Switches 18 2.7 Physical Layer 19 2.8 Temperature Hardening 26 2.9 Standards 27 2.10 Ethernet Frame Types and the Ethertype Field 27 2.11 Conclusion 32 References 32 3 Synchronization 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Application Requirements 35 3.3 Synchronization Standards 39 3.4 NTP/SNTP 40 3.5 Precision Time Protocol (IEEE 1588) 44 3.6 Synchronous-Ethernet Networks (SyncE) 51 3.7 Conclusion 61 References 61 4 Pseudowires 63 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Protocol Layers 63 4.3 Payload Types 64 4.4 Pseudowire Architecture 65 4.5 Control Plane 72 4.6 Multisegment Architecture 74 4.7 Multisegment Pseudowire Setup Mechanisms 77 4.8 Resiliency 80 4.9 Quality of Service and Congestion Control 80 4.10 Operations and Maintenance (OAM) 81 4.11 Security 83 4.12 Conclusion 84 References 85 5 Ethernet Protection 86 5.1 Introduction 86 5.2 Automatic Protection Switching (APS) Entities 87 5.3 Linear Protection 89 5.4 Ring Protection 97 5.5 Link Aggregation 102 5.6 Conclusion 108 References 108 6 Carrier Ethernet Architectures and Services 109 6.1 Introduction 109 6.2 Standards 111 6.3 Architecture 111 6.4 Interfaces 125 6.5 Services 138 6.6 Conclusion 156 References 156 7 Carrier Ethernet Traffic Management 158 7.1 Introduction 158 7.2 Policing 160 7.3 Queuing, Scheduling, and Flow Control 161 7.4 Three CoS Model 161 7.5 SLAs (Service-Level Agreements) 164 7.6 SLAs 168 7.7 Application-CoS-Priority Mapping 168 7.8 Bandwidth Profile 177 7.9 Conclusion 180 References 180 8 Carrier Ethernet OAM&P (Operations, Administration, Management, and Performance) 181 8.1 Introduction 181 8.2 Link OAM 183 8.3 Service OAM 186 8.4 Maintenance Entities 188 8.5 Maintenance Points 190 8.6 OAM Addressing and Frame Format 193 8.7 Continuity Check Message (CCM) 198 8.8 Loopback and Reply Messages (LBM and LBR) 202 8.9 Link Trace and Reply Messages (LTM and LTR) 206 8.10 Ethernet Alarm Indication Signal (ETH-AIS) 210 8.11 Ethernet Remote Defective Indication (ETH-RDI) 213 8.12 Ethernet Locked Signal (ETH-LCK) 214 8.13 Performance Measurements 215 8.14 Performance Monitoring 217 8.15 Loss Measurements 218 8.16 Availability 221 8.17 Frame Delay Measurements 224 8.18 Interframe Delay Variation (IFDV) Measurements 225 8.19 Testing 225 8.20 Security 232 8.21 OAM Bandwidth 232 8.22 Conclusion 233 References 233 9 Circuit Emulation Services (CES) 234 9.1 Introduction 234 9.2 Circuit Emulation Functions 237 9.3 Adaptation Function Headers 238 9.4 Synchronization 241 9.5 TDM Application Signaling 242 9.6 CESoETH Defects and Alarms 244 9.7 Performance Monitoring of CESoETH 245 9.8 CESoETH Service Configuration 245 9.9 Conclusion 246 References 246 10 Carrier Ethernet Local Management Interface 247 10.1 Introduction 247 10.2 ELMI Messages 250 10.3 ELMI Message Elements 252 10.4 ELMI System Parameters and Procedures 257 10.5 UNI-C AND N Procedures 260 10.6 Conclusion 261 References 261 11 PB (Provider Bridges), PBB (Provider Backbone Bridges), and PBT (Provider Backbone Transport) 262 11.1 Introduction 262 11.2 IEEE 802.1AB 264 11.3 Provider Backbone Bridges (PBB) 270 11.4 PBT (Provider Backbone Transport) 278 11.5 Conclusion 287 References 287 12 T-MPLS (Transport MPLS) 288 12.1 Introduction 288 12.2 Differences from MPLS 290 12.3 Architecture 291 12.4 T-MPLS Frame Structure 294 12.5 T-MPLS Networks 296 12.6 Conclusion 301 References 302 13 MPLS-TP(MPLS-Transport Profile) 303 13.1 Introduction 303 13.2 Frame Format 306 13.3 Architecture 307 13.4 OAM (Operations, Administration, and Maintenance) 320 13.5 Protection Switching 330 13.6 Security Considerations 331 13.7 Conclusion 331 References 331 14 Virtual Private LAN Services (VPLS) 333 14.1 Introduction 333 14.2 Data Plane 338 14.3 LDP-Based VPLS 340 14.4 BGP Approach 353 14.5 Security 360 14.6 External Network–Network Interface 360 14.7 Conclusion 360 References 361 Index 363

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Book SynopsisDETAILED COVERAGE OF LOW-NOISE SYSTEMS IN THE DEEP SPACE NETWORK This book explores the low-noise microwave systems that form the front end of all DSN ground receiving stations. It explains why the front end of each antenna is key to establishing the sensitivity, polarization, frequency diversity, and capabilities of the receiving chain and, therefore, the entire ground station. The book uses precise definitions, measurements, and calibrations of system noise temperature for the calculations based on IEEE standardsan approach that is not generally used in industry and researchwhich facilitates clarity, understanding, and cross-referencing throughout the book. With the guidance of this book, readers will gain unprecedented insight into all of the major topics needed to understand how to improve a ground station''s receiving capability. Low-Noise Systems in the Deep Space Network provides: A description of all internal and external noise elements Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgments. Contributors. Chapter 1: Introduction (Macgregor S. Reid). References. Chapter 2: System Noise Concepts with DSN Applications (Charles T. Stelzried, Arthur J. Freiley, and Macgregor S. Reid). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Noise Temperature Concepts. 2.3 Antennas. 2.4 Low-Noise Amplifiers. 2.5 Receiving Systems. 2.6 Measurements. 2.7 Radiometers in the DSN. 2.8 Status and Future. Notation and Terms. References. Chapter 3: Ruby Masers (Robert C. Clauss and James S. Shell). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Ruby Properties. 3.3 Spin Resonance, the Applied Magnetic Field, Ruby Orientation, the Low-Temperature Requirement, and Excitation. 3.4 Spin-Lattice Relaxation Time, Inversion Ratios, Transition Probabilities, the Filling Factor, and Magnetic. 3.5 Ruby Maser Noise Temperatures. 3.6 Ruby Masers as Noise Temperature Standards. 3.7 Immunity from Radio Frequency Interference (RFI). 3.8 Early DSN Cavity Masers. 3.9 Comb-Type Traveling-Wave Masers. 3.10 Reflected-Wave Masers. 3.11 Ka-Band and the Return to Cavity. 3.12 Analysis of Maser Designs. References. Chapter 4: Cryogenic Refrigeration Systems (Robert C. Clauss). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Advantages of Using Cryogenic Cooling. 4.3 Open-Cycle Refrigeration. 4.4 Heat Transfer. 4.5 Antenna-Mounted Operation. 4.6 Closed-Cycle Helium Refrigerators. 4.7 Conclusion. References. Chapter 5: HEMT Low-Noise Amplifiers (J. Javier Bautista). 5.1 Introduction-Semiconductor Conductivity. 5.2 The Many Acronym-ed Device (MAD)--A Brief HEMT History. 5.3 HEMT Growth Technology. 5.4 HEMT Materials Evolution--From GaAs to InAs. 5.5 Device Fabrication. 5.6 HEMT Noise Modeling. 5.7 LNA Development. 5.8 LNA Modeling and Characterization. 5.9 Subsystem Measurements. 5.10 Conclusion. References. Chapter 6: Atmosphere Attenuation and Noise Temperature at Microwave Frequencies (Shervin Shambayati). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Surface Weather. 6.3 Water Vapor Radiometer Data. 6.4 Weather Forecasting. 6.5 Concluding Remarks/Future Directions. References. Chapter 7: Antenna Calibration (David J. Rochblatt). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Calibration System Requirements. 7.3 Conventional Approach to Aperture Efficiency and Pointing Measurements. 7.4 The Raster-Scan Method. 7.5 Blind-Pointing Calibration. 7.6 Cassini-Jupiter Microwave Observation Campaign (Cassini JMOC). 7.7 Operational Antenna Calibration & Measurement Equipment (ACME) for the DSN. 7.8 Conclusions. References. Chapter 8: Microwave Antenna Holography (David J. Rochblatt). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Holography System Simulation. 8.3 Holography Receiver Signal Analysis. 8.4 Mathematical Formulation Data Processing. 8.5 Applications. 8.6 Conclusion. References. Acronyms And Abbreviations.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an essential summary of the key technologies and issues of 4G. It brings together the technology, the commercial arguments and the latest developments in a single volume. Leaving the reader with a very clear and up-to-date briefing on the future of Mobile in the next 2-5 years.Table of ContentsAbout the Author ix Preface xi Acknowledgements .xiii List of Abbreviations xv Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Prologue – The Generation Game 3 1.2 The Props – WLAN, WiMAX and All That 4 1.3 The Players – The Jester, the Harlequin and the Guy with the Beard and Sandals 7 1.4 The Plot – The Elephant in the Room 9 1.5 Epilogue – The Road to 4G 12 References 14 More to Explore14 Chapter 2 An Introduction to 3G Networks 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Mobile Standards 16 2.2.1 Who’s Who in Mobile Standards 16 2.3 The History of 3G 18 2.3.1 Pre-1996 – The Research Trimester 18 2.3.2 1996–1998 – The IMT 2000 Trimester 21 2.3.3 1998 Onwards – The Standardisation Trimester 23 2.3.4 3G Spectrum – the ‘‘Fuel’’ of Mobile Systems 23 2.4 UMTS Network Overview 27 2.5 UMTS Network Details 31 2.5.1 UMTS Architecture – Introducing the Major Network Elements and their Relationships 32 2.5.2 UMTS Security 34 2.5.3 UMTS Communication Management 37 2.5.3.1 Connection Management 37 2.5.3.2 Session Management 37 2.5.4 UMTS QoS 40 2.5.5 UMTS Mobility Management 43 2.5.6 UMTS Core Network Transport 44 2.5.7 Signalling in the UMTS Core Network 47 2.6 UMTS Radio Access Network (UTRAN) and Air Interface 48 2.6.1 The W-CDMA Air Interface and the Uu Interface 48 2.6.2 UTRAN Mobility Management 51 2.6.2.1 Soft Handover 51 2.6.2.2 Handover Types 52 2.6.3 UTRAN Transport 54 2.6.4 UTRAN QoS 55 2.6.5 UTRAN Signalling 57 2.7 CDMA2000 Packet Core Network 58 2.8 TD-SCDMA 61 2.9 Conclusion 62 References 62 More to Explore 63 Chapter 3 Wireless LANs 65 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Applications of WLANs 66 3.3 WLAN Compared to Cellular 70 3.4 How WLANs Work 72 3.4.1 MAC Layer 73 3.4.2 WLANs – History and the Physical (PHY) Layer and IEEE 802.11 Groups 81 3.5 Performance of WLANs 84 3.6 WLAN Network Coverage 86 3.7 Improving WLANs 88 3.8 Security 89 3.9 Roaming 93 3.10 Quality of Service (QoS) 95 3.11 Handover and Paging 101 3.12 Battery Life 104 3.13 Go Faster WLAN – 802.11n 105 3.14 Interference 107 3.15 Future of WLANs 110 References 113 More to Explore 113 Chapter 4 Cellular Evolution 115 4.1 Introduction 115 4.2 What is Wrong with 3G? 116 4.3 HSPA 120 4.3.1 HSDPA Basic Principles 120 4.3.2 Channels in HSDPA 125 4.3.3 Handover in HSDPA 128 4.3.4 QoS in HSDPA 128 4.3.5 Terminals, Capabilities and Enhancements 132 4.3.6 HSDPA Data Rates 133 4.4 HSUPA 136 4.5 EDGE 140 4.6 EVDO and CDMA2000 Evolution 143 4.7 Femtocells 145 4.8 LTE 150 4.9 Conclusion 157 References 157 More to Explore 159 Chapter 5 WiMAX 161 5.1 Introduction 161 5.2 Overview of WiMAX History 163 5.3 OFDM 165 5.4 WiMAX MAC Layer 173 5.4.1 Downlink QoS and Scheduling 174 5.4.2 Handover 176 5.4.3 Security in WiMAX 177 5.4.4 ARQ and Forward Error Coding 178 5.4.5 Idle Mode and Power Saving 179 5.5 WiMAX PHY Layer 180 5.6 WiMAX QoS 183 5.7 Spectrum 186 5.8 Smart Antennas 188 5.9 WiMAX Network Architecture 195 5.10 WiMAX Throughput and Performance 197 5.11 Conclusion 200 References 201 More to Explore 202 Chapter 6 Convergence and the IMS 203 6.1 Introduction 203 6.2 The IMS 204 6.2.1 User Registration 209 6.2.1.1 Attachment to the IMS 209 6.2.1.2 IMS-level Registration 212 6.2.2 Basic IMS Session Set Up 216 6.2.2.1 The INVITE Message 216 6.2.3 IMS QoS Authorisation 219 6.2.4 IMS Service Creation 221 6.2.4.1 The SIP Application Server (AS) 221 6.2.4.2 Other types of Application Server 223 6.2.5 Presence 225 6.2.6 Push to Talk Over Cellular (PoC) 226 6.2.7 Roaming and Breakout to PSTN 228 6.2.7.1 IMS Roaming 228 6.2.7.2 Breakout to the PSTN 229 6.3 Convergence Today – Fusion 231 6.4 Voice Call Continuity 234 6.5 Media Independent Handover 237 6.6 Next Generation Networks 243 6.7 The IMS in Context Today 249 References 251 More to Explore 252 Chapter 7 Mobile Services – The Final Chapter 255 7.1 Introduction 255 7.2 Beyond Voice and SMS 256 7.3 Hard Lessons – MMS and WAP 258 7.4 Innovation – Mobile Music 261 7.5 Broadcast Services 262 7.5.1 DVB-H – Digital Video Broadcast-Handheld 263 7.5.2 DAB-IP – Digital Audio Broadcast-IP 264 7.5.3 MBMS – Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Services 264 7.6 A New Paradigm – 1000 Killer Applications 265 7.7 Terminals 267 7.8 Money Makes the World Go Around 269 7.9 Mobile Broadband 274 7.10 Conclusion 275 7.10.1 Domination by the Mobile Operators 276 7.10.2 Converged World 276 7.10.3 Internet Scenario 277 7.10.4 Final Conclusion 278 References 279 Index 281

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Book SynopsisAdvances in computer technology and in the development of modern microwave test instruments over the past decade have given electrical engineers, researchers and university students a number of new approaches to study microwave components, devices and circuits. Vector network analyser (VNA) is a valuable tool for providing fast and accurate characterisation of microwave components and devices for other circuits working at high frequencies. This book together with associated software serves as an introduction to microwave network analysis, microwave components and devices, and microwave circuit design. Software VNA and Microwave Network Design and Characterisation also provides both device and circuit simulators powered by the analytical formulae presented in the book. The book consists of chapters on network analysis theory and network parameters, installation and functions of the software, built-in device models, circuit design and operation principles and design examples.Table of ContentsForeword Preface Chapter 1. Introduction to Network Analysis of Microwave Circuits 1.1 One-Port Network 1.1.1 Total Voltage and Current Analysis 1.1.2 Transmission-Reflection Analysis 1.1.2.1 Voltage and Current 1.1.2.2 Reflection Coefficient 1.1.2.3 Power 1.1.2.4 Introduction of a1 and b1 1.1.2.5 Z in Terms of G 1.1.3 Smith Chart 1.1.3.1 Impedance Chart 1.1.3.2 Admittance Chart 1.1.4 Terminated Transmission Line 1.2 Two-Port Network 1.2.1 Total Quantity Network Parameters 1.2.2 Determination of Z, Y and ABCD Parameters 1.2.3 Properties of Z, Y and ABCD Parameters 1.2.4 Scattering Parameters 1.2.5 Determination of S-parameters 1.2.6 Relation between a and b and Total Voltages and Currents 1.2.7 Power in Terms of a and b 1.2.8 Signal Flow Chart 1.2.9 Properties of S-parameters 1.2.10 Power Flow in a Terminated Two-Port Network 1.3 Conversions between Z, Y and ABCD and S-parameters 1.4 Single Impedance Two-port Network 1.4.1 S-parameters for Single Series Impedance 1.4.2 S-parameters for Single Shunt Impedance 1.4.3 Two-Port Chart 1.4.3.1 Single Series Impedance Network 1.4.3.2 Single Shunt Impedance Network 1.4.3.3 Scaling Property 1.4.4 Applications of the Two-Port Chart 1.4.4.1 Identification of Pure Resonance 1.4.4.2 Q-factor Measurements 1.4.4.3 Resonance with Power-Dependent Losses 1.4.4.4 Impedance or Admittance Measurement Using the Two-Port Chart 1.5 S-parameters of Common One- and Two-Port Networks 1.6 Connected Two-Port Networks 1.6.1 T-Junction 1.6.2 Cascaded Two-Port Networks 1.6.3 Two-Port Networks in Series and Parallel Connections 1.7 Scattering Matrix of Microwave Circuits Composed of Multi-port Devices 1.7.1 S-parameters of a Multi-port Device 1.7.2 S-parameters of a Microwave Circuit Chapter 2. Introduction to Software VNA 2.1 How to Install 2.2 The Software VNA 2.3 STIMULUS Functions 2.4 PARAMETER Functions 2.5 FORMAT Functions 2.6 RESPONSE Functions 2.7 MENU Block 2.8 Summary of Unlabelled-key Functions 2.9 Preset 2.10 Device Under Test (DUT) 2.11 Circuit Simulator 2.12 Circuit Simulation Procedures and Example Chapter 3. Device Builders and Models 3.1 Lossless Transmission Line 3.2 One- and Two-Port Standards 3.3 Discrete RLC Components: One-Port Impedance Load 3.4 Discrete RLC Components: Two-Port Series Impedance 3.5 Discrete RLC Components: Two-Port Shunt Admittance 3.6 General Transmission Line 3.7 Transmission Line Components: Two-Port Serial Transmission Line Stub 3.8 Transmission Line Components: Two-Port Parallel Transmission Line Stub 3.9 Ideal Two-Port Components: Attenuator/Gain Block 3.10 Ideal Two-Port Components: 1:N and N:1 Transformer 3.11 Ideal Two-Port Components: Isolator 3.12 Ideal Two-Port Components: Gyrator 3.13 Ideal Two-Port Components: Circulator 3.14 Physical Transmission Lines: Coaxial Line 3.15 Physical Transmission Lines: Microstrip Line 3.16 Physical Transmission Lines: Stripline 3.17 Physical Transmission Lines: Coplanar Waveguide 3.18 Physical Transmission Lines: Coplanar Strips 3.19 Physical Line Discontinuities: Coaxial Line Discontinuities 3.19.1 Step Discontinuity 3.19.2 Gap Discontinuity 3.19.3 Open-End Discontinuity 3.20 Physical Line Discontinuities: Microstrip Line Discontinuities 3.20.1 Step Discontinuity 3.20.2 Gap Discontinuity 3.20.3 Bend Discontinuity 3.20.4 Slit Discontinuity 3.20.5 Open-End Discontinuity 3.21 Physical Line Discontinuities: Stripline Discontinuities 3.21.1 Step Discontinuity 3.21.2 Gap Discontinuity 3.21.3 Bend Discontinuity 3.21.4 Open-End Discontinuity 3.22 General Coupled Lines: Four-Port Coupled Lines 3.23 General Coupled Lines: Two-Port Coupled Lines 3.24 Physical Coupled Lines: Four-Port Coupled Microstrip Lines 3.25 Physical Coupled Lines: Two-Port Coupled Microstrip Lines 3.26 Lumped Elements: Inductors 3.26.1 Circular Coil 3.26.2 Circular Spiral 3.26.3 Single Turn Inductor 3.27 Lumped Elements: Capacitors 3.27.1 Thin Film Capacitor 3.27.2 Interdigital Capacitor 3.28 Lumped Elements: Resistor 3.29 Active Devices 3.30 Antennas: Dipole Antenna 3.31 Antennas: Resonant Antenna 3.32 Antennas: Transmission between Dipole Antennas 3.33 Antennas: Transmission between Resonant Antennas 3.34 User Defined S-Parameters: One-Port Device 3.35 User Defined S-Parameters: Two-Port Device Chapter 4: Design of Microwave Circuits 4.1 Impedance Matching 4.1.1 Impedance Matching Using a Discreet Element 4.1.2 Single Stub Matching 4.1.3 Double Stub Matching 4.2 Impedance Transformers 4.2.1 Quarter Wave Transformer 4.2.2 Chebyshev Multisection Matching Transformer 4.2.3 Corporate Feeds 4.3 Microwave Resonators 4.3.1 One-Port Directly Connected RLC Resonant Circuits 4.3.2 Two-Port Directly Connected RLC Resonant Circuits 4.3.3 One-Port Coupled Resonators 4.3.4 Two-Port Coupled Resonators 4.3.5 Transmission Line Resonators 4.3.6 Coupled Line Resonators 4.4 Power Dividers. 4.4.1 The 3dB Wilkinson Power Divider 4.4.2 The Wilkinson Power Divider with Unequal Splits 4.4.3 Alternative Design of Power Divider with Unequal Splits 4.4.4 Cohn’s Cascaded Power Divider 4.5 Couplers 4.5.1 Two-Stub Branch Line Coupler 4.5.2 Coupler with Flat Coupling Response 4.5.3 Three-Stub Branch Line Coupler 4.5.4 Coupled Line Couplers 4.6 Hybrid Rings 4.6.1 Hybrid Ring Coupler 4.6.2 Rat-race Hybrid 4.6.3 Wideband Rat-Race Hybrid 4.6.4 Modified Hybrid Ring 4.6.5 Modified Hybrid Ring With Improved Bandwidth 4.7 Phase Shifters 4.7.1 Transmission line phase shifter 4.7.2 LC phase shifters 4.8 Filters 4.8.1 Maximally Flat Response 4.8.2 Chebyshev Response 4.8.3. Maximally Flat Lowpass Filters with w1=1 4.8.4. Chebyshev Lowpass Filters with w1=1 4.8.5 Filter Transformations 4.8.6 Step Impedance Lowpass Filters 4.8.7 Bandpass and Bandstop Filters Using Resonators 4.8.8 Bandpass Filters Using l/4 Connecting Lines and Short-Circuited Stubs 4.8.9 Coupled Line Bandpass Filters 4.8.10 End-Coupled Resonator Filters 4.9 Amplifier Design 4.9.1 Maximum Gain Amplifier Design 4.9.2 Broadband Amplifier Design 4.9.3 High Frequency Small Signal FET Circuit Model 4.9.4 Negative Feedback Amplifier Design Chapter 5: Simulation of Microwave Devices and Circuits 5.1 Transmission Lines 5.1.1 Terminated Transmission Line 5.1.2 Two-port Transmission Line 5.1.3 Short-Circuited Transmission Line Stub 5.1.4 Open-Circuited Transmission Line Stub 5.1.5 Periodic Transmission Line Structures 5.2 Impedance Matching 5.2.1 Matching of a Half-Wavelength Dipole Antenna Using a Discreet Element 5.2.2 Single Stub Matching of a Half-Wavelength Dipole Antenna 5.3 Impedance Transformers 5.3.1 Quarter-wave Impedance Transformer 5.3.2 Chebyshev Multi-Section Impedance Transformer 5.3.3 Corporate Feeds 5.3.4 Corporate Feeds Realised Using Microstrip Lines 5.3.5 Kuroda’s Identities 5.4 Resonators 5.4.1 One-Port RLC Series Resonant Circuit 5.4.2 Two-Port RLC Series Resonant Circuit 5.4.3 Two-Port Coupled Resonant Circuit 5.4.4 Two-Port Coupled Microstrip Line Resonator 5.4.5 Two-Port Coupled Microstrip Coupled Line Resonator 5.4.6 Two-Port Symmetrically Coupled Ring Resonator 5.4.7 Two-Port Asymmetrically Coupled Ring Resonator 5.5 Power Dividers 5.5.1 3dB Wilkinson Power Divider 5.5.2 Microstrip 3dB Wilkinson Power Divider 5.5.3 Cohn’s Cascaded 3dB Power Divider 5.6 Couplers 5.6.1 Two-Stub Branch Line Coupler 5.6.2 Microstrip Two-Stub Branch Line Coupler 5.6.3 Three-Stub Branch Line Coupler 5.6.4 Coupled Line Coupler 5.6.5 Microstrip Coupled Line Coupler 5.6.6 Rat-Race Hybrid Ring Coupler 5.6.7 March’s Wideband Rat-Race Hybrid Ring Coupler 5.7 Filters 5.7.1 Maximally Flat Discrete Element Low Pass Filter 5.7.2 Equal Ripple Discrete Element Low Pass Filter 5.7.3 Equal Ripple Discrete Element Bandpass Filter 5.7.4 Step Impedance Lowpass Filter 5.7.5 Bandpass Filter Using Quarter-wave Resonators 5.7.6 Bandpass Filter Using Quarter-wave Connecting Lines and Short-Circuited Stubs 5.7.7 Microstrip Coupled Line Filter 5.7.8 End-Coupled Microstrip Resonator Filter 5.8 Amplifier Design 5.8.1 Maximum Gain Amplifier 5.8.2 Balanced Amplifier 5.9 Wireless Transmission Systems 5.9.1 Transmission between with Two Dipoles with Matching Circuits 5.9.2 Transmission between with Two Dipoles with an Attenuator References Index

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Book SynopsisBased around eleven international real life case studies and including contributions from leading experts in the field this groundbreaking book explores the need for the grid-enabling of data mining applications and provides a comprehensive study of the technology, techniques and management skills necessary to create them.Table of ContentsPreface. List of contributors. 1. Data mining meets grid computing: time to dance (Alberto Sánchez, Jesús Montes, Werner Dubitzky, Julio J. Valdés, María S. Pérez and Pedro de Miguel). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Data mining. 1.3 Grid computing. 1.4 Data mining grid - mining grid data. 1.5 Conclusions. 1.6 Summary of chapters in this volume. 2. Data analysis services in the Knowledge Grid (Eugenio Cesario, Antonio Congiusta, Domenico Talia and Paolo Trunfio). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Approach. 2.3 Knowledge Grid services. 2.4 Data analysis services. 2.5 Design of Knowledge Grid applications. 2.6 Conclusions. 3. GridMiner: an advanced support for e-science analytics (Peter Brezany, Ivan Janciak and A. Min Tjoa). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Rationale behind the design and development of GridMiner. 3.3 Use case. 3.4 Knowledge discovery process and its support by GridMiner. 3.5 Graphical user interface. 3.6 Future developments. 3.7 Conclusions. 4. ADaM services: scientific data mining in the service-oriented architecture paradigm (Rahul Ramachandran, Sara Graves, John Rushing, Ken Keiser, Manil Maskey, Hong Lin and Helen Conover). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 ADaM system overview. 4.3 ADaM toolkit overview. 4.4 Mining in a service-oriented architecture. 4.5 Mining Web services. 4.6 Mining grid services. 4.7 Summary. 5. Mining for misconfigured machines in grid systems (Noam Palatin, Arie Leizarowitz, Assaf Schuster and Ran Wolff). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Preliminaries and related work. 5.3 Acquiring, pre-processing and storing data. 5.4 Data analysis. 5.5 The GMS. 5.6 Evaluation. 5.7 Conclusions and future work. 6. FAEHIM: Federated Analysis Environment for Heterogeneous Intelligent Mining (Ali Shaikh Ali and Omer F. Rana). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Requirements of a distributed knowledge discovery framework. 6.3 Workflow-based knowledge discovery. 6.4 Data mining toolkit. 6.5 Data mining service framework. 6.6 Distributed data mining services. 6.7 Data manipulation tools. 6.8 Availability. 6.9 Empirical experiments. 6.10 Conclusions. 7. Scalable and privacy preserving distributed data analysis over a service-oriented platform (William K. Cheung). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 A service-oriented solution. 7.3 Background. 7.4 Model-based scalable, privacy preserving, distributed data analysis. 7.5 Modelling distributed data mining and workflow processes. 7.6 Lessons learned. 7.7 Further research directions. 7.8 Conclusions. 8. Building and using analytical workflows in Discovery Net (Moustafa Ghanem, Vasa Curcin, Patrick Wendel and Yike Guo). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Discovery Net system. 8.3 Architecture for Discovery Net. 8.4 Data management. 8.5 Example of a workflow study. 8.6 Future directions. 9. Building workflows that traverse the bioinformatics data landscape (Robert Stevens, Paul Fisher, Jun Zhao, Carole Goble and Andy Brass). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 The bioinformatics data landscape. 9.3 The bioinformatics experiment landscape. 9.4 Taverna for bioinformatics experiments. 9.5 Building workflows in Taverna. 9.6 Workflow case study. 9.7 Discussion. 10. Specification of distributed data mining workflows with DataMiningGrid (Dennis Wegener and Michael May). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 DataMiningGrid environment. 10.3 Operations for workflow construction. 10.4 Extensibility. 10.5 Case studies. 10.6 Discussion and related work. 10.7 Open issues. 10.8 Conclusions. 11. Anteater: service-oriented data mining (Renato A. Ferreira, Dorgival O. Guedes and Wagner Meira). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 The architecture. 11.3 Runtime framework. 11.4 Parallel algorithms for data mining. 11.5 Visual metaphors. 11.6 Case studies. 11.7 Future developments. 11.8 Conclusions and future work. 12. DMGA: a generic brokering-based data mining grid architecture (Alberto Sánchez, María S. Pérez, Pierre Gueant, José M. Peña and Pilar Herrero). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 DMGA overview. 12.3 Horizontal composition. 12.4 Vertical composition. 12.5 The need for brokering. 12.6 Brokering-based data mining grid architecture. 12.7 Use cases: Apriori, ID3 and J4.8 algorithms. 12.8 Related work. 12.9 Conclusions. 13. Grid-based data mining with the Environmental Scenario Search Engine (ESSE) (Mikhail Zhizhin, Alexey Poyda, Dmitry Mishin, Dmitry Medvedev, Eric Kihn and Vassily Lyutsarev). 13.1 Environmental data source: NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data set. 13.2 Fuzzy search engine. 13.3 Software architecture. 13.4 Applications. 13.5 Conclusions. 14. Data pre-processing using OGSA-DAI (Martin Swain and Neil P. Chue Hong). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Data pre-processing for grid-enabled data mining. 14.3 Using OGSA-DAI to support data mining applications. 14.4 Data pre-processing scenarios in data mining applications. 14.5 State of the art solutions for grid data management. 14.6 Discussion. 14.7 Open issues. 14.8 Conclusions. Index.

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Book SynopsisWritten by leading practitioners from such cutting-edge companies as Alcatel, Siemens, Lucent, France Telecom, BT, and Telefonica, Core and Metro Networks provides a comprehensive overview of the status, the challenges, the architectures, and technological solutions for core and metropolitan networks aiming to support broadband services.Table of ContentsPreface 1 The Emerging Core and Metropolitan Networks Andrea Di Giglio, Angel Ferreiro and Marco Schiano 1.1 Introduction 1.2 General Characteristics of Transport Network 1.3 Future Networks Challenges 1.4 New Transport Networks Architectures 1.5 Transport Networks Economics Acronyms References 2 The Advances in Control and Management for Transport Networks Dominique Verchere and Bela Berde 2.1 Drivers Towards More Uniform Management and Control Networks 2.2 Control Plane as Main Enabler to Autonomic Network Integration 2.3 Multilayer Interactions and Network Models 2.4 Evolution of Connection Services and Special Cases of Optical Networks 2.5 Conclusion References 3 Elements from Telecommunications Engineering Chris Matrakidis, John Mitchell and Benn Thomsen 3.1 Digital Optical Communication Systems 3.2 Performance Estimation References 4 Enabling Technologies Stefano Santoni, Roberto Cigliutti, Massimo Giltrelli, Pasquale Donadio, Chris Matrakidis, Andrea Paparella, Tanya Politi, Marcello Potenza, Erwan Pincemin and Alexandros Stavdas 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Transmitters 4.3 Receiver 4.4 The Optical Fiber 4.5 Optical Amplifiers 4.6 Optical Filters and Multiplexers References 5 Assessing Physical Layer Degradations Andrew Lord, Marcello Potenza, Marco Forzati and Erwan Pincemin 5.1 Introduction and Scope 5.2 Optical Power Budgets, Part I 5.3 System Bandwidth 5.4 Comments on Budgets for Nonlinear Effects and Optical Transients 5.5 Semianalytical Models for Penalties 5.6 Translucent or Hybrid Networks 5.7 Appendix References 6 Combating Physical Layer Degradations Herbert Haunstein, Harald Rohde, Marco Forzati, Erwan Pincemin, Jonas Martensson, Anders Djupsj€obacka and Tanya Politi 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Dispersion-Compensating Components and Methods for CD and PMD 6.3 Modulation Formats 6.4 Electronic Equalization of Optical Transmission Impairments 6.5 FEC in Lightwave Systems 6.6 Appendix: Experimental Configuration and Measurement Procedure for Evaluation and Comparison for Different Modulation Formats for 40 Gbit/s Transmission Acknowledgments References Dictionary of Optical Networking Didier Colle, Chris Matrakidis and Josep Sol_e-Pareta Acronyms Index

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Book SynopsisThe expected future evolution of mobile and wireless communication technologies will enable a whole new generation of mass-market-scale ubiquitous services and applications. The challenge now is to research and develop applications and services addressing the true needs of the end-users, and to provide engaging and sustaining added value to them. Enabling Technologies for Mobile Servicestakes a comprehensive approach on these challenges and provides practical guidelines on building new, innovative applications and services. It shares knowledge gained from a collaborative research project where the methods and technologies were applied and utilised. This book is ideal for professionals working with enabling technologies and service architecture in companies. It will also be of interest to academics and students studying applications/services, enabling technologies and service architectures at the universities and to anyone interested in the general issues surrounding mTable of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Contributors. List of Figures. List of Tables. 1. Introduction (Mika Klemettinen). 2. Users, Applications and Services, and User Centricity (Annakaisa Häyrynen). 3. Mobile Services Architecture (Bernd Mrohs and Stephan Steglich). 4. Context Awareness and Management (Patrik Floréen and Matthias Wagner). 5. Multimodality and Personalisation (David Bonnefoy, Olaf Drögehorn, and Ralf Kernchen). 6. Privacy, Trust and Group Communications (Göran Schultz, Olivier Coutand, Ronald van Eijk, Johan Hjelm, Silke Holtmanns, Markus Miettinen, and Rinaldo Nani). 7. Reference Applications (Dario Melpignano). 8. Trials and Evaluation for Acceptance (Esko Kurvinen, Renata Guarneri, and Jukka T Salo). 9. Marketplace Dynamics and Business Models Framework (Ulla Killström). 10. Legal and Regulatory Framework (Olli Pitkänen). 11. Conclusions (Mika Klemettinen). Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis step-by-step guide provides the reader with a detailed and thorough introduction to practical antenna design and model implementation In this book, Hubregt J. Visser provides an introduction to the fundamentals of antenna design and the implementation of design models.Table of ContentsContents. Preface. References. Acknowledgments. Acronyms. 1 Introduction. 1.1 The History of Antennas and Antenna Analysis. 1.2 Antenna Synthesis. 1.3 Approximate Antenna Modeling. 1.4 Organisation of the Book. 1.5 Summary. References. 2 Intravascular MR Antennas - Loops and Solenoids. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 MRI. 2.3 Intravascular MR Antennas. 2.4 MR Antenna Model. 2.5 Antenna Evaluation. 2.6 In Vitro Testing. 2.7 Antenna Synthesis. 2.8 Safety Aspects. 2.9 Conclusions. References. Appendix A. Biot and Savart Law for Quasi-Static Situation. 3 PCB Antennas - Printed Monopoles. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Printed UWB Antenna. 3.3 Printed Strip Monopole Antenna. 3.4 Conclusions. References. 4 RFID Antennas - Folded Dipoles. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Wire Folded Dipole Antenna. 4.3 Impedance Control. 4.4 Asymmetric Coplanar Strip Folded Dipole Antenna on a Dielectric Slab. 4.5 Folded Dipole Array Antenna. 4.6 Conclusions. 5 Rectennas - Microstrip Patch Antennas. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Rectenna Design Improvements. 5.3 Analytical Models. 5.4 Model Verication. 5.5 Wireless Battery. 5.6 Power and Data Transfer. 5.7 RF Energy Scavenging. 5.8 Conclusions. 6 Large Array Antennas - Open-Ended Rectangular Waveguide Radiators. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Waveguide Fields. 6.3 Unit Cell Fields. 6.4 Rectangular Waveguide Cross-Sectional Step. 6.5 Rectangular Waveguide Unit Cell Junction. 6.6 Dielectric Step in the Unit Cell. 6.7 Finite Length Transmission Line. 6.8 Overall GSM of a Cascaded Rectangular Waveguide Structure. 6.9 Validation. 6.10 Conclusions. References. Appendix A. Waveguide Mode Orthogonality and Normalisation Functions. Appendix B. Mode Coupling Integrals for Waveguide to Waveguide Junction. Appendix C. Unit Cell Mode Orthogonality and Normalisation Functions. Appendix D. Mode Coupling Integrals for Rectangular Waveguide to Unit Cell Junction. 7 Summary and Conclusions. 7.1 Full-Wave and Approximate Antenna Analysis. 7.2 Intravascular MR Antennas - Loops and Solenoids. 7.3 PCB Antennas - Printed Monopoles. 7.4 RFID Antennas - Folded Dipoles. 7.5 Rectennas - Microstrip Patch Antennas. 7.6 Large Array Antennas - Open-Ended Rectangular. Waveguide Radiators. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisVoice communications remains the most important facet of mobile radio services, which may be delivered over conventional fixed links, the Internet or wireless channels. This all-encompassing volume reports on the entire 50-year history of voice compression, on recent audio compression techniques and the protection as well as transmission of these signals in hostile wireless propagation environments. Audio and Voice Compression for Wireless and Wireline Communications, Second Edition is divided into four parts with Part I covering the basics, while Part II outlines the design of analysis-by-synthesis coding, including a 100-page chapter on virtually all existing standardised speech codecs. The focus of Part III is on wideband and audio coding as well as transmission. Finally, Part IV concludes the book with a range of very low rate encoding techniques, scanning a range of research-oriented topics. Fully updated and revised second edition of Voice CompressiTrade Review"I recommend this book as a useful reference on voice and audio compression for wireless communication." (Computing Reviews, June 10, 2008)Table of ContentsAbout the Authors xxi Other Wiley and IEEE Press Books on Related Topics xxiii Preface and Motivation xxv Acknowledgements xxxv I Speech Signals and Waveform Coding 1 1 Speech Signals and an Introduction to Speech Coding 3 1.1 Motivation of Speech Compression 3 1.2 Basic Characterisation of Speech Signals 4 1.3 Classification of Speech Codecs 8 1.4 Waveform Coding 11 1.5 Chapter Summary 28 2 Predictive Coding 29 2.1 Forward-Predictive Coding 29 2.2 DPCMCodec Schematic 30 2.3 Predictor Design 31 2.4 Adaptive One-word-memory Quantisation 39 2.5 DPCM Performance 40 2.6 Backward-adaptive Prediction 42 2.7 The 32 kbps G.721 ADPCM Codec 47 2.8 Subjective and Objective Speech Quality 53 2.9 Variable-rateG.726andEmbeddedG.727ADPC54 2.10 Rate-distortion in Predictive Coding 62 2.11 Chapter Summary 67 II Analysis-by-Synthesis Coding 69 3 Analysis-by-Synthesis Principles 71 3.1 Motivation 71 3.2 Analysis-by-Synthesis Codec Structure 72 3.3 The Short-term Synthesis Filter 73 3.4 Long-term Prediction 76 3.5 Excitation Models 85 3.6 Adaptive Short-term and Long-term Post-Filtering 88 3.7 Lattice-based Linear Prediction 90 3.8 Chapter Summary 97 4 Speech Spectral Quantisation 99 4.1 Log-area Ratios 99 4.2 Line Spectral Frequencies 103 4.3 Vector Quantisation of Spectral Parameters 115 4.4 Spectral Quantisers for Wideband Speech Coding 123 4.5 Chapter Summary 138 5 Regular Pulse Excited Coding 139 5.1 Theoretical Background 139 5.2 The 13 kbps RPE-LTP GSM Speech Encoder 146 5.3 The 13 kbps RPE-LTP GSM Speech Decoder 151 5.4 Bit-sensitivity of the 13 kbps GSM RPE-LTP Codec 153 5.5 Application Example: A Tool-box Based Speech Transceiver 154 5.6 Chapter Summary 157 6 Forward-Adaptive Code Excited Linear Prediction 159 6.1 Background 159 6.2 The Original CELP Approach 160 6.3 Fixed Codebook Search 163 6.4 CELP Excitation Models 165 6.5 Optimisation of the CELP Codec Parameters 174 6.6 The Error Sensitivity of CELP Codecs 192 6.7 Application Example: A Dual-mode 3.1 kBd Speech Transceiver 204 6.8 Multi-slot PRMA Transceiver 218 6.9 Chapter Summary 223 7 Standard Speech Codecs 225 7.1 Background 225 7.2 The US DoD FS-1016 4.8 kbps CELP Codec 225 7.3 The 7.95 kbps Pan-American Speech Codec – Known as IS-54 DAMPS Codec 231 7.4 The 6.7 kbps Japanese Digital Cellular System’s Speech Codec 235 7.5 The Qualcomm Variable Rate CELPCodec 237 7.6 Japanese Half-rate Speech Codec 245 7.7 The Half-rate GSM Speech Codec 253 7.8 The 8 kbps G.729 Codec 257 7.9 The Reduced Complexity G.729 Annex A Codec 278 7.10 The 12.2 kbps Enhanced Full-rate GSM Speech Codec 282 7.11 The Enhanced Full-rate 7.4 kbps IS-136 Speech Codec 287 7.12 The ITU G.723.1 Dual-rate Codec 292 7.13 Advanced Multirate JD-CDMA Transceiver 302 7.14 Chapter Summary 327 8 Backward-adaptive Code Excited Linear Prediction 331 8.1 Introduction 331 8.2 Motivation and Background 331 8.3 Backward-adaptiveG728CodecSchematic 334 8.4 Backward-adaptiveG728CodingAlgorithm 336 8.5 Reduced-rate G728-like Codec: Variable-length Excitation Vector 351 8.6 The Effects of Long-term Prediction 354 8.7 Closed-loop Codebook Training 359 8.8 Reduced-rate G728-like Codec: Constant-length Excitation Vector 364 8.9 Programmable-rate 8–4 kbps Low-delay CELP Codecs 365 8.10 Backward-adaptive Error Sensitivity Issues 381 8.11 A Low-delay Multimode Speech Transceiver 388 8.12 Chapter Summary 392 III Wideband Speech, MPEG-4 Audio and Their Transmission 393 9 Wideband Speech Coding 395 9.1 Sub-band-ADPCM Wideband Coding at 64 kbps 395 9.2 Wideband Transform-coding at 32 kbps 413 9.3 Sub-band-split Wideband CELPCodecs 416 9.4 Fullband Wideband A CELPCoding 420 9.5 A Turbo-coded Burst-by-burst Adaptive Wideband Speech Transceiver 425 9.6 Turbo-detected Unequal Error Protection Irregular Convolutional Coded AMR-WB Transceivers 442 9.7 The AMR-WB+AudioCodec 454 9.8 Chapter Summary 466 10 MPEG-4 Audio Compression and Transmission 469 10.1 OverviewofMPEG-4Audio 469 10.2 General Audio Coding 471 10.3 Speech Coding in MPEG-4 Audio 495 10.4 MPEG-4CodecPerformance 503 10.5 MPEG-4 Space–time Block Coded OFDM Audio Transceiver 505 10.6 Turbo-detected Space–time Trellis Coded MPEG-4 Audio Transceivers 516 10.7 Turbo-detected Space–time Trellis Coded MPEG-4 Versus AMR-WB Speech Transceivers 525 10.8 Chapter Summary 534 IV Very Low-rate Coding and Transmission 537 11 Overview of Low-rate Speech Coding 539 11.1 Low-bitrate Speech Coding 539 11.2 Linear Predictive Coding Model 553 11.3 Speech Quality Measurements 557 11.4 Speech Database 560 11.5 Chapter Summary 563 12 Linear Predictive Vocoder 565 12.1 Overview of a Linear Predictive Vocoder 565 12.2 Line Spectrum Frequencies Quantisation 566 12.3 Pitch Detection 571 12.4 Unvoiced Frames 583 12.5 Voiced Frames 584 12.6 Adaptive Postfilter 585 12.7 Pulse Dispersion Filter 588 12.8 Results for Linear Predictive Vocoder 592 12.9 Chapter Summary 597 13 Wavelets and Pitch Detection 599 13.1 Conceptual Introduction to Wavelets 599 13.2 Introduction to Wavelet Mathematics 602 13.3 Preprocessing the Wavelet Transform Signal 607 13.4 Voiced–unvoiced Decision 610 13.5 Wavelet-based Pitch Detector 612 13.6 Chapter Summary 619 14 Zinc Function Excitation 621 14.1 Introduction 621 14.2 Overview of Prototype Waveform Interpolation Zinc Function Excitation 622 14.3 Zinc Function Modelling 627 14.4 Pitch Detection 631 14.5 Voiced Speech 635 14.6 Excitation Interpolation Between Prototype Segments 639 14.7 Unvoiced Speech 645 14.8 Adaptive Postfilter 645 14.9 Results for Single Zinc Function Excitation 646 14.10 Error Sensitivity of the 1.9 kbps PWI-ZFE Coder 649 14.11 Multiple Zinc Function Excitation 654 14.12 A Sixth-rate, 3.8 kbps GSM-like Speech Transceiver 661 14.13 Chapter Summary 665 15 Mixed-multiband Excitation 667 15.1 Introduction 667 15.2 Overview of Mixed-multiband Excitation 668 15.3 Finite Impulse Response Filter 671 15.4 Mixed-multiband Excitation Encoder 673 15.5 Mixed-multiband Excitation Decoder 676 15.6 Performance of the Mixed-multiband Excitation Coder 680 15.7 A Higher Rate 3.85 kbps Mixed-multiband Excitation Scheme 686 15.8 A 2.35 kbps Joint-detection-based CDMA Speech Transceiver 691 15.9 Chapter Summary 699 16 Sinusoidal Transform Coding Below 4 kbps 701 16.1 Introduction 701 16.2 Sinusoidal Analysis of Speech Signals 702 16.3 Sinusoidal Synthesis of Speech Signals 704 16.4 Low-bitrate Sinusoidal Coders 705 16.5 Incorporating Prototype Waveform Interpolation 709 16.6 Encoding the Sinusoidal Frequency Component 710 16.7 Determining the Excitation Components 712 16.8 Quantising the Excitation Parameters 720 16.9 Sinusoidal Transform Decoder 728 16.10 Speech Coder Performance 730 16.11 Chapter Summary 736 17 Conclusions on Low-rate Coding 737 17.1 Summary 737 17.2 Listening Tests 738 17.3 Summary of Very-low-rate Coding 739 17.4 Further Research 741 18 Comparison of Speech Codecs and Transceivers 743 18.1 Background to Speech Quality Evaluation 743 18.2 Objective Speech Quality Measures 744 18.3 Subjective Measures 752 18.4 Comparison of Subjective and Objective Measures 753 18.5 Subjective Speech Quality of Various Codecs 755 18.6 Error Sensitivity Comparison of Various Codecs 757 18.7 Objective Speech Performance of Various Transceivers 757 18.8 Chapter Summary 764 19 The Voice over Internet Protocol 765 19.1 Introduction 765 19.2 Session Initiation Protocol 766 19.3 H.323Standards 774 19.4 Real-time Transport Protocol 778 19.5 Conclusion 781 A Constructing the Quadratic Spline Wavelets 783 B Zinc Function Excitation 787 C Probability Density Function for Amplitudes 793 Bibliography 797 Index 825 Author Index 834

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Book SynopsisWhile conventional ASR systems perform miserably for speech captured with far-field sensors, there are a number of techniques developed in other areas of signal processing that can mitigate the deleterious effects of noise and reverberation, as well as separating speech from overlapping speakers.Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Research and Applications in Academia and Industry. 1.2 Challenges in Distant Speech Recognition. 1.3 System Evaluation. 1.4 Fields of Speech Recognition. 1.5 Robust Perception. 1.6 Organizations, Conferences and Journals. 1.7 Useful Tools, Data Resources and Evaluation Campaigns. 1.8 Organization of this Book. 1.9 Principal Symbols used Throughout the Book. 1.10 Units used Throughout the Book. 2 Acoustics. 2.1 Physical Aspect of Sound. 2.2 Speech Signals. 2.3 Human Perception of Sound. 2.4 The Acoustic Environment. 2.5 Recording Techniques and Sensor Configuration. 2.6 Summary and Further Reading. 2.7 Principal Symbols. 3 Signal Processing and Filtering Techniques. 3.1 Linear Time-Invariant Systems. 3.2 The Discrete Fourier Transform. 3.3 Short-Time Fourier Transform. 3.4 Summary and Further Reading. 3.5 Principal Symbols. 4 Bayesian Filters. 4.1 Sequential Bayesian Estimation. 4.2 Wiener Filter. 4.3 Kalman Filter and Variations. 4.4 Particle Filters. 4.5 Summary and Further Reading. 4.6 Principal Symbols. 5 Speech Feature Extraction. 5.1 Short-Time Spectral Analysis. 5.2 Perceptually Motivated Representation. 5.3 Spectral Estimation and Analysis. 5.4 Cepstral Processing. 5.5 Comparison between Mel Frequency, Perceptual LP and warped MVDR Cepstral Coefficient Frontends. 5.6 Feature Augmentation. 5.7 Feature Reduction. 5.8 Feature-Space Minimum Phone Error. 5.9 Summary and Further Reading. 5.10 Principal Symbols. 6 Speech Feature Enhancement. 6.1 Noise and Reverberation in Various Domains. 6.2 Two Principal Approaches. 6.3 Direct Speech Feature Enhancement. 6.4 Schematics of Indirect Speech Feature Enhancement. 6.5 Estimating Additive Distortion. 6.6 Estimating Convolutional Distortion. 6.7 Distortion Evolution. 6.8 Distortion Evaluation. 6.9 Distortion Compensation. 6.10 Joint Estimation of Additive and Convolutional Distortions. 6.11 Observation Uncertainty. 6.12 Summary and Further Reading. 6.13 Principal Symbols. 7 Search: Finding the Best Word Hypothesis. 7.1 Fundamentals of Search. 7.2 Weighted Finite-State Transducers. 7.3 Knowledge Sources. 7.4 Fast On-the-Fly Composition. 7.5 Word and Lattice Combination. 7.6 Summary and Further Reading. 7.7 Principal Symbols. 8 Hidden Markov Model Parameter Estimation. 8.1 Maximum Likelihood Parameter Estimation. 8.2 Discriminative Parameter Estimation. 8.3 Summary and Further Reading. 8.4 Principal Symbols. 9 Feature and Model Transformation. 9.1 Feature Transformation Techniques. 9.2 Model Transformation Techniques. 9.3 Acoustic Model Combination. 9.4 Summary and Further Reading. 9.5 Principal Symbols. 10 Speaker Localization and Tracking. 10.1 Conventional Techniques. 10.2 Speaker Tracking with the Kalman Filter. 10.3 Tracking Multiple Simultaneous Speakers. 10.4 Audio-Visual Speaker Tracking. 10.5 Speaker Tracking with the Particle Filter. 10.6 Summary and Further Reading. 10.7 Principal Symbols. 11 Digital Filter Banks. 11.1 Uniform Discrete Fourier Transform Filter Banks. 11.2 Polyphase Implementation. 11.3 Decimation and Expansion. 11.4 Noble Identities. 11.5 Nyquist(M) Filters. 11.6 Filter Bank Design of De Haan et al. 11.7 Filter Bank Design with the Nyquist(M) Criterion. 11.8 Quality Assessment of Filter Bank Prototypes. 11.9 Summary and Further Reading. 11.10 Principal Symbols. 12 Blind Source Separation. 12.1 Channel Quality and Selection. 12.2 Independent Component Analysis. 12.3 BSS Algorithms based on Second-Order Statistics. 12.4 Summary and Further Reading. 12.5 Principal Symbols. 13 Beamforming. 13.1 Beamforming Fundamentals. 13.2 Beamforming Performance Measures. 13.3 Conventional Beamforming Algorithms. 13.4 Recursive Algorithms. 13.5 Nonconventional Beamforming Algorithms. 13.6 Array Shape Calibration. 13.7 Summary and Further Reading. 13.8 Principal Symbols. 14 Hands On. 14.1 Example Room Configurations. 14.2 Automatic Speech Recognition Engines. 14.3 Word Error Rate. 14.4 Single-Channel Feature Enhancement Experiments. 14.5 Acoustic Speaker-Tracking Experiments. 14.6 Audio-Video Speaker-Tracking Experiments. 14.7 Speaker-Tracking Performance vs Word Error Rate. 14.8 Single-Speaker Beamforming Experiments. 14.9 Speech Separation Experiments. 14.10 Filter Bank Experiments. 14.11 Summary and Further Reading. Appendices. A List of Abbreviations. B Useful Background. B.1 Discrete Cosine Transform. B.2 Matrix Inversion Lemma. B.3 Cholesky Decomposition. B.4 Distance Measures. B.5 Super-Gaussian Probability Density Functions. B.6 Entropy. B.7 Relative Entropy. B.8 Transformation Law of Probabilities. B.9 Cascade of Warping Stages. B.10 Taylor Series. B.11 Correlation and Covariance. B.12 Bessel Functions. B.13 Proof of the Nyquist–Shannon Sampling Theorem. B.14 Proof of Equations (11.31–11.32). B.15 Givens Rotations. B.16 Derivatives with Respect to Complex Vectors. B.17 Perpendicular Projection Operators. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisBuilding on Vary/Martin Digital Speech Transmission (Wiley), this book provides a well-balanced cross section of topics such as speech coding for Voice over IP, blind source separation, digital hearing aids and speech processing for automatic speech recognition.Trade Review"This book is recommended to anyone interested in the details of the latest developments in the area of digital-speech enhancement and processing." (Computing Reviews, August 8, 2008)Table of ContentsList of Contributors xxi Preface xxvii 1 Introduction 1Rainer Martin, Ulrich Heute, Christiane Antweiler I Speech Quality Assessment 7 2 Speech-Transmission Quality: Aspects and Assessment for Wideband vs. Narrowband Signals 9Ulrich Heute 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Speech Signals . 10 2.3 Telephone-Band Speech Signals 11 2.4 Wideband Speech Signals 14 2.5 Speech-Quality Assessment 25 2.6 Wideband Speech-Quality Assessment 30 2.7 Concluding Remarks 43 Bibliography 44 3 Parametric Quality Assessment of Narrowband Speech in Mobile Communication Systems 51Marc Werner 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Simulations of GSM and UMTS Speech Transmissions 58 3.3 Speech Quality Measures based on Transmission Parameters 65 3.4 Discussion and Conclusions 73 Bibliography 73 II Adaptive Algorithms in Acoustic Signal Processing 77 4 Kalman Filtering in Acoustic Echo Control: A Smooth Ride on a Rocky Road 79Gerald Enzner 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2 A Comprehensive Theory of Acoustic Echo Control 85 4.3 The Kalman Filter for Conditional Mean and Covariance Estimation 90 4.4 AEC Performance of the Frequency-Domain Adaptive Kalman Filter 100 4.5 Discussion and Conclusions 102 Bibliography 103 5 Noise Reduction - Statistical Analysis and Control of Musical Noise 107Colin Breithaupt, Rainer Martin 5.1 Introduction 107 5.2 Speech Enhancement in the DFT Domain 109 5.3 Measurement and Assessment of Unnatural Fluctuations 115 5.4 Avoidance of Processing Artifacts 120 5.5 Control of Spectral Fluctuations in the Cepstral Domain 123 5.6 Discussion and Conclusions 128 5.7 Acknowledgements 129 5.8 Appendix 129 Bibliography 131 6 Acoustic Source Localization with Microphone Arrays 135Nilesh Madhu, Rainer Martin 6.1 Introduction 135 6.2 SignalModel 136 6.3 Localization Approach Taxonomy 141 6.4 Indirect Localization Approaches 141 6.5 Direct Localization Approaches 148 6.6 Evaluation of Localization Algorithms 156 6.7 Conclusions 166 Bibliography 1667 Multi-Channel System Identification with Perfect Sequences – Theory and Applications – 171Christiane Antweiler 7.1 Introduction 171 7.2 System Identification with Perfect Sequences 174 7.3 Multi-Channel System Identification 185 7.4 Applications 191 7.5 Discussion and Conclusions 195 Bibliography 195 III Speech Coding for Heterogeneous Networks 199 8 Embedded Speech Coding: From G.711 to G.729.1 201Bernd Geiser, Stéphane Ragot, Hervé Taddei 8.1 Introduction 201 8.2 Theory and Tools of Embedded Speech Coding 203 8.3 Embedded Speech Coding Methods 212 8.4 Standardized Embedded Speech Coders 219 8.5 Network Aspects of Embedded Speech Coding 232 8.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 237 Bibliography 238 9 Backwards Compatible Wideband Telephony 249Peter Jax 9.1 Introduction 249 9.2 From Narrowband Telephony to Wideband Telephony 250 9.3 Stand-Alone Bandwidth Extension 254 9.4 Embedded Wideband Coding Using Bandwidth Extension Techniques 257 9.5 Combination of Bandwidth Extension with Watermarking 262 9.6 Advanced Transmission of Highband Parameters 267 9.7 Conclusions 274 Bibliography 274 IV Joint Source-Channel Coding 279 10 Parameter Models and Estimators in Soft Decision Source Decoding 281Tim Fingscheidt 10.1 Introduction 281 10.2 Overview to Soft Decision Source Decoding 283 10.3 The Markovian Parameter Model 287 10.4 Basic Extrapolative Estimators 290 10.5 Joint Extrapolative Estimation of Two Different Parameters 298 10.6 Extrapolative Estimation with Repeated Parameter Transmission 301 10.7 Interpolative Estimation of a Parameter 304 10.8 Discussion and Conclusions 307 Bibliography 307 11 Optimal MMSE Estimation for Vector Sources with Spatially and Temporally Correlated Elements 311Stefan Heinen, Marc Adrat 11.1 Introduction 311 11.2 Source Model 312 11.3 Transmission Channel 316 11.4 Optimal MMSE Parameter Estimator 316 11.5 Near-Optimal MMSE Parameter Estimator 320 11.6 Illustrative Comparison 323 11.7 Simulation Results 325 11.8 Conclusions 327 Bibliography 327 12 Source Optimized Channel Codes & Source Controlled Channel Decoding 329Stefan Heinen, Thomas Hindelang 12.1 Introduction 329 12.2 The Transmission System Used as Reference 330 12.3 Source Optimized Channel Coding (SOCC) 332 12.4 Source Controlled Channel Decoding (SCCD) 341 12.5 Comparison of SOCC versus SCCD 357 12.6 Conclusions 362 Bibliography 363 13 Iterative Source-Channel Decoding & Turbo DeCodulation 365Marc Adrat, Thorsten Clevorn, Laurent Schmalen 13.1 Introduction 365 13.2 The Key of the Turbo Principle: Extrinsic Information 366 13.3 Iterative Source-Channel Decoding (ISCD) 379 13.4 Turbo DeCodulation (TDeC) 387 13.5 Conclusions 394 Bibliography 395 V Speech Processing in Hearing Instruments 399 14 Binaural Signal Processing in Hearing Aids 401Volkmar Hamacher, Ulrich Kornagel, Thomas Lotter, Henning Puder 14.1 Introduction 401 14.2 Wireless System for Hearing Aids 405 14.3 Binaural Classification Systems 410 14.4 Binaural Beamformer 415 14.5 Blind Source Separation (BSS): An Application for a Binaural Directional Microphone Array in Hearing Aids 422 14.6 Conclusions 427 Bibliography 428 15 Auditory-profile-based Physical Evaluation of Multi-microphone Noise Reduction Techniques in Hearing Instruments 431Koen Eneman, Arne Leijon, Simon Doclo, Ann Spriet, Marc Moonen, Jan Wouters 15.1 Introduction 431 15.2 Multi-microphone Noise Reduction in Hearing Instruments 434 15.3 Auditory-profile-based Physical Evaluation 441 15.4 Test Conditions 449 15.5 Simulation Results 450 15.6 Discussion 452 15.7 Conclusions 455 Bibliography 456 VI Speech Processing for Human–Machine Interfaces 459 16 Automatic Speech Recognition in Adverse Acoustic Conditions 461Hans-Günter Hirsch 16.1 Introduction 461 16.2 Structure of Speech Recognition Systems 462 16.3 Acoustic Scenarios during Speech Input 468 16.4 Improving the Recognition Performance in Adverse Conditions 476 16.5 Conclusions 493 Bibliography 494 17 Speaker Classification for Next-Generation Voice-Dialog Systems 497Felix Burkhardt, Florian Metze, Joachim Stegmann 17.1 Introduction 497 17.2 Speaker Classification 498 17.3 Detection of Age and Gender 505 17.4 Detection of Anger 510 17.5 Applications in IVR Systems 517 17.6 Discussion and Conclusion 523 Bibliography 525 Index 529 Permissions List 541

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Book SynopsisBuilding on the success of the first edition while filling a gap in the current literature, Mobile Radio Channels, Second Edition provides an understanding of the key issues currently being investigated in the area of mobile fading channel modeling.Table of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xi List of Acronyms xv List of Symbols xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Evolution of Mobile Radio Systems 1 1.2 Basic Knowledge of Mobile Radio Channels 8 1.3 Structure of this Book 12 2 Random Variables, Stochastic Processes, and Deterministic Signals 17 2.1 Random Variables 17 2.1.1 Basic Definitions of Probability Theory 17 2.1.2 Important Probability Density Functions 24 2.1.3 Functions of Random Variables 35 2.2 Stochastic Processes 37 2.2.1 Stationary Processes 40 2.2.2 Ergodic Processes 42 2.2.3 Level-Crossing Rate and Average Duration of Fades 43 2.2.4 Linear Systems with Stochastic Inputs 45 2.3 Deterministic Signals 48 2.3.1 Deterministic Continuous-Time Signals 48 2.3.2 Deterministic Discrete-Time Signals 50 2.4 Further Reading 52 Appendix 2.A Derivation of Rice’s General Formula for the Level-Crossing Rate 52 3 Rayleigh and Rice Channels 55 3.1 System Theoretical Description of Multipath Channels 56 3.2 Formal Description of Rayleigh and Rice Channels 61 3.3 Elementary Properties of Rayleigh and Rice Channels 62 3.3.1 Autocorrelation Function and Spectrum of the Complex Envelope 62 3.3.2 Autocorrelation Function and Spectrum of the Envelope 65 3.3.3 Autocorrelation Function and Spectrum of the Squared Envelope 67 3.4 Statistical Properties of Rayleigh and Rice Channels 69 3.4.1 Probability Density Function of the Envelope and the Phase 70 3.4.2 Probability Density Function of the Squared Envelope 72 3.4.3 Level-Crossing Rate and Average Duration of Fades 73 3.4.4 The Statistics of the Fading Intervals of Rayleigh Channels 77 3.5 Further Reading 84 Appendix 3.A Derivation of the Jakes Power Spectral Density and the Corresponding Autocorrelation Function 84 Appendix 3.B Derivation of the Autocorrelation Function of the Envelope 88 Appendix 3.C Derivation of the Autocovariance Spectrum of the Envelope Under Isotropic Scattering Conditions 90 Appendix 3.D Derivation of the Level-Crossing Rate of Rice Processes with Different Spectral Shapes of the Underlying Gaussian Random Processes 91 4 Introduction to Sum-of-Sinusoids Channel Models 95 4.1 Principle of Deterministic Channel Modelling 96 4.2 Elementary Properties of Deterministic Sum-of-Sinusoids Processes 102 4.3 Statistical Properties of Deterministic Sum-of-Sinusoids Processes 107 4.3.1 Probability Density Function of the Envelope and the Phase 108 4.3.2 Level-Crossing Rate and Average Duration of Fades 115 4.3.3 Statistics of the Fading Intervals at Low Signal Levels 120 4.3.4 Stationarity and Ergodicity of Sum-of-Sinusoids Processes 122 4.4 Classes of Sum-of-Sinusoids Processes 123 4.5 Basics of Sum-of-Cisoids Channel Models 126 4.5.1 Elementary Properties of Stochastic Sum-of-Cisoids Processes 127 4.5.2 Probability Density Function of the Envelope and Phase 129 4.6 Criteria for the Performance Evaluation 135 4.7 Further Reading 135 Appendix 4.A Derivation of the Autocorrelation Function of the Squared Envelope of Complex Deterministic Gaussian Processes 136 Appendix 4.B Derivation of the Exact Solution of the Level-Crossing Rate and the Average Duration of Fades of Deterministic Rice Processes 137 5 Parametrization of Sum-of-Sinusoids Channel Models 149 5.1 Methods for Computing the Doppler Frequencies and Gains 151 5.1.1 Method of Equal Distances (MED) 151 5.1.2 Mean-Square-Error Method (MSEM) 157 5.1.3 Method of Equal Areas (MEA) 162 5.1.4 Monte Carlo Method (MCM) 170 5.1.5 Jakes Method (JM) 178 5.1.6 Lp-Norm Method (LPNM) 189 5.1.7 Method of Exact Doppler Spread (MEDS) 201 5.1.8 Randomized Method of Exact Doppler Spread (RMEDS) 205 5.1.9 Method of Exact Doppler Spread with Set Partitioning (MEDS-SP) 207 5.2 Methods for Computing the Phases 212 5.3 Fading Intervals of Deterministic Rayleigh Processes 214 5.4 Parametrization of Sum-of-Cisoids Channel Models 222 5.4.1 Problem Description 222 5.4.2 Extended Method of Exact Doppler Spread (EMEDS) 222 5.4.3 Lp-Norm Method (LPNM) 224 5.4.4 Generalized Method of Equal Areas (GMEA) 225 5.4.5 Performance Analysis 228 5.5 Concluding Remarks and Further Reading 234 Appendix 5.A Analysis of the Relative Model Error by Using the Monte Carlo Method 236 Appendix 5.B Proof of the Convergence of the Sample Mean Autocorrelation Function by Using the MEDS-SP 238 Appendix 5.C Proof of the Condition for Uncorrelated Inphase and Quadrature Components of SOC Processes 239 6 Frequency-Nonselective Channel Models 241 6.1 The Extended Suzuki Process of Type I 243 6.1.1 Modelling and Analysis of Short-Term Fading 243 6.1.2 Modelling and Analysis of Long-Term Fading 254 6.1.3 The Stochastic Extended Suzuki Process of Type I 257 6.1.4 The Deterministic Extended Suzuki Process of Type I 262 6.1.5 Applications and Simulation Results 265 6.2 The Extended Suzuki Process of Type II 268 6.2.1 Modelling and Analysis of Short-Term Fading 269 6.2.2 The Stochastic Extended Suzuki Process of Type II 279 6.2.3 The Deterministic Extended Suzuki Process of Type II 283 6.2.4 Applications and Simulation Results 287 6.3 The Generalized Rice Process 290 6.3.1 The Stochastic Generalized Rice Process 291 6.3.2 The Deterministic Generalized Rice Process 295 6.3.3 Applications and Simulation Results 298 6.4 The Modified Loo Model 300 6.4.1 The Stochastic Modified Loo Model 300 6.4.2 The Deterministic Modified Loo Model 311 6.4.3 Applications and Simulation Results 317 6.5 Modelling of Nonstationary Land Mobile Satellite Channels 319 6.5.1 Lutz’s Two-State Channel Model 320 6.5.2 M-State Channel Models 322 6.5.3 Modelling of Nonstationary Real-World LMS Channels 323 7 Frequency-Selective Channel Models 335 7.1 The Ellipse Model of Parsons and Bajwa 336 7.2 System Theoretical Description of Frequency-Selective Channels 338 7.3 Frequency-Selective Stochastic Channel Models 342 7.3.1 Correlation Functions 342 7.3.2 The WSSUS Model According to Bello 344 7.3.3 The COST 207 Channel Models 352 7.3.4 The HIPERLAN/2 Channel Models 358 7.4 Frequency-Selective Sum-of-Sinusoids Channel Models 358 7.4.1 System Functions of Sum-of-Sinusoids Uncorrelated Scattering (SOSUS) Models 358 7.4.2 Correlation Functions and Power Spectral Densities of SOSUS Models 364 7.4.3 Delay Power Spectral Density, Doppler Power Spectral Density, and Characteristic Quantities of SOSUS Models 368 7.4.4 Determination of the Model Parameters of SOSUS Models 372 7.4.5 Simulation Models for the COST 207 Channel Models 376 7.5 Methods for Modelling of Given Power Delay Profiles 378 7.5.1 Problem Description 379 7.5.2 Methods for the Computation of the Discrete Propagation Delays and the Path Gains 381 7.5.3 Comparison of the Parameter Computation Methods 391 7.5.4 Applications to Measured Power Delay Profiles 393 7.6 Perfect Modelling and Simulation of Measured Wideband Mobile Radio Channels 396 7.6.1 The Sum-of-Cisoids Uncorrelated Scattering (SOCUS) Model 396 7.6.2 The Principle of Perfect Channel Modelling 403 7.6.3 Application to a Measured Wideband Indoor Channel 404 7.7 Further Reading 406 Appendix 7.A Specification of the L-Path COST 207 Channel Models 409 Appendix 7.B Specification of the L-Path HIPERLAN/2 Channel Models 413 8 MIMO Channel Models 417 8.1 The Generalized Principle of Deterministic Channel Modelling 418 8.2 The One-Ring MIMO Channel Model 421 8.2.1 The Geometrical One-Ring Scattering Model 422 8.2.2 The Reference Model for the One-Ring MIMO Channel Model 423 8.2.3 Simulation Models for the One-Ring MIMO Channel Model 429 8.2.4 Parameter Computation Methods 433 8.2.5 Performance Evaluation 434 8.2.6 Simulation Results 436 8.3 The Two-Ring MIMO Channel Model 438 8.3.1 The Geometrical Two-Ring Scattering Model 439 8.3.2 The Reference Model for the Two-Ring MIMO Channel Model 440 8.3.3 Simulation Models for the Two-Ring MIMO Channel Model 445 8.3.4 Isotropic and Non-Isotropic Scattering Scenarios 449 8.3.5 Parameter Computation Methods 451 8.4 The Elliptical MIMO Channel Model 457 8.4.1 The Geometrical Elliptical Scattering Model 458 8.4.2 The Reference Model for the Elliptical MIMO Channel Model 459 8.4.3 Simulation Models for the Elliptical MIMO Channel Model 463 8.4.4 Model Extensions 466 8.5 Further Reading 469 Appendix 8.A Proof of Ergodicity 472 9 High-Speed Channel Simulators 475 9.1 Discrete-Time Deterministic Processes 476 9.2 Realization of Discrete-Time Deterministic Processes 478 9.2.1 Look-Up Table System 478 9.2.2 Matrix System 481 9.2.3 Shift Register System 483 9.3 Properties of Discrete-Time Deterministic Processes 484 9.3.1 Elementary Properties of Discrete-Time Deterministic Processes 484 9.3.2 Statistical Properties of Discrete-Time Deterministic Processes 491 9.4 Realization Complexity and Simulation Speed 500 9.5 Comparison of the Sum-of-Sinusoids Method with the Filter Method 502 9.6 Further Reading 505 10 Selected Topics in Mobile Radio Channel Modelling 507 10.1 Design of Multiple Uncorrelated Rayleigh Fading Waveforms 507 10.1.1 Problem Description 508 10.1.2 Generalized Method of Exact Doppler Spread (GMEDSq) 511 10.1.3 Related Parameter Computation Methods 516 10.1.4 The Effect of Finite Simulation Time on the Cross-Correlation Properties 518 10.1.5 Further Reading 520 10.2 Spatial Channel Models for Shadow Fading 521 10.2.1 The Reference Model for Shadow Fading 522 10.2.2 The Simulation Model for Shadow Fading 523 10.2.3 Correlation Models for Shadow Fading 527 10.2.4 Further Reading 535 10.3 Frequency Hopping Mobile Radio Channels 536 10.3.1 The Reference Model for Frequency Hopping Channels 536 10.3.2 The Simulation Model for Frequency Hopping Channels 538 10.3.3 Performance Analysis 540 10.3.4 Simulation Results 544 10.3.5 Further Reading 544 Appendix 10.A Derivation of the Spatial Autocorrelation Function of Lognormal Processes 545 Appendix 10.B Derivation of the Level-Crossing Rate of Spatial Lognormal Processes 546 Appendix 10.C Derivation of the Level-Crossing Rate of Sum-of-Sinusoids Shadowing Simulators 546 Appendix 10.D Application of the Method of Equal Areas (MEA) on the Gudmundson Correlation Model 548 Appendix 10.E Derivation of the Time-Frequency Cross-Correlation Function of Frequency Hopping Channels 549 Appendix 10.F Parametrization of Frequency Hopping Channel Simulators 551 References 553 Index 571

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Book SynopsisWith the advent of the internet as a medium for performing business transactions, the need for a secure communication channel has never been more paramount. The study of behavioral biometrics - the verification and/or identification of individuals based on the way they provide information to an authentication system - originated from the need for a small footprint, versatile alternative to expensive hardware-based, or physiological, biometrics. As an emerging alternative to these traditional and more well-known physiological biometrics such as fingerprinting or iris scans, behavorial biometrics can offer state-of-the-art solutions to identity management requirements as either a stand-alone system or part of a multi-biometric security system. Whilst there are many existing texts that focus on physiological biometrics or algorithmic approaches deployed in biometrics, Behavioral Biometrics addresses a gap in the existing literature for a text that is solely dedicated to the topTable of Contents1. Introduction to Behavioral Biometrics. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Types of Behavioral Biometrics. 1.3 The Biometric Process. 1.4 Validation Issues. 1.5 Relevant Databases. 1.6 International Standards. 1.7 Conclusions. 1.8 Research Topics. 2. Voice Identification. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Case Studies in Speaker-Dependent Voice Recognition. 2.3 Standards. 2.4 Conclusions. 2.5 Research Topics. 3. Signature Verification. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Off-Line Signature Verification. 3.3 Online Signature Verification. 3.4 Signature Verification Standards. 3.5 Conclusions. 3.6 Research Topics. 4. Keystroke Dynamics.. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Attribute Selection Process. 4.3 The Enrollment Process. 4.4 Generation of the Reference Profile. 4.5 Case Studies. 4.6 Standards. 4.7 Conclusions. 4.8 Research Topics. 5. Graphical-Based Authentication Methods.. 5.1 Introduction to the Graphical Authentication Approach. 5.2 Recognition-Based Techniques. 5.3 Recall-Based Techniques. 5.4 Multi-Image Graphical Password Systems. 5.5 Conclusions. 5.6 Research Topics. 6. Mouse Dynamics.. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Case Studies. 6.3 Conclusion. 6.4 Research Topics. 7. Multimodal Biometric Systems. 7.1 Introduction to Multimodal Biometrics. 7.2 Fusion Framework Approaches. 7.3 Case Studies. 7.4 Continuous Verification. 7.5 Standards. 7.6 Conclusions. 7.7 Research Topics. 8. The Future of Behavioral Biometrics. 8.1 Introduction to the Future of Biometrics. 8.2 Software-Only Approach. 8.3 Software plus Hardware Approach. 8.4 Conclusions. 8.5 Research Topics. Appendix. A. Gait Analysis. B. The History of the Keyboard. C. Cognitive Aspects of Human–Computer Interaction. I. Power Law of Practice. II. Fitts’ Law. III. Accot–Zhai Steering Law. IV. Hick’s Law. References. Index. Preface (Second Edition). Preface (First Edition). Acknowledgments. Introduction. 1. Fundamentals. 1.1 Radio Channel Characteristics. 1.2 Multi-Carrier Transmission. 1.3 Spread Spectrum Techniques. 1.4 Multi-Carrier Spread Spectrum. 1.5 References. 2. MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMA. 2.1 MC-CDMA. 2.2 MC-DS-CDMA. 2.3 References. 3. Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Multi-Carrier FDMA. 3.3 Multi-Carrier TDMA . 3.4 Ultra Wide Band Systems. 3.5 Comparison of Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes. 3.6 References. 4. Implementation Issues. 4.1 Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodulation. 4.2 Synchronization. 4.3 Channel Estimation. 4.4 Channel Coding and Decoding. 4.5 Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-Mapping, and Equalization. 4.6 Adaptive Techniques in Multi-Carrier Transmission. 4.7 RF Issues. 4.8 References. 5. Applications. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE). 5.3 WiMAX. 5.4 Future Mobile Communications Concepts and Field Trials. 5.5 Wireless Local Area Networks. 5.6 Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-RCT. 6. Additional Techniques for Capacity and Flexibility Enhancement. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 MIMO Overview. 6.3 Diversity Techniques for Multi-Carrier Transmission. 6.4 Spatial Pre-Coding for Multi-Carrier transmission. 6.5 Software-Defined Radio. References. Definitions, Abbreviations, and Symbols. Definitions. Abbreviations. Symbols. Index.

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