Electronics and communications engineering Books

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Book SynopsisBoasting trillion-dollar companies, the digital economy profits from our emotions, our relationships with each other, and the ways we interact with the world. In this timely book, Tim Jordan deftly explores the workings of the digital economy. He discusses the hype and significance surrounding its activities and practices in order to outline important concepts, theory, and policy questions. Through a variety of in-depth case studies, he examines the areas of search, social media, service providers, free economic activity, and digital gaming. Companies discussed include Google, Baidu, Uber, Bitcoin, Wikipedia, Fortnight, and World of Warcraft. Jordan argues that the digital economy is not concerned primarily with selling products, but relies instead on creating communities that can be read by software and algorithms. Profit is then extracted through targeted advertising, subscriptions, misleading 'purchases', and service relations. The Digital Economy is an important reference for students and scholars getting to grips with this enormous contemporary phenomenon.Trade Review"A lively excursion across the varied terrains of the “digital economy”, in which the author argues that it’s not platform technologies that drive our digital searching, working, socialising and gaming, but our deep embeddedness in shared social practices, habits and collective communities."Mark Banks, University of Leicester "Writing in a personal and lively style, Tim Jordan intelligently explores the digital economic practices that constitute search, social media, online gaming and more. Tracing the perspectives, tactics and activities of users, advertisers and platforms, he separates the hype from the reality."Thomas Poell, University of Amsterdam“a welcome addition that STS scholars may find useful for future research projects conceptualising the remaking of property regimes.”LSE Review of Books Table of ContentsAcknowledgements 1 Introduction: The Meaning of the Digital Economy 2 Search 3 Social Media 4 Taxis, Hotels and Blockchains 5 Free Online Economies 6 Online Games 7 Profit, Labour, Production and Consumption 8 Defining the Digital Economy 9 Policy 10 Conclusion References Index

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Book SynopsisThere are more ways of connecting and communicating via technology than ever before. Yet loneliness is on the rise as we begin to experience an 'attachment crisis' in forming and maintaining intimate relationships. Enter sex robots. Built from the bodies of sex dolls, they are created to help humans – particularly men – cope with our inability to connect. In this bold and trenchant critique, Kathleen Richardson explores important questions surrounding this emerging technology. What does the rise of sex robots tell us about the way that women and girls are imagined? To what extent are porn, prostitution and child sexual exploitation driving the attachment crisis? The author argues that sex robots are produced within a framework of 'property relations' – in which egocentric Man (and his disconnection from Woman) shapes the building of robots and AI. Can this tide of destruction and disconnection be turned, and what would a revolution for the love of humanity look like? Presenting a passionate case for the abolition of practices that cast women as property, Sex Robots: The End of Love is essential reading for students and scholars of robot ethics, anthropology, gender studies, philosophy of technology, sociology and related fields, as well as anyone concerned for the future of human relationships.

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Book SynopsisCommunication and artificial intelligence (AI) are closely related. It is communication – particularly interpersonal conversational interaction – that provides AI with its defining test case and experimental evidence. Likewise, recent developments in AI introduce new challenges and opportunities for communication studies. Technologies such as machine translation of human languages, spoken dialogue systems like Siri, algorithms capable of producing publishable journalistic content, and social robots are all designed to communicate with users in a human-like way. This timely and original textbook provides educators and students with a much-needed resource, connecting the dots between the science of AI and the discipline of communication studies. Clearly outlining the topic's scope, content and future, the text introduces key issues and debates, highlighting the importance and relevance of AI to communication studies. In lively and accessible prose, David Gunkel provides a new generation with the information, knowledge, and skills necessary to working and living in a world where social interaction is no longer restricted to humans. The first work of its kind, An Introduction to Communication and Artificial Intelligence is the go-to textbook for students and scholars getting to grips with this crucial interdisciplinary topic.Trade Review“Gunkel’s book is an accessible but technically savvy monograph introducing students and scholars of communication and computer science to the intersections between AI and communication. … Gunkel’s book will also be a particularly useful resource to instructors, not only due to its accessible language and wide- reaching scope, but also thanks to the five ‘Maker exercises’ included in the last section. These provide useful entry points for students that are not versed in computer programming for experimenting with simple computer programs.”Communication Theory “An introduction to communication and artificial intelligence aims and succeeds in making sense of AI for students and scholars in social sciences.”CommunicationsTable of ContentsPreface Part I: Introduction and Orientation 1 Introduction 2 Communication and AI 3 Basic Concepts and Terminology Part II: Applications 4 Machine Translation 5 Natural Language Processing 6 Computational Creativity 7 Social Robots Part III: Impact and Consequences 8 Social Issues 9 Social Responsibility and Ethics Part IV: Maker Exercises Introduction Exercise 1 – Demystifying ELIZA Exercise 2 – Algorithms Exercise 3 – Machine Translation Exercise 4 – Chatbot and Quasi-Loebner Prize Exercise 5 – Template NLG Notes References Index

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Book SynopsisThe use of renewables is spreading rapidly. Over a quarter of global electricity is already generated from solar, wind, hydro and biomass energy. With costs falling significantly, renewables are booming, helping to avoid the major climate change risks associated with fossil fuel use in power stations, homes and vehicles. But can we get rid of all of these dirty energy sources – and nuclear power, as well – and deliver 100% of our energy from renewables? Or are renewable energy systems inherently unreliable and expensive, given the need to deal with their variability? In this timely analysis, leading energy expert David Elliott tackles these issues head on and asks to what extent renewables can deliver a technologically and economically viable energy future. Exploring both the progress and problems of renewables against a backdrop of rising energy demand, he argues that, on balance, they do seem to be living up to their promises. With renewables rapidly expanding across the globe, and China now leading the pack, a renewable future could really be on the horizon.Trade Review“This timely book provides an easily readable account of how renewable energy has emerged as the main driver of a transition away from fossil fuels. I highly recommend it for all readers interested in energy and climate.”Mark Z. Jacobson, Stanford University “How can we move to a sustainable energy system? This book addresses the key issues, with the insights and clarity expected from the UK’s most distinguished commentator on renewables.”Nick Eyre, Director, Centre for Research into Energy Demand SolutionsTable of ContentsAcknowledgementsList of BoxesAbbreviationsPrefaceChapter 1. Introduction: all change?Chapter 2. The Renewable Transition Chapter 3. Energy technologies for the future Chapter 4. System development: tying it all together Chapter 5. The limits to a sustainable future Chapter 6. The Geopolitics of the transition Chapter 7. Global action Chapter 8. Conclusions References Index

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Book SynopsisThe use of renewables is spreading rapidly. Over a quarter of global electricity is already generated from solar, wind, hydro and biomass energy. With costs falling significantly, renewables are booming, helping to avoid the major climate change risks associated with fossil fuel use in power stations, homes and vehicles. But can we get rid of all of these dirty energy sources – and nuclear power, as well – and deliver 100% of our energy from renewables? Or are renewable energy systems inherently unreliable and expensive, given the need to deal with their variability? In this timely analysis, leading energy expert David Elliott tackles these issues head on and asks to what extent renewables can deliver a technologically and economically viable energy future. Exploring both the progress and problems of renewables against a backdrop of rising energy demand, he argues that, on balance, they do seem to be living up to their promises. With renewables rapidly expanding across the globe, and China now leading the pack, a renewable future could really be on the horizon.Trade Review“This timely book provides an easily readable account of how renewable energy has emerged as the main driver of a transition away from fossil fuels. I highly recommend it for all readers interested in energy and climate.”Mark Z. Jacobson, Stanford University “How can we move to a sustainable energy system? This book addresses the key issues, with the insights and clarity expected from the UK’s most distinguished commentator on renewables.”Nick Eyre, Director, Centre for Research into Energy Demand SolutionsTable of ContentsAcknowledgementsList of BoxesAbbreviationsPrefaceChapter 1. Introduction: all change?Chapter 2. The Renewable Transition Chapter 3. Energy technologies for the future Chapter 4. System development: tying it all together Chapter 5. The limits to a sustainable future Chapter 6. The Geopolitics of the transition Chapter 7. Global action Chapter 8. Conclusions References Index

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Book SynopsisTransport systems are facing an impossible dilemma: satisfy an increasing demand for mobility of people and goods, while decreasing their fossil-energy requirements and preserving the environment. Additionally, transport has an opportunity to evolve in a changing world, with new services, technologies but also new requirements (fast delivery, reliability, improved accessibility). The subject of traffic is organized into two separate but complementary volumes: Volume 3 on Traffic Management and Volume 4 on Traffic Safety. Traffic Management, Volume 3 of the 'Research for Innovative Transports' Set, presents a collection of updated papers from the TRA 2014 Conference, highlighting the diversity of research in this field. Theoretical chapters and practical case studies address topics such as cooperative systems, the global approach in modeling, road and railway traffic management, information systems and impact assessment.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments xvii Preface xix Introduction xxiiiSimon COHEN and George YANNIS Part 1. Data Collection 1 Chapter 1. A Review of Statewide Traffic Data Collection, Processing, Projection and Quality Control 3Rafiqul TAREFDER and James BROGAN 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. Current traffic data collection in New Mexico 4 1.3. NMDOT data processing and reporting 9 1.4. Traffic data projection and quality control 10 1.5. Conclusions 17 1.6. Acknowledgments 17 1.7. Bibliography 18 Chapter 2. SYNCRO – An Innovative Public Procurement of an Advanced Data Gathering System for Interurban Roads Based on its Technologies 19Jean-Christophe MAISONOBE, Jean Daniel DEMOND, Giannicola MARENGO, Dolores ADAMSKI, Diego ALBESANO and Olivier LATOUILLE 2.1. Introduction 19 2.2. Elaboration of the SYNCRO technical vision: the SYNCRO functional program 21 2.3. A system to gather road data and to provide the current operational road management center with data 24 2.4. Impact and potential of the SYNCRO system 26 2.5. An innovative legal framework to implement three phases of the SYNCRO project 27 2.6. Conclusion 30 2.7. Acknowledgments 32 Chapter 3. Tailoring a Reference Model for C-ITS Architectures and Using a DATEX II Profile to Communicate Traffic Signal Information 33Jörg FREUDENSTEIN and Ian CORNWELL 3.1. Introduction 33 3.2. Architecture of intelligent transport systems 34 3.3. A generic C-ITS architecture 36 3.4. A tailored architecture for the use case “Traffic Light Phase Assistant” 39 3.5. A DATEX II profile to communicate traffic light information 41 3.6. Summary 43 3.7. Bibliography 44 Chapter 4. Sensor City Mobility: The City of Assen as a “Living Lab” for Smart Mobility Solutions Using Sensor Data 45Jan BURGMEIJER, Janiek DE KRUIJFF, Ernst Jan VAN ARK, Gerdien KLUNDER and Diana VONK NOORDEGRAAF 4.1. Introduction 45 4.2. Architecture, sensor network and technologies used 48 4.3. Use cases for mobility 51 4.4. Modeling 54 4.5. Preliminary results and evaluation of the experiment 57 4.6. Acknowledgments 58 4.7. Bibliography 59 Part 2. Traffic Modeling and Simulation 61 Chapter 5. Forecasting Capabilities of a Micro-Simulation Method for Trip Generation 63Jorge CABRERA DELGADO and Patrick BONNEL 5.1. Introduction 63 5.2. Methodology 65 5.3. Results 72 5.4. Conclusion 75 5.5. Acknowledgments 75 5.6. Bibliography 75 Chapter 6. Modeling and Solving International Journey Planning Problems 79Konstantinos N. ANDROUTSOPOULOS and Konstantinos G. ZOGRAFOS 6.1. Introduction 79 6.2. Defining international itinerary planning problems 80 6.3. Modeling issues 83 6.4. Previous related work 85 6.5. Algorithmic approach 87 6.6. Concluding remarks 92 6.7. Acknowledgments 92 6.8. Bibliography 92 Chapter 7. Optimized Intermodal Roundtrips in Transport Networks 95Cecília VALE and Isabel RIBEIRO 7.1. Introduction 95 7.2. Model description 96 7.3. Computational applications 98 7.4. Conclusions 102 7.5. Bibliography 103 Chapter 8. Modeling Traffic Hindrance Caused by Road Construction as Part of a Multicriteria Assessment Framework 105Eric VAN BERKUM and Henny TER HUERNE 8.1. Introduction 105 8.2. Framework 106 8.3. Route choice during road works 111 8.4. Example 115 8.5. Conclusion 117 8.6. Acknowledgments 118 8.7. Bibliography 118 Part 3. Traffic Management, Monitoring and Routing 121 Chapter 9. Behavioral Responses to Traffic Congestion – Findings from Paris, São Paulo and Mumbai 123Gaele LESTEVEN 9.1. Introduction 123 9.2. Methodology 127 9.3. Results 130 9.4. Conclusions 134 9.5. Acknowledgments 136 9.6. Bibliography 136 Chapter 10. Empirical Analysis of Lane Changing Behavior at a Freeway Weaving Section 139Florian MARCZAK, Winnie DAAMEN and Christine BUISSON 10.1. Introduction 139 10.2. Data collection site and technique 142 10.3. Methodology and definitions 143 10.4. Results 145 10.5. Discussion and conclusion 149 10.6. Bibliography 150 Chapter 11. Applying and Testing a New Generation Traffic Management with Multi-objectives 153Martijn DE KIEVIT and Yusen CHEN 11.1. Introduction 153 11.2. Definitions 155 11.3. Literature review 156 11.4. Methodology 159 11.5. Application cases and results 159 11.6. Concluding remarks 164 11.7. Acknowledgments 164 11.8. Bibliography 165 Chapter 12. ON-TIME: A Framework for Integrated Railway Network Operation Management 167Thomas ALBRECHT, and Meena DASIGI 12.1. Introduction 167 12.2. Real-time perturbation management 171 12.3. Train speed control 175 12.4. Demonstration and validation approach 178 12.5. Conclusions 180 12.6. Acknowledgments 180 12.7. Bibliography 180 Chapter 13. A Multi-Lane Capacity Model Designed for Variable Speed Limit Applications 183Aurélien DURET 13.1. Background 183 13.2. MLC model 186 13.3. Meso-LWR model and multi-lane capacity model 192 13.4. Application 194 13.5. Discussion 199 13.6. Acknowledgments 200 13.7. Bibliography 200 Chapter 14. Evaluation Parameters of Re-routing Strategy 203Vladimir ZYRYANOV and Anastasia FEOFILOVA 14.1. Introduction 203 14.2. Simulation framework 205 14.3. Determination of the dynamic re-routing start based on traffic flow conditions 209 14.4. Conclusion 214 14.5. References 215 Part 4. Travel Information 217 Chapter 15. Pre-Trip Road Information Impact Assessment: A Literature Review 219Sylvain BELLOCHE, Charlotte PIERREFEU and Caroline SORAND 15.1. Introduction 219 15.2. Pre-trip road information content and broadcasting media 220 15.3. Determining factors for user choice 223 15.4. Pre-trip road information impacts 225 15.5. Conclusions and discussion 231 15.6. Bibliography 232 Chapter 16. Transferability Study on Full-scale Implementation of Real-time Passenger Information 235Mitja KLEMENCIC, Vlasta RODOšEK, Marko CELAN and Marjan LEP 16.1. Introduction 235 16.2. RTPI testing in Maribor 236 16.3. Benefits of the RTPI system 238 16.4. Cost benefit analysis and RTPI system 240 16.5. Mobility toolbox as transferability tool 246 16.6. Conclusion 248 16.7. Acknowledgments 248 16.8. Bibliography 249 Chapter 17. Excess Commuting and Commuting Economy: Peak and Off-Peak Variation in Travel Efficiency Measures 251Enda MURPHY 17.1. Introduction . 251 17.2. Excess commuting, commuting economy and off-peak travel 252 17.3. Data and methods 256 17.4. Results 259 17.5. Conclusions and limitations 264 17.6. Bibliography 265 Chapter 18. Deployment of Interoperable Cross-Border Multimodal Traveler Information in Central Europe 267Gerhard MENZEL, Martin BÖHM and Katharina ZWICK 18.1. Introduction 267 18.2. The EDITS concept 269 18.3. Conclusion 274 18.4. Bibliography 275 Part 5. Assessment and Impacts 277 Chapter 19. The Impacts of Cooperative raffic Systems on Safety, Environment and Travel Times: A Literature Survey 279Isabela MOCANU, Philippe NITSCHE and Kerry MALONE 19.1. Introduction 279 19.2. Description of systems and bundles 281 19.3. Reviewed literature 283 19.4. Methodology 284 19.5. Results 287 19.6. Conclusions and recommendations 289 19.7. Acknowledgments 290 19.8. Bibliography 291 Chapter 20. The Impact of Navigation Support and Traffic Information on Distance-keeping Behavior 293Aikaterini TOULIOU, Evangelia GAITANIDOU and Evangelos BEKIARIS 20.1. Introduction 293 20.2. Methods 296 20.3. Results 299 20.4. Discussion 302 20.5. Bibliography 304 Chapter 21. Impact Evaluation of Traffic Performance and Road Safety: A Case Study on an Urban Motorway in France 307Simon COHEN and Zoi CHRISTOFOROU 21.1. Introduction 307 21.2. The site and the its application 308 21.3. Evaluation of the impact on traffic 310 21.4. Road safety implications 313 21.5. Discussion 315 21.6. Conclusions 316 21.7. Bibliography 317 Chapter 22. Assessment of the Main New Travel-times Calculation Technologies on Lyon East Ring Road 319Eric PURSON, Alexis BACELAR, Eric KLEIN, Bruno LEVILLY and Fabrice RECLUS 22.1. Introduction 319 22.2. The trial site 321 22.3. Assessed technologies 323 22.4. Implemented methodology 324 22.5. Innovative administrative procedure 328 22.6. Conclusion 329 22.7. Acknowledgments 329 22.8. Bibliography 329 Chapter 23. Rail Externalities: Assessing the Social Cost of Rail Congestion 331María PÉREZ HERRERO, Julien BRUNEL and Gregoire MARLOT 23.1. Introduction 331 23.2. Related literature 332 23.3. The model and the econometric strategy 335 23.4. The data set 336 23.5. Results 338 23.6. Conclusions 341 23.7. Acknowledgments 342 23.8. Bibliography 342 List of Authors 345 Index 349

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Book SynopsisIn this book, the authors focus on the concrete aspects of IoT (Internet of Things): the daily operation, on the ground, of this domain, including concrete and detailed discussion of the designs, applications and realizations of Secure Connected Things and IoT. As experts in the development of RFID and IoT technologies, the authors offer the reader a highly technical discussion of these topics, including the many approaches (technical, security, safety, ergonomic, economic, normative, regulations, etc.) involved in Secure Connected Objects projects. This book is written both for readers wishing to familiarize themselves with the complex issues surrounding networking objects and for those who design these connective "things".Table of ContentsForeword xi Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv Preamble xvii Part 1 Introduction – The Buzz about IoT and IoE 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Definition of communicating- or connected Things 3 1.1.1 Connected Things – Communicating Things 3 1.1.2 Definition of the IoT 4 1.1.3 Internet of X 5 Chapter 2 The (Overly) Vast World of IoT 9 2.1 2011–2016: the craze for the term “Connected Thing” 9 2.1.1 The catch-all 9 2.1.2 Fashion, buzz and “bubble” 10 2.1.3 “Hype” cycle for innovations 11 2.2 The true goal of this book 14 Chapter 3 Why a Connectable Thing? 15 3.1 Examples of connectable things 15 3.1.1 Home care for the elderly 16 3.1.2 In the automotive industry 19 Part 2 Constraints Surrounding an IoT Project 21 Chapter 4 Aspects to be Taken into Consideration 23 4.1 Aspects pertaining to the concrete realization of Connected Things 23 4.1.1 Financial and marketing aspects 24 4.1.2 Technical and industrial aspects 24 4.1.3 Regulatory and normative aspects 24 4.1.4 Security aspects 24 4.1.5 Cost aspects 24 Chapter 5 Financial and Marketing Aspects 27 5.1 Economic aspects 27 5.1.1 Saleable / buyable 27 5.2 Ergonomic aspects 29 5.2.1 Mechanical form and design vs ergonomics 29 Chapter 6 Technical and Industrial Aspects 31 6.1 Technical aspects 31 6.1.1 Life cycle of a new product 31 6.1.2 Techno-economic feasibility 32 6.1.3 Design 32 6.1.4 Industrialization, manufacturing process and quality assurance 32 6.2 Energy aspects 32 6.2.1 Power supply to the Thing 33 6.3 Industrial aspects 39 Chapter 7 Regulatory and Normative Aspects 41 7.1 Regulatory aspects and recommendations 41 7.1.1 Radiofrequency regulations 42 7.2 Health-related recommendations 43 7.2.1 Exposure of the human body to electromagnetic fields 44 7.2.2 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) 44 7.3 Societal regulations and individual freedoms (privacy) 45 7.3.1 The various data needing to be protected 45 7.3.2 Loi Informatique et Libertés 45 7.3.3 Mandate 436, PIA and RFID and IoT applications 46 7.3.4 GDPR – General Data Protection Regulation 49 7.3.5 Privacy by design 51 7.4 Environmental regulations and recycling 53 7.4.1 Electronic waste treatment 53 7.4.2 Regulation and organization of the chain 54 7.4.3 Labeling of electrical and electronic equipment 54 7.5 Normative aspects 55 7.5.1 ISO/AFNOR 55 7.5.2 IEEE 56 7.5.3 ETSI 56 Chapter 8 Security Aspects 59 8.1 Security aspects 59 8.1.1 The weak links 60 8.1.2 Possible solutions 62 8.1.3 Definition and choice of security target 63 8.1.4 Concepts of security levels applied in IoT 64 8.1.5 True security – the “Secure Element” 67 8.1.6 Cryptography 70 8.1.7 Symmetric and asymmetric encryption 71 8.1.8 Consumer Things, IoT, security… and the Cloud 75 8.2 Judging the quality of security 80 8.3 Some thoughts about security, privacy and IoT 81 8.4 Vulnerabilities and attacks in the IoT chain 82 8.4.1 Attacks on the software layer 83 8.4.2 Attacks on the board or Thing 84 8.4.3 Attacks on the integrated circuits 84 8.4.4 Security standards 85 Part 3 Overall Architecture of the IoT Chain 87 Chapter 9 Communication Models in IoT 89 9.1 Communication models in IoT 89 9.1.1 OSI model 89 9.1.2 TCP/IP model 92 9.1.3 By way of conclusion 98 Chapter 10. Overall Architecture of an IoT System 101 10.1 Overall architecture of a CT and IoT solution 101 10.1.1 Description of the complete chain 102 10.2 From a more technological point of view 102 10.2.1 Architecture and overview of an IoT chain 102 10.2.2 The “base station/gateway” 106 10.2.3 The “Cloud” zone 109 10.2.4 The “User” zone 110 10.3 The very numerous protocols involved 113 Part 4 Detailed Description of the IoT Chain 117 Part 4A From the User (The Outside World) to the Thing 119 Chapter 11 From the Outside World to the Thing 121 11.1 Connection of the Thing to the outside world 121 11.1.1 Using sensors 121 11.1.2 Using wired connections 122 11.1.3 Using RF links 122 11.1.4 Very Short Range (<10 cm) 122 11.1.5 Short range SR Wide band (tens of meters) 124 Chapter 12 The Secure Connected Thing 127 12.1 Physical constitution of the Thing 127 12.1.1 Sensors 127 12.1.2 Local intelligence – microcontroller 128 12.1.3 Security (SE)… 128 Part 4B From the Thing to the Base Station 131 Chapter 13 Means of Communication to Access a Base Station 133 13.1 Possible network connectivity technologies 133 13.1.1 Local or ultra-local non-operated RF networks 135 13.1.2 Extended-deployment operated RF networks 136 13.1.3 Is there space for all these technologies? 136 13.2 Medium-range MR Wide-band (hundreds of meters) 136 13.2.1 Wi-Fi 137 13.3 Long-range (LR– tens of kilometers) 138 13.3.1 NB, UNB, WB, UWB, FHSS, DSSS and RF regulations 138 13.3.2 Regulators and regulations 140 13.3.3 RF bases 146 13.4 LTN – Low-Throughput Network 152 13.4.1 Long Range LR - LTN 153 13.4.2 LR LTN in (U)NB– SIGFOX 156 13.4.3 LR LTN in DSSS (spectrum spreading) – LoRa, from Semtech 167 13.4.4 A discussion of spectrum spreading – SS 169 13.4.5 LR WB 192 13.4.6 Operated LR WB networks 196 Part 4C From the Base Station to the Server 203 Chapter 14 Network Access Layer – IP 205 14.1 IPv4 205 14.1.1 Operation 206 14.1.2 Services provided 206 14.1.3 Reliability 206 14.2 IPv6 207 14.2.1 Differences between IPv6 and IPv4 207 14.2.2 Problems of privacy and/or anonymity? 209 14.3 6LoWPAN 209 14.3.1 Description of the technology 210 14.3.2 Integration of an IPv6 packet into an IEEE 802.15.4 frame 210 14.3.3 Autoconfiguration of an IP address 211 14.3.4 Network supervision and management 211 14.3.5 Constraints on “upper-layer” applications 211 14.3.6 Security 212 14.3.7 Routing 212 Chapter 15 The Server 215 15.1 Conventional functions of a server in IoT 216 Chapter 16 Transport and Messaging Protocols 219 16.1 Transport 219 16.1.1 Operation 220 16.1.2 Structure of a TCP segment 220 16.2 “IoT messaging” technologies 221 16.2.1 Main protocol parameters 221 16.3 Protocols 225 16.4 HTTP – HyperText Transfer Protocol 226 16.5 Http/2 227 16.6 MQTT – Message Queuing Telemetry Transport 227 16.6.1 Security in MQTT 229 16.7 CoAP – Constrained Application Protocol 229 16.8 XMPP 230 16.9 DDS – Data Distribution Service 231 16.10 AMQP – Advanced Message Queuing Protocol 232 16.11 SMQ 233 16.12 JMS – Java Messaging Service 233 16.13 Other protocols 234 16.14 The broker 234 16.14.1 Examples of possibilities 235 16.15 Programming languages 236 16.16 Operating systems 236 Part 4D From the Cloud Server to the Various Users 237 Chapter 17 Cloud and Fog Computing 239 17.1 Cloud computing? 239 17.1.1 What is its mode of operation? 240 17.1.2 Advantages and benefits in IoT applications 240 17.1.3 Types of Cloud computing 241 17.1.4 Cloud products and services 241 17.2 Example: the PaaS platform AWS IoT 242 17.3 How security is managed 244 17.4 Fog computing? 245 17.5 Big data 246 17.6 Natural interfaces 247 Part 5 Concrete Realization of an IoT Solution Examples and Costs 249 Chapter 18 Examples of the Concrete Realization of Connected Things 251 18.1 Subject/application taken as an example 251 18.1.1 Architecture of the product: a communicating physical Thing 253 18.1.2 Mandatory steps in creating the Thing 255 Chapter 19 Cost Aspects 261 19.1 CAPEX and OPEX are in the same boat… 261 19.1.1 CAPEX 262 19.1.2 OPEX 273 19.1.3 Conclusions 275 19.1.4 Very important conclusions 276 Conclusion 279 Bibliography 281 Index 285

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Book SynopsisThis book aims at exploring and illustrating the different ways in which hypermedia systems and tools are designed according to those aspects. The design and visualization schemes included in any system will be related to the variety of social and technical complexities confronted by researchers in social, communication, humanities, art and design.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Everado REYES-GARCIA Chapter 1 From Controversies to Decision-making: Between Argumentation and Digital Writing 1 Orélie DESFRICHES-DORIA 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Hypertexts and hypermedia 2 1.3 From decision-making to the study of controversies 3 1.3.1 Definition of the concept of controversy 3 1.3.2 Shifts from one situation to another 4 1.3.3 Controversy representation 5 1.3.4 Some controversy visualization and processing tools and methods 7 1.4 Detailed presentation of Vesta Cosy 9 1.5 What is the content of argument representations? 14 1.5.1 Interactions between the two fields 14 1.5.2 Theoretical approaches to argumentation 16 1.5.3 Hypermedia structure in the process of decision-making map construction with Vesta Cosy 19 1.6 Application of Vesta Cosy to controversy analysis 22 1.6.1 Characterization of the nature of a controversy 22 1.6.2 Methodological principles of controversy analysis 24 1.7 New digital writings with hypermedia 29 1.7.1 Extension of reasoning and paradigm shift 29 1.7.2 Hyperlinked content according to diversified details 30 1.7.3 Disorientation, hypernarrativity and interactions 32 1.8 Conclusion 33 1.9 Bibliography 33 Chapter 2 Training in Digital Writing Through the Prism of Tropisms: Case Studies and Propositions 37 Stéphane CROZAT 2.1 Abstract 37 2.2 Introduction 37 2.3 Issue: theoretical approach to digital technology 38 2.3.1 The possibility of mechanizing intellectual labor 38 2.3.2 Digitization of content 39 2.3.3 “It has been manipulated”: manipulation as a source of digital content 40 2.3.4 “And it will be again”: manipulation as the future of digital content 41 2.4 Proposition: tropisms of digital content 42 2.4.1 The concept of tropism 42 2.4.2 Modeling of functional tendencies of digital objects 44 2.5 Detailed description of tropisms 44 2.5.1 Abstraction: it has been coded and will be recoded 44 2.5.2 Addressing: it has been found and will be found again 45 2.5.3 Connection: it has been transmitted and will be retransmitted 46 2.5.4 Duplication: it has been copied and will be recopied 46 2.5.5 Transformation: it has been changed and will be changed again 47 2.5.6 Universality: it has been integrated and will be reintegrated 48 2.6 Application: training in digital technology with tropisms 48 2.6.1 Training in ordinary digital writing at the University of Technology of Compiègne (UTC) 48 2.6.2 BABA strings (abstraction and polymorphism) 49 2.6.3 SolSys string (staging, hypertextualization) 51 2.6.4 BD string (transclusion, interactivity) 53 2.7 Case study: training in digital writing at IFCAM 53 2.7.1 Introduction to training 53 2.7.2 Training scenario 54 2.7.3 An experience to increase awareness using Etherpad 54 2.7.4 Understanding the properties of digital technology and theoretical content 56 2.7.5 Assignment 1: analysis of practices 57 2.7.6 Part two: reading and writing, second assignment (critical observation) 57 2.8 Perspective: a MOOC “digital literacy” project 57 2.8.1 Defining information literacy 58 2.8.2 Defining digital technology 59 2.8.3 Issue: teaching information literacy 60 2.8.4 Components of teaching information literacy 61 2.8.5 Format: challenges of MOOCs 62 2.8.6 Proposition: content and scenario for an information literacy MOOC 64 2.9 Conclusion and perspectives 65 2.10 Acknowledgments 66 2.11 Further reading 66 2.12 Bibliography 67 Chapter 3 Assessing the Design of Hypermedia Interfaces: Differing Perspectives 69 María Inés LAITANO 3.1 Man–machine interaction 70 3.1.1 Fundamental principles of usability 70 3.1.2 Cognitive engineering 72 3.2 Mediated human activity 74 3.2.1 The Danish school 76 3.2.2 Instrumental psychology 78 3.3 Meaningful systems 80 3.3.1 Semiotic engineering 80 3.3.2 The sociocognitive model 84 3.3.3 Semiotic scenario 86 3.4 Three mediations: three ways of evaluating a design? 88 3.5 Bibliography 93 Chapter 4 Experience Design: Explanation and Best Practices 97 Leslie MATTÉ GANET 4.1 Several problems identified with interface creation 99 4.1.1 Users have difficulty too often 99 4.1.2 An awkward practice of Experience Design 99 4.1.3 A difficult beginning for Experience Design in France 100 4.1.4 Ill-defined jobs 101 4.1.5 Manufacturers at various XD maturity levels 102 4.2 What is good Experience Design? 104 4.3 How does Experience Design work? 106 4.3.1 A method, more than a result 106 4.3.2 Focused on humans 106 4.3.3 A transformed project management 106 4.3.4 New professions 108 4.3.5 Tools in DX 112 4.4 A powerful approach 114 4.4.1 XD protects from rejection 114 4.4.2 XD allows for an important gain in time 115 4.4.3 The XD facilitator 116 4.5 Example of XD contribution to an industrial project 116 4.5.1 Creating the Website with classic project management 117 4.5.2 Revising the Website with XD project management 121 4.6 How can we improve the quality of Experience Design in the ICT industries? 124 4.6.1 A team with an open mind and empathy 124 4.6.2 Co-design, creativity, ideation and respiration 124 4.6.3 Good skills for appropriate responsibilities 125 4.6.4 The systematic presence of the user and going into the field 126 4.6.5 No longer using the term UX 126 4.7 Conclusion 127 4.8 Bibliography 128 Chapter 5 Designing Authoring Software Environments for the Interactive Arts: An Overview of Mobilizing.js 131 Dominique CUNIN 5.1 Research context: artistic practices of interactivity 131 5.1.1 Art and technique in the face of the digital 131 5.1.2 An idea: an authoring software environment 134 5.2 Computer graphics, game engine, art engine? 138 5.2.1 Reusability 138 5.2.2 Game engine: when the metaphor and the objective design the tool 140 5.2.3 Programming for the interactive arts: toward complexity 142 5.2.4 Art engine, an authoring environment possibility? 149 5.3 Mobilizing.js: an attempt at a multi-paradigmatic authoring software environment 151 5.3.1 Artistic technical conduct and critical technical practice 153 5.3.2 An engine with many speeds 157 5.4 Structure and results of Mobilizing.js 163 5.4.1 Overview of a technical sequence 163 5.4.2 Constructing interactivities 170 5.4.3 Interactive, immersive and collaborative system 175 5.5 Conclusion 181 5.6 Bibliography 182 Chapter 6 Clues Anomalies Understanding Detecting Underlying Assumptions and Expected Practices in the Digital Humanities through the AIME Project 185 Donato RICCI, Robin DE MOURAT, Christophe LECLERCQ and Bruno LATOUR 6.1 Abstract 185 6.2 Introduction 186 6.3 AIME and its digital humanities set-up 188 6.4 Methodology: multiplying listening devices 193 6.5 Anomaly family #1: displacements in acknowledging on-and-offline practices ecosystem 197 6.6 Anomaly family #2: interface-driven methodology and its encounters with scholarly publics 199 6.7 Anomaly family #3: the shock of collaboration’s ethoses 204 6.8 Qualifying anomalies for a better understanding of Digital Humanities projects 207 6.9 Bibliography 209 List of Authors 213 Index 215

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Book SynopsisVolume 3 begins with an introduction to which are added four chapters focused on modeling and flow simulation in an environment in 2 or 3 dimensions (2D or 3D). They deal with different cases taken from situations found in the field. A conclusion comes close this third book: The different software used in this third volume Computer simulation of discrete flows Mixed flow simulation Flows in 3D and the evacuation simulation Flows in 3D for conveying and storage The conclusion discusses the future developments of the software and their integration into society. At the end of each volume is a bibliography and a list of web links. There is also a glossary explaining some abbreviations, acronyms and some very specific terminology of logistics and operations research.Table of ContentsAbout This Book ix Introduction xv Chapter 1 Computer Simulation of Discrete Flows 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Worked example 1 1.2.1 Map of the resort 2 1.2.2 Problem statement and design brief 3 1.3 Setting up the project in the ExtendSim 9 software 5 1.3.1 Definition of the principal parameters 5 1.3.2 Designing the model and inputting constraints 7 1.3.3 Definition of flows 22 1.3.4 Running the simulation 22 1.3.5 Creation and allocation of resources 24 1.3.6 Rerunning the simulation 28 1.3.7 Generating a report and analysis 29 1.3.8 Development, enhancement and improvement 31 1.3.9 Hierarchy 38 1.3.10 Appearance design 40 1.4 Conclusion 44 Chapter 2 Simulation of Mixed Flows 47 2.1 Mixed Flows 47 2.2 An example of modeling mixed flows 48 2.2.1 Problem statement and specifications 48 2.3 Creating and inputting the project in ExtendSim 52 2.3.1 Definition of the principal parameters 52 2.3.2 Soda production and bottling 53 2.3.3 Transport, carbonation and labeling 80 2.3.4 Packaging and storage 85 2.3.5 Maintenance and cleaning 93 2.3.6 Finishing touches 98 2.4 Conclusion 108 Chapter 3 3D Flows and Evacuation Simulation 109 3.1 3D flows 109 3.2 The Pathfinder software 110 3.3 Evacuation of a building with PathFinder 111 3.3.1 Importing and formatting the first floor plans 113 3.3.2 Creating the different first floor rooms 117 3.3.3 Creating the first floor doors 120 3.3.4 Populating with occupants 122 3.3.5 Simulation and results for the first floor evacuation 123 3.3.6 Incorporating furniture 126 3.3.7 Importing and formatting the second floor plans 128 3.3.8 Creating rooms, doors and populating with occupants 129 3.3.9 Creating the stairs 130 3.3.10 Simulation and results for evacuation of the whole building 134 3.4 Extensions 146 3.4.1 Moving to SFPE mode 146 3.4.2 Groups of occupants 148 3.4.3 Managing the elevators 148 3.4.4 Creating viewpoints 154 3.4.5 Creating camera tours 156 3.4.6 Further possibilities 158 Chapter 4 3D Flows, Distribution and Warehousing 159 4.1 Product distribution 159 4.2 The FlexSim software 159 4.3 Basic concepts of the FlexSim software 160 4.3.1 General appearance of FlexSim 160 4.3.2 Libraries 162 4.3.3 Mouse-based functions 164 4.3.4 Connections between objects 165 4.4 Worked example 166 4.4.1 Description of the warehouse 167 4.4.2 Warehouse operation 168 4.4.3 Modeling stage 1 170 4.4.4 Modeling stage 2 178 4.4.5 Modeling stage 3 184 4.5 Detailed flow and task executer management 194 4.5.1 Generation of containers with several types of content 194 4.5.2 A fixed resource for task executers 198 4.5.3 Shared task executers 200 4.5.4 Pulled and pushed flows and more 204 4.5.5 Naming items 210 4.5.6 Timetables, groups and resources 216 4.6 Experimenter 231 4.6.1 Constructing the model 231 4.6.2 Adding the dashboard 232 4.6.3 Configuring the Experimenter 235 4.7 Concluding remarks 239 Conclusion 241 Glossary 245 Bibliography 251 Index 259

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Book SynopsisThis book aims to learn to use the basic concepts in signal processing. Each chapter is a reminder of the basic principles is presented followed by a series of corrected exercises. After resolution of these exercises, the reader can pretend to know those principles that are the basis of this theme. "We do not learn anything by word, but by example."Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Fourier Series 1 1.1. Theoretical background 1 1.1.1. Orthogonal functions 1 1.1.2. Fourier Series 3 1.1.3. Periodic functions 5 1.1.4. Properties of Fourier series 6 1.1.5. Discrete spectra. Power distribution 8 1.2. Exercises 9 1.2.1. Exercise 1.1. Examples of decomposition calculations 10 1.2.2. Exercise 1.2 11 1.2.3. Exercise 1.3 12 1.2.4. Exercise 1.4 12 1.2.5. Exercise 1.5 12 1.2.6. Exercise 1.6. Decomposing rectangular functions 13 1.2.7. Exercise 1.7. Translation and composition of functions 14 1.2.8. Exercise 1.8. Time derivation of a function 15 1.2.9. Exercise 1.9. Time integration of functions 15 1.2.10. Exercise 1.10 15 1.2.11. Exercise 1.11. Applications in electronic circuits 16 1.3. Solutions to the exercises 17 1.3.1. Exercise 1.1. Examples of decomposition calculations 17 1.3.2. Exercise 1.2 25 1.3.3. Exercise 1.3 26 1.3.4. Exercice 1.4 26 1.3.5. Exercise 1.5 27 1.3.6. Exercise 1.6 27 1.3.7. Exercise 1.7. Translation and composition of functions 29 1.3.8. Exercise 1.8. Time derivation of functions 31 1.3.9. Exercise 1.9. Time integration of functions 32 1.3.10. Exercise 1.10 32 1.3.11. Exercise 1.11 35 Chapter 2. Fourier Transform 39 2.1. Theoretical background 39 2.1.1. Fourier transform 39 2.1.2. Properties of the Fourier transform 42 2.1.3. Singular functions 46 2.1.4. Fourier transform of common functions 51 2.1.5. Calculating Fourier transforms using the Dirac impulse method 53 2.1.6. Fourier transform of periodic functions 54 2.1.7. Energy density 54 2.1.8. Upper limits to the Fourier transform 55 2.2. Exercises 56 2.2.1. Exercise 2.1 56 2.2.2. Exercise 2.2 57 2.2.3. Exercise 2.3 58 2.2.4. Exercise 2.4 59 2.2.5. Exercise 2.5 59 2.2.6. Exercise 2.6 59 2.2.7. Exercise 2.7 60 2.2.8. Exercise 2.8 60 2.2.9. Exercise 2.9 61 2.2.10. Exercise 2.10 62 2.2.11. Exercise 2.11 62 2.2.12. Exercise 2.12 63 2.2.13. Exercise 2.13 63 2.2.14. Exercise 2.14 64 2.2.15. Exercise 2.15 64 2.2.16. Exercise 2.16 65 2.2.17. Exercise 2.17 66 2.3. Solutions to the exercises 67 2.3.1. Exercise 2.1 67 2.3.2. Exercise 2.2 68 2.3.3. Exercise 2.3 74 2.3.4. Exercise 2.4 74 2.3.5. Exercise 2.5 76 2.3.6. Exercise 2.6 76 2.3.7. Exercise 2.7 77 2.3.8. Exercise 2.8 79 2.3.9. Exercise 2.9 82 2.3.10. Exercise 2.10 85 2.3.11 Exercise 2.11 86 2.3.12 Exercise 2.12 88 2.3.13 Exercise 2.13 91 2.3.14 Exercise 2.14 91 2.3.15 Exercice 2.15 92 2.3.16 Exercise 2.16 94 2.3.17 Exercise 2.17 95 Chapter 3. Laplace Transform 97 3.1. Theoretical background 97 3.1.1. Definition 97 3.1.2. Existence of the Laplace transform 98 3.1.3. Properties of the Laplace transform 98 3.1.4. Final value and initial value theorems 102 3.1.5. Determining reverse transforms 102 3.1.6. Approximation methods 105 3.1.7. Laplace transform and differential equations 107 3.1.8. Table of common Laplace transforms 108 3.1.9. Transient state and steady state 110 3.2. Exercise instruction 111 3.2.1. Exercise 3.1 111 3.2.2. Exercise 3.2 111 3.2.3. Exercise 3.3 112 3.2.4. Exercise 3.4 112 3.2.5. Exercise 3.5 112 3.2.6. Exercise 3.6 113 3.2.7. Exercise 3.7 113 3.2.8. Exercise 3.8 115 3.2.9. Exercise 3.9 115 3.2.10. Exercise 3.10 115 3.3. Solutions to the exercises 116 3.3.1. Exercise 3.1 116 3.3.2. Exercise 3.2 117 3.3.3. Exercise 3.3 121 3.3.4. Exercise 3.4 122 3.3.5. Exercise 3.5 130 3.3.6. Exercise 3.6 131 3.3.7. Exercise 3.7 132 3.3.8. Exercise 3.8 136 3.3.9. Exercise 3.9 138 3.3.10. Exercise 3.10 139 Chapter 4. Integrals and Convolution Product 143 4.1. Theoretical background 143 4.1.1. Analyzing linear systems using convolution integrals 143 4.1.2. Convolution properties 144 4.1.3. Graphical interpretation of the convolution product 145 4.1.4. Convolution of a function using a unit impulse 145 4.1.5. Step response from a system 147 4.1.6. Eigenfunction of a convolution operator 148 4.2. Exercises 149 4.2.1. Exercise 4.1 149 4.2.2. Exercise 4.2 150 4.2.3. Exercise 4.3 150 4.2.4. Exercise 4.4 151 4.2.5. Exercise 4.5 151 4.2.6. Exercise 4.6 152 4.3. Solutions to the exercises 153 4.3.1. Exercise 4.1 153 4.3.2. Exercise 4.2 156 4.3.3. Exercise 4.3 160 4.3.4. Exercise 4.4 163 4.3.5. Exercise 4.5 164 4.3.6. Exercise 4.6 165 Chapter 5. Correlation 169 5.1. Theoretical background 169 5.1.1. Comparing signals 169 5.1.2. Correlation function 170 5.1.3. Properties of correlation functions 172 5.1.4. Energy of a signal 176 5.2. Exercises 177 5.2.1. Exercise 5.1 177 5.2.2. Exercise 5.2 178 5.2.3. Exercise 5.3 178 5.2.4. Exercise 5.4 178 5.2.5. Exercice 5.5 179 5.2.6. Exercice 5.6 179 5.2.7. Exercise 5.7 179 5.2.8. Exercice 5.8 180 5.2.9. Exercise 5.9 180 5.2.10. Exercise 5.10 181 5.2.11. Exercise 5.11 181 5.2.12. Exercise 5.12 182 5.2.13. Exercise 5.13 182 5.2.14. Exercise 5.14 183 5.3. Solutions to the exercises 183 5.3.1. Exercise 5.1 183 5.3.2. Exercice 5.2 188 5.3.3. Exercise 5.3 191 5.3.4. Exercice 5.4 192 5.3.5. Exercise 5.5 193 5.3.6. Exercise 5.6 196 5.3.7. Exercise 5.7 197 5.3.8. Exercise 5.8 201 5.3.9. Exercise 5.9 204 5.3.10. Exercise 5.10 205 5.3.11 Exercise 5.11 206 5.3.12 Exercise 5.12 207 5.3.13 Exercise 5.13 208 5.3.14 Exercise 5.14 209 Chapter 6. Signal Sampling 213 6.1. Theoretical background 213 6.1.1. Sampling principle 213 6.1.2. Ideal sampling 214 6.1.3. Finite width sampling 218 6.1.4. Sample and hold (S/H) sampling 221 6.2. Exercises 225 6.2.1. Exercise 6.1 225 6.2.2. Exercise 6.2 225 6.2.3. Exercise 6.3 226 6.2.4. Exercise 6.4 226 6.2.5. Exercise 6.5 226 6.2.6. Exercise 5.6 227 6.2.7. Exercise 6.7 227 6.2.8. Exercice 6.8 228 6.3. Solutions to the exercises 229 6.3.1. Exercise 6.1 229 6.3.2. Exercise 6.2 229 6.3.3. Exercise 6.3 233 6.3.4. Exercice 6.4 235 6.3.5. Exercise 6.5 236 6.3.6. Exercise 6.6 238 6.3.7. Exercise 6.7 240 6.3.8. Exercise 6.8 242 Bibliography 245 Index 247

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Book SynopsisThis second edition of the fully revised and updated From Photon to Pixel presents essential elements in modern digital photographic devices. Our universal infatuation with photography profoundly affects its usage and development.While some sides of photographic “culture” remain wholly unchanged – art photography, journalistic and advertising photography, scientific photography, etc. – new facets emerge: leisure or travel photography, everyday life photography, anecdotal, observational or unusual photography, and microcosm, or micro-community, photography with its culmination in the narcissistic selfie. These new forms combine an often simplified manner of photographing and modern means of instantaneous, remote and mass communication. This book does not extend into the sociological study of photography, instead it explains how the digital camera works by examining in detail each of the components that constitutes it to provide the reader with a preliminary guide into the inner workings of this device.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements xi Chapter 1. First Contact 1 1.1. Toward a society of the image 1 1.1.1. A bit of vocabulary in the form of zoology 4 1.1.2. A brief history of photography 7 1.2. The reason for this book 10 1.3. Physical principle of image formation 11 1.3.1. Light 11 1.3.2. Electromagnetic radiation: wave and particle 12 1.3.3. The pinhole 13 1.3.4. From pinholes to photo cameras 15 1.4. Camera block diagram 21 Chapter 2. The Photographic Objective Lens 25 2.1. Focusing 26 2.1.1. From focusing to blurring 26 2.1.2. Focusing complex scenes 28 2.2. Depth of field 34 2.2.1. Long-distance photography 35 2.2.2. Macrophotography 36 2.2.3. Hyperfocal 37 2.3. Angle of view 38 2.3.1. Angle of view and human visual system 38 2.3.2. Angle of view and focal length 39 2.4. Centered systems 41 2.4.1. Of the importance of glasses in lenses 42 2.4.2. Chromatic corrections 45 2.4.3. The choice of an optical system 47 2.4.4. Diaphragms and apertures 50 2.4.5. Zoom 53 2.4.6. Zoom and magnification 54 2.5. Fisheye systems 57 2.5.1. Projection functions 57 2.5.2. Circular and diagonal fisheyes 59 2.5.3. Fisheyes in practice 61 2.6. Diffraction and incoherent light 63 2.6.1. Coherence: incoherence 63 2.6.2. Definitions and notations 65 2.6.3. For a single wavelength 66 2.6.4. Circular diaphragm 68 2.6.5. Discussion 70 2.6.6. Case of a wide spectrum 71 2.6.7. Separation power 73 2.7. Camera calibration 74 2.7.1. Some geometry of image formation 74 2.7.2. Multi-image calibration: bundle adjustment 77 2.7.3. Fisheye camera calibration 78 2.8. Aberrations 79 2.8.1. Chromatic aberration 79 2.8.2. Geometrical aberrations 80 2.8.3. Internal reflections 82 2.8.4. Vignetting 83 2.8.5. The correction of the aberrations 86 Chapter 3. The Digital Sensor 89 3.1. Sensor size 90 3.1.1. Sensor aspect ratio 90 3.1.2. Sensor dimensions 91 3.1.3. Pixel size 93 3.2. The photodetector 93 3.2.1. Image detection materials 93 3.2.2. CCDs 94 3.2.3. CMOSs 97 3.2.4. Back-side illuminated arrangement (BSI), stacked arrangement 101 3.2.5. Stacked arrangements 102 3.2.6. Influence of the choice of technology on noise 103 3.2.7. Conclusion 104 3.3. Integrated filters in the sensor 104 3.3.1. Microlenses 104 3.3.2. Anti-aliasing filters 106 3.3.3. Chromatic selection filters 109 Chapter 4. Radiometry and Photometry 111 4.1. Radiometry: physical parameters 112 4.1.1. Definitions 112 4.1.2. Radiating objects: emissivity and source temperature 116 4.1.3. Industrial lighting sources 122 4.1.4. Reflecting objects: reflectance and radiosity 123 4.2. Subjective aspects: photometry 125 4.2.1. Luminous efficiency curve 126 4.2.2. Photometric quantities 128 4.3. Real systems 128 4.3.1. Etendue 129 4.3.2. Camera photometry 130 4.4. Radiometry and photometry in practice 134 4.4.1. Measurement with a photometer 134 4.4.2. Integrated measurements 137 4.5. From the watt to the ISO 138 4.5.1. ISO sensitivity: definitions 138 4.5.2. Standard output ISO sensitivity SOS 143 4.5.3. Recommended exposure index 143 4.5.4. Exposure value 144 Chapter 5. Color 145 5.1. From electromagnetic radiation to perception 147 5.1.1. The color of objects 147 5.1.2. Color perception 149 5.2. Color spaces 151 5.2.1. The CIE 1931 RGB space 153 5.2.2. Other chromatic spaces 160 5.2.3. The Lab space 162 5.2.4. Other colorimetric spaces 163 5.2.5. TV spaces 164 5.2.6. The sRGB space 165 5.2.7. ICC profile 168 5.2.8. Chromatic thresholds 169 5.3. The white balance 170 5.3.1. Presettings 171 5.3.2. Color calibration 172 5.3.3. Gray test pattern usage 173 5.3.4. Automatic white balance techniques 173 5.3.5. The Retinex model 175 5.4. Acquiring color 178 5.4.1. “True color” images 181 5.4.2. Chromatic arrays 186 5.4.3. Chromatic selection of the arrays 192 5.5. Reconstructing color: demosaicing 195 5.5.1. Linear interpolation demosaicing 196 5.5.2. Per channel, nonlinear interpolations 199 5.5.3. Interchannel, non-linear interpolations 199 Chapter 6. Image Quality 205 6.1. Qualitative attributes 206 6.1.1. The signal–noise ratio 207 6.1.2. Resolution 211 6.1.3. The modulation transfer function 215 6.1.4. Sharpness 221 6.1.5. Acutance 221 6.2. Global image quality assessment 226 6.2.1. Reference-based evaluations 228 6.2.2. No-reference evaluation 230 6.2.3. Perception model evaluation 234 6.3. Information capacity 237 6.3.1. The number of degrees of freedom 238 6.3.2. Entropy 243 6.3.3. Information capacity in photography 245 6.4. What about aesthetics? 252 6.4.1. Birkhoff’s measure of beauty 253 6.4.2. Gestalt theory 254 6.4.3. Shannon information theory, Kolmogorov Complexity and Computational Complexity theory 254 6.4.4. Learning aesthetic by machine 254 Chapter 7. Noise in Digital Photography 257 7.1. Photon noise 258 7.1.1. Fluctuations in the optical signal 258 7.1.2. The Poisson hypothesis in practice 261 7.1.3. From photon flux to electrical charge 262 7.2. Electronic noise 265 7.2.1. Dark current 265 7.2.2. Pixel reading noise 266 7.2.3. Crosstalk noise 266 7.2.4. Reset noise 267 7.2.5. Quantization noise 267 7.3. Non-uniform noise 268 7.3.1. Non-uniformity in detectors 268 7.3.2. Salt-and-pepper noise 268 7.3.3. Image reconstruction and compression noise 268 7.4. Noise models for image acquisition 269 7.4.1. Orders of magnitude 270 Chapter 8. Image Representation: Coding and Formats 273 8.1. “Native” format and metadata 274 8.2. RAW (native) format 275 8.2.1. Contents of the RAW format 278 8.2.2. Advantages of the native format 280 8.2.3. Drawbacks of the native format 281 8.2.4. Standardization of native formats 281 8.3. Metadata 283 8.3.1. The XMP standard 283 8.3.2. The Exif metadata format 284 8.4. Lossless compression formats 286 8.4.1. General lossless coding algorithms 287 8.4.2. Lossless JPEG coding 288 8.5. Image formats for graphic design 289 8.5.1. The PNG format 289 8.5.2. The TIFF format 291 8.5.3. The GIF format 292 8.6. Lossy compression formats 292 8.6.1. JPEG 294 8.6.2. JPEG 2000 299 8.7. Tiled formats 304 8.8. Video coding 305 8.8.1. Video encoding and standardization 306 8.8.2. MPEG coding 307 8.9. Compressed sensing 310 Chapter 9. Elements of Camera Hardware 313 9.1. Image processors 313 9.1.1. Global architecture and functions 314 9.1.2. The central processing unit 315 9.1.3. The digital signal processor 318 9.1.4. The graphics processing unit 320 9.2. Memory 321 9.2.1. Volatile memory 321 9.2.2. Archival memory cards 321 9.3. Screens 327 9.3.1. Two screen types 327 9.3.2. Performance 329 9.3.3. Choice of technology 330 9.4. The shutter 333 9.4.1. Mechanical shutters 333 9.4.2. Electronic shutters 333 9.5. Measuring focus 335 9.5.1. Maximum contrast detection 337 9.5.2. Phase detection 340 9.5.3. Focusing on multiple targets 341 9.5.4. Telemeter configuration and geometry 342 9.5.5. Mechanics of the autofocus system 343 9.5.6. Autofocus in practice 344 9.6. Stabilization 346 9.6.1. Motion sensors 346 9.6.2. Compensating for movement 349 9.6.3. Video stabilization 352 9.7. Additions to the lens assembly: supplementary lenses and filters 353 9.7.1. Focal length adjustment 353 9.7.2. Infra-red filters 356 9.7.3. Attenuation filters 357 9.7.4. Polarizing filters 358 9.7.5. Chromatic filters 365 9.7.6. Colored filters 366 9.7.7. Special effect filters 367 9.8. Power cells 367 9.8.1. Batteries 368 9.8.2. Rechargeable Ni-Cd batteries 368 9.8.3. Lithium-ion batteries 369 Chapter 10. Photographic Software 373 10.1. Integrated software 374 10.1.1. Noise reduction 374 10.1.2. Classic approaches 375 10.1.3. Iterative methods 376 10.1.4. Non-local approaches 377 10.1.5. Facial detection 379 10.1.6. Motion tracking 382 10.1.7. Image rotation 384 10.1.8. Panoramas 385 10.2. Imported software 394 10.2.1. Improving existing functions 395 10.2.2. Creating new functions 395 10.3. External software 397 10.3.1. High-dynamic images (HDR) 397 10.3.2. Plenoptic imaging: improving the depth of field 402 10.3.3. Improving resolution: super-resolution 408 10.3.4. Flutter-shutters 412 Bibliography 417 Index 439

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Book SynopsisMany instrumentation engineers and scientists often deal with analog electronic issues when approaching delicate measurements. Even if off-the-shelf measuring solutions exist, comprehension of the analog behavior of the measuring system is often a necessity. This book provides a concise introduction to the main elements of a low frequency analog acquisition chain. It aims to be sufficiently general to provide an introduction, yet specific enough to guide the reader through some classical problems that may be encountered in the subject. Topics include sensors, conditioning circuits, differential and instrumentation amplifiers, active filters (mainly for anti-aliasing purposes) and analog to digital converters. A chapter is devoted to an introduction to noise and electronic compatibility.This work is intended for people with a general background in electronics and signal processing, who are looking for an introduction to classical electronic solutions employed in measuring instruments involving low frequency analog signal processing. Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Sensing and Signal Conditioning 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Voltage generating sensors 1 1.3 Current generating sensors 9 1.4 Charge generating sensors 19 1.5 Resistive sensors 24 1.6 Reactive sensors 36 1.7 Conclusion 37 Chapter 2 Amplification and Amplifiers 39 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 Introduction to operational amplifiers 40 2.3 Limitations of real operational amplifiers 42 2.4 Instrumentation amplifiers 47 2.5 Isolation amplifiers 57 2.6 Conclusion 59 Chapter 3 Elements of Active Filter Synthesis 61 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 Low-pass filter approximation 64 3.3 Active filter synthesis by means of standard cells 76 3.4 Frequency transform techniques 82 3.5 Conclusion 88 Chapter 4 Analog to Digital Converters 89 4.1 Digital to analog converters and analog to digital converters: an introduction 89 4.2 Notations and digital circuits 91 4.3 Sample and hold circuits 94 4.4 Converter structures 96 4.5 No silver bullet: choosing the best trade-off 112 4.6 Conclusion 118 Chapter 5 Introduction to Noise Analysis in Low Frequency Circuits 121 5.1 What is noise? 121 5.2 Stochastic modeling of a noise 123 5.3 Different kinds of stochastic noises 129 5.4 Limits of modeling 134 5.5 Contributions from stochastically independent noise sources 135 5.6 Noise equivalent bandwidth and noise factor 137 5.7 Amplifiers and noise 139 5.8 Noise from “outer space”: electromagnetic compatibility 148 5.9 Conclusion 152 Appendix 153 Bibliography 155 Index 157

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Book SynopsisColor is a sensation generated both by the interaction of the visual sensors in the eyes with the natural environment and by the elaboration of visual information by higher brain functions.This book presents the mathematical framework needed to deal with several models of color processing of digital images. The book starts with a short yet exhaustive introduction to the basic phenomenological features of color vision, which are constantly used throughout the book. The discussion of computational issues starts with color constancy, which is dealt with in a rigorous and self-contained mathematical setting. Then, the original Retinex model and its numerous variants are introduced and analyzed with direct discrete equations. The remainder of the book is dedicated to the variational analysis of Retinex-like models, contextualizing their action with respect to contrast enhancement. Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. Rudiments of Human Visual System (HVS) Features 1 1.1. The retina 1 1.1.1. Photoreceptors: rods and cones 2 1.2. Adaptation and photo-electrical response of receptors 4 1.3. Spatial locality of vision 5 1.4. Local contrast enhancement 6 1.5. Physical vs. perceived light intensity contrast: Weber- Fechner’s law 9 Chapter 2. Computational Color Constancy Algorithms 13 2.1. The dichromatic and Lambertian image formation models 14 2.2. Classical hypotheses for illuminant and reflectance estimation 17 2.2.1. White-patch assumption and related models 18 2.2.2. Gray-world assumption and related models 20 2.2.3. Shades of gray and multi-scale max-RGB assumptions to mix white-patch and gray-world hypotheses 22 2.2.4. Gray-edge assumption and related models 24 2.2.5. Multi-scale n-th order shades of gray-edge assumption: a general hypothesis 26 Chapter 3. Retinex-like Algorithms for Color Image Processing 29 3.1. Mathematical description of the original ratio-threshold-reset Retinex algorithm 30 3.2. Analysis of the ratio-reset Retinex formula: the limit ε → 0 33 3.2.1. Retinex: “a melody that everyone plays differently” 37 3.3. From paths to pixel sprays: RSR 41 3.3.1. LRSR and SMRSR 43 3.4. A psychophysical method to measure (achromatic) induction 45 3.5. Automatic Color Equalization: ACE 50 3.6. RACE: a model with mixed features between RSR and ACE 52 3.6.1. Regularization of RACE formula: attachment to original image 54 3.7. An alternative fusion between RSR and ACE: STRESS 56 Chapter 4. Variational Formulation of Histogram Equalization 59 4.1. The Caselles–Sapiro model 59 4.2. Interpretation of Caselles–Sapiro’s functional for histogram equalization 65 4.3. Application of histogram equalization techniques to color images 67 Chapter 5. Perceptually-inspired Variational Models for Color Enhancement in the RGB Space 69 5.1. Beyond the Caselles–Sapiro model: modification of the histogram equalization functional to approach visual properties 70 5.1.1. A contrast term coherent with HVS properties 70 5.1.2. Entropic adjustment term 73 5.2. Minimization of perceptual functionals 75 5.2.1. Stability of the iterative semi-implicit gradient descent scheme 80 5.2.2. A general strategy for the reduction of computational complexity 81 5.2.3. Results 83 5.3. Embedding existing perceptually inspired color correction models in the variational framework 85 5.3.1. Alternative variational and EDP formalizations of Retinex-like algorithms 89 5.4. Variational interpretation of the Rudd-Zemach model of achromatic induction 92 5.5. Perceptual enhancement in the wavelet domain 95 5.5.1. Adjustment to the average value in the wavelet domain 98 5.5.2. Local contrast enhancement in the wavelet domain 99 5.6. High-dynamic-range (HDR) imaging 101 5.6.1. A two-stage tone mapping 105 Appendix 111 Bibliography 117 Index 125

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