Electronics and communications engineering Books
IEEE Computer Society Press,U.S. Software Reliability and Testing
Book Synopsis
£62.06
IEEE Computer Society Press,U.S. Performance Modeling for Computer Architects
Book SynopsisAs computers become more complex, the number and complexity of the tasks facing the computer architect have increased. Computer performance often depends in complex way on the design parameters and intuition that must be supplemented by performance studies to enhance design productivity. This book introduces computer architects to computer system performance models and shows how they are relatively simple, inexpensive to implement, and sufficiently accurate for most purposes. It discusses the development of performance models based on queuing theory and probability. The text also shows how they are used to provide quick approximate calculations to indicate basic performance tradeoffs and narrow the range of parameters to consider when determining system configurations. It illustrates how performance models can demonstrate how a memory system is to be configured, what the cache structure should be, and what incremental changes in cache size can have on the miss rate. A part
£73.76
IEEE Computer Society Press,U.S. Software Engineering Risk Management
Book SynopsisThis book is designed for those who manage software development projects. It explores software and risk management both from a technology and a business perspective. Issues regarding costs, schedules, technical performance, and strategies for software development are discussed. The author approaches software development from a just-in-time viewpoint and details strategies for implementing and planning development plans in a cost-effective and timely manner. The book presents a significant discussion of software risk issues pertaining to organizational costs and schedules. It also identifies metrics and presents several models for measuring and predicting risk. The information featured in the book is supported by actual proven case studies derived from the author''s experience. The text addresses many different concepts, strategies, and tools that could make the management of your next software development project less of a guess and more predictable.
£80.06
I.E.E.E.Press Software Change Impact Analysis
Book Synopsis
£71.06
I.E.E.E.Press Debugging and Performance Tuning for Parallel
Book Synopsis
£71.06
IEEE Computer Society Press,U.S. Software Engineering
Book Synopsis
£99.86
I.E.E.E.Press Advances in Image Understanding
Book Synopsis
£65.66
IEEE Computer Society Press,U.S. Software Engineering Risk Management
Book Synopsis
£330.24
IEEE Computer Society Press,U.S. Parallel Architectures for Artificial Neural
Book SynopsisThis excellent reference for all those involved in neural networks research and application presents, in a single text, the necessary aspects of parallel implementation for all major artificial neural network models. The book details implementations on varoius processor architectures (ring, torus, etc.) built on different hardware platforms, ranging from large general purpose parallel computers to custom built MIMD machines using transputers and DSPs. Experts who performed the implementations author the chapters and research results are covered in each chapter. These results are divided into three parts. Theoretical analysis of parallel implementation schemes on MIMD message passing machines. Details of parallel implementation of BP neural networks on a general purpose, large, parallel computer. Four chapters each describing a specific purpose parallel neural computer configuration. This book is aimed at graduate students
£99.86
John Wiley & Sons Inc An Introduction to the Theory of Random Signals
Book SynopsisThis bible of a whole generation of communications engineers was originally published in 1958. The focus is on the statistical theory underlying the study of signals and noises in communications systems, emphasizing techniques as well s results. End of chapter problems are provided. Sponsored by: IEEE Communications SocietyTable of ContentsPreface to the IEEE Press Edition. Preface. Errata. Introduction. Probability. Random Variables and Probability Distributions. Averages. Sampling. Spectral Analysis. Shot Noise. The Gaussian Process. Linear Systems. Noise Figures. Optimum Linear Systems. Nonlinear Devices: The Direct Method. Nonlinear Devices: The Transform Method. Statistical Detection Signals. Appendix 1: The Impulse Function. Appendix 2: Integral Equations. Bibliography. Index.
£135.85
John Wiley & Sons Inc Field Theory of Guided Waves IEEE Press Series on
Book SynopsisOffers a comprehensive account of electromagnetic theory and analytical methods for solving waveguide and cavity problems. This edition is packed with examples and applications. It provides solutions to a large number of practical structures. It also includes a complete discussion of scalar and Dyadic Green functions.Table of ContentsPreface. Basic Electromagnetic Theory. Green's Functions. Transverse Electromagnetic Waves. Transmission Lines. Waveguides and Cavities. Inhomogeneously Filled Waveguides and Dielectric Resonators. Excitation of Waveguides and Cavities. Variational Methods for Waveguide Discontinuities. Periodic Structures. Integral Transform and Function-Theoretic Techniques. Surface Waveguides. Artificial Dielectrics. Mathematical Appendix. Name Index. Subject Index. About the Author.
£164.66
John Wiley & Sons Inc oversamplingdeltasigmadataconverters
Book SynopsisThis now famous anthology brings together various aspects of oversampling methods and compares and evaluates design approaches. It describes the theoretical analysis of converter performances, the actual design of converters and their simulation, circuit implementations, and applications.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Oversampling Methods for A/D and D/A Conversion (J. Candy & G. Temes). BASIC THEORY AND ANALYSIS. An Analysis of Nonlinear Behavior in Delta-Sigma Modulators (S. Ardalan & J. Paulos). A Use of Limit Cycle Oscillations to Obtain Robust Analog-to-Digital Converters (J. Candy). The Structure of Quantization Noise from Sigma-Delta Modulation (J. Candy & O. Benjamin). Multistage Sigma-Delta Modulation (W. Chou, et al.). Oversampled Sigma-Delta Modulation (R. Gray). Quantization Noise Spectra (R. Gray). Double-Loop Sigma-Delta Modulation with dc Input (N. He, et al.). A Unity Bit Coding Method by Negative Feedback (H. Inose & Y. Yasuda). Design of Stable High Order 1-Bit Sigma-Delta Modulators (T. Ritoniemi, et al.). Reduction of Quantizing Noise by Use of Feedback (H. Spang III & P. Schultheiss). Oversampled, Linear Predictive and Noise-Shaping Coders of Order N>1 (S. Tewksbury & R. Hallock). DESIGN, SIMULATION TECHNIQUES, AND ARCHITECTURES FOR OVERSAMPLING CONVERTERS. Design Methodology for ΣΔM (B. Agrawal & K. Shenoi). Table-Based Simulation of Delta-Sigma Modulators (R. Bishop, et al.). Simulating and Testing Oversampled Analog-to-Digital Converters (B. Boser, et al.). A Use if Double Integration in Sigma Delta Modulation (J. Candy). An Oversampling Analog-to-Digital Converter Topology for High-Resolution Signal Acquisition Systems (L. Carley). Digitally Corrected Multi-Bit ΣΔ Data Converters (T. Cataltepe, et al.). A Higher Order Topology for Interpolative Modulators for Oversampling A/D Converters (K. Chao, et al.). One Bit Higher Order Sigma-Delta A/D Converters (P. Ferguson, et al.). Optimization of a Sigma-Delta Modulator by the Use of a Slow ADC (A. Gosslau & A. Gottwald). Circuit and Technology Considerations for MOS Delta-Sigma A/D Converters (M. Hauser & R. Brodersen). Technology Scaling and Performance Limitations in Delta-Sigma Analog-Digital Converters (M. Hauser). Delta-Sigma A/Ds with Reduced Sensitivity to Op Amp Noise and Gain (P. Hurst & R. Levinson). Multibit Oversampled Σ-Δ A/D Converter with Digital Error Correction (L. Larson, et al.). An Improved Sigma-Delta Modulator Architecture (T. Leslie & B. Singh). A 13 Bit ISDN-Band Oversampled ADC Using Two-Stage Third Order Noise Shaping (L. Longo & M. Copeland). A 16-Bit Oversampling A-to-D Conversion Technology Using Triple-Integration Noise Shaping (Y. Matsuya, et al.). Improved Signal-to-Noise Ratio Using Tri-Level Delta-Sigma Modulation (J. Paulos, et al.). A Second-Order High-Resolution Incremental A/D Converter with Offset and Charge Injection Compensation (J. Robert & P. Deval). Improved Double Integation Delta-Sigma Modulations for A to D and D to A Conversion (Y. Shoji & T. Suzuki). Oversampling A-to-D and D-to-A Converters with Multistage Noise Shaping Modulators (K. Uchimura, et al.). Architectures for High-Order Multibit ΣΔ Modulators (R. Walden, et al.). Constraints Analysis for Oversampling A-to-D Converter Structures on VLSI Implementation (A. Yukawa). IMPLEMENTATIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF OVERSAMPLING A/D CONVERTERS. Design and Implementation of an Audio 18-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter Using Oversampling Techniques (R. Adams). The Design of Sigma-Delta Modulation Analog-to-Digital Converters (B. Boser & B. Wooley). A Noise-Shaping Coder Topology for 15+ Bit Converters (L. Carley). A Dual-Channel Voice-Band PCM Codec Using ΣΔ Modulation Technique (V. Friedman, et al.). MOS ADC-Filter Combination That Does Not Require Precision Analog Components (M. Hauser, et al.). A Multistage Delta-Sigma Modulator without Double Integration Loop (T. Hayashi, et al.). An Oversampled Sigma-Delta A/D Converter Circuit Using Two-Stage Fourth Order Modulator (T. Karema, et al.). A 12-Bit Sigma-Delta Analog-to-Digital Converter with 15-MHz Clock Rate (R. Koch, et al.). Area-Efficient Multichannel Oversampled PCM Voice-Band Coder (B. Leung, et al.). An 18b Oversampling A/D Converter for Digital Audio (K. Matsumoto, et al.). A 14-Bit 80-kHz Sigma-Delta A/D Converter: Modeling, Design, and Performance Evaluation (S. Norsworthy, et al.). Fully Differential CMOS Sigma-Delta Modulator for High Performance Analog-to-Digital Conversion with 5 V Operating Voltage (T. Ritoniemi, et al.). A High-Resolution CMOS Sigma-Delta A/D Converter with 320 kHz Output Rate (M. Rebeschini, et al.). A CMOS Slope Adaptive Delta Modulator (J. Scott, et al.). Stereo 16-Bit Delta-Sigma A/D Converter for Digital Audio (D. Welland, et al.). DIGITAL FILTERS FOR OVERSAMPLING A/D CONVERTERS. Using Triangularly Weighted Interpolation to Get 13-Bit PCM from a Sigma-Delta Modulator (J. Candy, et al.). A Voiceband Codec with Digital Filtering (J. Candy, et al.). Decimation for Sigma Delta Modulation (J. Candy). Multirate Filter Designs Using Comb Filters (S. Chu & C. Burrus). Interpolation and Decimation of Digital Signals—A Tutorial Review (R. Crochiere & L. Rabiner). Wave Digital Decimation Filters in Oversample A/D Converters (E. Dijkstra, et al.). A Design Methodology for Decimation Filters in Sigma Delta A/D Converters (E. Dijkstra, et al.). On the Use of Modulo Arithmetic Comb Filters in Sigma Delta Modulators (E. Dijkstra, et al.). Nine Digital Filters for Decimation and Interpolation (D. Goodman & M. Carey). A Novel Architecture Design for VLSI Implementation of an FIR Decimation Filter (H. Meleis & P. Fur). Efficient VLSI-realizable Decimators for Sigma-Delta Analog-to-Digital Converters (T. Saramäki & H. Tenhunen). THEORY AND IMPLEMENTATIONS OF OVERSAMPLING D/A CONVERTERS. Double Interpolation for Digital-to-Analog Conversion (J. Candy & A.-N. Huynh). A 16-Bit 4th Order Noise-Shaping D/A Converter (L. Carley & J. Kenney). A CMOS Stereo 16-Bit D/A Converter for Digital Audio (P. Naus, et al.). Author Index. Subject Index. Editor's Biographies.
£179.06
John Wiley & Sons Inc Understanding the Nervous System
Book SynopsisProviding a fascinating alternative to the unwieldy life science sources, this book describes how the nervous system (including the brain) communicates with, sends signals to, and receives input from the sensory organs. Starting with the basic principles and components of the nervous system with sensory receptors, neurons and dendrites, and the skeletal muscle circuits the authors unfold the mystery of this communication with simple, elegant mathematical formulas to enhance your understanding of how the nervous system functions in complicated auditory and visual systems, and the brain. Includes extensive references at the end of each chapter! Sponsored by: IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology SocietyTable of ContentsPreface. Excitable Tissue. Sensory Receptors. Generation of the Action Potential. Propagation of the Action Potential. Dendritic Summation. Lateral Inhibition. Simple Neuronal Systems. Skeletal Muscle Circuits. The Auditory System. The Eye as a Transducer. Visual Pattern Recognition, Neural Networks, and "Household Chores". About the Brain. Index.
£85.46
John Wiley & Sons Inc Advanced Quantum Communications
Book SynopsisThe book provides an overview of the most advanced quantum informational geometric techniques, which can help quantum communication theorists analyze quantum channels, such as security or additivity properties. Each section addresses an area of major research of quantum information theory and quantum communication networks. The authors present the fundamental theoretical results of quantum information theory, while also presenting the details of advanced quantum ccommunication protocols with clear mathematical and information theoretical background. This book bridges the gap between quantum physics, quantum information theory, and practical engineering.Table of ContentsPREFACE xvii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Emerging Quantum Infl uences 2 1.2 Quantum Information Theory 2 1.3 Different Capacities of Quantum Channels 3 1.4 Challenges Related to Quantum Channel Capacities 5 1.5 Secret and Private Quantum Communication 6 1.6 Quantum Communications Networks 8 1.7 Recent Developments and Future Directions 9 CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM INFORMATION THEORY 11 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Basic Definitions and Formulas 15 2.3 Geometrical Interpretation of the Density Matrices 25 2.4 Quantum Entanglement 31 2.5 Entropy of Quantum States 34 2.6 Measurement of the Amount of Entanglement 43 2.7 Encoding Classical Information to Quantum States 49 2.8 Quantum Noiseless Channel Coding 54 2.9 Brief Summary 57 2.10 Further Reading 57 CHAPTER 3 THE CLASSICAL CAPACITIES OF QUANTUM CHANNELS 65 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 From Classical to Quantum Communication Channels 73 3.3 Transmission of Classical Information over Quantum Channels 77 3.4 The Holevo-Schumacher-Westmoreland Theorem 84 3.5 Classical Communication over Quantum Channels 89 3.6 Brief Summary of Classical Capacities 98 3.7 Multilevel Quantum Systems and Qudit Channels 98 3.8 The Zero-Error Capacity of a Quantum Channel 100 3.9 Further Reading 117 CHAPTER 4 THE QUANTUM CAPACITY OF QUANTUM CHANNELS 126 4.1 Introduction 126 4.2 Transmission of Quantum Information 128 4.3 Quantum Coherent Information 136 4.4 The Asymptotic Quantum Capacity 146 4.5 Relation between Classical and Quantum Capacities of Quantum Channels 149 4.6 Further Reading 151 CHAPTER 5 GEOMETRIC INTERPRETATION OF QUANTUM CHANNELS 156 5.1 Introduction 156 5.2 Geometric Interpretation of the Quantum Channels 157 5.3 Geometric Interpretation of the Quantum Informational Distance 162 5.4 Computation of Smallest Quantum Ball to Derive the HSW Capacity 182 5.5 Illustrative Example 190 5.6 Geometry of Basic Quantum Channel Models 191 5.7 Geometric Interpretation of HSW Capacities of Different Quantum Channel Models 197 5.8 Further Reading 213 CHAPTER 6 ADDITIVITY OF QUANTUM CHANNEL CAPACITIES 218 6.1 Introduction 218 6.2 Additivity of Classical Capacity 223 6.3 Additivity of Quantum Capacity 225 6.4 Additivity of Holevo Information 232 6.5 Geometric Interpretation of Additivity of HSW Capacity 245 6.6 Classical and Quantum Capacities of some Channels 260 6.7 The Classical Zero-Error Capacities of some Quantum Channels 264 6.8 Further Reading 265 CHAPTER 7 SUPERACTIVATION OF QUANTUM CHANNELS 269 7.1 Introduction 270 7.2 The Non-Additivity of Private Information 270 7.3 Channel Combination for Superadditivity of Private Information 274 7.4 Superactivation of Quantum Capacity of Zero-Capacity Quantum Channels 282 7.5 Behind Superactivation: The Information Theoretic Description 295 7.6 Geometrical Interpretation of Quantum Capacity 302 7.7 Example of Geometric Interpretation of Superactivation 305 7.8 Extension of Superactivation for More General Classes 310 7.9 Superactivation of Zero-Error Capacities 315 7.10 Further Reading 322 CHAPTER 8 QUANTUM SECURITY AND PRIVACY 325 8.1 Introduction 326 8.2 Quantum Key Distribution 330 8.3 Private Communication over the Quantum Channel 333 8.4 Quantum Cryptographic Primitives 336 8.5 Further Reading 354 CHAPTER 9 QUANTUM COMMUNICATION NETWORKS 362 9.1 Long-Distance Quantum Communications 362 9.2 Levels of Entanglement Swapping 368 9.3 Scheduling Techniques of Purifi cation 371 9.4 Hybrid Quantum Repeater 375 9.5 Probabilistic Quantum Networks 382 9.6 Conclusions 384 9.7 Further Reading 384 CHAPTER 10 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 388 10.1 Introduction 388 10.2 Qubit Implementations 391 10.3 Quantum CPUs 396 10.4 Quantum Memories 400 10.5 Further Reading 411 NOTATIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS 413 REFERENCES 420 INDEX 455
£117.85
John Wiley & Sons Inc Slide Rules
Book SynopsisA complete road map to creating successful technical presentations Planning a technical presentation can be tricky. Does the audience know your subject area? Will you need to translate concepts into terms they understand? What sort of visuals should you use? Will this set of bullets truly convey the information? What will your slides communicate to future users? Questions like these and countless others can overwhelm even the most savvy technical professionals. This full-color, highly visual work addresses the unique needs of technical communicators looking to break free of the bulleted slide paradigm. For those seeking to improve their presentations, the authors provide guidance on how to plan, organize, develop, and archive technical presentations. Drawing upon the latest research in cognitive science as well as years of experience teaching seasoned technical professionals, the authors cover a myriad of issues involved in the design of presentations, clearly eTrade Review“Slide Rulesis useful to anyone creating slides (including Prezi) and to instructors who want to teach their students best practices. While the evidence–assertion method works best for presenting scientific information, this book covers a broad enough territory that even marketing and sales presenters could learn important skills.” (Technical Communication, 1 February 2015) Table of ContentsA Note from the Series Editor xi Acknowledgments xiii Foreword xv Introduction 1 Understand our path to these techniques 1 Witness the change 2 Feel confident about these techniques 3 References 3 1 Heed the Pleas for Better Presentations 5 Know the enemy 6 Be an agent of change 8 Call a meeting instead of summoning a slide deck 8 Destroy the decks of drudgery 8 Learn communication lessons from past tragedies 9 Confront conventional poor practices 10 Consider slides as a two-part deliverable 11 Implement your own continuous improvement 12 References 12 Slide Rule #1 Revisit Presentation Assumptions 2 Apply Cognitive Science and Tell a Story 17 Change presentation practices using grounded research 17 Stay open to change 18 Revisit how a slide works 19 Design slides for audience’s cognitive load 20 Lessen cognitive load with storytelling 24 Apply science and storytelling 27 References 27 3 Understand Audience Needs 29 Scope content toward identified purpose 29 Learn about your audience first 30 Determine the presentation’s purpose 32 Examine the goals for a talk 33 Elevate the moment 33 Assess the audience 34 Prepare for a familiar audience 34 Prepare for an unfamiliar audience 35 Coping when your talk gets hijacked 37 Ditch the “dumb it down” attitude 38 Think of audience needs, not yours 42 Think about logistics 45 References 48 4 Challenge Your Organization’s Culture of Text-Heavy Slides 49 Understand the patterns’ origin 50 Stop assuming they want to read 50 Work toward fewer bullets, less text 51 Avoid using slides as teleprompters 53 Build information deliberately 54 Move beyond “How many slides should I use?” 54 Encourage better presentation practices 56 Create, compile, organize, and stabilize team presentations 58 Work towards a change 60 References 60 Slide Rule #2 Write Sentence Headers 5 Clarify Topics with Full-Sentence Headers 65 Write full sentences for headers, avoiding fragments 65 Consider the case against fragmented headers 66 Deploy best practices for sentence headers 70 Expect immediate results 71 Write targeted headers 73 State a fact or explain a concept 74 Showcase an analysis 80 Transition to new information 84 Influence outcomes with headers 88 Frequently asked questions about sentence headers 88 References 91 Slide Rule #3 Use Targeted Visuals 6 Build Information Incrementally 95 Build something better than bullets 95 Devise methods that build information 97 Design with words to make bullet lovers happy 98 Solidify complex topics with refrains 99 Use refrain slides for meeting agendas 100 Create visuals for directed comprehension 103 Build out to drill down 107 7 Generate Quality Graphs 109 Portray complexity simply 110 Determine the right visual 111 Design reasonable pie charts 112 Design impactful bar charts and histograms 117 Design scatter XY charts and scatter plots 121 Craft line charts 127 Map out area graphs 128 Think through flow or process charts 130 Address assorted other visual outputs 132 Graph ethically 133 Create accessible graphics 136 Frequently asked questions about graphs 138 References 139 Further reading 140 8 Picture the Possibilities 141 Center yourself 143 Manage image interpretation 143 Model accurately 143 Be ethical with visuals 149 Frequently asked questions about using pictures 150 References 151 9 Temper the Templates 153 See the possibilities in a template, branded or otherwise 153 Discover and assess a branded template 154 Work with company templates 156 Devise solutions for problematic templates 156 Fix the template 162 Provide template guidance 164 Refine quad slides 165 Establish brand when there is no template 166 Slide Rule #4 Archive Details for Future Use 10 Make Slide Decks with Archival and Legacy Value 175 Understand that slides have two lives 175 Start new best practices 177 Document ideas efficiently 178 Use the Notes or Presenter Notes feature 179 Get others to see your notes 180 Use hidden slides 181 Keep hidden slides ready 183 Make retrieval easy for everyone else 184 Embrace full documentation as part of workflow 187 References 188 11 Include More Than One Language 189 Know when English is not enough 189 Start with audience analysis 192 Anticipate formatting for translations 192 Deploy plain language 192 Write in one language and talk in another 195 Design split slides 195 Capture translation in notes 197 Translate toward clarity 197 Find resources 198 References 198 Slide Rule #5 Keep Looking Forward 12 Enact Organizational Change 203 Listen to the studies 203 Anticipate the stages of acceptance 204 Tally the results 207 Look for the opportunities 208 References 208 13 Thinking Through the Next Big Thing 209 See ahead 209 Play with Prezi 210 Use caution 211 Amaze with Autodesk 211 Apply apps 213 Remain diligent in your best practices 214 Index 215 About the Authors 219
£40.80
John Wiley & Sons Inc LEOMA and the US Laser Industry
Book SynopsisThis book describes the approaches, both successful and not, to the political and infrastructure issues addressed by the trade association. The intent is to provide guidance to those confronting similar issues, and help them avoid unsuccessful approaches. Includes end-of-chapter summaries Example of documents and approaches that LEOMA used successfully are included and could serve as a guide to other trade associations. Chapter 5 includes figures presenting the unique and effective graphical approach that LEOMA use to improve US national-security export controls Table of ContentsPreface vii 1 LEOMA and the U.S. Laser Industry 1 2 Professional Societies and the Photonics Community 29 3 International Laser Standards 53 4 Educational Issues 75 5 Export Controls 95 6 The Federal Government 117 7 Intra-Industry Affairs 131 Appendix 1: LEOMA Officers 157 Appendix 2: ISO Laser Standards 161 Appendix 3: LEOMA Executive Seminars 163 Appendix 4: The LEOMA ADR Agreement 167 Index 171
£72.86
Wiley Lens Antennas for Communicatio
Book SynopsisThe aim of this book is to present the modern design principles and analysis of lens antennas. It gives graduates and RF/Microwave professionals the design insights needed to make full use of lens antennas. Because this topic has not been thoroughly publicized, its importance is underestimated.Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments xi 1 INTRODUCTION 1 John Thornton and Kao-Cheng Huang 1.1 Lens Antennas: An Overview 2 1.1.1 The Microwave Lens 2 1.1.2 Advantages of Lens Antennas 4 1.1.3 Materials for Lenses 5 1.1.4 Synthesis 6 1.2 Feeds for Lens Antennas 8 1.2.1 Microstrip Feeds 8 1.2.2 Horn Feeds 9 1.3 Luneburg and Spherical Lenses 10 1.4 Quasi Optics and Lens Antennas 14 1.5 Lens Antenna Design 18 1.6 Metamaterial Lens 26 1.7 Planar Lens or Phase-Shifting Surface 30 1.7.1 Refl ect Array 31 1.7.2 Planar Lens or Lens Array 33 1.8 Applications 36 1.9 Antenna Measurements 37 1.9.1 Radiation Pattern Measurement 37 1.9.2 Gain Measurement 38 1.9.3 Polarization Measurement 38 1.9.4 Anechoic Chambers and Ranges 38 2 REVIEW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 49 Kao-Cheng Huang 2.1 Maxwell’s Equations 49 2.1.1 Boundary Conditions 53 2.1.2 Equivalence Theorem 55 2.2 Antenna Parameters 56 2.2.1 Beam Solid Angle and Antenna Temperature 56 2.2.2 Directivity and Gain 58 2.2.3 Antenna Beamwidth 60 2.2.4 Aperture of a Lens 62 2.2.5 Phase Center 63 2.3 Polarization 64 2.4 Wave Propagation in Metamaterials 71 3 POLYROD ANTENNAS 77 Kao-Cheng Huang 3.1 Polyrods as Resonators 78 3.2 The Polyrod as a Radiator 83 3.2.1 Tapered Polyrod Antenna 85 3.3 Patch-Fed Circular Polyrod 90 3.4 Array of Polyrods 97 3.5 Multibeam Polyrod Array 105 4 MILLIMETER WAVE LENS ANTENNAS 113 Kao-Cheng Huang 4.1 Millimeter Wave Characteristics 114 4.1.1 Millimeter Wave Loss Factors 114 4.1.2 Ray-Tracing Propagation 117 4.2 Millimeter Wave Substrate Lens for Imaging 121 4.3 Millimeter Wave and Submillimeter Wave Lens 126 4.3.1 Extended Hemispherical Lens 128 4.3.2 Off-Axis Extended Hemispherical Lens 133 4.3.3 Submillimeter Wave Lens Antennas for Communications 136 4.4 Analysis of Millimeter Wave Spherical Lens 139 4.5 Waveguide-Fed Millimeter Wave Integrated Lens 141 5 LENS ANTENNAS FOR COMMUNICATIONS FROM HIGH-ALTITUDE PLATFORMS 147 John Thornton 5.1 Introduction 147 5.2 The High-Altitude Platform Concept 148 5.2.1 Spectrum Reuse Using HAPs 150 5.2.2 Example Results: Cell Power and Interference 155 5.3 Advantages of Lenses over Reflector Antennas 159 5.3.1 Reflectors 160 5.3.2 Lenses 161 5.3.3 Commercial Lens Antennas 162 5.4 Development of a Shaped Beam Low-Sidelobe Lens Antenna with Asymmetric Pattern 164 5.4.1 Primary Feed 165 5.4.2 Symmetric 5° Beamwidth Antenna 166 5.4.3 Asymmetric Beam 166 5.4.4 Measurements 174 5.5 Lens Antenna Payload Model 177 5.6 Multifeed Lens 178 5.7 Multiple Beam Spherical Lens Antennas for HAP Payload 181 6 SPHERICAL LENS ANTENNAS 187 John Thornton 6.1 Introduction 187 6.2 Spherical Lens Overview 192 6.3 Analytical Methods 195 6.3.1 Ray Tracing 195 6.3.2 SWE 197 6.3.3 Computational Method and Results 202 6.3.4 Generic Feed Pattern 206 6.3.5 Commercial Solvers 208 6.4 Spherical Lens Materials and Fabrication Methods 210 6.4.1 Machined Polymers 210 6.4.2 Molding 212 6.4.3 Polymer Foams 212 6.4.4 PU Dielectric Loss 214 6.4.5 Artifi cial Dielectrics 215 6.5 Revisiting the Constant-Index Lens 215 6.5.1 A Practical, Patch-Fed Hemispherical Constant-Index Lens 219 6.5.2 Off-Axis Array-Fed Spherical Lens 219 6.6 Cross-Polarization Properties of Spherical Lenses 221 7 HEMISPHERICAL LENS-REFLECTOR SCANNING ANTENNAS 225 John Thornton 7.1 Introduction 225 7.2 Candidate Scanning Antenna Technologies 226 7.3 Spherical and Hemispherical Lens Antenna 228 7.4 Hemispherical Lens Prototype 229 7.5 Evolution of a Two-Layer Stepped-Index Polymer Lens 232 7.6 A Hemispherical Lens-Reflector Antenna for Satellite Communications 238 7.6.1 Requirements 239 7.6.2 Lens Analysis 240 7.6.3 Three-Layer Lens Geometry 240 7.6.4 Lens Fabrication and Performance 243 7.6.5 Mechanical Tracking System 245 7.6.6 Ground Plane Effects 249 7.6.7 Aperture Blockage in Scanning Lens Reflector 251 7.7 A Low-Index Lens Reflector for Aircraft Communications (Contribution by D. Gray) 252 About the Authors 267 Index 268
£101.66
John Wiley & Sons Inc Time to Shine
Book SynopsisThe perfect primer for the engineer, scientist, and layperson alike to learn about the practical applications of solar energy technology and how it is being used today, all over the world. Solar energy heats our homes, lights our city streets, and provides power worldwide. As solar energy becomes increasingly more important in all of our lives, it becomes increasingly more important to learn how it works and how it can be implemented. Solar energy has been the new energy for a long time. As this technology becomes a larger and larger piece of the energy spectrum, it is increasingly important for engineers, scientists, managers, and other decision-makers to understand solar energy technology and its applications. This book, written in easy-to-understand language, with plentiful color photos and illustrations, is the perfect primer on solar energy for anyone working in the energy industry or anyone who wants to learn more about solar energy technology. WithTable of ContentsSummary ix About this book xi Terminology xiii Introduction: Solar Energy xv The Incoming Solar Radiation 1 The Availability and Power Density Issue - Fossil vs. Solar Energy 3 The Need for Tracking 4 The Basic Solar Energy Heat Transfers 7 Heat Transfer - Experiment and Simulation 8 Solar Energy Heat Transfer Modes 18 Individual Transfers 18 Compound or Grouped Heat Transfer (CHT) 28 Heat Capacity: Phase Change Materials (PCM), Heat Storage and “Thermal Mass” 31 Overall Heat Transfer 35 Solar Thermal Energy Product Requirements 43 Selected Solar Thermal Applications 47 Solar Water Heaters (SWH) 47 Solar Space Heating 52 Direct Gain 53 Windows and Glazings in Solar Space Heating 53 Active and Passive Solar Energy 56 Passive Solar Heating and Overheating 58 Purely Active Solar Heating 62 Large-Scale Glazed Solar Thermal Plants 63 Solar High Temperature Applications 70 Solar Tower Central Receiver Plants 70 Trough Plants 72 Dish Stirling 72 Solar Chimney Power Plants (CSP) 73 Solar Thermal Pumps 77 Divers Applications 77 Cookers 78 Domestic Solar Cookers 78 Institutional Solar Cookers 81 Autoclave Sterilizers 84 Direct UV Pasteurizers 87 Solar Driers 88 Solar Thermal Energy - The “Software” 92 Impacts 92 The Market 93 The Determination of Solar Food Mass and Cooking Time 95 Solar PV 101 PV - Basic Characteristics 101 Shading 102 The Temperature Effect 103 Electricity and Grids 103 PV Applications 105 Solar Air Planes 108 Solar Boats 109 Dedicated Power Supplies 112 “Plug” Power Supplies 112 PV Power Plants 113 Conclusions Beyond Solar 117 Case Studies 118 Solar Energy in a High-density Urban Environment 118 “Solar Casbah”: Low-Cost Solar Energy Vision 119 An Up-market, High-Tech Vision 123 Solar Thermal vs. Solar PV: The Battle of the Water Heaters 124 The Evolving Grid: 125 Remarks on Energy Planning 126 Solar for Existing Settlements 127
£66.45
John Wiley & Sons Inc Voip and Unified Communications
Book SynopsisTranslates technical jargon into practical business communications solutions This book takes readers from traditional voice, fax, video, and data services delivered via separate platforms to a single, unified platform delivering all of these services seamlessly via the Internet. With its clear, jargon-free explanations, the author enables all readers to better understand and assess the growing number of voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) and unified communications (UC) products and services that are available for businesses. VoIP and Unified Communications is based on the author''s careful review and synthesis of more than 7,000 pages of published standards as well as a broad range of datasheets, websites, white papers, and webinars. It begins with an introduction to IP technology and then covers such topics as: Packet transmission and switching VoIP signaling and call processing How VoIP and UC are defining the fuTable of Contents Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv 1 IP Technology Disrupts Voice Telephony 1 1.1 Introduction to the Public Switched Telephone Network 1 1.2 The Digital PSTN 2 1.3 The Packet Revolution in Telephony 8 1.3.1 Summary of Packet Switching 9 1.3.2 Link Capacity: TDM versus Packets 11 1.3.3 VoIP and “The Cloud” 13 IN SHORT: Reading Network Drawings 14 2 Traditional Telephones Still Set Expectations 17 2.1 Availability: How the Bell System Ensured Service 18 2.2 Call Completion 19 2.3 Sound Quality: Encoding for Recognizable Voices 20 2.4 Low Latency 23 2.5 Call Setup Delays 24 2.6 Impairments Controlled: Echo, Singing, Distortion, Noise 25 3 From Circuits to Packets 27 3.1 Data and Signaling Preceded Voice 27 3.1.1 X.25 Packet Data Service 27 3.1.2 SS7: PSTN Signaling on Packets 28 3.1.3 ISDN 29 3.2 Putting Voice into Packets 30 3.2.1 Voice Encoding 31 3.2.2 Dicing and Splicing Voice Streams 32 3.2.3 The Latency Budget 33 4 Packet Transmission and Switching 37 4.1 The Physical Layer: Transmission 39 IN SHORT: The Endian Wars 40 4.2 Data Link Protocols 41 4.3 IP, the Network Protocol 43 4.4 Layer 4 Transport Protocols 47 4.4.1 Transmission Control Protocol 47 4.4.2 User Datagram Protocol 50 4.4.3 Stream Control Transmission Protocol 51 4.5 Higher Layer Processes 54 4.5.1 RTP 54 4.5.2 RTCP 57 4.5.3 Multiplexing RTP and RTCP on One UDP Port 58 4.5.4 RTP Mixers and Translators 59 4.5.5 Layered Encoding 60 4.5.6 Profiles for Audio and Video Conferences 60 4.5.7 Security via Encryption 61 IN SHORT: Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) 62 4.6 Saving Bandwidth 64 4.6.1 Voice Compression 64 4.6.2 Header Compression 66 4.6.3 Silence Suppression, VAD 67 4.6.4 Sub-Packet Multiplexing 69 4.6.5 Protocol and Codec Selection 70 4.7 Differences: Circuit versus Packet Switched 71 4.7.1 Power to the Desktop Phone 71 4.7.2 Phone as Computer and Computer as Phone 72 4.7.3 Length of a Phone Line 72 4.7.4 Scaling to Large Size 75 4.7.5 Software Ownership and Licenses 75 5 VoIP Signaling and Call Processing 77 5.1 What Packet Voice and UC Systems Share 78 5.2 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 80 5.2.1 SIP Architecture 81 5.2.2 SIP Messages 88 5.2.3 SIP Header Fields and Behaviors 94 5.3 Session Description Protocol 101 IN SHORT: ABNF 104 5.4 Media Gateway Control Protocol 107 5.4.1 MGW Functions 107 5.4.2 MGW Connection Model 110 5.4.3 Megaco Procedures 112 5.4.4 Megaco Details 115 5.4.5 Signaling Conversion 119 5.4.6 Voice Transcoding 119 5.5 H.323 120 5.5.1 H.323 Architecture 121 5.5.2 Gatekeeper 123 5.5.3 Gateway 126 5.5.4 Terminal 126 5.5.5 Multipoint Control Unit 127 5.5.6 Call Procedures 128 5.6 Directory Services 134 5.6.1 Domain Name Service (DNS) 134 5.6.2 ENUM 135 6 VoIP and Unified Communications Define the Future 139 6.1 Voice as Before, with Additions 139 6.2 Legacy Services to Keep and Improve with VoIP 140 6.2.1 Flexible Call Routing and 800 Numbers 141 6.2.2 Call on Hold 141 6.2.3 Call Transfer 142 6.2.4 Call Forwarding 142 6.2.5 Audio Conferencing 142 6.2.6 Video Conferencing 143 6.2.7 Local Number Portability 144 6.2.8 Direct Inward Dialing, Dialed Number Indication 144 6.2.9 CallMessage Waiting 145 6.2.10 Call Recording 146 6.2.11 Emergency Calling (E911) 146 6.2.12 Tracking IP Phone Locations for E911 150 6.3 Facsimile Transmission 153 6.3.1 Facsimile on the PSTN 153 6.3.2 Real-Time Fax over IP: Fax Relay or T.38 155 6.3.3 Store-and-Forward Fax Handling 160 6.3.4 IP Faxing over the PSTN 161 6.4 Phone Features Added with VoIPUC 162 6.4.1 Presence 163 6.4.2 Forking 163 6.4.3 Voicemail¼eMail 163 6.4.4 SMS Integration 164 6.4.5 Instant Messaging 165 6.4.6 Webinar Broadcasts 168 6.4.7 Telepresence 168 6.4.8 More UC Features to Consider 168 7 How VoIP and UC Impact the Network 171 7.1 Space, Power, and Cooling 171 7.2 Priority for Voice, Video, Fax Packets 172 7.3 Packets per Second 174 7.4 Bandwidth 174 7.5 Security Issues 175 7.5.1 Eavesdropping and vLAN Hopping 176 7.5.2 Access Controls for Users and Connections 176 7.5.3 Modems 177 7.5.4 DNS Cache Poisoning 177 IN SHORT: Earliest Instance of DNS Cache Poisoning 179 7.5.5 Toll Fraud 179 7.5.6 Pay-per-Call Scams 179 7.5.7 Vishing 180 7.5.8 SIP ScanningSPIT 180 7.5.9 Opening the Firewall to Incoming Voice 181 7.6 First Migration Steps While Keeping Legacy Equipment 181 7.6.1 Circuit-Switched PBX 182 7.6.2 Digital Phones 182 7.6.3 Analog Phones and FX Service 183 7.6.4 Facsimile Machines 184 7.6.5 Modems 185 8 Interconnections to Global Services 187 8.1 Media Gateways 188 8.2 SIP Trunking 192 8.3 Operating VoIP Across Network Address Translation 196 8.3.1 Failures of SIP, SDP (Signaling) 199 8.3.2 Failures of RTP (Media) 199 8.3.3 Solutions 200 8.3.4 STUN: Session Traversal Utilities for NAT 201 8.3.5 TURN: Traversal Using Relays around NAT 204 8.3.6 ICE: Interactive Connectivity Establishment 206 8.4 Session Border Controller 207 8.4.1 Enterprise SBC 209 8.4.2 Carrier SBC 210 8.5 Supporting Multiple-Carrier Connections 212 8.6 Mobility and Wireless Access 213 8.6.1 VoIP on Wireless LANsWi-Fi 213 8.6.2 Integration of Wi-Fi and Cellular Services 214 8.6.3 Packet Voice on Mobile Broadband: WiMAX, LTE 214 8.6.4 Radio over VoIP 215 IN SHORT: E&M Voice Signaling 216 9 Network Management for VoIP and UC 217 9.1 Starting Right 218 9.1.1 Acceptance Testing 219 9.1.2 Configuration Management and Governance 220 9.1.3 Privilege Setting 220 9.2 Continuous Monitoring and Management 221 9.2.1 NMS Software 222 9.2.2 Simple Network Management Protocol 223 9.2.3 Web Interface 224 9.2.4 Server Logging 224 9.2.5 Software Maintenance 225 9.2.6 Quality of ServiceExperience Monitoring 225 9.2.7 Validate Adjustments and Optimization 226 9.3 Troubleshooting and Repair 226 9.3.1 Methods 226 9.3.2 Software Tools 228 9.3.3 Test Instruments 229 10 Cost Analysis and Payback Calculation 231 11 Examples of Hardware and Software 237 11.1 IP Phones 237 11.2 Gateways 240 11.3 Session Border Controllers 242 11.4 Call-Switching Servers 244 11.4.1 IP PBX 246 11.4.2 Conference BridgesControllers 248 11.4.3 Call Recorder 250 11.5 Hosted VoIPUC Service 251 11.6 Management SystemsWorkstations 252 12 Appendixes 253 12.1 Acronyms and Definitions 253 12.2 Reference Documents 268 12.2.1 RFCs 268 12.2.2 ITU Recommendations 272 12.2.3 Other Sources 272 12.3 Message and Error Codes 274 Index 277
£53.06
John Wiley & Sons Inc Wind Resource Assessment
Book SynopsisA practical, authoritative guide to the assessment of wind resources for utility-scale wind projects?authored by a team of experts from a leading renewable energy consultancy The successful development of wind energy projects depends on an accurate assessment of where, how often, and how strongly the wind blows. A mistake in this stage of evaluation can cause severe financial losses and missed opportunities for developers, lenders, and investors. Wind Resource Assessment: A Practical Guide to Developing a Wind Project shows readers how to achieve a high standard of resource assessment, reduce the uncertainty associated with long-term energy performance, and maximize the value of their project assets. Beginning with the siting, installation, and operation of a high-quality wind monitoring program, this book continues with methods of data quality control and validation, extrapolating measurements from anemometer height to turbine height, adjusting short-term obserTable of ContentsPreface xv 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Where do Winds Come From? 2 1.2 Key Characteristics of the Wind 4 1.3 Wind Power Plants 6 1.4 Purpose and Organization of this Book 9 1.5 Questions for Discussion 10 PART 1 Wind Monitoring 13 2. Overview of a Wind Resource Assessment Campaign 15 2.1 Site Identification 16 2.2 Resource Monitoring 16 2.3 Wind Resource Analysis 20 3. Siting a Wind Project 23 3.1 Site Selection 23 3.2 Regional Wind Resource Information 25 3.3 Field Surveys 29 3.4 Tower Placement 30 3.5 Permitting for Wind Monitoring 33 3.6 Land Lease Agreements 34 3.7 Questions for Discussion 35 4. Monitoring Station Instrumentation and Measurements 37 4.1 Basic Measurements 37 4.2 Additional Measurements 45 4.3 Recorded Parameters and Sampling Intervals 49 4.4 Data Loggers 50 4.5 Data Storage Devices 51 4.6 Data Transfer Equipment 52 4.7 Power Sources 55 4.8 Towers and Sensor Support Hardware 56 4.9 Wiring 57 4.10 Measurement System Accuracy and Reliability 58 4.11 Questions for Review and Discussion 59 5. Installation of Monitoring Stations 61 5.1 Equipment Procurement 61 5.2 Equipment Acceptance Testing and Field Preparation 62 5.3 Installation Team 64 5.4 Safety 64 5.5 Determination of True North 65 5.6 Tower Installation 66 5.7 Sensor and Equipment Installation 70 5.8 Site Commissioning 80 5.9 Documentation 81 5.10 Cost and Labor Estimates 81 5.11 Questions for Discussion 84 6. Station Operation and Maintenance 87 6.1 Site Visits 88 6.2 Operation and Maintenance Procedures 88 6.3 Documentation 92 6.4 Spare Parts Inventory 93 6.5 Questions for Discussion 93 7. Data Collection and Handling 99 7.1 Raw Data Storage 99 7.2 Data Retrieval 101 7.3 Data Retrieval Frequency 101 7.4 Data Protection and Storage 101 7.5 Documentation 102 7.6 Questions for Discussion 103 8. Ground-Based Remote Sensing Systems 105 8.1 Sodar 106 8.2 Lidar 108 8.3 Remote Sensing Campaign Design and Siting 109 8.4 Data Collection and Processing 110 8.5 Comparisons with Conventional Anemometry 111 8.6 Questions for Discussion 113 PART 2 Data Analysis and Resource Assessment 115 9. Data Validation 117 9.1 Data Conversion 118 9.2 Data Validation 119 9.3 Post-Validation Adjustments 125 9.4 Data Substitution and Averaging 127 9.5 Questions for Discussion 128 10. Characterizing the Observed Wind Resource 130 10.1 Summarizing the Observed Wind Resource 130 10.2 Questions for Discussion 141 11. Estimating the Resource at Hub Height 143 11.1 Wind Speed 143 11.2 Time-Varying Speeds and Speed Distributions 150 11.3 Other Parameters 151 11.4 Questions for Discussion 152 12. The Climate Adjustment Process 155 12.1 Is the Wind Climate Stable? 156 12.2 Requirements for Accurate MCP 159 12.3 Sources of Reference Data 166 12.4 The Target–Reference Relationship 170 12.5 Questions for Discussion 174 13. Wind Flow Modeling 178 13.1 Types of Wind Flow Models 179 13.2 Application of Numerical Wind Flow Models 189 13.3 Questions for Discussion 191 14. Offshore Resource Assessment 195 14.1 Nature of the Offshore Wind Environment 197 14.2 Wind Resource Monitoring Systems 201 14.3 Operations and Maintenance of Offshore Systems 212 14.4 Satellite-Based Microwave Sensors 213 15. Uncertainty in Wind Resource Assessment 220 15.1 Measurement Uncertainty 221 15.2 Historical Wind Resource 221 15.3 Future Wind Resource 223 15.4 Wind Shear 224 15.5 Wind Flow Modeling Uncertainty 225 15.6 Combining Uncertainties 226 15.7 Questions for Discussion 230 16. Plant Design and Energy Production Estimation 233 16.1 Plant Design Software 233 16.2 Setting up the Project 235 16.3 Wind Resource Data 237 16.4 Selecting a Turbine 239 16.5 Designing and Optimizing a Turbine Layout 243 16.6 Gross and Net Energy Production 244 16.7 Special Topics 248 16.8 Questions for Discussion 256 Appendix A. Wind Resource Assessment Equipment Vendors 260 Wind Resource Assessment Equipment 261 Appendix B. Selected Source of GIS Data 263 Sources of GIS Data Related to Wind Resource Assessment 263 Index 265
£75.56
John Wiley & Sons Inc Fundamentals of Pervasive Information Management
Book SynopsisCovering both mobile data and sensor data, this comprehensive text offers updated research on sensor technology, stream data processing, mobile database security, and contextual processing.Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments xvii 1 Mobile Database System 1 2 Mobile and Wireless Communication 7 3 Location and Handoff Management 44 4 Fundamentals of Database Processing 61 5 Introduction to Concurrency Control Mechanisms 93 6 Effect of Mobility on Data Processing 112 7 Transaction Management in Mobile Database Systems 127 8 Mobile Database Recovery 219 9 Wireless Information Dissemination 239 10 Introduction to Sensor Technology 299 11 Sensor Technology and Data Streams Management 317 12 Sensor Network Deployment: Case Studies 348 Glossary 361 Index 367
£79.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Dynamical Systems Method and Applications
Book SynopsisDemonstrates the application of DSM to solve a broad range of operator equations The dynamical systems method (DSM) is a powerful computational method for solving operator equations. With this book as their guide, readers will master the application of DSM to solve a variety of linear and nonlinear problems as well as ill-posed and well-posed problems. The authors offer a clear, step-by-step, systematic development of DSM that enables readers to grasp the method''s underlying logic and its numerous applications. Dynamical Systems Method and Applications begins with a general introduction and then sets forth the scope of DSM in Part One. Part Two introduces the discrepancy principle, and Part Three offers examples of numerical applications of DSM to solve a broad range of problems in science and engineering. Additional featured topics include: General nonlinear operator equations Operators satisfying a spectral assumption <Trade Review“The book is well organized and presents the DSM method to solve a broad range of operator equations. Suitable for senior under graduate and under graduate students as well as practical engineers and researchers interested in dynamical systems methods and application for operator equations”. (Zentralblatt MATH, 1 December 2012) Table of ContentsPART I 1 Introduction 3 2 Ill-posed problems 11 3 DSM for well-posed problems 57 4 DSM and linear ill-posed problems 71 5 Some inequalities 93 6 DSM for monotone operators 133 7 DSM for general nonlinear operator equations 145 8 DSM for operators satisfying a spectral assumption 155 9 DSM in Banach spaces 161 10 DSM and Newton-type methods without inversion of the derivative 169 11 DSM and unbounded operators 177 12 DSM and nonsmooth operators 181 13 DSM as a theoretical tool 195 14 DSM and iterative methods 201 15 Numerical problems arising in applications 213 PART II 16 Solving linear operator equations by a Newton-type DSM 255 17 DSM of gradient type for solving linear operator equations 269 18 DSM for solving linear equations with finite-rank operators 281 19 A discrepancy principle for equations with monotone continuous operators 295 20 DSM of Newton-type for solving operator equations with minimal smoothness assumptions 307 21 DSM of gradient type 347 22 DSM of simple iteration type 373 23 DSM for solving nonlinear operator equations in Banach spaces 409 PART III 24 Solving linear operator equations by the DSM 423 25 Stable solutions of Hammerstein-type integral equations 441 26 Inversion of the Laplace transform from the real axis using an adaptive iterative method 455
£121.46
John Wiley & Sons Inc Computer Network Software and Hardware
Book Synopsis* A comprehensive desk reference all computer based system engineers should have * Contains integral knowledge of software, hardware and network engineering * Includes examples of emerging applications such as RFID, Wireless network systems, using the integral engineering knowledge .Table of ContentsPreface vii About the Author ix Part One Computer Engineering 1. Digital Logic and Microprocessor Design 3 2. Case Study in Computer Design 63 3. Analog and Digital Computer Interactions 83 Part Two Network Engineering 4. Integrated Software and Real-Time System Design with Applications 99 5. Network Systems 125 6. Future Internet Performance Models 143 7. Network Standards 211 8. Network Reliability and Availability Metrics 228 Part Three Software Engineering 9. Programming Languages 263 10. Operating Systems 286 11. Software Reliability and Safety 303 Part Four Integration of Disciplines 12. Integration of Hardware and Software Reliability 315 Part Five Applications 13. Applying Neural Networks to Software Reliability Assessment 337 14. Web Site Design 354 15. Mobile Device Engineering 377 16. Signal-Driven Software Model for Mobile Devices 396 17. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Applied to Mathematical Software 420 18. Tutorial on Hardware and Software Reliability, Maintainability, and Availability 443 Practice Problems with Solutions 1 466 Practice Problems with Solutions 2 504 Index 556
£121.46
John Wiley & Sons Inc The Power and Beauty of Electromagnetic Fields
Book Synopsis* Includes both conventional electromagnetic theory, Maxwell-Poynting representation, and also Alternate representation theory which is more suitable for modern EM environments. Students and theorists can examine two separate theories and witness the same outcomes.Table of ContentsPreface xxi Acknowledgments xxvii List of Figures xxix PART I BASIC ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY 1 Maxwell’s Equations 5 1.1 Mathematical notation 5 1.2 Free-space fields and forces 6 1.3 Vector and scalar potentials 10 1.4 Inhomogeneous wave equations for E and H 12 1.5 Static fields 12 1.6 Integration of the inhomogeneous wave equation 15 1.7 Polarizable, magnetizable, and conducting media 18 1.8 Boundary conditions 24 1.9 The complex Maxwell Equations 26 2 Quasistatic Approximations 29 2.1 Quasistatic expansions of a standing wave 30 2.2 Electroquasistatic (EQS) fields 31 2.3 Magnetoquasistatic (MQS) fields 33 2.4 Conduction problems 35 2.5 Laplacian approximations 37 3 Electromagnetic Power, Energy, Stress, and Momentum 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 The Maxwell–Poynting representation 41 3.3 Quasistatic power and energy 43 3.4 Alternative representations 45 3.5 Differences between representations 54 4 Electromagnetic Waves in Free-Space 61 4.1 Homogeneous waves 61 4.2 One-dimensional waves 62 4.3 Harmonic uniform plane waves 63 4.4 Waves of high symmetry 64 4.5 Inhomogeneous scalar wave equations 66 5 Electromagnetic Waves in Linear Materials 67 5.1 Introduction 67 5.2 Electrically conducting media 67 5.3 Linear dielectric and magnetic media 70 6 Electromagnetic Theorems and Principles 77 6.1 Introduction 77 6.2 Complex power and energy theorems 78 6.3 Complex stress theorems 84 6.4 Complex momentum theorems 86 6.5 Duality 88 6.6 Uniqueness theorems 94 6.7 The equivalence principle 96 6.8 The induction theorem 97 6.9 Babinet’s Principle 98 6.10 The reciprocity theorem 100 PART II FOUR-DIMENSIONAL ELECTROMAGNETISM 7 Four-Dimensional Vectors and Tensors 105 7.1 Space–time coordinates 105 7.2 Four-vector electric-current density 106 7.3 Four-vector potential (Lorenz gauge) 106 7.4 Four-Laplacian (wave equation) 107 7.5 Maxwell’s Equations and field tensors 107 7.6 The four-dimensional curl operator 109 7.7 Four-dimensional “statics” 110 7.8 Four-dimensional force density 112 7.9 Six-vectors and dual field tensors 113 7.10 Four-vector electric and magnetic fields 113 7.11 The field tensors and Maxwell’s Equations revisited 115 7.12 Linear conductors revisited 116 8 Energy-Momentum Tensors 119 8.1 Introduction 119 8.2 Maxwell–Poynting energy-momentum tensor 121 8.3 Alternate energy-momentum tensors 121 8.4 Boundary conditions and gauge considerations 125 8.5 Electromagnetic beauty revisited 126 9 Dielectric and Magnetic Materials 129 9.1 Introduction 129 9.2 Maxwell’s Equations with polarization and magnetization 130 9.3 Amperian energy-momentum tensors 131 10 Amperian, Minkowski, and Chu Formulations 141 10.1 Introduction 141 10.2 Maxwell’s Equations in the Amperian formulation 141 10.3 Maxwell’s Equations in the Minkowski formulation 142 10.4 Maxwell’s Equations in the Chu formulation 143 10.5 Energy-momentum tensors and four-force densities 145 10.6 Discussion of force densities 148 10.7 The principle of virtual power 150 PART III ELECTROMAGNETIC EXAMPLES 11 Static and Quasistatic Fields 157 11.1 Spherical charge distribution 157 11.2 Electric field in a rectangular slot 158 11.3 Current in a cylindrical conductor 160 11.4 Sphere with uniform conductivity 163 11.5 Quasistatic analysis of a physical resistor 170 11.6 Magnetic diffusion 179 12 Uniformly Moving Electric Charges 183 12.1 Point charge 183 12.2 Surface charges separating at constant velocity 185 12.3 Expanding cylindrical surface charge 190 12.4 Expanding spherical surface charge 192 13 Accelerating Charges 195 13.1 Hertzian electric dipole 195 13.2 Hertzian magnetic dipole 200 13.3 Radiation from an accelerated then decelerated charge 202 14 Uniform Surface Current 207 14.1 Pulse excitations 207 14.2 Resistive-sheet detector 214 14.3 Additional pulse waveforms 217 15 Uniform Line Currents 223 15.1 Axial current step (integral laws) 223 15.2 Axial current step (differential laws) 237 15.3 Superposition of axial line currents 240 15.4 Axial current with multiple pulses 246 15.5 Fields of a sinusoidal axial current 251 16 Plane Waves 255 16.1 Uniform TEM plane waves 255 16.2 Doppler-shifted TEM plane waves 257 16.3 Nonuniform plane waves 258 16.4 Skin-depth-limited current in a conductor 261 17 Waves Incident at a Material Interface 263 17.1 Reflected and transmitted plane waves 263 17.2 TE polarization 264 17.3 TM polarization 267 17.4 Elliptically polarized incident waves 269 18 TEM Transmission Lines 271 18.1 General time-dependent solutions 271 18.2 Parallel-plate TEM line in the sinusoidal steady state 274 18.3 TEM tapered-plate “horn” transformer 280 18.4 TEM line with parallel plates of high conductivity 282 18.5 Parallel-plate TEM line loaded with linear material 289 19 Rectangular Waveguide Modes 293 19.1 Introduction 293 19.2 Periodic potentials and fields 294 19.3 Waveguide dispersion 295 19.4 TEnm modes 296 19.5 TMnm modes 298 19.6 Null Alternate-power and Alternate-energy distributions 299 19.7 Uniqueness resolved 300 20 Circular Waveguide Modes 305 20.1 Introduction 305 20.2 TMnm modes 307 20.3 TEnm modes 310 20.4 Null Alternate power and energy distributions 323 20.5 Alternate energy momentum and photons 323 21 Dielectric Waveguides 335 21.1 Introduction 335 21.2 Symmetric TE modes 336 21.3 Antisymmetric TE modes 336 21.4 Dispersion relations 337 22 Antennas and Diffraction 341 22.1 Introduction 341 22.2 Half-wave dipoles 342 22.3 Self-complementary planar antennas 345 22.4 Traveling-wave wire antennas 345 22.5 The theory of simple arrays 349 22.6 Diffraction by a rectangular slit 356 22.7 Diffraction by a large circular aperture 360 22.8 Diffraction by a small circular aperture 369 22.9 Diffraction by the complementary screen 371 22.10 Paraxial wave equation 372 23 Waves and Resonances in Ferrites 377 23.1 Introduction 377 23.2 Ferrites 378 23.3 Large-signal equations 380 23.4 Linearized (small-signal) equations 381 23.5 Uniform precession in a small ellipsoid 383 23.6 Plane wave solutions 384 23.7 Small-signal power and energy 388 23.8 Small-signal stress and momentum 391 23.9 Quasiparticle interpretation (magnons) 393 24 Equivalent Circuits 395 24.1 Receiving circuit of a dipole 395 24.2 TEM transmission lines 398 24.3 Lossless tapered lines 406 24.4 Transients on transmission lines 408 24.5 Plane waves (oblique incidence) 411 24.6 Waveguides 413 24.7 The scattering matrix 418 24.8 Directional couplers 421 24.9 Resonators 421 25 Practice Problems 435 25.1 Statics 435 25.2 Quasistatics 448 25.3 Plane waves 458 25.4 Radiation and diffraction 462 25.5 Transmission lines 472 25.6 Waveguides 481 25.7 Junctions and couplers 485 25.8 Resonators 490 25.9 Ferrites 491 25.10 Four-dimensional electromagnetics 496 PART IV BACKMATTER Summary 505 Electromagnetic Luminaries 511 About the Author 519 Appendix A 521 A.1 Theory of Special Relativity 521 A.2 Transformations between fixed and moving coordinates 530 Appendix B 537 B.1 The unit step and uk (t ) functions 537 B.2 Three-dimensional vector identities and theorems 538 B.3 Four-dimensional vector and tensor identities 543 B.4 Four-space identities 544 Appendix C 547 C.1 Stationary spatially symmetric sources 547 C.2 Multipole expansions of static fields 550 C.3 Averaging property of Laplace’s Equation 553 C.4 Solutions of Laplace’s Equation 554 C.5 Laplace’s Equation in N dimensions 558 C.6 Ellipsoids in uniform fields 559 Appendix D 563 D.1 Alternate power, energy, stress, and momentum 563 D.2 Minkowski representations 568 D.3 Stress-momentum representations of torque 571 Appendix E 577 E.1 Fields of specified charges and currents 577 E.2 Fields of a moving point charge 578 E.3 Method of images 583 E.4 Characteristic impedances of TEM transmission lines 586 Appendix F 593 F.1 Bessel functions 593 F.2 Chebyshev polynomials 598 F.3 Hermite polynomials 600 Appendix G 601 G.1 Macsyma and Maxima 601 G.2 Macsyma program descriptions 602 G.3 Macsyma notebooks 605 G.4 Text of Macsyma/Maxima batch program 608 Appendix H 619 H.1 Animated fields of surface currents 619 H.2 Animated fields of a cylindrical volume current, Jz (t ) = Jou−1(t ) 620 H.3 Animated fields of a cylindrical surface current, Kz (t ) = Kou−1(t ) 621 H.4 Animated fields of line-current transients 622 H.5 Animated field of a radiating Hertzian dipole 623 H.6 Animated beauty-power fluxes of cylindrical waveguide modes 623 H.7 Macsyma animations and graphics 624 References 627 Index 631
£121.46
John Wiley & Sons Inc Biogas Production
Book SynopsisBiogas Production covers the most cutting-edge pretreatment processes being used and studied today for the production of biogas. As an increasingly important piece of the energy pie, biogas and other biofuels are being used more and more around the world in every conceivable area of industry and could be a partial answer to the energy problem and the elimination of global warming. This book will highlight the recent advances in the pretreatment and value addition of lignocellulosic wastes (LCW) with the main focus on domestic and agro-industrial residues. Mechanical, physical, and biological treatment systems are brought into perspective. The main value-added products from lignocellulosic wastes are summarized in a manner that pinpoints the most recent trends and the future directions. Physico-chemical and biological treatment systems seem to be the most favored options while biofuels, biodegradable composites, and biosorbents production paint a brTable of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgements xvii Special Contributor xviii Editor xix List of Contributors xxi 1. Anaerobic Digestion: Pretreatments of Substrates 1 Tanta Forster-Carnetro, Ricardo Isaac, Montserrat Pérez, and Ciarita Schvartz 1.1 Pretreatments in Anaerobic Digestion Process 2 1.2 Physical Pretreatment 6 1.3 Chemical Pretreatment 15 1.4 Biological Pretreatment 17 1.5 Combined Pretreatment 18 1.6 Concluding Note 19 2. Recalcitrance of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Anaerobic Digestion 27 Mohammad J. Taherzadeh and Azam Jeihanipour 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Plant Cell Wall Anatomy 28 2.3 Chemistry of Cell Wall Polymers 30 2.4 Molecular Interactions Between Cell Wall Polymers 39 2.5 Plant Cell Wall Molecular Architecture 40 2.6 Recalcitrance of Plant Cell Wall Cellulose 42 2.7 Reduction of Biomass Recalcitrance 46 2.8 Concluding Note 50 3. The Effect of Physical, Chemical, and Biological Pretreatments of Biomass on its Anaerobic Digestibility and Biogas Production 55 Katerina Stamatelatou, Georgia Antonopoulou, loanna Ntaikou, and Gerasimos Lyberatos 3.1 Introduction 56 3.2 Pretreatment Methods for Lignocellulosic Biomass 57 3.3 Pretreatment Methods for Sewage Sludge 77 3.4 Concluding Note 84 4. Application of Ultrasound Pretreatment for Sludge Digestion 91 Show Kuan Yeow and Wong Lai Peng 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 Anaerobic Digestion 93 4.3 Overview of Pretreatment Methods for Anaerobic Digestion 95 4.4 Fundamental of Ultrasound 100 4.5 Bubbles Dynamic 103 4.6 Effects of Ultrasound 106 4.7 Ultrasound Applications 109 4.8 Ultrasonication for Anaerobic Digesion 116 4.9 Evaluation on Sludge Disintegration 126 4.10 Conclusions 131 5. Microwave Sludge Irradiation 137 Cigdetn Esktctoglu and Giampiero Galvagno 5.1 Introduction 137 5.2 Microwave Theory 139 5.3 Microwave Irradiation for Waste Sludge Treatment 144 5.4 Industrial Microwave Applications 147 5.5 Microwave Absorbing Materials and Ionic Liquids 148 5.6 Sludge Pretreatment Similar to Microwave Irradiation 151 5.7 Concluding Notes 151 6. Hydrolytic Enzymes Enhancing Anaerobic Digestion 157 Teresa Suárez Quiñones, Matthias Plöchl, Katrin Päzolt, Jörn Budde, Robert Kausmann, Edith Nettmann, and Monika Heiermann 6.1 Introduction 158 6.2 Where and How can Enzymes be Applied? 170 6.3 Impact of Enzyme Application 178 6.4 Economic Assessment 191 6.5 Concluding Note 192 7. Oxidizing Agents and Organic Solvents as Pretreatment for Anaerobic Digestion 199 Lise Appels, Jan Van Impe, and Raf Dewil 7.1 Oxidative Pretreatment Methods 199 7.2 Organic Solvents 210 7.3 Concluding Note 212 8. Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Utilization in Greece: Current Status and Perspectives 215 Avraam Karagiannidis, George Perkoultdts, and Apostólos Malamakts 8.1 Assessment of Existing Biogas Installations 215 8.2 Use of Waste Material for Biogas Production 217 8.3 Feedstock Availability and Agricultural Structures 219 8.4 Purification of Biogas for Insertion in the Natural Gas Grid 224 8.5 Biogas Utilization 226 8.6 Concluding Note 227 9. Original Research: Investigating the Potential of Using Biogas in Cooking Stove in Rodrigues 229 Dinesh Surroop and Osman Dina Bégué 9.1 Energy Crisis and Future Challenges 230 9.2 Case Study of Rodrigues 231 9.3 Rationale of Research Study 233 9.4 Research Methodology 234 9.5 Reactor Design Considerations 241 9.6 Results, Findings and Discussions 247 9.7 Conclusions 257 10. Optimizing and Modeling the Anaerobic Digestion of Lignocellulosic Wastes by Rumen Cultures 259 Zhen-Hu Hu and Han-Qing Yu 10.1 Introduction 260 10.2 Materials and Methods 262 10.3 Optimizing the Anaerobic Digestion of Microwave-Pretreated Cattail by Rumen Cultures 266 10.4 Modeling the Anaerobic Digestion of Cattail by Rumen Cultures 275 10.5 Concluding Note 287 11. Pretreatment of Biocatalyst as Viable Option for Sustained Production of Biohydrogen from Wastewater Treatment 291 S. Venkata Mohan and R. Kannatah Goud 11.1 Introduction 292 11.2 Pretreatment of Biocatalyst 294 11.3 Combined Pretreatment 300 11.4 Influence of Pretreatment on Wastewater Treatment 302 11.5 Microbial Diversity 303 11.6 Summary and Future Scope 304 Acknowledgements 305 References 305 Index 313
£166.46
Wiley Microwave Line of Sight Link Engineering
Book SynopsisA comprehensive guide to the design, implementation, and operation of line of sight microwave link systems The microwave Line of Sight (LOS) transport network of any cellular operator requires at least as much planning effort as the cellular infrastructure itself.Trade Review“This practical book provides design and implementation guidelines for LOS (Line of Sight) Microwave Radio Links, which are a technological necessity in the telecommunications industry, offering readers ample case studies and ways to apply and adhere to industry standards.” (ITbriefing.net, 11 September 2012)Table of ContentsPREFACE xix ACRONYMS xxiii 1 INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE LOS LINK SYSTEMS 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Historic Evolution of Radio Links 3 1.3 Point-to-Point Fixed Communication Technologies 5 1.4 Field of Application and Use Cases 13 1.5 Basic Structure of a Fixed Service Microwave Link 18 1.6 Spectrum Management Aspects 21 1.7 First Approach to the Design of a Microwave LOS Link 26 1.8 Link Budget Basics 28 1.9 Noise 36 1.10 Interferences 39 2 LOSS AND FADING ASSOCIATED WITH TROPOSPHERE PROPAGATION PHENOMENA 42 2.1 Introduction 42 2.2 Influence of Refraction on Propagation in the Troposphere 43 2.3 Terrain Diffraction Losses: Fresnel Zones 59 2.4 Vegetation Attenuation 60 2.5 Atmospheric Gas and Vapor Absorption 61 2.6 Hydrometeors 62 2.7 Reflection 65 2.8 Distortion due to Propagation Effects 67 3 FREQUENCY PLAN FOR A FIXED SERVICE MICROWAVE LINK 72 3.1 Frequency Planning Overview 72 3.2 Bandwidth and Capacity of a Microwave LOS Link 74 3.3 ITU-R Frequency Plans 79 3.4 Assignment of Radio-frequency Channels 93 3.5 Comments on the Frequency Band Choice 97 4 EQUIPMENT AND SUBSYSTEM TECHNOLOGY ASPECTS: A RADIO LINK DESIGNER APPROACH 100 4.1 Introduction 100 4.2 Basic Block Diagrams 102 4.3 Transport Technologies 107 4.4 Baseband Unit 114 4.5 Modulation and Demodulation 123 4.6 Transceiver Unit 139 4.7 Antenna Coupling Elements 142 4.8 Antennas 147 4.9 Redundancy Arrangements 166 4.10 System Monitoring and Management 171 5 PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES AND CRITERIA FOR FIXED SERVICE MICROWAVE LINKS 174 5.1 Introduction 174 5.2 Error Performance Objectives and Criteria Based on Recommendation ITU-T G.821 176 5.3 Error Performance Objectives and Criteria Based on Recommendations ITU-T G.826 and ITU-T G.828 179 5.4 Availability Criteria 188 5.5 Availability Objectives for Microwave LOS Links Designed Before 2005 190 5.6 Availability Objectives for Microwave LOS Links Designed After 2005 192 5.7 ITU Error Performance and Availability Usage Guidelines 194 5.8 Degradation due to Interferences 195 6 LINK PATH ENGINEERING 207 6.1 General Considerations on Link Path Engineering 207 6.2 Site Selection Criteria 209 6.3 Digital Terrain Databases 211 6.4 Profile Extraction, Clearance, and Obstructions 212 6.5 Optimum Choice of Antenna Heights 216 7 PROPAGATION CALCULATION METHODS ACCORDING TO ITU-R P SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS 227 7.1 General Considerations on Propagation Calculation Methods 227 7.2 Fading Definition 228 7.3 Reflection on Earth’s Surface 230 7.4 Attenuation Due to Atmospheric Gases 236 7.5 Diffraction Fading 237 7.6 Multipath Flat Fading 245 7.7 Distortion Due to Multipath Propagation Effects Under Clear Sky 250 7.8 Attenuation due to Hydrometeors 255 7.9 Reduction of Cross-Polar Discrimination (XPD) 262 7.10 ITU-R Databases for Tropospheric Propagation Studies 265 8 LINK ENGINEERING ACCORDING TO AVAILABILITY AND ERROR PERFORMANCE CRITERIA 271 8.1 Introduction 271 8.2 Design According to Availability and Error Performance 272 8.3 Microwave LOS Link Design According to Availability Criteria 281 8.4 Microwave LOS Link Design According to Error Performance Objectives 285 8.5 Design in Problematic Propagation Environments 294 8.6 Quality and Availability Calculation Guidelines in Real Links 304 8.7 Interferences 306 8.8 Link Engineering Summary Procedure 319 9 LINK OPERATION AND MONITORING 321 9.1 Introduction 321 9.2 Reference Performance Objectives (RPO) 322 9.3 Bringing into Service (BIS) 325 9.4 Maintenance 328 Bibliography 333 APPENDIX 335 INDEX 378
£107.06
John Wiley & Sons Inc Imbalanced Learning
Book SynopsisThe first book of its kind to review the current status and future direction of the exciting new branch of machine learning/data mining called imbalanced learning Imbalanced learning focuses on how an intelligent system can learn when it is provided with imbalanced data. Solving imbalanced learning problems is critical in numerous data-intensive networked systems, including surveillance, security, Internet, finance, biomedical, defense, and more. Due to the inherent complex characteristics of imbalanced data sets, learning from such data requires new understandings, principles, algorithms, and tools to transform vast amounts of raw data efficiently into information and knowledge representation. The first comprehensive look at this new branch of machine learning, this book offers a critical review of the problem of imbalanced learning, covering the state of the art in techniques, principles, and real-world applications. Featuring contributions from experts in botTrade Review“This book certainly qualifies as a reference for graduate studies in machine learning. Research students are sure to find it highly valuable and a prized possession, especially taking into account the wealth of supporting literature that the authors have brought to the fore.” (Computing Reviews, 27 March 2014) Table of ContentsPreface ix Contributors xi 1 Introduction 1Haibo He 1.1 Problem Formulation 1 1.2 State-of-the-Art Research 3 1.3 Looking Ahead: Challenges and Opportunities 6 1.4 Acknowledgments 7 References 8 2 Foundations of Imbalanced Learning 13Gary M. Weiss 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Background 14 2.3 Foundational Issues 19 2.4 Methods for Addressing Imbalanced Data 26 2.5 Mapping Foundational Issues to Solutions 35 2.6 Misconceptions About Sampling Methods 36 2.7 Recommendations and Guidelines 38 References 38 3 Imbalanced Datasets: From Sampling to Classifiers 43T. Ryan Hoens and Nitesh V. Chawla 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Sampling Methods 44 3.3 Skew-Insensitive Classifiers for Class Imbalance 49 3.4 Evaluation Metrics 52 3.5 Discussion 56 References 57 4 Ensemble Methods for Class Imbalance Learning 61Xu-Ying Liu and Zhi-Hua Zhou 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 Ensemble Methods 62 4.3 Ensemble Methods for Class Imbalance Learning 66 4.4 Empirical Study 73 4.5 Concluding Remarks 79 References 80 5 Class Imbalance Learning Methods for Support Vector Machines 83Rukshan Batuwita and Vasile Palade 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 Introduction to Support Vector Machines 84 5.3 SVMs and Class Imbalance 86 5.4 External Imbalance Learning Methods for SVMs: Data Preprocessing Methods 87 5.5 Internal Imbalance Learning Methods for SVMs: Algorithmic Methods 88 5.6 Summary 96 References 96 6 Class Imbalance and Active Learning 101Josh Attenberg and Seyda Ertekin 6.1 Introduction 102 6.2 Active Learning for Imbalanced Problems 103 6.3 Active Learning for Imbalanced Data Classification 110 6.4 Adaptive Resampling with Active Learning 122 6.5 Difficulties with Extreme Class Imbalance 129 6.6 Dealing with Disjunctive Classes 130 6.7 Starting Cold 132 6.8 Alternatives to Active Learning for Imbalanced Problems 133 6.9 Conclusion 144 References 145 7 Nonstationary Stream Data Learning with Imbalanced Class Distribution 151Sheng Chen and Haibo He 7.1 Introduction 152 7.2 Preliminaries 154 7.3 Algorithms 157 7.4 Simulation 167 7.5 Conclusion 182 7.6 Acknowledgments 183 References 184 8 Assessment Metrics for Imbalanced Learning 187Nathalie Japkowicz 8.1 Introduction 187 8.2 A Review of Evaluation Metric Families and their Applicability to the Class Imbalance Problem 189 8.3 Threshold Metrics: Multiple- Versus Single-Class Focus 190 8.4 Ranking Methods and Metrics: Taking Uncertainty into Consideration 196 8.5 Conclusion 204 8.6 Acknowledgments 205 References 205 Index 207
£97.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Principles of Communications
Book SynopsisZiemer and Tranter provide a thorough treatment of the principles of communications at the physical layer suitable for college seniors, beginning graduate students, and practicing engineers. This is accomplished by providing overviews of the necessary background in signal, system, probability, and random process theory required for the analog and digital communications topics covered in the book. In addition to stressing fundamental concepts, the seventh edition features sections on important areas such as spread spectrum, cellular communications, and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing. While the book is aimed at a two-semester course, more than enough material is provided for structuring courses according to students need and instructor preference.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 The Block Diagram of a Communication System 4 1.2 Channel Characteristics 5 1.2.1 Noise Sources 5 1.2.2 Types of Transmission Channels 7 1.3 Summary of Systems-Analysis Techniques 13 1.3.1 Time and Frequency-Domain Analyses 13 1.3.2 Modulation and Communication Theories 13 1.4 Probabilistic Approaches to System Optimization 14 1.4.1 Statistical Signal Detection and EstimationTheory 14 1.4.2 Information Theory and Coding 15 1.4.3 Recent Advances 16 1.5 Preview of This Book 16 Further Reading 16 CHAPTER 2 SIGNAL AND LINEAR SYSTEM ANALYSIS 17 2.1 Signal Models 17 2.1.1 Deterministic and Random Signals 17 2.1.2 Periodic and Aperiodic Signals 18 2.1.3 Phasor Signals and Spectra 18 2.1.4 Singularity Functions 21 2.2 Signal Classifications 24 2.3 Fourier Series 26 2.3.1 Complex Exponential Fourier Series 26 2.3.2 Symmetry Properties of the Fourier Coefficients 27 2.3.3 Trigonometric Form of the Fourier Series 28 2.3.4 Parseval’s Theorem 28 2.3.5 Examples of Fourier Series 29 2.3.6 Line Spectra 30 2.4 The Fourier Transform 34 2.4.1 Amplitude and Phase Spectra 35 2.4.2 Symmetry Properties 36 2.4.3 Energy Spectral Density 37 2.4.4 Convolution 38 2.4.5 Transform Theorems: Proofs and Applications 40 2.4.6 Fourier Transforms of Periodic Signals 48 2.4.7 Poisson Sum Formula 50 2.5 Power Spectral Density and Correlation 50 2.5.1 The Time-Average Autocorrelation Function 51 2.5.2 Properties of 𝑅(𝜏) 52 2.6 Signals and Linear Systems 55 2.6.1 Definition of a Linear Time-Invariant System 56 2.6.2 Impulse Response and the SuperpositionIntegral 56 2.6.3 Stability 58 2.6.4 Transfer (Frequency Response) Function 58 2.6.5 Causality 58 2.6.6 Symmetry Properties of 𝐻(𝑓) 59 2.6.7 Input-Output Relationships for Spectral Densities 62 2.6.8 Response to Periodic Inputs 62 2.6.9 Distortionless Transmission 64 2.6.10 Group and Phase Delay 64 2.6.11 Nonlinear Distortion 67 2.6.12 Ideal Filters 68 2.6.13 Approximation of Ideal Lowpass Filters by Realizable Filters 70 2.6.14 Relationship of Pulse Resolution and Risetime to Bandwidth 75 2.7 Sampling Theory 78 2.8 The Hilbert Transform 82 2.8.1 Definition 82 2.8.2 Properties 83 2.8.3 Analytic Signals 85 2.8.4 Complex Envelope Representation of Bandpass Signals 87 2.8.5 Complex Envelope Representation of Bandpass Systems 89 2.9 The Discrete Fourier Transform and Fast Fourier Transform 91 Further Reading 95 Summary 95 Drill Problems 98 Problems 100 Computer Exercises 111 CHAPTER 3 LINEAR MODULATION TECHNIQUES 112 3.1 Double-Sideband Modulation 113 3.2 Amplitude Modulation (AM) 116 3.2.1 Envelope Detection 118 3.2.2 The Modulation Trapezoid 122 3.3 Single-Sideband (SSB) Modulation 124 3.4 Vestigial-Sideband (VSB) Modulation 133 3.5 Frequency Translation and Mixing 136 3.6 Interference in Linear Modulation 139 3.7 Pulse Amplitude Modulation---PAM 142 3.8 Digital Pulse Modulation 144 3.8.1 Delta Modulation 144 3.8.2 Pulse-Code Modulation 146 3.8.3 Time-Division Multiplexing 147 3.8.4 An Example: The Digital Telephone System 149 Further Reading 150 Summary 150 Drill Problems 151 Problems 152 Computer Exercises 155 CHAPTER 4 ANGLE MODULATION ANDMULTIPLEXING 156 4.1 Phase and Frequency Modulation Defined 156 4.1.1 Narrowband Angle Modulation 157 4.1.2 Spectrum of an Angle-Modulated Signal 161 4.1.3 Power in an Angle-Modulated Signal 168 4.1.4 Bandwidth of Angle-Modulated Signals 168 4.1.5 Narrowband-to-Wideband Conversion 173 4.2 Demodulation of Angle-Modulated Signals 175 4.3 Feedback Demodulators: The Phase-Locked Loop 181 4.3.1 Phase-Locked Loops for FM and PM Demodulation 181 4.3.2 Phase-Locked Loop Operation in the Tracking Mode: The Linear Model 184 4.3.3 Phase-Locked Loop Operation in the Acquisition Mode 189 4.3.4 Costas PLLs 194 4.3.5 Frequency Multiplication and Frequency Division 195 4.4 Interference in Angle Modulation 196 4.5 Analog Pulse Modulation 201 4.5.1 Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) 201 4.5.2 Pulse-Position Modulation (PPM) 203 4.6 Multiplexing 204 4.6.1 Frequency-Division Multiplexing 204 4.6.2 Example of FDM: Stereophonic FM Broadcasting 205 4.6.3 Quadrature Multiplexing 206 4.6.4 Comparison of Multiplexing Schemes 207 Further Reading 208 Summary 208 Drill Problems 209 Problems 210 Computer Exercises 213 CHAPTER 5 PRINCIPLES OF BASEBAND DIGITAL DATATRANSMISSION 215 5.1 Baseband Digital Data Transmission Systems 215 5.2 Line Codes and Their Power Spectra 216 5.2.1 Description of Line Codes 216 5.2.2 Power Spectra for Line-Coded Data 218 5.3 Effects of Filtering of Digital Data---ISI 225 5.4 Pulse Shaping: Nyquist’s Criterion for Zero ISI 227 5.4.1 Pulses Having the Zero ISI Property 228 5.4.2 Nyquist’s Pulse-Shaping Criterion 229 5.4.3 Transmitter and Receiver Filters for Zero ISI 231 5.5 Zero-Forcing Equalization 233 5.6 Eye Diagrams 237 5.7 Synchronization 239 5.8 Carrier Modulation of Baseband Digital Signals 243 Further Reading 244 Summary 244 Drill Problems 245 Problems 246 Computer Exercises 249 CHAPTER 6 OVERVIEW OF PROBABILITY AND RANDOMVARIABLES 250 6.1 What is Probability? 250 6.1.1 Equally Likely Outcomes 250 6.1.2 Relative Frequency 251 6.1.3 Sample Spaces and the Axioms of Probability 252 6.1.4 Venn Diagrams 253 6.1.5 Some Useful Probability Relationships 253 6.1.6 Tree Diagrams 257 6.1.7 Some More General Relationships 259 6.2 Random Variables and Related Functions 260 6.2.1 Random Variables 260 6.2.2 Probability (Cumulative) Distribution Functions 262 6.2.3 Probability-Density Function 263 6.2.4 Joint cdfs and pdfs 265 6.2.5 Transformation of Random Variables 270 6.3 Statistical Averages 274 6.3.1 Average of a Discrete Random Variable 274 6.3.2 Average of a Continuous Random Variable 275 6.3.3 Average of a Function of a Random Variable 275 6.3.4 Average of a Function of More Than One Random Variable 277 6.3.5 Variance of a Random Variable 279 6.3.6 Average of a Linear Combination of 𝑁Random Variables 280 6.3.7 Variance of a Linear Combination of Independent Random Variables 281 6.3.8 Another Special Average---The Characteristic Function 282 6.3.9 The pdf of the Sum of Two Independent Random Variables 283 6.3.10 Covariance and the Correlation Coefficient 285 6.4 Some Useful pdfs 286 6.4.1 Binomial Distribution 286 6.4.2 Laplace Approximation to the Binomial Distribution 288 6.4.3 Poisson Distribution and Poisson Approximation to the Binomial Distribution 289 6.4.4 Geometric Distribution 290 6.4.5 Gaussian Distribution 291 6.4.6 Gaussian 𝑄-Function 295 6.4.7 Chebyshev’s Inequality 296 6.4.8 Collection of Probability Functions and Their Means and Variances 296 Further Reading 298 Summary 298 Drill Problems 300 Problems 301 Computer Exercises 307 CHAPTER 7 RANDOM SIGNALS AND NOISE 308 7.1 A Relative-Frequency Description of Random Processes 308 7.2 Some Terminology of Random Processes 310 7.2.1 Sample Functions and Ensembles 310 7.2.2 Description of Random Processes in Terms of Joint pdfs 311 7.2.3 Stationarity 311 7.2.4 Partial Description of Random Processes: Ergodicity 312 7.2.5 Meanings of Various Averages for Ergodic Processes 315 7.3 Correlation and Power Spectral Density 316 7.3.1 Power Spectral Density 316 7.3.2 The Wiener--Khinchine Theorem 318 7.3.3 Properties of the Autocorrelation Function 320 7.3.4 Autocorrelation Functions for Random Pulse Trains 321 7.3.5 Cross-Correlation Function and Cross-Power Spectral Density 324 7.4 Linear Systems and Random Processes 325 7.4.1 Input-Output Relationships 325 7.4.2 Filtered Gaussian Processes 327 7.4.3 Noise-Equivalent Bandwidth 329 7.5 Narrowband Noise 333 7.5.1 Quadrature-Component and Envelope-Phase Representation 333 7.5.2 The Power Spectral Density Function of 𝑛𝑐(𝑡) and𝑛𝑠(𝑡) 335 7.5.3 Ricean Probability Density Function 338 Further Reading 340 Summary 340 Drill Problems 341 Problems 342 Computer Exercises 348 CHAPTER 8 NOISE IN MODULATION SYSTEMS 349 8.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratios 350 8.1.1 Baseband Systems 350 8.1.2 Double-Sideband Systems 351 8.1.3 Single-Sideband Systems 353 8.1.4 Amplitude Modulation Systems 355 8.1.5 An Estimator for Signal-to-Noise Ratios 361 8.2 Noise and Phase Errors in Coherent Systems 366 8.3 Noise in Angle Modulation 370 8.3.1 The Effect of Noise on the Receiver Input 370 8.3.2 Demodulation of PM 371 8.3.3 Demodulation of FM: Above Threshold Operation 372 8.3.4 Performance Enhancement through the Use ofDe-emphasis 374 8.4 Threshold Effect in FM Demodulation 376 8.4.1 Threshold Effects in FM Demodulators 376 8.5 Noise in Pulse-Code Modulation 384 8.5.1 Postdetection SNR 384 8.5.2 Companding 387 Further Reading 389 Summary 389 Drill Problems 391 Problems 391 Computer Exercises 394 CHAPTER 9 PRINCIPLES OF DIGITAL DATA TRANSMISSIONIN NOISE 396 9.1 Baseband Data Transmission in White Gaussian Noise 398 9.2 Binary Synchronous Data Transmission with Arbitrary Signal Shapes 404 9.2.1 Receiver Structure and Error Probability 404 9.2.2 The Matched Filter 407 9.2.3 Error Probability for the Matched-Filter Receiver 410 9.2.4 Correlator Implementation of the Matched-Filter Receiver 413 9.2.5 Optimum Threshold 414 9.2.6 Nonwhite (Colored) Noise Backgrounds 414 9.2.7 Receiver Implementation Imperfections 415 9.2.8 Error Probabilities for Coherent Binary Signaling 415 9.3 Modulation Schemes not Requiring Coherent References 421 9.3.1 Differential Phase-Shift Keying (DPSK) 422 9.3.2 Differential Encoding and Decoding of Data 427 9.3.3 Noncoherent FSK 429 9.4 M-ary Pulse-Amplitude Modulation (PAM) 431 9.5 Comparison of Digital Modulation Systems 435 9.6 Noise Performance of Zero-ISI Digital Data Transmission Systems 438 9.7 Multipath Interference 443 9.8 Fading Channels 449 9.8.1 Basic Channel Models 449 9.8.2 Flat-Fading Channel Statistics and Error Probabilities 450 9.9 Equalization 455 9.9.1 Equalization by Zero-Forcing 455 9.9.2 Equalization by MMSE 459 9.9.3 Tap Weight Adjustment 463 Further Reading 466 Summary 466 Drill Problems 468 Problems 469 Computer Exercises 476 CHAPTER 10 ADVANCED DATA COMMUNICATIONSTOPICS 477 10.1 M-ary Data Communications Systems 477 10.1.1 M-ary Schemes Based on Quadrature Multiplexing 477 10.1.2 OQPSK Systems 481 10.1.3 MSK Systems 482 10.1.4 M-ary Data Transmission in Terms of Signal Space 489 10.1.5 QPSK in Terms of Signal Space 491 10.1.6 M-ary Phase-Shift Keying 493 10.1.7 Quadrature-Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 495 10.1.8 Coherent FSK 497 10.1.9 Noncoherent FSK 498 10.1.10 Differentially Coherent Phase-Shift Keying 502 10.1.11 Bit Error Probability from Symbol Error Probability 503 10.1.12 Comparison of M-ary Communications Systems on the Basis of Bit Error Probability 505 10.1.13 Comparison of M-ary Communications Systems on the Basis of Bandwidth Efficiency 508 10.2 Power Spectra for Digital Modulation 510 10.2.1 Quadrature Modulation Techniques 510 10.2.2 FSK Modulation 514 10.2.3 Summary 516 10.3 Synchronization 516 10.3.1 Carrier Synchronization 517 10.3.2 Symbol Synchronization 520 10.3.3 Word Synchronization 521 10.3.4 Pseudo-Noise (PN) Sequences 524 10.4 Spread-Spectrum Communication Systems 528 10.4.1 Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum 530 10.4.2 Performance of DSSS in CW Interference Environments 532 10.4.3 Performance of Spread Spectrum in Multiple User Environments 533 10.4.4 Frequency-Hop Spread Spectrum 536 10.4.5 Code Synchronization 537 10.4.6 Conclusion 539 10.5 Multicarrier Modulation and Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing 540 10.6 Cellular Radio Communication Systems 545 10.6.1 Basic Principles of Cellular Radio 546 10.6.2 Channel Perturbations in Cellular Radio 550 10.6.3 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Systems---Protection Against Fading 551 10.6.4 Characteristics of 1G and 2G Cellular Systems 553 10.6.5 Characteristics of cdma2000 and W-CDMA 553 10.6.6 Migration to 4G 555 Further Reading 556 Summary 556 Drill Problems 557 Problems 558 Computer Exercises 563 CHAPTER 11 OPTIMUM RECEIVERS AND SIGNAL-SPACECONCEPTS 564 11.1 Bayes Optimization 564 11.1.1 Signal Detection versus Estimation 564 11.1.2 Optimization Criteria 565 11.1.3 Bayes Detectors 565 11.1.4 Performance of Bayes Detectors 569 11.1.5 The Neyman-Pearson Detector 572 11.1.6 Minimum Probability of Error Detectors 573 11.1.7 The Maximum a Posteriori (MAP) Detector 573 11.1.8 Minimax Detectors 573 11.1.9 The M-ary Hypothesis Case 573 11.1.10 Decisions Based on Vector Observations 574 11.2 Vector Space Representation of Signals 574 11.2.1 Structure of Signal Space 575 11.2.2 Scalar Product 575 11.2.3 Norm 576 11.2.4 Schwarz’s Inequality 576 11.2.5 Scalar Product of Two Signals in Terms of Fourier Coefficients 578 11.2.6 Choice of Basis Function Sets---The Gram--Schmidt Procedure 579 11.2.7 Signal Dimensionality as a Function of Signal Duration 581 11.3 Map Receiver for Digital Data Transmission 583 11.3.1 Decision Criteria for Coherent Systems in Terms of Signal Space 583 11.3.2 Sufficient Statistics 589 11.3.3 Detection of𝑀-ary Orthogonal Signals 590 11.3.4 A Noncoherent Case 592 11.4 Estimation Theory 596 11.4.1 Bayes Estimation 596 11.4.2 Maximum-Likelihood Estimation 598 11.4.3 Estimates Based onMultiple Observations 599 11.4.4 Other Properties of ML Estimates 601 11.4.5 Asymptotic Qualities of ML Estimates 602 11.5 Applications of Estimation Theory to Communications 602 11.5.1 Pulse-Amplitude Modulation (PAM) 603 11.5.2 Estimation of Signal Phase: The PLL Revisited 604 Further Reading 606 Summary 607 Drill Problems 607 Problems 608 Computer Exercises 614 CHAPTER 12 INFORMATION THEORY AND CODING 615 12.1 Basic Concepts 616 12.1.1 Information 616 12.1.2 Entropy 617 12.1.3 Discrete Channel Models 618 12.1.4 Joint and Conditional Entropy 621 12.1.5 Channel Capacity 622 12.2 Source Coding 626 12.2.1 An Example of Source Coding 627 12.2.2 Several Definitions 630 12.2.3 Entropy of an Extended Binary Source 631 12.2.4 Shannon--Fano Source Coding 632 12.2.5 Huffman Source Coding 632 12.3 Communication in Noisy Environments: Basic Ideas 634 12.4 Communication in Noisy Channels: Block Codes 636 12.4.1 Hamming Distances and Error Correction 637 12.4.2 Single-Parity-Check Codes 638 12.4.3 Repetition Codes 639 12.4.4 Parity-Check Codes for Single Error Correction 640 12.4.5 Hamming Codes 644 12.4.6 Cyclic Codes 645 12.4.7 The Golay Code 647 12.4.8 Bose--Chaudhuri--Hocquenghem (BCH) Codes and Reed Solomon Codes 648 12.4.9 Performance Comparison Techniques 648 12.4.10 Block Code Examples 650 12.5 Communication in Noisy Channels: Convolutional Codes 657 12.5.1 Tree and Trellis Diagrams 659 12.5.2 The Viterbi Algorithm 661 12.5.3 Performance Comparisons for Convolutional Codes 664 12.6 Bandwidth and Power Efficient Modulation (TCM) 668 12.7 Feedback Channels 672 12.8 Modulation and Bandwidth Efficiency 676 12.8.1 Bandwidth and SNR 677 12.8.2 Comparison of Modulation Systems 678 12.9 Quick Overviews 679 12.9.1 Interleaving and Burst-Error Correction 679 12.9.2 Turbo Coding 681 12.9.3 Source Coding Examples 683 12.9.4 Digital Television 685 Further Reading 686 Summary 686 Drill Problems 688 Problems 688 Computer Exercises 692 APPENDIX A PHYSICAL NOISE SOURCES 693 A.1 Physical Noise Sources 693 A.1.1 Thermal Noise 693 A.1.2 Nyquist’s Formula 695 A.1.3 Shot Noise 695 A.1.4 Other Noise Sources 696 A.1.5 Available Power 696 A.1.6 Frequency Dependence 697 A.1.7 Quantum Noise 697 A.2 Characterization of Noise in Systems 698 A.2.1 Noise Figure of a System 699 A.2.2 Measurement of Noise Figure 700 A.2.3 Noise Temperature 701 A.2.4 Effective Noise Temperature 702 A.2.5 Cascade of Subsystems 702 A.2.6 Attenuator Noise Temperature and Noise Figure 704 A.3 Free-Space Propagation Example 705 Further Reading 708 Problems 708 APPENDIX B JOINTLY GAUSSIAN RANDOM VARIABLES 710 B.1 The pdf 710 B.2 The Characteristic Function 711 B.3 Linear Transformations 711 APPENDIX C PROOF OF THE NARROWBAND NOISEMODEL 712 APPENDIX D ZERO-CROSSING AND ORIGIN ENCIRCLEMENTSTATISTICS 714 D.1 The Zero-Crossing Problem 714 D.2 Average Rate of Zero Crossings 716 Problems 719 APPENDIX E CHI-SQUARE STATISTICS 720 APPENDIX F MATHEMATICAL AND NUMERICAL TABLES 722 F.1 The Gaussian Q-Function 722 F.2 Trigonometric Identities 724 F.3 Series Expansions 724 F.4 Integrals 725 F.4.1 Indefinite 725 F.4.2 Definite 726 F.5 Fourier-Transform Pairs 727 F.6 Fourier-Transform Theorems 727 APPENDIX G ANSWERS TO DRILL PROBLEMS www.wiley.com/college/ziemer BIBLIOGRAPHY www.wiley.com/college/ziemer INDEX 728
£205.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Audel Electrical Trades Pocket Manual
Book SynopsisHelps you trouble-shoot and solve electrical problems in industrial and commercial settings. This book offers explanations for a wide range of electrical equipment and systems, from transformers and switchgears to alarm and wiring systems. It is packed with illustrations that help you grasp ideas.Table of ContentsIntroduction xiii Disclaimer xv Chapter 1 The Laws That Control and Explain Electricity 1 Power Factor 3 Three-Phase Power 6 Circuit Protective Devices 9 Chapter 2 Power Generation and Distribution Within Commercial and Industrial Facilities 11 Electrical Power Generators 17 Total Loads Served 17 Types of Onsite Power Generation 18 Chapter 3 Power, Control, and Lighting Transformer 21 Electrical Power 24 Insulation Material Temperature Rise 25 Grounding 26 Terminal Connection Markings 26 Three-Phase, Oil–Cooled Power Transformers 26 Three-Phase Dry-Type Transformers 28 Dry-Type Single-Phase Control Circuit Transformers 29 Chapter 4 Electrical Switchgear 31 Motor Control Center 31 Primary Functions of Switchgear 32 Low-Voltage Power Distribution 33 Bus Bar and Circuit Breaker Arrangements 34 Optional Protective Devices 37 Metal-Clad Switchgear 38 Continuous Current Ratings 38 Arc-Resistant Switchgear 39 Chapter 5 Electrical Circuit Protective Devices 41 Molded Case Circuit Breakers 43 Miniature Circuit Breakers 45 Vacuum Circuit Breakers 45 Insulated Case Circuit Breakers 47 Low-voltage Power Circuit Breakers 47 Supplemental Protectors 47 Motor Circuit Protectors 47 Oil Circuit Breakers 48 Gas Insulated Circuit Breakers 48 Fuses 48 Circuit Breaker Maintenance 50 Coordination Between Protective Devices 51 Chapter 6 Personnel Protective Devices 53 Introduction 53 Ground Fault Protection of Equipment 56 History and Nomenclature of GFCIs in the United States 56 Troubleshooting GFCIs 57 Time and Current Levels Protected by Circuit Breakers 58 Arc Fault Circuit Interrupters 59 Chapter 7 Three-Phase Motors 61 Electric Motor Principles of Operation 62 Rated Full Load Speed 66 Service Factor 67 Rated Ambient Temperature 67 Stator Winding Insulation Classes 68 Types of Torque Produced by a Motor 68 Chapter 8 Controlling and Protecting Three-Phase Motors 71 Components of a Motor Starter 71 Motor Starter Sizes 72 Methods of Starting Three-Phase Induction Motors 73 Full Voltage, Across the Line Motor Starters 73 How a Motor Starter Operates 73 Three-Wire Control Circuit Controlling a Three-Phase Motor Starter 76 Sizing of Overload Heater Elements 77 Chapter 9 Variable Frequency Drives 79 Four-Quadrant Operation 80 Torque 80 Parts of a Drive 82 Pulse Width Modulation 84 Six-Step Method of Drive Control 84 Programming Drives 85 Chapter 10 Programmable Logic Controllers 89 Black Box Concept 89 PLC Sizes 92 PLC Construction 92 Types of Inputs and Outputs 92 Timers 95 Counters 96 Benefits of Using PLCs 96 I/Os and Memory Adresses 97 Chapter 11 Electrical Services 99 Metering Equipment 101 Grounding of Electrical Systems 101 Bonding versus Grounding 103 Fault Current Path, Conduits, and Locknuts 103 Low and High Impedance Grounded Systems 104 Ungrounded Electrical Systems 104 Second Ground Fault 106 Separation of the Grounded System Conductor (Neutral) and the Equipment Grounding Conductor 106 What Conductors Must Be Grounded 107 Separately Derived Systems 108 Standard Voltages 108 Chapter 12 Electrical Light Fixtures 111 Aplications for Light Fixtures 112 Design of Lighting Systems 112 Major Types of Lamps Used in Commercial and Industrial Facilities 113 Light Fixture Performance 113 Pattern of Illuminance 114 Types of Glare 116 Illuminating Engineers Society 116 Lamp Selection Parameters 116 Light Fixture Operating Controls 117 Photocells 117 Incandescent Lamps 117 Gas Discharge Lamps 118 Fluorescent Lamps 119 Fluorescent Ballast 119 High-Intensity Discharge Lamps 120 Mercury Vapor Lamps 120 Metal Halide Lamps 120 High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 121 Types of HID Ballasts 121 What Ballasts Do 121 Ballast Voltage Ratings 122 Ballast Wiring Diagrams 122 Chapter 13 Electrical Timers 123 Sections of a Timer 123 Five Common Modes, or Functions,of Timers 125 Nine Types of Timer Operating Principles 126 Timing Chart Levels 129 Complete Timing Charts 133 Chapter 14 Electrical Diagrams 135 Electrical Ladder Diagrams 135 Elements in Electrical Circuits 135 One-Line Diagrams 142 Chapter 15 Electrical Test Instruments 145 Words Used with Meters 145 Multimeters 146 Auto Ranging Meters 147 Three-Step Method 148 Auto Function Features 148 Ohmmeters 149 Meg-Ohmmeter 151 Clamp-On Amp Meters 151 Chapter 16 Electrical Troubleshooting 153 Introduction to Troubleshooting 153 Not Where It Is, but Where It Was Lost 154 Safety First 155 What Tools Are Needed 156 Cause verses Efect 158 A Six-Step Method 158 Chapter 17 Acess, Fire, and Burglar Alarm Systems 163 Facilities Access Control 163 Fire Alarm Systems 164 Alarm Signals 165 System Monitoring 166 Human Machine Interfaces 167 Notification Circuit Voltage Drop 169 Mass Notification Systems 169 Conductors for Fire Alarm Systems 170 Chapter 18 Computer Voice and Data Wiring Systems 171 Introduction 171 Hot Swapping Computer Signal Cables 171 Connecting a Desktop Computer as an Island 172 Connecting a Desktop Computer to a Wired Network 183 Connecting a Desktop Computer to a Wireless Network 184 Types of Computer Networks 186 Telephone Voice Communications Systems Wiring 187 Chapter 19 Reference Material 189 Amperage-Current 189 Capacitance Formulas 192 Conductor Cross-Sectional Area in Circular Mils (CMIL) 193 Direct Current Formulas 193 Fuse Opening Time 196 Heat Produced in a Conductor per Watt 197 Impedance Formulas 197 Impedance of a Conductor in a Conduit 198 kW to Amps 199 kVA to Amps 199 Motor Formulas for Three-Phase AC Motors 199 Motor Formulas 201 Transformer Formulas 213 Requirements of the Driven Load 235 Three Phase Motor Reference Material 343 Index 353
£16.95
John Wiley & Sons Inc Passive Macromodeling
Book SynopsisOffers an overview of state of the art passive macromodeling techniques with an emphasis on black-box approaches This book offers coverage of developments in linear macromodeling, with a focus on effective, proven methods.Table of ContentsPreface xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Why Macromodeling? 1 1.2 Scope 4 1.3 Macromodeling Flows 6 1.3.1 Macromodeling via Model Order Reduction 6 1.3.2 Macromodeling from Field Solver Data 7 1.3.3 Macromodeling from Measured Responses 8 1.4 Rational Macromodeling 9 1.5 Physical Consistency Requirements 11 1.6 Time-Domain Implementation 15 1.7 An Example 16 1.8 What Can Go Wrong? 17 2 Linear Time-Invariant Circuits and Systems 23 2.1 Basic Definitions 24 2.1.1 Linearity 24 2.1.2 Memory and Causality 26 2.1.3 Time Invariance 26 2.1.4 Stability 27 2.1.5 Passivity 28 2.2 Linear Time-Invariant Systems 28 2.2.1 Impulse Response 29 2.2.2 Properties of LTI Systems 32 2.3 Frequency-Domain Characterizations 33 2.4 Laplace and Fourier Transforms 34 2.4.1 Bilateral Laplace Transform and Transfer Matrices 34 2.4.2 Causal LTI Systems and the Unilateral Laplace Transform 36 2.4.3 Fourier Transform 36 2.5 Signal and System Norms∗ 37 2.5.1 Signal Norms 38 2.5.2 System Norms 41 2.6 Multiport Representations 44 2.6.1 Ports and Terminals 44 2.6.2 Immittance Representations 45 2.6.3 Scattering Representations 46 2.6.4 Reciprocity 48 2.7 Passivity 49 2.7.1 Power and Energy 50 2.7.2 Passivity and Causality 51 2.7.3 The Static Case 52 2.7.4 The Dynamic Case 53 2.7.5 Positive Realness Bounded Realness and Passivity 54 2.7.6 Some Examples 56 2.8 Stability and Causality 59 2.8.1 Laplace-Domain Conditions for Causality 61 2.8.2 Laplace-Domain Conditions for BIBO Stability 62 2.8.3 Causality and Stability 62 2.9 Boundary Values and Dispersion Relations∗ 64 2.9.1 Assumptions 64 2.9.2 Reconstruction of H(s) for s ∈ ℂ+ 65 2.9.3 Reconstruction of H(s) for s ∈ jℝ 65 2.9.4 Causality and Dispersion Relations 67 2.9.5 Generalizations 68 2.10 Passivity Conditions on the Imaginary Axis∗ 70 Problems 71 3 Lumped LTI Systems 73 3.1 An Example from Circuit Theory 74 3.1.1 Variation on a Theme 76 3.1.2 Driving-Point Impedance 77 3.2 State-Space and Descriptor Forms 77 3.2.1 Singular Descriptor Forms 77 3.2.2 Internal Representations of Lumped LTI Systems 79 3.3 The Zero-Input Response 80 3.4 Internal Stability 81 3.4.1 Lyapunov Stability 81 3.4.2 Internal Stability of LTI Systems 83 3.5 The Lyapunov Equation 84 3.6 The Zero-State Response 87 3.6.1 Impulse Response 88 3.7 Operations on State-Space Systems 89 3.7.1 Interconnections 90 3.7.2 Inversion 91 3.7.3 Similarity Transformations 91 3.8 Gramians 91 3.8.1 Observability 92 3.8.2 Controllability 93 3.8.3 Minimal Realizations 95 3.9 Reciprocal State-Space Systems 95 3.10 Norms 97 3.10.1 L2 Norm 98 3.10.2 H∞ Norm 99 Problems 100 4 Distributed LTI Systems 103 4.1 One-Dimensional Distributed Circuits 104 4.1.1 The Discrete-Space Case 104 4.1.2 The Continuous-Space Case 106 4.1.3 Discussion 109 4.2 Two-Dimensional Distributed Circuits∗ 111 4.2.1 The Discrete-Space Case 112 4.2.2 The Continuous-Space Case 114 4.2.3 A Closed-Form Solution 116 4.2.4 Spatial Discretization 118 4.2.5 Discussion 120 4.3 General Electromagnetic Characterization 123 4.3.1 3D Electromagnetic Modeling 126 4.3.2 Summary and Outlook 130 Problems 131 5 Macromodeling Via Model Order Reduction 135 5.1 Model Order Reduction 135 5.2 Moment Matching 136 5.2.1 Moments 136 5.2.2 Padé Approximation and AWE 138 5.2.3 Complex Frequency Hopping 139 5.3 Reduction by Projection 140 5.3.1 Krylov Subspaces 141 5.3.2 Implicit Moment Matching: The Orthogonal Case 142 5.3.3 The Arnoldi Process 143 5.3.4 PRIMA 145 5.3.5 Multipoint Moment Matching 147 5.3.6 An Example 148 5.3.7 Implicit Moment Matching: The Biorthogonal Case 151 5.3.8 Padé Via Lanczos (PVL) 154 5.4 Reduction by Truncation 155 5.4.1 Balancing 156 5.4.2 Balanced Truncation 158 5.5 Advanced Model Order Reduction∗ 159 5.5.1 Passivity-Preserving Balanced Truncation 159 5.5.2 Balanced Truncation of Descriptor Systems 160 5.5.3 Reducing Large-Scale Systems 161 Problems 166 6 Black-Box Macromodeling and Curve Fitting 169 6.1 Basic Curve Fitting 171 6.1.1 Linear Least Squares 172 6.1.2 Maximum Likelihood Estimation 174 6.1.3 Polynomial Fitting 176 6.2 Direct Rational Fitting 182 6.2.1 Polynomial Ratio Form 183 6.2.2 Pole–Zero Form 183 6.2.3 Partial Fraction Form 184 6.2.4 Partial Fraction Form with Fixed Poles 184 6.2.5 Nonlinear Least Squares 185 6.3 Linearization via Weighting 187 6.4 Asymptotic Pole–Zero Placement 191 6.5 ARMA Modeling 193 6.5.1 Modeling from Time-Domain Responses 195 6.5.2 Modeling from Frequency Domain Responses 197 6.5.3 Conversion of ARMA Models 201 6.6 Prony’s Method 203 6.7 Subspace-Based Identification∗ 204 6.7.1 Discrete-Time State-Space Systems 204 6.7.2 Macromodeling from Impulse Response Samples 205 6.7.3 Macromodeling from Input–Output Samples 207 6.7.4 From Discrete-Time to Continuous-Time State-Space Models 210 6.7.5 Frequency-Domain Subspace Identification 211 6.7.6 Generalized Pencil-of-Function Methods 212 6.7.7 Examples 214 6.8 Loewner Matrix Interpolation∗ 215 6.8.1 The Scalar Case 216 6.8.2 The Multiport Case 218 Problems 222 7 The Vector Fitting Algorithm 225 7.1 The Sanathanan–Koerner Iteration 226 7.1.1 The Steiglitz–McBride Iteration 229 7.2 The Generalized Sanathanan–Koerner Iteration 231 7.2.1 General Basis Functions 231 7.2.2 The Partial Fraction Basis 233 7.3 Frequency-Domain Vector Fitting 234 7.3.1 A Simple Model Transformation 234 7.3.2 Computing the New Poles 236 7.3.3 The Vector Fitting Iteration 237 7.3.4 From GSK to VF 239 7.4 Consistency And Convergence 241 7.4.1 Consistency 241 7.4.2 Convergence 242 7.4.3 Formal Convergence Analysis 245 7.5 Practical VF Implementation 247 7.5.1 Causality Stability and Realness 247 7.5.2 Order Selection and Initialization 253 7.5.3 Improving Numerical Robustness 254 7.6 Relaxed Vector Fitting 256 7.6.1 Weight Normalization Noise and Convergence 256 7.6.2 Relaxed Vector Fitting 259 7.7 Tuning VF 264 7.7.1 Weighting and Error Control 264 7.7.2 High-Frequency Behavior 266 7.7.3 High-Frequency Constraints 268 7.7.4 DC Point Enforcement 269 7.7.5 Simultaneous Constraints 271 7.8 Time-Domain Vector Fitting 273 7.9 z-Domain Vector Fitting 278 7.10 Orthonormal Vector Fitting 281 7.10.1 Orthonormal Rational Basis Functions 281 7.10.2 The OVF Iteration 284 7.10.3 The OVF Pole Relocation Step 285 7.10.4 Finding Residues 286 7.11 Other Variants 288 7.11.1 Magnitude Vector Fitting 288 7.11.2 Vector Fitting with L1 Norm Minimization 291 7.11.3 Dealing with Higher Pole Multiplicities 293 7.11.4 Including Higher Order Derivatives 294 7.11.5 Hard Relocation of Poles 295 7.12 Notes on Overfitting and Ill-Conditioning 296 7.12.1 Exact Model Identification 296 7.12.2 Curve Fitting 297 7.13 Application Examples 299 7.13.1 Surface Acoustic Wave Filter 299 7.13.2 Subnetwork Equivalent 301 7.13.3 Transformer Modeling from Time-Domain Measurements 303 Problems 303 8 Advanced Vector Fitting for Multiport Problems 307 8.1 Introduction 307 8.2 Adapting VF to Multiple Responses 308 8.2.1 Pole Identification 308 8.2.2 Fast Vector Fitting 310 8.2.3 Residue Identification 311 8.3 Multiport Formulations 312 8.3.1 Single-Element Modeling: Multi-SISO Structure 314 8.3.2 Single-Column Modeling: Multi-SIMO Structure 316 8.3.3 Matrix Modeling: MIMO Structure 317 8.3.4 Matrix Modeling: Minimal Realizations 318 8.3.5 Sparsity Considerations 322 8.4 Enforcing Reciprocity 322 8.4.1 External Reciprocity 324 8.4.2 Internal Reciprocity∗ 325 8.5 Compressed Macromodeling 329 8.5.1 Data Compression 329 8.5.2 Compressed Rational Approximation 330 8.5.3 An Application Example 331 8.6 Accuracy Considerations 333 8.6.1 Noninteracting Models 333 8.6.2 Interacting Models Scalar Case 334 8.6.3 Error Magnification in Multiport Systems 338 8.7 Overcoming Error Magnification 340 8.7.1 Elementwise Inverse Weighting 340 8.7.2 Diagonalization 342 8.7.3 Mode-Revealing Transformations 347 8.7.4 Modal Vector Fitting 356 8.7.5 External and Internal Ports 358 Problems 363 9 Passivity Characterization of Lumped LTI Systems 365 9.1 Internal Characterization of Passivity 365 9.1.1 A First Order Example 365 9.1.2 The Dissipation Inequality 367 9.1.3 Lumped LTI Systems 368 9.2 Passivity of Lumped Immittance Systems 368 9.2.1 Rational Positive Real Matrices 369 9.2.2 Extracting Purely Imaginary Poles 372 9.2.3 The Positive Real Lemma 376 9.2.4 Positive Real Functions Revisited 378 9.2.5 Popov Functions and Spectral Factorizations 379 9.2.6 Hamiltonian Matrices 381 9.2.7 Passivity Characterization via Hamiltonian Matrices 385 9.2.8 Determination of Local Passivity Violations 387 9.2.9 Quantification of Passivity Violations via Bisection 390 9.2.10 Quantification of Passivity Violations via Sampling 393 9.2.11 Frequency Transformations 394 9.2.12 Extended Hamiltonian Pencils 396 9.2.13 Generalized Hamiltonian Pencils 398 9.2.14 Positive Real Lemma for Descriptor Systems 399 9.3 Passivity of Lumped Scattering Systems 402 9.3.1 Rational Bounded Real Matrices 402 9.3.2 The Bounded Real Lemma 406 9.3.3 Bounded Real Functions Revisited 408 9.3.4 Popov Functions Spectral Factorizations and Hamiltonian Matrices 409 9.3.5 Passivity Characterization via Hamiltonian Matrices 410 9.3.6 Determination of Local Passivity Violations 413 9.3.7 Quantification of Passivity Violations via Bisection 416 9.3.8 Quantification of Passivity Violations via Sampling 420 9.3.9 Extended Hamiltonian Pencils 421 9.3.10 Generalized Hamiltonian Pencils 422 9.3.11 Bounded Real Lemma for Descriptor Systems 423 9.4 Advanced Passivity Characterization 426 9.4.1 On the Computation of Imaginary Hamiltonian Eigenvalues 426 9.4.2 Large-Scale Hamiltonian Eigenvalue Problems∗ 427 9.4.3 Half-Size Passivity Test Matrices 430 Problems 433 10 Passivity Enforcement of Lumped LTI Systems 437 10.1 Passivity Constraints for Lumped LTI Systems 437 10.1.1 Passive State-Space Immittance Systems 438 10.1.2 Passive State-Space Scattering Systems 439 10.2 State-Space Perturbation 440 10.2.1 Asymptotic Perturbation 441 10.2.2 Dynamic Perturbation 441 10.2.3 Input-State Perturbation 442 10.2.4 State-Output Perturbation 443 10.2.5 A Perturbation Strategy for Passivity Enforcement 444 10.3 Asymptotic Passivity Enforcement 445 10.3.1 Immittance Systems 445 10.3.2 Scattering Systems 446 10.4 Imaginary Poles of Immittance Systems 447 10.5 Local Passivity Enforcement 448 10.5.1 Local Passivity Constraints 449 10.5.2 Enforcing Local Passivity Constraints 454 10.6 Passivity Enforcement Via Hamiltonian Perturbation 460 10.6.1 Hamiltonian Perturbation of Immittance Systems 462 10.6.2 Hamiltonian Perturbation of Scattering Systems 464 10.6.3 Hamiltonian Perturbation Strategies 465 10.6.4 Slopes 468 10.6.5 Global Passivity Enforcement via Hamiltonian Perturbation 471 10.7 Linear Matrix Inequalities 474 10.7.1 Parameterizations 476 10.8 Computational Cost 477 10.9 Advanced Accuracy Control 478 10.9.1 Frequency-Selective Norms 478 10.9.2 Individual Response Weighting 480 10.9.3 Bandlimited Norms 481 10.9.4 Relative Norms 484 10.9.5 Data-Based Cost Functions 486 10.10 Least-Squares Residue Perturbation 487 10.10.1 Basic Residue Perturbation (RP) 487 10.10.2 Spectral Residue Perturbation (SRP) 492 10.10.3 Mode-Revealing Transformations 493 10.10.4 Modal Perturbation (MP) 494 10.10.5 Robust Iterations 495 10.11 Alternative Formulations 496 10.11.1 Passivity Constraints Based on H∞ norm∗ 496 10.11.2 Iterative Update by Fitting Passivity Violations 503 10.11.3 Pole Perturbation Approaches 505 10.11.4 Parameterization via Positive Fractions 506 10.12 Descriptor Systems∗ 508 10.12.1 Perturbation of Generalized Hamiltonian Pencils 508 10.12.2 Handling Singular Direct Coupling Terms 509 10.12.3 Proper Part Extraction 510 10.12.4 Handling Impulsive Terms 511 10.12.5 Accuracy Control 512 Problems 512 11 Time-Domain Simulation 517 11.1 Discretization of ODE Systems 518 11.2 Interconnection of Macromodels 520 11.3 Direct Convolution 522 11.3.1 Equivalent Circuit Implementations 524 11.3.2 Discussion 527 11.4 Interfacing State-Space Macromodels 528 11.4.1 Equivalent Circuit Interfaces 530 11.5 Interfacing Pole-Residue Macromodels 533 11.5.1 Scalar Single-Pole System 533 11.5.2 General Multiport High-Order Systems 535 11.5.3 Discussion 537 11.6 Equivalent Circuit Synthesis 537 11.6.1 Direct Admittance Synthesis 538 11.6.2 Direct State-Space Synthesis 541 11.6.3 Sparse Synthesis 543 11.6.4 Classical RLCT Synthesis∗ 545 Problems 559 12 Transmission Lines and Distributed Systems 563 12.1 Introduction 563 12.2 Multiconductor Transmission Lines 564 12.2.1 Per-Unit-Length Matrices 564 12.2.2 Frequency-Domain Solution via Modal Decomposition 566 12.2.3 Frequency-Domain Solution in the Physical Domain 570 12.3 Direct Macromodeling Approaches 573 12.3.1 Folded Line Equivalent Models 573 12.4 Lumped Segmentation Approaches 577 12.4.1 Segmenting 577 12.4.2 Topology-Based Methods 578 12.5 Matrix Rational Approximations 582 12.5.1 Padé Matrix Rational Approximations 583 12.5.2 Series Expansion into Eigenfunctions 586 12.6 Traveling Wave Formulations 590 12.6.1 Voltage Waves 591 12.6.2 Current Waves 592 12.6.3 Thévenin and Norton Equivalents 593 12.6.4 Terminal Admittance from Traveling Wave Model 593 12.6.5 Modal Traveling Waves 594 12.7 Lossless Traveling Wave Modeling 595 12.7.1 Delay Extraction for Lossless MTL 597 12.8 Traveling Wave Modeling of Scalar Lossy Transmission Lines 599 12.9 Representations Based on Multiple Reflections 601 12.9.1 The Delayed Vector Fitting Scheme 604 12.10 Basic Delay Extraction for Lossy MTL 606 12.11 Frequency-Dependent Traveling Wave Modeling 607 12.11.1 Modal Domain 608 12.11.2 Physical Domain 613 12.11.3 Delay Extraction and Optimization∗ 625 12.12 General Delayed-Rational Macromodeling 626 12.12.1 Delay Estimation 629 12.12.2 Passivity Enforcement 631 12.12.3 Equivalent Circuit Synthesis 637 12.13 Passivity of Traveling Wave Models∗ 638 12.14 Time-Domain Implementation for Traveling Wave Models 641 12.14.1 The Scalar Lossless Line 641 12.14.2 The Scalar Lossy Line 643 12.14.3 Lossy Multiconductor Transmission Lines 648 12.14.4 Examples 652 12.15 Discussion 657 Problems 658 13 Applications 663 13.1 Modeling for Signal and Power Integrity 663 13.1.1 Prelayout Analysis of Backplane Interconnects 664 13.1.2 Full Package Analysis 667 13.1.3 Full Board Analysis and Simulation 672 13.1.4 High-Speed Channel Modeling and Simulation 681 13.1.5 Model Extraction from Measurements 687 13.2 Computational Electromagnetics 691 13.2.1 Dynamic Subcell Models in Time-Domain Solvers 691 13.2.2 Automatic Stopping Criteria for Time-Domain Solvers 695 13.2.3 VF-Based Adaptive Frequency Sampling 698 13.3 Small-Signal Macromodels for RF and AMS Applications 701 13.4 Modeling for High-Voltage Power Systems 704 13.4.1 Subnetwork Equivalencing 705 13.4.2 Power Transformer Modeling from Frequency Sweep Measurements 708 13.4.3 Power Transformer Modeling from Manufacturer’s White-Box Model 715 13.5 Fluid Transmission Lines 720 13.6 Mechanical Systems 726 13.7 Ship Motion in Irregular Seas 728 13.8 Summary 733 14 Summary and Outlook 735 14.1 Parameterized Macromodels 735 14.1.1 Parameterized Macromodels with Fixed Poles 736 14.1.2 Fully Parameterized Macromodels 738 14.1.3 Higher Dimensional Parameter Spaces 742 14.2 Open Issues 743 14.2.1 Optimal Passivity Enforcement 743 14.2.2 Systems with Many Ports 744 14.2.3 White-Box Model Identification and Tuning 744 14.2.4 Transmission Line Models 745 14.2.5 Delay Systems 746 14.2.6 Extension to NL Systems 749 14.2.7 Integration with other solvers 749 Appendix A Notation 751 Appendix B Acronyms 757 Appendix C Linear Algebra 761 Appendix D Optimization Templates 781 Appendix E Signals and Transforms 805 Bibliography 839 Index 863
£121.46
Wiley Extruded Cables for HighVoltage DirectCurrent
Book SynopsisThe only book on the market that provides current, necessary, and comprehensive technical knowledge of extruded cables and high-voltage direct-current transmission This is the first book to fully address the technical aspects of high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) link projects with extruded cables. It covers design and engineering techniques for cable lines, insulation materials, and accessories, as well as cable performance and life span and reliability issues. Beginning with a discussion on the fundamentals of HVDC cable transmission theory, Extruded Cables for High-Voltage Direct-Current Transmission: Advances in Research and Development covers: Both the cable and the accessories (joints and terminations), each of which affects cable line performance The basic designs of HVDC cables?including a comparison of mass insulated non-draining cables with extruded HVDC cables The theoretical elements on which the design of HVDC cables is basTrade Review“The authors have done a great job, presenting a blend of experimental results to reinforce the theory and showing how to apply the theory to practical designs.” (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 1 January 2014) Table of ContentsFOREWORD xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ACRONYMS xvii INTRODUCTION xxvii 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF HVDC CABLE TRANSMISSION 11 2.1 Historical Evolution of HVDC Power Transmission 11 2.2 Economic Comparison Between HVAC and HVDC Transmission Systems 18 2.3 Configurations and Operating Modes of HVDC Transmission Systems 20 2.4 CSC and VSC Converters 23 2.4.1 Operation of a Line-Commutated Current Source Converter (LCC-CSC) 23 2.4.2 Operation of a Self-Commutated Voltage Source Converter (VSC) 25 2.4.3 CSC versus VSC: How Do They Affect Cable Insulation? 27 2.5 Cables for HVDC Transmission 27 2.5.1 Underground and Undersea Cable Transmission 27 2.5.2 Different HVDC Cable Types 29 2.5.2.1 Mass-Impregnated Nondraining (MIND) Cables 31 2.5.2.2 Oil-Filled (OF) Cables 32 2.5.2.3 Polypropylene Paper Laminate (known under a few different acronyms, i.e., PPL, MI-PPL, PPLP) or Lapped Thin-Film Insulated Cable 33 2.5.2.4 Polymer-Insulated or Extruded-Insulation Cable 33 2.5.3 HVDC Cable Insulation 36 2.5.3.1 Oil–Paper (or Lapped) Insulation 37 2.5.3.2 Extruded Insulation 37 3 MAIN PRINCIPLES OF HVDC EXTRUDED CABLE DESIGN 41 3.1 Differences Between HVAC and HVDC Extruded Cables 42 3.1.1 Differences in the Structure 42 3.1.2 Typical Formations of HVDC Extruded Cables 42 3.1.2.1 Conductor 42 3.1.2.2 Inner Semiconductive Layer 43 3.1.2.3 Insulation Layer 44 3.1.2.4 Outer Semiconductive Layer 44 3.1.2.5 Metallic Screen 45 3.1.2.6 Water Sealing (or Blocking) Systems 46 3.1.2.7 Protective Thermoplastic Sheath 47 3.1.2.8 Armoring 47 3.1.2.9 Jacketing (or External Sheath) 48 3.1.3 Differences in the Electric Field Distribution 48 3.1.3.1 Electric Field Distribution Within the Insulation of an HVAC Cable 48 3.1.3.2 Steady Electric Field DistributionWithin the Insulation of an HVDC Cable 49 3.2 Transient DC Field Distribution 63 3.2.1 Time to Reach Steady-State DC Field Distribution 64 3.2.2 Definition of Operational Stages of HVDC Cables 65 3.2.3 Field Distributions in the Various Stages 67 3.2.3.1 Stage I: Raising the Voltage 68 3.2.3.2 Stage II: After Raising the Voltage 68 3.2.3.3 Stage III: Steady Resistive Field and Relevant Space Charge 71 3.2.3.4 Stage IIIa: After Switching off the Load 73 3.2.3.5 Stage IV: After Switching off the Voltage 74 3.2.3.6 Stages at Polarity Reversal 75 3.3 Influence of the Environment Temperature on the Steady Field of an HVDC Extruded Cable 75 3.4 Impulses Superimposed onto a DC Voltage 76 3.5 Statistical Approach to Impulse Voltage Test Levels for HVDC Cables 79 3.6 Modification of the Stress Distribution by Trapped Space Charge Effects 86 3.7 Dielectrics for HVDC Extruded Cables 88 3.8 Morphology of Polyethylene and Its Influence on Electrical Properties 92 4 SPACE CHARGE IN HVDC EXTRUDED INSULATION: STORAGE, EFFECTS, AND MEASUREMENT METHODS 99 4.1 Space Charge in HVDC Cable Insulation 100 4.2 Charge Injection and Transport in Insulating Polymers 107 4.2.1 Low-Field Conduction Mechanisms 107 4.2.1.1 Ohmic Conduction 107 4.2.1.2 Ionic Conduction 110 4.2.2 High-Field Conduction Mechanisms 112 4.2.2.1 Charge Injection From Electrodes 112 4.2.2.2 Bulk-Controlled High-Field Conduction Mechanisms 114 4.3 Space-Charge Accumulation 118 4.3.1 Charge Generation 119 4.3.1.1 Electronic Charge Injection 119 4.3.1.2 Field-Assisted Thermal Ionization of Impurities 119 4.3.1.3 Spatially Inhomogeneous Electric Polarization 119 4.3.1.4 Steady Direct Current Coupled with a Spatially Varying Ratio of Permittivity to Conductivity 122 4.3.2 Charge Trapping 125 4.3.2.1 Physical Defects 128 4.3.2.2 Chemical Defects 128 4.4 Review of Space-Charge Measurement Methods for HVDC Extruded Insulation 130 4.4.1 Thermal Methods 133 4.4.1.1 Thermal Pulse Method 134 4.4.1.2 Laser Intensity Modulation Method (LIMM) 135 4.4.1.3 Thermal Step Method (TSM) 137 4.4.2 Pressure Pulse Methods 142 4.4.2.1 Pressure Wave Propagation Method 145 4.4.2.2 Laser-Induced Pressure Pulse (LIPP) Method 146 4.4.2.3 Pulsed Electroacoustic (PEA) Method 148 4.4.3 Techniques for Estimating the Trap Depth and the Mobility of Space Charges 159 4.5 Up-to-Date Developments of the Best Techniques for Measuring Space Charges 164 4.5.1 Space-Charge Measurements in HVDC Cables with the TSM Technique 164 4.5.1.1 Experimental Facility 164 4.5.1.2 Cable 1: Under Field Measurements 167 4.5.1.3 Study of Cable 2: Volt-Off Measurements 169 4.5.2 Space-Charge Measurements in HVDC Cables with the PEATechnique 171 4.5.2.1 Space-Charge Measurements Related to the Semicon-Insulation Interface 172 4.5.2.2 Space-Charge Measurements Related to the Insulation-Insulation Interface 176 4.5.2.3 Space-Charge Measurements Related to the Effect of Temperature Gradient 183 4.5.3 Recent Developments in the Pressure Wave Propagation Method 191 4.6 Final Comparison between the Best Space-Charge Measurement Methods for Power Cables: PEA versus TSM 193 5 IMPROVED DESIGN OF HVDC EXTRUDED CABLE SYSTEMS 209 5.1 R&D Trends in Improving Extruded Polymeric Insulation for HVDC Cables 210 5.1.1 Problems to be Solved for Improving HVDC Extruded Insulation 210 5.1.2 Optimum Characteristics of Polymeric Insulating Materials for HVDC Cables 212 5.1.3 Historical Development Activities of HVDC Extruded Insulation 213 5.2 Use of AC LDPE, XLPE, or HDPE Cable Compounds for HVDC Applications without any Modifications 215 5.3 Stress Inversion-Free or -Limited DC Cable 217 5.4 Suppression of Space Charge in the Polymer 218 5.4.1 Modification of the Characteristics of the Electrode-Insulation Interfaces 218 5.4.1.1 Traditional Approaches 218 5.4.1.2 Effect of Surface Fluorination on the Space-Charge Behavior of PE 219 5.4.2 Modification of Bulk Insulation Characteristics 220 5.4.2.1 Blending PE with Another Polymer 221 5.4.2.2 Using Additives or Fillers in PE-Based Compounds 221 5.4.2.3 Additives and the Morphology of Polyethylene 227 5.4.2.4 Effect of Nanostructuration 228 5.5 Further Requirements for the Improvement of HVDC Extruded Cable Design 229 5.6 Improved Design of HVDC Extruded Cables 232 5.6.1 First Example of Improved Design of HVDC Extruded Cables 232 5.6.2 Cable Design Relevant to the Gotland Project 233 5.6.3 Cable Design Relevant to the Murraylink Project 234 5.6.4 Cable Design Relevant to the Trans Bay Project 236 5.6.5 Other Improved Cable Designs 237 5.7 Improved Design of Accessories for HVDC Extruded Cable Systems 239 5.7.1 Accessories Design Relevant to the Gotland Project 243 5.7.1.1 Joints for the Gotland Project 243 5.7.1.2 Terminations for the Gotland Project 244 5.7.2 Accessories Design Relevant to the Murraylink Project 244 5.7.2.1 Joints for the Murraylink Project 244 5.7.2.2 Terminations for the Murraylink Project 246 5.7.3 State of the Art of HVDC Extruded Cable Accessories 246 5.7.3.1 Prefabricated Joints 247 5.7.3.2 Terminations 249 5.7.3.3 Electric Fields in Accessories 249 5.7.3.4 Installation of Accessories 250 5.8 Improved Cable System Design 251 5.9 Testing of HVDC Extruded Cable Systems 252 6 LIFE MODELING OF HVDC EXTRUDED CABLE INSULATION 265 6.1 Fundamentals of Life Modeling and Reliability Estimates of Power Cables 266 6.1.1 Traditional Approach to Insulation Life Modeling 268 6.1.2 Probabilistic Framework of HVDC Extruded Insulation Life Modeling 277 6.1.2.1 Basic Aspects of Probabilistic Life Modeling 277 6.1.2.2 Probabilistic Life Models for HVDC Extruded Cable Insulation 279 6.1.2.3 Life Models for HVDC Extruded Cables under Single and Combined Stress 286 6.2 Space-Charge-Based Life Models for Extruded HVDC Cables 293 6.2.1 Field-Limited Space-Charge Model 294 6.2.2 Space-Charge DMM Model 296 6.2.2.1 The DC DMM Model 297 6.2.2.2 Application of the DC DMM Model to HVDC Extruded Insulation 298 6.3 From Space Charges to Partial Discharges: Life Model Based on Damage Growth from Microvoids 300 6.3.1 Charge Storage at PE-Void Interface and Injection into the Void 302 6.3.2 Hot-Electron Avalanche Formation inside the Void 303 6.3.3 Damage at Void-PE Interface Growing into the Polymer 304 6.3.4 Fitting the Model to Extruded HVDC Insulation Times to Failure 305 6.4 Space Charge: Cause or Effect of Aging? 308 7 MAIN REALIZATIONS OF HVDC EXTRUDED CABLE SYSTEMS IN THE WORLD 323 7.1 Overview 323 7.2 Extruded Systems in Service 327 7.2.1 Gotland Link 328 7.2.2 Murraylink 330 7.2.3 Cross Sound Cable (CSC) 332 7.2.4 Troll A Platform 333 7.2.5 Estlink 334 7.2.6 BorWin 1 335 7.2.7 The Trans Bay Project 336 7.2.8 The Hokkaido-Honshu Intertie 339 References 340 INDEX 343
£104.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Software Engineering
Book SynopsisBased on their own experiences of in-depth case studies of software projects in international corporations, in this bookthe authors present detailed practical guidelines on the preparation, conduct, design and reporting of case studies of software engineering. This is the first software engineering specific book on thecase study research method.Table of ContentsFOREWORD xiii PREFACE xv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvii PART I CASE STUDY METHODOLOGY 1 INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 What is a Case Study? 3 1.2 A Brief History of Case Studies in Software Engineering 5 1.3 Why a Book on Case Studies of Software Engineering? 6 1.4 Conclusion 9 2 BACKGROUND AND DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Research Strategies 11 2.3 Characteristics of Research Strategies 13 2.3.1 Purpose 13 2.3.2 Control and Data 14 2.3.3 Triangulation 15 2.3.4 Replication 16 2.3.5 Inductive and Deductive Enquiries 16 2.4 What Makes a Good Case Study? 17 2.5 When is the Case Study Strategy Feasible? 19 2.6 Case Study Research Process 20 2.7 Conclusion 21 3 DESIGN OF THE CASE STUDY 23 3.1 Introduction 23 3.2 Elements of the Case Study Design 24 3.2.1 Rationale for the Study 24 3.2.2 Objective of the Study 24 3.2.3 Cases and Units of Analyses 26 3.2.4 Theoretical Framework 29 3.2.5 Research Questions 30 3.2.6 Propositions and Hypotheses 31 3.2.7 Concepts 32 3.2.8 Methods of Data Collection 32 3.2.9 Methods of Data Analysis 33 3.2.10 Case Selection 33 3.2.11 Selection of Data 35 3.2.12 Data Definition and Data Storage 36 3.2.13 Quality Control and Assurance 36 3.2.14 Maintaining the Case Study Protocol 37 3.2.15 Reporting and Disseminating the Case Study 38 3.3 Legal, Ethical, and Professional Issues 40 3.4 Conclusion 45 4 DATA COLLECTION 47 4.1 Introduction 47 4.2 Different Types of Data Source 47 4.2.1 Classification of Data Sources 47 4.2.2 Data Source Selection 49 4.3 Interviews 50 4.3.1 Planning Interviews 50 4.3.2 The Interview Session 52 4.3.3 Postinterview Activities 53 4.4 Focus groups 54 4.5 Observations 56 4.6 Archival Data 57 4.7 Metrics 58 4.8 Conclusion 60 5 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 61 5.1 Introduction 61 5.2 Analysis of Data in Flexible Research 62 5.2.1 Introduction 62 5.2.2 Level of Formalism 64 5.2.3 Relation to Hypotheses 65 5.3 Process for Qualitative Data Analysis 65 5.3.1 Introduction 65 5.3.2 Steps in the Analysis 66 5.3.3 Techniques 68 5.3.4 Tool support 70 5.4 Validity 71 5.4.1 Construct Validity 71 5.4.2 Internal Validity 71 5.4.3 External Validity 71 5.4.4 Reliability 72 5.5 Improving Validity 72 5.6 Quantitative Data Analysis 74 5.7 Conclusion 76 6 REPORTING AND DISSEMINATION 77 6.1 Introduction 77 6.2 Why Report and Disseminate 78 6.3 The Audience for the Report 79 6.4 Aspects of the Case Study to Report and Disseminate 80 6.5 When to Report and Disseminate 81 6.6 Guidelines on Reporting 82 6.6.1 The Generic Content of an Academic Report 82 6.6.2 Reporting Recommendations from Evaluative Case Studies 84 6.6.3 Reporting to Stakeholders, Including Sponsor(s) 85 6.6.4 Reporting the Context of the Case Study 87 6.6.5 Reporting to Students 89 6.6.6 Ad Hoc and Impromptu Reporting 90 6.7 Formats and Structures for a Report 91 6.8 Where to Report 94 6.9 Ethics and Confidentiality 94 6.10 Conclusion 95 7 SCALING UP CASE STUDY RESEARCH TO REAL-WORLD SOFTWARE PRACTICE 97 7.1 Introduction 97 7.2 The Aims of Scaling up Case Studies 98 7.3 Dimensions of Scale 99 7.4 Longitudinal Case Studies 100 7.5 Multiple Case Studies 102 7.5.1 Multiple Cases and Replications 102 7.5.2 Selecting the Cases 104 7.6 Multiresearcher Case Studies 105 7.7 Conclusion 107 8 USING CASE STUDY RESEARCH 109 8.1 Introduction 109 8.2 Reading and Reviewing Case Studies 109 8.2.1 Development of Checklists 110 8.2.2 Checklists for Conducting Case Study Research 111 8.2.3 Checklists for Reading and Reviewing Case Studies 111 8.2.4 Development of Practice 111 8.3 Identifying and Synthesizing Use Case Research 111 8.3.1 Identifying Primary Studies 112 8.3.2 Synthesis of Evidence from Multiple Case Studies 113 8.3.3 Current State of Synthesis 117 8.4 The Economics of Case Study Research 118 8.4.1 Costs and Benefits of Evaluation Techniques 119 8.4.2 Evaluation of the DESMET Methodology 119 8.4.3 Frameworks for Organizing Methods of Evaluation 119 8.5 Specializing Case Study Research for Software Engineering 121 8.5.1 The Longitudinal Chronological Case Study Research Strategy 122 8.5.2 Controlled Case Studies 123 8.6 Case Studies and Software Process Improvement 123 8.7 Conclusion 125 PART II EXAMPLES OF CASE STUDIES 9 INTRODUCTION TO CASE STUDY EXAMPLES 129 9.1 Introduction 129 10 CASE STUDY OF EXTREME PROGRAMMING IN A STAGE–GATE CONTEXT 133 10.1 Introduction 133 10.1.1 Methodological Status 133 10.2 Case Study Design 134 10.2.1 Rationale 134 10.2.2 Objectives 134 10.2.3 Cases and Units of Analysis 135 10.2.4 Theoretical Frame of Reference 136 10.2.5 Research Questions 136 10.3 Planning 136 10.3.1 Methods of Data Collection 136 10.3.2 Selection of Data 137 10.3.3 Case Selection Strategy 137 10.3.4 Case Study Protocol 137 10.3.5 Ethical Considerations 137 10.4 Data Collection 139 10.5 Data Analysis 139 10.5.1 Threats to Validity 144 10.6 Reporting 144 10.6.1 Academics 144 10.6.2 Practitioners 144 10.7 Lessons Learned 146 11 TWO LONGITUDINAL CASE STUDIES OF SOFTWARE PROJECT MANAGEMENT 149 11.1 Introduction 149 11.2 Background to the Research Project 149 11.3 Case Study Design and Planning 150 11.3.1 Rationale 150 11.3.2 Objective 150 11.3.3 Definition of the Case 150 11.3.4 Units of Analyses 151 11.3.5 Theoretical Frame of Reference and Research Questions 151 11.3.6 Case Selection 151 11.3.7 Replication Strategy 152 11.3.8 Case Study Protocol 152 11.3.9 Quality Assurance, Validity, and Reliability 152 11.3.10 Legal, Ethical, and Professional Considerations 153 11.4 Data Collection 154 11.4.1 Sources of Data 154 11.5 Data Analysis 157 11.6 Reporting 159 11.6.1 Internal Reporting of Results 160 11.6.2 Dissemination of Artifacts 160 11.7 Lessons Learned 160 12 AN ITERATIVE CASE STUDY OF QUALITY MONITORING 163 12.1 Introduction 163 12.2 Case Study Design 164 12.2.1 Objectives 164 12.2.2 Cases and Units of Analysis 165 12.2.3 Theoretical Frame of Reference 165 12.2.4 Research Questions 165 12.3 Planning 165 12.3.1 Methods of Data Collection 165 12.3.2 Case Selection Strategy 167 12.3.3 Case Study Protocol 167 12.3.4 Ethical Considerations 167 12.3.5 Data Collection 168 12.3.6 Exploratory Study 168 12.3.7 Confirmatory Study 168 12.3.8 Explanatory Study 168 12.4 Data Analysis 169 12.5 Reporting 169 12.6 Lessons Learned 169 13 A CASE STUDY OF THE EVALUATION OF REQUIREMENTS MANAGEMENT TOOLS 171 13.1 Introduction 171 13.2 Design of the Case Study 172 13.2.1 Rationale 172 13.2.2 Objective 172 13.2.3 The Case and Its Context 173 13.2.4 The Units of Analyses 174 13.2.5 Theoretical Framework 175 13.2.6 Research Questions 175 13.2.7 Propositions, Concepts, and Measures 175 13.2.8 Case Study Protocol 175 13.2.9 Methods of Data Collection 176 13.2.10 Methods of Data Analysis 176 13.2.11 Case Selection Strategy 177 13.2.12 Data Selection Strategy 177 13.2.13 Replication Strategy 177 13.2.14 Quality Assurance, Validity, and Reliability 177 13.3 Data Collection 178 13.4 Data Analysis 179 13.5 Reporting and Dissemination 180 13.6 Lessons Learned 181 14 A LARGE-SCALE CASE STUDY OF REQUIREMENTS AND VERIFICATION ALIGNMENT 183 14.1 Introduction 183 14.2 Case Study Design 184 14.2.1 Rationale 184 14.2.2 Objectives 184 14.2.3 Cases and Units of Analysis 185 14.2.4 Theoretical Frame of Reference 186 14.2.5 Research Questions 187 14.3 Planning 188 14.3.1 Methods of Data Collection 189 14.3.2 Case Selection Strategy 190 14.3.3 Selection of Data 191 14.3.4 Case Study Protocol 191 14.3.5 Ethical Considerations 192 14.4 Data Collection 192 14.5 Data Analysis 193 14.6 Lessons Learned 195 14.6.1 Effort Estimation Lessons 195 14.6.2 Design and Planning Lessons 196 14.6.3 Data Collection Lessons 197 14.6.4 Data Analysis Lessons 198 14.6.5 Reporting Lessons 199 14.6.6 A General Lesson 199 EPILOGUE 201 Appendix A: CHECKLISTS FOR READING AND REVIEWING CASE STUDIES 203 A.1 Design of the Case Study 203 A.2 Data Collection 204 A.3 Data Analysis and Interpretation 204 A.4 Reporting and Dissemination 204 A.5 Reader’s Checklist 205 Appendix B: EXAMPLE INTERVIEW INSTRUMENT (XP) 207 Appendix C: EXAMPLE INTERVIEW INSTRUMENT (REVV) 209 Appendix D: EXAMPLE OF A CODING GUIDE 213 D.1 Coding Instructions 213 D.2 Codes 214 D.2.1 High Level Codes: Research Questions 214 D.2.2 Medium Level Codes: Categories 216 D.2.3 Coding Example 216 Appendix E: EXAMPLE OF A CONSENT INFORMATION LETTER 219 REFERENCES 221 INDEX 235
£59.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Crystal Clear
Book SynopsisQuartz crystal-a technology that changed the tide of World War II Some of the defining leaps in technology in the twentieth century occurred during the Second World War, from radar to nuclear energy. Often left out of historical discussions are quartz crystals, which proved to be just as pivotal to the Allied victory-and to post-war development-as other technologies. Quartz crystals provided the U.S. military, for the first time, with reliable communication on the front lines, and then went on to become the core of some of the most basic devices of the post-war era, from watches, clocks, and color televisions, to cell phones and computers. In Crystal Clear, Richard Thompson relates the story of the quartz crystal in World War II, from its early days as a curiosity for amateur radio enthusiasts, to its use by the United States Armed Forces. It follows the intrepid group of scientists and engineers from the Office of the Chief Signal Officer of the U.S. Army as tTable of ContentsAcknowledgments vii Introduction: "We Were Heavily Armed and We Had Crystals" 1 1 From Wire to Wireless: The Development—and Acceptance—of Tactical Radio 5 2 Crystal Control—the Great Gamble 17 3 The Signal Corps Lays the Foundation 31 4 Nothing Else to Do but Grind Crystals 55 5 Riding the "Flat Wheel Limited"—Overseeing a Mass Production Industry 69 6 Supplying a Mass Production Industry—the Civilian Government Steps In 93 7 "The Whole Radio Crystal Program of the Armed Services Depends Upon the Success of the Procurement Program in Brazil. Nothing Must Be Allowed to Interfere With It" 117 8 "God Made Lots of Small Crystals" 129 9 The Aging Crisis—Stopgap Measures 145 10 The Aging Crisis—Physics to the Rescue! 153 11 "Without Crystals You Have Radio; With Them, Communications" 163 Appendix 1: Crystal-Controlled Equipment 175 Appendix 2: Crystal Manufacturers 179 References 183 Index 219
£39.85
John Wiley & Sons Inc Synthetic Aperture Radar Polarimetry
Book SynopsisThis book describes the application of polarimetric synthetic aperture radar to earth remote sensing based on research at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). This book synthesizes all current research to provide practical information for both the newcomer and the expert in radar polarimetry.Trade Review“It is also an ideal reference for radar remote sensing researchers, engineers and practitioners in the aerospace industry.” (Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 1 August 2013)Table of ContentsNote From the Series Editor xi Foreword xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii Authors xix 1. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Imaging Basics 1 1.1 Basic Principles of Radar Imaging 2 1.2 Radar Resolution 6 1.3 Radar Equation 10 1.4 Real Aperture Radar 11 1.5 Synthetic Aperture Radar 13 1.6 Radar Image Artifacts and Noise 16 1.7 Summary 22 References 22 2. Basic Principles of SAR Polarimetry 23 2.1 Polarization of Electromagnetic Waves 23 2.2 Mathematical Representations of Scatterers 27 2.3 Implementation of a Radar Polarimeter 32 2.4 Polarization Response 34 2.5 Optimum Polarizations 53 2.6 Contrast Enhancement 65 2.7 Summary 71 References 71 3. Advanced Polarimetric Concepts 73 3.1 Vector-Matrix Duality of Scatterer Representation 73 3.2 Eigenvalue- and Eigenvector-Based Polarimetric Parameters 76 3.3 Decomposition of Polarimetric Scattering 88 3.4 Image Classification 125 3.5 Polarimetric SAR Interferometry 135 3.6 Summary 141 References 141 4. Polarimetric SAR Calibration 145 4.1 Polarimetric Radar System Model 145 4.2 Cross Talk Estimation and Removal 152 4.3 Copolarized Channel Imbalance Calibration 161 4.4 Absolute Radiometric Calibration 166 4.5 Faraday Rotation 177 4.6 Summary 179 References 180 5. Applications: Measurement of Surface Soil Moisture 182 5.1 Surface Electrical and Geometrical Properties 183 5.2 Scattering from Bare Rough Surfaces 196 5.3 Example Bare Surface Soil Moisture Inversion Models 201 5.4 Comparison of the Performance of Bare Surface Inversion Models 211 5.5 Parameterizing Scattering Models 216 5.6 Inverting the IEM Model 222 5.7 Scattering from Vegetated Terrain 225 5.8 Simulation Results 239 5.9 Time Series Estimation of Soil Moisture 252 5.10 Summary 257 References 258 Appendixes A. Tilted Small Perturbation Model Details 262 B. Bistatic Scattering Matrix of a Cylinder with Arbitrary Orientation 267 C. Nomenclature 276 Index 279
£104.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Multimedia Information Extraction
Book SynopsisThe advent of increasingly large consumer collections of audio (e.g., iTunes), imagery (e.g., Flickr), and video (e.g., YouTube) is driving a need not only for multimedia retrieval but also information extraction from and across media. Furthermore, industrial and government collections fuel requirements for stock media access, media preservation, broadcast news retrieval, identity management, and video surveillance. While significant advances have been made in language processing for information extraction from unstructured multilingual text and extraction of objects from imagery and video, these advances have been explored in largely independent research communities who have addressed extracting information from single media (e.g., text, imagery, audio). And yet users need to search for concepts across individual media, author multimedia artifacts, and perform multimedia analysis in many domains. This collection is intended to serve several purposes, including reporting the currenTable of ContentsFOREWORD ix Alan F. Smeaton PREFACE xiii Mark T. Maybury ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv CONTRIBUTORS xvii 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Mark T. Maybury 2 MULTIMEDIA INFORMATION EXTRACTION: HISTORY AND STATE OF THE ART 13 Mark T. Maybury SECTION 1 IMAGE EXTRACTION 41 3 VISUAL FEATURE LOCALIZATION FOR DETECTING UNIQUE OBJECTS IN IMAGES 45 Madirakshi Das, Alexander C. Loui, and Andrew C. Blose 4 ENTROPY-BASED ANALYSIS OF VISUAL AND GEOLOCATION CONCEPTS IN IMAGES 63 Keiji Yanai, Hidetoshi Kawakubo, and Kobus Barnard 5 THE MEANING OF 3D SHAPE AND SOME TECHNIQUES TO EXTRACT IT 81 Sven Havemann, Torsten Ullrich, and Dieter W. Fellner 6 A DATA-DRIVEN MEANINGFUL REPRESENTATION OF EMOTIONAL FACIAL EXPRESSIONS 99 Nicolas Stoiber, Gaspard Breton, and Renaud Seguier SECTION 2 VIDEO EXTRACTION 113 7 VISUAL SEMANTICS FOR REDUCING FALSE POSITIVES IN VIDEO SEARCH 119 Rohini K. Srihari and Adrian Novischi 8 AUTOMATED ANALYSIS OF IDEOLOGICAL BIAS IN VIDEO 129 Wei-Hao Lin and Alexander G. Hauptmann 9 MULTIMEDIA INFORMATION EXTRACTION IN A LIVE MULTILINGUAL NEWS MONITORING SYSTEM 145 David D. Palmer, Marc B. Reichman, and Noah White 10 SEMANTIC MULTIMEDIA EXTRACTION USING AUDIO AND VIDEO 159 Evelyne Tzoukermann, Geetu Ambwani, Amit Bagga, Leslie Chipman, Anthony R. Davis, Ryan Farrell, David Houghton, Oliver Jojic, Jan Neumann, Robert Rubinoff, Bageshree Shevade, and Hongzhong Zhou 11 ANALYSIS OF MULTIMODAL NATURAL LANGUAGE CONTENT IN BROADCAST VIDEO 175 Prem Natarajan, Ehry MacRostie, Rohit Prasad, and Jonathan Watson 12 WEB-BASED MULTIMEDIA INFORMATION EXTRACTION BASED ON SOCIAL REDUNDANCY 185 Jose San Pedro, Stefan Siersdorfer, Vaiva Kalnikaite, and Steve Whittaker 13 INFORMATION FUSION AND ANOMALY DETECTION WITH UNCALIBRATED CAMERAS IN VIDEO SURVEILLANCE 201 Erhan Baki Ermis, Venkatesh Saligrama, and Pierre-Marc Jodoin SECTION 3 AUDIO, GRAPHICS, AND BEHAVIOR EXTRACTION 217 14 AUTOMATIC DETECTION, INDEXING, AND RETRIEVAL OF MULTIPLE ATTRIBUTES FROM CROSS-LINGUAL MULTIMEDIA DATA 221 Qian Hu, Fred J. Goodman, Stanley M. Boykin, Randall K. Fish, Warren R. Greiff, Stephen R. Jones, and Stephen R. Moore 15 INFORMATION GRAPHICS IN MULTIMODAL DOCUMENTS 235 Sandra Carberry, Stephanie Elzer, Richard Burns, Peng Wu, Daniel Chester, and Seniz Demir 16 EXTRACTING INFORMATION FROM HUMAN BEHAVIOR 253 Fabio Pianesi, Bruno Lepri, Nadia Mana, Alessandro Cappelletti, and Massimo Zancanaro SECTION 4 AFFECT EXTRACTION FROM AUDIO AND IMAGERY 269 17 RETRIEVAL OF PARALINGUISTIC INFORMATION IN BROADCASTS 273 Björn Schuller, Martin Wöllmer, Florian Eyben, and Gerhard Rigoll 18 AUDIENCE REACTIONS FOR INFORMATION EXTRACTION ABOUT PERSUASIVE LANGUAGE IN POLITICAL COMMUNICATION 289 Marco Guerini, Carlo Strapparava, and Oliviero Stock 19 THE NEED FOR AFFECTIVE METADATA IN CONTENT-BASED RECOMMENDER SYSTEMS FOR IMAGES 305 Marko TkalÈiÈ, Jurij TasiÈ, and Andrej Košir 20 AFFECT-BASED INDEXING FOR MULTIMEDIA DATA 321 Gareth J. F. Jones and Ching Hau Chan SECTION 5 MULTIMEDIA ANNOTATION AND AUTHORING 347 21 MULTIMEDIA ANNOTATION, QUERYING, AND ANALYSIS IN ANVIL 351 Michael Kipp 22 TOWARD FORMALIZATION OF DISPLAY GRAMMAR FOR INTERACTIVE MEDIA PRODUCTION WITH MULTIMEDIA INFORMATION EXTRACTION 369 Robin Bargar 23 MEDIA AUTHORING WITH ONTOLOGICAL REASONING: USE CASE FOR MULTIMEDIA INFORMATION EXTRACTION 385 Insook Choi 24 ANNOTATING SIGNIFICANT RELATIONS ON MULTIMEDIA WEB DOCUMENTS 401 Matusala Addisu, Danilo Avola, Paola Bianchi, Paolo Bottoni, Stefano Levialdi, and Emanuele Panizzi ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 419 REFERENCES 425 INDEX 461
£80.96
John Wiley & Sons Inc Wireless Networking
Book SynopsisThis book focuses on providing a detailed and practical explanation of key existing and emerging wireless networking technologies and trends,while minimizing the amount of theoretical background information. The book also goes beyond simply presenting what the technology is, but also examines why the technology is the way it is, the history of its development, standardization, and deployment. The book also describes how each technology is used, what problems it was designed to solve, what problems it was not designed to solve., how it relates to other technologies in the marketplace, and internetworking challenges faced withing the context of the Internet, as well as providing deployment trends and standardization trends. Finally, this book decomposes evolving wireless technologies to identify key technical and usage trends in order to discuss the likely characteristics of future wireless networks.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii About the Authors xv List of Acronyms xvii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Data Networks versus Cellular Networks 2 1.2 The History of the Wireless Internet 3 1.3 The Difference between Wireless and Wired 4 1.4 The Wireless Internet: Different Models 6 1.5 A Review of Layered Communications Models 9 1.6 Wireless Data Networking Technologies at a Glance 13 1.7 Cellular Networking Technologies at a Glance 18 2. The Wireless Ecosystem 29 2.1 Wireless Standardization Process 29 2.2 IEEE 30 2.3 IETF 32 2.4 3GPP 35 2.5 3GPP2 39 2.6 International Telecommunications Union 40 2.7 Wi-Fi Alliance 45 2.8 WiMax Forum 47 2.9 Bluetooth Special Interest Group 48 2.10 Summary of The Wireless Ecosystem 49 3. Wireless Personal Area Networks 51 3.1 Bluetooth 51 3.2 ZigBee 71 3.3 Ultra Wideband 106 4. Wireless Local Area Networks 112 4.1 The Original 802.11 Specification 113 4.2 IEEE 802.11b 129 4.3 IEEE 802.11a 134 4.4 IEEE 802.11g 138 4.5 IEEE 802.11e 139 4.6 IEEE 802.11n 142 4.7 IEEE 802.11 Security Models 174 4.8 Other WLAN Technologies 178 4.9 Performance of IEEE 802.11 WLAN Technologies 182 4.10 The Future Direction of IEEE 802.11 192 Additional Reading and Online Resources 194 5. Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks 195 5.1 Fixed WiMAX Technology Overview 199 5.2 Usage 246 5.3 Evolution 247 5.4 WiMAX Transition to Cellular Technology 247 Recommended Additional Reading 248 6. Second-Generation (2G) Cellular Communications 250 6.1 Historical Perspectives 251 6.2 Overview of 2G Technologies 252 6.3 2G Deployments 253 6.4 Chapter Overview 254 6.5 An Introduction to GSM 254 6.6 GSM Technology Overview 263 6.7 GSM Physical Layer 303 6.8 GSM Signaling at the Air Interface 308 6.9 GPRS Overview 312 6.10 GSM Security Aspects 345 6.11 EDGE Enhancements 347 6.12 GSM Evolution 351 6.13 GSM Usage 361 Further GSM Reading 363 Acknowledgments 365 7. Third-Generation (3G) Cellular Communications 366 7.1 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System/Wideband Code Division Multiple Access 366 7.2 Mobile WiMAX 402 7.3 CDMA2000 420 Recommended Additional Reading 468 8. Fourth-Generation (4G) Cellular Communications 469 8.1 Long-Term Evolution 470 8.2 LTE-Advanced 549 8.3 IEEE 802.16M 557 Acknowledgments 558 9. Mobile Internetworking 559 9.1 What Is Meant by Mobile Internetworking? 559 9.2 Network Layer Considerations 560 9.3 Transport Layer Considerations 578 10. Key Wireless Technology Trends: A Look at the Future 593 10.1 MIMO 594 10.2 Multicarrier Modulation 601 10.3 Cognitive Radio 611 10.4 Cross-Layer Radio 615 10.5 Network Coding 618 11. Building the Wireless Internet: Putting It All Together 623 11.1 Dimensions of Performance 624 11.2 Concluding Remarks 630 References 632 Index 650
£114.26
John Wiley & Sons Inc Remote Sensing and Actuation Using Unmanned
Book SynopsisUnmanned systems and robotics technologies have become very popular recently owing to their ability to replace human beings in dangerous, tedious, or repetitious jobs.Table of ContentsList of Figures xv List of Tables xix Foreword xxi Preface xxiii Acknowledgments xxv Acronyms xxvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Monograph Roadmap 1 1.1.1 Sensing and Control in the Information-Rich World 1 1.1.2 Typical Civilian Application Scenarios 3 1.1.3 Challenges in Sensing and Control Using Unmanned Vehicles 5 1.2 Research Motivations 7 1.2.1 Small Unmanned Aircraft System Design for Remote Sensing 7 1.2.2 State Estimation for Small UAVs 8 1.2.3 Advanced Flight Control for Small UAVs 9 1.2.4 Cooperative Remote Sensing Using Multiple UAVs 10 1.2.5 Diffusion Control Using Mobile Actuator and Sensor Networks 11 1.3 Monograph Contributions 11 1.4 Monograph Organization 12 References 12 2 AggieAir: A Low-Cost Unmanned Aircraft System for Remote Sensing 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Small UAS Overview 17 2.2.1 Autopilot Hardware 19 2.2.2 Autopilot Software 21 2.2.3 Typical Autopilots for Small UAVs 22 2.3 AggieAir UAS Platform 26 2.3.1 Remote Sensing Requirements 26 2.3.2 AggieAir System Structure 27 2.3.3 Flying-Wing Airframe 30 2.3.4 OSAM-Paparazzi Autopilot 31 2.3.5 OSAM Image Payload Subsystem 32 2.3.6 gRAID Image Georeference Subsystem 36 2.4 OSAM-Paparazzi Interface Design for IMU Integration 39 2.4.1 Hardware Interface Connections 40 2.4.2 Software Interface Design 41 2.5 AggieAir UAS Test Protocol and Tuning 45 2.5.1 AggieAir UAS Test Protocol 45 2.5.2 AggieAir Controller Tuning Procedure 46 2.6 Typical Platforms and Flight Test Results 47 2.6.1 Typical Platforms 47 2.6.2 Flight Test Results 48 2.7 Chapter Summary 50 References 50 3 Attitude Estimation Using Low-Cost IMUs for Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 53 3.1 State Estimation Problem Definition 54 3.2 Rigid Body Rotations Basics 55 3.2.1 Frame Definition 55 3.2.2 Rotation Representations 56 3.2.3 Conversion Between Rotation Representations 57 3.2.4 UAV Kinematics 58 3.3 Low-Cost Inertial Measurement Units: Hardware and Sensor Suites 60 3.3.1 IMU Basics and Notations 60 3.3.2 Sensor Packs 61 3.3.3 IMU Categories 63 3.3.4 Example Low-Cost IMUs 63 3.4 Attitude Estimation Using Complementary Filters on SO(3) 65 3.4.1 Passive Complementary Filter 66 3.4.2 Explicit Complementary Filter 66 3.4.3 Flight Test Results 67 3.5 Attitude Estimation Using Extended Kalman Filters 68 3.5.1 General Extended Kalman Filter 68 3.5.2 Quaternion-Based Extended Kalman Filter 69 3.5.3 Euler Angles-Based Extended Kalman Filter 69 3.6 AggieEKF: GPS-Aided Extended Kalman Filter 70 3.7 Chapter Summary 74 References 74 4 Lateral Channel Fractional Order Flight Controller Design for a Small UAV 77 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Preliminaries of UAV Flight Control 78 4.3 Roll-Channel System Identification and Control 79 4.3.1 System Model 80 4.3.2 Excitation Signal for System Identification 80 4.3.3 Parameter Optimization 81 4.4 Fractional Order Controller Design 81 4.4.1 Fractional Order Operators 81 4.4.2 PIλ Controller Design 82 4.4.3 Fractional Order Controller Implementation 85 4.5 Simulation Results 86 4.5.1 Introduction to Aerosim Simulation Platform 87 4.5.2 Roll-Channel System Identification 87 4.5.3 Fractional-Order PI Controller Design Procedure 89 4.5.4 Integer-Order PID Controller Design 90 4.5.5 Comparison 90 4.6 UAV Flight Testing Results 92 4.6.1 The ChangE UAV Platform 92 4.6.2 System Identification 94 4.6.3 Proportional Controller and Integer Order PI Controller Design 96 4.6.4 Fractional Order PI Controller Design 97 4.6.5 Flight Test Results 98 4.7 Chapter Summary 99 References 99 5 Remote Sensing Using Single Unmanned Aerial Vehicle 101 5.1 Motivations for Remote Sensing 102 5.1.1 Water Management and Irrigation Control Requirements 102 5.1.2 Introduction of Remote Sensing 102 5.2 Remote Sensing Using Small UAVs 103 5.2.1 Coverage Control 103 5.2.2 Georeference Problem 105 5.3 Sample Applications for AggieAir UAS 109 5.3.1 Real-Time Surveillance 109 5.3.2 Farmland Coverage 109 5.3.3 Road Surveying 111 5.3.4 Water Area Coverage 112 5.3.5 Riparian Surveillance 112 5.3.6 Remote Data Collection 115 5.3.7 Other Applications 116 5.4 Chapter Summary 119 References 119 6 Cooperative Remote Sensing Using Multiple Unmanned Vehicles 121 6.1 Consensus-Based Formation Control 122 6.1.1 Consensus Algorithms 122 6.1.2 Implementation of Consensus Algorithms 123 6.1.3 MASnet Hardware Platform 123 6.1.4 Experimental Results 125 6.2 Surface Wind Profile Measurement Using Multiple UAVs 129 6.2.1 Problem Definition: Wind Profile Measurement 131 6.2.2 Wind Profile Measurement Using UAVs 133 6.2.3 Wind Profile Measurement Using Multiple UAVs 135 6.2.4 Preliminary Simulation and Experimental Results 136 6.3 Chapter Summary 140 References 140 7 Diffusion Control Using Mobile Sensor and Actuator Networks 143 7.1 Motivation and Background 143 7.2 Mathematical Modeling and Problem Formulation 144 7.3 CVT-Based Dynamical Actuator Motion Scheduling Algorithm 146 7.3.1 Motion Planning for Actuators with the First-Order Dynamics 146 7.3.2 Motion Planning for Actuators with the Second-Order Dynamics 147 7.3.3 Neutralizing Control 147 7.4 Grouping Effect in CVT-Based Diffusion Control 147 7.4.1 Grouping for CVT-Based Diffusion Control 148 7.4.2 Diffusion Control Simulation with Different Group Sizes 148 7.4.3 Grouping Effect Summary 150 7.5 Information Consensus in CVT-Based Diffusion Control 154 7.5.1 Basic Consensus Algorithm 154 7.5.2 Requirements of Diffusion Control 154 7.5.3 Consensus-Based CVT Algorithm 155 7.6 Simulation Results 158 7.7 Chapter Summary 164 References 164 8 Conclusions and Future Research Suggestions 167 8.1 Conclusions 167 8.2 Future Research Suggestions 168 8.2.1 VTOL UAS Design for Civilian Applications 168 8.2.2 Monitoring and Control of Fast-Evolving Processes 169 8.2.3 Other Future Research Suggestions 169 References 170 Appendix 171 A.1 List of Documents for CSOIS Flight Test Protocol 171 A.1.1 Sample CSOIS-OSAM Flight Test Request Form 171 A.1.2 Sample CSOIS-OSAM 48 in. UAV (IR) In-lab Inspection Form 172 A.1.3 Sample Preflight Checklist 172 A.2 IMU/GPS Serial Communication Protocols 173 A.2.1 u-blox GPS Serial Protocol 173 A.2.2 Crossbow MNAV IMU Serial Protocol 173 A.2.3 Microstrain GX2 IMU Serial Protocol 174 A.2.4 Xsens Mti-g IMU Serial Protocol 178 A.3 Paparazzi Autopilot Software Architecture: A Modification Guide 182 A.3.1 Autopilot Software Structure 182 A.3.2 Airborne C Files 183 A.3.3 OSAM-Paparazzi Interface Implementation 184 A.3.4 Configuration XML Files 185 A.3.5 Roll-Channel Fractional Order Controller Implementation 189 A.4 DiffMas2D Code Modification Guide 192 A.4.1 Files Description 192 A.4.2 Diffusion Animation Generation 193 A.4.3 Implementation of CVT-Consensus Algorithm 193 References 195 Topic Index 197
£86.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc RF Circuit Design
Book SynopsisThis revised edition immerses practicing and aspiring industry professionals in the complex world of RF design.Table of ContentsPREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION xix PART 1 DESIGN TECHNOLOGIES AND SKILLS 1 1 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RF AND DIGITAL CIRCUIT DESIGN 3 1.1 Controversy 3 1.2 Difference of RF and Digital Block in a Communication System 6 1.3 Conclusions 9 1.4 Notes for High-Speed Digital Circuit Design 9 2 REFLECTION AND SELF-INTERFERENCE 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Voltage Delivered from a Source to a Load 16 2.3 Power Delivered from a Source to a Load 23 2.4 Impedance Conjugate Matching 33 2.5 Additional Effect of Impedance Matching 42 3 IMPEDANCE MATCHING IN THE NARROW-BAND CASE 61 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 Impedance Matching by Means of Return Loss Adjustment 63 3.3 Impedance Matching Network Built by One Part 68 3.4 Impedance Matching Network Built by Two Parts 74 3.5 Impedance Matching Network Built By Three Parts 84 3.6 Impedance Matching When ZS Or ZL Is Not 50 85 3.7 Parts In An Impedance Matching Network 93 4 IMPEDANCE MATCHING IN THE WIDEBAND CASE 131 4.1 Appearance of Narrow and Wideband Return Loss on a Smith Chart 131 4.2 Impedance Variation Due to the Insertion of One Part Per Arm or Per Branch 136 4.3 Impedance Variation Due to the Insertion of Two Parts Per Arm or Per Branch 145 4.4 Partial Impedance Matching for an IQ (in Phase Quadrature) Modulator in a UWB (Ultra Wide Band) System 151 4.5 Discussion of Passive Wideband Impedance Matching Network 174 5 IMPEDANCE AND GAIN OF A RAW DEVICE 181 5.1 Introduction 181 5.2 Miller Effect 183 5.3 Small-Signal Model of a Bipolar Transistor 187 5.4 Bipolar Transistor with CE (Common Emitter) Configuration 190 5.5 Bipolar Transistor with CB (Common Base) Configuration 204 5.6 Bipolar Transistor with CC (Common Collector) Configuration 214 5.7 Small-Signal Model of a MOSFET 221 5.8 Similarity Between a Bipolar Transistor and a MOSFET 225 5.9 MOSFET with CS (Common Source) Configuration 235 5.10 MOSFET with CG (Common Gate) Configuration 244 5.11 MOSFET with CD (Common Drain) Configuration 249 5.12 Comparison of Transistor Configuration of Single-stage Amplifiers with Different Configurations 252 6 IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT 259 6.1 Introduction 259 6.2 Scalar and Vector Voltage Measurement 260 6.3 Direct Impedance Measurement by a Network Analyzer 263 6.4 Alternative Impedance Measurement by Network Analyzer 272 6.5 Impedance Measurement Using a Circulator 276 7 GROUNDING 281 7.1 Implication of Grounding 281 7.2 Possible Grounding Problems Hidden in a Schematic 283 7.3 Imperfect or Inappropriate Grounding Examples 284 7.4 'Zero' Capacitor 290 7.5 Quarter Wavelength of Microstrip Line 300 8 EQUIPOTENTIALITY AND CURRENT COUPLING ON THE GROUND SURFACE 325 8.1 Equipotentiality on the Ground Surface 325 8.2 Forward and Return Current Coupling 335 8.3 PCB or IC Chip with Multimetallic Layers 344 9 LAYOUT 349 9.1 Difference in Layout between an Individual Block and a System 349 9.2 Primary Considerations of a PCB 350 9.3 Layout of a PCB for Testing 352 9.4 VIA Modeling 355 9.5 Runner 360 9.6 Parts 369 9.7 Free Space 371 10 MANUFACTURABILITY OF PRODUCT DESIGN 377 10.1 Introduction 377 10.2 Implication of 6σ Design 379 10.3 Approaching 6σ Design 383 10.4 Monte Carlo Analysis 386 11 RFIC (RADIO FREQUENCY INTEGRATED CIRCUIT) 401 11.1 Interference and Isolation 401 11.2 Shielding for an RF Module by a Metallic Shielding Box 403 11.3 Strong Desirability to Develop RFIC 405 11.4 Interference going along IC Substrate Path 406 11.5 Solution for Interference Coming from Sky 411 11.6 Common Grounding Rules for RF Module and RFIC Design 412 11.7 Bottlenecks in RFIC Design 414 11.8 Calculating of Quarter Wavelength 420 PART 2 RF SYSTEM 427 12 MAIN PARAMETERS AND SYSTEM ANALYSIS IN RF CIRCUIT DESIGN 429 12.1 Introduction 429 12.2 Power Gain 431 12.3 Noise 441 12.4 Nonlinearity 453 12.5 Other Parameters 480 12.6 Example of RF System Analysis 482 13 SPECIALITY OF "‘ZERO IF"’ SYSTEM 501 13.1 Why Differential Pair? 501 13.2 Can DC Offset be Blocked out by a Capacitor? 508 13.3 Chopping Mixer 511 13.4 DC Offset Cancellation by Calibration 516 13.5 Remark on DC Offset Cancellation 517 14 DIFFERENTIAL PAIRS 521 14.1 Fundamentals of Differential Pairs 521 14.2 CMRR (Common Mode Rejection Ratio) 533 15 RF BALUN 547 15.1 Introduction 547 15.2 Transformer Balun 549 15.3 LC Balun 571 15.4 Microstrip Line Balun 580 15.5 Mixing Type of Balun 583 16 SOC (SYSTEM-ON-A-CHIP) AND NEXT 611 16.1 SOC 611 16.2 What is Next 612 PART 3 INDIVIDUAL RF BLOCKS 625 17 LNA (LOW-NOISE AMPLIFIER) 627 17.1 Introduction 627 17.2 Single-Ended Single Device LNA 628 17.3 Single-Ended Cascode LNA 662 17.4 LNA with AGC (Automatic Gain Control) 684 18 MIXER 695 18.1 Introduction 695 18.2 Passive Mixer 698 18.3 Active Mixer 706 18.4 Design Schemes 717 19 TUNABLE FILTER 731 19.1 Tunable Filter in A Communication System 731 19.2 Coupling between two Tank Circuits 733 19.3 Circuit Description 738 19.4 Effect of Second Coupling 739 19.5 Performance 743 20 VCO (VOLTAGE-CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR) 749 20.1 "Three-Point" Types of Oscillator 749 20.2 Other Single-Ended Oscillators 755 20.3 VCO and PLL (Phase Lock Loop) 759 20.4 Design Example of a Single-Ended VCO 769 20.5 Differential VCO and Quad-Phases VCO 778 21 PA (POWER AMPLIFIER) 789 21.1 Classification of PA 789 21.2 Single-Ended PA 794 21.3 Single-Ended PA IC Design 798 21.4 Push–Pull PA Design 799 21.5 PA with Temperature Compensation 822 21.6 PA with Output Power Control 823 21.7 Linear PA 824 References 828 Further Reading 828 Exercises 829 Answers 829 INDEX 833
£133.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting
Book SynopsisThis book covers channel coding and modulation technologies in DTTB systems from the general concepts to the detailed analysis and implementation. Covers theChinese DTTB standard which was announced recently and hasn't been covered in detail Introduces the SFN network using the successful implementation of DTMB in Hong Kong as an example Introduces the latest announced systems including the ATSC M/H and DVB-NGH Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Basic Concepts of Digital Terrestrial Television Transmission System 11.1 Introduction and Historic Review 11.1.1 Birth and Development of Television Black-and-White TV Era 11.1.2 Analog Color TV Era 21.1.3 Digital TV Era 31.2 Major International and Regional DTV Organizations 71.2.1 International DTV Broadcasting Standards 71.2.2 Related International and Regional Organizations 91.3 Composition of DTV System 111.3.1 Constitution of DTV System 111.3.2 Functional Layers of DTV 141.4 Compression Layer and Multiplexing Layer 191.4.1 Image Format 191.4.2 Compression Modes for DTV Signal 191.4.3 MPEG-2 for Video Compression 201.4.4 Intraframe Coding 211.4.5 Interframe Coding Method 231.4.6 Audio Compression 241.4.7 MPEG-2 Coding 251.4.8 MPEG-2 Multiplexing 261.4.9 Transport Stream 261.5 Current Deployment of DTTB Systems 291.5.1 Developments of ATSC DVB-T and ISDB-T 301.5.2 Development and Deployment of DTMB System 331.5.3 Network Convergence with DTTB Systems 351.6 Summary 37References 372 Channel Characteristics of Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting Systems 392.1 Introduction 392.2 Mathematical Models of Wireless Radio Channel 422.2.1 Statistical Model of Channel Impulse Response 422.2.2 Channel Impulse Response with Deterministic Parameters 442.3 Property of Wireless Fading Channel Parameters 462.3.1 Multipath Delay Spread and Frequency-Selective Fading 462.3.2 Doppler Shift and Time-Selective Fading 502.3.3 Time- and Frequency-Selective Fading of Wireless Radio Channel 542.4 Commonly Used Statistical Models for Fading Channel 552.4.1 Rayleigh Fading Model 552.4.2 Ricean Fading Model 562.5 DTTB Channel Model 582.5.1 Typical DTTB Channel Model 582.5.2 Single-Frequency Network of Channel Model for DTTB Systems 632.6 Summary 67References 683 Channel Coding for DTTB System 693.1 Channel Capacity and Shannon’s Channel Coding Theorem 693.2 Error Control and Classification of Channel Coding 733.3 Linear Block Code 753.3.1 Basic Concept of Linear Block Code 753.3.2 BCH Code 783.3.3 Reed–Solomon Code 793.4 Convolutional Codes 803.4.1 Construction and Description of Convolutional Codes 813.4.2 Distance Property and Decoding of Convolutional Codes 843.5 Interleaving 873.5.1 Block Interleaving 873.5.2 Convolutional Interleaving 883.6 Concatenation Codes 893.7 Parallel Codes 923.7.1 Product Codes 923.7.2 Turbo Codes and Iterative Decoding 943.8 Trellis Coding and Modulation 1003.8.1 Mapping by Set Partition of TCM Codes 1003.8.2 Code Construction and Basic Principles of TCM Codes 1013.9 Low-Density Parity-Check Code 1033.9.1 Basic Concept of LDPC Codes 1043.9.2 Decoding Algorithms of LDPC Codes 1063.10 Channel Coding Adopted by Different DTV Broadcasting Standards 1083.11 Summary 110References 1104 Modulation Technologies for DTTB System 1134.1 Introduction 1134.2 Digital Modulation 1144.2.1 Signal Space and Its Representation 1144.2.2 Typical Digital Modulations 1174.2.3 The Power Spectrum of Modulated Signal 1244.2.4 Demodulation and Performance Evaluation 1294.2.5 Variations of Digital Modulations 1374.3 Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation 1404.3.1 BICM System Model 1404.3.2 BICM Design and Performance Evaluation 1414.3.3 BICM-ID System Model 1444.3.4 BICM-ID with Doping: Design and Performance Evaluation 1454.3.5 BICM-ID Design Based on EXIT Charts 1464.3.6 BICM-ID with LDPC Coding 1474.4 Multicarrier Modulation 1484.4.1 Principle of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 1494.4.2 Implementation of OFDMwith Discrete Fourier Transform 1514.4.3 Guard Interval and Cyclic Prefix of OFDM 1524.4.4 Frequency Domain Property 1564.4.5 General Comparison between OFDM and Single-Carrier Modulation System 1574.5 Design Considerations of DTTB Modulation 1594.5.1 Modulation Scheme Determination 1594.5.2 Modulation Schemes in Typical DTTB Standards 1604.6 Summary 160References 1615 First-Generation DTTB Standards 1635.1 General Introduction 1635.1.1 ATSC Standard 1635.1.2 DVB-T Standard 1645.1.3 ISDB-T Standard 1645.1.4 DTMB Standard 1645.2 Introduction to ATSC Standard 1645.2.1 Scrambler 1665.2.2 RS Encoding and Data Interleaving 1675.2.3 TCM Encoder and Interleaver 1685.2.4 Multiplexing 1695.2.5 Pilot Insertion and VSB Modulation 1705.3 Introduction to DVB-T Standard 1715.3.1 Channel Coding 1735.3.2 Modulation 1765.4 Introduction to ISDB-T Standard 1805.4.1 Multiplexing 1845.4.2 Channel Coding 1855.4.3 Constellation Mapping and Modulation 1865.4.4 TMCC Information 1945.5 Introduction to DTMB Standard 1955.5.1 Major System Parameters 1975.5.2 Input Data Format 1985.5.3 Scrambler 1985.5.4 FEC Coding 1985.5.5 Constellation Mapping 2015.5.6 Interleaving 2035.5.7 System Information 2055.5.8 Signal Frame Structure 2065.5.9 Frame Header (FH) 2075.5.10 Frame Body Data Processing 2095.5.11 Baseband Signal Post Processing 2105.5.12 RF Output Interface 2105.5.13 System Payload Data Throughput 2135.6 Summary 213References 2136 Second-Generation DTTB Standards 2156.1 Introduction to Second-Generation Digital Video Broadcasting 2156.1.1 System Structure 2176.1.2 Input Processing 2176.1.3 Bit-Interleaved Coding and Modulation 2206.1.4 Frame Builder 2266.1.5 OFDM Symbol Generation 2286.2 Introduction to DTMB-A System 2356.2.1 System Architecture 2356.2.2 Interface and Data Preprocessing 2366.2.3 Scrambling Interleaving and Modulation 2386.2.4 Superframe Structure 2456.2.5 Signal Frame 2476.2.6 Synchronization Channel 2486.2.7 Transmit Diversity 2516.2.8 Baseband Postprocessing 2526.2.9 RF Signal 2526.2.10 Baseband Signal Spectrum Characteristics and Spectrum Mask 2526.2.11 System Payload Data Rate 2536.3 Summary 254References 2547 Design and Implementation of DTV Receiver 2557.1 Introduction 2557.2 Mathematical Principles 2597.2.1 Channel Synchronization 2597.2.2 Channel Estimation 2627.3 Single-Carrier Systems 2697.3.1 Timing Synchronization 2697.3.2 Carrier Synchronization 2727.3.3 Channel Estimation and Equalization 2767.4 Multicarrier Systems 2807.4.1 Timing Synchronization 2807.4.2 Carrier Synchronization 2807.4.3 Channel Estimation/Equalization for OFDM System 2857.5 Introduction to DTMB Inner Receiver 2887.5.1 Frame Synchronization 2897.5.2 Carrier Synchronization 2917.5.3 Channel Estimation and Equalization 2927.6 Summary 297References 2978 Network Planning for DTTB Systems 2998.1 Introduction 2998.2 Basic Concepts 3008.2.1 Carrier-to-Noise Ratio 3008.2.2 Minimal Field Strength 3008.2.3 Cliff Effect 3018.2.4 Location Coverage Probability 3018.2.5 Protection Ratio 3028.3 Analog and Digital TV Broadcasting 3038.3.1 Comparison between Analog and Digital Transmissions 3038.3.2 Frequency Planning for Terrestrial Broadcasting 3038.3.3 Simulcast of Digital and Analog TV 3048.3.4 Frequency Utilization of Terrestrial Broadcasting 3058.4 Multiple-Frequency and Single-Frequency Networks 3068.4.1 Introduction to MFN 3068.4.2 Introduction to SFN 3078.4.3 Classification of SFNs 3088.4.4 Interference Analysis of SFN 3098.4.5 Synchronization in SFN 3108.4.6 Network Gain in SFN 3128.4.7 Application of SFN 3148.5 Transmission System of DTTB 3148.5.1 DTTB Transmitter System 3168.5.2 DTTB Exciter 3188.5.3 Power Amplifier 3218.5.4 Multiplexer 3228.5.5 Transmitting Antenna 3258.6 Signal Reception of DTTB 3278.6.1 Main Impact Factors of Physical DTTB Channel 3278.6.2 Fixed Reception 3288.6.3 Portable Reception 3288.6.4 Mobile Reception 3298.7 Diversity Techniques 3298.7.1 Various Diversity Schemes 3298.7.2 Design Principles of Diversity Schemes for DTTB System 3308.7.3 Transmit Diversity Technique 3318.7.4 Receiving Diversity 3378.8 Summary 343References 3439 Performance Measurement on DTTB Systems 3459.1 Introduction 3459.2 Measurement Description 3459.2.1 BER Measurement and Decision Threshold 3469.2.2 C/N Measurement 3509.2.3 Input Signal Level to the Receiver 3519.2.4 Interface Parameters 3519.2.5 Multipath Models 3519.2.6 Laboratory Test 3519.3 Laboratory Test Plan Using DTMB System as Example 3549.3.1 Laboratory Test Platform 3549.3.2 Interface Setup of Test Platform 3559.3.3 C/N Threshold under Gaussian Channel 3559.3.4 Minimum Reception Level in Gaussian Channel 3579.3.5 Maximum Reception Level 3599.3.6 C/N Threshold in Ricean Channel 3609.3.7 C/N Threshold in Rayleigh Channel 3619.3.8 Maximum Doppler Frequency Shift in Dynamic Multipath Channel 3629.3.9 Maximum Delay Spread in Two-Path Channel with 0-dB Echo 3649.3.10 C/N Threshold in Two-Path Channel with 0-dB Echo 3659.3.11 Maximum Pulse Width of Impulse Noise Interference 3669.3.12 C/I Measurement with Cochannel and Adjacent-Channel Analog TV Signal Interference 3689.3.13 C/I Measurement with Cochannel and Adjacent-Channel DTV Signal Interference 3719.3.14 C/I Measurement with Single-Tone Interference 3729.3.15 Antiphase Noise Measurement 3759.4 Field Test Plan 3769.4.1 Field Test 3769.4.2 Objectives of Field Test 3779.4.3 Testing Signal 3799.4.4 Antenna 3799.4.5 Measurement Time 3809.4.6 Channel Characteristic Recoding 3819.4.7 Test Location 3819.4.8 Test Calibration 3819.4.9 Records and Documents 3819.4.10 Test: Instruments and Auxiliary Equipment 3829.4.11 Coverage Test Procedure 3839.4.12 Service Test Procedures 3869.4.13 Measurement Guideline of Field Test for DTTB System 3899.4.14 Field Test Platform 3909.4.15 Procedure for Fixed Reception Test 3909.4.16 Mobile Test 3919.5 Summary 392References 39210 Digital Mobile Multimedia Broadcasting Systems 39310.1 Introduction 39310.2 DVB-H System 39510.2.1 Block Diagram of DVB-H System 39610.2.2 Technical Features of DVB-H System 39710.3 ATSC-M/H System 40210.3.1 Frame Structure of ATSC-M/H System 40310.3.2 ATSC-M/H System Block Diagram 40310.3.3 Frame Encoding of ATSC-M/H System 40510.3.4 Block Processor of ATSC-M/H System 40610.3.5 ATSC-M/H Trellis Encoder 40610.4 CMMB System 40810.4.1 Frame Structure of CMMB System 40810.4.2 Channel Coding of CMMB System 40810.4.3 CMMB Byte Interleaving 40910.4.4 Modulation Scheme of CMMB System 41110.4.5 Payload Data Rate of CMMB System 41110.5 DVB-NGH 41310.5.1 Alamouti Scheme 41510.5.2 eSFN Scheme 41610.5.3 eSM-PH Scheme 41910.5.4 Hybrid System 42210.6 Summary 424References 426Index 427
£97.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Emotion Recognition
Book SynopsisA timely book containing foundations and current research directions on emotion recognition by facial expression, voice, gesture and biopotential signalsThis book provides a comprehensive examination of the research methodology of different modalities of emotion recognition. Key topics of discussion include facial expression, voice and biopotential signal-based emotion recognition. Special emphasis is given to feature selection, feature reduction, classifier design and multi-modal fusion to improve performance of emotion-classifiers.Written by several experts, the book includes several tools and techniques, including dynamic Bayesian networks, neural nets, hidden Markov model, rough sets, type-2 fuzzy sets, support vector machines and their applications in emotion recognition by different modalities. The book ends with a discussion on emotion recognition in automotive fields to determine stress and anger of the drivers, responsible for degradation of tTable of ContentsPreface xix Acknowledgments xxvii Contributors xxix 1 Introduction to Emotion Recognition 1 Amit Konar, Anisha Halder, and Aruna Chakraborty 1.1 Basics of Pattern Recognition, 1 1.2 Emotion Detection as a Pattern Recognition Problem, 2 1.3 Feature Extraction, 3 1.4 Feature Reduction Techniques, 15 1.5 Emotion Classification, 17 1.6 Multimodal Emotion Recognition, 24 1.7 Stimulus Generation for Emotion Arousal, 24 1.8 Validation Techniques, 26 1.9 Summary, 27 References, 28 Author Biographies, 44 2 Exploiting Dynamic Dependencies Among Action Units for Spontaneous Facial Action Recognition 47 Yan Tong and Qiang Ji 2.1 Introduction, 48 2.2 Related Work, 49 2.3 Modeling the Semantic and Dynamic Relationships Among AUs With a DBN, 50 2.4 Experimental Results, 60 2.5 Conclusion, 64 References, 64 Author Biographies, 66 3 Facial Expressions: A Cross-Cultural Study 69 Chandrani Saha, Washef Ahmed, Soma Mitra, Debasis Mazumdar, and Sushmita Mitra 3.1 Introduction, 69 3.2 Extraction of Facial Regions and Ekman’s Action Units, 71 3.3 Cultural Variation in Occurrence of Different AUs, 76 3.4 Classification Performance Considering Cultural Variability, 79 3.5 Conclusion, 84 References, 84 Author Biographies, 86 4 A Subject-Dependent Facial Expression Recognition System 89 Chuan-Yu Chang and Yan-Chiang Huang 4.1 Introduction, 89 4.2 Proposed Method, 91 4.3 Experiment Result, 103 4.4 Conclusion, 109 Acknowledgment, 110 References, 110 Author Biographies, 112 5 Facial Expression Recognition Using Independent Component Features and Hidden Markov Model 113 Md. Zia Uddin and Tae-Seong Kim 5.1 Introduction, 114 5.2 Methodology, 115 5.3 Experimental Results, 123 5.4 Conclusion, 125 Acknowledgments, 125 References, 126 Author Biographies, 127 6 Feature Selection for Facial Expression Based on Rough Set Theory 129 Yong Yang and Guoyin Wang 6.1 Introduction, 129 6.2 Feature Selection for Emotion Recognition Based on Rough Set Theory, 131 6.3 Experiment Results and Discussion, 137 6.4 Conclusion, 143 Acknowledgments, 143 References, 143 Author Biographies, 145 7 Emotion Recognition from Facial Expressions Using Type-2 Fuzzy Sets 147 Anisha Halder, Amit Konar, Aruna Chakraborty, and Atulya K. Nagar 7.1 Introduction, 148 7.2 Preliminaries on Type-2 Fuzzy Sets, 150 7.3 Uncertainty Management in Fuzzy-Space for Emotion Recognition, 152 7.4 Fuzzy Type-2 Membership Evaluation, 157 7.5 Experimental Details, 161 7.6 Performance Analysis, 167 7.7 Conclusion, 175 References, 176 Author Biographies, 180 8 Emotion Recognition from Non-frontal Facial Images 183 Wenming Zheng, Hao Tang, and Thomas S. Huang 8.1 Introduction, 184 8.2 A Brief Review of Automatic Emotional Expression Recognition, 187 8.3 Databases for Non-frontal Facial Emotion Recognition, 191 8.4 Recent Advances of Emotion Recognition from Non-Frontal Facial Images, 196 8.5 Discussions and Conclusions, 205 Acknowledgments, 206 References, 206 Author Biographies, 211 9 Maximum a Posteriori Based Fusion Method for Speech Emotion Recognition 215 Ling Cen, Zhu Liang Yu, and Wee Ser 9.1 Introduction, 216 9.2 Acoustic Feature Extraction for Emotion Recognition, 219 9.3 Proposed Map-Based Fusion Method, 223 9.4 Experiment, 229 9.5 Conclusion, 232 References, 232 Author Biographies, 234 10 Emotion Recognition in Naturalistic Speech and Language—A Survey 237 Felix Weninger, Martin W¨ollmer, and Björn Schuller 10.1 Introduction, 238 10.2 Tasks and Applications, 239 10.3 Implementation and Evaluation, 244 10.4 Challenges, 253 10.5 Conclusion and Outlook, 257 Acknowledgment, 259 References, 259 Author Biographies, 267 11 EEG-Based Emotion Recognition Using Advanced Signal Processing Techniques 269 Panagiotis C. Petrantonakis and Leontios J. Hadjileontiadis 11.1 Introduction, 270 11.2 Brain Activity and Emotions, 271 11.3 EEG-ER Systems: An Overview, 272 11.4 Emotion Elicitation, 273 11.5 Advanced Signal Processing in EEG-ER, 275 11.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions, 287 References, 289 Author Biographies, 292 12 Frequency Band Localization on Multiple Physiological Signals for Human Emotion Classification Using DWT 295 M. Murugappan 12.1 Introduction, 296 12.2 Related Work, 297 12.3 Research Methodology, 299 12.4 Experimental Results and Discussions, 306 12.5 Conclusion, 310 12.6 Future Work, 310 Acknowledgments, 310 References, 310 Author Biography, 312 13 Toward Affective Brain–Computer Interface: Fundamentals and Analysis of EEG-Based Emotion Classification 315 Yuan-Pin Lin, Tzyy-Ping Jung, Yijun Wang, and Julie Onton 13.1 Introduction, 316 13.2 Materials and Methods, 323 13.3 Results and Discussion, 327 13.4 Conclusion, 332 13.5 Issues and Challenges Toward ABCIs, 332 Acknowledgments, 336 References, 336 Author Biographies, 340 14 Bodily Expression for Automatic Affect Recognition 343 Hatice Gunes, Caifeng Shan, Shizhi Chen, and YingLi Tian 14.1 Introduction, 344 14.2 Background and Related Work, 345 14.3 Creating a Database of Facial and Bodily Expressions: The FABO Database, 353 14.4 Automatic Recognition of Affect from Bodily Expressions, 356 14.5 Automatic Recognition of Bodily Expression Temporal Dynamics, 361 14.6 Discussion and Outlook, 367 14.7 Conclusions, 369 Acknowledgments, 370 References, 370 Author Biographies, 375 15 Building a Robust System for Multimodal Emotion Recognition 379 Johannes Wagner, Florian Lingenfelser, and Elisabeth André 15.1 Introduction, 380 15.2 Related Work, 381 15.3 The Callas Expressivity Corpus, 382 15.4 Methodology, 386 15.5 Multisensor Data Fusion, 390 15.6 Experiments, 395 15.7 Online Recognition System, 399 15.8 Conclusion, 403 Acknowledgment, 404 References, 404 Author Biographies, 410 16 Semantic Audiovisual Data Fusion for Automatic Emotion Recognition 411 Dragos Datcu and Leon J. M. Rothkrantz 16.1 Introduction, 412 16.2 Related Work, 413 16.3 Data Set Preparation, 416 16.4 Architecture, 418 16.5 Results, 431 16.6 Conclusion, 432 References, 432 Author Biographies, 434 17 A Multilevel Fusion Approach for Audiovisual Emotion Recognition 437 Girija Chetty, Michael Wagner, and Roland Goecke 17.1 Introduction, 437 17.2 Motivation and Background, 438 17.3 Facial Expression Quantification, 440 17.4 Experiment Design, 444 17.5 Experimental Results and Discussion, 450 17.6 Conclusion, 456 References, 456 Author Biographies, 459 18 From a Discrete Perspective of Emotions to Continuous, Dynamic, and Multimodal Affect Sensing 461 Isabelle Hupont, Sergio Ballano, Eva Cerezo, and Sandra Baldassarri 18.1 Introduction, 462 18.2 A Novel Method for Discrete Emotional Classification of Facial Images, 465 18.3 A 2D Emotional Space for Continuous and Dynamic Facial Affect Sensing, 469 18.4 Expansion to Multimodal Affect Sensing, 474 18.5 Building Tools That Care, 479 18.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Work, 486 Acknowledgments, 488 References, 488 Author Biographies, 491 19 Audiovisual Emotion Recognition Using Semi-Coupled Hidden Markov Model with State-Based Alignment Strategy 493 Chung-Hsien Wu, Jen-Chun Lin, and Wen-Li Wei 19.1 Introduction, 494 19.2 Feature Extraction, 495 19.3 Semi-Coupled Hidden Markov Model, 500 19.4 Experiments, 504 19.5 Conclusion, 508 References, 509 Author Biographies, 512 20 Emotion Recognition in Car Industry 515 Christos D. Katsis, George Rigas, Yorgos Goletsis, and Dimitrios I. Fotiadis 20.1 Introduction, 516 20.2 An Overview of Application for the Car Industry, 517 20.3 Modality-Based Categorization, 517 20.4 Emotion-Based Categorization, 520 20.5 Two Exemplar Cases, 523 20.6 Open Issues and Future Steps, 536 20.7 Conclusion, 537 References, 537 Author Biographies, 543 Index 545
£106.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Vehicle Safety Communications
Book SynopsisProvides an up-to-date, in-depth look at the current research, design, and implementation of cooperative vehicle safety communication protocols and technology Improving traffic safety has been a top concern for transportation agencies around the world and the focus of heavy research and development efforts sponsored by both governments and private industries. Cooperative vehicle systemswhich use sensors and wireless technologies to reduce traffic accidentscan play a major role in making the world''s roads safer. Vehicle Safety Communications: Protocols, Security, and Privacy describes fundamental issues in cooperative vehicle safety and recent advances in technologies for enabling cooperative vehicle safety. It gives an overview of traditional vehicle safety issues, the evolution of vehicle safety technologies, and the need for cooperative systems where vehicles work together to reduce the number of crashes or mitigate damage when crashes become unavoidabTable of ContentsForeword xv Ralf G. Herrtwich Foreword xvii Flavio Bonomi Foreword xix Adam Drobot Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxv 1 Traffic Safety 1 1.1 Traffic Safety Facts 1 1.1.1 Fatalities 2 1.1.2 Leading Causes of Crashes 3 1.1.3 Current Trends 5 1.2 European Union 5 1.3 Japan 7 1.4 Developing Countries 7 References 8 2 Automotive Safety Evolution 10 2.1 Passive Safety 10 2.1.1 Safety Cage and the Birth of Passive Safety 10 2.1.2 Seat Belts 11 2.1.3 Air Bags 11 2.2 Active Safety 12 2.2.1 Antilock Braking System 12 2.2.2 Electronic Stability Control 13 2.2.3 Brake Assist 13 2.3 Advanced Driver Assistance Systems 14 2.3.1 Adaptive Cruise Control 15 2.3.2 Blind Spot Assist 16 2.3.3 Attention Assist 16 2.3.4 Precrash Systems 16 2.4 Cooperative Safety 17 References 18 3 Vehicle Architectures 20 3.1 Electronic Control Units 20 3.2 Vehicle Sensors 21 3.2.1 Radars 21 3.2.2 Cameras 21 3.3 Onboard Communication Networks 22 3.3.1 Controller Area Network 23 3.3.2 Local Interconnect Network 23 3.3.3 FlexRay 24 3.3.4 Media Oriented Systems Transport 24 3.3.5 Onboard Diagnostics 24 3.4 Vehicle Data 25 3.5 Vehicle Data Security 26 3.6 Vehicle Positioning 27 3.6.1 Global Positioning System 27 3.6.2 Galileo 29 3.6.3 Global Navigation Satellite System 29 3.6.4 Positioning Accuracy 30 References 30 4 Connected Vehicles 32 4.1 Connected Vehicle Applications 32 4.1.1 Hard Safety Applications 32 4.1.2 Soft Safety Applications 33 4.1.3 Mobility and Convenience Applications 33 4.2 Uniqueness in Consumer Vehicle Networks 34 4.3 Vehicle Communication Modes 36 4.3.1 Vehicle-to-Vehicle Local Broadcast 36 4.3.2 V2V Multihop Message Dissemination 37 4.3.3 Infrastructure-to-Vehicle Local Broadcast 38 4.3.4 Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Bidirectional Communications 39 4.4 Wireless Communications Technology for Vehicles 39 References 42 5 Dedicated Short-Range Communications 44 5.1 The 5.9 GHz Spectrum 44 5.1.1 DSRC Frequency Band Usage 45 5.1.2 DSRC Channels 45 5.1.3 DSRC Operations 46 5.2 DSRC in the European Union 46 5.3 DSRC in Japan 47 5.4 DSRC Standards 48 5.4.1 Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments 48 5.4.2 Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments Protocol Stack 48 5.4.3 International Harmonization 50 References 50 6 WAVE Physical Layer 52 6.1 Physical Layer Operations 52 6.1.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 52 6.1.2 Modulation and Coding Rates 53 6.1.3 Frame Reception 54 6.2 PHY Amendments 55 6.2.1 Channel Width 56 6.2.2 Spectrum Masks 56 6.2.3 Improved Receiver Performance 57 6.3 PHY Layer Modeling 57 6.3.1 Network Simulator Architecture 58 6.3.2 RF Model 59 6.3.3 Wireless PHY 61 References 62 7 WAVE Media Access Control Layer 64 7.1 Media Access Control Layer Operations 64 7.1.1 Carrier Sensing Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance 64 7.1.2 Hidden Terminal Effects 65 7.1.3 Basic Service Set 66 7.2 MAC Layer Amendments 66 7.3 MAC Layer Modeling 67 7.3.1 Transmission 68 7.3.2 Reception 68 7.3.3 Channel State Manager 68 7.3.4 Back-Off Manager 69 7.3.5 Transmission Coordination 70 7.3.6 Reception Coordination 71 7.4 Overhauled ns-2 Implementation 72 References 74 8 DSRC Data Rates 75 8.1 Introduction 75 8.2 Communication Density 76 8.2.1 Simulation Study 77 8.2.2 Broadcast Reception Rates 78 8.2.3 Channel Access Delay 81 8.2.4 Frames Reception Failures 83 8.3 Optimal Data Rate 85 8.3.1 Modulation and Coding Rates 85 8.3.2 Simulation Study 86 8.3.3 Simulation Matrix 87 8.3.4 Simulation Results 88 References 91 9 WAVE Upper Layers 93 9.1 Introduction 93 9.2 DSRC Multichannel Operations 94 9.2.1 Time Synchronization 94 9.2.2 Synchronization Intervals 95 9.2.3 Guard Intervals 96 9.2.4 Channel Switching 96 9.2.5 Channel Switching State Machine 96 9.3 Protocol Evaluation 97 9.3.1 Simulation Study 98 9.3.2 Simulation Scenarios 99 9.3.3 Simulation Results 99 9.3.4 Protocol Enhancements 102 9.4 WAVE Short Message Protocol 103 References 104 10 Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Safety Applications 106 10.1 Intersection Crashes 106 10.2 Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance System for Violations 107 10.2.1 CICAS-V Design 107 10.2.2 CICAS-V Development 110 10.2.3 CICAS-V Testing 116 10.3 Integrated Safety Demonstration 118 10.3.1 Demonstration Concept 118 10.3.2 Hardware Components 120 10.3.3 Demo Design 121 References 124 11 Vehicle-to-Vehicle Safety Applications 126 11.1 Cooperation among Vehicles 126 11.2 V2V Safety Applications 127 11.3 V2V Safety Applications Design 128 11.3.1 Basic Safety Messages 129 11.3.2 Minimum Performance Requirements 129 11.3.3 Target Classifi cation 131 11.3.4 Vehicle Representation 132 11.3.5 Sample Applications 133 11.4 System Implementation 135 11.4.1 Onboard Unit Hardware Components 135 11.4.2 OBU Software Architecture 135 11.4.3 Driver–Vehicle Interface 137 11.5 System Testing 138 11.5.1 Communications Coverage and Antenna Considerations 138 11.5.2 Positioning 139 References 140 12 DSRC Scalability 141 12.1 Introduction 141 12.2 DSRC Data Traffic 142 12.2.1 DSRC Safety Messages 142 12.2.2 Transmission Parameters 143 12.2.3 Channel Load Assessment 144 12.3 Congestion Control Algorithms 145 12.3.1 Desired Properties 145 12.3.2 Transmission Power Adjustment 146 12.3.3 Message Rate Adjustment 147 12.3.4 Simulation Study 148 12.4 Conclusions 148 References 149 13 Security and Privacy Threats and Requirements 151 13.1 Introduction 151 13.2 Adversaries 151 13.3 Security Threats 152 13.3.1 Send False Safety Messages Using Valid Security Credentials 152 13.3.2 Falsely Accuse Innocent Vehicles 153 13.3.3 Impersonate Vehicles or Other Network Entities 153 13.3.4 Denial-of-Service Attacks Specific to Consumer Vehicle Networks 154 13.3.5 Compromise OBU Software or Firmware 155 13.4 Privacy Threats 155 13.4.1 Privacy in a Vehicle Network 155 13.4.2 Privacy Threats in Consumer Vehicle Networks 156 13.4.3 How Driver Privacy can be Breached Today 158 13.5 Basic Security Capabilities 159 13.5.1 Authentication 159 13.5.2 Misbehavior Detection and Revocation 160 13.5.3 Data Integrity 160 13.5.4 Data Confidentiality 160 13.6 Privacy Protections Capabilities 161 13.7 Design and Performance Considerations 161 13.7.1 Scalability 162 13.7.2 Balancing Competing Requirements 162 13.7.3 Minimal Side Effects 163 13.7.4 Quantifi able Levels of Security and Privacy 163 13.7.5 Adaptability 163 13.7.6 Security and Privacy Protection for V2V Broadcast 163 13.7.7 Security and Privacy Protection for Communications with Security Servers 164 References 165 14 Cryptographic Mechanisms 167 14.1 Introduction 167 14.2 Categories of Cryptographic Mechanisms 167 14.2.1 Cryptographic Hash Functions 168 14.2.2 Symmetric Key Algorithms 169 14.2.3 Public Key (Asymmetric Key) Algorithms 170 14.3 Digital Signature Algorithms 172 14.3.1 The RSA Algorithm 172 14.3.2 The DSA Algorithm 178 14.3.3 The ECDSA Algorithm 184 14.3.4 ECDSA for Vehicle Safety Communications 194 14.4 Message Authentication and Message Integrity Verifi cation 196 14.4.1 Authentication and Integrity Verifi cation Using Hash Functions 197 14.4.2 Authentication and Integrity Verifi cation Using Digital Signatures 198 14.5 Diffi e–Hellman Key Establishment Protocol 200 14.5.1 The Original Diffie–Hellman Key Establishment Protocol 200 14.5.2 Elliptic Curve Diffie–Hellman Key Establishment Protocol 201 14.6 Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme (ECIES) 202 14.6.1 The Basic Idea 202 14.6.2 Scheme Setup 202 14.6.3 Encrypt a Message 202 14.6.4 Decrypt a Message 204 14.6.5 Performance 204 References 206 15 Public Key Infrastructure for Vehicle Networks 209 15.1 Introduction 209 15.2 Public Key Certificates 210 15.3 Message Authentication with Certificates 211 15.4 Certifi cate Revocation List 212 15.5 A Baseline Reference Vehicular PKI Model 213 15.6 Confi gure Initial Security Parameters and Assign Initial Certificates 215 15.6.1 Vehicles Create Their Private and Public Keys 216 15.6.2 Certificate Authority Creates Private and Public Keys for Vehicles 217 15.7 Acquire New Keys and Certifi cates 217 15.8 Distribute Certifi cates to Vehicles for Signature Verifications 220 15.9 Detect Misused Certifi cates and Misbehaving Vehicles 222 15.9.1 Local Misbehavior Detection 223 15.9.2 Global Misbehavior Detection 224 15.9.3 Misbehavior Reporting 224 15.10 Ways for Vehicles to Acquire CRLs 226 15.11 How Often CRLs should be Distributed to Vehicles? 228 15.12 PKI Hierarchy 230 15.12.1 Certifi cate Chaining to Enable Hierarchical CAs 231 15.12.2 Hierarchical CA Architecture Example 231 15.13 Privacy-Preserving Vehicular PKI 233 15.13.1 Quantitative Measurements of Vehicle Anonymity 234 15.13.2 Quantitative Measurement of Message Unlinkability 234 References 235 16 Privacy Protection with Shared Certificates 237 16.1 Shared Certificates 237 16.2 The Combinatorial Certificate Scheme 237 16.3 Certificate Revocation Collateral Damage 239 16.4 Certified Intervals 242 16.4.1 The Concept of Certified Interval 242 16.4.2 Certified Interval Produced by the Original Combinatorial Certificate Scheme 242 16.5 Reduce Collateral Damage and Improve Certified Interval 244 16.5.1 Reduce Collateral Damage Caused by a Single Misused Certificate 245 16.5.2 Vehicles Become Statistically Distinguishable When Misusing Multiple Certificates 248 16.5.3 The Dynamic Reward Algorithm 250 16.6 Privacy in Low Vehicle Density Areas 253 16.6.1 The Problem 253 16.6.2 The Blend-In Algorithm to Improve Privacy 256 References 259 17 Privacy Protection with Short-Lived Unique Certificates 260 17.1 Short-Lived Unique Certificates 260 17.2 The Basic Short-Lived Certificate Scheme 261 17.3 The Problem of Large CRL 263 17.4 Anonymously Linked Certificates to Reduce CRL Size 264 17.4.1 Certificate Tags 264 17.4.2 CRL Processing by Vehicles 265 17.4.3 Backward Unlinkability 267 17.5 Reduce CRL Search Time 268 17.6 Unlinked Short-Lived Certificates 269 17.7 Reduce the Volume of Certificate Request and Response Messages 270 17.8 Determine the Number of Certificates for Each Vehicle 270 References 273 18 Privacy Protection with Group Signatures 274 18.1 Group Signatures 274 18.2 Zero-Knowledge Proof of Knowledge 275 18.3 The ACJT Group Signature Scheme and its Extensions 277 18.3.1 The ACJT Group Signature Scheme 277 18.3.2 The Challenge of Group Membership Revocation 282 18.3.3 ACJT Extensions to Support Membership Revocation 283 18.4 The CG Group Signature Scheme with Revocation 286 18.5 The Short Group Signatures Scheme 288 18.5.1 The Short Group Signatures Scheme 288 18.5.2 Membership Revocation 291 18.6 Group Signature Schemes with Verifier-Local Revocation 292 References 293 19 Privacy Protection against Certificate Authorities 295 19.1 Introduction 295 19.2 Basic Idea 295 19.3 Baseline Split CA Architecture, Protocol, and Message Processing 297 19.4 Split CA Architecture for Shared Certifi cates 301 19.5 Split CA Architecture for Unlinked Short-Lived Certificates 302 19.5.1 Acquire One Unlinked Certifi cate at a Time 302 19.5.2 Assign Batches of Unlinked Short-Lived Certifi cates 304 19.5.3 Revoke Batches of Unlinked Certifi cates 306 19.5.4 Request for Decryption Keys for Certificate Batches 307 19.6 Split CA Architecture for Anonymously Linked Short-Lived Certificates 308 19.6.1 Assign One Anonymously Linked Short-Lived Certificate at a Time 308 19.6.2 Assign Batches of Anonymously Linked Short-Lived Certificates 311 19.6.3 Revoke Batches of Anonymously Linked Short-Lived Certificates 312 19.6.4 Request for Decryption Keys for Certificate Batches 313 References 314 20 Comparison of Privacy-Preserving Certificate Management Schemes 315 20.1 Introduction 315 20.2 Comparison of Main Characteristics 316 20.3 Misbehavior Detection 320 20.4 Abilities to Prevent Privacy Abuse by CA and MDS Operators 321 20.5 Summary 322 21 IEEE 1609.2 Security Services 323 21.1 Introduction 323 21.2 The IEEE 1609.2 Standard 323 21.3 Certificates and Certificate Authority Hierarchy 325 21.4 Formats for Public Key, Signature, Certificate, and CRL 327 21.4.1 Public Key Formats 327 21.4.2 Signature Formats 328 21.4.3 Certificate Format 329 21.4.4 CRL Format 332 21.5 Message Formats and Processing for Generating Encrypted Messages 333 21.6 Sending Messages 335 21.7 Request Certifi cates from the CA 336 21.8 Request and Processing CRL 343 21.9 What the Current IEEE 1609.2 Standard Does Not Cover 344 21.9.1 No Support for Anonymous Message Authentication 344 21.9.2 Separate Vehicle-CA Communication Protocols Are Required 344 21.9.3 Interactions and Interfaces between CA Entities Not Addressed / 346 References 346 22 4G for Vehicle Safety Communications 347 22.1 Introduction 347 22.2 Long-Term Revolution (LTE) 347 22.3 LTE for Vehicle Safety Communications/ 353 22.3.1 Issues to Be Addressed 353 22.3.2 LTE for V2I Safety Communications 353 22.3.3 LTE for V2V Safety Communications 356 22.3.4 LTE Broadcast and Multicast Services 357 References 358 Glossary 360 Index 367
£95.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Strategies to the Prediction Mitigation and
Book SynopsisThe semiconductor manufacturing industry is highly dynamic and releases new, better, and cheaper products day by day. But how do electronic and also non-electronic systems that need to be manufactured and supported for decades manage to continue operation using parts that were available for a few years at most? This book answers these questions.Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Introduction to Obsolescence Problems 1 1.1 Definition of Obsolescence 1 1.2 Categorization of Obsolescence Types 3 1.3 Definition of Obsolescence Management 4 1.4 Categorization of Obsolescence Management Approaches 5 1.5 Historical Perspective on Obsolescence 6 1.6 Occurrence of Obsolescence 8 1.7 Product Sectors Affected by Obsolescence Problems 11 1.8 Parts Affected by Obsolescence Problems 13 2 Part Change and Discontinuation Management 17 2.1 The Change Process 18 2.2 Change-Control Policies of Major Part Manufacturers 18 2.3 Change-Notification Policies of Major Companies 19 2.4 Change-Notification 24 2.5 Change-Notification Paths 27 2.6 Examples of Common Changes 29 3 Introduction to Electronic Part Product Life Cycles 33 3.1 Product Life Cycle Stages 34 3.2 Special Cases of the Product Life Cycle Curve 39 3.3 Product Life Cycle Stages as a Basis for Forecasting 40 4 Obsolescence Forecasting Methodologies 41 4.1 Obsolescence Forecasting—Parts with Evolutionary Parametric Drivers 42 4.2 Obsolescence Forecasting—Parts without Evolutionary Parametric Drivers 56 4.3 Non-Database Obsolescence Forecasting Methodology 70 5 Case Study Hardware Forecasts and Trends 77 5.1 Dynamic RAMs (DRAMs) 77 5.2 Static Random Access Memories (SRAMs) 84 5.3 Non-Volatile Memories 94 5.4 Microprocessors 105 5.5 Microcontrollers and Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) 115 5.6 Logic Parts 120 5.7 Analog Parts 129 5.8 Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) 136 6 Software Obsolescence 143 6.1 The Root Causes of Software Obsolescence 145 6.2 Software Obsolescence Mechanisms 146 6.3 Discussion 155 7 Reactive Obsolescence Management 157 7.1 Change and Discontinuance Notifications 158 7.2 Obsolescence Recovery (Mitigation) Tactics 160 7.3 Selecting the Proper Reactive Obsolescence Management Strategy 186 7.4 Reactive Obsolescence Management Checklist 188 7.5 Reactive Obsolescence Management Guideline 188 8 Proactive Obsolescence Management 193 8.1 Members of the Proactive Obsolescence Management Board 194 8.2 Schedule and Milestones 194 8.3 Initial Obsolescence Risk Analysis 195 8.4 Tracking Parts’ Availability 197 8.5 Product Obsolescence and Aftersales 197 9 Strategic Obsolescence Management 199 9.1 Applying Project Management Principles to Obsolescence Management 200 9.2 Initiation Stage 202 9.3 Planning and Design Stage 205 9.4 Execution Stage 210 9.5 Monitoring and Controlling Stage 225 9.6 Strategic Obsolescence Management Guidelines 229 10 Obsolescence Management Standards and Organizations 233 10.1 Helpful Standards for Obsolescence Management 233 10.2 Helpful Organizations for Obsolescence Management 237 References 245 Index 267
£102.56
John Wiley & Sons Inc Higher Order Basis Based Integral Equation Solver
Book SynopsisThe latest in parallel EM solutions with both in-core and out-of-core solvers The solution of complex electromagnetic (EM) problems requires one to address the issues related with numerical accuracy and efficient distribution of the solution procedure over multiple computational nodes. With the advent of multicore processors and high performance computing (HPC) technology, the EM software designers need to know how to add new functionality to computational EM codes so that they can run efficiently on these new processors. Higher Order Basis Based Integral Equation Solver [HOBBIES] presents a road map for the analysis of complex material structures using the high-performance parallel simulation software known as HOBBIES. Focusing on the Method of Moments (MoM), the book features new parallel programming techniques and user-friendly code with superior capabilities for solving challenging EM radiation and scattering problems. It provides readers with Table of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xxi Acronyms xxiii Chapter 1. Electromagnetic Modeling of Composite Metallic and Dielectric Structures Using Higher Order Basis Functions 1 1.0 Summary 1.1 Integral Equations for Dielectric Structures 1.2 A General Formulation for the Analysis of Composite Metallic and Dielectric Structures 5 1.3 Geometric Modeling 8 1.4 MoM Modeling of the Structures 14 1.5 Description of Higher Order Basis Functions 21 1.6 Testing Procedure 28 1.7 Modeling of the Excitations 35 1.8 Examples Illustrating the Requirements of the Geometrical Modeling 39 1.9 Examples Illustrating the Salient Features of the Higher Order Basis Functions 43 1.10 Performance of the PMCHW Formulation Using Higher Order Basis Functions for Different Values of the Dielectric Constants 48 1.11 Performance of the PMCHW Formulation at Very Low Frequencies Using Higher Order Basis Functions for Dielectric Bodies 50 1.12 Evaluation of Antenna and Scatterer Characteristics 52 1.13 Conclusions 55 References 55 Chapter 2. Parallel In-Core and Out-of-Core LU Factorization for Solving a Matrix Equation and the Corresponding Parallel Matrix Filling in HOBBIES 57 2.0 Summary 5 2.1 Matrix Equation Resulting from a MoM Code 58 2.2 In-core Matrix Equation Solver 58 2.3 Parallel Implementation of an In-core Solver 60 2.4 Data Decomposition for an Out-of-Core Solver 64 2.5 On-slab, Left-looking, Out-of-core LU Algorithm 66 2.6 Solving a Matrix Equation Using the Out-of-core LU Matrices 74 2.7 Parallel In-core and Out-of-core Matrix Filling Schemes 76 2.8 Conclusions 80 References 81 Chapter 3. Getting Started and Working with HOBBIES Projects 83 3.0 Summary 83 3.1 System Requirements 83 3.2 Installing HOBBIES 84 3.3 Starting HOBBIES 90 3.4 Navigation through HOBBIES 91 3.5 Working with HOBBIES Projects 101 3.6 Flowchart for Making a HOBBIES Simulation 103 3.7 Exiting HOBBIES 105 3.8 Getting Help 105 3.9 Quick Start 105 3.10 Conclusion 106 References 106 Chapter 4. Creating a Geometry Model in HOBBIES 107 4.0 Summary 107 4.1 Creating a Simple Model Using the Structure Menu 107 4.2 Creating an Arbitrarily Shaped Model Using the Geometry Menu 156 4.3 Operations on a Model 171 4.4 Manipulations on a Model 189 4.5 Delete a Model 197 4.6 Conclusion 197 References 198 Chapter 5. Meshing a Model in HOBBIES 199 5.0 Summary 199 5.1 Unstructured Mesh 200 5.2 Structured Mesh 202 5.3 Element Type 205 5.4 Mesh Criteria 206 5.5 Reset Mesh Data 207 5.6 Draw 208 5.7 Generate Mesh 210 5.8 Erase Mesh 211 5.9 Edit Mesh 211 5.10 Show Errors 212 5.11 Mesh Quality 213 5.12 Mesh Options from Model 214 5.13 Mesh Generation Example for Surfaces 214 5.14 Example of Mesh Generation for a Curve 218 5.15 Assigning Element Sizes for Generating the Mesh 221 5.16 Conclusion 226 References 226 Chapter 6. Setting up a HOBBIES Solution and Running a Simulation 227 6.0 Summary 227 6.1 Operation Mode 228 6.2 Units 228 6.3 Frequency Range 230 6.4 Domains 230 6.5 Loadings 238 6.6 Excitation 242 6.7 Symmetry 248 6.8 Edge 250 6.9 Output Settings 254 6.10 Options 258 6.11 Running Simulations 265 6.12 Conclusion 272 Chapter 7. HOBBIES Post-Processing for Visualizing the Results 273 7.0 Summary 273 7.1 Entering Post-Processing Window 274 7.2 Post-Processing Window 274 7.3 Example of Operations in Post-Processing 280 7.4 Leaving Post-Processing Window 316 7.5 Limitation of Post-Processing display in Academic Version of HOBBIES 320 7.6 Conclusion 320 Chapter 8. Solving Electromagnetic Field Problems Using HOBBIES 321 8.0 Summary 321 8.1 Metallic Structures 322 8.2 Composite Metallic and Dielectric Structures 350 8.3 Loadings 374 8.4 Use of Symmetry in the Analysis of a Problem 398 8.5 Antenna above a Real Ground 428 8.6 Use of Imaging for Generating an Accurate Solution 436 8.7 Conclusion 442 References 442 Chapter 9. Advanced Electromagnetic Modeling Using HOBBIES 443 9.0 Summary 443 9.1 Radiation Analysis of Complicated Antennas 444 9.2 Radar Cross Section (RCS) Calculation of Complex Targets 458 9.3 Conclusion 476 References 476 Chapter 10. HOBBIES Optimizer and its Applications 479 10.0 Summary 10.1 Flowchart of the HOBBIES Optimizer 480 10.2 Optimization Algorithms Used in the Optimizer 482 10.3 Setting up the HOBBIES Optimizer 487 10.4 Optimization Examples 507 10.5 Conclusion 516 References 516 Appendix A. A Brief Summary of Some Commands Used in HOBBIES 517 Appendix B. A List of all Codes in the Accompanying CD 525 Index 531
£173.66
John Wiley & Sons Inc Reliability Engineering
Book SynopsisAn Integrated Approach to Product Development Reliability Engineering presents an integrated approach to the design, engineering, and management of reliability activities throughout the life cycle of a product, including concept, research and development, design, manufacturing, assembly, sales, and service.Table of ContentsPreface xv 1 Reliability Engineering in the Twenty-First Century 1 1.1 What Is Quality? 1 1.2 What Is Reliability? 2 1.2.1 The Ability to Perform as Intended 4 1.2.2 For a Specified Time 4 1.2.3 Life-Cycle Conditions 5 1.2.4 Reliability as a Relative Measure 5 1.3 Quality, Customer Satisfaction, and System Effectiveness 6 1.4 Performance, Quality, and Reliability 7 1.5 Reliability and the System Life Cycle 8 1.6 Consequences of Failure 12 1.6.1 Financial Loss 12 1.6.2 Breach of Public Trust 13 1.6.3 Legal Liability 15 1.6.4 Intangible Losses 15 1.7 Suppliers and Customers 16 1.8 Summary 16 Problems 17 2 Reliability Concepts 19 2.1 Basic Reliability Concepts 19 2.1.1 Concept of Probability Density Function 23 2.2 Hazard Rate 26 2.2.1 Motivation and Development of Hazard Rate 27 2.2.2 Some Properties of the Hazard Function 28 2.2.3 Conditional Reliability 31 2.3 Percentiles Product Life 33 2.4 Moments of Time to Failure 35 2.4.1 Moments about Origin and about the Mean 35 2.4.2 Expected Life or Mean Time to Failure 36 2.4.3 Variance or the Second Moment about the Mean 36 2.4.4 Coefficient of Skewness 37 2.4.5 Coefficient of Kurtosis 37 2.5 Summary 39 Problems 40 3 Probability and Life Distributions for Reliability Analysis 45 3.1 Discrete Distributions 45 3.1.1 Binomial Distribution 46 3.1.2 Poisson Distribution 50 3.1.3 Other Discrete Distributions 50 3.2 Continuous Distributions 51 3.2.1 Weibull Distribution 55 3.2.2 Exponential Distribution 61 3.2.3 Estimation of Reliability for Exponential Distribution 64 3.2.4 The Normal (Gaussian) Distribution 67 3.2.5 The Lognormal Distribution 73 3.2.6 Gamma Distribution75 3.3 Probability Plots 77 3.4 Summary 83 Problems 84 4 Design for Six Sigma 89 4.1 What Is Six Sigma? 89 4.2 Why Six Sigma? 90 4.3 How Is Six Sigma Implemented? 91 4.3.1 Steps in the Six Sigma Process 92 4.3.2 Summary of the Six Sigma Steps 97 4.4 Optimization Problems in the Six Sigma Process 98 4.4.1 System Transfer Function 99 4.4.2 Variance Transmission Equation 100 4.4.3 Economic Optimization and Quality Improvement 101 4.4.4 Tolerance Design Problem 102 4.5 Design for Six Sigma 103 4.5.1 Identify (I) 105 4.5.2 Characterize (C) 106 4.5.3 Optimize (O) 106 4.5.4 Verify (V) 106 4.6 Summary 108 Problems 108 5 Product Development 111 5.1 Product Requirements and Constraints 112 5.2 Product Life Cycle Conditions 113 5.3 Reliability Capability 114 5.4 Parts and Materials Selection 114 5.5 Human Factors and Reliability 115 5.6 Deductive versus Inductive Methods 117 5.7 Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis 117 5.8 Fault Tree Analysis 119 5.8.1 Role of FTA in Decision-Making 121 5.8.2 Steps of Fault Tree Analysis 122 5.8.3 Basic Paradigms for the Construction of Fault Trees 122 5.8.4 Definition of the Top Event 122 5.8.5 Faults versus Failures 122 5.8.6 Minimal Cut Sets 127 5.9 Physics of Failure 128 5.9.1 Stress Margins 128 5.9.2 Model Analysis of Failure Mechanisms 129 5.9.3 Derating 129 5.9.4 Protective Architectures 130 5.9.5 Redundancy 131 5.9.6 Prognostics 131 5.10 Design Review 131 5.11 Qualification 132 5.12 Manufacture and Assembly 134 5.12.1 Manufacturability 134 5.12.2 Process Verification Testing 136 5.13 Analysis, Product Failure, and Root Causes 137 5.14 Summary 138 Problems 138 6 Product Requirements and Constraints 141 6.1 Defining Requirements 141 6.2 Responsibilities of the Supply Chain 142 6.2.1 Multiple-Customer Products 142 6.2.2 Single-Customer Products 143 6.2.3 Custom Products 144 6.3 The Requirements Document 144 6.4 Specifications 144 6.5 Requirements Tracking 146 6.6 Summary 147 Problems 147 7 Life-Cycle Conditions 149 7.1 Defining the Life-Cycle Profile 149 7.2 Life-Cycle Events 150 7.2.1 Manufacturing and Assembly 151 7.2.2 Testing and Screening 151 7.2.3 Storage 151 7.2.4 Transportation 151 7.2.5 Installation 151 7.2.6 Operation 152 7.2.7 Maintenance 152 7.3 Loads and Their Effects 152 7.3.1 Temperature 152 7.3.2 Humidity 155 7.3.3 Vibration and Shock 156 7.3.4 Solar Radiation 156 7.3.5 Electromagnetic Radiation 157 7.3.6 Pressure 157 7.3.7 Chemicals 158 7.3.8 Sand and Dust 159 7.3.9 Voltage 159 7.3.10 Current 159 7.3.11 Human Factors 160 7.4 Considerations and Recommendations for LCP Development 160 7.4.1 Extreme Specifications-Based Design (Global and Local Environments) 160 7.4.2 Standards-Based Profiles 161 7.4.3 Combined Load Conditions 161 7.4.4 Change in Magnitude and Rate of Change of Magnitude 165 7.5 Methods for Estimating Life-Cycle Loads 165 7.5.1 Market Studies and Standards Based Profiles as Sources of Data 165 7.5.2 In Situ Monitoring of Load Conditions 166 7.5.3 Field Trial Records, Service Records, and Failure Records 166 7.5.4 Data on Load Histories of Similar Parts, Assemblies, or Products 166 7.6 Summary 166 Problems 167 8 Reliability Capability 169 8.1 Capability Maturity Models 169 8.2 Key Reliability Practices 170 8.2.1 Reliability Requirements and Planning 170 8.2.2 Training and Development 171 8.2.3 Reliability Analysis 172 8.2.4 Reliability Testing 172 8.2.5 Supply-Chain Management 173 8.2.6 Failure Data Tracking and Analysis 173 8.2.7 Verification and Validation 174 8.2.8 Reliability Improvement 174 8.3 Summary 175 Problems 175 9 Parts Selection and Management 177 9.1 Part Assessment Process 177 9.1.1 Performance Assessment 178 9.1.2 Quality Assessment 179 9.1.3 Process Capability Index 179 9.1.4 Average Outgoing Quality 182 9.1.5 Reliability Assessment 182 9.1.6 Assembly Assessment 185 9.2 Parts Management 185 9.2.1 Supply Chain Management 185 9.2.2 Part Change Management 186 9.2.3 Industry Change Control Policies 187 9.3 Risk Management 188 9.4 Summary 190 Problems 191 10 Failure Modes, Mechanisms, and Effects Analysis 193 10.1 Development of FMMEA 193 10.2 Failure Modes, Mechanisms, and Effects Analysis 195 10.2.1 System Definition, Elements, and Functions 195 10.2.2 Potential Failure Modes 196 10.2.3 Potential Failure Causes 197 10.2.4 Potential Failure Mechanisms 197 10.2.5 Failure Models 197 10.2.6 Life-Cycle Profile 198 10.2.7 Failure Mechanism Prioritization 198 10.2.8 Documentation 200 10.3 Case Study 201 10.4 Summary 205 Problems 206 11 Probabilistic Design for Reliability and the Factor of Safety 207 11.1 Design for Reliability 207 11.2 Design of a Tension Element 208 11.3 Reliability Models for Probabilistic Design 209 11.4 Example of Probabilistic Design and Design for a Reliability Target 211 11.5 Relationship between Reliability, Factor of Safety, and Variability 212 11.6 Functions of Random Variables 215 11.7 Steps for Probabilistic Design 219 11.8 Summary 219 Problems 220 12 Derating and Uprating 223 12.1 Part Ratings 223 12.1.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings 224 12.1.2 Recommended Operating Conditions 224 12.1.3 Factors Used to Determine Ratings 225 12.2 Derating 225 12.2.1 How Is Derating Practiced? 225 12.2.2 Limitations of the Derating Methodology 231 12.2.3 How to Determine These Limits 238 12.3 Uprating 239 12.3.1 Parts Selection and Management Process 241 12.3.2 Assessment for Uprateability 241 12.3.3 Methods of Uprating 242 12.3.4 Continued Assurance 245 12.4 Summary 245 Problems 246 13 Reliability Estimation Techniques 247 13.1 Tests during the Product Life Cycle 247 13.1.1 Concept Design and Prototype 247 13.1.2 Performance Validation to Design Specification 248 13.1.3 Design Maturity Validation 248 13.1.4 Design and Manufacturing Process Validation 248 13.1.5 Preproduction Low Volume Manufacturing 248 13.1.6 High Volume Production 249 13.1.7 Feedback from Field Data 249 13.2 Reliability Estimation 249 13.3 Product Qualification and Testing 250 13.3.1 Input to PoF Qualification Methodology 250 13.3.2 Accelerated Stress Test Planning and Development 255 13.3.3 Specimen Characterization 257 13.3.4 Accelerated Life Tests 259 13.3.5 Virtual Testing 260 13.3.6 Virtual Qualification 261 13.3.7 Output 262 13.4 Case Study: System-in-Package Drop Test Qualification 263 13.4.1 Step 1: Accelerated Test Planning and Development 263 13.4.2 Step 2: Specimen Characterization 265 13.4.3 Step 3: Accelerated Life Testing 266 13.4.4 Step 4: Virtual Testing 270 13.4.5 Global FEA 271 13.4.6 Strain Distributions Due to Modal Contributions 272 13.4.7 Acceleration Curves 273 13.4.8 Local FEA 273 13.4.9 Step 5: Virtual Qualification 274 13.4.10 PoF Acceleration Curves 275 13.4.11 Summary of the Methodology for Qualification 276 13.5 Basic Statistical Concepts 276 13.5.1 Confidence Interval 277 13.5.2 Interpretation of the Confidence Level 277 13.5.3 Relationship between Confidence Interval and Sample Size 279 13.6 Confidence Interval for Normal Distribution 279 13.6.1 Unknown Mean with a Known Variance for Normal Distribution 279 13.6.2 Unknown Mean with an Unknown Variance for Normal Distribution 280 13.6.3 Differences in Two Population Means with Variances Known 281 13.7 Confidence Intervals for Proportions 282 13.8 Reliability Estimation and Confidence Limits for Success–Failure Testing 283 13.8.1 Success Testing 286 13.9 Reliability Estimation and Confidence Limits for Exponential Distribution 287 13.10 Summary 292 Problems 292 14 Process Control and Process Capability 295 14.1 Process Control System 295 14.1.1 Control Charts: Recognizing Sources of Variation 297 14.1.2 Sources of Variation 297 14.1.3 Use of Control Charts for Problem Identification 297 14.2 Control Charts 299 14.2.1 Control Charts for Variables 306 14.2.2 X-Bar and R Charts 306 14.2.3 Moving Range Chart Example 308 14.2.4 X-Bar and S Charts 311 14.2.5 Control Charts for Attributes 312 14.2.6 p Chart and np Chart 312 14.2.7 np Chart Example 313 14.2.8 c Chart and u Chart 314 14.2.9 c Chart Example 315 14.3 Benefits of Control Charts 316 14.4 Average Outgoing Quality 317 14.4.1 Process Capability Studies 318 14.5 Advanced Control Charts 323 14.5.1 Cumulative Sum Control Charts 323 14.5.2 Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Control Charts 324 14.5.3 Other Advanced Control Charts 325 14.6 Summary 325 Problems 326 15 Product Screening and Burn-In Strategies 331 15.1 Burn-In Data Observations 332 15.2 Discussion of Burn-In Data 333 15.3 Higher Field Reliability without Screening 334 15.4 Best Practices 335 15.5 Summary 336 Problems 337 16 Analyzing Product Failures and Root Causes 339 16.1 Root-Cause Analysis Processes 341 16.1.1 Preplanning 341 16.1.2 Collecting Data for Analysis and Assessing Immediate Causes 343 16.1.3 Root-Cause Hypothesization 344 16.1.4 Analysis and Interpretation of Evidence 348 16.1.5 Root-Cause Identification and Corrective Actions 348 16.1.6 Assessment of Corrective Actions 350 16.2 No-Fault-Found 351 16.2.1 An Approach to Assess NFF 353 16.2.2 Common Mode Failure 355 16.2.3 Concept of Common Mode Failure 356 16.2.4 Modeling and Analysis for Dependencies for Reliability Analysis 360 16.2.5 Common Mode Failure Root Causes 362 16.2.6 Common Mode Failure Analysis 364 16.2.7 Common Mode Failure Occurrence and Impact Reduction 366 16.3 Summary 373 Problems 374 17 System Reliability Modeling 375 17.1 Reliability Block Diagram 375 17.2 Series System 376 17.3 Products with Redundancy 381 17.3.1 Active Redundancy 381 17.3.2 Standby Systems 385 17.3.3 Standby Systems with Imperfect Switching 387 17.3.4 Shared Load Parallel Models 390 17.3.5 (k, n) Systems 391 17.3.6 Limits of Redundancy 393 17.4 Complex System Reliability 393 17.4.1 Complete Enumeration Method 393 17.4.2 Conditional Probability Method 395 17.4.3 Concept of Coherent Structures 396 17.5 Summary 401 Problems 402 18 Health Monitoring and Prognostics 409 18.1 Conceptual Model for Prognostics 410 18.2 Reliability and Prognostics 412 18.3 PHM for Electronics 414 18.4 PHM Concepts and Methods 417 18.4.1 Fuses and Canaries 418 18.5 Monitoring and Reasoning of Failure Precursors 420 18.5.1 Monitoring Environmental and Usage Profiles for Damage Modeling 424 18.6 Implementation of PHM in a System of Systems 429 18.7 Summary 431 Problems 431 19 Warranty Analysis 433 19.1 Product Warranties 434 19.2 Warranty Return Information 435 19.3 Warranty Policies 436 19.4 Warranty and Reliability 437 19.5 Warranty Cost Analysis 439 19.5.1 Elements of Warranty Cost Models 440 19.5.2 Failure Distributions 440 19.5.3 Cost Modeling Calculation 440 19.5.4 Modeling Assumptions and Notation 441 19.5.5 Cost Models Examples 442 19.5.6 Information Needs 444 19.5.7 Other Cost Models 446 19.6 Warranty and Reliability Management 448 19.7 Summary 449 Problems 449 Appendix A: Some Useful Integrals 451 Appendix B: Table for Gamma Function 453 Appendix C: Table for Cumulative Standard Normal Distribution 455 Appendix D: Values for the Percentage Points tα,ν of the t-Distribution 457 Appendix E: Percentage Points χ2α,ν of the Chi-Square Distribution 461 Appendix F: Percentage Points for the F-Distribution 467 Bibliography 473 Index 487
£109.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc 802.1aq Shortest Path Bridging Design and
Book SynopsisFacilitates both the understanding and adoption of 802.1aq as a networking solution 802.1aq Shortest Path Bridging (SPB) is a technology that greatly simplifies the creation and configuration of carrier, enterprise, and cloud computing networksby using modern computing power to deprecate signaling, and to integrate multicast, multipath routing, and large-scale virtualization. It is arguably one of the most significant enhancements in Ethernet''s history. 802.1aq Shortest Path Bridging Design and Evolution explains both the what and the why of the technology standard being set today. It covers which decisions were elective and which were dictated by the design goals by using a multipart approach that first explains what SPB is, before transitioning into narrative form to describe the design processes and decisions behind it. To make SPB accessible to the data networking professional from multiple perspectives, the book: Provides a RTable of Contents Figures vii Acknowledgments ix Introduction xi Abbreviations xvii 1. IEEE 802.1aq in a Nutshell: Antecedents and Technology 1 2. Why SPB Looks as It Does 36 3. Why the SPB Control Plane Looks as It Does 74 4. Practical Deployment Considerations 130 5. Applications of SPB 150 6. Futures 158 Conclusion 186 References 188 Index 190
£54.86
John Wiley & Sons Inc Frequency Stability
Book SynopsisAn in-depth look at the theory and applications of frequency stability An understanding of the acquisition of stable frequency is essential for anyone who needs to solve noise problems in wireless communications. This book offers a thorough introduction to the principles and applications of frequency stability, arming practicing engineers with the tools they need to minimize noise in systems and devices that affect everyday communications for millions of people. With an emphasis on both practical and scientific points of view, Frequency Stability: Introduction and Applications examines frequency and time fluctuations in resonators, as well as the stability of both standard and practical microwave oscillators. It explains noise properties of building circuit blocks, introducing time domain properties and how they relate to noise spectral densities. Including a special chapter devoted to the design and properties of phase locked loopsa crucial topic for freTable of ContentsPreface xv Symbols xxi 1. Noise and Frequency Stability 1 1.1 White Noise 2 1.2 Colored Noises 7 1.3 Small and Band Limited Perturbations of Sinusoidal Signals 14 1.4 Statistical Approach 17 1.5 Power Spectra of Stochastic Processes 29 2. Noise in Resonators and Oscillators 37 2.1 Noise Generated in Resonators 37 2.2 Phase Noise of Resonators: Experimental Results 44 2.3 Noise in Oscillators 50 2.4 Leeson Model 60 3. Noise Properties of Practical Oscillators 65 3.1 Precision Oscillators 65 3.2 Practical Oscillators 102 3.3 Practical RC Oscillators 111 4. Noise of Building Elements 123 4.1 Resistors 123 4.2 Inductances 124 4.3 Capacitance 126 4.4 Semiconductors 129 4.5 Amplifiers 137 4.6 Mixers 143 4.7 Frequency Dividers 161 4.8 Frequency Multiphers 178 5. Time Domain Measurements 183 5.1 Basic Properties of Sample Variances 184 5.2 Transfer Functions of Several Time Domain 186 5.3 Time Jitter 205 6. Phase-Locked Loops 231 6.1 PLL Basic 231 6.2 PLL Design 237 6.3 Stability of the PLL 243 6.4 Tracking 253 6.5 Working Ranges of PLL 258 6.6 Digital PLL 267 6.7 PLL Phase Noise 275 6.8 PLL Time Jitter 283 6.9 Spurious Signals 284 6.10 Synchronized Oscillators 288 Index 299
£86.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Natural and Artificial Photosynthesis
Book SynopsisThis technical book explores current and future applications of solar power as an unlimited source of energy that earth receives every day. Photosynthetic organisms have learned to utilize this abundant source of energy by converting it into high-energy biochemical compounds. Inspired by the efficient conversion of solar energy into an electron flow, attempts have been made to construct artificial photosynthetic systems capable of establishing a charge separation state for generating electricity or driving chemical reactions. Another important aspect of photosynthesis is the CO2 fixation and the production of high energy compounds. Photosynthesis can produce biomass using solar energy while reducing the CO2 level in air. Biomass can be converted into biofuels such as biodiesel and bioethanol. Under certain conditions, photosynthetic organisms can also produce hydrogen gas which is one of the cleanest sources of energy.Table of ContentsPreface xv Contributors xix Acronyms xxiii 1 Physics Overview of Solar Energy 1 Diego Castano 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Sun 2 1.3 Light 3 1.4 Thermodynamics 6 1.5 Photovoltaics 9 1.6 Photosynthesis 11 References 12 2 Oxygenic Photosynthesis 13 Dmitriy Shevela, Lars Olof Bj¨orn, and Govindjee 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Path of Energy: From Photons to Charge Separation 16 2.3 Electron Transfer Pathways 22 2.4 Photophosphorylation 30 2.5 Carbon Dioxide to Organic Compounds 33 2.6 Evolution of Oxygenic Photosynthesis 37 2.7 Some Interesting Questions about Whole Plants 42 2.8 Perspectives for the Future 48 2.9 Summary 48 Acknowledgments 49 References 49 3 Apparatus and Mechanism of Photosynthetic Water Splitting as Nature’s Blueprint for Efficient Solar Energy Exploitation 65 Gernot Renger 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Overall Reaction Pattern of Photosynthesis and Respiration 67 3.3 Bioenergetic Limit of Solar Energy Exploitation: Water Splitting 68 3.4 Humankind’s Dream of Using Water and Solar Radiation as “Clean Fuel” 69 3.5 Nature’s Blueprint of Light-Induced Water Splitting 71 3.6 Types of Approaches in Performing Light-Driven H2 and O2 Formation from Water 71 3.7 Light-Induced “Stable” Charge Separation 78 3.8 Energetics of Light-Induced Charge Separation 80 3.9 Oxidative Water Splitting: The Kok Cycle 82 3.10 YZ Oxidation by P680+• 83 3.11 Structure and Function of the WOC 86 3.12 Concluding Remarks 102 Acknowledgments 102 References 103 4 Artificial Photosynthesis 121 Reza Razeghifard 4.1 Introduction 121 4.2 Organic Pigment Assemblies on Electrodes 122 4.3 Photosystem Assemblies on Electrodes 124 4.4 Hydrogen Production by Photosystem I Hybrid Systems 127 4.5 Mimicking Water Oxidation with Manganese Complexes 128 4.6 Protein Design for Introducing Manganese Chemistry in Proteins 130 4.7 Protein Design and Photoactive Proteins with Chl Derivatives 131 4.8 Conclusion 133 Acknowledgment 133 References 134 5 Artificial Photosynthesis: Ruthenium Complexes 143 Dimitrios G. Giarikos 5.1 Ruthenium(II) 143 5.2 Ligand Influence on the Photochemistry of Ru(II) 145 5.3 Importance of Polypyridyl Ligands and Metal Ion for Tuning of MLCT Transitions 149 5.4 Electron Transfer of Ru(II) Complexes 150 5.5 Light-Harvesting Complexes Using Ru(II) Complexes 151 5.6 Ru(II) Artificial Photosystem Models for Photosystem II 157 5.7 Ru (II) Artificial Photosystem Models for Hydrogenase 161 5.8 Conclusion 166 References 166 6 CO2 Sequestration and Hydrogen Production Using Cyanobacteria and Green Algae 173 Kanhaiya Kumar and Debabrata Das 6.1 Introduction 173 6.2 Microbiology 174 6.3 Biochemistry of CO2 Fixation 176 6.4 Parameters Affecting the CO2 Sequestration Process 180 6.5 Hydrogen Production by Cyanobacteria 183 6.6 Mechanisms of H2 Production in Green Algae 194 6.7 Photobioreactors 202 6.8 Conclusion 206 Acknowledgments 206 References 206 7 Cyanobacterial Biofuel and Chemical Production for CO2 Sequestration 217 John W. K. Oliver and Shota Atsumi 7.1 Carbon Sequestration by Biomass 217 7.2 Introduction to Cyanobacteria 219 7.3 CO2 Uptake Efficiency of Cyanobacteria 219 7.4 Mitigation of Costs Through Captured-Carbon Products 221 7.5 Captured-Carbon Products from Engineered Cyanobacteria 222 7.6 Conclusion 227 References 227 8 Hydrogen Production by Microalgae 231 Helena M. Amaro, M. Gl´oria Esqu´ývel, Teresa S. Pinto, and F. Xavier Malcata 8.1 Introduction 231 8.2 Hydrogenase Engineering 233 8.3 Metabolic Reprograming 233 8.4 Light Capture Improvement 236 Acknowledgments 238 References 238 9 Algal Biofuels 243 Archana Tiwari and Anjana Pandey 9.1 Introduction 243 9.2 Advantages of Algae 243 9.3 Algal Strains and Biofuel Production 246 9.4 Algal Biofuels 247 9.5 Algal Cultivation for Biofuel Production 252 9.6 Photobioreactors Employed for Algal Biofuels 254 9.7 Recent Achievements in Algal Biofuels 255 9.8 Strategies for Enhancement of Algal Biofuel Production 258 9.9 Conclusion 261 References 261 10 Green Hydrogen: Algal Biohydrogen Production 267 Ela Eroglu, Matthew Timmins, and Steven M. Smith 10.1 Introduction 267 10.2 Hydrogen Production by Algae 267 10.3 Hydrogenase Enzyme 269 10.4 Diversity of Hydrogen-Producing Algae 270 10.5 Model Microalgae for H2 Production Studies: Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii 272 10.6 Approaches for Enhancing Hydrogen Production 273 10.7 Conclusion 279 References 279 11 Growth in Photobioreactors 285 Niels Thomas Eriksen 11.1 Introduction 285 11.2 Design of Photobioreactors 286 11.3 Limitations to Productivity of Microalgal Cultures 287 11.4 Actual Productivities of Microalgal Cultures 290 11.5 Distribution of Light in Photobioreactors 292 11.6 Gas Exchange in Photobioreactors 294 11.7 Shear Stress in Photobioreactors 297 11.8 Current Trends in Photobioreactor Development 298 Acknowledgment 299 References 299 12 Industrial Cultivation Systems for Intensive Production of Microalgae 307 Giuseppe Olivieri, Piero Salatino, and Antonio Marzocchella 12.1 Introduction 307 12.2 Relevant Issues for Design and Operation of Systems for Microalgal Cultures 308 12.3 Open Systems 318 12.4 Closed Systems: Photobioreactors 321 12.5 Novel Photobioreactor Configurations 326 12.6 Case Study: Intensive Production of Bio-Oil 333 Acknowledgments 337 References 337 13 Microalgae Biodiesel and Macroalgae Bioethanol: The Solar Conversion Challenge for Industrial Renewable Fuels 345 Navid R. Moheimani, Mark P. McHenry, and Pouria Mehrani 13.1 Introduction 345 13.2 Biofuel Supply, Demand, Production, and New Feedstocks 346 13.3 Feasibility of Photosynthetic Fuel Production 348 13.4 Biodiesel Production and Feedstocks 349 13.5 Macroalgae Biofuel Feedstocks and Production 352 13.6 Conclusion 354 References 355 14 Technoeconomic Assessment of Large-Scale Production of Bioethanol from Microalgal Biomass 361 Razif Harun, Hassan J, Li J. S. Shu, Lucy A. Arthur, and Michael K. Danquah 14.1 Introduction 361 14.2 Technology Selection and Process Design 362 14.3 Economic Analysis 375 14.4 Reduction of Overall Production Cost 383 14.5 Conclusion 384 References 385 15 Microalgae-Derived Chemicals: Opportunity for an Integrated Chemical Plant 387 Azadeh Kermanshahi-pour, Julie B. Zimmerman, and Paul T. Anastas 15.1 Introduction 387 15.2 Microalgae Cultivation Systems 388 15.3 Lipids 392 15.4 Carbohydrates 408 15.5 Protein 410 15.6 Process Integration 413 15.7 Conclusion 420 References 422 16 Fuels and Chemicals from Lignocellulosic Biomass 435 Ian M. O’Hara, Zhanying Zhang, Philip A. Hobson, Mark D. Harrison, Sagadevan G. Mundree, and William O. S. Doherty 16.1 Introduction 435 16.2 The Nature of Lignocellulosic Biomass 436 16.3 Feedstocks for Biomass Processing 439 16.4 Production of Fermentable Sugars from Biomass 441 16.5 Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Fuels and Chemicals 445 16.6 Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass 449 16.7 Conclusion 449 References 450 Index 457
£104.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Scalable Computing and Communications
Book SynopsisReviews the latest advances in the all-important field of scalable computing In telecommunications and software engineering, scalability is the ability of a system, network, or process to either handle growing amounts of work in a graceful manner or be enlarged to accommodate that growth. It is a desirable property for many scientific, industrial, and business applications and an important feature for hardware. This immersive book summarizes the latest research achievements in the field of scalable computing and covers new topics that have emerged recently on computing and communications, such as unconventional computing, green and sustainable computing, cloud and volunteer computing, and more. Filled with contributions from world-renowned engineers, researchers, and IT professionals in diverse areas, Scalable Computing and Communications covers: Circuit and component design Operating systems Green computing NetworkTable of ContentsPreface xix Contributors xxi 1. Scalable Computing and Communications: Past, Present, and Future 1Yanhui Wu, Kashif Bilal, Samee U. Khan, Lizhe Wang, and Albert Y. Zomaya 1.1 Scalable Computing and Communications 1 References 4 2. Reliable Minimum Connected Dominating Sets for Topology Control in Probabilistic Wireless Sensor Networks 7Jing (Selena) He, Shouling Ji, Yi Pan, and Yingshu Li 2.1 Topology Control in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) 7 2.2 DS-Based Topology Control 10 2.3 Deterministic WSNs and Probabilistic WSNs 12 2.4 Reliable MCDS Problem 13 2.5 A GA to Construct RMCDS-GA 17 2.6 Performance Evaluation 26 2.7 Conclusions 27 References 28 3. Peer Selection Schemes in Scalable P2P Video Streaming Systems 31Xin Jin and Yu-Kwong Kwok 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Overlay Structures 32 3.3 Peer Selection for Overlay Construction 34 3.4 A Game Theoretic Perspective on Peer Selection 45 3.5 Discussion and Future Work 47 3.6 Summary 48 References 49 4. Multicore and Many-Core Computing 55Ioannis E. Venetis 4.1 Introduction 55 4.2 Architectural Options for Multicore Systems 60 4.3 Multicore Architecture Examples 64 4.4 Programming Multicore Architectures 67 4.5 Many-Core Architectures 74 4.6 Many-Core Architecture Examples 75 4.7 Summary 77 References 77 5. Scalable Computing on Large Heterogeneous CPU/GPU Supercomputers 81Fengshun Lu, Kaijun Ren, Junqiang Song, and Jinjun Chen 5.1 Introduction 81 5.2 Heterogeneous Computing Environments 82 5.3 Scalable Programming Patterns for Large GPU Clusters 84 5.4 Hybrid Implementations 87 5.5 Experimental Results 89 5.6 Conclusions 94 Acknowledgments 94 References 94 6. Diagnosability of Multiprocessor Systems 97Chia-Wei Lee and Sun-Yuan Hsieh 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 Fundamental Concepts 98 6.3 Diagnosability of (1,2)-MCNS under PMC Model 103 6.4 Diagnosability of 2-MCNS under MM* Model 105 6.5 Application to Multiprocessor Systems 110 6.6 Concluding Remarks 122 References 122 7. A Performance Analysis Methodology for MultiCore, Multithreaded Processors 125Miao Ju, Hun Jung, and Hao Che 7.1 Introduction 125 7.2 Methodology 126 7.3 Simulation Tool (ST) 130 7.4 Analytic Modeling Technique 132 7.5 Testing 136 7.6 Related Work 139 7.7 Conclusions and Future Work 141 References 141 8. The Future in Mobile Multicore Computing 145Blake Hurd, Chiu C. Tan, and Jie Wu 8.1 Introduction 145 8.2 Background 146 8.3 Hardware Initiatives 148 8.4 Software Initiatives 151 8.5 Additional Discussion 152 8.6 Future Trends 153 8.7 Conclusion 154 References 155 9. Modeling and Algorithms for Scalable and Energy-Efficient Execution on Multicore Systems 157Dong Li, Dimitrios S. Nikolopoulos, and Kirk W. Cameron 9.1 Introduction 157 9.2 Model-Based Hybrid Message-Passing Interface (MPI)/OpenMP Power-Aware Computing 158 9.3 Power-Aware MPI Task Aggregation Prediction 170 9.4 Conclusions 181 References 182 10. Cost Optimization for Scalable Communication in Wireless Networks with Movement-Based Location Management 185Keqin Li 10.1 Introduction 185 10.2 Background Information 187 10.3 Cost Measure and Optimization for a Single User 190 10.4 Cost Optimization with Location Update Constraint 192 10.5 Cost Optimization with Terminal Paging Constraint 196 10.6 Numerical Data 201 10.7 Concluding Remarks 206 References / 206 11. A Framework for Semiautomatic Explicit Parallelization 209Ritu Arora, Purushotham Bangalore, and Marjan Mernik 11.1 Introduction 209 11.2 Explicit Parallelization Using MPI 210 11.3 Building Blocks of FraSPA 211 11.4 Evaluation of FraSPA through Case Studies 215 11.5 Lessons Learned 221 11.6 Related Work 222 11.7 Summary 224 References 224 12. Fault Tolerance and Transmission Reliability in Wireless Networks 227Wolfgang W. Bein and Doina Bein 12.1 Introduction: Reliability Issues in Wireless and Sensor Networks 227 12.2 Reliability and Fault Tolerance of Coverage Models for Sensor Networks 230 12.3 Fault-Tolerant k-Fold Pivot Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks 238 12.4 Impact of Variable Transmission Range in All-Wireless Networks 244 12.5 Conclusions and Open Problems 250 References / 251 13. Optimizing and Tuning Scientifi c Codes 255Qing Yi 13.1 Introduction 255 13.2 An Abstract View of the Machine Architecture 256 13.3 Optimizing Scientifi c Codes 256 13.4 Empirical Tuning of Optimizations 262 13.5 Related Work 272 13.6 Summary and Future Work 273 Acknowledgments 273 References 273 14. Privacy and Confi dentiality in Cloud Computing 277Khaled M. Khan and Qutaibah Malluhi 14.1 Introduction 277 14.2 Cloud Stakeholders and Computational Assets 278 14.3 Data Privacy and Trust 280 14.4 A Cloud Computing Example 281 14.5 Conclusion 288 Acknowledgments 288 References 288 15. Reputation Management Systems for Peer-to-Peer Networks 291Fang Qi, Haiying Shen, Harrison Chandler, Guoxin Liu, and Ze Li 15.1 Introduction 291 15.2 Reputation Management Systems 292 15.3 Case Study of Reputation Systems 307 15.4 Open Problems 316 15.5 Conclusion 316 Acknowledgments 317 References 317 16. Toward a Secure Fragment Allocation of Files in Heterogeneous Distributed Systems 321Yun Tian, Mohammed I. Alghamdi, Xiaojun Ruan, Jiong Xie, and Xiao Qin 16.1 Introduction 321 16.2 Related Work 323 16.3 System and Threat Models 325 16.4 S-FAS: A Secure Fragment Allocation Scheme 327 16.5 Assurance Models 329 16.6 Sap Allocation Principles and Prototype 332 16.7 Evaluation of System Assurance and Performance 333 16.8 Conclusion 339 Acknowledgments 341 References 341 17. Adopting Compression in Wireless Sensor Networks 343Xi Deng and Yuanyuan Yang 17.1 Introduction 343 17.2 Compression in Sensor Nodes 345 17.3 Compression Effect on Packet Delay 348 17.4 Online Adaptive Compression Algorithm 350 17.5 Performance Evaluations 360 17.6 Summary 362 References 363 18. GFOG: Green and Flexible Opportunistic Grids 365Harold Castro, Mario Villamizar, German Sotelo, Cesar O. Diaz, Johnatan Pecero, Pascal Bouvry, and Samee U. Khan 18.1 Introduction 365 18.2 Related Work 366 18.3 UnaGrid Infrastructure 369 18.4 Energy Consumption Model 372 18.5 Experimental Results 374 18.6 Conclusions and Future Work 382 References 382 19. Maximizing Real-Time System Utilization by Adjusting Task Computation Times 387Nasro Min-Allah, Samee Ullah Khan, Yongji Wang, Joanna Kolodziej, and Nasir Ghani 19.1 Introduction 387 19.2 Expressing Task Schedulability in Polylinear Surfaces 389 19.3 Task Execution Time Adjustment Based on the P-Bound 391 19.4 Conclusions 393 Acknowledgments 393 References 393 20. Multilevel Exploration of the Optimization Landscape through Dynamical Fitness for Grid Scheduling 395Joanna Kolodziej 20.1 Introduction 395 20.2 Statement of the Problem 397 20.3 General Characteristics of the Optimization Landscape 399 20.4 Multilevel Metaheuristic Schedulers 402 20.5 Empirical Analysis 408 20.6 Conclusions 417 References 417 21. Implementing Pointer Jumping for Exact Inference on Many-Core Systems 419Yinglong Xia, Nam Ma, and Viktor K. Prasanna 21.1 Introduction 419 21.2 Background 420 21.3 Related Work 422 21.4 Pointer Jumping-Based Algorithms for Scheduling Exact Inference 423 21.5 Analysis with Respect to Many-Core Processors 424 21.6 From Exact Inference to Generic Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)-Structured Computations 427 21.7 Experiments 428 21.8 Conclusions 434 References 435 22. Performance Optimization of Scientifi c Applications Using an Autonomic Computing Approach 437Ioana Banicescu, Florina M. Ciorba, and Srishti Srivastava 22.1 Introduction 437 22.2 Scientifi c Applications and Their Performance 439 22.3 Load Balancing via DLS 441 22.4 The Use of Machine Learning in Improving the Performance of Scientifi c Applications 441 22.5 Design Strategies and an Integrated Framework 445 22.6 Experimental Results, Analysis, and Evaluation 455 22.7 Conclusions, Future Work, and Open Problems 462 Acknowledgments 463 References 463 23. A Survey of Techniques for Improving Search Engine Scalability through Profi ling, Prediction, and Prefetching of Query Results 467C. Shaun Wagner, Sahra Sedigh, Ali R. Hurson, and Behrooz Shirazi 23.1 Introduction 467 23.2 Modeling User Behavior 472 23.3 Grouping Users into Neighborhoods of Similarity 474 23.4 Similarity Metrics 481 23.5 Conclusion and Future Work 497 Appendix A Comparative Analysis of Comparison Algorithms 498 Appendix B Most Popular Searches 501 References 502 24. KNN Queries in Mobile Sensor Networks 507Wei-Guang Teng and Kun-Ta Chuang 24.1 Introduction 507 24.2 Preliminaries and Infrastructure-Based KNN Queries 509 24.3 Infrastructure-Free KNN Queries 511 24.4 Future Research Directions 519 24.5 Conclusions 519 References 520 25. Data Partitioning for Designing and Simulating Efficient Huge Databases 523Ladjel Bellatreche, Kamel Boukhalfa, Pascal Richard, and Soumia Benkrid 25.1 Introduction 523 25.2 Background and Related Work 527 25.3 Fragmentation Methodology 532 25.4 Hardness Study 535 25.5 Proposed Selection Algorithms 538 25.6 Impact of HP on Data Warehouse Physical Design 544 25.7 Experimental Studies 549 25.8 Physical Design Simulator Tool 553 25.9 Conclusion and Perspectives 559 References 560 26. Scalable Runtime Environments for Large-Scale Parallel Applications 563Camille Coti and Franck Cappello 26.1 Introduction 563 26.2 Goals of a Runtime Environment 565 26.3 Communication Infrastructure 567 26.4 Application Deployment 571 26.5 Fault Tolerance and Robustness 577 26.6 Case Studies 582 26.7 Conclusion 586 References 587 27. Increasing Performance through Optimization on APU 591Matthew Doerksen, Parimala Thulasiraman, and Ruppa Thulasiram 27.1 Introduction 591 27.2 Heterogeneous Architectures 591 27.3 Related Work 597 27.4 OpenCL, CUDA of the Future 600 27.5 Simple Introduction to OpenCL Programming 604 27.6 Performance and Optimization Summary 607 27.7 Application 607 27.8 Summary 609 Appendix 609 References 612 28. Toward Optimizing Cloud Computing: An Example of Optimization under Uncertainty 613Vladik Kreinovich 28.1 Cloud Computing: Why We Need It and How We Can Make It Most Efficient 613 28.2 Optimal Server Placement Problem: First Approximation 614 28.3 Server Placement in Cloud Computing: Toward a More Realistic Model 618 28.4 Predicting Cloud Growth: Formulation of the Problem and Our Approach to Solving This Problem 620 28.5 Predicting Cloud Growth: First Approximation 621 28.6 Predicting Cloud Growth: Second Approximation 622 28.7 Predicting Cloud Growth: Third Approximation 623 28.8 Conclusions and Future Work 625 Acknowledgments 625 Appendix: Description of Expenses Related to Cloud Computing 626 References 626 29. Modeling of Scalable Embedded Systems 629Arslan Munir, Sanjay Ranka, and Ann Gordon-Ross 29.1 Introduction 629 29.2 Embedded System Applications 631 29.3 Embedded Systems: Hardware and Software 634 29.4 Modeling: An Integral Part of the Embedded System Design Flow 638 29.5 Single- and Multiunit Embedded System Modeling 644 29.6 Conclusions 654 Acknowledgments 655 References 655 30. Scalable Service Composition in Pervasive Computing 659Joanna Siebert and Jiannong Cao 30.1 Introduction 659 30.2 Service Composition Framework 660 30.3 Approaches and Techniques for Scalable Service Composition in PvCE 664 30.4 Conclusions 671 References 671 31. Virtualization Techniques for Graphics Processing Units 675Pavan Balaji, Qian Zhu, and Wu-Chun Feng 31.1 Introduction 675 31.2 Background 677 31.3 VOCL Framework 677 31.4 VOCL Optimizations 682 31.5 Experimental Evaluation 687 31.6 Related Work 696 31.7 Concluding Remarks 696 References 697 32. Dense Linear Algebra on Distributed Heterogeneous Hardware with a Symbolic DAG Approach 699George Bosilca, Aurelien Bouteiller, Anthony Danalis, Thomas Herault, Piotr Luszczek, and Jack J. Dongara 32.1 Introduction and Motivation 699 32.2 Distributed Datafl ow by Symbolic Evaluation 701 32.3 The DAGuE Datafl ow Runtime 705 32.4 Datafl ow Representation 709 32.5 Programming Linear Algebra with DAGuE 716 32.6 Performance Evaluation 728 32.7 Conclusion 731 32.8 Summary 732 References 733 33. Fault-Tolerance Techniques for Scalable Computing 737Pavan Balaji, Darius Buntinas, and Dries Kimpe 33.1 Introduction and Trends in Large-Scale Computing Systems 737 33.2 Hardware Features for Resilience 738 33.3 Systems Software Features for Resilience 743 33.4 Application or Domain-Specifi c Fault-Tolerance Techniques 748 33.5 Summary 753 References 753 34. Parallel Programming Models for Scalable Computing 759James Dinan and Pavan Balaji 34.1 Introduction to Parallel Programming Models 759 34.2 The Message-Passing Interface (MPI) 761 34.3 Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) Models 765 34.4 Task-Parallel Programming Models 769 34.5 High-Productivity Parallel Programming Models 772 34.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks 775 Acknowledgment 775 References 775 35. Grid Simulation Tools for Job Scheduling and Data File Replication 777Javid Taheri, Albert Y. Zomaya, and Samee U. Khan 35.1 Introduction 777 35.2 Simulation Platforms 779 35.3 Problem Statement: Data-Aware Job Scheduling (DAJS) 792 References 795 Index 799
£125.96
