Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book SynopsisHow can atmospheric variables such as temperature, wind, rain and ozone be measured by satellites? How are these measurements taken and what has been learned since the first measurements in the 1970s? What data are currently available and what data are expected in the future? The second volume of this encyclopedic book presents each field of application – meteorology, atmospheric composition and climate – with its main aims as well as the specific areas which can be addressed through the use of satellite remote sensing. This book presents the satellite products used for operational purposes as well as those that allow for the advancement of scientific knowledge. The instruments that are at their origin are described, as well as the processing, delivery times and the knowledge they provide. This book is completed by a glossary and appendices with a list of supporting instruments already in use.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments xiii List of Acronyms xv Introduction xxxiiiThierry PHULPIN Part 1 Meteorology 1 Introduction to Part 1 3Hervé ROQUET Chapter 1 Operational Sounding of Thermodynamic Variables in the Atmosphere 9Thomas AUGUST 1.1 Introduction 9 1.2 Operational use of TIR and MW sounders 11 1.2.1 Satisfying ever-more demanding users 11 1.2.2 Clouds: an obstacle to sounding and a very useful geophysical product 17 1.2.3 Demonstrating and maintaining product quality 19 1.2.4 Different operational algorithmic strategies 22 1.2.5 Application perspectives 25 1.3 Acknowledgments 26 1.4 References 27 Chapter 2 Wind Observations 31Régis BORDE and Jean PAILLEUX 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 AMVs 34 2.2.1 Extraction of AMVs 34 2.2.2 Current production and outlook 35 2.3 3D winds derived from hyperspectral sounders 37 2.4 Measuring wind from space using Doppler lidar 39 2.4.1 Introduction 39 2.4.2 Measurements from ALADIN lidar onboard Aeolus 40 2.4.3 Culmination of a long process 41 2.4.4 Situation in 2022 and outlook 42 2.5 References 43 Chapter 3 Surface Variables 47Jean-François MAHFOUF 3.1 Observation of the Earth’s surface from space 47 3.2 Energy balances at the surface and at the top of the atmosphere 49 3.3 Ocean surfaces 50 3.3.1 Surface temperature 50 3.3.2 Surface wind 52 3.3.3 Sea ice 54 3.4 Continental surfaces 56 3.4.1 Surface temperature 56 3.4.2 Water content of soil 57 3.4.3 Surface albedo 61 3.4.4 Vegetation properties 62 3.5 Snow-covered surfaces 64 3.5.1 Spatial coverage and albedo 64 3.5.2 Equivalent water content 65 3.6 Expected changes 65 3.7 References 66 Chapter 4 The Assimilation of Satellite Data in Numerical Weather Prediction Systems 69Bill BELL, Jean-Noël THÉPAUT and John EYRE 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Early meteorological satellites 71 4.3 Assimilation of satellite soundings 1970–2000 71 4.3.1 Early sounding instruments 71 4.3.2 Assimilation experience: 1970s 73 4.3.3 Assimilation experience: early 1980s 73 4.3.4 Problems arising in the late 1980s 74 4.4 Relevant aspects of data assimilation theory 75 4.5 The modern era (2000 to present) 77 4.5.1 Assimilation strategies 77 4.5.2 Advanced infrared sounders 79 4.5.3 Microwave sounders and imagers 81 4.5.4 Radiative transfer modeling 83 4.5.5 Observation uncertainties 83 4.5.6 Atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) 84 4.5.7 Scatterometers 86 4.5.8 Radio occultation observations 87 4.5.9 Impacts 89 4.5.10 Reanalyses 91 4.6 Summary and conclusion 91 4.7 References 92 Chapter 5 Nowcasting 97Thibaut MONTMERLE 5.1 Introduction 97 5.2 Satellite data for nowcasting 99 5.2.1 Polar-orbiting satellites 99 5.2.2 Geostationary satellites 100 5.3 Observed phenomena 104 5.3.1 Air mass instability 104 5.3.2 Convective systems 104 5.3.3 Characteristics of clouds 108 5.3.4 Hydrometeors 109 5.3.5 Wind 110 5.4 Nowcasting of detected phenomena 111 5.4.1 Method based on the tracking of structures 111 5.4.2 Method based on image extrapolation 112 5.4.3 Method based on artificial intelligence 112 5.4.4 Use of numerical forecasting 114 5.4.5 OBS-NWP fusion 115 5.4.6 Probabilistic forecast 115 5.5 Perspectives 116 5.6 References 116 Chapter 6 Observation and Monitoring of Tropical Cyclones from Space 119Frank ROUX 6.1 Introduction 119 6.2 Visible and infrared imagery 120 6.3 Microwave imaging 122 6.4 Microwave sounding 125 6.5 Surface wind measurements 126 viii Satellites for Atmospheric Sciences 2 6.6 Ocean parameters 130 6.7 Climatology of cyclones 131 6.8 Conclusion 132 6.9 References 133 Part 2 Atmospheric Composition 137 Introduction to Part 2 Air Composition and the Contribution from Satellite Observations 139Thierry PHULPIN and Claude CAMY-PEYRET Chapter 7 Reactive Tropospheric Chemistry 143Sarah SAFIEDDINE and Camille VIATTE 7.1 Introduction 143 7.2 Methane 144 7.3 Reactive organic species 144 7.3.1 Isoprene 146 7.3.2 Other non-methane volatile organic compounds 146 7.4 Reactive inorganic species 148 7.5 Conclusion 150 7.6 Acknowledgment 150 7.7 References 150 Chapter 8 Major Pollutants: Ozone and Fine Particulate Matter 153Juan CUESTA and Gaëlle DUFOUR 8.1 Introduction 153 8.2 Tropospheric ozone 154 8.2.1 Beginnings of satellite-based tropospheric ozone observations 154 8.2.2 Current capabilities for tropospheric ozone monitoring 155 8.2.3 Multi-wavelength synergy for ozone pollution monitoring 157 8.3 Pollution aerosols 158 8.3.1 Optical thickness of pollution aerosols 159 8.3.2 Altitude of pollution aerosols 161 8.4 References 163 Chapter 9 Desert Dust 167Juan CUESTA 9.1 Introduction 167 9.2 Qualitative satellite detection of desert dust 168 9.3 Satellite observation of the optical depth of desert dust 170 9.4 Vertical profiles of desert dust by spaceborne lidar 171 9.5 3D distribution of desert dust by infrared spectrometer 173 9.6 Conclusion 175 9.7 References 176 Chapter 10 Species Emitted by Fires 179Camille VIATTE and Pasquale SELLITTO 10.1 Introduction 179 10.2 Biomass burning gases 181 10.2.1 Greenhouses gases 181 10.2.2 Carbon monoxide (CO) 181 10.2.3 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 182 10.2.4 Ammonia (NH3) 183 10.2.5 Nitrous acid (HONO) 183 10.3 Biomass burning aerosols 183 10.3.1 AOD observations with nadir-viewing instruments 183 10.3.2 Extinction observations with limb-viewing instruments 184 10.3.3 Lidar profiles observations 184 10.4 Fire detection systems from space 184 10.5 Conclusion 185 10.6 Acknowledgments 185 10.7 References 185 Chapter 11 Stratospheric Chemistry 189Claude CAMY-PEYRET and Sarah SAFIEDDINE 11.1 Introduction 189 11.2 Stratospheric ozone chemistry 189 11.2.1 Polar ozone depletion 190 11.2.2 Antarctic ozone distribution 192 11.2.3 Arctic ozone distribution 193 11.3 Stratospheric chemistry of other species 193 11.3.1 Chemistry of the stratosphere and models 194 11.3.2 Radical processes and cycles for the major families 196 11.3.3 The example of methane in the stratosphere 197 11.4 Satellite measurements of trace species in the stratosphere 198 11.5 Conclusion 200 11.6 Acknowledgments 200 11.7 References 200 Part 3 Atmosphere and climate 203 Introduction to Part 3 Atmosphere and Climate and the Contribution of Space 205Paul POLI Chapter 12 Climate Monitoring 209Paul POLI and Jörg SCHULZ 12.1 General concepts about the climate 209 12.1.1 What is climate? 209 12.1.2 Is climate limited to atmospheric phenomena? 211 12.1.3 A question for Nobel Prize laureates: is the climate stable? 213 12.2 From space-based measurements to climate products 215 12.2.1 Sensing the environment 215 12.2.2 The role of space-based observations 217 12.2.3 The concept of essential climate variables 218 12.2.4 Observation-based products 220 12.2.5 Model-assisted climate products 221 12.3 Climate data records and uncertainty estimates 223 12.3.1 Why reprocessing? 223 12.3.2 Calibration 224 12.3.3 Uncertainty 226 12.4 The usage of climate data records in science and services 228 12.5 Looking ahead 230 12.6 References 231 12.7 References of the data sources cited in Figure 12.1 232 Chapter 13 Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases: CO2 and CH4 235Cyril CREVOISIER 13.1 Monitoring anthropogenic greenhouse gases 236 13.1.1 Biogeochemical cycles 236 13.1.2 Determination of gas sources and sinks 236 13.1.3 The global observation network 237 13.2 Contribution of spatial observation of greenhouse gases 238 13.2.1 Specificities of greenhouse gas observation 238 13.2.2 Particularly rich spatial programming 241 13.3 Measurement techniques 242 13.3.1 Passive observations in the infrared range 243 13.3.2 Passive observations by solar reflection 245 13.3.3 Passive observations by solar occultation 247 13.3.4 Active observations using lidar 247 13.4 From radiation measurement to gas flux at the surface 248 13.4.1 From radiation measurement to gas concentrations 248 13.4.2 From concentration to fluxes 250 13.4.3 Main limitations 251 13.5 Challenges for the future 252 13.5.1 Towards the observation of anthropogenic emissions by spatial imagery 253 13.5.2 Reducing spatio-temporal sampling biases 253 13.5.3 Towards an operational greenhouse gas monitoring service 254 13.6 References 255 Chapter 14 Clouds and Water Vapor 259Hélène BROGNIEZ, Laurence PICON and Dominique BOUNIOL 14.1 Atmospheric water cycle and climate 259 14.2 Observations of water vapor 260 14.2.1 Passive sensors 263 14.2.2 Active sensors 265 14.2.3 Homogenization and intercomparison 266 14.3 Observation of cloud properties 267 14.3.1 Observations using passive instruments 270 14.3.2 Observations using active instruments 273 14.3.3 Multi-instrument synergy for the establishment of cloud climatologies 277 14.4 References 282 Chapter 15 Precipitation 287Vincenzo LEVIZZANI and Christopher KIDD 15.1 Need for global precipitation measurements 287 15.2 Satellite observation of rainfall 289 15.2.1 Visible/Infrared 290 15.2.2 Passive microwave 291 15.2.3 Radar 294 15.2.4 Merged products 295 15.3 Observation of solid precipitation 298 15.4 Precipitation and the Earth water cycle 300 15.5 References 303 Appendices 307 Appendix 1 309Claude CAMY-PEYRET Appendix 2 317Claude CAMY-PEYRET Appendix 3 327 Appendix 4 341 Glossary 347 List of Authors 361 Index 365 Summary of Volume 1 369

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Book SynopsisThis book helps readers to understand the past (overview of technologies), current (how they are evolving) and the future (adaptation to new trends) of two representative communication technologies, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Wi-Fi and Bluetooth are technologies that are very familiar to us in our everyday lives. However, these technologies have evolved throughout the years to meet the continuously changing demands of users. Evolution of these technologies can be difficult to understand, even for professionals in the field of computer science and engineering, due to the extensiveness and complexity of written documents (technical standards and specifications are not very reader-friendly!). Next Generation of Bluetooth and Wi-Fi summarizes the key functions of Wi Fi and Bluetooth to show how they adapt to new environments and requirements. We introduce the new concepts that allow them to shift into the new paradigm of IoT and beyond, and we propose ideas and insights o

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Book SynopsisCombinatorial optimization is a multidisciplinary scientific area, lying in the interface of three major scientific domains: mathematics, theoretical computer science and management. The three volumes of the Combinatorial Optimization series aims to cover a wide range of topics in this area. These topics also deal with fundamental notions and approaches as with several classical applications of combinatorial optimization. “Applications of Combinatorial Optimization” is presenting a certain number among the most common and well-known applications of Combinatorial Optimization.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Chapter 1. Airline Crew Pairing Optimization 1 Laurent ALFANDARI and Anass NAGIH 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Definition of the problem 2 1.3. Solution approaches 7 1.4. Solving the subproblem for column generation 11 1.5. Conclusion 21 1.6. Bibliography 22 Chapter 2. The Task Allocation Problem 23 Moaiz BEN DHAOU and Didier FAYARD 2.1. Presentation 24 2.2. Definitions and modeling 24 2.3. Review of the main works 29 2.4. A little-studied model 38 2.5. Conclusion 43 2.6. Bibliography 43 Chapter 3. A Comparison of Some Valid Inequality Generation Methods for General 0–1 Problems 49 Pierre BONAMI and Michel MINOUX 3.1. Introduction 49 3.2. Presentation of the various techniques tested 53 3.3. Computational results 67 3.4. Bibliography 70 Chapter 4. Production Planning 73 Nadia BRAUNER, Gerd FINKE and Maurice QUEYRANNE 4.1. Introduction 73 4.2. Hierarchical planning 74 4.3. Strategic planning and productive system design 75 4.4. Tactical planning and inventory management 77 4.5. Operations planning and scheduling 90 4.6. Conclusion and perspectives 104 4.7. Bibliography 105 Chapter 5. Operations Research and Goods Transportation 111 Teodor Gabriel CRAINIC and Frédéric SEMET 5.1. Introduction 111 5.2. Goods transport systems 113 5.3. Systems design 115 5.4. Long-distance transport 122 5.5. Vehicle routing problems 137 5.6. Exact models and methods for the VRP 139 5.7. Heuristic methods for the VRP 147 5.8. Conclusion 160 5.9. Appendix: metaheuristics 161 5.10. Bibliography 164 Chapter 6. Optimization Models for Transportation Systems Planning 177 Teodor Gabriel CRAINIC and Michael FLORIAN 6.1. Introduction 177 6.2. Spatial interaction models 178 6.3. Traffic assignment models and methods 181 6.4. Transit route choice models 193 6.5. Strategic planning of multimodal systems 197 6.6. Conclusion 204 6.7. Bibliography 204 Chapter 7. A Model for the Design of a Minimum-cost Telecommunications Network 209 Marc DEMANGE, Cécile MURAT, Vangelis Th. PASCHOS and Sophie TOULOUSE 7.1. Introduction 209 7.2. Minimum cost network construction 210 7.3. Mathematical model, general context 213 7.4. Proposed algorithm 216 7.5. Critical points 220 7.6. Conclusion 223 7.7. Bibliography 223 Chapter 8. Parallel Combinatorial Optimization 225 Van-Dat CUNG, Bertrand LE CUN and Catherine ROUCAIROL 8.1. Impact of parallelism in combinatorial optimization 225 8.2. Parallel metaheuristics 226 8.3. Parallelizing tree exploration in exact methods 235 8.4. Conclusion 247 8.5. Bibliography 248 Chapter 9. Network Design Problems: Fundamental Methods 253 Alain Quilliot 9.1. Introduction 253 9.2. The main mathematical and algorithmic tools for network design 258 9.3. Models and problems 275 9.4. The STEINER-EXTENDED problem 280 9.5. Conclusion 281 9.6 Bibliography 281 Chapter 10. Network Design Problems: Models and Applications 291 Alain Quilliot 10.1. Introduction 291 10.2. Models and location problems 293 10.3. Routing models for telecommunications 298 10.4. The design or dimensioning problem in telecommunications 301 10.5. Coupled flows and multiflows for transport and production 306 10.6. A mixed network pricing model 314 10.7. Conclusion 319 10.8. Bibliography 319 Chapter 11. Multicriteria Task Allocation to Heterogenous Processors with Capacity and Mutual Exclusion Constraints 327 Bernard ROY and Roman SLOWINSKI 11.1. Introduction and formulation of the problem 328 11.2. Modeling the set of feasible assignments 331 11.3. The concept of a blocking configuration and analysis of the unblocking means 334 11.4. The multicriteria assignment problem 346 11.5. Exploring a set of feasible non-dominated assignments in the plane g2 × g3 348 11.6. Numerical example 357 11.7. Conclusion 363 11.8. Bibliography 364 List of Authors 365 Index 369 Summary of Other Volumes in the Series 373

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Book SynopsisGenerally a laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) is defined as “a device which uses a quantum mechanical effect, stimulated emission, to generate a coherent beam of light from a lasing medium of controlled purity, size, and shape”. Laser material processing represents a great number of methods, which are rapidly growing in current and different industrial applications as new alternatives to traditional manufacturing processes. Nowadays, the use of lasers in manufacturing is an emerging area with a wide variety of applications, for example, in electronics, molds and dies, and biomedical applications. The purpose of this book is to present a collection of examples illustrating the state of the art and research developments to lasers in manufacturing, covering laser rapid manufacturing, lasers in metal forming applications, laser forming of metal foams, mathematical modeling of laser drilling, thermal stress analysis, modeling and simulation of laser welding, and the use of lasers in surface engineering. This book can be used as a research book for a final undergraduate engineering course or as a subject on lasers in manufacturing at the postgraduate level. Also, this book can serve as a useful reference for academics, laser researchers, mechanical, manufacturing, materials or physics engineers, or professionals in any related modern manufacturing technology. Contents 1. Laser Rapid Manufacturing: Technology, Applications, Modeling and Future Prospects, Christ P. Paul, Pankaj Bhargava, Atul Kumar, Ayukt K. Pathak and Lalit M. Kukreja. 2. Lasers in Metal Forming Applications, Stephen A. Akinlabi, Mukul Shukla, Esther T. Akinlabi and Tshilidzi Marwala. 3. Laser Forming of Metal Foams, Fabrizio Quadrini, Denise Bellisario, Erica A. Squeo and Loredana Santo. 4. Mathematical Modeling of Laser Drilling, Maturose Suchatawat and Mohammad Sheikh. 5. Laser Cutting a Small Diameter Hole: Thermal Stress Analysis, Bekir S. Yilbas, Syed S. Akhtar and Omer Keles. 6. Modeling and Simulation of Laser Welding, Karuppudaiyar R. Balasabramanian, Krishnasamy Sankaranarayanasamy and Gangusami N. Buvanashekaran. 7. Lasers in Surface Engineering, Alberto H. Garrido, Rubén González, Modesto Cadenas, Chin-Pei Wang and Farshid Sadeghi.Table of ContentsPreface xi J. Paolo DAVIM Chapter 1. Laser Rapid Manufacturing: Technology, Applications, Modeling and Future Prospects 1 Christ P. PAUL, Pankaj BHARGAVA, Atul KUMAR, Ayukt K. PATHAK and Lalit M. KUKREJA 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Laser rapid manufacturing 2 1.3. Laser rapid manufacturing system 4 1.4. Various laser rapid manufacturing systems 13 1.5. Relevant processing parameters 16 1.6. Typical applications of LRM 24 1.7. LRM process modeling 41 1.8. LRM process control 51 1.9. Future prospects 57 1.10. Conclusion 59 1.11. Acknowledgments 60 1.12. Bibliography 60 Chapter 2. Lasers in Metal Forming Applications 69 Stephen A. AKINLABI, Mukul SHUKLA, Esther T. AKINLABI and Tshilidzi MARWALA 2.1. Introduction 69 2.2. Laser 70 2.3. Metal forming – introduction 72 2.4. Laser beam forming 73 2.5. LBF mechanisms 84 2.6. Advantages and disadvantages of LBF 91 2.7. LBF of a steel plate 92 2.8. Design of experiments 95 2.9. Sample characterization 100 2.10. Conclusion 104 2.11. Bibliography 104 Chapter 3. Laser Forming of Metal Foams 109 Fabrizio QUADRINI, Denise BELLISARIO, Erica A. SQUEO and Loredana SANTO 3.1. Introduction 109 3.2. Scientific background 110 3.3. Materials and experimental methods 113 3.4. Experimental results and discussion 117 3.5. Numerical modeling 127 3.6. Conclusions 134 3.7. Bibliography 135 Chapter 4. Mathematical Modeling of Laser Drilling 139 Maturose SUCHATAWAT and Mohammad SHEIKH 4.1. Introduction 139 4.2. Solid heating 141 4.3. Melting 145 4.4. Vaporization 151 4.5. Mathematical model of laser percussion drilling incorporating the effects of the exothermic reaction 156 4.6. Experimental procedures for model verification 167 4.7. Results and discussion 168 4.8. Conclusion 173 4.9. Bibliography 173 Chapter 5. Laser Cutting a Small Diameter Hole: Thermal Stress Analysis 179 Bekir S. YILBAS, Syed S. AKHTAR and Omer KELES 5.1. Introduction 179 5.2. Modeling heating and thermal stress 181 5.3. Numerical simulation 184 5.4. Experimental 185 5.5. Results and discussion 186 5.6. Conclusion 201 5.7. Acknowledgements 201 5.8. Bibliography 201 Chapter 6. Modeling and Simulation of Laser Welding 203 Karuppudaiyar R. BALASABRAMANIAN, Krishnasamy SANKARANARAYANASAMY and Gangusami N. BUVANASHEKARAN 6.1. Introduction 204 6.2. Process mechanisms 204 6.3. Operating parameter characteristics 206 6.4. Types 207 6.5. Material considerations 209 6.6. Applications of laser welding 211 6.7. Strengths and limitations of laser welding 212 6.8. Developments and advances in laser welding processes 213 6.9. Modeling and analysis of the laser welding process 214 6.10. A case study 220 6.11. Comparison of statistical analysis, the finite element method and an ANN 241 6.12. Conclusion 243 6.13. Acknowledgment 244 6.14. Bibliography 244 Chapter 7. Lasers in Surface Engineering 247 Alberto H. GARRIDO, Rubén GONZÁLEZ, Modesto CADENAS, Chin-Pei WANG and Farshid SADEGHI 7.1. Introduction 248 7.2. Characteristics of laser radiation 248 7.3. Advantages of laser devices 249 7.4. Laser surface cladding 250 7.5. Laser surface cladding by powder injection 253 7.6. Energetic study of the cladding process 257 7.7. Control parameters of laser surface cladding 264 7.8. Widely used materials and alloys 266 7.9. Laser surface treatments 266 7.10. Laser surface texturing techniques 272 7.11. Characterization of laser surface texturing 285 7.12. Bibliography 286 List of Authors 293 Index 297

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Book SynopsisThis book is a contribution to the definition of a model based system engineering (MBSE) approach, designed to meet the objectives laid out by the INCOSE. After pointing out the complexity that jeopardizes a lot of system developments, the book examines fundamental aspects of systems under consideration. It goes on to address methodological issues and proposes a methodic approach of MBSE that provides, unlike current practices, systematic and integrated model-based engineering processes. An annex describes relevant features of the VHDL-AMS language supporting the methodological issues described in the book.Table of ContentsLIST OF FIGURES AND TABLE xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xvii FOREWORD xxi Dominique LUZEAUX INTRODUCTION. GOALS OF PROPERTY MODEL METHODOLOGY xxv PART 1. FUNDAMENTALS 1 Chapter 1. General Systems Theory 3 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. What is a system? 4 1.3. Systems, subsystems and levels 9 1.4. Concrete and abstract objects 11 1.5. Properties 12 1.5.1. Material and formal properties 12 1.5.2. Accidental and essential properties, laws and types 13 1.5.3. Dispositions, structural and behavioral properties 17 1.5.4. Resulting and emerging properties 18 1.6. States, event, process, behavior and fact 20 1.7. Systems of interest 23 CHAPTER 2. TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 25 2.1. Introduction 25 2.2. Definition of technological systems 25 2.2.1. Artificial autotelic and heterotelic systems 27 2.2.2. Technical-empirical and technological systems 27 2.2.3. Purpose of a technological system 28 2.3. Function, behavior and structure of a technological system 30 2.4. Intended and concomitant effects of a technological system 34 2.5. Modes, mode switching and states 36 2.5.1. Modes of operation 36 2.5.2. Mode switching 36 2.5.3. Operating states 37 2.6. Errors, faults and failures 37 2.7. “The human factor” 39 CHAPTER 3. KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS 41 3.1. Introduction 41 3.2. Knowledge and its bearers 42 3.3. Intersubjective knowledge 44 3.4. Concepts, propositions and conceptual knowledge 45 3.5. Objective and true knowledge 47 3.6. Scientific and technological knowledge 50 3.6.1. Fundamental sciences 51 3.6.2. Applied sciences and technology 53 3.6.3. Operative technological rules 53 3.6.4. Substantive technological rules 55 3.7. Knowledge and belief 56 CHAPTER 4. SEMIOTIC SYSTEMS AND MODELS 59 4.1. Introduction 59 4.2. Signs and systems of signs 60 4.3. Nomological propositions and law statements 65 4.4. Models, object models, theoretical models and simulation 66 4.5. Representativeness of models and the expressiveness of languages 71 4.5.1. Representativeness of models 71 4.5.2. Expressiveness of a language 73 PART 2. METHODS 77 CHAPTER 5. ENGINEERING PROCESSES 79 5.1. Introduction 79 5.2. Systems engineering process 81 5.2.1. General framework 81 5.2.2. Design process 83 5.2.3. Safety assessment process 88 5.2.4. Requirement and assumption validation 90 5.2.5. Verification of the implementation regarding requirements 91 5.2.6. Managing configurations 92 5.2.7. Process (quality) assurance, certification and coordination with authorities 93 CHAPTER 6. DETERMINING REQUIREMENTS AND SPECIFICATION MODELS 95 6.1. Introduction 95 6.2. Specifications and requirements 98 6.3. Text-based requirements and subjectivity 100 6.4. Objectifying requirements and assumptions through property-based requirements 102 6.4.1. Definition 102 6.4.2. Examples 104 6.4.3. Typology and sources of PBR 106 6.5. Conjunction and comparison of property-based requirements 110 6.5.1. Comparison of two PBRs 111 6.5.2. Conjunction of two PBRs 112 6.6. Interpreting text-based requirements 114 6.6.1. Example 1: FAR29.1303(b) flight and navigation instruments 115 6.6.2. Example 2: FAR29.951(a) Fuel systems – General 119 6.7. Conclusion: specification models and concurrent assertions 121 CHAPTER 7. DESIGNING SOLUTIONS AND DESIGN MODELS 127 7.1. Introduction 127 7.2. Deriving requirements 128 7.3. Basic system model of a type of systems 131 7.4. Dynamic design models of a type of systems 133 7.4.1. Behavioral design model (BDM) 133 7.4.2. Equation-based design models (EDMs) 139 7.5. Derivation and allocation of the system’s behavioral requirements 141 7.6. Static design models 142 7.6.1. Composite system model 142 7.6.2. Structural design model 145 7.6.3. Allocation of BDM components to SDM components 146 7.7. Derivation and allocation of system requirements 146 7.8. The end of the design process and the realization 148 CHAPTER 8. VALIDATING REQUIREMENTS AND ASSUMPTIONS 151 8.1. Introduction 151 8.2. The validation process according to the ARP4754A 152 8.2.1. Goal of the validation 152 8.2.2. Means of validation 154 8.3. The validation process according to the property model methodology 156 8.3.1. Goal of the validation 157 8.3.2. Means of validation 158 8.3.3. Exactness of a system specification model 160 8.3.4. Validating the derivation of system requirements 161 8.3.5. Scenarios and validation cases, efforts and rigor in validation 162 8.4. Conclusion 167 CHAPTER 9. VERIFYING THE IMPLEMENTATION STEP BY STEP 169 9.1. Introduction 169 9.2. The verification process according to the ARP4754A 170 9.2.1. Goal of the verification 170 9.2.2. Verification methods 170 9.3. The verification process according to the property model methodology 173 9.3.1. Objects to be verified 173 9.3.2. Goal of the verification 174 9.3.3. Verifying the design 175 9.3.4. Verifying the other products of implementation 179 9.3.5. The contract theorem 181 9.4. Conclusion 181 CHAPTER 10. SAFETY ENGINEERING 183 10.1. Introduction 183 10.2. The safety assessment process according to the ARP4754A 184 10.2.1. Goal of safety assessment process 184 10.2.2. Means to assess safety 185 10.3. The safety assessment process according to the property model methodology (PMM) 191 10.3.1. Errors, faults and failures 191 10.3.2. FHA and interpretation of the 1309(b)(2)(i) requirements as PBRs 193 10.3.3. PASA/PSSA and deriving safety requirements 200 10.3.4. Simulation and validation of the derived safety requirements 204 10.3.5. Simulation and verification of the failure prevention mechanisms 206 10.3.6. Reliability design models 207 10.3.7. Safety theorem: validating additional requirements 208 10.4. Conclusion 211 CHAPTER 11. PROPERTY MODEL METHODOLOGY DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 213 11.1. Introduction 213 11.2. Early phase of a system development, preliminary studies 213 11.3. Steps of the industrial development of a type of systems 215 11.4. Initial step: highest level system specification 216 11.4.1. Initial step general approach 217 11.4.2. Establishing a specification model of the type of systems 218 11.5. Design steps: descending and iterative design of the building blocks down to the lowest level blocks 226 11.5.1. Design step of a non-terminal block 227 11.5.2. Behavioral design step of a terminal block 229 11.5.3. End of the design step 231 11.6. Realization step of the lowest level building blocks 231 11.7. Integration and installation steps 232 11.8. Conclusion 233 APPENDIX 235 BIBLIOGRAPHY 253 INDEX 261

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Book SynopsisThis book is intended to introduce the principles of the Event-Driven and Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA 2.0) and its role in the new interconnected world based on the cloud computing architecture paradigm. In this new context, the concept of “service” is widely applied to the hardware and software resources available in the new generation of the Internet. The authors focus on how current and future SOA technologies provide the basis for the smart management of the service model provided by the Platform as a Service (PaaS) layer.Table of Contents1. ESBay Case Study. 2. Service-Oriented and Cloud Computing Architectures. 3. SPaaS 1.0 Cookbook. 4. SSOAPaaS 1.0 Cookbook. 5. SSOAPaaS 2.0 Cookbook. 6. SSOAPaaS 3.0 Cookbook.

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Book SynopsisA presentation of the use of computer vision systems to control manufacturing processes and product quality in the hard disk drive industry. Visual Inspection Technology in the Hard Disk Drive Industry is an application-oriented book borne out of collaborative research with the world’s leading hard disk drive companies. It covers the latest developments and important topics in computer vision technology in hard disk drive manufacturing, as well as offering a glimpse of future technologies.Table of ContentsPREFACE xi CHAPTER 1. FEATURE FUSION METHOD FOR RAPID CORROSION DETECTION ON POLE TIPS 1Suchart YAMMEN and Paisarn MUNEESAWANG 1.1. Introduction 2 1.2. Algorithm for corrosion detection 6 1.2.1. Extraction of top-shield region 6 1.2.2. Area-based feature 9 1.2.3. Contour-based feature 13 1.3. Experimental result 19 1.3.1. Distribution of corrosion 20 1.3.2. Performance metric 20 1.3.3. Robustness 24 1.4. Conclusion 27 1.5. Bibliography 28 CHAPTER 2. NONLINEAR FILTERING METHOD FOR CORROSION DETECTION ON POLE TIPS 33Paisarn MUNEESAWANG and Suchart YAMMEN 2.1. Introduction 33 2.2. Perpendicular magnetic recording 35 2.3. Perpendicular magnetic recorder and corrosion 37 2.3.1. Lubricant layer 38 2.3.2. Thermal effect results in corrosion 41 2.3.3. Recording head/slider manufacturing and corrosion 42 2.4. Length estimator for pole tip 44 2.5. Nonlinear filtering as a corrosion detector 48 2.5.1. Median filter techniques 48 2.5.2. Median „¸-Filter 50 2.5.3. Corrosion detection procedure 51 2.6. Application 54 2.7. Conclusion 62 2.8. Bibliography 63 CHAPTER 3. MICRO DEFECT DETECTION ON AIR-BEARING SURFACE 71Pichate KUNAKORNVONG and Pitikhate SOORAKSA 3.1. Introduction 71 3.2. Air-bearing surface 74 3.3. Imaging system 75 3.4. Contamination detection 79 3.4.1. Texture unit texture spectrum 80 3.4.2. Graylevel co-occurrence matrix 82 3.4.3. Principle component analysis 85 3.4.4. Identification defect 88 3.5. Conclusion 92 3.6. Acknowledgment 93 3.7. Bibliography 93 CHAPTER 4. AUTOMATED OPTICAL INSPECTION FOR SOLDER JET BALL JOINT DEFECTS IN THE HEADGIMBAL ASSEMBLY PROCESS 99Jirarat IEAMSAARD and Thanapoom FUANGPIAN 4.1. Introduction 99 4.2. Head gimbal assembly 101 4.3. Vertical edge method for inspection of pad burning defect 102 4.3.1. Inspection procedure 103 4.3.2. Experimental result 107 4.4. Detection of solder ball bridging on HGA 108 4.4.1. Solder ball bridging defect 108 4.4.2. Chain code descriptor-based method 109 4.4.3. Morphological template-based method 112 4.4.4. Experimental result 114 4.5. Detection of missing solders on HGA 121 4.5.1. Image acquisition and enhancement 121 4.5.2. Clustering of image pixels 122 4.5.3. Decision making 123 4.5.4. Inspection result 124 4.6. Conclusion 126 4.7. Bibliography 127 CHAPTER 5. ANALYSIS METHODS FOR FAULT DEFORMATION OF SOLDER BUMP ON THE ACTUATOR ARM 131Somporn RUANGSINCHAIWANICH 5.1. Introduction 132 5.2. Surface tension analysis 133 5.2.1. Model analysis 135 5.2.2. Simulation 138 5.3. Analysis of stress performance at different configurations of solder bump positions 140 5.3.1. Analysis model 144 5.3.2. Design and analysis using FEM 145 5.4. Experimental result 149 5.5. Conclusion 151 5.6. Bibliography 152 CHAPTER 6. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNIQUES FOR QUALITY CONTROL OF HARD DISK DRIVE COMPONENTS 155Wimalin LAOSIRITAWORN 6.1. Introduction 155 6.2. Artificial intelligence tasks in quality control 157 6.2.1. Classification and prediction 157 6.2.2. Cluster analysis 159 6.2.3. Time series analysis 160 6.3. AI applications in HDD component quality control 161 6.3.1. Multipanel lamination process modeling using ANN 161 6.3.2. Control chart pattern recognition with AI in actuator production 168 6.3.3. Machine clustering using AI technique 174 6.4. Conclusion 179 6.5. Bibliography 180 CHAPTER 7. BOREHOLE DIAMETER INSPECTION FOR HARD DISK DRIVE PIVOT ARMS USING HOUGH TRANSFORM IN PANORAMA IMAGES 183Sansanee AUEPHANWIRIYAKUL, Patison PALEE, Orathai SUTTIJAK and Nipon THEERA-UMPON 7.1. Introduction 183 7.2. Panorama image construction 185 7.3. Dimension estimation 189 7.4. Experiment result 190 7.5. Conclusion 195 7.6. Acknowledgment 195 7.7. Bibliography 195 CHAPTER 8. ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE INSPECTION TECHNOLOGIES 199Nattha JINDAPETCH, Kittikhun THONGPULL, Sayan PLONG-NGOOLUAM and Pornchai RAKPONGSIRI 8.1. Introduction 199 8.2. ESD sensitivity test technologies 200 8.2.1. Human body model testing 201 8.2.2. Charged device model testing 202 8.2.3. Machine model testing 203 8.3. Monitoring of ESD prevention equipment 204 8.3.1. Grounding and equipotential bonding systems 205 8.3.2. Ionization 206 8.3.3. Packaging 209 8.4. ESD event localization technologies 211 8.4.1. EMI locators 212 8.4.2. High-speed oscilloscope-based ESD event localization systems 214 8.4.3. RFID localization systems 215 8.4.4. WSN-based localization systems 218 8.4.5. Hybrid localization systems 220 8.5. Conclusion 221 8.6. Bibliography 221 CHAPTER 9. INSPECTION OF STYROFOAM BEADS ON ADAPTER OF HARD DISK DRIVES 225Suchart YAMMEN 9.1. Introduction 225 9.2. Morphological template-based method 227 9.2.1. Image subtraction 230 9.2.2. Otsu method 231 9.2.3. Morphological operation 232 9.2.4. Logical operation 233 9.3. Decision model 233 9.4. Application 234 9.5. Conclusion 234 9.6. Bibliography 235 CHAPTER 10. INSPECTION OF DEFECT ON MAGNETIC DISK SURFACE AND QUALITY OF THE GLUE DISPENSER ROUTE 237Anan KRUESUBTHAWORN 10.1. Introduction 238 10.2. Computer vision technologies for scratch detection on media surfaces 239 10.3. Inspection of glue dispenser route 255 10.4. Conclusion 260 10.5. Bibliography 260 CHAPTER 11. INSPECTION OF GRANULAR MICROSTRUCTURE OF FEPT FILM IN HEAT-ASSISTED MAGNETIC RECORDING MEDIA 265Paisarn MUNEESAWANG 11.1. Introduction 265 11.2. Heat-assisted media recording technology 268 11.2.1. HAMR 268 11.2.2. L10-ordered FePt as HAMR media candidate 268 11.2.3. Magnetic nanoparticle 270 11.3. Inspection procedure 272 11.3.1. Image segmentation 272 11.3.2. Separation of overlapping particles 273 11.4. Measurement of the size distribution 275 11.5. Measurement of dispersion 278 11.5.1. Lennard–Jones potential index 278 11.5.2. Experimental result 281 11.6. Conclusion 285 11.7. Bibliography 286 LIST OF AUTHORS 291 INDEX 295

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Book SynopsisThe dynamic of the Energy Transition is engaged in many region of the World. This is a real challenge for electric systems and a paradigm shift for existing distribution networks. With the help of "advanced" smart technologies, the Distribution System Operators will have a central role to integrate massively renewable generation, electric vehicle and demand response programs. Many projects are on-going to develop and assess advanced smart grids solutions, with already some lessons learnt. In the end, the Smart Grid is a mean for Distribution System Operators to ensure the quality and the security of power supply. Several books have been written to provide a definition of Smart grids, explore the different technical evolution needed and explain / analyse what would be the benefits. All those books are conducted on theoretical basis by academics and strategy consultants. This new book will propose a complementary and singular approach based on a practical experience from DSO's.Table of ContentsFOREWORD xiii PREFACE xvii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xix LIST OF FIGURES xxi LIST OF ACRONYMS xxv WELCOME TO “ADVANCED SMART GRIDS” xxxi CHAPTER 1. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OPERATORS IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT 1 1.1. Energy policies promoting the energy transition 1 1.2. A new era of technological revolution 9 CHAPTER 2. THE EXISTING DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS: DESIGN AND OPERATION 13 2.1. Above all, smart grids remain grids! 14 2.2. The DSO, a player at the heart of the power system 15 2.3. A necessary mastery of technical and regulatory constraints 18 2.4. Generalities of network design 22 2.4.1. Energy transformers 24 2.4.2. Wiring and architectures 25 2.4.3. Safeguard devices 28 2.4.4. Sensors, digital equipment and software 29 2.4.5. The importance of telecommunication for operating the distribution networks 31 2.5. The factors that differentiate network architecture 33 2.5.1. Voltage levels 34 2.5.2. The neutral point treatment in MV networks 36 2.5.3. The balance between automation, redundancy and reliability 39 2.5.4. The density and layout of the serviced area 40 2.5.5. The variation in building design 41 2.6. Network safety and planning 41 2.6.1. Development of distribution networks 43 2.6.2. Operating distribution networks 43 2.6.3. Studies in operational safety 44 2.6.4. Monte Carlo method 44 2.6.5. Some results from applying the Monte Carlo method 45 2.7. Progressive modernization of a distribution network – the French example 46 2.7.1. Standardization (1950–1965) and expansion of the network (1965–1985) 47 2.7.2. Achieving a minimal quality level for every customer 48 2.7.3. Targeted improvement of quality according to needs 50 2.7.4. Progressive desensitization of networks toward climate hazards 51 CHAPTER 3. MAIN DRIVERS AND FUNCTIONS OF ADVANCED SMART GRIDS 53 3.1. Drivers of the evolution of distribution grids 53 3.1.1. Massive integration of renewable energy sources 53 3.1.2. Contribution to the development of electric vehicle and the charging infrastructures 55 3.1.3. Implementation of new market mechanisms (peak shaving, capacity market, etc.) 57 3.1.4. Participation in the development of new uses contributing to energy efficiency 60 3.1.5. Urban renewal and the rise of the smart city in favor of resource optimization 61 3.1.6. Integration of energy storage solutions 62 3.2. Main functions of the advanced smart grid 68 3.2.1. Toward dynamic network management by the distribution system operators 68 3.2.2. Structuring the target model based on key functions 69 3.2.3. Enhancing efficiency in day-to-day grid operation 72 3.2.4. Ensuring network security, system control and quality of supply 75 3.2.5. Improving market functioning and customer service 77 3.2.6. European network codes 79 CHAPTER 4. METERING: A CORE ACTIVITY OF THE DSOS 81 4.1. Smart meters are key tools for the deployment of smart grids 81 4.2. A continuous improvement and innovation approach 82 4.2.1. From manual to remote reading for mass market customers 82 4.2.2. 20 years of smart metering and remote reading for industrial clients 83 4.3. AMI metering systems 84 4.4. Focus on Linky smart metering system 90 4.4.1. Scope of the project 90 4.4.2. Architecture and technical choices 92 4.4.3. A point on system operation 94 4.4.4. Scalability and security of the Linky system 99 4.4.5. Techno-economic analysis 100 4.5. Focus on G3-PLC technology 101 4.5.1. Communication principles of the power line carrier 101 4.5.2. Different types of physical level PLC modulation technique 101 4.5.3. The characteristics of G3-PLC technology 105 4.5.4. G3-PLC is a mature standard 109 4.6. The contribution of smart meters for the development of advanced smart grids 111 4.6.1. France: Linky at the service of the distribution network 111 CHAPTER 5. FOCUS ON FLEXIBILITY OPTIONS 119 5.1. Flexibility, a complementary tool for DSOs 119 5.1.1. Introduction 119 5.1.2. DSO needs in terms of flexibility 120 5.1.3. The value of flexibility 123 5.1.4. Alliander Smart Grids Cost Benefits Analysis (source: Alliander) 124 5.1.5. Two major categories of levers can be activated 126 5.1.6. Analysis of the Merit Order 127 5.1.7. Information exchange mechanism between DSO and TSO 128 5.1.8. Lessons learned from several international business cases 128 5.2. Participation of end users to flexibility services 130 5.2.1. Introduction 130 5.2.2. Focus on different tools and services downstream of the smart meter 132 5.2.3. The necessary engagement of end-customers 137 5.2.4. International benchmark and lessons learnt 138 5.3. Data management as key success factor 139 5.3.1. DSOs have a long experience in data management 139 5.3.2. DSO, the market facilitator 142 CHAPTER 6. PILOT PROJECTS AND USE CASES 145 6.1. A global dynamic with regional specificities 145 6.2. North America 147 6.2.1. Drivers of smart grids development 147 6.2.2. Primary experimental approaches 148 6.3. Asia 150 6.3.1. Drivers of smart grids development 150 6.3.2. A proactive experimental approach 151 6.4. Europe 154 6.4.1. Drivers of smart grids development 154 6.4.2. Primary experimental approaches 157 6.5. The European project Grid4EU, fosters and accelerates experience sharing 158 6.5.1. A large-scale demonstration project bringing together six European DSOs 158 6.5.2. DEMO 1 (Germany – RWE) MV network operation automation and determining the ratio of decentralized intelligence in secondary substations 160 6.5.3. DEMO 2 (Sweden – Vattenfal): a tool for LV operation and in particular identifying LV failures 161 6.5.4. DEMO 3 (Spain – Iberdrola) MV and LV failure detection, reconfiguration of the MV network during an incident 162 6.5.5. DEMO 4 (Italy – ENEL) economic model and technical operation of storage, MV voltage regulation, anti-islanding of decentralized generation 164 6.5.6. DEMO 5 (Czech Republic – CEZ) operating islanding with co-generation, MV and LV failure detection and reconfiguration of the MV network following an incident 165 6.5.7. DEMO6 (France – ERDF): project NiceGrid 167 6.6. An approach based on use cases 168 6.6.1. Definition 168 6.6.2. Advantages 169 6.6.3. The development of use cases 169 6.7. Focus on some advanced projects of the ISGAN case book about Demand Side Management 171 6.7.1. Denmark – EcoGrid EU 173 6.7.2. Japan – Kitakyushu Smart Community Creation Project 174 6.7.3. The Netherlands – PowerMatchingCity 175 6.7.4. Canada – a virtual power plant to balance wind energy 177 CHAPTER 7. SMART GRIDS ARE THE FUTURE FOR DSO 181 7.1. Advanced smart grids for DSOs worldwide 181 7.1.1. The evolution towards smart grids is ineluctable 181 7.1.2. The development of smart grids is a necessity for the DSOs 183 7.1.3. But also an opportunity 185 7.2. A necessary evolution of skills and jobs of the DSOs 186 7.2.1. Competences are necessary to conduct experimentations successfully and to get the most feedback from them 186 7.2.2. Once the experiments are finished, the resources and competences need to be reinforced in preparation for large-scale industrialization and deployment 187 7.3. The French electrical sector mobilizes: the “Smart Grids” plan 189 CHAPTER 8. KEY FINDINGS 193 8.1. Smart grids or the real network revolution 193 8.1.1. Smart grids 194 8.2. More RES means more network 195 8.3. The DSO is a facilitator 196 8.4. Consumer or “consum’player”? 197 8.5. Smart meter at the service of smart grids 199 8.6. A smart bubble? 199 8.7. Invest to save? 201 8.8. Smart grids: a genuine industrial opportunity 201 BIBLIOGRAPHY 203 INDEX 211

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Book SynopsisVolume 3 of the second edition of the fully revised and updated Digital Signal and Image Processing using MATLAB, after first two volumes on the "Fundamentals" and "Advances and Applications: The Deterministic Case", focuses on the stochastic case. It will be of particular benefit to readers who already possess a good knowledge of MATLAB, a command of the fundamental elements of digital signal processing and who are familiar with both the fundamentals of continuous-spectrum spectral analysis and who have a certain mathematical knowledge concerning Hilbert spaces. This volume is focused on applications, but it also provides a good presentation of the principles. A number of elements closer in nature to statistics than to signal processing itself are widely discussed. This choice comes from a current tendency of signal processing to use techniques from this field. More than 200 programs and functions are provided in the MATLAB language, with useful comments and guidance, to enable numerical experiments to be carried out, thus allowing readers to develop a deeper understanding of both the theoretical and practical aspects of this subject.Table of ContentsForeword ix Notations and Abbreviations xiii 1 Mathematical Concepts 1 1.1 Basic concepts on probability 1 1.2 Conditional expectation 9 1.3 Projection theorem 10 1.4 Gaussianity 13 1.5 Random variable transformation 18 1.6 Fundamental statistical theorems 21 1.7 Other important probability distributions 23 2 Statistical Inferences 25 2.1 Statistical model 25 2.2 Hypothesis tests 27 2.3 Statistical estimation 41 3 Monte-Carlo Simulation 85 3.1 Fundamental theorems 85 3.2 Stating the problem 86 3.3 Generating random variables 88 3.4 Variance reduction 99 4 Second Order Stationary Process 107 4.1 Statistics for empirical correlation 107 4.2 Linear prediction of WSS processes 111 4.3 Non-parametric spectral estimation of WSS processes 124 5 Inferences on HMM 139 5.1 Hidden Markov Models (HMM) 130 5.2 Inferences on HMM 142 5.3 Gaussian linear case: the Kalman filter 143 5.4 Discrete finite Markov case 152 6 Selected Topics 163 6.1 High resolution methods 163 6.2 Digital Communications 186 6.3 Linear equalization and the Viterbi algorithm 211 6.4 Compression 220 7 Hints and Solutions 235 H1 Mathematical concepts 235 H2 Statistical inferences 237 H3 Monte-Carlo simulation 269 H4 Second order stationary process 283 H5 Inferences on HMM 283 H6 Selected Topics 300 8 Appendices 317 A1 Miscellaneous functions 317 A2 Statistical functions 318 Bibliography 329 Index 333

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Book SynopsisEnterprises and organizations of any kind embedded in today's economic environment are deeply dependent on their ability to take part in collaborations. Consequently, it is strongly required for them to get actively involved for their own benefit in emerging, potentially opportunistic collaborative enterprise networks. The concept of “interoperability” has been defined by INTEROP-VLab as “The ability of an enterprise system or application to interact with others at a low cost in a flexible approach”. Consequently, interoperability of organizations appears as a major issue to succeed in building on the fly emerging enterprise networks. The International Conference on Interoperability for Enterprise Systems and Applications (I-ESA 2014) was held under the motto “interoperability for agility, resilience and plasticity of collaborations” on March 26-28, 2014 and organized by the Ecole des Mines d’Albi-Carmaux, France on behalf of the European Laboratory for Enterprise Interoperability (INTEROP-VLab). On March 24-25, co-located with the conference eight workshops and one doctoral symposium were held in four tracks complementing the program of the I-ESA’14 conference. The workshops and the doctoral symposium address areas of greatest current activity focusing on active discussions among the leading researchers in the area of Enterprise Interoperability. This part of the conference helps the community to operate effectively, building co-operative and supportive international links as well as providing new knowledge of on-going research to practitioners. The workshops and doctoral symposium aimed at exploiting new issues, challenges and solutions for Enterprise Interoperability (EI) and associated domains of innovation such as Smart Industry, Internet-Of-Things, Factories of the Future, EI Applications and Standardisation. These proceedings include the short papers from the I-ESA’14 workshops and the doctoral symposium. The book is split up into 9 sections, one for each workshop and one for the doctoral symposium. All sections were organized following four tracks: (1) EI and Future Internet / Factory of the Future; (2) EI Application Domains and IT; (3) EI Standards; (4) EI Doctoral Symposium. For each section, a workshop report is provided summarizing the content and the issues discussed during the sessions. The goal of the first track was to offer a discussion opportunity on interoperability issues regarding the use of Internet of Things on manufacturing environment (Workshops 1 and 3) on one hand, and regarding the potential of innovation derived from the use of digital methods, architectures and services such as Smart Networks (Workshops 2 and 4) on the other hand. The second track focused on particular application domains that are looking for innovative solutions to support their strong collaborative needs. Thus, the track developed one workshop on the use of EI solution for Future City-Logistics (Workshop 5) and one on the use of EI solutions for Crisis / Disaster Management (Workshop 6). The third track studied the recent developments in EI standardization. Two workshops were dedicated to this issue. The first one has proposed to focus on the management of standardization (Workshop 8) and the second one has chosen to work on the new knowledge on standardization developments in the manufacturing service domain (Workshop 9). The last track, the doctoral symposium presented research results from selected dissertations. The session discussed EI knowledge issues, notably in terms of gathering through social networks or Internet of Things and of exploitation through innovative decision support systems.Table of ContentsPreface xiM. LAURAS, M. ZELM, B. ARCHIMÈDE, F. BÉNABEN, G. DOUMEINGTS Workshop 1. IoT Interoperability for Manufacturing: Challenges and Experiences 1 ReportD. ROTONDI 2 Smart Industry Services in Times of Internet of Things and Cloud Computing 5M. SERRANO, P. DIMITROPOULOS Designing and Executing Interoperable IoT Manufacturing Systems 15U. KANNENGIESSER, G. WEICHHART Internet of Things Research on Semantic Interoperability to Address Manufacturing Challenges 21P. COUSIN, M. SERRANO, J. SOLDATOS Manufacturing Integration Challenges: Top-Down Interoperability and Bottom-Up Comprehensiveness Towards a Global Information Backbone for Smart Factory 31V.K. NGUYEN An Improved Decision Support System in Factory Shop-Floor through an IoT Approach 37P. PETRALI Leveraging IoT Interoperability for Enhanced Business Process in Smart, Digital and Virtual Factories 43J. SOLA, A. GONZALEZ, O. LAZARO Workshop 2. Future Internet Methods, Architectures and Services for Digital Business Innovation in Manufacturing, Health and Logistics Enterprises 49 Report 50S. GUSMEROLI, G. DOUMEINGTS Future Internet Technologies and Platforms to Support Smart, Digital and Virtual and Business Processes for Manufacturing 53J. SOLA, A. GONZALEZ, O. LAZARO Delivering Care in a Future Internet59 C. THUEMMLER, T. JELL FITMAN Verification and Validation Method: Business Performance Indicators and Technical Indicators 64G. DOUMEINGTS, B. CARSALADE, M. RAVELOMANANTSOA, F. LAMPATHAKI, P. KOKKINAKOS, D. PANOPOULOS Validation and Quality in FI-PPP e-Health Use Case, FI-STAR Project 71P. COUSIN, S. FRICKER, D. FEHLMY, F. LE GALL, M. FIEDLER Workshop 3. ICT Services and Interoperability for Manufacturing 81 Report82K. POPPLEWELL Intelligent Systems Configuration Services for Flexible Dynamic Global Production Networks 85R.I.M. YOUNG, K. POPPLEWELL, F.-W. JAEKEL, B. OTTO, G. BHULLAR Binding Together Heterogeneous Future Internet Services in Manufacturing Workplaces 91M. SESANA, S. GUSMEROLI, R. SANGUINI Holistic, Scalable and Semantic Approach at Interoperable Virtual Factories 95G. PAVLOV, V. MANAFOV, I. PAVLOVA, A. MANAFOV Predictive Industrial Maintenance: A Collaborative Approach 101F. FERREIRA, A. SHAMSUZZOHA, A. AZEVEDO, P. HELO On Optimizing Collaborative Manufacturing Processes in Virtual Factories 108D. SCHULLER, R. HANS, S. ZÖLLER, R. STEINMETZ Modelling Interoperability-Related, Economic and Efficiency Benefits in Dynamic Manufacturing Networks through Cognitive Mapping 115O.I. MARKAKI, S. KOUSSOURIS, P. KOKKINAKOS, D. PANOPOULOS, D. ASKOUNIS Cloud-Based Interoperability for Dynamic Manufacturing Networks 122D. STOCK, A. BILDSTEIN A smart Mediator to Integrate Dynamic Networked Enterprises 128C. DIOP, A. KAMOUN, E. MEZGHANI, M. ZOUARI, E. EXPOSITO Workshop 4. SmartNets – Collaborative Development and Production of Knowledge-Intensive Products and Services 135 Report 136A. LAU The Industrial Model of Smart Networks for SME Collaboration: Implementation and Success Stories 139A. LAU, M. TILEBEIN, T. FISCHER Towards a Conceptual Model of the Resource Base for Hyperlinking in Innovation Networks 146S.-V. REHM, S. GROSS Enhanced Incubators: Fostering Collaboration, Growth and Innovation 152T.J. MARLOWE, V. KIROVA, M. MOHTASHAMI Application of the SmartNets Methodology in Manufacturing Service Ecosystems 158M. HIRSCH, D. OPRESNIK, H. MATHEIS Application of a Domain-Specific Language to Support the User-Oriented Definition of Visualizations in the Context of Collaborative Product Development 164T. RESCHENHOFER, I. MONAHOV, F. MATTHES Workshop 5. Collaboration Issues for City-Logistics 171 Report – G. MACE-RAMETE, J. GONZALEZ-FELIU 172 Simulation-Based Analysis of Urban Freight Transport with Stochastic Features 175N. HERAZO-PADILLA, J.R. MONTOYA-TORRES, S. NIETO-ISAZA, L. RAMIREZ POLO, L. CASTRO, D. RAMÍREZ, C.L. QUINTERO-ARAÚJO Impacts of Urban Logistics on Traffic Flow Dynamics 181N. CHIABAUT, J.-M. SIGAUD, G. MARQUES, J. GONZALEZ-FELIU A Basic Collaborative City Logistics’ Solution: The Urban Consolidation Centre 188L. FAURE, B. MONTREUIL, G. MARQUÈS, P. BURLAT VRP Algorithms for Decision Support Systems to Evaluate Collaborative Urban Freight Transport Systems 196J. GONZALEZ-FELIU, J.-M. SALANOVA GRAU The Last Food Mile Concept as a City Logistics Solution for Perishable Products: The Case of Parma's Food Urban Distribution Center 202E. MORGANTI, J. GONZALEZ-FELIU Supporting Decision for Road Crisis Management through an Agile and Collaborative Information System 208G. MACÉ-RAMÈTE, F. BÉNABEN, M. LAURAS, J. LAMOTHE Workshop 6. Applications of Advanced Technologies in the Context of Disaster Relief and Crisis Management 213 Report – A. CHARLES214 Enhancing the Emergency Response Using an Event-Driven System 216A.-M. BARTHE-DELANOË, F. BÉNABEN, M. LAURAS, S. TRUPTIL Designing Decision Support Systems for Humanitarian Organisations: Requirements and Issues 222K. SAKSRISATHAPORN, A. CHARLES, A. BOURAS From Global to Local Disaster Resilience: The Case of Typhoon Haiyan 228T. COMES, B. VAN DE WALLE Workshop 8. Corporate Standardisation Management 235 Report – K. JAKOBS 236 Lack of Openness as a Potential Failure in Standardisation Management: Lessons Learnt from Setbacks in European Learning Technology Standardisation 238T. HOEL The Individual in Standard Setting: Selection, Training, Motivation in the Public Sector 244G. CANARSLAN A Framework for the Management of Intra-Organizational Security Process Standardization 250C. SILLABER, M. BRUNNER, R. BREU Standards Roles in Hacklin's Strategic Model: Cases in the Space Sector 256K. BENMEZIANE, A. MIONE Standardization Management and Decision-Making: The Case of a Large Swedish Automotive Manufacturer 261A. FOUKAKI Some Factors Influencing Corporate ICT Standardisation Management 267K. JAKOBS Workshop 9. Standardisation Developments for Enterprise Interoperability and the Manufacturing Service Domain 273 Report – M. ZELM, D. CHEN 274 Towards Standardisation in Manufacturing Service Engineering of Ecosystem 277M. ZELM, G. DOUMEINGTS Framework for Manufacturing Servitization: Potentials for standardization 283D. CHEN, S. GUSMEROLI How Can Existing Standards Support Service Life Cycle Management 290M. FREITAG, M. HIRSCH, J. NEUHÜTTLER An Approach to Interoperability Testing to Speed up the Adoption of Standards 295A. BRUTTI, P. DE SABBATA, N. GESSA A Common Vocabulary to Express Standardization Features: Towards the Interoperability of Industrial Data Standards 301A.-F. CUTTING-DECELLE, G.-I. MAGNAN, C. MOUTON, R.I.M. YOUNG An Info*Engine-Based Architecture to Support Interoperability with Windchill System 308M. ANIS DHUIEB, F. BELKADI, F. LAROCHE, A. BERNARD Doctoral Symposium 315 Report – B. ARCHIMÈDE, J. LAMOTHE 316 Build Enterprise Relationship Network to Support Collaborative Business 318L. WANG, S. LIU, L. WU, L. PAN, X. MENG Analysing Internet of Things to Feed Internet of Knowledge: Support Decision-Making in Crisis Context 325A. SIRKO, S. TRUPTIL, A.-M. BARTHE- DELANOË, F. BÉNABEN On the Interoperability in Marine Pollution Disaster Management 331V. NICOLESCU, M. CARAIVAN, G. SOLOMON, V. CIUPINA A Framework for Characterizing Collaborative Networks of Organizations 337A. MONTARNAL, X. FERNANDEZ, J. LAMOTHE, F. GALASSO, C. THIERRY, F. BÉNABEN, M. LAURAS Index of Authors 343

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Book SynopsisThe digital economy is now expanding rapidly, and is starting to overturn the past achievements of the Industrial Revolution. Initially engaging in the world of services, it is now turning to the manufacture of objects. Just as microcomputing evolved from large scale computing to more personal use, and as the Internet left behind the world of armies and universities to become universal, industrial production is gradually becoming directly controlled by individuals. This appropriation is being done either on a personal level, or, more significantly, within local or planetary communities: Fab Labs. These digital fabrication laboratories offer workshops to members of the public where all sorts of tools are available (including 3D printers, laser cutters and sanders) for the design and creation of personalized objects. The bringing together of various users (amateurs, designers, artists, “dabblers”, etc.) and possibilities for collaboration lies at the heart of these open-access productive spaces. This book covers a range of advances in this new personal fabrication and various issues that it has raised, especially in terms of the alternatives to salaried work, intellectual property, ecological openings and the hitherto unseen structuring of societies.Table of ContentsPreface vii Introduction xi Chapter 1. Fab Labs: Observations on a Topical Phenomenon 1 1.1. Origins and an attempt at a definition 1 1.1.1. The origins: a concept from MIT 1 1.1.2. Definition of a Fab Lab 4 1.2. Current state of distribution 12 1.2.1. Deployment in industrialized countries 13 1.2.2. Deployment in developing countries 18 1.3. Constitution and operation of a Fab Lab 19 1.3.1. Varied user profiles 20 1.3.2. The main equipment in a Fab Lab 23 1.3.3. From the creative idea to prototyping: a collaborative process 26 1.4. Factors of success and sustainability of a Fab Lab 30 1.4.1. Members’ motivation 32 1.4.2. The relationship to innovation 33 1.4.3. Constitution of self-learning communities 41 1.5. A moving community: the makers 49 Chapter 2. The Emergence of the New Production System of Personal Fabrication 51 2.1. A new time for digital revolution 52 2.1.1. From the 19th Century revolution of the invention 54 2.1.2. to the 21st Century inventor-entrepreneur 56 2.1.3. The revolution in personal production 58 2.2. The rise of a new economic model 64 2.2.1. Links with the previous model, the centralized industrial economy 66 2.2.2. Breaking with the old model of centralized industrial economy 72 2.3. Innovation by the user 79 2.3.1. The distinctive identity of the user 80 2.3.2. The principled substrate of the new innovation model 85 2.4. The challenged economic system 92 2.4.1. Are owners still needed? 92 2.4.2. How can polluting emissions be reduced effectively? 93 2.4.3. Employment is dead, long live work! 95 2.4.4. From the vertical public to horizontal community 97 2.5. Conclusion: everything needs to be reinvented 101 2.5.1. The issue of ownership 101 2.5.2. The issue of subordination 103 2.5.3. The issue of measurement 103 Conclusion 107 Bibliography 109 Index 121

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Book SynopsisThe innovation capacity-building can contribute to improve the integration of developing countries in the world economy. The economic development has been a much discussed subject of the period after the Second World War until the 1990s. After the implementation of a global regulation system for trade and capital flows in the 1990s, the development economics has almost disappeared in favor of different theories on globalization, on finance and on international trade. The purpose of this book is to show that the innovation capacity building in developing countries is necessary to improve their weight in the world economy and to facilitate their economic ties with northern countries. However, there are important difficulties due to the lack of proactive economic policies. Our aim is to contribute to the revival of the development economics. The issue of improving the well-being of the world population as a whole is highly topical. However, studies neglect the need to give economic, financial, technological and political resources to developing countries to promote their own development. One of the most important means is to strengthen their innovation capabilities that allow them to better integrate into the world economy.Table of ContentsPreface vii Introduction ix Chapter 1. Theories and Policies of Economic Development 1 1.1. The era of economic interventionism 3 1.1.1. Impasses of economic take-off theories 4 1.1.2. The crisis of the interventionist State 9 1.2. The era of liberalism 11 1.2.1. Structural adjustment programs 12 1.2.2. Failure of the “minimum State” 17 1.3. The era of “good governance” 21 1.3.1. Institutions, “good governance” and development 22 1.3.2. “Development” in global governance 26 1.4. The system of “global governance” under scrutiny 30 1.4.1. Global governance as a substitute for economic voluntarism 31 1.4.2. Toward an alternative model of economic growth? 38 Chapter 2. Innovative Capacities and Systems of the South in Globalization 47 2.1. Innovation for economic development 48 2.1.1. Understanding globalization through technology transfer 50 2.1.2. Innovation for development 55 2.2. Innovation systems and integration into the world economy 60 2.2.1. Innovation capacity and learning process 61 2.2.2. About national innovation systems 64 2.2.3. Measuring the performance of innovation systems in developing countries 70 2.2.4. Location strategies of multinational firms and the role of NIS 76 2.3. The difficulties of implementing innovation policies in developing countries 80 2.3.1. Asymmetries and endemic blockages 81 2.3.2. The North/South and South/South technology gap 86 2.3.3. The structural problems of innovation policies 97 Conclusion 105 Bibliography 111 Index 125

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Book SynopsisThe world has become digital and technological advances have multiplied circuits with access to data, their processing and their diffusion. New technologies have now reached a certain maturity. Data are available to everyone, anywhere on the planet. The number of Internet users in 2014 was 2.9 billion or 41% of the world population. The need for knowledge is becoming apparent in order to understand this multitude of data. We must educate, inform and train the masses. The development of related technologies, such as the advent of the Internet, social networks, "cloud-computing" (digital factories), has increased the available volumes of data. Currently, each individual creates, consumes, uses digital information: more than 3.4 million e-mails are sent worldwide every second, or 107,000 billion annually with 14,600 e-mails per year per person, but more than 70% are spam. Billions of pieces of content are shared on social networks such as Facebook, more than 2.46 million every minute. We spend more than 4.8 hours a day on the Internet using a computer, and 2.1 hours using a mobile. Data, this new ethereal manna from heaven, is produced in real time. It comes in a continuous stream from a multitude of sources which are generally heterogeneous. This accumulation of data of all types (audio, video, files, photos, etc.) generates new activities, the aim of which is to analyze this enormous mass of information. It is then necessary to adapt and try new approaches, new methods, new knowledge and new ways of working, resulting in new properties and new challenges since SEO logic must be created and implemented. At company level, this mass of data is difficult to manage. Its interpretation is primarily a challenge. This impacts those who are there to "manipulate" the mass and requires a specific infrastructure for creation, storage, processing, analysis and recovery. The biggest challenge lies in "the valuing of data" available in quantity, diversity and access speed.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements vii Foreword ix Key Concepts xi Introduction xix Chapter 1 The Big Data Revolution 1 1.1 Understanding the Big Data universe 2 1.2 What changes have occurred in data analysis? 8 1.3 From Big Data to Smart Data: making data warehouses intelligent 12 1.4 High-quality information extraction and the emergence of a new profession: data scientists 16 1.5 Conclusion 21 Chapter 2 Open Data: A New Challenge 23 2.1 Why Open Data? 23 2.2 A universe of open and reusable data 28 2.3 Open Data and the Big Data universe 33 2.4 Data development and reuse 38 2.5 Conclusion 41 Chapter 3 Data Development Mechanisms 43 3.1 How do we develop data? 44 3.2 Data governance: a key factor for data valorization 54 3.3 CI: protection and valuation of digital assets 60 3.4 Techniques of data analysis: data mining/text mining 65 3.5 Conclusion 72 Chapter 4 Creating Value from Data Processing 73 4.1 Transforming the mass of data into innovation opportunities 74 4.2 Creation of value and analysis of open databases 82 4.3 Value creation of business assets in web data 87 4.4 Transformation of data into information or “DataViz” 94 4.5 Conclusion 100 Conclusion 101 Bibliography 109 Index 121

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Book SynopsisSmart cities are a new vision for urban development. They integrate information and communication technology infrastructures – in the domains of artificial intelligence, distributed and cloud computing, and sensor networks – into a city, to facilitate quality of life for its citizens and sustainable growth. This book explores various concepts for the development of these new technologies (including agent-oriented programming, broadband infrastructures, wireless sensor networks, Internet-based networked applications, open data and open platforms), and how they can provide smart services and enablers in a range of public domains. The most significant research, both established and emerging, is brought together to enable academics and practitioners to investigate the possibilities of smart cities, and to generate the knowledge and solutions required to develop and maintain them.Table of ContentsPreface xiAmal EL FALLAH SEGHROUCHNI, Fuyuki ISHIKAWA and Kenji TEI Introduction xviiAmal EL FALLAH SEGHROUCHNI, Fuyuki ISHIKAWA and Kenji TEI Chapter 1. Shared Wireless Sensor Networks as Enablers for a Context Management System in Smart Cities 1Kenji TEI 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Background 3 1.3. XAC middleware 5 1.3.1. Architecture of XAC middleware 6 1.4. Task-description language 7 1.4.1. Existing solutions 8 1.4.2. XAC middleware solutions 10 1.5. Runtime task management 12 1.5.1. Existing solutions 12 1.5.2. XAC middleware solutions 14 1.6. Self-adaptation 16 1.6.1. Existing solutions 17 1.6.2. XAC middleware solutions 17 1.7. Discussion 18 1.8. Conclusion 19 1.9 Bibliography 19 Chapter 2. Sensorizer: An Architecture for Regenerating Cyber-physical Data Streams from the Web 23Jin NAKAZAWA 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. Sensorizer architecture 25 2.2.1. Sensing process of EWC 25 2.2.2. Sensorizer architecture 25 2.3. Implementation 27 2.3.1. Sensorizer browser extension 27 2.3.2. Probe 28 2.3.3. Sensorizer/SoX API 29 2.4. Case of sensorized smart cities 29 2.5. Conclusion 32 2.6. Bibliography 32 Chapter 3. Smart Agent Foundations: From Planning to Spatio-temporal Guidance 33Ahmed-Chawki CHAOUCHE, Amal EL FALLAH SEGHROUCHNI, Jean-Michel ILIÉ and Djamel Eddine SAÏDOUNI 3.1. Introduction 33 3.2. Smart-campus: use case and scenario 35 3.2.1. Smart-campus architecture 36 3.2.2. Scenario 37 3.3. Description of the software architecture for a smart ambient agent 37 3.4. Higher order agent model 38 3.4.1. Application to the scenario 39 3.5. Description of the concurrent planner based on AgLOTOS language 40 3.5.1. Agent plan structure 40 3.5.2. Syntax of AgLOTOS plans 42 3.5.3. Building of the agent plan from the intentions 44 3.5.4. Planning state of the agent 45 3.6. Contextual planning guidance 45 3.6.1. Semantics of AgLOTOS plans 46 3.6.2. Contextual planning system 48 3.6.3. Application to the scenario 50 3.7. Spatio-temporal guidance from past experiences 52 3.7.1. Contextual planning architecture 52 3.7.2. Learning actions from past experiences 53 3.7.3. Spatio-temporal guidance 58 3.8. Conclusion 61 3.9. Bibliography 62 Chapter 4. A Multi-Agent Middleware for Deployment of Ambient Applications 65Ferdinand PIETTE, Amal EL FALLAH SEGHROUCHNI, Patrick TAILLIBERT, Costin CAVAL and CÉDRIC DINONT 4.1. Introduction 65 4.2. Challenges for ambient intelligence and Internet of Things 67 4.2.1. Toward the heterogeneity of hardware and protocols 67 4.2.2. Data transport and processing 69 4.2.3. Management of data privacy 71 4.3. Deployment of applications for ambient systems 73 4.3.1. Reasoning about heterogeneity 73 4.3.2. Graph modeling 74 4.3.3. Mathematical formalization of the deployment process 76 4.3.4. Modified graph-matching algorithm 81 4.3.5. Conclusion 85 4.4. Multi-agent middleware for ambient systems 86 4.4.1. Scenario 87 4.4.2. Multi-agent modeling 88 4.4.3. Distributed reasoning 92 4.4.4. Design and implementation 96 4.5. Conclusion 102 4.6. Bibliography 103 Chapter 5. ClouT: Cloud of Things for Empowering Citizen’s Clout in Smart Cities 107Kenji TEI, Levent GÜREEN and TAKURO YONEZAWA 5.1. Objective of the ClouT project 107 5.2. Goal of the ClouT project 109 5.3. ClouT concept 110 5.3.1. CIaaS concept 112 5.3.2. CPaaS concept 115 5.3.3. CSaaS concept 117 5.4. ClouT reference architecture 118 5.4.1. CIaaS components 118 5.4.2. CPaaS components 120 5.4.3. Security and Dependability components 121 5.5. Mapping the architecture 122 5.6. Conclusion 125 5.7. Bibliography 126 Chapter 6. sensiNact IoT Platform as a Service 127Levent GÜRGEN, Christophe MUNILLA, Rémi DRUILHE, Etienne GANDRILLE and Jander BOTELHO DO NASCIMENTO 6.1. Introduction 128 6.2. State of the art 130 6.2.1. IoT solutions architectures 130 6.2.2. Existing IoT platforms 131 6.3. Architecture and data model 133 6.4. Platform security management 138 6.5. The sensiNact studio 140 6.5.1. Graphical user interface 141 6.5.2. Creating applications 143 6.5.3. Application deployment 144 6.6. Conclusion 146 6.7. Bibliography 146 Chapter 7. Verification and Configuration of Smart Space Applications 149Fuyuki ISHIKAWA and Shinichi HONIDEN 7.1. Introduction 149 7.2. Conflicts in smart space applications 150 7.2.1. Event-driven control of smart spaces 150 7.2.2. Description of event-driven behavior 151 7.2.3. Conflicts in event-driven control 151 7.2.4. Application of model checking techniques 153 7.3. Framework for verifying and configuring smart space applications 154 7.3.1. Overview 154 7.3.2. Semantic model 155 7.3.3. Definition of state transition model 158 7.3.4. Properties to verify 159 7.3.5. Implementation 160 7.3.6. Model checker implementation 161 7.4. Case study 161 7.4.1. Scenario and initial specification 161 7.4.2. Analyzing sound conflicts 162 7.4.3. Further scenarios 164 7.5. Related work 164 7.6. Concluding remarks 165 7.7. Acknowledgments 166 7.8. Bibliography 166 Chapter 8. SmartSantander: A Massive Self-Managed, Scalable and Interconnected IoT Deployment 169José Antonio GALACHE, Juan Ramón SANTANA and Luis MUÑOZ 8.1. Introduction 169 8.2. SmartSantander: novel architecture for service provision and experimentation 170 8.3. SmartSantander deployment: use cases 173 8.4. SmartSantander interacting with ClouT 175 8.4.1. IoT device naming 176 8.4.2. IoT device description 177 8.4.3. IoT resource manager 181 8.4.4. Virtualization module 182 8.5. Conclusions 184 8.6. Bibliography 185 Chapter 9. Using Context-aware Multi-agent Systems for Robust Smart City Infrastructure 187Andrei OLARU, Adina Magda FLOREA and Amal EL FALLAH SEGHROUCHNI 9.1. Introduction 187 9.1.1. Smart cities and ambient intelligence 188 9.2. Requirements 189 9.2.1. Information at the right time 191 9.2.2. Robustness, reliability, dependability and trust 192 9.2.3. Privacy and personal information 192 9.3. Solutions for managing context information 193 9.3.1. Related work and projects 193 9.3.2. A local solution for a global result 195 9.4. MAS-based application-independent middleware 196 9.4.1. Architecture 198 9.4.2. Generality of the design 203 9.4.3. Resilience in case of failures 203 9.5. Conclusion 204 9.6. Bibliography 204 Chapter 10. City of Santander 207Sonia SOTERO MUÑIZ and José Antonio TEIXEIRA VITIENES 10.1. Introduction 207 10.2. ClouT project 210 10.2.1. Participatory sensing for city management 211 10.2.2. Traffic mobility management 215 10.2.3. Conclusions 219 10.3. Bibliography 220 Chapter 11. Fujisawa, Towards a Sustainable Smart City 221Takuro YONEZAWA 11.1. Introduction 221 11.1.1. Sensorized garbage trucks 222 11.1.2. Enoshima Info Surfboard 223 11.1.3. Smile Coupon 224 11.2. Architecture and application domains 225 11.2.1. Architecture with ClouT components 225 11.2.2. Components for implementation 226 11.2.3. Interaction among components 227 11.2.4. Development scenario 228 11.2.5. Design and implementation 229 11.3. Results 236 11.4. Conclusion 237 11.5. Bibliography 237 List of Authors 239 Index 241

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Book SynopsisStereoscopic processes are increasingly used in virtual reality and entertainment. This technology is interesting because it allows for a quick immersion of the user, especially in terms of depth perception and relief clues. However, these processes tend to cause stress on the visual system if used over a prolonged period of time, leading some to question the cause of side effects that these systems generate in their users, such as eye fatigue. This book explores the mechanisms of depth perception with and without stereoscopy and discusses the indices which are involved in the depth perception. The author describes the techniques used to capture and retransmit stereoscopic images. The causes of eyestrain related to these images are then presented along with their consequences in the long and short term. The study of the causes of eyestrain forms the basis for an improvement in these processes in the hopes of developing mechanisms for easier virtual viewing.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Introduction xi Chapter 1. Principles of Depth and Shape Perception 1 1.1. Function of the eye 1 1.2. Depth perception without stereoscopy 2 1.2.1. Monocular cues 2 1.2.2. Proprioceptive cues 7 1.3. Depth perception through stereoscopic vision 9 1.4. Perception of inclinations and curves 10 1.4.1. Perception of inclination and obliqueness 10 1.4.2. Perception of curves 14 1.5. Artificial stereoscopic vision 22 Chapter 2. Technological Elements 25 2.1. Taking a picture 25 2.2. Reproduction 26 2.2.1. Colorimetric differentiation 27 2.2.2. Differentiation by polarization 28 2.2.3. Active glasses 30 2.2.4. Auto-stereoscopic screens 31 2.2.5. Virtual reality headsets 33 2.3. Motion parallax restitution 34 2.3.1. Pseudoscopic movement 34 2.3.2. Correcting pseudoscopic movements 35 2.3.3. Monoscopic motion parallax 40 Chapter 3. Causes of Visual Fatigue in Stereoscopic Vision 41 3.1. Conflict between accommodation and convergence 41 3.2. Too much depth 44 3.3. High spatial frequencies 46 3.3.1. Limits of fusion 49 3.3.2. Comfort and high frequencies. 50 3.4. High temporal frequency 52 3.5. Conflicts with monoscopic cues 52 3.6. Vertical disparities 53 3.7. Improper device settings 55 3.7.1. Quality of image and display 55 3.7.2. Differences between left and right images 56 3.7.3. Speed of correction of pseudoscopic movements 57 Chapter 4. Short- and Long-term Consequences 59 4.1. Short-term effects 59 4.1.1. Decreasing ease of accommodation 59 4.1.2. Decrease in stereoscopic acuity 59 4.1.3. Effects on the punctum proximum 61 4.1.4. More subjective effects 61 4.2. Long-term consequences 62 4.2.1. Long-term effects on children 62 Chapter 5. Measuring Visual Fatigue 63 5.1. Visual acuity 63 5.1.1. Different possible measurements 64 5.1.2. Optotypes 64 5.2. Proximum accommodation function 65 5.3. Ease of accommodation 66 5.4. Stereoscopic acuity 67 5.4.1. Tests of distance vision 67 5.4.2. Tests of near vision 68 5.5. Disassociated heterophorias 71 5.6. Fusional reserves 72 5.7. Subjective tests 74 Chapter 6. Reducing Spatial Frequencies 75 6.1. Principle 75 6.2. Technical solution 75 6.2.1. Wavelets 76 6.2.2. BOX FILTER 92 6.2.3. Using a rolling average and other “blurs” 98 6.2.4. Comparison of algorithms 103 6.2.5. Chosen solution 114 6.3. Experiment 116 6.3.1. The task 116 6.4. Measurements of fatigue taken 118 6.4.1. Objective measurements 118 6.4.2. Procedure 119 6.4.3. The subjects 120 6.5. Result 120 6.5.1. Proximum accommodation function 120 6.5.2. Ease of accommodation 121 6.5.3. Stereoscopic acuity 122 6.5.4. Effectiveness in execution of the task 122 6.5.5. Subjective measurements 123 6.5.6. Conclusions 124 6.5.7. Discussion 124 Chapter 7. Reducing the Distance Between the Virtual Cameras 131 7.1. Principle 131 7.1.1. Usefulness of stereoscopy in depth perception 132 7.1.2. The objects 133 7.1.3. Hypothesis 142 7.2. Experiment 142 7.2.1. Tasks 142 7.2.2. Experimental conditions 143 7.2.3. Subjects 144 7.2.4. Measurements 144 7.3. Results 145 7.3.1. Results for fatigue 145 7.3.2. Perception results 147 7.4. Discussion 152 7.4.1. Influence on visual fatigue 152 7.4.2. Influence on visual perception 153 Conclusion 155 Bibliography 157 Index 167

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Book SynopsisNew technologies will have an increasing effect on prospects for development and growth in the world economy. Technology and Innovation in the International Economy contains extensive and detailed assessments of two key areas of technological innovation which present both a threat and an opportunity for developing countries: microelectronics and biotechnology.The two major review essays - Jeffrey James on microelectronic technology and Martin Fransman on biotechnology - assess the impact of these new technologies on production, trade, employment and welfare in developing countries. The introduction by Charles Cooper deals with recent advances in the economics of innovation and diffusion of new technologies, and attempts to build a bridge between the study of technology in the industrial sectors of developed countries and the type of technology policy needed in the developing countries.Policymakers, researchers and students will welcome the clarity and breadth of this important volume which contains much original analysis and detailed information on a major issue confronting developing and developed nations alike.Trade Review’This book provides a valuable discussion of the existing literature on technology and innovation, both theoretical and empirical, drawing lines for its relevance to the Third World and about future research agenda in these areas.’Table of ContentsForeward - Charles Cooper. 1. Relevance of innovation studies to developing countries - Charles Cooper. 1. I Introduction. 1.2 Innovation and technological change. 1.3 Implications for developing countries. 1.4 Concluding remarks. Acknowledgements. Notes. References. 2. Biotechnology: Generation, diffusion, and policy - Martin Fransman. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 The generation of biotechnology: invention and innovation. 2.3 Economic effects of biotechnology 2.4 Implications for the third world. 2.5 Recent additions to the literature. 2.6 Towards a general research agenda. Acknowledgements. Notes. References. Annotated bibliography. For further reading. 3. Microelectronics and the Third World - Jeffrey James. 3. 1 Introduction. 3.2 Patterns of adoption and diffusion in the Third World 3.3 Impacts of microelectronics. 3.4 Policy implications and future research directions. Acknowledgements. Notes. References. For further reading.

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Book SynopsisInterface Engineering in Organic Field-Effect Transistors Systematic summary of advances in developing effective methodologies of interface engineering in organic field-effect transistors, from models to experimental techniques Interface Engineering in Organic Field-Effect Transistors covers the state of the art in organic field-effect transistors and reviews charge transport at the interfaces, device design concepts, and device fabrication processes, and gives an outlook on the development of future optoelectronic devices. This book starts with an overview of the commonly adopted methods to obtain various semiconductor/semiconductor interfaces and charge transport mechanisms at these heterogeneous interfaces. Then, it covers the modification at the semiconductor/electrode interfaces, through which to tune the work function of electrodes as well as reveal charge injection mechanisms at the interfaces. Charge transport physics at the semiconductor/dielectric interface is discussed in detail. The book describes the remarkable effect of SAM modification on the semiconductor film morphology and thus the electrical performance. In particular, valuable analyses of charge trapping/detrapping engineering at the interface to realize new functions are summarized. Finally, the sensing mechanisms that occur at the semiconductor/environment interfaces of OFETs and the unique detection methods capable of interfacing organic electronics with biology are discussed. Specific sample topics covered in Interface Engineering in Organic Field-Effect Transistors include: Noncovalent modification methods, charge insertion layer at the electrode surface, dielectric surface passivation methods, and covalent modification methods Charge transport mechanism in bulk semiconductors, influence of additives on materials’ nucleation and morphology, solvent additives, and nucleation agents Nanoconfinement effect, enhancing the performance through semiconductor heterojunctions, planar bilayer heterostructure, ambipolar charge-transfer complex, and supramolecular arrangement of heterojunctions Dielectric effect in OFETs, dielectric modification to tune semiconductor morphology, surface energy control, microstructure design, solution shearing, eliminating interfacial traps, and SAM/SiO2 dielectrics A timely resource providing the latest developments in the field and emphasizing new insights for building reliable organic electronic devices, Interface Engineering in Organic Field-Effect Transistors is essential for researchers, scientists, and other interface-related professionals in the fields of organic electronics, nanoelectronics, surface science, solar cells, and sensors.Table of ContentsPreface ix Author Biographies xi List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Different Interfaces in OFETs 1 1.2 Brief Historic Overview of Interface Engineering in OFETs 3 1.3 Scope of the Book 3 2 Interfacial Modification Methods 7 2.1 Noncovalent Modification Methods 7 2.1.1 Charge Insertion Layer at the Electrode Surface 7 2.1.2 Dielectric Surface Passivation Methods 9 2.2 Covalent Modification Methods 12 2.2.1 SAM Modification of Electrodes 12 2.2.2 SAM Modification of Dielectrics 12 2.2.2.1 SAM/SiO2 Dielectrics 14 2.2.2.2 SAM/High-k Dielectrics 14 2.2.2.3 Self-Assembled Monolayer Field-Effect Transistors (SAMFETs) 28 2.3 Efforts in Developing New Methods 31 3 Semiconductor/Semiconductor Interface 33 3.1 Influence of Additives on a Material’s Nucleation and Morphology 37 3.1.1 Solvent Additives 37 3.1.2 Nucleating Agents 41 3.1.3 Template-Mediated Crystallization 43 3.1.4 Blending with Insulating Polymers 45 3.1.5 Blending with Polymer Elastomer: Nanoconfinement Effect 50 3.2 Enhancing the Performance Through Semiconductor Heterojunctions 55 3.2.1 Planar Bilayer Heterostructures 57 3.2.2 Molecular-Level Heterojunction 61 3.2.3 Supramolecular Arrangement of the Heterojunctions 64 3.3 Integrating Molecular Functionalities into Electrical Circuits 69 3.3.1 Charge-Trapping-Induced Memory Effect 69 3.3.2 Photochromism-Induced Switching Effect 72 4 Semiconductor/Electrode Interface 77 4.1 Work Function Tuning for Better Contact 79 4.1.1 SAM Modification 80 4.1.2 Charge Insertion Layer Modification 84 4.1.3 Polymer-Based Electrodes 89 4.1.4 Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Electrodes 92 4.1.5 Covalent Bond Formation at the Molecular Level 97 4.2 Installing Switching Effects at Semiconductor/Electrode Interface 100 5 Semiconductor/Dielectric Interface 103 5.1 Dielectric Modification to Tune Semiconductor Morphology 105 5.1.1 Dielectric Surface Energy Control 106 5.1.1.1 Modify with SAM 106 5.1.1.2 Surface Modification with Polymers 112 5.1.2 Dielectric Microstructure Design 113 5.1.2.1 Roughness Effect 114 5.1.2.2 Nano-fabrication Created Microstructure 116 5.1.2.3 Self-assembled Morphology of Dielectric 118 5.2 Eliminating Interfacial Traps 120 5.2.1 Dielectric Surface Passivation (Treatment) Methods 121 5.2.1.1 Polymer Encapsulation of Dielectrics 122 5.2.1.2 Gap Dielectrics 124 5.2.2 SAM/SiO2 Dielectrics 126 5.2.2.1 Provide Efficient Insulating Barrier Height 127 5.2.2.2 Control Surface Polarity and Carrier Density 128 5.2.3 SAM/High-k Dielectrics 131 5.2.3.1 Fundamentals of SAM-Modified High-k Dielectrics 132 5.2.3.2 SAM/High-k Hybrid Dielectrics for Flexible Substrate 134 5.2.4 Self-assembled Monolayer Field-Effect Transistors (SAMFETs) 137 5.2.4.1 Molecule Design for SAMFETs 137 5.2.4.2 Morphology Control of SAMFET 139 5.3 Integrating New Functionalities 141 5.3.1 Photoresponsive Dielectrics 142 5.3.2 Other External Stimuli-Responsive Dielectrics 144 5.3.2.1 Pressure Sensor 145 5.3.2.2 Thermal Sensor 147 5.3.2.3 Magnetic Sensor 147 5.3.2.4 Multifunctional Sensor 148 5.3.3 Integrating Memory Effect at the Dielectrics 148 6 Semiconductor/Environment Interface 155 6.1 Device Optimization to Improve Sensing Performance 156 6.1.1 Monolayer Functionalization 156 6.1.2 Bilayer Heterojunction Approach 158 6.1.3 Remote Floating Gate 159 6.2 OECT-Based and EGOFET-Based Sensors 160 7 Interfacing Organic Electronics with Biology 165 7.1 Integration of OFETs/OECTs with Nonelectrogenic Cells 166 7.2 Integration of Flexible Bioelectronics with Electrogenic Cells 170 7.3 Light/Cell/Device Interfaces 174 8 Concluding Remarks and Outlook 179 8.1 New Challenges in Molecular Design 179 8.2 High-Quality OSC Films: Self-Assembly Control 180 8.3 High-Performance Scalable Flexible Optoelectronics 180 8.4 Exploration of Novel Structures: Organic/2D Heterostructures and Vertical Structures 181 8.5 Instability: Stability in Aqueous Media and Thermal Stability in Hygienic Applications 181 8.6 Multifunctional Sensor Systems 183 References 185 Index 251

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Book SynopsisPositron Emission Tomography (PET) is a key technique in the medical imaging area, which allows to diagnose the organism functions and to track the tumor changes. In PET measurement the patient is injected with radiotracer, containing a large number of metastable atoms of radionuclide, that emmits positrons. As the result of positron annihilation, the two photons travelling off with nearly opposite directions are produced and registered by detection system positioned so that it surrounds the patient body. State-of-the-art PET scanners use scintillation crystals which are characterized by high detection efficiency of annihilation photons. In this context, it is worth to mention that the Jagiellonian PET (J-PET) Collaboration developed a novel whole-body PET scanner based on plastic scintillators. They are much cheaper than crystal scintillators, which gives the opportunity to reduce the high cost of PET scanners and make them more affordable. However, plastic scintillators have much lower detection efficiency of gamma quanta compared to inorganic scintillation crystals. This can be compensated by increasing the scanner field of view and improving the time resolution in the measurement of the time of flight of gamma quanta. The J-PET scanner consists of plastic scintillator strips read out at both ends by a pair of photomultipliers and arranged axially around a cylindrical tomograph tunnel. The axial coordinate of the annihilation photon interaction point in the scintillator strip is derived from the difference of the light propagation time measured with the pair of photomultipliers. The operational principles of the J-PET scanner are similar to conventional tomographs, except that the highly accurate time information is of paramount importance. Therefore, the J-PET scanner demands a preparation of novel methods on each step of the data processing. The goal of the work presented in this dissertation is a development of the signal and image processing algorithms taking into account uniqueness of the J-PET detector. The proposed methods include: signal recovery based on samples of a waveform registered on photomultiplier output, reconstruction of position and time of interaction of annihilation photon in the scintillator strip, classification of PET events types and image reconstruction that operates exclusively in the image space. Due to the dissimilarity from the conventional PET scanners, majority of the methods presented in this dissertation are innovative solutions in digital signal and image processing in tomography.

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Book SynopsisPhotovoltaic technology - or the direct conversion of light into electricity - is the fastest growing means of electricity generation today, however it is generally used outdoors. Relatively little attention has been focused on the many obstacles to overcome when designing efficient indoor products.Table of ContentsAbout the author. Preface. Acknowledgements. Introduction. 1. State of the Art. Introduction. Low Power Energy Sources. Intellectual Property Rights. IPV Taxonomies. IPV gaps in knowledge. Conclusion. 2. Engineering design. Introduction. Defining design. Trends in engineering design. Life Cycle Methods. Conclusion. 3. Radiant Energy Indoors. Introduction. Physics of buildings. Photometric characterisation. Radiometric characterisations. Computer simulation. Discussion. Conclusion. Future work. Further reading. 4. Fundamentals of Solar Cells. Introduction. A brief history of solar collectors and PV. Photonic semiconductors. Photovoltaic Technology. Suboptimal solar cell efficiency. IPV Material Technologies. Efficiency improvements. Conclusion. Further reading. 5. Solar Cells for Indoor Use. Introduction. Technology performance at indoor light levels. Indoor light level model presentation. Discussion. Designing PV modules for indoor use. Conclusion. Further work. 6. Indoor Ambient Energy Charge Storage. Introduction. Trends in charge storage. Charge storage technology. Charge storage parameters. To determine storage capacity. Electrochemical Storage Technologies. Conclusion. Future Work. Further reading. 7. Ambient Energy Power Source Design. Introduction. Clarification. Conceptual Design. Embodiment. Detailed Design. Case studies. Conclusion. Further reading. Conclusion. Abbreviations and Symbols. Glossary. References. Index.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisThe basic concepts and methodologies of DSP are introduced, leading students through the fundamental mathematical principles underlying signal processing. Blending theory with practical implementation, outlining the limitations of digital signal processing, and with a focus on MATLAB, students and practitioners are shown how to better connect theory and practice.Trade Review'The primary advantage of this book is the integrated inclusion of MATLAB throughout … in some textbooks the MATLAB components appear to have been added as an afterthought.' Richard M. Dansereau, Carleton University, Ontario'… a good balance between the depth and clarity of discussion of important topics in DSP and the requirement of mathematical adequacy for the students. This textbook matches with the background of my students.' Yuanwei Jin, University of Hartford, Connecticut'The innovative figures help students visualise complicated concepts.' Thad B. Welch, Boise State University'A main strength of this book is its inclusion of MATLAB throughout. There are other books that do this, but I think that MATLAB is more integrated in this book than in the competing books. It provides an appropriate amount of information when it is needed, without overwhelming the reader with excessive detail.' Matthew Valenti, West Virginia UniversityTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Discrete-time signals and systems; 3. The z-transform; 4. Fourier representation of signals; 5. Transform analysis of LTI systems; 6. Sampling of continuous-time signals; 7. The discrete Fourier transform; 8. Computation of the discrete Fourier transform; 9. Structures for discrete-time systems; 10. Design of FIR filters; 11. Design of IIR filters; 12. Multirate signal processing; 13. Random signals; 14. Random signal processing; 15. Finite wordlength effects.

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Book SynopsisSignal processing is everywhere in modern technology. Its mathematical basis and many areas of application are the subject of this book, based on a series of graduate-level lectures held at the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute. Emphasis is on challenges in the subject, particular techniques adapted to particular technologies, and certain advances in algorithms and theory. The book covers two main areas: computational harmonic analysis, envisioned as a technology for efficiently analysing real data using inherent symmetries; and the challenges inherent in the acquisition, processing and analysis of images and sensing data in general [EMDASH] ranging from sonar on a submarine to a neuroscientist's fMRI study.Table of Contents1. Introduction D. Rockmore and D. Healy; 2. Hyperbolic geometry, Nehari's theorem, electric circuits, and analog signal processing J. Allen and D. Healy; 3. Engineering applications of the motion-group Fourier transform G. Chirikjian and Y. Wang; 4. Fast x-ray and beamlet transforms for three-dimensional data D. Donoho and O. Levi; 5. Fourier analysis and phylogenetic trees S. Evans; 6. Diffuse tomography as a source of challenging nonlinear inverse problems for a general class of networks A. Grunbaum; 7. An invitation to matrix-valued spherical functions A. Grunbaum, I. Pacharoni and J. Tirao; 8. Image registration for MRI P. Kostelec and S. Periaswamy; 9. The mathematics of JPEG 2000 Jin Li; 10. Integrated sensing and processing for statistical pattern recognition C. Priebe, D. Marchette and D. Healy; 11. Sampling of functions and sections for compact groups D. Maslen; 12. The Cooley-Tukey FFT and group theory D. Maslen and D. Rockmore; 13. Mathematical challenges for optical communications U. Osterberg; 14. The generalized spike process, sparsity and statistical independence N. Saito.

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Software Receiver Design by Jr

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Book SynopsisThis comprehensive, well-illustrated book covers almost all important examples of the physics of electronic fluctuations (noise) in solids. Written for both physics and electronic engineering graduates, it is ideal for researchers in noise phenomena and highly sensitive electronic devices.Trade Review'I … recommend this book to anyone interested in the theory of fluctuation phenomena and how it is applied in applied research.' Contemporary PhysicsTable of ContentsPreface; Part I. Introduction. Some Basic Concepts of the Theory of Random Processes: 1. Probability density functions. Moments. Stationary processes; 2. Correlation function; 3. Spectral density of noise; 4. Ergodicity and nonergodicity of random processes; 5. Random pulses and shot noise; 6. Markov processes. General theory; 7. Discrete Markov processes. Random telegraph noise; 8. Quasicontinuous (Diffusion-like) Markov processes; 9. Brownian motion; 10. Langevin approach to the kinetics of fluctuations; Part II. Fluctuation-Dissipation Relations in Equilibrium Systems: 11. Derivation of fluctuation-dissipation relations; 12. Equilibrium noise in quasistationary circuits. Nyquist theorem; 13. Fluctuations of electromagnetic fields in continuous media; Part III. Fluctuations in Nonequilibrium Gases: 14. Some basic concepts of hot-electrons' physics; 15. Simple model of current fluctuations in a semiconductor with hot electrons; 16. General kinetic theory of quasiclassical fluctuations in a gas of particles. The Boltzmann-Langevin equation; 17. Current fluctuations and noise temperature; 18. Current fluctuations and diffusion in a gas of hot electrons; 19. One-time correlation in nonequilibrium gases; 20. Intervalley noise in multivalley semiconductors; 21. Noise of hot electrons emitting optical phonons in the streaming regime; 22. Noise in a semiconductor with a postbreakdown stable current filament; Part IV. Generation-recombination noise: 23. G-R noise in uniform unipolar semiconductors; 24. Noise produced by recombination and diffusion; Part V. Noise in quantum ballistic systems: 25. Introduction; 26. Equilibrium noise and shot noise in quantum conductors; 27. Modulation noise in quantum point contacts; 28. Transition from a ballistic conductor to a macroscopic one; 29. Noise in tunnel junctions; Part VI. Resistance noise in metals: 30. Incoherent scattering of electrons by mobile defects; 31. Effect of mobile scattering centers on the electron interference pattern; 32. Fluctuations of the number of diffusing scattering centers; 33. Temperature fluctuations and the corresponding noise; Part VII. Noise in strongly disordered conductors: 34. Basic ideas of the percolation theory; 35. Resistance fluctuations in percolation systems. 36. Experiments; Part VIII. Low-frequency noise with an 1/f-type spectrum and random telegraph noise: 37. Introduction; 38. Some general properties of 1/f noise; 39. Basic models of 1/f noise; 40./f noise in metals; 41. Low-frequency noise in semiconductors; 42. Magnetic noise in spin glasses and some other magnetic systems; 43. Temperature fluctuations as a possible source of 1/f noise; 44. Random telegraph noise; 45. Fluctuations with 1/f spectrum in other systems; 46. General conclusions on 1/f noise; Part IX. Noise in Superconductors and Superconducting Structures: 47. Noise in Josephson junctions; 48. Noise in type II superconductors; References; Subject index.

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Book SynopsisThis complete guide to physical-layer security presents the theoretical foundations, practical implementation, challenges and benefits of a groundbreaking model for secure communication. Using a bottom-up approach from the link level all the way to end-to-end architectures, it provides tools that enable students, researchers and practitioners to build more secure systems.Table of ContentsPart I. Preliminaries: 1. An information-theoretic approach to physical-layer security; 2. Fundamentals of information theory; Part II. Information-Theoretic Security: 3. Secrecy capacity; 4. Secret-key capacity; 5. Security limits of Gaussian and wireless channels; Part III. Coding and System Aspects: 6. Coding for secrecy; 7. System aspects; Part IV. Other Applications of Information-Theoretic Security: 8. Secrecy and jamming in multi-user channels; 8. Network coding security.

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