Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book SynopsisResearchers have studied many methods of using active and passive control devices for absorbing vibratory energy. Active devices, while providing significant reductions in structural motion, typically require large (and often multiply-redundant) power sources, and thereby raise concerns about stability.Table of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. List of Algorithms. List of Symbols. Introduction. Objectives. Organization of the Book. 1 Reliability, Robustness and Structural Control. 1.1 Preliminary Concepts. 1.2 Definitions. 1.3 System Representation. 1.4 A Comparison of Passive, Active and Semiactive Control Strategies. 2 Collocated and Non-collocated Systems. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Definition of Collocated System. 2.3 Centralized and Non-centralized Systems. 2.4 Linear and Non-linear Systems. 2.5 The Problem of Spillover. 2.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Collocated and Non-collocated Systems. 2.7 A Numerical Comparison. 3 Semiactive Devices. 3.1 The Basic Idea and a Brief History. 3.2 Variable Viscous Devices. 3.3 Variable Stiffness Devices. 3.4 Magnetorheological Devices. 3.5 Friction Devices. 3.6 Tuned Liquid Dampers. 3.7 Electro-inductive Device. 3.8 Air-jet Actuators. 3.9 SMA Actuators. 4 Semiactive Control Laws. 4.1 Control Strategies and Algorithms for Semiactive Damping. 4.2 Implementation Schemes. 5 Implementation of Semiactive Control Strategies. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Hardware Control Implementation. 5.3 Real-time Software. 5.4 Non-centralized Control Versus Collocated Systems. 6 Experimental Verification. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 The Challenges of Performance-based Design in Structural Testing. 6.3 Base-isolated Buildings and Bridges. 6.4 Supplemental Damping Devices. 6.5 Experimental Methods in Structural Dynamics. 6.6 Assessment of Structural Control Devices. 7 Stability and Foreseen Developments. 7.1 Preliminary Concepts. 7.2 Semiactive Features. 7.3 Conclusions. Appendix A: Damping. A.1 Types of Damping. A.2 Why Have a Damping Matrix? A.3 Rayleigh Damping. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisComputer and network systems have given us unlimited opportunities of reducing cost, improving efficiency, and increasing revenues, as demonstrated by an increasing number of computer and network applications. Yet, our dependence on computer and network systems has also exposed us to new risks, which threaten the security of, and present new challenges for protecting our assets and information on computer and network systems. The reliability of computer and network systems ultimately depends on security and quality of service (QoS) performance. This book presents quantitative modeling and analysis techniques to address these numerous challenges in cyber attack prevention and detection for security and QoS, including: the latest research on computer and network behavior under attack and normal use conditions; new design principles and algorithms, which can be used by engineers and practitioners to build secure computer and network systems, enhance security pracTrade Review"Ye provides many theories, as well as actual test results, to make this book a valuable source of ideas. It can also serve as a reference guide for those exploring this field." (Computing Reviews, September 10, 2008) "Since the next generation of computer network systems and information infrastructure relies on scientific and engineering approaches to provide security, QoS, and ultimately system dependability, this book might help people in academia and industry working to achieve this goal." (IEEE Computer Magazine, June 2008) Table of ContentsPreface. PART I. An Overview of Computer and Network Security. Chapter 1. Assets, Vulnerabilities and Threats of Computer and Network Systems. 1.1 Risk Assessment. 1.2 Assets and Asset Attributes. 1.3 Vulnerabilities. 1.4 Threats. 1.5 Asset Risk Framework. 1.6 Summary. References. Chapter 2. Protection of Computer and Network Systems. 2.1 Cyber Attack Prevention. 2.2 Cyber Attack Detection. 2.3 Cyber Attack Response. 2.4 Summary. References. PART II. Secure System Architecture and Design. Chapter 3. Asset Protection Driven, Policy Based Security Protection Architecture. 3.1 Limitation of a Threat Driven Security Protection Paradigm. 3.2 A New, Asset Protection Driven Paradigm of Security Protection. 3.3 Digital Security Policies and Policy-Based Security Protection. 3.4 Enabling Architecture and Methodology. 3.5 Further Research Issues. 3.6 Summary. References. Chapter 4. Job Admission Control for Service Stability. 4.1 A Token Bucket Method of Admission Control in DiffServ and InteServ Models. 4.2 Batch Scheduled Admission Control (BSAC) for Service Stability. 4.3 Summary. References. Chapter 5. Job Scheduling Methods for Service Differentiation and Service Stability. 5.1 Job Scheduling Methods for Service Differentiation. 5.2 Job Scheduling Methods for Service Stability. 5.3 Summary. References. Chapter 6. Job Reservation and Service Protocols for End-to-End Delay Guarantee. 6.1 Job Reservation and Service in InteServ and RSVP. 6.2 Job Reservation and Service in I-RSVP. 6.3 Job Reservation and Service in SI-RSVP. 6.4. Service Performance of I-RSVP and SI-RSVP in Comparison with the Best Effort Model. 6.5 Summary. References. PART III. Mathematical/Statistical Features and Characteristics of Attack and Normal Use Data. Chapter 7. Collection of Windows Performance Objects Data under Attack and Normal Use Conditions. 7.1 Windows Performance Objects Data. 7.2 Description of Attacks and Normal Use Activities. 7.3 Computer Network Setup for Data Collection. 7.4 Procedure of Data Collection. 7.5 Summary. References. Chapter 8. Mean Shift Characteristics of Attack and Normal Use Data. 8.1 The Mean Feature of Data and Two-Sample Test of Mean Difference. 8.2 Procedure of Data Pre-processing. 8.3 Procedure of Discovering Mean Shift Data Characteristics for Attacks. 8.4 Mean Shift Attack Characteristics. 8.5 Summary. References. Chapter 9. Probability Distribution Change Characteristics of Attack and Normal Use Data. 9.1 Observation of Data Patterns. 9.2 Skewness and Mode Tests to Identify Five Types of Probability Distributions. 9.3 Procedure for Discovering Probability Distribution Change Data Characteristics for Attacks. 9.4 Distribution Change Attack Characteristics. 9.5 Summary. References. Chapter 10. Autocorrelation Change Characteristics of Attack and Normal Use Data. 10.1 The Autocorrelation Feature of Data. 10.2 Procedure of Discovering the Autocorrelation Change Characteristics for Attacks. 10.3 Autocorrelation Change Attack Characteristics. 10.4 Summary. References. Chapter 11. Wavelet Change Characteristics of Attack and Normal Use Data. 11.1 The Wavelet Feature of Data. 11.2 Procedure of Discovering the Wavelet Change Characteristics for Attacks. 11.3 Wave Change Attack Characteristics. 11.4 Summary. References. PART IV. Cyber Attack Detection: Signature Recognition. Chapter 12. Clustering and Classifying Attack and Normal Use Data. 12.1. Clustering and Classification Algorithm—Supervised (CCAS). 12.2 Training and Testing Data. 12.3 Application of CCAS to Cyber Attack Detection. 12.4 Detection Performance of CCAS. 12.5 Summary. References. Chapter 13. Learning and Recognizing Attack Signatures Using Artificial Neural Networks. 13.1 The Structure and Back-Propagation Learning Algorithm of Feedforward ANNs. 13.2. The ANN Application to Cyber Attack Detection. 13.3 Summary. References. PART V. Cyber Attack Detection: Anomaly Detection. Chapter 14. Statistical Anomaly Detection with Univariate and Multivariate Data. 14.1 EWMA Control Charts. 14.2. Application of the EWMA Control Chart to Cyber Attack Detection. 14.3 Chi-Square Distance Monitoring (CSDM) Method. 14.4 Application of the CSDM Method to Cyber Attack Detection. 14.5 Summary. References. Chapter 15. Stochastic Anomaly Detection Using the Markov Chain Model of Event Transitions. 15.1 The Markov Chain Model of Event Transitions for Cyber Attack Detection. 15.2 Detection Performance of the Markov Chain Model Based Anomaly Detection Technique and Performance Degradation with the Increased Mixture of Attack and Normal Use Data. 15.3 Summary. References. PART VI. Cyber Attack Detection: Attack Norm Separation. Chapter 16. Mathematical and Statistical Models of Attack Data and Normal Use Data. 16.1 The Training Data for Data Modeling. 16.2 Statistical Data Models for the Mean Feature. 16.3 Statistical Data Models for the Distribution Feature. 16.4 Time-Series Based Statistical Data Models for the Autocorrelation Feature. 16.5 The Wavelet-based Mathematical Model for the Wavelet Feature. 16.6 Summary. References. Chapter 17. Cuscore-Based Attack Norm Separation Models. 17.1 The Cuscore. 17.2 Application of the Cuscore Models to Cyber Attack Detection. 17.3 Detection Performance of the Cuscore Detection Models. 17.4 Summary. References. PART VII. Security Incident Assessment. Chapter 18. Optimal Selection and Correlation of Attack Data Characteristics in Attack Profiles. 18.1 Integer Programming for Selecting an Optimal Set of Attack Data Characteristics. 18.2 Attack Profiling. 18.3 Summary. References.

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Book SynopsisIn 1999-2000, VoIP (Voice-over-IP) telephony was one of the successful buzzwords of the telecom bubble era. However, in 2001-2003, VoIP faced a very tough reality check. This book offers a comprehensive overview of the issues to solve in order to deploy global revenue-generating effective "multimedia" services.Table of ContentsGlossary. List of Abbreviations. 1. Introduction. 1.1 The rebirth of VoIP. 1.2 Why beyond VoIP protocols? 1.3 Scope of this book. 1.4 Intended audience. 1.5 Conclusion. 1.6 References. 2. Introduction to Speech-coding Techniques. 2.1 A primer on digital signal processing. 2.2 The basic tools of digital signal processing. 2.3 Overview of speech signals. 2.4 Advanced voice coder algorithms. 2.5 Waveform coders. ADPCM ITU-T G.726. 2.6 Hybrids and analysis by synthesis (ABS) speech coders. 2.7 Codebook-excited linear predictive (CELP) coders. 2.8 Quality of speech coders. 2.9 Conclusion on speech-coding techniques and their near future. 2.10 References. 2.11 Annexes. 3. Voice Quality. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Reference VoIP media path. 3.3 Echo in a telephone network. 3.4 Delay. 3.5 Acceptability of a phone call with echo and delay. 3.6 Conclusion. 3.7 Standards. 4. Quality of Service. 4.1 Introduction: What is QoS? 4.2 Describing a data stream. 4.3 Queuing techniques for QoS. 4.4 Signaling QoS requirements. 4.5 The CableLabs® PacketCableTM quality-of-service specification: DQoS. 4.6 Improving QoS in the best effort class. 4.7 Issues with slow links. 4.8 Conclusion. 4.9 References. 4.10 Packet size annex. 5. Network Dimensioning. 5.1 Simple compressed voice flow model. 5.2 Building a network dedicated to IP telephony. 5.3 Merging data communications and voice communications on one common IP backbone. 5.4 Multipoint communications. 5.5 Modeling call seizures. 5.6 Conclusion. 5.7 References. 6. IP Multicast Routing. 6.1 Introduction . 6.2 When to use multicast routing. 6.3 The multicast framework. 6.4 Controling scope in multicast applications. 6.5 Building the multicast delivery tree. 6.6 Multicast-routing protocols. 6.7 The mBone. 6.8 MULTICAST issues on non-broadcast media. 6.9 Conclusion. 6.10 References . Index.

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Book SynopsisVisual quality assessment is an interdisciplinary topic that links image/video processing, psychology and physiology. Many engineers are familiar with the image/video processing; transmission networks side of things but not with the perceptual aspects pertaining to quality. Digital Video Quality first introduces the concepts of human vision and visual quality. Based on these, specific video quality metrics are developed and their design is presented. These metrics are then evaluated and used in a number of applications, including image/video compression, transmission and watermarking. Introduces the concepts of human vision and vision quality. Presents the design and development of specific video quality metrics. Evaluates video quality metrics in the context of image/video compression, transmission and watermarking. Presents tools developed for the analysis of video quality Trade Review?We can also truly recommend Digital Video Quality for engineers designing or implementing video compression/transmission systems, as well as researchers and students in the fields of image processing and communications.? http://www.comsoc.org/pubs/index.html (October 2007) "...a comprehensive answer to questions that might raise while investigating and developing the video systems...truly recommend Digital Video Quality for engineers..." (IEEE Communications Magazine, October 2007) Table of ContentsAbout the Author. Acknowledgements. Acronyms. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Motivation. 1.2 Outline. 2 Vision. 2.1 Eye. 2.2 Retina. 2.3 Visual Pathways. 2.4 Sensitivity to Light. 2.5 Color Perception. 2.6 Masking and Adaptation. 2.7 Multi-channel Organization. 2.8 Summary. 3 Video Quality. 3.1 Video Coding and Compression. 3.2 Artifacts. 3.3 Visual Quality. 3.4 Quality Metrics. 3.5 Metric Evaluation. 3.6 Summary. 4 Models and Metrics. 4.1 Isotropic Contrast. 4.2 Perceptual Distortion Metric. 4.3 Summary. 5 Metric Evaluation. 5.1 Still Images. 5.2 Video. 5.3 Component Analysis. 5.4 Summary. 6 Metric Extensions. 6.1 Blocking Artifacts. 6.2 Object Segmentation. 6.3 Image Appeal. 6.4 Summary. 7 Closing Remarks. 7.1 Summary. 7.2 Perspectives. Appendix: Color Space Conversions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisNext Generation Wireless Systems and Networks offers an expert view of cutting edge Beyond 3rd Generation (B3G) wireless applications.Trade Review"This reference will prove invaluable to senior undergraduate and postgraduate students, academics and researchers…[and] telecommunications engineers…" (IEEE Canadian Review, October 2007)Table of ContentsPreface. About the Authors. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Part I: Background Knowledge. 1.2 Part II: 3GMobile Cellular Standards. 1.3 Part III: Wireless Networking. 1.4 Part IV: B3G and Emerging Wireless Technologies. 1.5 Suggestions in Using This Book. 2. Fundamentals of Wireless Communications. 2.1 Theory of Radio Communication Channels. 2.2 Spread Spectrum Techniques. 2.3 Multiple Access Technologies. 2.4 Multiple User Signal Processing. 2.5 OSI ReferenceModel. 2.6 Switching Techniques. 2.7 IP-Based Networking. 3. 3G Mobile Cellular Technologies. 3.1 CDMA2000. 3.2 WCDMA. 3.3 TD-SCDMA. 4. Wireless Data Networks. 4.1 IEEE 802.11 Standards for Wireless Networks. 4.2 IEEE 802.11a Supplement to 802.11 Standards. 4.3 IEEE 802.11 Security. 4.4 IEEE 802.15 WPAN Standards. 4.5 IEEE 802.16 WMAN Standards. 4.6 ETSI HIPERLAN and ETSI HIPERLAN/2 Standards. 4.7 MMAC by Japan. 4.8 Bluetooth Technologies. 5. All-IP Wireless Networking. 5.1 Some Notes on 1G/2G/3G/4G Terminology. 5.2 Mobile IP. 5.3 IPv6 versus IPv4 . 5.4 Mobile IPv6. 5.5 Wireless Application Protocol (WAP). 5.6 IP onMobile Ad Hoc Networks. 5.7 All-IP Routing Protocols. 6. Architecture of B3G Wireless Systems. 6.1 Spectrum Allocation andWireless Transmission Issues. 6.2 Integration ofWMAN/WLAN/WPAN andMobile Cellular. 6.3 High-Speed Data. 6.4 Multimode and Reconfigurable Platforms. 6.5 Ad hocMobile Networking. 6.6 Networking Plan Issues. 6.7 Satellite Systems in B3G Wireless. 6.8 Other Challenging Issues. 7. Multiple Access Technologies for B3G Wireless. 7.1 What B3GWireless Needs?. 7.2 A Feature Topic on B3GWireless. 7.3 Next-Generation CDMA Technologies. 7.4 Multicarrier CDMA Techniques. 7.5 OFDMTechniques. 7.6 Ultra-Wideband Technologies. 8. MIMO Systems. 8.1 SIMO,MISO, andMIMO Systems. 8.2 Spacial Diversity inMIMO Systems. 8.3 Spacial Multiplexing in MIMO Systems. 8.4 STBC-CDMA Systems. 8.5 Generic STBC-CDMA SystemModel. 8.6 Unitary Codes Based STBC-CDMA System. 8.7 Complementary Coded STBC-CDMA System. 8.8 Discussion and Summary. 9. Cognitive Radio Technology. 9.1 Why Cognitive Radio?. 9.2 History of Cognitive Radio. 9.3 What is Cognitive Radio?. 9.4 From SDR to Cognitive Radio. 9.5 Cognitive Radio for WPANs. 9.6 Cognitive Radio for WLANs. 9.7 Cognitive Radio for WMANs. 9.8 Cognitive Radio for WWANs. 9.9 Cognitive Radio for WRANs: IEEE 802.22. 9.10 Challenges to Implement Cognitive Radio. 9.11 Cognitive Radio Products and Applications. 10. E-UTRAN: 3GPP’s Evolutional Path to 4G. 10.1 3GPP TSG for E-UTRAN. 10.2 Origin of E-UTRAN. 10.3 General Features of E-UTRAN. 10.4 E-UTRAN Study Items. 10.5 E-UTRAN TSGWork Plan. 10.6 E-UTRAN Radio Interface Protocols. 10.7 E-UTRAN Physical Layer Aspects. 10.8 Summary. A: Orthogonal Complementary Codes (PG = 8 ∼ 512). B: MAI in Asynchronous Flat Fading UWB Channel. C: MI in Asynchronous Modified S-V UWB Channel. D: Proof of Equation (8.44). E: Properties of Orthogonal Complementary Codes. F: Proof of Equation (8.66). Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe present information age is enabled by telecommunications and information technology and the continued convergence of their services, technologies and business models. Within telecommunications, the historic separations between fixed networks, mobile telephone networks and data communications are diminishing. Similarly, information technology and enterprise communications show convergence with telecommunications. These synergies are captured in the concept of Next Generation Networks that result from evolution to new technologies, enabling new services and applications. Network Convergence creates a framework to aid the understanding of Next Generation Networks, their potential for supporting new and enhanced applications and their relationships with legacy networks. The book identifies and explains the concepts and principles underlying standards for networks, services and applications. Network Convergence: Gives comprehensive coverage of packeTable of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Conventions. Companion Website. Abbreviations. Principal Graphic Symbols. 1 Setting the Context for Evolution and Convergence of Networks. 1.1 Historical Background to Present Networks. 1.2 Defining Present State Using Reference Models. 1.3 Evolution and Convergence. 1.4 The Next GenerationNetwork Concept. 1.5 Conclusion. 2 A Framework for Examining Next Generation Networks. 2.1 Characteristics of Evolving Networks. 2.2 Dealing with Complexity. 2.3 Framework for EvolvingNetworks. 2.4 Examples of Application of Framework. 2.5 Conclusion. 3 Software Methodologies for Converged Networks and Services. 3.1 Development of Software Methodologies for ICT. 3.2 Software Processes in the NGN Framework. 3.3 High-level Analysis and DesignMethods. 3.4 Enterprise and Business Modelling Notation. 3.5 Object and Data Definition Languages. 3.6 Dynamic Modelling Notations. 3.7 Component and Interface Notations. 3.8 Distributed Systems. 3.9 Creating a Unified Framework. 4 An NGN: the Managed Voice over IP Network. 4.1 Development of Packet Multimedia Standards. 4.2 Requirements on a Managed Voice Network. 4.3 Properties of Packetised Voice. 4.4 General Concepts of Multimedia Communications. 4.5 Signalling Plane for Packet Multimedia. 4.6 The H.323 Suite. 4.7 Media Gateway Functions and Control. 4.8 Multimedia Communications Based on SIP. 4.9 Supplementary Services in Packet Telephony. 4.10 ITU-T Evolutionary Protocols: BICC. 4.11 Voice on the Internet. 4.12 Conclusion. 5 Integrated Enterprise ICT Systems. 5.1 Drivers and Requirements. 5.2 Contributions to Convergence. 5.3 Network Level Convergence. 5.4 Application and Service Level Convergence. 5.5 Conclusions. 6 Legacies and Lessons: Broadband ISDN, TINA and TIPHON. 6.1 Learning from History. 6.2 The Broadband ISDN. 6.3 TINA Architecture. 6.4 Business Model and Reference Points. 6.5 TINA Service Architecture. 6.6 Network Resource Architecture. 6.7 Lessons from TINA for NGNs. 6.8 TIPHON. 6.9 Conclusion. 7 Important NGNs: Third Generation Mobile Communication Systems. 7.1 Architectural Concepts. 7.2 Mobile Communication System Evolution. 7.3 Services in the CS Domain. 7.4 Packet-switched Domain: GPRS-based Systems. 7.5 IP Multimedia Subsystem. 7.6 Conclusion. 8 Opening the Network using Application Programming Interfaces. 8.1 Closed Network Evolution. 8.2 Opening the Network. 8.3 The OSA/Parlay Architecture. 8.4 Framework Interfaces and Use Cases. 8.5 The OSA/Parlay Gateway. 8.6 Communication-orientatedUse Cases. 8.7 ParlayXWeb Services. 8.8 OSA/Parlay API Implementation Issues. 8.9 Other Approaches to Open Networks. 8.10 Conclusion. 9 Operations Support Systems. 9.1 Relationship of OSS/BSS to ICT Systems. 9.2 Evolution of OSS/BSS. 9.3 The Telecommunications Operations Map. 9.4 Enhancement of the TOM: eTOM. 9.5 New Generation OSS. 9.6 Conclusion. 10 Migration from Legacy to Next Generation Networks. 10.1 Retrospect. 10.2 Reflecting on Evolution and Convergence. 10.3 TechnologyMigration. 10.4 Is There a Target NGN? 10.5 Managing Complexity: Avoiding Pitfalls. 10.6 A Last Word. Glossary. References Index.

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Book SynopsisAs the Internet becomes increasingly heterogeneous, the issue of congestion control becomes ever more important. In order to maintain good network performance, mechanisms must be provided to prevent the network from being congested for any significant period of time.Trade Review"…a good supplement to the companion toolbox…" (Computing Reviews.com, May 19, 2006)Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. List of Tables. List of Figures. 1. Introduction . 1.1 Who should read this book? 1.2 Contents. 1.3 Structure. 2. Congestion control principles. 2.1 What is congestion? 2.2 Congestion collapse. 2.3 Controlling congestion: design considerations. 2.4 Implicit feedback. 2.5 Source behaviour with binary feedback. 2.6 Stability. 2.7 Rate-based versus window-based control. 2.8 RTT estimation. 2.9 Traffic phase effects. 2.10 Queue management. 2.11 Scalability. 2.12 Explicit feedback. 2.13 Special environments. 2.14 Congestion control and OSI layers. 2.15 Multicast congestion control. 2.16 Incentive issues. 2.17 Fairness. 2.18 Conclusion. 3. Present technology. 3.1 Introducing TCP. 3.2 TCP window management. 3.3 TCP RTO calculation. 3.4 TCP congestion control and reliability. 3.5 Concluding remarks about TCP. 3.6 The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP). 3.7 Random Early Detection (RED). 3.8 The ATM‘Available Bit Rate’ service. 4. Experimental enhancements. 4.1 Ensuring appropriate TCP behaviour. 4.2 Maintaining congestion state. 4.3 Transparent TCP improvements. 4.4 Enhancing active queue management. 4.5 Congestion control for multimedia applications. 4.6 Better-than-TCP congestion control. 4.7 Congestion control in special environments. 5. Internet traffic management – the ISP perspective. 5.1 The nature of Internet traffic. 5.2 Traffic engineering. 5.3 Quality of Service (QoS). 5.4 Putting it all together. 6. The future of Internet congestion control. 6.1 Small deltas or big ideas? 6.2 Incentive issues. 6.3 Tailor-made congestion control. Appendix A: Teaching congestion control with tools. A.1 CAVT. A.1.1 Writing script. A.1.2 Teaching with CAVT. A.1.3 Internals. A.2 ns. A.2.1 Using ns for teaching: the problem. A.2.2 Using ns for teaching: the solution. A.2.3 NSBM. A.2.4 Example exercises. Appendix B: Related IETF work. B.1 Overview. B.2 Working groups. B.3 Finding relevant documents. Appendix C: List of abbreviations. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisCombining the theory and practice of RF and microwave engineering, RF and Microwave Transistor Oscillator Design provides comprehensive results of established and new theoretical analysis, and the practical design of oscillators on modern active devices.Table of ContentsAbout the Author ix Preface xi Acknowledgements xv 1 Nonlinear circuit design methods 1 1.1 Spectral-domain analysis 1 1.1.1 Trigonometric identities 2 1.1.2 Piecewise-linear approximation 4 1.1.3 Bessel functions 8 1.2 Time-domain analysis 9 1.3 Newton–Raphson algorithm 12 1.4 Quasilinear method 15 1.5 Van der Pol method 20 1.6 Computer-aided analysis and design 24 References 28 2 Oscillator operation and design principles 29 2.1 Steady-state operation mode 29 2.2 Start-up conditions 31 2.3 Oscillator configurations and historical aspects 36 2.4 Self-bias condition 43 2.5 Oscillator analysis using matrix techniques 50 2.5.1 Parallel feedback oscillator 50 2.5.2 Series feedback oscillator 53 2.6 Dual transistor oscillators 55 2.7 Transmission-line oscillator 60 2.8 Push–push oscillator 65 2.9 Triple-push oscillator 72 2.10 Oscillator with delay line 75 References 79 3 Stability of self-oscillations 83 3.1 Negative-resistance oscillator circuits 83 3.2 General single-frequency stability condition 86 3.3 Single-resonant circuit oscillators 87 3.3.1 Series resonant circuit oscillator with constant load 87 3.3.2 Parallel resonant circuit oscillator with nonlinear load 88 3.4 Double-resonant circuit oscillator 89 3.5 Stability of multi-resonant circuits 91 3.5.1 General multi-frequency stability criterion 91 3.5.2 Two-frequency oscillation mode and its stability 93 3.5.3 Single-frequency stability of oscillator with two coupled resonant circuits 94 3.5.4 Transistor oscillators with two coupled resonant circuits 96 3.6 Phase plane method 105 3.6.1 Free-running oscillations in lossless resonant LC circuits 106 3.6.2 Oscillations in lossy resonant LC circuits 108 3.6.3 Aperiodic process in lossy resonant LC circuits 110 3.6.4 Transformer-coupled MOSFET oscillator 112 3.7 Nyquist stability criterion 113 3.8 Start-up and stability 118 References 125 4 Optimum design and circuit technique 127 4.1 Empirical optimum design approach 128 4.2 Analytic optimum design approach 136 4.3 Parallel feedback oscillators 138 4.3.1 Optimum oscillation condition 138 4.3.2 Optimum MOSFET oscillator 139 4.4 Series feedback bipolar oscillators 142 4.4.1 Optimum oscillation condition 142 4.4.2 Optimum common base oscillator 143 4.4.3 Quasilinear approach 146 4.4.4 Computer-aided design 150 4.5 Series feedback MESFET oscillators 152 4.5.1 Optimum common gate oscillator 152 4.5.2 Quasilinear approach 154 4.5.3 Computer-aided design 157 4.6 High-efficiency design technique 162 4.6.1 Class C operation mode 162 4.6.2 Class E power oscillators 165 4.6.3 Class DE power oscillators 170 4.6.4 Class F mode and harmonic tuning 172 4.7 Practical oscillator schematics 177 References 182 5 Noise in oscillators 187 5.1 Noise figure 187 5.2 Flicker noise 196 5.3 Active device noise modelling 198 5.3.1 MOSFET devices 198 5.3.2 MESFET devices 200 5.3.3 Bipolar transistors 203 5.4 Oscillator noise spectrum: linear model 205 5.4.1 Parallel feedback oscillator 205 5.4.2 Negative resistance oscillator 214 5.4.3 Colpitts oscillator 216 5.5 Oscillator noise spectrum: nonlinear model 219 5.5.1 Kurokawa approach 219 5.5.2 Impulse response model 224 5.6 Loaded quality factor 235 5.7 Amplitude-to-phase conversion 239 5.8 Oscillator pulling figure 241 References 245 6 Varactor and oscillator frequency tuning 251 6.1 Varactor modelling 251 6.2 Varactor nonlinearity 255 6.3 Frequency modulation 258 6.4 Anti-series varactor pair 262 6.5 Tuning linearity 267 6.5.1 VCOs with lumped elements 267 6.5.2 VCOs with transmission lines 273 6.6 Reactance compensation technique 276 6.7 Practical VCO schematics 280 6.7.1 VCO implementation techniques 280 6.7.2 Differential VCOs 286 6.7.3 Push–push VCOs 292 References 296 7 CMOS voltage-controlled oscillators 299 7.1 MOS varactor 299 7.2 Phase noise 305 7.3 Flicker noise 310 7.4 Tank inductor 313 7.5 Circuit design concepts and technique 317 7.5.1 Device operation modes 317 7.5.2 Start-up and steady-state conditions 321 7.5.3 Differential cross-coupled oscillators 325 7.5.4 Wideband tuning techniques 326 7.5.5 Quadrature VCOs 331 7.6 Implementation technology issues 333 7.7 Practical schematics of CMOS VCOs 335 References 342 8 Wideband voltage-controlled oscillators 347 8.1 Main requirements 347 8.2 Single-resonant circuits with lumped elements 351 8.2.1 Series resonant circuit 351 8.2.2 Parallel resonant circuit 353 8.3 Double-resonant circuit with lumped elements 356 8.4 Transmission line circuit realization 360 8.4.1 Oscillation system with uniform transmission line 360 8.4.2 Oscillation system with multi-section transmission line 365 8.5 VCO circuit design aspects 369 8.5.1 Common gate MOSFET and MESFET VCOs 369 8.5.2 Common collector bipolar VCO 373 8.5.3 Common base bipolar VCO 376 8.6 Wideband nonlinear design 378 8.7 Dual mode varactor tuning 381 8.8 Practical RF and microwave wideband VCOs 387 8.8.1 Wireless and satellite TV applications 387 8.8.2 Microwave monolithic VCO design 391 8.8.3 Push–push oscillators and oscipliers 394 References 396 9 Noise reduction techniques 399 9.1 Resonant circuit design technique 399 9.1.1 Oscillation systems with lumped elements 400 9.1.2 Oscillation systems with transmission lines 402 9.2 Low-frequency loading and feedback optimization 410 9.3 Filtering technique 416 9.4 Noise-shifting technique 423 9.5 Impedance noise matching 426 9.6 Nonlinear feedback loop noise suppression 430 References 433 Index 437

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Book SynopsisSilicon photonics is currently a very active and progressive area of research, as silicon optical circuits have emerged as the replacement technology for copper-based circuits in communication and broadband networks.Table of ContentsForeword. About the Editor. List of Contributors. Acknowledgements. Chapter 1. Introduction: The Opto-Electronic Integrated Circuit (Richard Soref). Chapter 2. Silicon Photonic Waveguides (G. Z. Mashanovich, G. T. Reed, B. D. Timotijevic, and S. P. Chan). Chapter 3. Silicon Based Photonic Crystal Structures: From Design to Realization (Dennis W. Prather, Shouyuan Shi, Janusz Murakowski, Garrett Schneider, Ahmed Sharkawy, Caihua Chen, and BingLin Miao). Chapter 4. Optical Modulators in Silicon Photonic Circuits (G. T. Reed, F .Y. Gardes, G. Z. Mashanovich, and C. E. Png). Chapter 5. Silicon Lasers (Bahram Jalali, Dimitris Dimitropoulos, Varun Raghunathan, and Sasan Fathpour). Chapter 6. Optical Detection Technologies for Silicon Photonics (A. P. Knights and J. D. B. Bradley). Chapter 7. Passive Silicon Photonic Devices (Ansheng Liu, Nahum Izhaky, and Ling Liao). Chapter 8. Integration (Cary Gunn). Chapter 9. Silicon Photonic Applications (Richard Jones, Haisheng Rong, Hai-Feng Liu, and Mario Paniccia). Index.

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Book SynopsisVaractors are passive semiconductor devices used in electronic circuits, as a voltage-controlled way of storing energy in order to boost the amount of electric charge produced.Table of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. Acknowledgements. Chapter 1. Introduction. Chapter 2. PN-junction Varactors. Chapter 3. MOS Varactors. Chapter 4. Measurement Techniques for Integrated Varactors. Chapter 5. Modeling Varactors. Chapter 6. Design Rules for Integrated Varactors. Chapter 7. Design of a Demonstrator: Integrated VCO. Appendix 1: Geometric Characteristics of Varactors. Appendix 2: Validation of the Predictions Provided by Equations of Chapter 5. Appendix 3: Measurement of Oscillator's Performance. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisChampioned by the 3W Consortium, the Semantic Web is a highly significant initiative affecting the future of the World Wide Web. SEKT is a ?12 million EU project with the aim to develop and exploit the knowledge technologies that underlie Next Generation Knowledge Management.Trade Review"The authors have created an easy-to-read, exampled-based book on the semantic Web that will be useful to students, practitioners, researchers, and novices alike. I highly recommend it to all professionals with an interest in this field." (Computing Reviews, March 13, 2008) "…readers interested in developing ontologies for reasoning will get a strong foundation and direction to begin their journeys on the Semantic Web." (CHOICE, March 2007) "…an interesting, well-written computer science textbook that is well worth reading by anyone interested in the semantic Web." (Computing Reviews.com, March 2, 2007) "…a good exposition on the state of the art in semantic Web research." (Computing Reviews.com, January 17, 2007) "…a useful addition to a Semantic Web library." (www.freepint.com, 5th October 2006)Table of ContentsForeword. 1. Introduction. 1.1. Semantic Web Technologies. 1.2. The Goal of the Semantic Web. 1.3. Ontologies and Ontology Languages. 1.4. Creating and Managing Ontologies. 1.5. Using Ontologies. 1.6. Applications. 1.7. Developing the Semantic Web. References. 2. Knowledge Discovery for Ontology Construction. 2.1. Introduction. 2.2. Knowledge Discovery. 2.3. Ontology Definition. 2.4. Methodology for Semi-automatic Ontology Construction. 2.5. Ontology Learning Scenarios. 2.6. Using Knowledge Discovery for Ontology Learning. 2.7. Related Work on Ontology Construction. 2.8. Discussion and Conclusion. Acknowledgments. References. 3. Semantic Annotation and Human Language Technology. 3.1. Introduction. 3.2. Information Extraction: A Brief Introduction. 3.3. Semantic Annotation. 3.4. Applying ‘Traditional’ IE in Semantic Web Applications. 3.5. Ontology-based IE. 3.6. Deterministic Ontology Authoring using Controlled Language IE. 3.7. Conclusion. References. 4. Ontology Evolution. 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Ontology Evolution: State-of-the-art. 4.3. Logical Architecture. 4.4. Data-driven Ontology Changes. 4.5. Usage-driven Ontology Changes. 4.6. Conclusion. References. 5. Reasoning With Inconsistent Ontologies: Framework, Prototype, and Experiment. 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Brief Survey of Approaches to Reasoning with Inconsistency. 5.3. Brief Survey of Causes for Inconsistency in the Semantic WEB. 5.4. Reasoning with Inconsistent Ontologies. 5.5. Selection Functions. 5.6. Strategies for Selection Functions. 5.7. Syntactic Relevance-Based Selection Functions. 5.8. Prototype of Pion. 5.9. Discussion and Conclusions. Acknowledgment. References. 6. Ontology Mediation, Merging, and Aligning. 6.1. Introduction. 6.2. Approaches in Ontology Mediation. 6.3. Mapping and Querying Disparate Knowledge Bases. 6.4. Summary. References. 7. Ontologies for Knowledge Management. 7.1. Introduction. 7.2. Ontology usage Scenario. 7.3. Terminology. 7.4. Ontologies as RDBMS Schema. 7.5. Topic-ontologies versus Schema-ontologies. 7.6. Proton Ontology. 7.7. Conclusion. References. 8. Semantic Information Access. 8.1. Introduction. 8.2. Knowledge Access and the Semantic WEB. 8.3. Natural Language Generation from Ontologies. 8.4. Device Independence: Information Anywhere. 8.5. SEKTAgent. 8.6. Concluding Remarks. References. 9. Ontology Engineering Methodologies. 9.1. Introduction. 9.2. The Methodology Focus. 9.3. Past and Current Research. 9.4. Diligent Methodology. 9.5. First Lessons Learned. 9.6. Conclusion and Next Steps. References. 10. Semantic Web Services—Approaches and Perspectives. 10.1. Semantic Web Services—A Short Overview. 10.2. The WSMO Approach. 10.3. The OWL-S Approach. 10.4. The SWSF Approach. 10.5. The IRS-III Approach. 10.6. The WSDL-S Approach. 10.7. Semantic Web Services Grounding: The Link Between The SWS and Existing Web Services Standards. 10.8. Conclusions and Outlook. References. 11. Applying Semantic Technology to a Digital Library. 11.1. Introduction. 11.2. Digital Libraries: The State-of-the-art. 11.3. A Case Study: the BT Digital Library. 11.4. The Users’ View. 11.5. Implementing Semantic Technology in a Digital Library. 11.6. Future Directions. References. 12. Semantic Web: A Legal Case Study. 12.1. Introduction. 12.2. Profile of The Users. 12.3. Ontologies for Legal Knowledge. 12.4. Architecture. 12.5. Conclusions. References. 13. A Semantic Service Oriented Architecture for the Telecommunications Industry. 13.1. Introduction. 13.2. Introduction to Service Oriented Architectures. 13.3. A Semantic Service Orientated Architecture. 13.4. Semantic Mediation. 13.5. Standards and Ontologies in Telecommunications. 13.6. Case Study. 13.7. Conclusion. References. 14. Conclusion and Outlook. 14.1. Management of Networked Ontologies. 14.2. Engineering of Networked Ontologies. 14.3. Contextualizing Ontologies. 14.4. Cross Media Resources. 14.5. Social Semantic Desktop. 14.6. Applications. Index.

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Book SynopsisBistatic radars have been a focus of study since the earliest days of radar research. Despite this, until recently only a few bistatic systems have crossed the experimental study threshold, and, consequently there is little knowledge about them compared with their monostatic counterparts.Trade Review"This book will be a specific interest to engineering working in this field. It provides an essential background to understand radar signal processing as well as state-of-art technologies, and could therefore serve as text for graduate-level radar engineering course. The book will also be very informative to engineering students as a postgraduate level, and it might also be useful as a reference book for radar engineering and scientists." (Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, December 2008)Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Preface. PART I: Radar Principles. 1 Radar Systems. 1.1 General Properties of Radar Systems. 1.2 Block Diagram of a Radar. 1.3 Signal Detection. 1.4 Radar Resolution. 1.5 Radar Measurements. 1.6 Radar Equation and Range Coverage; Target RCS. 1.7 Atmospheric Attenuation of RF Signals. 1.8 Maximum Radar Range Line-of-sight Limitation of the Radar Range: Target Elevation Measurement. 1.9 The Impact of Earth Surface Reflections on the Radar Range and Evelation Measurement Accuracy. 2 Radar Signals and Signal Processing. 2.1 Coherent and Noncoherent Signal Sequences. 2.2 Optimum and Matched Filters. 2.3 Transversal Matched Filter. 2.4 Correlation Processing of Signals. 2.5 Complex Envelope Processing. 2.6 FFT-Based Digital Signal Processing. 2.7 Simple and Complicated Waveforms; Signal Base. 2.8 Linear FM and Phase-coded Waveforms. 2.9 Ambiguity and Generalized Ambiguity Functions of Radar Signals. 3 Radar Power Budget Analysis and Radar Systems Classification. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Barton’s Method for Required Signal-to-noise Ratio Calculation. 3.3 Radar Parallel and Successive Surveillance. 3.4 Coherent and Noncoherent Pulsed Radars. 3.5 CW Radars with Nonmodulated and Modulated Signals. 4 Target Tracking. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Tracking System Structure. 4.3 Analogue Tracking Devices. 4.4 Digital Tracking Devices. 4.5 Main Errors in Tracking Radars. 4.6 Angle Tracking Devices. 4.7 Target Range and Target Velocity Trackers. 5 Radar Antennas. 5.1 Purpose of Radar Antennas and Their Fundamental Parameters. 5.2 Main Types of Antennas used in Radars. 5.3 Electronically Steerable Antennas. 5.4 Concept of Digital Arrays. 5.5 Sidelobes Reduction. 6 Synthetic Aperture Radar. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Model of an SAR as a Phased Array. 6.3 Signal Processing in an SAR. 6.4 Model of an SAR as a Filter Matched with an LFM Signal. 6.5 Additional Constraint on Synthetic Aperture Size. 6.6 Spotlight Mode. 7 Interference Protection. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 The Main Types of Interference. 7.3 Ground Clutter and Chaff Level Evaluation for Pulse and CW Modulated Signals. 7.4 Moving Target Indicator and Moving Target Detector. 7.5 Adaptive Antenna Arrays. 8 Microelectronic Aerological Radar ‘MARL-A’. 8.1 Designated Purpose of the Radar. 8.2 System Specifications. 8.3 System Structure. 8.4 Range Coverage of the Radar. Abbreviations. Variables. Acknowledgements. PART II: Bistatic Radars. 9 Different Types of Radar Systems. 10 Scattering Fundamentals. 10.1 Some Basic Concepts from Electromagnetic Theory. 10.2 Plane Wave Incidence on a Smooth, Flat Interface between Two Mediums. 10.3 Rough Scattering Surfaces. 10.4 The Scattering Problem for Small Targets. 10.5 Bistatic Cross-sections. 10.6 Target Scattering Matrices. 11 Geometry of Bistatic Radars. 11.1 3D Geometry of Bistatic Radars. 11.2 2D Geometry of Bistatic Radars. 12 Maximum Range and Effective Area. 13 Signal Models. 13.1 Signals formed by a Motionless Target. 13.2 Signal Model of the Moving Target. 13.3 Signal Model in a Forward Scattering Radar. 14 Advanced Scattering. 14.1 Electromagnetic Theory Principles. 14.2 Examples of Bistatic Cross-Sections. Summary of Part II. Abbreviations. Variables. PART III: Forward-scattering Radars. 15 Basic Principles of Forward-scattering Radars. 15.1 Forward-scatter Radar Cross-section. 15.2 Advantages and Problems of the FSR. 15.3 Coverage of the FSR. 15.4 Characteristics of the Interferential Signal. 16 Measurement of Target Coordinates in a 2D FSR. 16.1 Measurement of Primary Parameters. 16.2 Coordinate Measurement Algorithm Based on the Maximum Likelihood Method. 16.3 Extrapolation Algorithm of the Target Coordinate Measurement. 17 Coordinate Measurement in a 3D FSR. 17.1 Systematic Errors of Target Tracking in a 2D FSR. 17.2 Iterative Coordinate Estimation Algorithm for a 3D FSR. 17.3 Extrapolation Tracking Algorithm for a 3D FSR. 18 3D FSR with an Array Antenna. 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Space–time Processing Algorithm. 18.3 Primary Measurement Characteristics. 19 FSR Design and Experimental Investigation. 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 Experimental FSR. 19.3 Experimental Conditions. 19.4 Clutter Level and Clutter Spectrum Estimation. 19.5 Detection of Airborne Targets. 19.6 Conclusion. Summary of Part II. Abbreviations. Variables. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisMany wireless systems like GSM, GPRS, UMTS, Bluetooth, WLAN or WiMAX offer possibilities to keep people connected while on the move.Table of ContentsPreface. List of Figures. List of Tables. List of Abbreviations. 1. Global System for Mobile Communications. 1.1 Circuit-Switched Data transmission. 1.2 Standards. 1.3 Transmission Speeds. 1.4 The Signaling System Number 7. 1.5 The GSM Subsystems. 1.6 The Network Subsystem. 1.7 The Base Station Subsystem (BSS). 1.8 Mobility Management and Call Control. 1.9 The Mobile Station. 1.10 The SIM card. 1.11 The Intelligent Network Subsystem and CAMEL. 1.12 Questions. 2. General Packet Radio Service. 2.1 Circuit Switched Data Transmission over GSM. 2.2 Packet Switched Data Transmission over GPRS. 2.3 The GPRS Air Interface. 2.4 The GPRS State Model. 2.5 GPRS Network Elements. 2.6 GPRS Radio Resource Management. 2.7 GPRS Interfaces. 2.8 GPRS Mobility Management and Session Management (GMM/SM). 2.9 Session Management from a User Point of View. 2.10 WAP over GPRS. 2.11 The Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) over GPRS. 2.12 Web Browsing via GPRS. 2.13 Questions. 3. University Mobile Telecommunications System. 3.1 Overview, History and Future. 3.2 Important New Concepts of UMTS. 3.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). 3.4 UMTS Channel Structure on the Air Interface. 3.5 The UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN). 3.6 Core Network Mobility Management. 3.7 Mobility Management in the Cell-DCH State. 3.8 UMTS CS and PS Call Establishment. 3.9 UMTS Release 99 Performance. 3.10 UMTS Release 5: High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). 3.11 UMTS Release 6: High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA). 3.12 UMTS and CDMA2000. 3.13 Questions. 4. Wireless Local Area Network. 4.1 Wireless LAN Overview. 4.2 Transmission Speeds and Standards. 4.3 Wireless LAN Configurations: From Ad-hoc to Wireless Bridging. 4.4 Management Operations. 4.5 The MAC Layer. 4.6 The Physical Layer. 4.7 Wireless LAN Security. 4.8 Comparison of Wireless LAN and UMTS. 4.9 Questions. 5. 802.16 and WiMAX. 5.1 Overview. 5.2 Standards, Evolution and Profiles. 5.3 WiMAX PHYs for Point to Multipoint FDD or TDD Operation. 5.4 Physical Layer Framing. 5.5 Ensuring Quality of Service. 5.6 MAC Management Functions. 5.7 MAC management of user data. 5.8 Security. 5.9 Advanced 802.16 Functionalities. 5.10 Mobile WiMAX: 802.16e. 5.11 WiMAX Network Infrastructure. 5.12 Comparison of 802.16 with UMTS, HSDPA and WLAN. 5.13 Questions. 6. Bluetooth. 6.1 Overview and Applications. 6.2 Physical Properties. 6.3 Piconets and the Master/Slave Concept. 6.4 The Bluetooth Protocol Stack. 6.5 Bluetooth Security. 6.6 Bluetooth Profiles. 6.7 Comparison between Bluetooth and Wireless LAN. 6.8 Questions. Index.

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Book SynopsisOffering a deep insight into the venture capital deal-making process, Raising Venture Capital also provides valuable introduction to the subject. The book is practical in focus but based on sound academic theory, research and teaching materials gathered over the last 4 years at Tanaka Business School.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Part I The Business of Venture Capital 1 1 Entrepreneurs and Venture Capitalists 3 2 Other People’s Money 9 3 The Limited Partnership 15 4 The Competitive Environment 25 5 The VC's Investment Model 31 Part II Accessing Venture Capital 49 6 Introduction to Part II 51 7 Is Venture Capital the Right Option? 53 8 Choosing a VC Firm 59 9 The Entry Point 65 10 The Investment Process 71 11 Preparing for the Investment Process 81 Part III The VC Term Sheet 99 12 Introduction to Term Sheets 101 13 Business Valuation 121 14 Investment Structure 123 15 Syndication 125 16 Investment Milestones 129 17 Corporate Governance 139 18 Equity Participation 147 19 Share Incentives 169 20 Share Vesting 175 21 Pre-emption Rights on Securities Issues 185 22 Anti-dilution Rights 191 23 Provisions Relating to Share Transfers 203 24 Deal Management Terms 219 Index 229

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Book SynopsisThe thoroughly revised and updated second edition of Ultra Wideband Signals and Systems in Communication Engineering features new standards, developments and applications. It addresses not only recent developments in UWB communication systems, but also related IEEE standards such as IEEE 802. 15 wireless personal area network (WPAN).Trade Review"Ultra Wideband Signals and Systems in Communication Engineering is a well-developed, introductory book on UWB technologies and applications, which is a strong resource for both beginners who seek to introduction to UWB principles and their applications, and for researchers who wish to better understand the application of UWB technologies to practical systems." (IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, September 2008) "Well-developed, introductory book on UWB technologies and applications, which is a strong resource for both beginners who seek an introduction to UWB principles and their applications, and for researchers who wish to better understand the application of UWB technologies to practical systems." (IEEE Signal Magazine, September 2008)Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xvii List of Figures xix List of Tables xxix Introduction 1 I.1 Ultra wideband overview 1 I.2 A note on terminology 2 I.3 Historical development of UWB 2 I.4 UWB regulation overview 3 I.4.1 Basic definitions and rules 4 I.5 Key benefits of UWB 5 I.6 UWB and Shannon’s theory 6 I.7 Challenges for UWB 7 I.8 Summary 7 1 Basic properties of UWB signals and systems 9 1.1 Introduction 9 1.2 Power spectral density 10 1.3 Pulse shape 11 1.4 Pulse trains 14 1.5 Spectral masks 16 1.6 Multipath 17 1.7 Penetration characteristics 20 1.8 Spatial and spectral capacities 20 1.9 Speed of data transmission 21 1.10 Cost 22 1.11 Size 22 1.12 Power consumption 23 1.13 Summary 23 2 Generation of UWB waveforms 25 2.1 Introduction 25 2.1.1 Damped sine waves 26 2.2 Gaussian waveforms 28 2.3 Designing waveforms for specific spectral masks 31 2.3.1 Introduction 32 2.3.2 Multiband modulation 33 2.4 Practical constraints and effects of imperfections 39 2.5 Summary 40 3 Signal-processing techniques for UWB systems 43 3.1 The effects of a lossy medium on a UWB transmitted signal 43 3.2 Time domain analysis 46 3.2.1 Classification of signals 46 3.2.2 Some useful functions 48 3.2.3 Some useful operations 51 3.2.4 Classification of systems 54 3.2.5 Impulse response 57 3.2.6 Distortionless transmission 57 3.3 Frequency domain techniques 57 3.3.1 Fourier transforms 57 3.3.2 Frequency response approaches 58 3.3.3 Transfer function 60 3.3.4 Laplace transform 63 3.3.5 z-transform 64 3.3.6 The relationship between the Laplace transform, the Fourier transform, and the z-transform 67 3.4 UWB signal-processing issues and algorithms 68 3.5 Detection and amplification 71 3.6 Summary 72 4 UWB channel modeling 75 4.1 A simplified UWB multipath channel model 76 4.1.1 Number of resolvable multipath components 78 4.1.2 Multipath delay spread 78 4.1.3 Multipath intensity profile 79 4.1.4 Multipath amplitude-fading distribution 80 4.1.5 Multipath arrival times 81 4.2 Path loss model 83 4.2.1 Free space loss 83 4.2.2 Refraction 84 4.2.3 Reflection 84 4.2.4 Diffraction 85 4.2.5 Wave clutter 85 4.2.6 Aperture–medium coupling loss 85 4.2.7 Absorption 85 4.2.8 Example of free space path loss model 85 4.3 Two-ray UWB propagation model 87 4.3.1 Two-ray path loss 88 4.3.2 Two-ray path loss model 91 4.3.3 Impact of path loss frequency selectivity on UWB transmission 93 4.4 Frequency domain autoregressive model 96 4.4.1 Poles of the AR model 99 4.5 IEEE proposals for UWB channel models 100 4.5.1 An analytical description of the IEEE UWB indoor channel model 101 4.6 Summary 106 5 UWB communications 109 5.1 Introduction 109 5.2 UWB modulation methods 110 5.2.1 PPM 111 5.2.2 BPM 112 5.3 Other modulation methods 113 5.3.1 OPM 115 5.3.2 PAM 115 5.3.3 OOK 116 5.3.4 Summary of UWB modulation methods 116 5.4 Pulse trains 116 5.4.1 Gaussian pulse train 117 5.4.2 PN channel coding 117 5.4.3 Time-hopping PPM UWB system 119 5.5 UWB transmitter 120 5.6 UWB receiver 121 5.6.1 Detection 122 5.6.2 Pulse integration 123 5.6.3 Tracking 123 5.6.4 Rake receivers 123 5.7 Multiple access techniques in UWB 123 5.7.1 Frequency division multiple access UWB 124 5.7.2 Time division multiple access 124 5.7.3 Code division multiple access 124 5.7.4 Orthogonal pulse multiple access system 124 5.8 Capacity of UWB systems 125 5.9 Comparison of UWB with other wideband communication systems 128 5.9.1 CDMA 130 5.9.2 Comparison of UWB with DSSS and FHSS 130 5.9.3 OFDM 133 5.10 Interference and coexistence of UWB with other systems 136 5.10.1 WLANs 137 5.10.2 Bluetooth 139 5.10.3 GPS 140 5.10.4 Cellular systems 141 5.10.5 Wi-Max 141 5.10.6 The effect of narrowband interference on UWB systems 143 5.11 Summary 146 6 Advanced UWB pulse generation 149 6.1 Hermite pulses 149 6.1.1 Hermite polynomials 150 6.1.2 Orthogonal modified Hermite pulses 151 6.1.3 Modulated and modified Hermite pulses 154 6.2 Orthogonal prolate spheroidal wave functions 156 6.2.1 Introduction 157 6.2.2 Fundamentals of PSWFs 158 6.2.3 PSWF pulse generator 161 6.3 Wavelet packets in UWB PSM 166 6.3.1 PSM system model 168 6.3.2 Receiver structure 169 6.4 Summary 170 7 UWB antennas and arrays 173 7.1 Antenna fundamentals 174 7.1.1 Maxwell’s equations for free space 174 7.1.2 Wavelength 176 7.1.3 Antenna duality 176 7.1.4 Impedance matching 176 7.1.5 Voltage standing wave ratio and reflected power 177 7.1.6 Antenna bandwidth 177 7.1.7 Directivity and gain 177 7.1.8 Antenna field regions 178 7.1.9 Antenna directional pattern 178 7.1.10 Beamwidth 180 7.2 Antenna radiation for UWB signals 180 7.2.1 Dispersion due to near-field effects 183 7.3 Suitability of conventional antennas for the UWB system 184 7.3.1 Resonant antennas 184 7.3.2 Nonresonant antennas 187 7.3.3 Difficulties with UWB antenna design 187 7.4 Impulse antennas 188 7.4.1 Conical antenna 188 7.4.2 Monopole antenna 189 7.4.3 D-dot probe antenna 190 7.4.4 TEM horn antenna 190 7.4.5 Small-size UWB antenna 191 7.4.6 Conclusion 192 7.5 Beamforming for UWB signals 192 7.5.1 Basic concepts 193 7.5.2 A simple delay-line transmitter wideband array 194 7.6 Radar UWB array systems 201 7.7 Summary 202 8 Position and location with UWB signals 205 8.1 Wireless positioning and location 205 8.1.1 Types of wireless positioning systems 206 8.1.2 Wireless distance measurement 206 8.1.3 Microwave positioning systems 207 8.2 GPS techniques 210 8.2.1 Differential GPS (DGPS) 211 8.2.2 GPS tracking modes 211 8.2.3 GPS error sources 212 8.3 Positioning techniques 213 8.3.1 Introduction 213 8.3.2 Network-based techniques 213 8.3.3 Handset-based techniques 218 8.3.4 Hybrid techniques 220 8.3.5 Other techniques 220 8.4 Time resolution issues 221 8.4.1 Narrowband systems 221 8.4.2 Wideband systems 221 8.4.3 Super-resolution techniques 222 8.4.4 UWB systems 225 8.5 UWB positioning and communications 227 8.5.1 Potential user scenarios 227 8.5.2 Potential applications 227 8.6 Summary 228 9 Applications using UWB systems 231 9.1 Military applications 231 9.1.1 Precision asset location system 232 9.2 Commercial applications 233 9.2.1 Time Domain 234 9.2.2 XtremeSpectrum 236 9.2.3 Intel Corporation 236 9.2.4 Motorola 237 9.2.5 Freescale 237 9.2.6 Communication Research Laboratory 238 9.2.7 General atomics 238 9.2.8 Wisair 239 9.2.9 Artimi 239 9.2.10 Ubisense 240 9.2.11 Home networking and home electronics 240 9.2.12 PAL system 242 9.3 UWB potentials in medicine 243 9.3.1 Fundamentals of medical UWB radar 246 9.3.2 UWB radar for remote monitoring of patient’s vital activities 246 9.3.3 UWB respiratory monitoring system 247 9.4 Summary 249 10 UWB communication standards 251 10.1 UWB standardization in wireless personal area networks 251 10.1.1 WPAN standardization overview 252 10.1.2 IEEE 802.15.3a 253 10.1.3 IEEE 802.15.4a 255 10.2 DS-UWB proposal 255 10.2.1 DS-UWB operating bands 256 10.2.2 Advantages of DS-UWB 258 10.3 MB-OFDM UWB proposal 258 10.3.1 Frequency band allocation 259 10.3.2 Channelization 260 10.3.3 Advantages of MB-OFDM UWB 261 10.4 A short comment on the term ‘impulse radio’ 261 10.5 Summary 262 11 Advanced topics in UWB communication systems 263 11.1 UWB ad-hoc networks 263 11.1.1 Introduction 263 11.1.2 Applications of an UWB ad-hoc network 264 11.1.3 Technologies involved in UWB ad-hoc networks 264 11.2 UWB sensor networks 267 11.3 Multiple inputs multiple outputs and space-time coding for UWB systems 270 11.4 Self-interference in high-data-rate UWB communications 271 11.5 Coexistence of DS-UWB with Wi-Max 275 11.5.1 Interference thresholds 276 11.5.2 UWB signal model 278 11.5.3 Interference model 279 11.5.4 Interference scenario 281 11.5.5 Some numerical results 281 11.5.6 Conclusion 282 11.6 Vehicular radars in the 22–29 GHz band 283 11.6.1 Environment sensing for vehicular radar 284 11.7 Summary 286 References 287 Index 297

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Book SynopsisWiMAX: Technology for Broadband Wireless Access is aimed at readers with basic technical knowledge in the telecommunications field. This is a technical introduction to WiMAX, explaining the rather complex standards (IEEE 802. 16-2004 and 802. 16e).Table of ContentsPreface and Acknowledgements xv Abbreviations List xvii Part One Global Introduction to wIMAX 1 1 Introduction to Broadband Wireless Access 3 1.1 The Need for wireless Data Transmission 3 1.2 Wireless Networks and Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) 4 1.3 Application of BWA 8 1.4 History of BWA Technologies 11 2 WiMAX Genesis and Framework 13 2.1 IEEE 802.16 Standard 13 2.2 WiMAX Forum 15 2.3 WiMAX Products Certification 16 2.4 Predicted Products and Deployment Evolution 19 2.5 Other 802.16 Standards 20 2.6 The Korean Cousin: WiBro 21 3 Protocol Layers and Topologies 23 3.1 The Protocol Layers of WiMAX 23 3.2 Convergence Sublayer (CS) 25 3.3 Medium Access Control Common Part Sublayer (MAC CPS) 25 3.4 Security Sublayer 25 3.5 PHYsical Layer 26 3.6 Network Management Reference Model 28 3.7 WiMAX Topologies 28 4 Frequency Utilisation and System Profiles 31 4.1 The Cellular Concept 31 4.2 Licensed and Unlicensed Frequencies 36 4.3 WiMAX Frequencies, Regulations and Availability 38 4.4 WiMAX System Profiles 41 Part Two WiMAX Physical Layer 43 5 Digital Modulation, OFDM, and OFDMA 45 5.1 Digital Modulations 45 5.2 OFDM Transmission 47 5.3 OFDMA and Its Variant SOFDMA 53 5.4 Subcarrier Permutations in WiMAX OFDMA PHY 57 6 The Physical Layer of WiMAX 69 6.1 The 802.16 Physical Transmission Chains 69 6.2 Channel Coding 69 6.3 Turbo Coding 74 6.4 Transmission Convergence Sublayer (TCS) 77 6.5 Burst Profile 78 Part Three WiMAX Multiple Access (MAC Layer) and QoS Management 81 7 Convergence Sublayer (CS) 83 7.1 CS in 802.16 Protocol Architecture 83 7.2 Connections and Service Flow 83 7.3 Classifications and Mapping 88 7.4 CS and QoS 90 7.5 Payload Header Suppression (PHS) 90 8 MAC Functions and MAC Frames 95 8.1 Introduction 95 8.2 MAC Addresses and MAC Frames 95 8.3 Fragmentation, Packing and Concatenation 100 8.4 Basic, Primary and Secondary Management Connections 102 8.5 User Data and MAC Management Messages 105 8.6 TLV Encoding in the 802.16 Standard 8.6.1 TLV Encoding Sets 106 8.7 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) 106 8.8 Scheduling and Link Adaptation 110 9 Multiple Access and Burst Profile Description 113 9.1 Introduction 113 9.2 Duplexing: Both FDD and TDD are Possible 113 9.3 Transmission of Downlink and Uplink Subframes 115 9.4 Maps of Multiple Access: DL-MAP and UL-MAP 121 9.5 Burst Profile Usage: DCD Message and the DIUC Indicator 125 9.6 Mesh Frame 134 10 Uplink Bandwidth Allocation and Request Mechanisms 137 10.1 Downlink and Uplink Allocation of Bandwidth 137 10.2 Types of Uplink Access Grant-request 138 10.3 Uplink Access Grant-request Mechanisms 140 10.4 Contention-based Focused Bandwidth Request in OFDM PHY 150 10.5 Contention-based CDMA Bandwidth Request in OFDMA PHY 153 11 Network Entry and Quality of Service (QoS) Management 155 11.1 Ranging 155 11.2 Link Adaptation 161 11.3 The Five Scheduling Services or QoS Classes 163 11.4 Scheduling and deployment of Services Over WiMAX 167 11.5 Dynamic Service Addition and Change 170 11.6 Network Entry 175 Part Four Diverse Topics 183 12 Efficient Use of Radio Resources 185 12.1 Introduction 185 12.2 Radio Engineering Consideration for WiMAX Systems 186 12.3 Radio Resource Management Procedures 189 12.4 Advanced Antenna Technologies in WiMAX 194 12.5 Multicast Broadcast Services (MBS) 204 13 WiMAX Architecture 207 13.1 The Need for a Standardized WiMAX Architecture 207 13.2 Network Reference Model 209 13.3 Network Functionalities 215 14 Mobility, Handover and Power-Save Modes 219 14.1 Handover Considerations 219 14.2 Network Topology Acquisition 220 14.3 The Handover Process 222 14.4 Fast BS Switching (FBSS) and Macro Diversity Handover (MDHO) 225 14.5 Power-Save Modes 227 15 Security 231 15.1 Security Elements Used in the 802.16 Standard 231 15.2 Authentication and the PKM Protocol 235 15.3 Data Encryption 242 15.4 Message Authentication with HMAC 248 15.5 Other Security Issues 250 16 Comparisons and Conclusion 251 16.1 Comparison Between Fixed WiMAX and Mobile WiMAX 251 16.2 Comparison Between WiMAX and WiFi 252 16.3 Comparison Between WiMAX and 3G 253 16.4 Final Thoughts and Conclusion 254 Annex A: The Different Sets of MAC Management Messages 255 Annex B: Example of a Downlink Channel Descriptor (DCD) Message 265 References 273 Index 277

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Book SynopsisOne of the most important key technologies for digital communication systems as well as storage media is coding theory. It provides a means to transmit information across time and space over noisy and unreliable communication channels.Trade Review"This text provides a unified framework for presenting coding-theory algorithms, signal-processing architectures, and accompanying applications." (Computing Reviews, June 16, 2008) "This book should provide a concise overview of channel coding and applications." (Zentralblatt MATH, 2008)Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Communication Systems. 1.2 Information Theory. 1.2.1 Entropy. 1.2.2 Channel Capacity. 1.2.3 Binary Symmetric Channel. 1.2.4 AWGN Channel. 1.3 A Simple Channel Code. 2 Algebraic Coding Theory. 2.1 Fundamentals of Block Codes. 2.1.1 Code Parameters. 2.1.2 Maximum Likelihood Decoding. 2.1.3 Binary Symmetric Channel. 2.1.4 Error Detection and Error Correction. 2.2 Linear Block Codes. 2.2.1 Definition of Linear Block Codes. 2.2.2 Generator Matrix. 2.2.3 Parity Check Matrix. 2.2.4 Syndrome and Cosets. 2.2.5 Dual Code. 2.2.6 Bounds for Linear Block Codes. 2.2.7 Code Constructions. 2.2.8 Examples of Linear Block Codes. 2.3 Cyclic Codes. 2.3.1 Definition of Cyclic Codes. 2.3.2 Generator Polynomial. 2.3.3 Parity Check Polynomial. 2.3.4 Dual Codes. 2.3.5 Linear Feedback Shift Registers. 2.3.6 BCH Codes. 2.3.7 Reed-Solomon Codes. 2.3.8 Algebraic Decoding Algorithm. 2.4 Summary. 3 Convolutional Codes. 3.1 Encoding of Convolutional Codes. 3.1.1 Convolutional Encoder. 3.1.2 Generator Matrix in Time-Domain. 3.1.3 State Diagram of a Convolutional Encoder. 3.1.4 Code Termination. 3.1.5 Puncturing. 3.1.6 Generator Matrix in D-Domain. 3.1.7 Encoder Properties. 3.2 Trellis Diagram and Viterbi’s Algorithm. 3.2.1 Minimum Distance Decoding. 3.2.2 Trellises. 3.2.3 Viterbi Algorithm. 3.3 Distance Properties and Error Bounds. 3.3.1 Free Distance. 3.3.2 Active Distances. 3.3.3 Weight Enumerators for Terminated Codes. 3.3.4 Path Enumerators. 3.3.5 Pairwise Error Probability. 3.3.6 Viterbi Bound. 3.4 Soft Input Decoding. 3.4.1 Euclidean Metric. 3.4.2 Support of Punctured Codes. 3.4.3 Implementation Issues. 3.5 Soft Output Decoding. 3.5.1 Derivation of APP Decoding. 3.5.2 APP Decoding in the Log-Domain. 3.6 Convolutional Coding in Mobile Communications. 3.6.1 Coding of Speech Data. 3.6.2 Hybrid ARQ. 3.6.3 EGPRS Modulation and Coding. 3.6.4 Retransmission Mechanism. 3.6.5 Link Adaptation. 3.6.6 Incremental Redundancy. 3.7 Summary. 4 Turbo Codes. 4.1 LDPC Codes. 4.1.1 Codes Based on Sparse Graphs. 4.1.2 Decoding for the Binary Erasure Channel. 4.1.3 Log-Likelihood Algebra. 4.1.4 Belief Propagation. 4.2 A First Encounter with Code Concatenation. 4.2.1 Product Codes. 4.2.2 Iterative Decoding of Product Codes. 4.3 Concatenated Convolutional Codes. 4.3.1 Parallel Concatenation. 4.3.2 The UMTS Turbo Code. 4.3.3 Serial Concatenation. 4.3.4 Partial Concatenation. 4.3.5 Turbo Decoding. 4.4 EXIT Charts. 4.4.1 Calculating an EXIT Chart. 4.4.2 Interpretation. 4.5 Weight Distribution. 4.5.1 Partial Weights. 4.5.2 ExpectedWeight Distribution. 4.6 Woven Convolutional Codes. 4.6.1 Encoding Schemes. 4.6.2 Distance Properties of Woven Codes. 4.6.3 Woven Turbo Codes. 4.6.4 Interleaver Design. 4.7 Summary. 5 Space-Time Codes. 5.1 Introduction. 5.1.1 Digital Modulation Schemes. 5.1.2 Diversity. 5.2 Spatial Channels. 5.2.1 Basic Description. 5.2.2 Spatial Channel Models. 5.2.3 Channel Estimation. 5.3 Performance Measures. 5.3.1 Channel Capacity. 5.3.2 Outage Probability and Outage Capacity. 5.3.3 Ergodic Error Probability. 5.4 Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes. 5.4.1 Alamouti’s Scheme. 5.4.2 Extension to more than two Transmit Antennas. 5.4.3 Simulation Results. 5.5 Spatial Multiplexing. 5.5.1 General Concept. 5.5.2 Iterative APP Preprocessing and Per-Layer Decoding. 5.5.3 Linear Multi-Layer Detection. 5.5.4 Original Bell Labs Layered Space Time (BLAST) Detection. 5.5.5 QL Decomposition and Interference Cancellation. 5.5.6 Performance of Multi-Layer Detection Schemes. 5.5.7 Unified Description by Linear Dispersion Codes. 5.6 Summary. A. Algebraic Structures. A.1 Groups, Rings and Finite Fields. A.1.1 Groups. A.1.2 Rings. A.1.3 Finite Fields. A.2 Vector Spaces. A.3 Polynomials and Extension Fields. A.4 Discrete Fourier Transform. B. Linear Algebra. C. Acronyms. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisJason is an Open Source interpreter for an extended version of AgentSpeak a logic-based agent-oriented programming language written in Java. It enables users to build complex multi-agent systems that are capable of operating in environments previously considered too unpredictable for computers to handle. Jason is easily customisable and is suitable for the implementation of reactive planning systems according to the Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) architecture. Programming Multi-Agent Systems in AgentSpeak using Jasonprovides a brief introduction to multi-agent systems and the BDI agent architecture on which AgentSpeak is based. The authors explain Jason's AgentSpeak variant and provide a comprehensive, practical guide to using Jason to program multi-agent systems. Some of the examples include diagrams generated using an agent-oriented software engineering methodology particularly suited for implementation using BDI-based programming languages. ThTrade Review"This essential guide to ArgentSpeak and Jason will be invaluable to senior undergraduate and post-graduate students." (Zentralblatt Math 1132, August 2008)Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Autonomous Agents. 1.2 Characteristics of Agents. 1.3 Multi-Agent Systems. 1.4 Hello World! 2 The BDI Agent Model. 2.1 Agent-Oriented Programming. 2.2 Practical Reasoning. 2.3 A Computational Model of BDI Practical Reasoning. 2.4 The Procedural Reasoning System. 2.5 Agent Communication. 3 The Jason Agent Programming Language. 3.1 Beliefs. 3.2 Goals. 3.3 Plans. 3.4 Example: A Complete Agent Program. 3.5 Exercises. 4 Jason Interpreter. 4.1 The Reasoning Cycle. 4.2 Plan Failure. 4.3 Interpreter Configuration and Execution Modes. 4.4 Pre-Defined Plan Annotations. 4.5 Exercises. 5 Environments. 5.1 Support for Defining Simulated Environments. 5.2 Example: Running a System of Multiple Situated Agents. 5.3 Exercises. 6 Communication and Interaction. 6.1 Available Performatives. 6.2 Informal Semantics of Receiving Messages. 6.3 Example: Contract Net Protocol. 6.4 Exercises. 7 User-Defined Components. 7.1 Defining New Internal Actions. 7.2 Customising the Agent Class. 7.3 Customising the Overall Architecture. 7.4 Customising the Belief Base. 7.5 Pre-Processing Directives. 7.6 Exercises. 8 Advanced Goal-Based Programming. 8.1 BDI Programming. 8.2 Declarative (Achievement) Goal Patterns. 8.3 Commitment Strategy Patterns. 8.4 Other Useful Patterns. 8.5 Pre-Processing Directives for Plan Patterns. 9 Case Studies. 9.1 Case Study I: Gold Miners. 9.2 Case Study II: Electronic Bookstore. 10 Formal Semantics. 10.1 Semantic Rules. 10.2 Semantics of Message Exchange in a Multi-Agent System. 10.3 Semantic Rules for Receiving Messages. 10.4 Semantics of the BDI Modalities for AgentSpeak. 11 Conclusions. 11.1 Jason and Agent-Oriented Programming. 11.2 Ongoing Work and Related Research. 11.3 General Advice on Programming Style and Practice. A Reference Guide. A.1 EBNF for the Agent Language. A.2 EBNF for the Multi-Agent Systems Language. A.3 Standard Internal Actions. A.4 Pre-Defined Annotations. A.5 Pre-Processing Directives. A.6 Interpreter Configuration. Bibliography.

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Book SynopsisRapid advances in electronic and optical technology have enabled the implementation of powerful error-control codes, which are now used in almost the entire range of information systems with close to optimal performance.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgements xv List of Symbols xvii Abbreviations xxv 1 Information and Coding Theory 1 1.1 Information 3 1.1.1 A Measure of Information 3 1.2 Entropy and Information Rate 4 1.3 Extended DMSs 9 1.4 Channels and Mutual Information 10 1.4.1 Information Transmission over Discrete Channels 10 1.4.2 Information Channels 10 1.5 Channel Probability Relationships 13 1.6 The A Priori and A Posteriori Entropies 15 1.7 Mutual Information 16 1.7.1 Mutual Information: Definition 16 1.7.2 Mutual Information: Properties 17 1.8 Capacity of a Discrete Channel 21 1.9 The Shannon Theorems 22 1.9.1 Source Coding Theorem 22 1.9.2 Channel Capacity and Coding 23 1.9.3 Channel Coding Theorem 25 1.10 Signal Spaces and the Channel Coding Theorem 27 1.10.1 Capacity of the Gaussian Channel 28 1.11 Error-Control Coding 32 1.12 Limits to Communication and their Consequences 34 Bibliography and References 38 Problems 38 2 Block Codes 41 2.1 Error-Control Coding 41 2.2 Error Detection and Correction 41 2.2.1 Simple Codes: The Repetition Code 42 2.3 Block Codes: Introduction and Parameters 43 2.4 The Vector Space over the Binary Field 44 2.4.1 Vector Subspaces 46 2.4.2 Dual Subspace 48 2.4.3 Matrix Form 48 2.4.4 Dual Subspace Matrix 49 2.5 Linear Block Codes 50 2.5.1 Generator Matrix G 51 2.5.2 Block Codes in Systematic Form 52 2.5.3 Parity Check Matrix H 54 2.6 Syndrome Error Detection 55 2.7 Minimum Distance of a Block Code 58 2.7.1 Minimum Distance and the Structure of the H Matrix 58 2.8 Error-Correction Capability of a Block Code 59 2.9 Syndrome Detection and the Standard Array 61 2.10 Hamming Codes 64 2.11 Forward Error Correction and Automatic Repeat ReQuest 65 2.11.1 Forward Error Correction 65 2.11.2 Automatic Repeat ReQuest 68 2.11.3 ARQ Schemes 69 2.11.4 ARQ Scheme Efficiencies 71 2.11.5 Hybrid-ARQ Schemes 72 Bibliography and References 76 Problems 77 3 Cyclic Codes 81 3.1 Description 81 3.2 Polynomial Representation of Codewords 81 3.3 Generator Polynomial of a Cyclic Code 83 3.4 Cyclic Codes in Systematic Form 85 3.5 Generator Matrix of a Cyclic Code 87 3.6 Syndrome Calculation and Error Detection 89 3.7 Decoding of Cyclic Codes 90 3.8 An Application Example: Cyclic Redundancy Check Code for the Ethernet Standard 92 Bibliography and References 93 Problems 94 4 BCH Codes 97 4.1 Introduction: The Minimal Polynomial 97 4.2 Description of BCH Cyclic Codes 99 4.2.1 Bounds on the Error-Correction Capability of a BCH Code: The Vandermonde Determinant 102 4.3 Decoding of BCH Codes 104 4.4 Error-Location and Error-Evaluation Polynomials 105 4.5 The Key Equation 107 4.6 Decoding of Binary BCH Codes Using the Euclidean Algorithm 108 4.6.1 The Euclidean Algorithm 108 Bibliography and References 112 Problems 112 5 Reed–Solomon Codes 115 5.1 Introduction 115 5.2 Error-Correction Capability of RS Codes: The Vandermonde Determinant 117 5.3 RS Codes in Systematic Form 119 5.4 Syndrome Decoding of RS Codes 120 5.5 The Euclidean Algorithm: Error-Location and Error-Evaluation Polynomials 122 5.6 Decoding of RS Codes Using the Euclidean Algorithm 125 5.6.1 Steps of the Euclidean Algorithm 127 5.7 Decoding of RS and BCH Codes Using the Berlekamp–Massey Algorithm 128 5.7.1 B–M Iterative Algorithm for Finding the Error-Location Polynomial 130 5.7.2 B–M Decoding of RS Codes 133 5.7.3 Relationship Between the Error-Location Polynomials of the Euclidean and B–M Algorithms 136 5.8 A Practical Application: Error-Control Coding for the Compact Disk 136 5.8.1 Compact Disk Characteristics 136 5.8.2 Channel Characteristics 138 5.8.3 Coding Procedure 138 5.9 Encoding for RS codes CRS(28, 24), CRS(32, 28) and CRS(255, 251) 139 5.10 Decoding of RS Codes CRS(28, 24) and CRS(32, 28) 142 5.10.1 B–M Decoding 142 5.10.2 Alternative Decoding Methods 145 5.10.3 Direct Solution of Syndrome Equations 146 5.11 Importance of Interleaving 148 Bibliography and References 152 Problems 153 6 Convolutional Codes 157 6.1 Linear Sequential Circuits 158 6.2 Convolutional Codes and Encoders 158 6.3 Description in the D-Transform Domain 161 6.4 Convolutional Encoder Representations 166 6.4.1 Representation of Connections 166 6.4.2 State Diagram Representation 166 6.4.3 Trellis Representation 168 6.5 Convolutional Codes in Systematic Form 168 6.6 General Structure of Finite Impulse Response and Infinite Impulse Response FSSMs 170 6.6.1 Finite Impulse Response FSSMs 170 6.6.2 Infinite Impulse Response FSSMs 171 6.7 State Transfer Function Matrix: Calculation of the Transfer Function 172 6.7.1 State Transfer Function for FIR FSSMs 172 6.7.2 State Transfer Function for IIR FSSMs 173 6.8 Relationship Between the Systematic and the Non-Systematic Forms 175 6.9 Distance Properties of Convolutional Codes 177 6.10 Minimum Free Distance of a Convolutional Code 180 6.11 Maximum Likelihood Detection 181 6.12 Decoding of Convolutional Codes: The Viterbi Algorithm 182 6.13 Extended and Modified State Diagram 185 6.14 Error Probability Analysis for Convolutional Codes 186 6.15 Hard and Soft Decisions 189 6.15.1 Maximum Likelihood Criterion for the Gaussian Channel 192 6.15.2 Bounds for Soft-Decision Detection 194 6.15.3 An Example of Soft-Decision Decoding of Convolutional Codes 196 6.16 Punctured Convolutional Codes and Rate-Compatible Schemes 200 Bibliography and References 203 Problems 205 7 Turbo Codes 209 7.1 A Turbo Encoder 210 7.2 Decoding of Turbo Codes 211 7.2.1 The Turbo Decoder 211 7.2.2 Probabilities and Estimates 212 7.2.3 Symbol Detection 213 7.2.4 The Log Likelihood Ratio 214 7.3 Markov Sources and Discrete Channels 215 7.4 The BCJR Algorithm: Trellis Coding and Discrete Memoryless Channels 218 7.5 Iterative Coefficient Calculation 221 7.6 The BCJR MAP Algorithm and the LLR 234 7.6.1 The BCJR MAP Algorithm: LLR Calculation 235 7.6.2 Calculation of Coefficients γi (u_, u) 236 7.7 Turbo Decoding 239 7.7.1 Initial Conditions of Coefficients αi−1(u_) and βi (u) 248 7.8 Construction Methods for Turbo Codes 249 7.8.1 Interleavers 249 7.8.2 Block Interleavers 250 7.8.3 Convolutional Interleavers 250 7.8.4 Random Interleavers 251 7.8.5 Linear Interleavers 253 7.8.6 Code Concatenation Methods 253 7.8.7 Turbo Code Performance as a Function of Size and Type of Interleaver 257 7.9 Other Decoding Algorithms for Turbo Codes 257 7.10 EXIT Charts for Turbo Codes 257 7.10.1 Introduction to EXIT Charts 258 7.10.2 Construction of the EXIT Chart 259 7.10.3 Extrinsic Transfer Characteristics of the Constituent Decoders 261 Bibliography and References 269 Problems 271 8 Low-Density Parity Check Codes 277 8.1 Different Systematic Forms of a Block Code 278 8.2 Description of LDPC Codes 279 8.3 Construction of LDPC Codes 280 8.3.1 Regular LDPC Codes 280 8.3.2 Irregular LDPC Codes 281 8.3.3 Decoding of LDPC Codes: The Tanner Graph 281 8.4 The Sum–Product Algorithm 282 8.5 Sum–Product Algorithm for LDPC Codes: An Example 284 8.6 Simplifications of the Sum–Product Algorithm 297 8.7 A Logarithmic LDPC Decoder 302 8.7.1 Initialization 302 8.7.2 Horizontal Step 302 8.7.3 Vertical Step 304 8.7.4 Summary of the Logarithmic Decoding Algorithm 305 8.7.5 Construction of the Look-up Tables 306 8.8 Extrinsic Information Transfer Charts for LDPC Codes 306 8.8.1 Introduction 306 8.8.2 Iterative Decoding of Block Codes 310 8.8.3 EXIT Chart Construction for LDPC Codes 312 8.8.4 Mutual Information Function 312 8.8.5 EXIT Chart for the SND 314 8.8.6 EXIT Chart for the PCND 315 8.9 Fountain and LT Codes 317 8.9.1 Introduction 317 8.9.2 Fountain Codes 318 8.9.3 Linear Random Codes 318 8.9.4 Luby Transform Codes 320 8.10 LDPC and Turbo Codes 322 Bibliography and References 323 Problems 324 Appendix A: Error Probability in the Transmission of Digital Signals 327 Appendix B: Galois Fields GF(q) 339 Answers to Problems 351 Index 357

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Book SynopsisUncertain Judgments Eliciting Experts' Probabilities presents a range of tried and tested elicitation methods to enable statisticians to get make the most of expert opinion. An elicitation method forms a bridge between an expert's opinion and an expression of these points in a statistically useful form.Trade Review“This book, written by a group of expert statisticians and psychologists, provides an introduction to the subject and a detailed overview of the existing literature. The book guides the reader through the design of an elicitation method and details examples from a cross section of literature in the statistics, psychology, engineering and health sciences disciplines.” (Zentralblatt Math, 1 August 2013) "This is an interesting, well-written book that will be valuable to any decision maker who much rely on expert judgments, any statistician who uses Bayesian statistics, and any researcher who wishes to understand the field of elicitation." (Journal of the American Statistical Association, March 2009) "This book provides an excellent introduction and working reference to the subject of its title and should be an invaluable aid to producers and consumers of expert opinion." (Biometrics, September 2008) "I recommend 'Uncertain Judgements' as an excellent source for a wide variety of research." (Psychometrika, March 2008) “…will be of interest to those who are concerned with or interested primarily in the practicalities of modeling expert judgement and opinion.” (International Journal of Marketing, January 2007)Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Fundamentals of Probability and Judgement 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Probability and elicitation 1 1.2.1 Probability 1 1.2.2 Random variables and probability distributions 3 1.2.3 Summaries of distributions 5 1.2.4 Joint distributions 7 1.2.5 Bayes’ Theorem 8 1.2.6 Elicitation 9 1.3 Uncertainty and the interpretation of probability 10 1.3.1 Aleatory and epistemic uncertainty 10 1.3.2 Frequency and personal probabilities 11 1.3.3 An extended example 12 1.3.4 Implications for elicitation 14 1.4 Elicitation and the psychology of judgement 14 1.4.1 Judgement – absolute or relative? 15 1.4.2 Beyond perception 18 1.4.3 Implications for elicitation 20 1.5 Of what use are such judgements? 20 1.5.1 Normative theories of probability 21 1.5.2 Coherence 21 1.5.3 Do elicited probabilities have the desired interpretation? 22 1.6 Conclusions 24 1.6.1 Elicitation practice 24 1.6.2 Research questions 24 2 The Elicitation Context 25 2.1 How and who? 25 2.1.1 Choice of format 25 2.1.2 What is an expert? 26 2.2 The elicitation process 27 2.2.1 Roles within the elicitation process 28 2.2.2 A model for the elicitation process 28 2.3 Conventions in Chapters 3 to 9 31 2.4 Conclusions 31 2.4.1 Elicitation practice 31 2.4.2 Research question 31 3 The Psychology of Judgement Under Uncertainty 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.1.1 Why psychology? 33 3.1.2 Chapter overview 34 3.2 Understanding the task and the expert 35 3.2.1 Cognitive capabilities: the proper view of human information processing? 35 3.2.2 Constructive processes: the proper view of the process? 36 3.3 Understanding research on human judgement 37 3.3.1 Experts versus the rest: the proper focus of research? 37 3.3.2 Early research on subjective probability: ‘conservatism’ in Bayesian probability revision 38 3.4 The heuristics and biases research programme 38 3.4.1 Availability 39 3.4.2 Representativeness 41 3.4.3 Do frequency representations remove the biases attributed to availability and representativeness? 46 3.4.4 Anchoring-and-adjusting 47 3.4.5 Support theory 49 3.4.6 The affect heuristic 51 3.4.7 Critique of the heuristics and biases approach 52 3.5 Experts and expertise 52 3.5.1 The heuristics and biases approach 53 3.5.2 The cognitive science approach 53 3.5.3 ‘The middle way’ 54 3.6 Three meta-theories of judgement 55 3.6.1 The cognitive continuum 56 3.6.2 The inside versus the outside view 56 3.6.3 The naive intuitive statistician metaphor 58 3.7 Conclusions 58 3.7.1 Elicitation practice 58 3.7.2 Research questions 59 4 The Elicitation of Probabilities 61 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 The calibration of subjective probabilities 62 4.2.1 Research methods in calibration research 67 4.2.2 Calibration research: general findings 68 4.2.3 Calibration research in applied settings 72 4.2.4 A case study in probability judgement: calibration research in medicine 74 4.3 The calibration of subjective probabilities: theories and explanations 77 4.3.1 Explanations of probability judgement in calibration tasks 77 4.3.2 Theories of the calibration of subjective probabilities 79 4.4 Representations and methods 82 4.4.1 Different modes for representing uncertainty 83 4.4.2 Different formats for eliciting responses 87 4.4.3 Key lessons 89 4.5 Debiasing 89 4.5.1 General principles for debiasing judgement 90 4.5.2 Managing noise 91 4.5.3 Redressing insufficient regressiveness in prediction 92 4.5.4 A caveat concerning post hoc corrections 94 4.6 Conclusions 95 4.6.1 Elicitation practice 95 4.6.2 Research questions 95 5 Eliciting Distributions – General 97 5.1 From probabilities to distributions 97 5.1.1 From a few to infinity 98 5.1.2 Summaries 99 5.1.3 Fitting 100 5.1.4 Overview 100 5.2 Eliciting univariate distributions 100 5.2.1 Summaries based on probabilities 100 5.2.2 Proportions 104 5.2.3 Other summaries 105 5.3 Eliciting multivariate distributions 107 5.3.1 Structuring 107 5.3.2 Eliciting association 108 5.3.3 Joint and conditional probabilities 111 5.3.4 Regression 112 5.3.5 Many variables 113 5.4 Uncertainty and imprecision 114 5.4.1 Quantifying elicitation error 114 5.4.2 Sensitivity analysis 115 5.4.3 Feedback and overfitting 116 5.5 Conclusions 118 5.5.1 Elicitation practice 118 5.5.2 Research questions 119 6 Eliciting and Fitting a Parametric Distribution 121 6.1 Introduction 121 6.2 Outline of this chapter 122 6.3 Eliciting opinion about a proportion 124 6.4 Eliciting opinion about a general scalar quantity 132 6.5 Eliciting opinion about a set of proportions 137 6.6 Eliciting opinion about the parameters of a multivariate normal distribution 139 6.7 Eliciting opinion about the parameters of a linear regression model 142 6.8 Eliciting opinion about the parameters of a generalised linear model 145 6.9 Elicitation methods for other problems 147 6.10 Deficiencies in existing research 149 6.11 Conclusions 150 6.11.1 Elicitation practice 150 6.11.2 Research questions 151 7 Eliciting Distributions – Uncertainty and Imprecision 153 7.1 Introduction 153 7.2 Imprecise probabilities 153 7.3 Incomplete information 156 7.4 Summary 160 7.5 Conclusions 160 7.5.1 Elicitation practice 160 7.5.2 Research questions 160 8 Evaluating Elicitation 161 8.1 Introduction 161 8.1.1 Good elicitation 161 8.1.2 Inaccurate knowledge 161 8.1.3 Automatic calibration 162 8.1.4 Lessons of the psychological literature 163 8.1.5 Outline of this chapter 163 8.2 Scoring rules 163 8.2.1 Scoring rules for discrete probability distributions 165 8.2.2 Scoring rules for continuous probability distributions 169 8.3 Coherence, feedback and overfitting 171 8.3.1 Coherence and calibration 171 8.3.2 Feedback and overfitting 173 8.4 Conclusions 176 8.4.1 Elicitation practice 176 8.4.2 Research questions 177 9 Multiple Experts 179 9.1 Introduction 179 9.2 Mathematical aggregation 180 9.2.1 Bayesian methods 180 9.2.2 Opinion pooling 181 9.2.3 Cooke’s method 184 9.2.4 Performance of mathematical aggregation 185 9.3 Behavioural aggregation 186 9.3.1 Group elicitation 186 9.3.2 Other methods of behavioural aggregation 188 9.3.3 Performance of behavioural methods 190 9.4 Discussion 190 9.5 Elicitation practice 191 9.6 Research questions 191 10 Published Examples of the Formal Elicitation of Expert Opinion 193 10.1 Some applications 193 10.2 An example of an elicitation interview – eliciting engine sales 193 10.3 Medicine 195 10.3.1 Diagnosis and treatment decisions 195 10.3.2 Clinical trials 199 10.3.3 Survival analysis 201 10.3.4 Clinical psychology 202 10.4 The nuclear industry 204 10.5 Veterinary science 206 10.6 Agriculture 207 10.7 Meteorology 208 10.8 Business studies, economics and finance 209 10.9 Other professions 212 10.10 Other examples of the elicitation of subjective probabilities 213 11 Guidance on Best Practice 217 12 Areas for Research 223 Glossary 227 Bibliography 267 Author Index 307 Index 313

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Book SynopsisThe presence of high voltage power lines has provoked widespread concern for many years. High Voltage Electricity Installations presents an in-depth study of policy surrounding the planning of high voltage installations, discussing the manner in which they are percieved by the public, and the associated environmental issues. An analysis of these concerns, along with the geographical, environmental and political influences that shape their expression, is presented. Investigates local planning policy in an area of the energy sector that is of highly topical environmental and public concern Covers the planning of high-voltage installations, and formulation of local authority policies on high-voltage installations across England and Wales Features a number of case studies from both rural and urban areas, along with detailed analysis of these case studies High Voltage Electricity Installations will be of interest to postgraduate studenTable of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. Acknowledgements. Abbreviations used in the text. Chapter 1. Introduction. 1.1 The development of high voltage systems. 1.2 Land-use planning relating to HVDT installations. 1.3 Local planning authorities and HVDT installations. 1.4 The formation of HVDT-related policy by LPAs. 1.5 Scope and organisation of the book. Chapter 2. High-voltage Distribution and Transmission in England and Wales. 2.1 Introduction. THE LAND-USE PLANNING OF HVDT INSTALLATIONS. 2.2 Consent Procedures for HVDT Installations. 2.3 The Electricity Act 1989. 2.4 Other Provisions Relating to Consent. 2.5 Environmental Impact Assessment. 2.6 Safety Standards and Draft EMF Circular. THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF HVDT INSTALLATIONS. 2.7 Perspectives on the Environmental Effects of HVDT. 2.8 Corporate Environmental Reports. 2.9 Environmental Statements for Proposed Projects. 2.10 Industry Planning Guidelines. 2.11 CIGRE Papers. 2.12 Electricity Industry Perspectives on the Effects of HVDT. 2.13 Conclusion. Chapter 3. The Development Plan System in England and Wales. 3.1 Introduction. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE DEVELOPMENT PLAN SYSTEM. 3.2 Development plans from 1947 to 1991. 3.3 Development plans since 1991. THE EXPRESSION OF INTERESTS IN DEVELOPMENT PLANS. 3.5Procedures for consultation and participation in plan-making. 3.6 The role of different interests in plan-making. 3.7 Conclusion. Chapter 4. An Approach to the Analysis of HVDT-related Policy. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 A framework for the empirical study of HVDT-related policy. 4.3 Study of HVDT-related policy across England and Wales. 4.4 Localised study of HVDT-related policy. 4.5 Combining results. Chapter 5. HVDT-related Policy across England and Wales. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Development plan processes with HVDT-related policy. 5.3 HVDT-related policy concerns. 5.4 HVDT-related policy and aspects of DPPs. 5.5 Geographical distribution of HVDT-related policy. 5.6 Patterns in HVDT-related policy. 5.7 Case study selection. 5.8 Conclusion. Chapter 6. Case Studies (1): Urbanised Areas. 6.1 Introduction. SWINDON BOROUGH COUNCIL. 6.2 Introduction. 6.3 Articulation of polic. 6.4 Key policy issues. 6.5 Conclusion. ROTHERHAM METROPOLITAN BOROUGH COUNCIL. 6.6 Introduction. 6.7 Articulation of policy. 6.8 Key policy issues. 6.9 Conclusion. NEWHAM COUNCIL. 6.10 Introduction. 6.11 Articulation of policy. 6.12 Key policy issues. 6.13 Conclusion. Chapter 7. Case Studies (2): Rural Areas. 7.1Introduction. TYNEDALE COUNCIL. 7.2Introduction. 7.3Articulation of policy. 7.4 Key policy issues. 7.5Conclusion. NORFOLK COUNTY COUNCIL . 7.6 Introduction. 7.7 Articulation of policy. 7.8 Key policy issues. 7.9 Conclusion. SNOWDONIA NATIONAL PARK AUTHORITY. 7.10 Introduction. 7.11 Articulation of policy. 7.12 Key policy issues. 7.13 Conclusion. Chapter 8. Case Studies (3): Town-Rural Areas. 8.1 Introduction. REDCAR & CLEVELAND BOROUGH COUNCIL. 8.2Introduction. 8.3 Articulation of policy. 8.4 Key policy issues. 8.5 Conclusion. MENDIP DISTRICT COUNCIL. 8.6 Introduction. 8.7 Articulation of policy. 8.8 Key policy issues. 8.9 Conclusion. AYLESBURY VALE DISTRICT COUNCIL. 8.10 Introduction. 8.11 Articulation of policy. 8.12 Key policy issues. 8.13 Conclusion. BRIDGEND COUNTY BOROUGH COUNCIL. 8.14 Introduction. 8.15 Articulation of policy. 8.16 Key policy issues. 8.17 Conclusion. Chapter 9. Analysis of the Case Studies. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Cross-case analysis. 9.3 Policy themes. 9.4Comparison of the policy themes. 9.5 ‘No HVDT-related policy’ authorities. 9.6 Conclusion. Chapter 10. The Formation of HVDT-related Policy. 10.1 Introduction. COUNTRYSIDE PROTECTION. 10.2 Rural and designated areas. 10.3 Established HVDT installations in the landscape. 10.4 Current HVDT developments: heightened concerns. 10.5 Environmental priorities. 10.6 Policy content. 10.7 Policy support. RESIDENTIAL AREA PROTECTION. 10.8 Sensitive residential areas. 10.9 Public health and safety. 10.10 Amenity. 10.11 Policy measures. ENCOURAGING REGENERATION. 10.12 Regeneration potential and HVDT installations. Chapter 11. Conclusions. 11.1 A generalised process of HVDT-related policy formation. 11.2 The protection of local environmental quality. 11.3 Future directions in HVDT-related policy formation. 11.4 Recommendations. 11.5 HVDT installations in the local environment. References. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book, along with its supporting animated website, helps the reader to understand the propagation of waves within complex intelligent structures within buildings, and the operation of systems designed to protect these structures. It also comments on proper human behaviour during a lightning thunderstorm.Trade Review"…would be used by students or as a resource for those who need to design and specify electrical protection equipment…and by anyone with an interest in lighting." (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, March/April 2007)Table of ContentsCHAPTERS and subsections Comment Page PREFACE xi INTRODUCTION 1 Guide to use the program 1 1. CLOUD, CYCLONE AND FRONTS 1-0 3 Development of a cloud 1-1 3 Growth of a thunderstorm cloud 1-5 4 Development of a cyclone 1-13 6 Warm and cold fronts 1-21 7 Distribution of thunderstorms 1-25 7 2. ELECTRIC CHARGES IN CLOUDS 2-0 9 Processes of charge separation 2-1 9 Charging process in the liquid phase 2-1 9 Charging process during freezing 2-8 10 Final distribution of charges 2-14 11 Static electric field 2-16 11 Relation to the ionosphere 2-17 12 3. DISCHARGE PROCESSES IN AIR 3-0 13 Photon processes 3-1 13 Excitation by photon 3-2 13 Ionisation and absorption 3-3 14 Recombination 3-4 14 Electron collisions 3-6 14 Excitation by electron 3-9 15 Ionisation by collision 3-10 15 Discharges 3-11 15 Electron avalanche 3-11 15 Streamer discharge 3-18 16 Klydonograph 3-22 17 Leader discharge 3-25 17 4. DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIGHTNING FLASH 4-0 19 Start on drops in the cloud 4-1 19 From leader to main stroke 4-5 20 Multiple stroke 4-13 21 CHAPTERS and subsections Comment Page Upward leader 4-16 22 The Boys-camera: Principle and construction 4-22 23 The Boys-camera: Operation 4-27 24 Boys-record of ideal lightning 4-30 24 Real Boys-records 4-36 25 5. PHYSICS OF THE LIGHTNING DISCHARGE 5-0 27 Properties of a downward leader 5-1 27 Condition of connecting leader 5-5 28 Striking process 5-11 29 Development of main stroke 5-13 29 Multiple and upward stroke 5-15 30 The current wave 5-19 30 Lightning parameters 5-24 31 Distribution functions 5-28 32 6. CURIOUS LIGHTNING PHENOMENA 6-0 35 Properties of ball lightning 6-1 35 Ball lightning-theories 6-7 37 Resonance theory 6-10 37 Quantum-theory 6-11 38 Theory of magnetic vortex 6-12 38 Photos of ball lightning 6-18 39 Beaded lightning 6-23 40 Stroke from clear sky 6-28 41 Discharge to the ionosphere 6-31 41 7. INDUCED VOLTAGE 7-0 43 Ampère’s law 7-1 43 Rectangular loop + infinite conductor 7-5 44 Rectangular loop + cut conductor 7-8 44 Reduction to basic components 7-10 44 Triangular loop 7-13 45 Polygonal loop 7-16 45 Induced voltage due to direct stroke 7-18 46 Induced current due to direct stroke 7-23 46 Induced voltage due to distant stroke 7-28 47 Induced current due to distant stroke 7-35 48 8. DYNAMIC FORCES DUE TO LIGHTNING 8-0 51 Parallel wires 8-1 51 Force due to lightning on a rod struck at the top 8-8 52 Force due to lightning on a horizontal wire 8-12 53 Force due to lightning on a metal plate 8-15 53 Force of leaded current at inversion of wire 8-18 54 CHAPTERS and subsections Comment Page Force of leaded current on a tube 8-20 54 Dynamic force on a console 8-22 54 Slit effect 8-27 55 Damage on tree 8-32 56 9. HEAT EFFECTS ON METAL OBJECTS 9-0 59 Heating a metal plate 9-1 59 Change of temperature in a metal plate 9-4 60 Equations of melting a metal plate 9-9 61 Crater and droplets 9-15 62 Melting a wire at contact spot 9-18 62 Melting a wire leading current 9-22 63 Probability of melting 9-30 64 10. LIGHTNING ATTACHMENT 10-0 67 Point of orientation 10-1 67 The striking distance 10-5 68 Distribution and density functions 10-7 68 The expected frequency of stroke 10-10 69 The principle of calculation 10-10 69 Collection space 10-17 70 11. COLLECTION SPACES OF STRUCTURES 11-0 73 The principle of collection space 11-1 73 Dividing the collection space 11-3 74 Two conductors 11-6 74 Lightning rod on tower 11-9 75 Air terminations of block-house 11-13 75 The collection space of one mesh 11-25 77 12. PROTECTIVE EFFECT ON FLAT ROOF 12-0 79 Air termination systems on blockhouse 12-1 79 Diagrams related to several air terminations 12-4 80 Application of rolling sphere method 12-8 81 13. PROTECTION OF INCLINED ROOF 13-0 83 Types of air termination systems 13-1 83 Attraction of roof and eaves 13-6 84 Effect of electrodes on eaves 13-11 85 Effect of electrodes on the edges 13-15 85 Attraction of unprotected edges 13-23 87 Stroke-free period 13-26 87 14. RESIDUAL RISK OF LIGHTNING PROTECTION 14-0 89 The flow diagram 14-1 89 Equivalent area of a structure 14-2 89 Cases of the point of strike 14-11 91 Cases of damaging stroke 14-18 92 Intercepted stroke 14-19 92 CHAPTERS and subsections Comment Page Striking the roof 14-23 93 Calculation of risk 14-27 94 Weighting the consequences 14-28 95 Resulting damage 14-38 97 Resulting frequency of weighted damage 14-40 97 Resulting risk 14-44 98 15. CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES 15-0 101 Classes of structures 15-1 101 Height and surroundings 15-12 103 High surroundings 15-13 103 Increased danger of stroke 15-18 104 Classes according to height 15-26 106 Effect of the soil profile 15-27 106 The materials of roof 15-31 107 Further classifications 15-37 108 16. AIR TERMINATION SYSTEMS 16-0 111 Level of risk and protection 16-1 111 Construction methods 16-3 111 Protective angle 16-3 111 Rolling sphere 16-7 112 Mesh size 16-9 112 Degrees of Hungarian standard 16-12 113 Natural air termination 16-13 113 Simplified air termination 16-17 114 Data of higher degrees 16-19 114 Distance to the structure 16-21 115 Forms of air terminations 16-28 116 17. DOWN CONDUCTORS AND METAL OBJECTS 17-0 119 Down conductors 17-1 119 Calculation of current paths 17-1 119 Example of current path 17-9 120 Positioning along the perimeter 17-15 121 Degrees of down conductors 17-17 121 Forms of down conductors 17-22 122 Vertical metal structures 17-26 123 Dangerous loops 17-26 123 Bonding metal structures 17-30 124 Insulating spacers 17-34 124 Elevators 17-37 125 18. EARTHING OF LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM 18-0 127 Degrees of earthing 18-1 127 Natural earthing 18-2 127 Simple earthing systems 18-5 128 CHAPTERS and subsections Comment Page Earthing resistance 18-10 129 Normal and enhanced systems 18-17 130 Earthing by foundation 18-22 131 Soil resistivity 18-27 132 Measurement of earthing resistance 18-30 132 Impulse earthing 18-32 132 19. LIGHTNING ELECTROMAGNETIC IMPULSE 19-0 135 Conductive coupling 19-1 135 Inductive coupling 19-3 136 Capacitive coupling 19-5 136 Distribution of current 19-7 136 Arriving current along a single line 19-10 137 Arriving current along branching line 19-15 138 Faraday holes 19-20 139 Shielded entrance 19-25 139 Shielded cable 19-30 140 Circuit of lightning 19-32 141 20. GRADED SURGE-PROTECTION 20-0 143 Operation principles 20-1 143 Three stage with resistors 20-6 144 Influence of distance between stages 20-11 145 Propagation of waves 20-19 146 Waves on devices 20-27 147 21. SURGE PROTECTION DEVICES 21-0 149 Gas filled arrester 21-1 149 Arc blowing spark gap 21-5 150 Gliding spark gap 21-9 150 Encapsulated arrester 21-13 151 Characteristics of gaps 21-18 152 The varistor 21-20 152 Characteristics of varistor 21-29 153 Types of protection devices 21-33 154 22. INTERNAL LIGHTNING PROTECTION ZONES 22-0 157 Structure of zones 22-1 157 Standardised lightning parameters 22-5 158 Networks of information systems 22-6 158 Tray configuration 22-17 160 23. CONNECTION TO ELECTRIC POWER NETWORK 23-0 161 Striking the supply line 23-1 161 Striking the air termination 23-10 162 TT system 23-17 163 Outdoor kWh box 23-22 164 CHAPTERS and subsections Comment Page 24. PROTECTION OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES 24-0 167 Protection of personal computer 24-1 167 Protection of television 24-10 169 Relay station 24-16 170 25. LIGHTNING MEASUREMENT AND LOCALIZATION 25-0 171 Measuring of lightning current 25-1 171 Magnetic card 25-2 171 Magnetic link 25-5 172 Shunt resistor 25-9 172 Coil of Rogowski 25-13 173 Reflection of the current wave 25-18 174 Localising by direction finding 25-21 174 Localising by pulse arrival time 25-24 175 Lightning detection systems 25-28 175 26. THE MANKIND IN THE THUNDERSTORM 26-0 177 Danger in open air 26-1 177 Danger on or beside a tree 26-5 178 Step voltage 26-11 179 What to do outdoors? 26-14 179 Danger on a bicycle 26-18 180 Danger at a car 26-22 180 Danger at a truck 26-26 181 Danger in water 26-30 182 Danger in boats and vessels 26-34 182 REFERENCES 185 INDEX 189

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Book SynopsisOptimizing Analog CMOS Design presents methods for the optimized design of analog CMOS circuits through the design choices of Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor device drain current, inversion level, and channel length.Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgments. List of Symbols and Abbreviations. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Importance of Tradeoffs and Optimization in Analog CMOS Design. 1.2 Industry Designers and University Students as Readers. 1.3 Organization and Overview of Book. 1.4 Full or Selective Reading of Book. 1.5 Example Technologies and Technology Extensions. 1.6 Limitations of the Methods. 1.7 Disclaimer. PART I MOS Device Performance, Tradeoffs and Optimization for Analog CMOS Design. 2 MOS Design from Weak through Strong Inversion. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 MOS Design Complexity Compared to Bipolar Design. 2.3 Bipolar Transistor Collector Current and Transconductance. 2.4 MOS Drain Current and Transconductance. 2.5 MOS Drain–Source Conductance. 2.6 Analog CMOS Electronic Design Automation Tools and Design Methods. References. 3 MOS Performance versus Drain Current, Inversion Coefficient, and Channel Length. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Advantages of Selecting Drain Current, Inversion Coefficient, and Channel Length in Analog CMOS Design. 3.3 Process Parameters for Example Processes. 3.4 Substrate Factor and Inversion Coefficient. 3.5 Temperature Effects. 3.6 Sizing Relationships. 3.7 Drain Current and Bias Voltages. 3.8 Small-Signal Parameters and Intrinsic Voltage Gain. 3.9 Capacitances and Bandwidth. 3.10 Noise. 3.11 Mismatch. 3.12 Leakage Current. References. 4 Tradeoffs in MOS Performance, and Design of Differential Pairs and Current Mirrors. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Performance Trends. 4.3 Performance Tradeoffs. 4.4 Design of Differential Pairs and Current Mirrors Using the Analog CMOS Design, Tradeoffs and Optimization Spreadsheet. References. PART II Circuit Design Examples Illustrating Optimization for Analog CMOS Design. 5 Design of CMOS Operational Transconductance Amplifiers Optimized for DC, Balanced, and AC Performance. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Circuit Description. 5.3 Circuit Analysis and Performance Optimization. 5.4 Design Optimization and Resulting Performance for the Simple OTAs. 5.5 Design Optimization and Resulting Performance for the Cascoded OTAs. 5.6 Prediction Accuracy for Design Guidance and Optimization. References. 6 Design of Micropower CMOS Preamplifiers Optimized for Low Thermal and Flicker Noise. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Using the Lateral Bipolar Transistor for Low-Flicker-Noise Applications. 6.3 Measures of Preamplifier Noise Performance. 6.4 Reported Micropower, Low-Noise CMOS Preamplifiers. 6.5 MOS Noise versus the Bias Compliance Voltage. 6.6 Extraction of MOS Flicker-Noise Parameters. 6.7 Differential Input Preamplifier. 6.8 Single-Ended Input Preamplifier. 6.9 Prediction Accuracy for Design Guidance and Optimization. 6.10 Summary of Low-Noise Design Methods and Resulting Challenges in Low-Voltage Processes. References. 7 Extending Optimization Methods to Smaller-Geometry CMOS Processes and Future Technologies. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Using the Inversion Coefficient for CMOS Process Independence and for Extension to Smaller-Geometry Processes. 7.3 Enhancing Optimization Methods by Including Gate Leakage Current Effects. 7.4 Using an Inversion Coefficient Measure for Non-CMOS Technologies. References. Appendix: The Analog CMOS Design, Tradeoffs and Optimization Spreadsheet. Index.

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Book SynopsisRobust Control Design is based on research into an optimal control approach to robust control design. This book presents an approach that differs from the conventional direct approaches to robust control usually discussed, by firstly translating the robust control problem into its optimal control counterpart.Table of ContentsPreface. Notation. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Systems and Control 1.2 Modern Control Theory 1.3 Stability 1.4 Optimal Control 1.5 Optimal Control Approach 1.6 Kharitonov Approach 1.7 H_ and H2 Control 1.8 Applications 1.9 Use of This Book 2 Fundamentals of Control Theory. 2.1 State Space Model 2.2 Responses of Linear Systems 2.3 Similarity Transformation 2.4 Controllability and Observability 2.5 Pole Placement by State Feedback 2.6 Pole Placement Using Observer 2.7 Notes and References 2.8 Problems 3 Stability Theory. 3.1 Stability and Lyapunov Theorem 3.2 Linear Systems 3.3 Routh–Hurwitz Criterion 3.4 Nyquist Criterion 3.5 Stabilizability and Detectability 3.6 Notes and References 3.7 Problems 4 Optimal Control and Optimal Observers. 4.1 Optimal Control Problem 4.2 Principle of Optimality 4.3 Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman Equation 4.4 Linear Quadratic Regulator Problem 4.5 Kalman Filter 4.6 Notes and References 4.7 Problems 5 Robust Control of Linear Systems. 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Matched Uncertainty 5.3 Unmatched Uncertainty 5.4 Uncertainty in the Input Matrix 5.5 Notes and References 5.6 Problems 6 Robust Control of Nonlinear Systems. 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Matched Uncertainty 6.3 Unmatched Uncertainty 6.4 Uncertainty in the Input Matrix 6.5 Notes and References 6.6 Problems 7 Kharitonov Approach. 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Preliminary Theorems 7.3 Kharitonov Theorem 7.4 Control Design Using Kharitonov Theorem 7.5 Notes and References 7.6 Problems 8 H and H2 Control. 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Function Space 8.3 Computation of H2 and H_ Norms 8.4 Robust Control Problem as H2 and H_ Control Problem 8.5 H2/H_ Control Synthesis 8.6 Notes and References 8.7 Problems 9 Robust Active Damping. 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Problem Formulation 9.3 Robust Active Damping Design 9.4 Active Vehicle Suspension System 9.5 Discussion 9.6 Notes and References 10 Robust Control of Manipulators. 10.1 Robot Dynamics 10.2 Problem Formulation 10.3 Robust Control Design 10.4 Simulations 10.5 Notes and References 11 Aircraft Hovering Control. 11.1 Modelling and Problem Formulation 11.2 Control Design for Jet-borne Hovering 11.3 Simulation 11.4 Notes and References Appendix A: Mathematical Modelling of Physical Systems. References and Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe fundamentals and implementation of digital electronics are essential to understanding the design and working of consumer/industrial electronics, communications, embedded systems, computers, security and military equipment. Devices used in applications such as these are constantly decreasing in size and employing more complex technology.Trade Review"It is easy to read, well structured, and will be a rich resource and valuable study companion for students of electrical and computer engineering." (Computing Reviews, February 6, 2008) "There is a particularly notable section on numerical systems and conversions from one radix system to another that, along with the presentation of binary coding and interpretation schemes, demonstrates the clarity and extent of Maini's work to construct a definitive road map..." (CHOICE, March 2008)Table of ContentsPreface xxi 1 Number Systems 1 1.1 Analogue Versus Digital 1 1.2 Introduction to Number Systems 2 1.3 Decimal Number System 2 1.4 Binary Number System 3 1.4.1 Advantages 3 1.5 Octal Number System 4 1.6 Hexadecimal Number System 4 1.7 Number Systems – Some Common Terms 4 1.7.1 Binary Number System 4 1.7.2 Decimal Number System 5 1.7.3 Octal Number System 5 1.7.4 Hexadecimal Number System 5 1.8 Number Representation in Binary 5 1.8.1 Sign-Bit Magnitude 5 1.8.2 1’s Complement 6 1.8.3 2’s Complement 6 1.9 Finding the Decimal Equivalent 6 1.9.1 Binary-to-Decimal Conversion 6 1.9.2 Octal-to-Decimal Conversion 6 1.9.3 Hexadecimal-to-Decimal Conversion 7 1.10 Decimal-to-Binary Conversion 7 1.11 Decimal-to-Octal Conversion 8 1.12 Decimal-to-Hexadecimal Conversion 9 1.13 Binary–Octal and Octal–Binary Conversions 9 1.14 Hex–Binary and Binary–Hex Conversions 10 1.15 Hex–Octal and Octal–Hex Conversions 10 1.16 The Four Axioms 11 1.17 Floating-Point Numbers 12 1.17.1 Range of Numbers and Precision 13 1.17.2 Floating-Point Number Formats 13 Review Questions 17 Problems 17 Further Reading 18 2 Binary Codes 19 2.1 Binary Coded Decimal 19 2.1.1 BCD-to-Binary Conversion 20 2.1.2 Binary-to-BCD Conversion 20 2.1.3 Higher-Density BCD Encoding 21 2.1.4 Packed and Unpacked BCD Numbers 21 2.2 Excess-3 Code 21 2.3 Gray Code 23 2.3.1 Binary–Gray Code Conversion 24 2.3.2 Gray Code–Binary Conversion 25 2.3.3 n-ary Gray Code 25 2.3.4 Applications 25 2.4 Alphanumeric Codes 27 2.4.1 ASCII code 28 2.4.2 EBCDIC code 31 2.4.3 Unicode 37 2.5 Seven-segment Display Code 38 2.6 Error Detection and Correction Codes 40 2.6.1 Parity Code 41 2.6.2 Repetition Code 41 2.6.3 Cyclic Redundancy Check Code 41 2.6.4 Hamming Code 42 Review Questions 44 Problems 45 Further Reading 45 3 Digital Arithmetic 47 3.1 Basic Rules of Binary Addition and Subtraction 47 3.2 Addition of Larger-Bit Binary Numbers 49 3.2.1 Addition Using the 2’s Complement Method 49 3.3 Subtraction of Larger-Bit Binary Numbers 52 3.3.1 Subtraction Using 2’s Complement Arithmetic 53 3.4 BCD Addition and Subtraction in Excess-3 Code 57 3.4.1 Addition 57 3.4.2 Subtraction 57 3.5 Binary Multiplication 58 3.5.1 Repeated Left-Shift and Add Algorithm 59 3.5.2 Repeated Add and Right-Shift Algorithm 59 3.6 Binary Division 60 3.6.1 Repeated Right-Shift and Subtract Algorithm 61 3.6.2 Repeated Subtract and Left-Shift Algorithm 62 3.7 Floating-Point Arithmetic 64 3.7.1 Addition and Subtraction 65 3.7.2 Multiplication and Division 65 Review Questions 67 Problems 68 Further Reading 68 4 Logic Gates and Related Devices 69 4.1 Positive and Negative Logic 69 4.2 Truth Table 70 4.3 Logic Gates 71 4.3.1 OR Gate 71 4.3.2 AND Gate 73 4.3.3 NOT Gate 75 4.3.4 EXCLUSIVE-OR Gate 76 4.3.5 NAND Gate 79 4.3.6 NOR Gate 79 4.3.7 EXCLUSIVE-NOR Gate 80 4.3.8 INHIBIT Gate 82 4.4 Universal Gates 85 4.5 Gates with Open Collector/Drain Outputs 85 4.6 Tristate Logic Gates 87 4.7 AND-OR-INVERT Gates 87 4.8 Schmitt Gates 88 4.9 Special Output Gates 91 4.10 Fan-Out of Logic Gates 95 4.11 Buffers and Transceivers 98 4.12 IEEE/ANSI Standard Symbols 100 4.12.1 IEEE/ANSI Standards – Salient Features 100 4.12.2 ANSI Symbols for Logic Gate ICs 101 4.13 Some Common Applications of Logic Gates 102 4.13.1 OR Gate 103 4.13.2 AND Gate 104 4.13.3 EX-OR/EX-NOR Gate 104 4.13.4 Inverter 105 4.14 Application-Relevant Information 107 Review Questions 109 Problems 110 Further Reading 114 5 Logic Families 115 5.1 Logic Families – Significance and Types 115 5.1.1 Significance 115 5.1.2 Types of Logic Family 116 5.2 Characteristic Parameters 118 5.3 Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL) 124 5.3.1 Standard TTL 125 5.3.2 Other Logic Gates in Standard TTL 127 5.3.3 Low-Power TTL 133 5.3.4 High-Power TTL (74H/54H) 134 5.3.5 Schottky TTL (74S/54S) 135 5.3.6 Low-Power Schottky TTL (74LS/54LS) 136 5.3.7 Advanced Low-Power Schottky TTL (74ALS/54ALS) 137 5.3.8 Advanced Schottky TTL (74AS/54AS) 139 5.3.9 Fairchild Advanced Schottky TTL (74F/54F) 140 5.3.10 Floating and Unused Inputs 141 5.3.11 Current Transients and Power Supply Decoupling 142 5.4 Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL) 147 5.4.1 Different Subfamilies 147 5.4.2 Logic Gate Implementation in ECL 148 5.4.3 Salient Features of ECL 150 5.5 CMOS Logic Family 151 5.5.1 Circuit Implementation of Logic Functions 151 5.5.2 CMOS Subfamilies 165 5.6 BiCMOS Logic 170 5.6.1 BiCMOS Inverter 171 5.6.2 BiCMOS NAND 171 5.7 NMOS and PMOS Logic 172 5.7.1 PMOS Logic 173 5.7.2 NMOS Logic 174 5.8 Integrated Injection Logic (I2L) Family 174 5.9 Comparison of Different Logic Families 176 5.10 Guidelines to Using TTL Devices 176 5.11 Guidelines to Handling and Using CMOS Devices 179 5.12 Interfacing with Different Logic Families 179 5.12.1 CMOS-to-TTL Interface 179 5.12.2 TTL-to-CMOS Interface 180 5.12.3 TTL-to-ECL and ECL-to-TTL Interfaces 180 5.12.4 CMOS-to-ECL and ECL-to-CMOS Interfaces 183 5.13 Classification of Digital ICs 183 5.14 Application-Relevant Information 184 Review Questions 185 Problems 185 Further Reading 187 6 Boolean Algebra and Simplification Techniques 189 6.1 Introduction to Boolean Algebra 189 6.1.1 Variables, Literals and Terms in Boolean Expressions 190 6.1.2 Equivalent and Complement of Boolean Expressions 190 6.1.3 Dual of a Boolean Expression 191 6.2 Postulates of Boolean Algebra 192 6.3 Theorems of Boolean Algebra 192 6.3.1 Theorem 1 (Operations with ‘0’ and ‘1’) 192 6.3.2 Theorem 2 (Operations with ‘0’ and ‘1’) 193 6.3.3 Theorem 3 (Idempotent or Identity Laws) 193 6.3.4 Theorem 4 (Complementation Law) 193 6.3.5 Theorem 5 (Commutative Laws) 194 6.3.6 Theorem 6 (Associative Laws) 194 6.3.7 Theorem 7 (Distributive Laws) 195 6.3.8 Theorem 8 196 6.3.9 Theorem 9 197 6.3.10 Theorem 10 (Absorption Law or Redundancy Law) 197 6.3.11 Theorem 11 197 6.3.12 Theorem 12 (Consensus Theorem) 198 6.3.13 Theorem 13 (DeMorgan’s Theorem) 199 6.3.14 Theorem 14 (Transposition Theorem) 200 6.3.15 Theorem 15 201 6.3.16 Theorem 16 201 6.3.17 Theorem 17 (Involution Law) 202 6.4 Simplification Techniques 204 6.4.1 Sum-of-Products Boolean Expressions 204 6.4.2 Product-of-Sums Expressions 205 6.4.3 Expanded Forms of Boolean Expressions 206 6.4.4 Canonical Form of Boolean Expressions 206 6.4.5 _ and _ Nomenclature 207 6.5 Quine–McCluskey Tabular Method 208 6.5.1 Tabular Method for Multi-Output Functions 212 6.6 Karnaugh Map Method 216 6.6.1 Construction of a Karnaugh Map 216 6.6.2 Karnaugh Map for Boolean Expressions with a Larger Number of Variables 222 6.6.3 Karnaugh Maps for Multi-Output Functions 225 Review Questions 230 Problems 230 Further Reading 231 7 Arithmetic Circuits 233 7.1 Combinational Circuits 233 7.2 Implementing Combinational Logic 235 7.3 Arithmetic Circuits – Basic Building Blocks 236 7.3.1 Half-Adder 236 7.3.2 Full Adder 237 7.3.3 Half-Subtractor 240 7.3.4 Full Subtractor 242 7.3.5 Controlled Inverter 244 7.4 Adder–Subtractor 245 7.5 BCD Adder 246 7.6 Carry Propagation–Look-Ahead Carry Generator 254 7.7 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) 260 7.8 Multipliers 260 7.9 Magnitude Comparator 261 7.9.1 Cascading Magnitude Comparators 263 7.10 Application-Relevant Information 266 Review Questions 266 Problems 267 Further Reading 268 8 Multiplexers and Demultiplexers 269 8.1 Multiplexer 269 8.1.1 Inside the Multiplexer 271 8.1.2 Implementing Boolean Functions with Multiplexers 273 8.1.3 Multiplexers for Parallel-to-Serial Data Conversion 277 8.1.4 Cascading Multiplexer Circuits 280 8.2 Encoders 280 8.2.1 Priority Encoder 281 8.3 Demultiplexers and Decoders 285 8.3.1 Implementing Boolean Functions with Decoders 286 8.3.2 Cascading Decoder Circuits 288 8.4 Application-Relevant Information 293 Review Questions 294 Problems 295 Further Reading 298 9 Programmable Logic Devices 299 9.1 Fixed Logic Versus Programmable Logic 299 9.1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages 301 9.2 Programmable Logic Devices – An Overview 302 9.2.1 Programmable ROMs 302 9.2.2 Programmable Logic Array 302 9.2.3 Programmable Array Logic 304 9.2.4 Generic Array Logic 305 9.2.5 Complex Programmable Logic Device 306 9.2.6 Field-Programmable Gate Array 307 9.3 Programmable ROMs 308 9.4 Programmable Logic Array 312 9.5 Programmable Array Logic 317 9.5.1 PAL Architecture 319 9.5.2 PAL Numbering System 320 9.6 Generic Array Logic 325 9.7 Complex Programmable Logic Devices 328 9.7.1 Internal Architecture 328 9.7.2 Applications 330 9.8 Field-Programmable Gate Arrays 331 9.8.1 Internal Architecture 331 9.8.2 Applications 333 9.9 Programmable Interconnect Technologies 333 9.9.1 Fuse 334 9.9.2 Floating-Gate Transistor Switch 334 9.9.3 Static RAM-Controlled Programmable Switches 335 9.9.4 Antifuse 335 9.10 Design and Development of Programmable Logic Hardware 337 9.11 Programming Languages 338 9.11.1 ABEL-Hardware Description Language 339 9.11.2 VHDL-VHSIC Hardware Description Language 339 9.11.3 Verilog 339 9.11.4 Java HDL 340 9.12 Application Information on PLDs 340 9.12.1 SPLDs 340 9.12.2 CPLDs 343 9.12.3 FPGAs 349 Review Questions 352 Problems 353 Further Reading 355 10 Flip-Flops and Related Devices 357 10.1 Multivibrator 357 10.1.1 Bistable Multivibrator 357 10.1.2 Schmitt Trigger 358 10.1.3 Monostable Multivibrator 360 10.1.4 Astable Multivibrator 362 10.2 Integrated Circuit (IC) Multivibrators 363 10.2.1 Digital IC-Based Monostable Multivibrator 363 10.2.2 IC Timer-Based Multivibrators 363 10.3 R-S Flip-Flop 373 10.3.1 R-S Flip-Flop with Active LOW Inputs 374 10.3.2 R-S Flip-Flop with Active HIGH Inputs 375 10.3.3 Clocked R-S Flip-Flop 377 10.4 Level-Triggered and Edge-Triggered Flip-Flops 381 10.5 J-K Flip-Flop 382 10.5.1 J-K Flip-Flop with PRESET and CLEAR Inputs 382 10.5.2 Master–Slave Flip-Flops 382 10.6 Toggle Flip-Flop (T Flip-Flop) 390 10.6.1 J-K Flip-Flop as a Toggle Flip-Flop 391 10.7 D Flip-Flop 394 10.7.1 J-K Flip-Flop as D Flip-Flop 395 10.7.2 D Latch 395 10.8 Synchronous and Asynchronous Inputs 398 10.9 Flip-Flop Timing Parameters 399 10.9.1 Set-Up and Hold Times 399 10.9.2 Propagation Delay 399 10.9.3 Clock Pulse HIGH and LOW Times 401 10.9.4 Asynchronous Input Active Pulse Width 401 10.9.5 Clock Transition Times 402 10.9.6 Maximum Clock Frequency 402 10.10 Flip-Flop Applications 402 10.10.1 Switch Debouncing 402 10.10.2 Flip-Flop Synchronization 404 10.10.3 Detecting the Sequence of Edges 404 10.11 Application-Relevant Data 407 Review Questions 408 Problems 409 Further Reading 410 11 Counters and Registers 411 11.1 Ripple (Asynchronous) Counter 411 11.1.1 Propagation Delay in Ripple Counters 412 11.2 Synchronous Counter 413 11.3 Modulus of a Counter 413 11.4 Binary Ripple Counter – Operational Basics 413 11.4.1 Binary Ripple Counters with a Modulus of Less than 2N 416 11.4.2 Ripple Counters in IC Form 418 11.5 Synchronous (or Parallel) Counters 423 11.6 UP/DOWN Counters 425 11.7 Decade and BCD Counters 426 11.8 Presettable Counters 426 11.8.1 Variable Modulus with Presettable Counters 428 11.9 Decoding a Counter 428 11.10 Cascading Counters 433 11.10.1 Cascading Binary Counters 433 11.10.2 Cascading BCD Counters 435 11.11 Designing Counters with Arbitrary Sequences 438 11.11.1 Excitation Table of a Flip-Flop 438 11.11.2 State Transition Diagram 439 11.11.3 Design Procedure 439 11.12 Shift Register 447 11.12.1 Serial-In Serial-Out Shift Register 449 11.12.2 Serial-In Parallel-Out Shift Register 452 11.12.3 Parallel-In Serial-Out Shift Register 452 11.12.4 Parallel-In Parallel-Out Shift Register 453 11.12.5 Bidirectional Shift Register 455 11.12.6 Universal Shift Register 455 11.13 Shift Register Counters 459 11.13.1 Ring Counter 459 11.13.2 Shift Counter 460 11.14 IEEE/ANSI Symbology for Registers and Counters 464 11.14.1 Counters 464 11.14.2 Registers 466 11.15 Application-Relevant Information 466 Review Questions 466 Problems 469 Further Reading 471 12 Data Conversion Circuits – D/A and A/D Converters 473 12.1 Digital-to-Analogue Converters 473 12.1.1 Simple Resistive Divider Network for D/A Conversion 474 12.1.2 Binary Ladder Network for D/A Conversion 475 12.2 D/A Converter Specifications 476 12.2.1 Resolution 476 12.2.2 Accuracy 477 12.2.3 Conversion Speed or Settling Time 477 12.2.4 Dynamic Range 478 12.2.5 Nonlinearity and Differential Nonlinearity 478 12.2.6 Monotonocity 478 12.3 Types of D/A Converter 479 12.3.1 Multiplying D/A Converters 479 12.3.2 Bipolar-Output D/A Converters 480 12.3.3 Companding D/A Converters 480 12.4 Modes of Operation 480 12.4.1 Current Steering Mode of Operation 480 12.4.2 Voltage Switching Mode of Operation 481 12.5 BCD-Input D/A Converter 482 12.6 Integrated Circuit D/A Converters 486 12.6.1 DAC-08 486 12.6.2 DAC-0808 487 12.6.3 DAC-80 487 12.6.4 AD 7524 489 12.6.5 DAC-1408/DAC-1508 489 12.7 D/A Converter Applications 490 12.7.1 D/A Converter as a Multiplier 490 12.7.2 D/A converter as a Divider 490 12.7.3 Programmable Integrator 491 12.7.4 Low-Frequency Function Generator 492 12.7.5 Digitally Controlled Filters 493 12.8 A/D Converters 495 12.9 A/D Converter Specifications 495 12.9.1 Resolution 495 12.9.2 Accuracy 496 12.9.3 Gain and Offset Errors 496 12.9.4 Gain and Offset Drifts 496 12.9.5 Sampling Frequency and Aliasing Phenomenon 496 12.9.6 Quantization Error 496 12.9.7 Nonlinearity 497 12.9.8 Differential Nonlinearity 497 12.9.9 Conversion Time 498 12.9.10 Aperture and Acquisition Times 498 12.9.11 Code Width 499 12.10 A/D Converter Terminology 499 12.10.1 Unipolar Mode Operation 499 12.10.2 Bipolar Mode Operation 499 12.10.3 Coding 499 12.10.4 Low Byte and High Byte 499 12.10.5 Right-Justified Data, Left-Justified Data 499 12.10.6 Command Register, Status Register 500 12.10.7 Control Lines 500 12.11 Types of A/D Converter 500 12.11.1 Simultaneous or Flash A/D Converters 500 12.11.2 Half-Flash A/D Converter 503 12.11.3 Counter-Type A/D Converter 504 12.11.4 Tracking-Type A/D Converter 505 12.11.5 Successive Approximation Type A/D Converter 505 12.11.6 Single-, Dual- and Multislope A/D Converters 506 12.11.7 Sigma-Delta A/D Converter 509 12.12 Integrated Circuit A/D Converters 513 12.12.1 ADC-0800 513 12.12.2 ADC-0808 514 12.12.3 ADC-80/AD ADC-80 515 12.12.4 ADC-84/ADC-85/AD ADC-84/AD ADC-85/AD-5240 516 12.12.5 AD 7820 516 12.12.6 ICL 7106/ICL 7107 517 12.13 A/D Converter Applications 520 12.13.1 Data Acquisition 521 Review Questions 522 Problems 523 Further Reading 523 13 Microprocessors 525 13.1 Introduction to Microprocessors 525 13.2 Evolution of Microprocessors 527 13.3 Inside a Microprocessor 528 13.3.1 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) 529 13.3.2 Register File 529 13.3.3 Control Unit 531 13.4 Basic Microprocessor Instructions 531 13.4.1 Data Transfer Instructions 531 13.4.2 Arithmetic Instructions 532 13.4.3 Logic Instructions 533 13.4.4 Control Transfer or Branch or Program Control Instructions 533 13.4.5 Machine Control Instructions 534 13.5 Addressing Modes 534 13.5.1 Absolute or Memory Direct Addressing Mode 534 13.5.2 Immediate Addressing Mode 535 13.5.3 Register Direct Addressing Mode 535 13.5.4 Register Indirect Addressing Mode 535 13.5.5 Indexed Addressing Mode 536 13.5.6 Implicit Addressing Mode and Relative Addressing Mode 537 13.6 Microprocessor Selection 537 13.6.1 Selection Criteria 537 13.6.2 Microprocessor Selection Table for Common Applications 539 13.7 Programming Microprocessors 540 13.8 RISC Versus CISC Processors 541 13.9 Eight-Bit Microprocessors 541 13.9.1 8085 Microprocessor 541 13.9.2 Motorola 6800 Microprocessor 544 13.9.3 Zilog Z80 Microprocessor 546 13.10 16-Bit Microprocessors 547 13.10.1 8086 Microprocessor 547 13.10.2 80186 Microprocessor 548 13.10.3 80286 Microprocessor 548 13.10.4 MC68000 Microprocessor 549 13.11 32-Bit Microprocessors 551 13.11.1 80386 Microprocessor 551 13.11.2 MC68020 Microprocessor 553 13.11.3 MC68030 Microprocessor 554 13.11.4 80486 Microprocessor 555 13.11.5 PowerPC RISC Microprocessors 557 13.12 Pentium Series of Microprocessors 557 13.12.1 Salient Features 558 13.12.2 Pentium Pro Microprocessor 559 13.12.3 Pentium II Series 559 13.12.4 Pentium III and Pentium IV Microprocessors 559 13.12.5 Pentium M, D and Extreme Edition Processors 559 13.12.6 Celeron and Xeon Processors 560 13.13 Microprocessors for Embedded Applications 560 13.14 Peripheral Devices 560 13.14.1 Programmable Timer/Counter 561 13.14.2 Programmable Peripheral Interface 561 13.14.3 Programmable Interrupt Controller 561 13.14.4 DMA Controller 561 13.14.5 Programmable Communication Interface 562 13.14.6 Math Coprocessor 562 13.14.7 Programmable Keyboard/Display Interface 562 13.14.8 Programmable CRT Controller 562 13.14.9 Floppy Disk Controller 563 13.14.10 Clock Generator 563 13.14.11 Octal Bus Transceiver 563 Review Questions 563 Further Reading 564 14 Microcontrollers 565 14.1 Introduction to the Microcontroller 565 14.1.1 Applications 567 14.2 Inside the Microcontroller 567 14.2.1 Central Processing Unit (CPU) 568 14.2.2 Random Access Memory (RAM) 569 14.2.3 Read Only Memory (ROM) 569 14.2.4 Special-Function Registers 569 14.2.5 Peripheral Components 569 14.3 Microcontroller Architecture 574 14.3.1 Architecture to Access Memory 574 14.3.2 Mapping Special-Function Registers into Memory Space 576 14.3.3 Processor Architecture 577 14.4 Power-Saving Modes 579 14.5 Application-Relevant Information 580 14.5.1 Eight-Bit Microcontrollers 580 14.5.2 16-Bit Microcontrollers 588 14.5.3 32-Bit Microcontrollers 590 14.6 Interfacing Peripheral Devices with a Microcontroller 592 14.6.1 Interfacing LEDs 592 14.6.2 Interfacing Electromechanical Relays 593 14.6.3 Interfacing Keyboards 594 14.6.4 Interfacing Seven-Segment Displays 596 14.6.5 Interfacing LCD Displays 598 14.6.6 Interfacing A/D Converters 600 14.6.7 Interfacing D/A Converters 600 Review Questions 602 Problems 602 Further Reading 603 15 Computer Fundamentals 605 15.1 Anatomy of a Computer 605 15.1.1 Central Processing Unit 605 15.1.2 Memory 606 15.1.3 Input/Output Ports 607 15.2 A Computer System 607 15.3 Types of Computer System 607 15.3.1 Classification of Computers on the Basis of Applications 607 15.3.2 Classification of Computers on the Basis of the Technology Used 608 15.3.3 Classification of Computers on the Basis of Size and Capacity 609 15.4 Computer Memory 610 15.4.1 Primary Memory 611 15.5 Random Access Memory 612 15.5.1 Static RAM 612 15.5.2 Dynamic RAM 619 15.5.3 RAM Applications 622 15.6 Read Only Memory 622 15.6.1 ROM Architecture 623 15.6.2 Types of ROM 624 15.6.3 Applications of ROMs 629 15.7 Expanding Memory Capacity 632 15.7.1 Word Size Expansion 632 15.7.2 Memory Location Expansion 634 15.8 Input and Output Ports 637 15.8.1 Serial Ports 638 15.8.2 Parallel Ports 640 15.8.3 Internal Buses 642 15.9 Input/Output Devices 642 15.9.1 Input Devices 643 15.9.2 Output Devices 643 15.10 Secondary Storage or Auxiliary Storage 645 15.10.1 Magnetic Storage Devices 645 15.10.2 Magneto-Optical Storage Devices 648 15.10.3 Optical Storage Devices 648 15.10.4 USB Flash Drive 650 Review Questions 650 Problems 650 Further Reading 651 16 Troubleshooting Digital Circuits and Test Equipment 653 16.1 General Troubleshooting Guidelines 653 16.1.1 Faults Internal to Digital Integrated Circuits 654 16.1.2 Faults External to Digital Integrated Circuits 655 16.2 Troubleshooting Sequential Logic Circuits 659 16.3 Troubleshooting Arithmetic Circuits 663 16.4 Troubleshooting Memory Devices 664 16.4.1 Troubleshooting RAM Devices 664 16.4.2 Troubleshooting ROM Devices 664 16.5 Test and Measuring Equipment 665 16.6 Digital Multimeter 665 16.6.1 Advantages of Using a Digital Multimeter 666 16.6.2 Inside the Digital Meter 666 16.6.3 Significance of the Half-Digit 666 16.7 Oscilloscope 668 16.7.1 Importance of Specifications and Front-Panel Controls 668 16.7.2 Types of Oscilloscope 669 16.8 Analogue Oscilloscopes 669 16.9 CRT Storage Type Analogue Oscilloscopes 669 16.10 Digital Oscilloscopes 669 16.11 Analogue Versus Digital Oscilloscopes 672 16.12 Oscilloscope Specifications 672 16.12.1 Analogue Oscilloscopes 673 16.12.2 Analogue Storage Oscilloscope 674 16.12.3 Digital Storage Oscilloscope 674 16.13 Oscilloscope Probes 677 16.13.1 Probe Compensation 677 16.14 Frequency Counter 678 16.14.1 Universal Counters – Functional Modes 679 16.14.2 Basic Counter Architecture 679 16.14.3 Reciprocal Counters 681 16.14.4 Continuous-Count Counters 682 16.14.5 Counter Specifications 682 16.14.6 Microwave Counters 683 16.15 Frequency Synthesizers and Synthesized Function/Signal Generators 684 16.15.1 Direct Frequency Synthesis 684 16.15.2 Indirect Synthesis 685 16.15.3 Sampled Sine Synthesis (Direct Digital Synthesis) 687 16.15.4 Important Specifications 689 16.15.5 Synthesized Function Generators 689 16.15.6 Arbitrary Waveform Generator 690 16.16 Logic Probe 691 16.17 Logic Analyser 692 16.17.1 Operational Modes 692 16.17.2 Logic Analyser Architecture 692 16.17.3 Key Specifications 695 16.18 Computer–Instrument Interface Standards 696 16.18.1 IEEE-488 Interface 696 16.19 Virtual Instrumentation 697 16.19.1 Use of Virtual Instruments 698 16.19.2 Components of a Virtual Instrument 700 Review Questions 703 Problems 704 Further Reading 705 Index 707

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Book SynopsisUMTS Performance Measurement is a practical guide that explains how to identify and measure the main problems seen in today's UMTS live networks and will make performance measurement results gathered in the UTRAN environment understandable for the reader.Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgements xi 1 Basics of Performance Measurement in UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) 1 1.1 General Ideas of Performance Measurement 2 1.1.1 What is a KPI? 4 1.1.2 KPI Aggregation Levels and Correlations 6 1.1.3 Basic Approach to Capture and Filter Performance-Related Data in UTRAN 7 1.1.4 Performance Measurement Definitions of 3GPP 13 1.1.5 User Experience vs. 3GPP Performance Measurement Definitions 16 1.1.5.1 Problems with Registration and Call Setup 17 1.1.5.2 Dropped Calls 19 1.1.5.3 Poor Transmission Speed 20 1.1.5.4 Corrupted Data 25 1.1.6 Basics of PS Call Analysis in UTRAN 27 1.2 Basic Architectural Concept of Performance Measurement Equipment Based on Protocol Analysis 34 1.2.1 Protocol Decoding and Protocol Stacks 37 1.2.2 Diversity Combining and Filtering 39 1.2.3 State Transition Analysis 44 1.3 Aggregation Levels/Dimensions 47 1.3.1 SGSN Dimension 47 1.3.2 MSC Dimension 48 1.3.3 SRNC Dimension 48 1.3.4 DRNC Dimension 48 1.3.5 CRNC Dimension 48 1.3.6 Node B Dimension 49 1.3.7 Cell Dimension 49 1.3.8 Call/Connection Dimension 51 1.3.9 UE Dimensions 51 1.3.10 Radio Bearer/Radio Access Bearer Type Dimensions 52 1.4 Statistics Calculation and Presentation 54 1.4.1 Sampling Period 54 1.4.2 Bins 56 1.4.3 The 95th Percentile 57 1.4.4 Gauges and Distribution Functions 58 2 Selected UMTS Key Performance Parameters 61 2.1 Block Error Rate (BLER) Measurements 61 2.1.1 Uplink Block Error Rate (UL BLER) 62 2.1.1.1 Uplink Transport Channel BLER 62 2.1.1.2 UL BLER per Call 65 2.1.1.3 UL BLER per Call Type 65 2.1.2 Downlink Block Error Rate (DL BLER) 65 2.1.2.1 DL BLER per Call or Service 68 2.1.3 Correlation of BLER and Other Measurements 69 2.2 Radio-Related Measurements 71 2.2.1 Radio Link Quality Parameters and Flow Control in Lub Frame Protocol (FP) 71 2.2.2 NBAP Common Measurements 74 2.2.2.1 Transmitted Carrier Power 76 2.2.2.2 NBAP Common Measurement Enhancements in Release 5 77 2.2.2.3 Received Total Wideband Power 78 2.2.3 NBAP Dedicated Measurements 81 2.2.3.1 Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) 82 2.2.3.2 Signal-to-Interference Ratio Error (SIR Error) 83 2.2.3.3 Uplink SIR Target 85 2.2.3.4 Transmitted Code Power 86 2.2.3.5 Round Trip Time (RTT) 87 2.2.4 RRC Measurements and UE Measurement Abilities 87 2.3 Throughput Measurements 100 2.3.1 RLC Throughput 101 2.3.2 Transport Channel Throughput 102 2.3.3 Packet Switched User Perceived Throughput 112 2.3.4 Application Throughput 114 2.4 Transport Channel Usage Ratio 115 2.5 Primary and Secondary Traffic 118 2.6 Active Set Size Distribution 122 2.7 Soft Handover Success and Failure Analysis 127 2.8 Inter-Frequency Hard Handover Success and Failure Rates 132 2.9 Core Network Hard Handover Success and Failure Rates 137 2.9.1 Intra-MSC and Inter-MSC Hard Handover (3G-3G) 138 2.9.2 3G-2G Inter-RAT Handover for CS and PS Services 143 2.9.2.1 CS 3G-2G Inter-RAT Handover 144 2.9.2.2 PS 3G-2G Inter-RAT Handover 146 2.10 State Transitions and Channel Type Switching 147 2.11 Call Establish Success and Failure Rates 151 2.11.1 RRC Connection Establishment 152 2.11.2 Radio Bearer and Radio Access Bearer Establishment and Release 155 2.12 Call Drop Rates 160 2.13 NBAP Radio Link Failure Analysis and RRC Re-Establishment Success Rate 165 2.14 Cell Matrices 171 2.15 Miscellaneous Protocol Procedures and Events that Indicate Abnormal Behaviour of Protocol Entities on Different Layers 174 2.15.1 Miscellaneous RRC Failure Indications and Ratio KPIs 175 2.15.1.1 RRC UTRAN Mobility Information Failure 175 2.15.1.2 RRC Measurement Control Failure 175 2.15.1.3 RRC Status 175 2.15.1.4 RRC Security Mode Failure 176 2.15.1.5 RRC Transport Format Combination Control Failure 176 2.15.1.6 RRC Paging Response 176 2.15.2 SCCP Failure Analysis 177 2.15.2.1 Connection Refused (CREF) 177 2.15.2.2 Inactivity Check Failure 178 2.15.3 RANAP Failure Analysis 178 2.15.3.1 RANAP Reset Resource 178 2.15.3.2 RANAP Reset 178 2.15.3.3 RANAP Overload 178 2.15.4 NBAP Failure Analysis 178 2.15.5 RLC Acknowledge Mode Retransmission Rate 180 3 Call Establishment and Handover Procedures of PS Calls using HSDPA 181 3.1 HSDPA Cell Set Up 181 3.2 HSDPA Basic Call 182 3.2.1 Call Set Up and Measurement Initialisations 182 3.2.2 Call Release 187 3.3 Mobility Management and Handover Procedures in HSDPA 188 3.3.1 Serving HS-DSCH Cell Change without Change of Active Set 189 3.3.2 Inter-Node B Serving HS-DSCH Cell Change 191 3.3.3 HSDPA Cell Change After Soft Handover 193 Glossary 197 References 205 Index 207

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Book SynopsisDespite previous books on UWB systems for radar systems and more recently, communications, no book exists that deals with the antennas and propagation of UWB for both communication and radar systems. This text provides up-to-date material on fundamental design concepts and principles for UWB antennas and arrays.Table of ContentsEditors xv Prime Contributors xvii Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxvii Abbreviations & Acronyms xxix 1 Introduction to UWB Signals and Systems 1Andreas F. Molisch 1.1 History of UWB 1 1.2 Motivation 3 1.3 UWB Signals and Systems 6 1.4 Frequency Regulation 12 1.5 Applications, Operating Scenarios and Standardisation 13 1.6 System Outlook 15 References 16 Part I Fundamentals 19 Introduction to Part I 21Wasim Q. Malik and David J. Edwards 2 Fundamental Electromagnetic Theory 25Mischa Dohler 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Maxwell’s Equations 25 2.3 Resulting Principles 30 References 30 3 Basic Antenna Elements 31Mischa Dohler 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Hertzian Dipole 31 3.3 Antenna Parameters and Terminology 34 3.4 Basic Antenna Elements 42 References 47 4 Antenna Arrays 49Ernest E. Okon 4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 Point Sources 49 4.3 The Principle of Pattern Multiplication 55 4.4 Linear Arrays of n Elements 56 4.5 Linear Broadside Arrays with Nonuniform Amplitude Distributions 58 4.6 Planar Arrays 62 4.7 Design Considerations 65 4.8 Summary 66 References 66 5 Beamforming 67Ben Allen 5.1 Introduction 67 5.2 Antenna Arrays 69 5.3 Adaptive Array Systems 73 5.4 Beamforming 75 5.5 Summary 86 References 87 6 Antenna Diversity Techniques 89Junsheng Liu, Wasim Q. Malik, David J. Edwards and Mohammad Ghavami 6.1 Introduction 89 6.2 A Review of Fading 89 6.3 Receive Diversity 93 6.4 Transmit Diversity 100 6.5 MIMO Diversity Systems 102 References 103 Part II Antennas for UWB Communications 105 Introduction to Part II 107Ernest E. Okon 7 Theory of UWB Antenna Elements 111Xiaodong Chen 7.1 Introduction 111 7.2 Mechanism of UWB Monopole Antennas 112 7.3 Planar UWB Monopole Antennas 121 7.4 Planar UWB Slot Antennas 132 7.5 Time-Domain Characteristics of Monopoles 140 7.6 Summary 144 Acknowledgements 144 References 144 8 Antenna Elements for Impulse Radio 147Zhi Ning Chen 8.1 Introduction 147 8.2 UWB Antenna Classification and Design Considerations 148 8.3 Omnidirectional and Directional Designs 153 8.4 Summary 160 References 161 9 Planar Dipole-like Antennas for Consumer Products 163Peter Massey 9.1 Introduction 163 9.2 Computer Modelling and Measurement Techniques 164 9.3 Bicone Antennas and the Lossy Transmission Line Model 164 9.4 Planar Dipoles 167 9.5 Practical Antennas 178 9.6 Summary 194 Acknowledgements 195 References 195 10 UWB Antenna Elements for Consumer Electronic Applications 197Dirk Manteuffel 10.1 Introduction 197 10.2 Numerical Modelling and Extraction of the UWB Characterisation 199 10.3 Antenna Design and Integration 205 10.4 Propagation Modelling 214 10.5 System Analysis 215 10.6 Conclusions 218 References 220 11 Ultra-wideband Arrays 221Ernest E. Okon 11.1 Introduction 221 11.2 Linear Arrays 221 11.3 Null and Maximum Directions for Uniform Arrays 225 11.4 Phased Arrays 230 11.5 Elements for UWB Array Design 232 11.6 Modelling Considerations 234 11.7 Feed Configurations 234 11.8 Design Considerations 238 11.9 Summary 239 References 240 12 UWB Beamforming 241Mohammad Ghavami and Kaveh Heidary 12.1 Introduction 241 12.2 Basic Concept 242 12.3 A Simple Delay-line Transmitter Wideband Array 243 12.4 UWB Mono-pulse Arrays 249 12.5 Summary 257 References 258 Part III Propagation Measurements and Modelling for UWB Communications 259 Introduction to Part III 261Mischa Dohler and Ben Allen 13 Analysis of UWB Signal Attenuation Through Typical Building Materials 265Domenico Porcino 13.1 Introduction 265 13.2 A Brief Overview of Channel Characteristics 267 13.3 The Materials Under Test 270 13.4 Experimental Campaign 272 13.5 Conclusions 281 References 281 14 Large- and Medium-scale Propagation Modelling 283Mischa Dohler, Junsheng Liu, R. Michael Buehrer, Swaroop Venkatesh and Ben Allen 14.1 Introduction 283 14.2 Deterministic Models 284 14.3 Statistical-Empirical Models 297 14.4 Standardised Reference Models 303 14.5 Conclusions 306 References 306 15 Small-scale Ultra-wideband Propagation Modelling 309Swaroop Venkatesh, R. Michael Buehrer, Junsheng Liu and Mischa Dohler 15.1 Introduction 309 15.2 Small-scale Channel Modelling 310 15.3 Spatial Modelling 321 15.4 IEEE 802.15.3a Standard Model 324 15.5 IEEE 802.15.4a Standard Model 325 15.6 Summary 327 References 327 16 Antenna Design and Propagation Measurements and Modelling for UWBWireless BAN 331Yang Hao, Akram Alomainy and Yan Zhao 16.1 Introduction 331 16.2 Propagation Channel Measurements and Characteristics 332 16.3 WBAN Channel Modelling 345 16.4 UWB System-Level Modelling of Potential Body-Centric Networks 353 16.5 Summary 355 References 358 17 Ultra-wideband Spatial Channel Characteristics 361Wasim Q. Malik, Junsheng Liu, Ben Allen and David J. Edwards 17.1 Introduction 361 17.2 Preliminaries 361 17.3 UWB Spatial Channel Representation 362 17.4 Characterisation Techniques 363 17.5 Increase in the Communication Rate 364 17.6 Signal Quality Improvement 370 17.7 Performance Parameters 375 17.8 Summary 381 References 381 Part IV UWB Radar, Imaging and Ranging 385 Introduction to Part IV 387Anthony K. Brown 18 Localisation in NLOS Scenarios with UWB Antenna Arrays 389Thomas Kaiser, Christiane Senger, Amr Eltaher and Bamrung Tau Sieskul 18.1 Introduction 389 18.2 Underlying Mathematical Framework 394 18.3 Properties of UWB Beamforming 398 18.4 Beamloc Approach 401 18.5 Algorithmic Framework 403 18.6 Time-delay Estimation 404 18.7 Simulation Results 406 18.8 Conclusions 410 References 410 19 Antennas for Ground-penetrating Radar 413Ian Craddock 19.1 Introduction 413 19.2 GPR Example Applications 413 19.3 Analysis and GPR Design 419 19.4 Antenna Elements 425 19.5 Antenna Measurements, Analysis and Simulation 430 19.6 Conclusions 433 Acknowledgements 434 References 434 20 Wideband Antennas for Biomedical Imaging 437Ian Craddock 20.1 Introduction 437 20.2 Detection and Imaging 437 20.3 Waveform Choice and Antenna Design Criteria 440 20.4 Antenna Elements 441 20.5 Measurements, Analysis and Simulation 445 20.6 Conclusions 447 Acknowledgements 448 References 448 21 UWB Antennas for Radar and Related Applications 451Anthony K. Brown 21.1 Introduction 451 21.2 Medium- and Long-Range Radar 452 21.3 UWB Reflector Antennas 453 21.4 UWB Feed Designs 459 21.5 Feeds with Low Dispersion 461 21.6 Summary 468 References 468 Index 471

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Book SynopsisThis book collects a wealth of information about spatial audio coding into one comprehensible volume. It is a thorough reference to the 3GPP and MPEG Parametric Stereo standards and the MPEG Surround multi-channel audio coding standard. It describes key developments in coding techniques, which is an important factor in the optimization of advanced entertainment, communications and signal processing applications. Until recently, technologies for coding audio signals, such as redundancy reduction and sophisticated source and receiver models did not incorporate spatial characteristics of source and receiving ends. Spatial audio coding achieves much higher compression ratios than conventional coders. It does this by representing multi-channel audio signals as a downmix signal plus side information that describes the perceptually-relevant spatial information. Written by experts in spatial audio coding, Spatial Audio Processing: reviews psychoacousticTable of ContentsAuthor Biographies. Foreword. Preface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 The human auditory system. 1.2 Spatial audio reproduction. 1.3 Spatial audio coding. 1.4 Book outline. 2 Background. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Spatial audio playback systems. 2.2.1 Stereo audio loudspeaker playback. 2.2.2 Headphone audio playback. 2.2.3 Multi-channel audio playback. 2.3 Audio coding. 2.3.1 Audio signal representation. 2.3.2 Lossless audio coding. 2.3.3 Perceptual audio coding. 2.3.4 Parametric audio coding. 2.3.5 Combining perceptual and parametric audio coding. 2.4 Matrix surround. 2.5 Conclusions. 3 Spatial Hearing. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Physiology of the human hearing system. 3.3 Spatial hearing basics. 3.3.1 Spatial hearing with one sound source. 3.3.2 Ear entrance signal properties and lateralization. 3.3.3 Sound source localization. 3.3.4 Two sound sources: summing localization. 3.3.5 Superposition of signals each evoking one auditory object. 3.4 Spatial hearing in rooms. 3.4.1 Source localization in the presence of reflections: the precedence effect. 3.4.2 Spatial impression. 3.5 Limitations of the human auditory system. 3.5.1 Just-noticeable differences in interaural cues. 3.5.2 Spectro-temporal decomposition. 3.5.3 Localization accuracy of single sources. 3.5.4 Localization accuracy of concurrent sources. 3.5.5 Localization accuracy when reflections are present. 3.6 Source localization in complex listening situations. 3.6.1 Cue selection model. 3.6.2 Simulation examples. 3.7 Conclusions. 4 Spatial Audio Coding. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Related techniques. 4.2.1 Pseudostereophonic processes. 4.2.2 Intensity stereo coding. 4.3 Binaural Cue Coding (BCC). 4.3.1 Time–frequency processing. 4.3.2 Down-mixing to one channel. 4.3.3 ‘Perceptually relevant differences’ between audio channels. 4.3.4 Estimation of spatial cues. 4.3.5 Synthesis of spatial cues. 4.4 Coding of low-frequency effects (LFE) audio channels. 4.5 Subjective performance. 4.6 Generalization to spatial audio coding. 5 Parametric Stereo. 5.1 Introduction. 5.1.1 Development and standardization. 5.1.2 AacPlus v2. 5.2 Interaction between core coder and spatial audio coding. 5.3 Relation to BCC. 5.4 Parametric stereo encoder. 5.4.1 Time/frequency decomposition. 5.4.2 Parameter extraction. 5.4.3 Down-mix. 5.4.4 Parameter quantization and coding. 5.5 Parametric stereo decoder. 5.5.1 Analysis filterbank. 5.5.2 Decorrelation. 5.5.3 Matrixing. 5.5.4 Interpolation. 5.5.5 Synthesis filterbanks. 5.5.6 Parametric stereo in enhanced aacPlus. 5.6 Conclusions. 6 MPEG Surround. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Spatial audio coding. 6.2.1 Concept. 6.2.2 Elementary building blocks. 6.3 MPEG Surround encoder. 6.3.1 Structure. 6.3.2 Pre- and post-gains. 6.3.3 Time–frequency decomposition. 6.3.4 Spatial encoder. 6.3.5 Parameter quantization and coding. 6.3.6 Coding of residual signals. 6.4 MPEG Surround decoder. 6.4.1 Structure. 6.4.2 Spatial decoder. 6.4.3 Enhanced matrix mode. 6.5 Subjective evaluation. 6.5.1 Test 1: operation using spatial parameters. 6.5.2 Test 2: operation using enhanced matrix mode. 6.6 Conclusions. 7 Binaural Cues for a Single Sound Source. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 HRTF parameterization. 7.2.1 HRTF analysis. 7.2.2 HRTF synthesis. 7.3 Sound source position dependencies. 7.3.1 Experimental procedure. 7.3.2 Results and discussion. 7.4 HRTF set dependencies. 7.4.1 Experimental procedure. 7.4.2 Results and discussion. 7.5 Single ITD approximation. 7.5.1 Procedure. 7.5.2 Results and discussion. 7.6 Conclusions. 8 Binaural Cues for Multiple Sound Sources. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Binaural parameters. 8.3 Binaural parameter analysis. 8.3.1 Binaural parameters for a single sound source. 8.3.2 Binaural parameters for multiple independent sound sources. 8.3.3 Binaural parameters for multiple sound sources with varying degrees of mutual correlation. 8.4 Binaural parameter synthesis. 8.4.1 Mono down-mix. 8.4.2 Extension towards stereo down-mixes. 8.5 Application to MPEG Surround. 8.5.1 Binaural decoding mode. 8.5.2 Binaural parameter synthesis. 8.5.3 Binaural encoding mode. 8.5.4 Evaluation. 8.6 Conclusions. 9 Audio Coding with Mixing Flexibility at the Decoder Side. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Motivation and details. 9.2.1 ICTD, ICLD and ICC of the mixer output. 9.3 Side information. 9.3.1 Reconstructing the sources. 9.4 Using spatial audio decoders as mixers. 9.5 Transcoding to MPEG Surround. 9.6 Conclusions. 10 Multi-loudspeaker Playback of Stereo Signals. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Multi-channel stereo. 10.3 Spatial decomposition of stereo signals. 10.3.1 Estimating ps,b, Ab and pn,b. 10.3.2 Least-squares estimation of sm, n1,m and n2,m. 10.3.3 Post-scaling. 10.3.4 Numerical examples. 10.4 Reproduction using different rendering setups. 10.4.1 Multiple loudspeakers in front of the listener. 10.4.2 Multiple front loudspeakers plus side loudspeakers. 10.4.3 Conventional 5.1 surround loudspeaker setup. 10.4.4 Wavefield synthesis playback system. 10.4.5 Modifying the decomposed audio signals. 10.5 Subjective evaluation. 10.5.1 Subjects and playback setup. 10.5.2 Stimuli. 10.5.3 Test method. 10.5.4 Results. 10.6 Conclusions. 10.7 Acknowledgement. Frequently Used Terms, Abbreviations and Notation. Terms and abbreviations. Notation and variables. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisGain the knowledge and tools to deliver compelling mobile phone applications. Mobile and wireless application design is complex and challenging.Table of ContentsPreface. About the Author. 1 Introduction: Mobility is Different. 1.1 Mobilizing Applications. 1.2 What is ‘Mobile’ Anyhow? 1.3 The Carry Principle. 1.4 Components of a Mobile Application. 1.5 About This Book. 2 Mobile Users in the Wild. 2.1 Mobile User Characteristics. 2.2 Groups and Tribes. 2.3 International Differences. 3 Mobile Devices. 3.1 A Device Taxonomy. 3.2 Anatomy of the PCD. 4 Selecting Application Technologies. 4.1 Input Modalities. 4.2 Interaction Responsiveness. 4.3 Data Storage Locations. 4.4 Display Modality. 4.5 Supplemental Technologies. 4.6 Distribution Methods. 4.7 Other Concerns. 4.8 Platforms. 5 Mobile Design Principles. 5.1 Mobilize, Don’t Miniaturize. 5.2 User Context. 5.3 Handling Device Proliferation. 5.4 Emulators and Simulators. 5.5 Detailed Design Recommendations. 6 Mobile User Interface Design Patterns. 6.1 About User Interface Patterns. 6.2 Screen Design. 6.3 Application Navigation. 6.4 Application Management. 6.5 Advertising. 7 Graphic and Media Design. 7.1 Composition for the Small Screen. 7.2 Video and Animation. 7.3 Sound. 7.4 Streaming versus Downloaded Content. 7.5 Managing Media: Meta Data. 8 Industry Players. 8.1 Carriers (Operators). 8.2 Device Manufacturers. 8.3 Technology and Platform Providers. 8.4 Application and Content Developers. 8.5 Content Distributors. 8.6 Industry Associations. 8.7 Government. 9 Research and Design Process. 9.1 Mobile Research Challenges. 9.2 User Research. 9.3 Design Phase Testing. 9.4 Application Usability Testing. 9.5 Market Acceptance (beta) Testing. 10 Example Application: Traveler Tool. 10.1 User Requirements. 10.2 Product Requirements. 10.3 High-level Design Concepts. 10.4 Detailed Design Plan. Appendices. A: Mobile Markup Languages. B: Domain Names. C: Minimum Object Resolution. D: Opt-In and Opt-Out. E: Mobile Companies. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive guide to automotive vehicle buses, covering the principles, components, implementation and application of the technology. Paret offers both a global and historical perspective, so enabling the reader to clearly understand the connections between theory, technology and economic implications throughout.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. Part A CAN: from concept to reality. 1 The CAN bus: general. 1.1 Concepts of bus access and arbitration. 1.2 Error processing and management. 1.3 Increase your word power. 1.4 From concept to reality. 1.5 Historical context of CAN. 1.6 Patents, licences and certification. 2 CAN: its protocol, its properties, its novel features. 2.1 Definitions of the CAN protocol: ‘ISO 11898-1’. 2.2 Errors: their intrinsic properties, detection and processing. 2.3 The rest of the frame. 2.4 CAN 2.0B. 3 The CAN physical layer. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 The ‘CAN bit’. 3.3 Nominal bit time. 3.4 CAN and signal propagation. 3.5 Bit synchronization. 3.6 Network speed. 4 Medium, implementation and physical layers in CAN. 4.1 The range of media and the types of coupling to the network. 4.2 High speed CAN, from 125 kbits -1 to 1 Mbits -1: ISO 11898-2. 4.3 Low speed CAN, from 10 to 125 kbits -1. 4.4 Optical media. 4.5 Electromagnetic media. 4.6 Pollution and EMC conformity. 5 Components, applications and tools for CAN. 5.1 CAN components. 5.2 Applications. 5.3 Application layers and development tools for CAN. 6 Time-triggered protocols – FlexRay. 6.1 Some general remarks. 6.2 Event-triggered and time-triggered aspects. 6.3 TTCAN – Time-triggered communication on CAN. 6.4 Towards high-speed, X-by-Wire and redundant systems. 6.5 FlexRay. Part B New multiplexed bus concepts: LIN, FlexRay, Fail-safe SBC, Safe-by-Wire. 7 LIN – Local Interconnect Network. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Basic concept of the LIN 2.0 protocol. 7.3 Cost and market. 7.4 Conformity of LIN. 7.5 Examples of components for LIN 2.0. 8 Think ‘Bus’, think ‘Fail-safe SBC’, ‘Gateways’. 8.1 Fail-safe SBCs: their multiple aspects and reasons for using them. 8.2 The strategy and principles of re-use. 8.3 Demo board. 8.4 Gateways. 8.5 Managing the application layers. 9 Safe-by-Wire. 9.1 A little history. 9.2 Safe-by-Wire Plus. 9.3 Some words of technology. 10 Audio-video buses. 10.1 I2C Bus. 10.2 The D2B (Domestic digital) bus. 10.3 The MOST (Media oriented systems transport) bus. 10.4 The IEEE 1394 bus or ‘FireWire’. 11 RF communication and wireless mini-networks. 11.1 Radio-frequency communication: internal. 11.2 Radio-frequency communication: external. 11.3 Wireless networks. Conclusion. Part C Appendices. Appendix A. CiA (CAN in Automation). Appendix B. Essential references. Appendix C. Further reading. Appendix D. Useful addresses. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe new era of powerful, mobile computing and sensing devices having ever larger memories and personal databases brings to light a number of difficult problems in software, interface design, search, organization of information, and methods for inferring context and for sharing personal content The authors have done an admirable job at describing the problems and opportunities and, as such, this book should be on the shelves of researchers struggling to make these mobile devices truly valuable to the ever expanding number of their users. David G. Stork, Chief Scientist, Ricoh Innovations Personal Content Experience is a comprehensive introduction to mobile personal content. The book introduces and explores issues such as context capture, user interfaces for continuous mobile use, UI design for mobile media applications, metadata magic, virtual communities, and ontologies. User interactions and behavioural patterns with personal content are also covered, resulting in a GTrade Review"The book is well referenced, and can serve as a jumping-off point for someone who wishes to get started in this fascinating area of research and development." (Computing Reviews, May 15, 2008)Table of ContentsForeword. Acknowledgements. List of Abbreviations. Prologue. Chapter 1: Digital Memories and the Personal Content Explosion. 1.1 Digital Us. 1.2 You and This Book. 1.3 Contents at a Glance. Chapter 2: Trends Towards Mobility. 2.1 The New Nomads. 2.1.1 Five-Second Attention Span. 2.1.2 Continuous and Nomadic Mobile Use. 2.2 Mobile Device Categories. 2.2.1 Dedicated Media Devices. 2.2.2 Swiss Army Knives. 2.2.3 Toolbox Devices. 2.2.4 Accessories and Other Devices. 2.3 Mobile Compromises. 2.3.1 Teeny Weeny UIs. 2.4 Because it Can! 2.5 Convergence. 2.6 Wireless Revolution. 2.6.1 Broadcast Networks. 2.6.2 Short-Range Wireless. 2.7 Case Study: Mobile Music. 2.8 References. Chapter 3: Mobile Personal Content Uncovered. 3.1 First there were Files. 3.1.1 From File Management to Content Management. 3.1.2 Creation and Usage make Content Personal. 3.2 Categorization. 3.3 Characteristics of Personal Content. 3.3.1 Content Explosion. 3.3.2 Personal Content is Invaluable. 3.3.3 Personal Content is Familiar . . . or Not. 3.3.4 Favourites. 3.3.5 Sharing and Communities. 3.3.6 Relations and Associations. 3.3.7 Privacy and Security Requirements. 3.4 Mobile Personal Content. 3.4.1 Mobile Personal Content is Distributed. 3.4.2 Mobile Content is Tied to Creation and Usage Context. 3.4.3 The Same Content Types, New Usage Patterns. 3.4.4 Totally New Content Types, or Extended Use of Existing Content Types. 3.4.5 New Behavioural Patterns. 3.4.6 New Challenges. 3.5 Content Wants to be Free? 3.6 GEMS, a Tool for Modelling Personal Content Experience. 3.7 References. Chapter 4: Metadata Magic. 4.1 Metadata for Consumers: A Brief Introduction. 4.1.1 Metadata Semantics. 4.1.2 Metadata – For Managing or Enjoying? 4.2 Metadata Creation. 4.3 Metadata Maintenance. 4.4 Relations Give Meaning. 4.4.1 People as First-Class Metadata. 4.4.2 Derived Metadata. 4.5 How does Metadata Benefit the User? 4.5.1 Tracing and Recall. 4.5.2 Searching. 4.5.3 Organizing: Sorting, Grouping and Filtering. 4.5.4 Automatic Summarizing. 4.5.5 Enhancing Privacy and Security. 4.5.6 Constructing Views. 4.5.7 Better Recommendations. 4.5.8 Reusing / Remixing / Reconstructing. 4.5.9 Smoother Transition Between Applications. 4.6 Existing Approaches. 4.6.1 MARC. 4.6.2 Dublin Core Metadata Initiative. 4.6.3 XMP. 4.6.4 ID3v2. 4.6.5 Acidized Wav. 4.6.6 DCF and EXIF. 4.6.7 Quicktime. 4.6.8 MPEG-7. 4.6.9 RSS. 4.6.10 Summary. 4.7 The PCE Trinity: Mobility, Context and Metadata. 4.7.1 File Context. 4.7.2 Elements of Context. 4.7.3 Context is Essential for Communication. 4.8 The Challenges: Universal Metadata, Extensibility, Abuse. 4.9 Yet Another Challenge: Interoperability. 4.9.1 Personal Content Device Ecosystem. 4.9.2 Application Interoperability. 4.9.3 Existing Solutions for Interoperability. 4.10 The Dream: When Metadata Really Works. 4.11 References. Chapter 5: Realizing a Metadata Framework. 5.1 Metadata is a Solution . . . and a Problem. 5.2 Challenges in Distributed Mobile Content Management. 5.2.1 Storage. 5.2.2 Synchronization. 5.2.3 Version Control. 5.2.4 Backing Up. 5.2.5 Content Adaptation. 5.2.6 Locating the Desired Piece of Content. 5.3 Different Types of Metadata. 5.3.1 Tags. 5.3.2 Context Capture. 5.3.3 Relationships. 5.3.4 Usage History and Events. 5.4 From Content Management to Metadata Management. 5.4.1 Cross Media Challenge and Metadata Ownership. 5.4.2 Separating Metadata from Content Binaries. 5.4.3 Preparing for the Future. 5.5 Overall Architecture. 5.6 Our Metadata Ontology. 5.6.1 Instance Metadata and the Schema. 5.6.2 Initializing the Framework. 5.6.3 Our Default Ontology. 5.6.4 Namespace. 5.6.5 Metadata Schema Objects. 5.6.6 The Most Typical Metadata Schema Objects and Attributes. 5.6.7 Events. 5.6.8 Relationships. 5.6.9 How to Handle Composite Objects. 5.6.10 URIs for Fragments. 5.6.11 Extending the Ontology. 5.7 Making a Prototype Implementation. 5.7.1 Metadata Engine. 5.7.2 Managing Schemas. 5.7.3 Why Use SQL and Especially SQLite as Persistent Storage. 5.7.4 Harvester Manager. 5.7.5 Context Engine. 5.8 Facing Real Life. 5.8.1 Memory Consumption. 5.8.2 Speed. 5.8.3 Example Usage of Metadata Engine. 5.9 Metadata Processors. 5.10 Summary. 5.11 References. Chapter 6: User Interfaces for Mobile Media. 6.1 Human in the Loop. 6.1.1 Searching. 6.1.2 User-Centred Design. 6.2 Interacting with Mobile Personal Content. 6.2.1 Music. 6.2.2 Photos. 6.2.3 Video. 6.3 Interfaces for Mobile Media Devices. 6.3.1 Why not Speech User Interfaces for Mobiles? 6.3.2 Graphical User Interfaces. 6.3.3 Interaction Technologies and Techniques. 6.3.4 UI structure and Navigation. 6.3.5 Basic UI Components for Mobile Media. 6.4 Designing a Mobile User Interface. 6.4.1 Common UI Design Guidelines. 6.4.2 The UI Design Process and Methods. 6.4.3 Validating the Design. 6.5 Performing the GEMS Tasks. 6.5.1 Cross-GEMS Tasks: Browse and Search. 6.5.2 Get Content. 6.5.3 Enjoy Content. 6.5.4 Maintain Content. 6.5.5 Share Content. 6.5.6 Multi-Tasking in GEMS. 6.6 The Effect of Device Category on UI. 6.7 Summary. 6.8 References. Chapter 7: Application Outlook. 7.1 General Characteristics of Mobile Applications. 7.2 Location-Based Applications. 7.2.1 Point of Interest. 7.2.2 Wayfi nding. 7.2.3 Annotations. 7.2.4 Location as Metadata. 7.2.5 Location and Communities. 7.2.6 Other Applications. 7.2.7 Discussion. 7.3 Sharing and Communities. 7.3.1 Content Sharing. 7.3.2 Content Rating. 7.3.3 Self-Expression. 7.3.4 YouTube. 7.3.5 Video Sharing Cornes of Age. 7.4 Games. 7.4.1 Mobile Games. 7.4.2 Personal Content Types Related to Games. 7.4.3 Modding. 7.4.4 Discussion. 7.5 Other Domains. 7.5.1 Personal Training. 7.5.2 Movie Subtitles. 7.5.3 Flash, Comics, Animations. 7.5.4 Discussion. 7.6 References. Chapter 8: Timeshifting Life. 8.1 Metadata in the Years to Come. 8.1.1 Metadata Enablers. 8.2 Metadata Creation: Top-Down or Bottom-Up? 8.3 Show Me the Money. 8.4 Obstacles in Reaching the Vision. 8.4.1 Technical Problems and Challenges. 8.4.2 Human-Related Issues. 8.5 From Databases to Lifebases. 8.6 Move that Metadata! 8.7 References. Epilogue. Index.

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Book SynopsisA wireless sensor network (WSN) uses a number of autonomous devices to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions via a wireless network. Since its military beginnings as a means of battlefield surveillance, practical use of this technology has extended to a range of civilian applications including environmental monitoring, natural disaster prediction and relief, health monitoring and fire detection. Technological advancements, coupled with lowering costs, suggest that wireless sensor networks will have a significant impact on 21st century life. The design of wireless sensor networks requires consideration for several disciplines such as distributed signal processing, communications and cross-layer design. Wireless Sensor Networks: Signal Processing and Communications focuses on the theoretical aspects of wireless sensor networks and offers readers signal processing and communication perspectives on the design of large-scale networks. It explains state-of-theTable of ContentsList of Contributors. 1. Introduction. Part I. Fundamental Properties and Limits. 2. Information-theoretic Bounds on Sensor Network Performance (Michael Gastpar). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Sensor Network Models. 2.3 Digital Architectures. 2.4 The Price of Digital Architectures. 2.5 Bounds on General Architectures. 2.6 Concluding Remarks and Some Interesting Questions. Bibliography. 3 In-Network Information Processing in Wireless Sensor Networks (Arvind Giridhar and P. R. Kumar). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Communication Complexity Model. 3.3 Computing Functions Over Wireless Networks: Spatial Reuse and Block Computation . 3.4 Wireless Networks with Noisy Communications: Reliable Computation in a Collocated Broadcast Network. 3.5 Towards an Information Theoretic Formulation. 3.6 Conclusion. Bibliography. 4 The Sensing Capacity of Sensor Networks (Rohit Negi, Yaron Rachlin, and Pradeep Khosla). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Sensing Capacity of Sensor Networks. 4.3 Extensions to other Sensor Network Models. 4.4 Discussion and Open Problems. Bibliography. 5. Law of Sensor Network Lifetime and Its Applications (Yunxia Chen and Qing Zhao). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Law of Network Lifetime and General Design Principle. 5.3 Fundamental Performance Limit: A Stochastic Shortest Path Framework. 5.4 Distributed Asymptotically Optimal Transmission Scheduling. 5.5 A Brief Overview of Network Lifetime Analysis. 5.6 Conclusion. Bibliography. Part II. Signal Processing for Sensor Networks. 6. Detection in Sensor Networks. 6.1 Centralized Detection. 6.2 The Classical Decentralized Detection Framework. 6.3 Decentralized Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks. 6.4 Wireless Sensor Networks. 6.5 New Paradigms. 6.6 Extensions and Generalizations. 6.7 Discussion and Concluding Remarks. Bibliography. 7. Distributed Estimation Under Bandwidth and Energy Constraints (Alejandro Ribeiro, Ioannis D. Schizas, Jin-Jun Xiao, Georgios B. Giannakis and Zhi-Quan Luo). 7.1 Distributed Quantization-Estimation. 7.2 Maximum Likelihood Estimation. 7.3 Unknown noise pdf. 7.4 Estimation of Vector parameters. 7.5 Maximum a Posteriori Probability Estimation. 7.6 Dimensionality Reduction for Distributed Estimation. 7.7 Distortion-RateAnalysis. 7.8 Conclusion. 7.9 Further Reading. Bibliography. 8. Distributed Learning in Wireless Sensor Networks (Joel B. Predd, Sanjeev R. Kulkarni, and H. Vincent Poor). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Classical Learning. 8.3 Distributed Learningin Wireless Sensor Networks. 8.4 Distributed Learningin WSNs with a Fusion Center. 8.5 Distributed Learningin Ad-hocWSNs with In-network Processing. 8.6 Conclusion. Bibliography. 9. Graphical Models and Fusion in Sensor Networks (M¨ujdat C¸ etin, Lei Chen, John W. Fisher III, Alexander T. Ihler, O. Patrick Kreidl, Randolph L. Moses, Martin J. Wainwright, Jason L. Williams, and Alan S. Willsky). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Graphical Models. 9.3 From Sensor Network Fusion to Graphical Models. 9.4 Message Censoring, Approximation,and Impacton Fusion. 9.5 The Effects of Message Approximation . 9.6 Optimizing theUse of Constrained Resources in Network Fusion. 9.7 Conclusion. Bibliography. Part III. Communications, Networking and Cross-Layered Designs. 10. Randomized Cooperative Transmission in Large-Scale Sensor Networks (Birsen Sirkeci-Mergen and Anna Scaglione). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Transmit cooperation in sensor networks. 10.3 Randomized distributed cooperative schemes. 10.4 Performance of Randomized Cooperative Codes. 10.5 Analysis of Cooperative Large-scale Networks utilizing Randomized Cooperative Codes. 10.6 Conclusion. 10.7 Appendix. Bibliography. 11. Application Dependent Shortest Path Routing in Ad-Hoc Sensor Networks (Saswat Misra, Lang Tong, and Anthony Ephremides). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Fundamental SPR. 11.3 SPR for MobileWireless Networks. 11.4 SPRf or Ad-Hoc Sensor Networks. 11.5 Conclusion. 11.6 A Short Review of Basic Graph Theory. Bibliography. 12. Data-Centric and CooperativeMAC Protocols for Sensor Networks (Yao-Win Hong and Pramod K. Varshney). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Traditional Medium Access Control Protocols: Random Access and Deterministic Scheduling. 12.3 Energy Efficient MAC Protocols for Sensor Networks. 12.4 Data-Centric MAC Protocols for Sensor Networks. 12.5 Cooperative MAC Protocol for Independent Sources. 12.6 Cooperative MAC Protocol for Correlated Sensors. 12.7 DiscussionandFutureResearchDirections. Bibliography. 13. Game Theoretic Activation and Transmission Scheduling in Unattended Ground Sensor Networks: A Correlated Equilibrium Approach (Vikram Krishnamurthy, Michael Maskery, and Minh Hanh Ngo). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Unattended Ground Sensor Network: Capabilities and Objectives. 13.3 Sensor Activation as the Correlated Equilibrium of a Noncooperative Game. 13.4 Energy Efficient Transmission Scheduling in UGSN - A Markov Decision Process Approach. 13.5 Numerical Results. 13.6 Discussion and Extensions . 13.7 Appendix. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisA definitive guide for accurate state-of-the-art modelling of free surface flows Understanding the dynamics of free surface flows is the starting point of many environmental studies, impact studies, and waterworks design.Trade Review?The book gains an insight into the mathematical fundament of free surface flows and into the implementation of these models in the programme system Telemac. It is useful for students and researchers of this field and of computational fluid dynamics.? (ZAMM, October 2009) "This would provide a useful guide from fundamental theory to more advanced topics that deal with the applications of the finite element method and the Telemac system." (Zentralblatt Math 1131, June 2008)Table of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. List of Plates. Acknowledgements. Chapter 1. Acknowledgements. Chapter 2. Equations of free surface hydrodynamics. Chapter 3. Principles of the finite element method. Chapter 4. Resolution of the Saint-Venant equations. Chapter 5. Resolution of the Navier-Stokes equations. Chapter 6. Solving transport equations. Chapter 7. Modern techniques in finite elements. Chapter 8. Parallelism. Chapter 9. Parameter estimation. Chapter 10. Applications. Appendix A. Tide-generating force. Appendix B. Diffusion matrix with tetrahedra. Appendix C. Notations. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an introduction to the complex field of ubiquitous computing Ubiquitous Computing (also commonly referred to as Pervasive Computing) describes the ways in which current technological models, based upon three base designs: smart (mobile, wireless, service) devices, smart environments (of embedded system devices) and smart interaction (between devices), relate to and support a computing vision for a greater range of computer devices, used in a greater range of (human, ICT and physical) environments and activities. The author details the rich potential of ubiquitous computing, the challenges involved in making it a reality, and the prerequisite technological infrastructure. Additionally, the book discusses the application and convergence of several current major and future computing trends. Key Features: Provides an introduction to the complex field of ubiquitous computing Describes how current technology models based upon six different technology form factors which have varying degrees of mobility wireless connectivity and service volatility: tabs, pads, boards, dust, skins and clay, enable the vision of ubiquitous computing Describes and explores how the three core designs (smart devices, environments and interaction) based upon current technology models can be applied to, and can evolve to, support a vision of ubiquitous computing and computing for the future Covers the principles of the following current technology models, including mobile wireless networks, service-oriented computing, human computer interaction, artificial intelligence, context-awareness, autonomous systems, micro-electromechanical systems, sensors, embedded controllers and robots Covers a range of interactions, between two or more UbiCom devices, between devices and people (HCI), between devices and the physical world. Includes an accompanying website with PowerPoint slides, problems and solutions, exercises, bibliography and further reading Graduate students in computer science, electrical engineering and telecommunications courses will find this a fascinating and useful introduction to the subject. It will also be of interest to ICT professionals, software and network developers and others interested in future trends and models of computing and interaction over the next decades.Table of ContentsList of Figures xix List of Tables xxiii Preface xxv Acknowledgements xxvii 1 Ubiquitous Computing: Basics and Vision 1 1.1 Living in a Digital World 1 1.1.1 Chapter Overview 2 1.1.2 Illustrative Ubiquitous Computing Applications 2 1.1.2.1 Personal Memories 3 1.1.2.2 Adaptive Transport Scheduled Service 5 1.1.2.3 Foodstuff Management 5 1.1.2.4 Utility Regulation 6 1.1.3 Holistic Framework for UbiCom: Smart DEI 7 1.2 Modelling the Key Ubiquitous Computing Properties 8 1.2.1 Core Properties of UbiCom Systems 9 1.2.2 Distributed ICT Systems 9 1.2.2.1 Networked ICT Devices 10 1.2.2.2 Transparency and Openness 10 1.2.3 Implicit Human–Computer Interaction (iHCI) 11 1.2.3.1 The Calm Computer 11 1.2.3.2 Implicit Versus Explicit Human–Computer Interaction 12 1.2.3.3 Embodied Reality versus Virtual, Augmented and Mediated Reality 12 1.2.4 Context-Awareness 13 1.2.4.1 Three Main Types of Environment Context: Physical, User, Virtual 14 1.2.4.2 User-Awareness 14 1.2.4.3 Active Versus Passive Context-Awareness 15 1.2.5 Autonomy 15 1.2.5.1 Reducing Human Interaction 16 1.2.5.2 Easing System Maintenance Versus Self-Maintaining Systems 16 1.2.6 Intelligence 17 1.2.7 Taxonomy of UbiCom Properties 17 1.3 Ubiquitous System Environment Interaction 22 1.3.1 Human–ICT Device Interaction (HCI) 24 1.3.2 ICT Device to Physical World Interaction (CPI) 25 1.4 Architectural Design for UbiCom Systems: Smart DEI Model 26 1.4.1 Smart Devices 27 1.4.1.1 Weiser’s ICT Device Forms: Tabs, Pads and Boards 28 1.4.1.2 Extended Forms for ICT Devices: Dust, Skin and Clay 28 1.4.1.3 Mobility 29 1.4.1.4 Volatile Service Access 29 1.4.1.5 Situated and Self-Aware 30 1.4.2 Smart Environments 30 1.4.2.1 Tagging, Sensing and Controlling Environments 31 1.4.2.2 Embedded Versus Untethered 31 1.4.2.3 Device Sizes 32 1.4.3 Smart Interaction 32 1.4.3.1 Basic Interaction 32 1.4.3.2 Smart Interaction 33 1.5 Discussion 34 1.5.1 Interlinking System Properties, Environments and Designs 34 1.5.2 Common Myths about Ubiquitous Computing 35 1.5.3 Organisation of the Smart DEI Approach 37 Exercises 38 References 39 2 Applications and Requirements 41 2.1 Introduction 41 2.1.1 Overview 41 2.2 Example Early UbiCom Research Projects 41 2.2.1 Smart Devices: cci 42 2.2.1.1 Smart Boards, Pads and Tabs 42 2.2.1.2 Active Badge, Bat and Floor 42 2.2.2 Smart Environments: CPI and cci 43 2.2.2.1 Classroom 2000 43 2.2.2.2 Smart Space and Meeting Room 43 2.2.2.3 Interactive Workspaces and iRoom 44 2.2.2.4 Cooltown 44 2.2.2.5 EasyLiving and SPOT 45 2.2.2.6 HomeLab and Ambient Intelligence 46 2.2.3 Smart Devices: CPI 46 2.2.3.1 Unimate and MH-1 Robots 46 2.2.3.2 Smart Dust and TinyOS 47 2.2.4 Smart Devices: iHCI and HPI 48 2.2.4.1 Calm Computing 48 2.2.4.2 Things That Think and Tangible Bits 48 2.2.4.3 DataTiles 49 2.2.4.4 Ambient Wood 50 2.2.4.5 WearComp and WearCam 50 2.2.4.6 Cyborg 1.0 and 2.0 52 2.2.5 Other UbiCom Projects 52 2.3 Everyday Applications in the Virtual, Human and Physical World 53 2.3.1 Ubiquitous Networks of Devices: cci 53 2.3.2 Human–Computer Interaction 54 2.3.2.1 Ubiquitous Audio-Video Content Access 54 2.3.2.2 Ubiquitous Information Access and Ebooks 55 2.3.2.3 Universal Local Control of ICT Systems 56 2.3.2.4 User-Awareness and Personal Spaces 58 2.3.3 Human-to-Human Interaction (HHI) Applications 58 2.3.3.1 Transaction-based M-Commerce and U-Commerce Services 59 2.3.3.2 Enhancing the Productivity of Mobile Humans 59 2.3.3.3 Care in the Community 60 2.3.4 Human-Physical World-Computer Interaction (HPI) and (CPI) 61 2.3.4.1 Physical Environment Awareness 61 2.3.4.2 (Physical) Environment Control 61 2.3.4.3 Smart Utilities 62 2.3.4.4 Smart Buildings and Home Automation 62 2.3.4.5 Smart Living Environments and Smart Furniture 63 2.3.4.6 Smart Street Furniture 65 2.3.4.7 Smart Vehicles, Transport and Travel 65 2.3.4.8 Pervasive Games and Social Physical Spaces 66 2.4 Discussion 67 2.4.1 Achievements from Early Projects and Status Today 67 2.4.1.1 Smart Devices 67 2.4.1.2 Smart Physical World Environments 68 2.4.1.3 Context-Awareness and Service Discovery 69 2.4.1.4 Wearable Smart Devices and Implants 69 Exercises 71 References 71 3 Smart Devices and Services 75 3.1 Introduction 75 3.1.1 Chapter Overview 75 3.1.2 Smart Device and Service Characteristics 75 3.1.3 Distributed System Viewpoints 77 3.1.4 Abstraction Versus Virtualisation 78 3.2 Service Architecture Models 80 3.2.1 Partitioning and Distribution of Service Components 80 3.2.2 Multi-tier Client Service Models 81 3.2.2.1 Distributed Data Storage 82 3.2.2.2 Distributed Processing 82 3.2.2.3 Client–Server Design 83 3.2.2.4 Proxy-based Service Access 84 3.2.3 Middleware 85 3.2.4 Service Oriented Computing (SOC) 86 3.2.5 Grid Computing 87 3.2.6 Peer-to-Peer Systems 88 3.2.7 Device Models 91 3.3 Service Provision Life-Cycle 91 3.3.1 Network Discovery 92 3.3.2 Service Announcement, Discovery, Selection and Configuration 93 3.3.2.1 Web Service Discovery 95 3.3.2.2 Semantic Web and Semantic Resource Discovery 95 3.3.3 Service Invocation 95 3.3.3.1 Distributed Processes 96 3.3.3.2 Asynchronous (MOM) Versus Synchronous (RPC) Communication Models 97 3.3.3.3 Reliable versus Unreliable Communication 99 3.3.3.4 Caches, Read-Ahead and Delayed Writes 99 3.3.3.5 On-Demand Service Access 100 3.3.3.6 Event-Driven Architectures (EDA) 101 3.3.3.7 Shared Data Repository 103 3.3.3.8 Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) Model 103 3.3.3.9 Volatile Service Invocation 104 3.3.4 Service Composition 105 3.3.4.1 Service Interoperability 106 3.4 Virtual Machines and Operating Systems 106 3.4.1 Virtual Machines 106 3.4.2 Bios 107 3.4.3 Multi-Tasking Operating Systems (MTOS) 108 3.4.4 Process Control 109 3.4.5 Memory Management 110 3.4.6 Input and Output 111 Exercises 111 References 112 4 Smart Mobiles, Cards and Device Networks 115 4.1 Introduction 115 4.1.1 Chapter Overview 115 4.2 Smart Mobile Devices, Users, Resources and Code 115 4.2.1 Mobile Service Design 116 4.2.1.1 SMS and Mobile Web Services 117 4.2.1.2 Java VM and J2ME 119 4.2.1.3 .net Cf 120 4.2.2 Mobile Code 121 4.2.3 Mobile Devices and Mobile Users 122 4.3 Operating Systems for Mobile Computers and Communicator Devices 123 4.3.1 Microkernel Designs 123 4.3.2 Mobility Support 123 4.3.3 Resource-Constrained Devices 124 4.3.4 Power Management 125 4.3.4.1 Low Power CPUs 125 4.3.4.2 Application Support 126 4.4 Smart Card Devices 126 4.4.1 Smart Card OS 127 4.4.2 Smart Card Development 128 4.5 Device Networks 128 4.5.1 HAVi, HES and X 10 129 4.5.2 Device Discovery 129 4.5.3 OSGi 131 Exercises 132 References 133 5 Human–Computer Interaction 135 5.1 Introduction 135 5.1.1 Chapter Overview 135 5.1.2 Explicit HCI: Motivation and Characteristics 136 5.1.3 Complexity of Ubiquitous Explicit HCI 136 5.1.4 Implicit HCI: Motivation and Characteristics 137 5.2 User Interfaces and Interaction for Four Widely Used Devices 138 5.2.1 Diversity of ICT Device Interaction 138 5.2.2 Personal Computer Interface 139 5.2.3 Mobile Hand-Held Device Interfaces 140 5.2.3.1 Handling Limited Key Input: Multi-Tap, T9, Fastap, Soft keys and Soft Keyboard 140 5.2.3.2 Handling Limited Output 141 5.2.4 Games Console Interfaces and Interaction 142 5.2.5 Localised Remote Control: Video Devices 143 5.3 Hidden UI Via Basic Smart Devices 143 5.3.1 Multi-Modal Visual Interfaces 144 5.3.2 Gesture Interfaces 145 5.3.3 Reflective Versus Active Displays 147 5.3.4 Combining Input and Output User Interfaces 148 5.3.4.1 Touchscreens 149 5.3.4.2 Tangible Interfaces 149 5.3.4.3 Organic Interfaces 150 5.3.5 Auditory Interfaces 151 5.3.6 Natural Language Interfaces 151 5.4 Hidden UI Via Wearable and Implanted Devices 152 5.4.1 Posthuman Technology Model 152 5.4.2 Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality 152 5.4.3 Wearable Computer Interaction 153 5.4.3.1 Head(s)-Up Display (HUD) 154 5.4.3.2 Eyetap 154 5.4.3.3 Virtual Retinal Display (VRD) 154 5.4.3.4 Clothes as Computers 155 5.4.4 Computer Implants and Brain Computer Interfaces 155 5.4.5 Sense-of-Presence and Telepresence 157 5.5 Human-Centred Design (HCD) 157 5.5.1 Human-Centred Design Life-Cycle 158 5.5.2 Methods to Acquire User Input and to Build Used Models 159 5.5.3 Defining the Virtual and Physical Environment Use Context 160 5.5.4 Defining the Human Environment Use Context and Requirements 160 5.5.4.1 User Characteristics 160 5.5.5 Interaction Design 161 5.5.5.1 Conceptual Models and Mental Models 162 5.5.6 Evaluation 162 5.6 User Models: Acquisition and Representation 163 5.6.1 Indirect User Input and Modelling 164 5.6.2 Direct User Input and Modelling 164 5.6.3 User Stereotypes 165 5.6.4 Modelling Users’ Planned Tasks and Goals 165 5.6.5 Multiple User Tasks and Activity-Based Computing 166 5.6.6 Situation Action Versus Planned Action Models 167 5.7 iHCI Design 167 5.7.1 iHCI Model Characteristics 167 5.7.2 User Context-Awareness 168 5.7.3 More Intuitive and Customised Interaction 168 5.7.4 Personalisation 169 5.7.5 Affective Computing: Interactions Using Users’ Emotional Context 171 5.7.6 Design Heuristics and Patterns 171 Exercises 175 References 175 6 Tagging, Sensing and Controlling 179 6.1 Introduction 179 6.1.1 Chapter Overview 180 6.2 Tagging the Physical World 180 6.2.1 Life-Cycle for Tagging Physical Objects 181 6.2.2 Tags: Types and Characteristics 181 6.2.3 Physical and Virtual Tag Management 183 6.2.4 RFID Tags 183 6.2.4.1 Active RFID Tags 185 6.2.4.2 Passive RFID Tags 185 6.2.5 Personalised and Social Tags 186 6.2.6 Micro Versus Macro Tags 187 6.3 Sensors and Sensor Networks 187 6.3.1 Overview of Sensor Net Components and Processes 187 6.3.2 Sensor Electronics 189 6.3.3 Physical Network: Environment, Density and Transmission 191 6.3.4 Data Network: Addressing and Routing 192 6.3.4.1 Sensor Networks Versus Ad Hoc Networks 193 6.3.5 Data Processing: Distributed Data Storage and Data Queries 193 6.4 Micro Actuation and Sensing: MEMS 194 6.4.1 Fabrication 195 6.4.2 Micro-Actuators 195 6.4.3 Micro-Sensors 196 6.4.4 Smart Surfaces, Skin, Paint, Matter and Dust 197 6.4.5 Downsizing to Nanotechnology and Quantum Devices 198 6.5 Embedded Systems and Real-Time Systems 199 6.5.1 Application-Specific Operating Systems (ASOS) 200 6.5.2 Real-Time Operating Systems for Embedded Systems 201 6.6 Control Systems (for Physical World Tasks) 202 6.6.1 Programmable Controllers 202 6.6.2 Simple PID-Type Controllers 203 6.6.3 More Complex Controllers 203 6.7 Robots 204 6.7.1 Robot Manipulators 205 6.7.2 Mobile Robots 206 6.7.3 Biologically Inspired Robots 206 6.7.4 Nanobots 207 6.7.5 Developing UbiCom Robot Applications 207 Exercises 209 References 210 7 Context-Aware Systems 213 7.1 Introduction 213 7.1.1 Chapter Overview 214 7.1.2 Context-Aware Applications 214 7.2 Modelling Context-Aware Systems 216 7.2.1 Types of Context 216 7.2.2 Context Creation and Context Composition 218 7.2.3 Context-Aware Adaptation 219 7.2.4 Environment Modelling 221 7.2.5 Context Representation 221 7.2.6 A Basic Architecture 222 7.2.7 Challenges in Context-Awareness 225 7.3 Mobility Awareness 227 7.3.1 Call Routing for Mobile Users 227 7.3.2 Mobile Phone Location Determination 227 7.3.3 Mobile User Awareness as an Example of Composite Context-Awareness 228 7.3.4 Tourism Services for Mobile Users 228 7.4 Spatial Awareness 229 7.4.1 Spatial Context Creation 230 7.4.1.1 Spatial Acquisition 230 7.4.1.2 Location Acquisition 231 7.4.2 Location and Other Spatial Abstractions 233 7.4.3 User Context Creation and Context-Aware Adaptation 233 7.4.3.1 Cartography: Adapting Spatial Viewpoints to Different User Contexts 233 7.4.3.2 Geocoding: Mapping Location Contexts to User Contexts 234 7.4.4 Spatial Context Queries and Management: GIS 234 7.5 Temporal Awareness: Coordinating and Scheduling 235 7.5.1 Clock Synchronization: Temporal Context Creation 235 7.5.2 Temporal Models and Abstractions 236 7.5.3 Temporal Context Management and Adaptation to User Contexts 237 7.6 ICT System Awareness 238 7.6.1 Context-Aware Presentation and Interaction at the UI 238 7.6.1.1 Acquiring the UI Context 238 7.6.1.2 Content Adaptation 239 7.6.2 Network-Aware Service Adaptation 240 Exercises 242 References 242 8 Intelligent Systems (IS) 245 With Patricia Charlton 8.1 Introduction 245 8.1.1 Chapter Overview 246 8.2 Basic Concepts 246 8.2.1 Types of Intelligent Systems 246 8.2.2 Types of Environment for Intelligent Systems 247 8.2.3 Use of Intelligence in Ubiquitous Computing 248 8.3 IS Architectures 249 8.3.1 What a Model Knows Versus How it is Used 249 8.3.1.1 Types of Architecture Model 250 8.3.1.2 Unilateral Versus Bilateral System Environment Models 251 8.3.1.3 Model Representations 252 8.3.1.4 How System Models are Acquired and Adapt 252 8.3.2 Reactive IS Models 252 8.3.3 Environment Model-based IS 254 8.3.4 Goal-based IS 255 8.3.5 Utility-based IS 256 8.3.6 Learning-based IS 256 8.3.6.1 Machine Learning Design 257 8.3.7 Hybrid IS 258 8.3.8 Knowledge-based (KB) IS 260 8.3.8.1 Production or Rule-based KB System 260 8.3.8.2 Blackboard KB System 261 8.3.9 IS Models Applied to UbiCom Systems 261 8.4 Semantic KB IS 263 8.4.1 Knowledge Representation 263 8.4.2 Design Issues 265 8.4.2.1 Open World Versus Closed World Semantics 265 8.4.2.2 Knowledge Life-cycle and Knowledge Management 266 8.4.2.3 Creating Knowledge 266 8.4.2.4 Knowledge Deployment and Maintaining Knowledge 267 8.4.2.5 Design Issues for UbiCom Use 267 8.5 Classical Logic IS 268 8.5.1 Propositional and Predicate Logic 268 8.5.2 Reasoning 269 8.5.3 Design Issues 270 8.6 Soft Computing IS Models 271 8.6.1 Probabilistic Networks 271 8.6.2 Fuzzy Logic 272 8.7 IS System Operations 272 8.7.1 Searching 272 8.7.2 Classical (Deterministic) Planning 274 8.7.3 Non-Deterministic Planning 275 Exercises 276 References 276 9 Intelligent System Interaction 279 With Patricia Charlton 9.1 Introduction 279 9.1.1 Chapter Overview 279 9.2 Interaction Multiplicity 279 9.2.1 P2P Interaction Between Multiple Senders and Receivers 281 9.2.1.1 Unknown Sender and Malicious Senders 281 9.2.1.2 Unknown Receivers 282 9.2.1.3 Too Many Messages 282 9.2.2 Interaction Using Mediators 282 9.2.2.1 Shared Communication Resource Access 283 9.2.2.2 Shared Computation Resource Access 283 9.2.2.3 Mediating Between Requesters and Providers 284 9.2.3 Interaction Using Cooperative Participants 286 9.2.3.1 Coordination 287 9.2.3.2 Coordination Using Norms and Electronic Institutions 289 9.2.3.3 Hierarchical and Role-based Organisational Interaction 290 9.2.4 Interaction with Self-Interested Participants 291 9.2.4.1 Market-based Interaction and Auctions 292 9.2.4.2 Negotiation and Agreements 293 9.2.4.3 Consensus-based Agreements 295 9.3 Is Interaction Design 295 9.3.1 Designing System Interaction to be More Intelligent 296 9.3.2 Designing Interaction Between Individual Intelligent Systems 297 9.3.3 Interaction Protocol Design 297 9.3.3.1 Semantic or Knowledge-Sharing Protocols 298 9.3.3.2 Agent Communication Languages and Linguistic-based Protocols 300 9.3.4 Further Examples of the Use of Interaction Protocols 302 9.3.5 Multi-Agent Systems 303 9.3.5.1 ACL and Agent Platform Design 304 9.3.5.2 Multi-Agent System Application Design 305 9.4 Some Generic Intelligent Interaction Applications 306 9.4.1 Social Networking and Media Exchange 307 9.4.2 Recommender and Referral Systems 308 9.4.2.1 Recommender Systems 308 9.4.2.2 Content-based Recommendations 308 9.4.2.3 Collaborative Filtering 309 9.4.3 Pervasive Work Flow Management for People 309 9.4.4 Trust Management 309 Exercises 311 References 312 10 Autonomous Systems and Artificial Life 317 10.1 Introduction 317 10.1.1 Chapter Overview 317 10.2 Basic Autonomous Intra-Acting Systems 318 10.2.1 Types of Autonomous System 318 10.2.1.1 Autonomous Intelligent Systems 319 10.2.1.2 Limitation of Autonomous Systems 319 10.2.2 Self-* Properties of Intra-Action 320 10.3 Reflective and Self-Aware Systems 322 10.3.1 Self-Awareness 322 10.3.2 Self-Describing and Self-Explaining Systems 323 10.3.3 Self-Modifying Systems Based Upon Reflective Computation 325 10.4 Self-Management and Autonomic Computing 326 10.4.1 Autonomic Computing Design 328 10.4.2 Autonomic Computing Applications 330 10.4.3 Modelling and Management Self-Star Systems 331 10.5 Complex Systems 332 10.5.1 Self-Organization and Interaction 332 10.5.2 Self-Creation and Self-Replication 335 10.6 Artificial Life 336 10.6.1 Finite State Automata Models 336 10.6.2 Evolutionary Computing 337 Exercises 338 References 339 11 Ubiquitous Communication 343 11.1 Introduction 343 11.1.1 Chapter Overview 344 11.2 Audio Networks 344 11.2.1 PSTN Voice Networks 344 11.2.2 Intelligent Networks and IP Multimedia Subsystems 345 11.2.3 ADLS Broadband 346 11.2.4 Wireless Telecoms Networks 346 11.2.5 Audio Broadcast (Radio Entertainment) Networks 347 11.3 Data Networks 347 11.3.1 Network Protocol Suites 348 11.3.2 Addressing 348 11.3.3 Routing and Internetworking 349 11.4 Wireless Data Networks 350 11.4.1 Types of Wireless Network 350 11.4.2 WLAN and WiMAX 352 11.4.3 Bluetooth 353 11.4.4 ZigBee 353 11.4.5 Infrared 354 11.4.6 Uwb 354 11.4.7 Satellite and Microwave Communication 354 11.4.8 Roaming between Local Wireless LANs 355 11.5 Universal and Transparent Audio, Video and Alphanumeric Data Network Access 356 11.5.1 Combined Voice and Data Networks 357 11.5.2 Combined Audio-Video and Data Content Distribution Networks 358 11.5.3 On-demand, Interactive and Distributed Content 360 11.6 Ubiquitous Networks 360 11.6.1 Wireless Networks 360 11.6.2 Power Line Communication (PLC) 361 11.6.3 Personal Area Networks 362 11.6.4 Body Area Networks 362 11.6.5 Mobile Users Networks 363 11.6.5.1 Mobile Addresses 363 11.6.5.2 Single-Path Routing 364 11.6.5.3 Multi-Path Routing in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) 364 11.7 Further Network Design Issues 365 11.7.1 Network Access Control 365 11.7.2 Ubiquitous Versus Localised Access 366 11.7.3 Controlling Network Access: Firewalls, NATs and VPNs 367 11.7.4 Group Communication: Transmissions for Multiple Receivers 368 11.7.5 Internetworking Heterogeneous Networks 368 11.7.6 Global Use: Low-Cost Access Networks for Rural Use 369 11.7.7 Separating Management and Control from Usage 369 11.7.8 Service-Oriented Networks 370 11.7.8.1 Service-Orientation at the Network Edge 371 11.7.8.2 Content-based Networks 372 11.7.8.3 Programmable Networks 372 11.7.8.4 Overlay Networks 372 11.7.8.5 Mesh Networks 373 11.7.8.6 Cooperative Networks 375 Exercises 375 References 376 12 Management of Smart Devices 379 12.1 Introduction 379 12.1.1 Chapter Overview 380 12.2 Managing Smart Devices in Virtual Environments 380 12.2.1 Process and Application Management 380 12.2.2 Network-Oriented Management 380 12.2.2.1 Fcaps 382 12.2.3 Monitoring and Accounting 383 12.2.3.1 Icmp 384 12.2.3.2 Snmp 384 12.2.4 Configuration Management 386 12.2.5 Security Management 386 12.2.5.1 Encryption Support for Confidentiality, Authentication and Authorisation 388 12.2.5.2 Securing the System and its Middleware 389 12.2.5.3 Securing Access Devices 391 12.2.5.4 Securing Information 392 12.2.6 Fault Management 393 12.2.7 Performance Management 394 12.2.8 Service-Oriented Computer Management 395 12.2.8.1 Metrics for Evaluating the Use of SOA 395 12.2.8.2 Distributed Resource Management and the Grid 396 12.2.8.3 SLA Management of Services 397 12.2.8.4 Policy-based Service Management 397 12.2.8.5 Pervasive Work Flow Management for Services 398 12.2.9 Information Management 399 12.2.9.1 Information Applications 399 12.2.9.2 Rich Versus Lean and Soft Versus Hard Information 399 12.2.9.3 Managing the Information Explosion 400 12.2.9.4 Managing Multimedia Content 401 12.2.9.5 Managing Lean and Hard Data Using RDBMSs 402 12.2.9.6 Managing Metadata 403 12.3 Managing Smart Devices in Human User-Centred Environments 404 12.3.1 Managing Richer and Softer Data 404 12.3.2 Service Management Models for Human User and Physical Environments 404 12.3.3 User Task and Activity-Based Management 407 12.3.4 Privacy Management 407 12.3.4.1 Biometric User Identification 408 12.3.4.2 Privacy-Invasive Technologies versus Privacy-Enhanced Technologies 410 12.3.4.3 Entrusted Regulation of User Privacy to Service Providers 411 12.3.4.4 Legislative Approaches to Privacy 412 12.4 Managing Smart Devices in Physical Environments 412 12.4.1 Context-Awareness 412 12.4.1.1 Context-Aware Management of Physical and Human Activities 413 12.4.1.2 Management of Contexts and Events 413 12.4.2 Micro and Nano-Sized Devices 415 12.4.3 Unattended Embedded Devices 415 Exercises 416 References 416 13 Ubiquitous System: Challenges and Outlook 421 13.1 Introduction 421 13.1.1 Chapter Overview 421 13.2 Overview of Challenges 422 13.2.1 Key Challenges 422 13.2.2 Multi-Level Support for UbiCom Properties 423 13.2.3 Evolution Versus Revolution 424 13.2.4 Future Technologies 424 13.3 Smart Devices 425 13.3.1 Smaller, More Functional Smart Devices 425 13.3.2 More Fluid Ensembles of Diverse Devices 426 13.3.3 Richer System Interaction and Interoperability 427 13.3.3.1 Migrating from Analogue to Digital Device Interaction 427 13.3.3.2 Richer Digital Device Interaction 428 13.4 Smart Interaction 428 13.4.1 Unexpected Connectivity: Accidentally Smart Environments 428 13.4.2 Impromptu Service Interoperability 429 13.5 Smart Physical Environment Device Interaction 430 13.5.1 Context-Awareness: Ill-Defined Contexts Versus a Context-Free World 430 13.5.2 Lower Power and Sustainable Energy Usage 431 13.5.3 ECO-Friendly UbiCom Devices 433 13.6 Smart Human–Device Interaction 436 13.6.1 More Diverse Human–Device Interaction 437 13.6.2 More Versus Less Natural HCI 439 13.6.3 Analogue to Digital and Digital Analogues 439 13.6.4 Form Follows Function 440 13.6.5 Forms for Multi-Function Devices 441 13.7 Human Intelligence Versus Machine Intelligence 441 13.7.1 Posthuman: ICT Augments Human Abilities Beyond Being Human 443 13.7.2 Blurring of Reality and Mediated Realities 444 13.8 Social Issues: Promise Versus Peril 444 13.8.1 Increased Virtual Social Interaction Versus Local Social Interaction 446 13.8.2 UbiCom Accessible by Everyone 446 13.8.3 UbiCom Affordable by Everyone 447 13.8.4 Legislation in the Digital World and Digitising Legislation 448 13.9 Final Remarks 450 Exercises 451 References 452 Index 455

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Book SynopsisThis book will enable readers to handle various EMC problems, to develop their own EMC computational models in applications in research and industry, and to better understand numerical methods developed and used by other researchers and engineers not only in EMC, but in other areas of engineering.Table of ContentsPREFACE xv PART I: FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS IN COMPUTATIONAL ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY 1 1. Introduction to Computational Electromagnetics and Electromagnetic Compatibility 3 1.1 Historical Note on Modeling in Electromagnetics 3 1.2 Electromagnetic Compatibility and Electromagnetic Interference 5 1.2.1 EMC Computational Models and Solution Methods 5 1.2.2 Classification of EMC Models 7 1.2.3 Summary Remarks on EMC Modeling 8 1.3 References 8 2. Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Theory 10 2.1 Differential Form of Maxwell Equations 10 2.2 Integral Form of Maxwell Equations 11 2.3 Maxwell Equations for Moving Media 14 2.4 The Continuity Equation 17 2.5 Ohm’s Law 19 2.6 Conservation Law in the Electromagnetic Field 21 2.7 The Electromagnetic Wave Equations 24 2.8 Boundary Relationships for Discontinuities in Material Properties 26 2.9 The Electromagnetic Potentials 32 2.10 Boundary Relationships for Potential Functions 33 2.11 Potential Wave Equations 35 2.11.1 Coulomb Gauge 36 2.11.2 Diffusion Gauge 37 2.11.3 Lorentz Gauge 38 2.12 Retarded Potentials 40 2.13 General Boundary Conditions and Uniqueness Theorem 41 2.14 Electric and Magnetic Walls 41 2.15 The Lagrangian Form of Electromagnetic Field Laws 42 2.15.1 Lagrangian Formulation and Hamilton Variational Principle 43 2.15.2 Lagrangian Formulation and Hamilton Variational Principle in Electromagnetics 45 2.16 Complex Phasor Notation of Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields 51 2.16.1 Poyinting Theorem for Complex Phasors 52 2.16.2 Complex Phasor Form of Electromagnetic Wave Equations 53 2.16.3 The Retarded Potentials for the Time-Harmonic Fields 54 2.17 Transmission Line Theory 54 2.17.1 Field Coupling Using Transmission Line Models 55 2.17.2 Derivation of Telegrapher’s Equation for the Two-Wire Transmission Line 56 2.18 Plane Wave Propagation 66 2.19 Radiation 68 2.19.1 Radiation Mechanism 68 2.19.2 Hertzian Dipole 69 2.19.3 Fundamental Antenna Parameters 71 2.19.4 Linear Antennas 75 2.20 References 79 3 Introduction to Numerical Methods in Electromagnetics 80 3.1 Analytical Versus Numerical Methods 82 3.1.1 Frequency and Time Domain Modeling 82 3.2 Overview of Numerical Methods: Domain, Boundary, and Source Simulation 84 3.2.1 Modeling of Problems via the Domain Methods: FDM and FEM 84 3.2.2 Modeling of Problems via the BEM: Direct and Indirect Approach 85 3.3 The Finite Difference Method 85 3.3.1 One-Dimensional FDM 86 3.3.2 Two-Dimensional FDM 88 3.4 The Finite Element Method 91 3.4.1 Basic Concepts of FEM 91 3.4.2 One-Dimensional FEM 92 3.4.3 Two-Dimensional FEM 98 3.5 The Boundary Element Method 109 3.5.1 Integral Equation Formulation 109 3.5.2 Boundary Element Discretization 114 3.5.3 Computational Example for 2D Static Problem 121 3.6 References 122 4 Static Field Analysis 123 4.1 Electrostatic Fields 123 4.2 Magnetostatic Fields 124 4.3 Modeling of Static Field Problems 126 4.3.1 Integral Equations in Electrostatics Using Sources 126 4.3.2 Computational Example: Modeling of a Lightning Rod 129 4.4 References 135 5 Quasistatic Field Analysis 136 5.1 Introduction 136 5.2 Formulation of the Quasistatic Problem 137 5.3 Integral Equation Representation of the Helmholtz Equation 140 5.4 Computational Example 143 5.4.1 Analytical Solution of the Eddy Current Problem 144 5.4.2 Boundary Element Solution of the Eddy Current Problem 146 5.5 References 150 6 Electromagnetic Scattering Analysis 151 6.1 The Electromagnetic Wave Equations 151 6.2 Complex Phasor Form of the Wave Equations 154 6.3 Two-Dimensional Scattering from a Perfectly Conducting Cylinder of Arbitrary Cross-Section 154 6.4 Solution by the Indirect Boundary Element Method 156 6.4.1 Constant Element Case 158 6.4.2 Linear Elements Case 159 6.5 Numerical Example 159 6.6 References 162 PART II: ANALYSIS OF THIN WIRE ANTENNAS AND SCATTERERS 163 7 Wire Antennas and Scatterers: General Considerations 165 7.1 Frequency Domain Thin Wire Integral Equations 165 7.2 Time Domain Thin Wire Integral Equations 166 7.3 Modeling in the Frequency and Time Domain: Computational Aspects 167 7.4 References 168 8 Wire Antennas and Scatterers: Frequency Domain Analysis 171 8.1 Thin Wires in Free Space 171 8.1.1 Single Straight Wire in Free Space 172 8.1.2 Boundary Element Solution of Thin Wire Integral Equation 174 8.1.3 Calculation of the Radiated Electric Field and the Input Impedance of the Wire 180 8.1.4 Numerical Results for Thin Wire in Free Space 180 8.1.5 Coated Thin Wire Antenna in Free Space 181 8.1.6 The Near Field of a Coated Thin Wire Antenna 186 8.1.7 Boundary Element Procedures for Coated Wires 187 8.1.8 Numerical Results for Coated Wire 190 8.1.9 Thin Wire Loop Antenna 191 8.1.10 Boundary Element Solution of Loop Antenna Integral Equation 193 8.1.11 Numerical Results for a Loop Antenna 196 8.1.12 Thin Wire Array in Free Space: Horizontal Arrangement 196 8.1.13 Boundary Element Analysis of Horizontal Antenna Array 199 8.1.14 Radiated Electric Field of the Wire Array 201 8.1.15 Numerical Results for Horizontal Wire Array 201 8.1.16 Boundary Element Analysis of Vertical Antenna Array: Modeling of Radio Base Station Antennas 201 8.1.17 Numerical Procedures for Vertical Array 207 8.1.18 Numerical Results 209 8.2 Thin Wires Above a Lossy Half-Space 213 8.2.1 Single Straight Wire Above a Dissipative Half-Space 214 8.2.2 Loaded Antenna Above a Dissipative Half-Space 220 8.2.3 Electric Field and the Input Impedance of a Single Wire Above a Half-Space 222 8.2.4 Boundary Element Analysis for Single Wire Above a Real Ground 224 8.2.5 Treatment of Sommerfeld Integrals 227 8.2.6 Calculation of Electric Field and Input Impedance 229 8.2.7 Numerical Results for a Single Wire Above a Real Ground 233 8.2.8 Multiple Straight Wire Antennas Over a Lossy Half-Space 237 8.2.9 Electric Field of a Wire Array Above a Lossy Half-Space 239 8.2.10 Boundary Element Analysis of Wire Array Above a Lossy Ground 240 8.2.11 Near-Field Calculation for Wires Above Half-Space 241 8.2.12 Computational Examples for Wires Above a Lossy Half-Space 242 8.3 References 246 9 Wire Antennas and Scatterers: Time Domain Analysis 250 9.1 Thin Wires in Free Space 252 9.1.1 Single Wire in Free Space 252 9.1.2 Single Wire Far Field 256 9.1.3 Loaded Straight Thin Wire in Free Space 257 9.1.4 Two Coupled Identical Wires in Free Space 259 9.1.5 Measures for Postprocessing of Transient Response 263 9.1.6 Computational Procedures for Thin Wires in Free Space 265 9.1.7 Numerical Results for Thin Wires in Free Space 275 9.2 Thin Wires in a Presence of a Two-Media Configuration 290 9.2.1 Single Straight Wire Above a Real Ground 290 9.2.2 Far Field Equations 294 9.2.3 Loaded Straight Thin Wire Above a Lossy Half-Space 296 9.2.4 Two Coupled Horizontal Wires in a Two Media Configuration 300 9.2.5 Thin Wire Array Above a Real Ground 304 9.2.6 Computational Procedures for Horizontal Wires Above a Dielectric Half-Space 307 9.2.7 Computational Examples 317 9.3 References 333 PART III: COMPUTATIONAL MODELS IN ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY 335 10 Transmission Lines of Finite Length: General Considerations 337 10.1 Transmission Line Theory Method 338 10.2 Antenna Models of the Transmission Lines 340 10.2.1 Above-Ground Transmission Lines 341 10.2.2 Below-Ground Transmission Lines 341 10.3 References 342 11 Electromagnetic Field Coupling to Overhead Lines: Frequency Domain and Time Domain Analysis 345 11.1 Frequency Domain Analysis: Derivation of Generalized Telegrapher’s Equations 345 11.2 Frequency Domain Computational Results 351 11.2.1 Single Wire Above an Imperfect Ground 351 11.2.2 Multiple Wire Transmission Line Above an Imperfect Ground 355 11.3 Time Domain Analysis 359 11.4 Time Domain Computational Examples 359 11.4.1 Single Wire Transmission Line 360 11.4.2 Two Wire Transmission Line 367 11.4.3 Three Wire Transmission Line 367 11.5 References 372 12 The Electromagnetic Field Coupling to Buried Cables: Frequency- and Time-Domain Analysis 374 12.1 The Frequency-Domain Approach 374 12.1.1 Formulation in the Frequency Domain 375 12.1.2 Numerical Solution of the Integral Equation 378 12.1.3 The Calculation of Transient Response 380 12.1.4 Numerical Results 381 12.2 Time-Domain Approach 384 12.2.1 Formulation in the Time Domain 384 12.2.2 Time-Domain Energy Measures 391 12.2.3 Time-Domain Numerical Solution Procedures 392 12.2.4 Computational Examples 395 12.3 References 403 13 Simple Grounding Systems 405 13.1 Vertical Grounding Electrode 406 13.1.1 Integral Equation Formulation for the Vertical Grounding Electrode 407 13.1.2 The Evaluation of the Input Impedance Spectrum 411 13.1.3 Numerical Procedures for Vertical Grounding Electrode 413 13.1.4 Calculation of the Transient Impedance 414 13.1.5 Numerical Results 416 13.2 Horizontal Grounding Electrode 418 13.2.1 Integral Equation Formulation for the Horizontal Electrode 420 13.2.2 The Evaluation of the Input Impedance Spectrum 425 13.2.3 Numerical Procedures for Horizontal Electrode 427 13.2.4 The Transient Impedance Calculation 428 13.2.5 Numerical Results 428 13.3 Transmission Line Method Versus Antenna Theory Approach 437 13.3.1 Transmission Line Method (TLM) Approach to Modeling of Horizontal Grounding Electrode 438 13.3.2 Computational Examples 439 13.4 Measures for Quantifying the Transient Response of Grounding Electrodes 443 13.4.1 Transient Response Assessment 443 13.4.2 Measures for Quantifying the Transient Response 444 13.4.3 Computational Examples 445 13.5 References 451 14 Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields 453 14.1 Environmental Risk of Electromagnetic Fields: General Considerations 453 14.1.1 Nonionizing and Ionizing Radiation 454 14.1.2 Electrosmog or Radiation Pollution at Low and High Frequencies 454 14.1.3 The Effects of Low Frequency Fields 455 14.1.4 The Effects of High Frequency Fields 456 14.1.5 Remarks on Electromagnetic Fields and Related Possible Hazard to Humans 457 14.2 Assessment of Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields: Frequency and Time Domain Approach 458 14.2.1 Frequency Domain Cylindrical Antenna Model 458 14.2.2 Realistic Models of the Human Body for ELF Exposures 459 14.2.3 Human Exposure to Transient Electromagnetic Fields 459 14.3 Human Exposure to Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Electromagnetic Fields 459 14.3.1 Parasitic Antenna Representation of the Human Body 460 14.3.2 Realistic Modeling of the Human Body 467 14.4 Exposure of Humans to Transient Radiation: Cylindrical Model of the Human Body 478 14.4.1 Time Domain Model of the Human Body 479 14.4.2 Measures of the Transient Response 480 14.5 References 489 Index 493

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Book SynopsisThis is the first book that specifically addresses Optical Communications from planetary distances. There are specific technologies and requirements that are unique to deep-space links and differ from either Earth-orbit to Earth, or terrestrial, optical communication links.Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgments. Contributors. Chapter 1 : Introduction (James R . Lesh). 1.1 Motivation for Increased Communications. 1.2 History of JPL Optical Communications Activities. 1.3 ComponentlSubsystem Technologies. 1.3.1 Laser Transmitters. 1.3.2 Spacecraft Telescopes. 1.3.3 Acquisition, Tracking. and Pointing. 1.3.4 Detectors. 1.3.5 Filters. 1.3.6 Error Correction Coding. 1.4 Flight Terminal Developments. 1.4.1 Optical Transceiver Package (OPTRANSPAC). 1.4.2 Optical Communications Demonstrator (OCD). 1.4.3 Lasercom Test and Evaluation Station (LTES). 1.4.4 X2000 Flight Terminal. 1.4.5 International Space Station Flight Terminal. 1.5 Reception System and Network Studies. 1.5.1 Ground Telescope Cost Model. 1.5.2 Deep Space Optical Reception Antenna (DSORA). 1.5.3 Deep Space Relay Satellite System (DSRSS) Studies. 1.5.4 Ground-Based Antenna Technology Study (GBATS). 1.5.5 Advanced Communications Benefits Study (ACBS). 1.5.6 Earth Orbit Optical Reception Terminal (EOORT) Study. 1.5 .7 EOORT Hybrid Study. 1.5.8 Spherical Primary Ground Telescope. 1.5.9 Space-Based versus Ground-Based Reception Trades. 1.6 Atmospheric Transmission. 1.7 Background Studies. 1.8 Analysis Tools. 1.9 System-Level Studies. 1.9.1 Venus Radar Mapping (VRM) Mission Study. 1.9.2 Synthetic Aperture Radar-C (SIR-C) Freeflyer. 1.9.3 ER-2 to Ground Study. 1.9.4 Thousand Astronomical Unit (TAU) Mission and Interstellar Mission Studies. 1.1 0 System-Level Demonstrations. 1 .1 0. 1 Galileo Optical Experiment (GOPEX). 1.10.2 Compensated Earth-Moon-Earth Retro-Reflector Laser Link (CEMERLL). 1.1 0.3 Groundlorbiter Lasercomm Demonstration (GOLD). 1.10 .4 Ground-Ground Demonstrations. 1.11 Other Telecommunication Functions. 1.11.1 Opto-Metric Navigation. 1.11.2 Light Science. 1.12 The Future. 1.12.1 Optical Communications Telescope Facility (OCTL). 1.12.2 Unmanned Aria1 Vehicle (UAVFGround Demonstration. 1.12.3 Adaptive Optics. 1.12.4 Optical Receiver and Dynamic Detector Array. 1.1 2.5 Alternate Ground-Reception Systems. 1.13 Mars Laser Communication Demonstration. 1.14 Summary of Following Chapters. References. Chapter 2: Link and System Design (Chien-Chung Chen). 2.1 Overview of Deep-Space Lasercom Link. 2.2 Communications Link Design. 2.2.1 Link Equation and Receive Signal Power. 2.2.2 Optical-Receiver Sensitivity. 2.2.2.1 Photon Detection Sensitivity. 2.2.2.2 Modulation Format. 2.2.2.3 Background Noise Control. 2.2.3 Link Design Trades. 2.2.3.1 Operating Wavelength. 2.2.3.2 Transmit Power and Size of Transmit and Receive Apertures. 2.2.3.3 Receiver Optical Bandwidth and Field of View versus Signal Throughput. 2.2.3.4 Modulation and Coding. 2.2.4 Communications Link Budget. 2.2.5 Link Availability Considerations. 2.2.5.1 Short-Term Data Outages. 2.2.5.2 Weather-Induced Outages. 2.2.5.3 Other Long-Term Outages. 2.2.5.4 Critical-Mission-Phase Coverage. 2.3 Beam Pointing and Tracking. 2.3.1 Downlink Beam Pointing. 2.3.1.1 Jitter Isolation and Rejection. 2.3.1.2 Precision Beam Pointing and Point Ahead. 2.3.2 Uplink Beam Pointing. 2.3.3 Pointing Acquisition. 2.4 Other Design Drivers and Considerations. 2.4.1 System Mass and Power. 2.4.2 Impact on Spacecraft Design. 2.4.3 Laser Safety. 2.5 Summary. References. Chapter 3: The Atmospheric Channel (Abhijit Biswas and Sabino Piazzolla). 3.1 Cloud Coverage Statistics. 3.1.1 National Climatic Data Center Data Set. 3.1.2 Single-Site and Two-Site Diversity Statistics. 3.1.3 Three-Site Diversity. 3.1.4 NCDC Analysis Conclusion. 3.1.5 Cloud Coverage Statistics by Satellite Data Observation. 3.2 Atmospheric Transmittance and Sky Radiance. 3.2.1 Atmospheric Transmittance. 3.2.2 Molecular Absorption and Scattering. 3.2.3 Aerosol Absorption and Scattering. 3.2.3.1 Atmospheric Attenuation Statistics. 3.2.4 Sky Radiance. 3.2.4.1 Sky Radiance Statistics. 3.2.5 Point Sources of Background Radiation. 3.3 Atmospheric Issues on Ground Telescope Site Selection for an Optical Deep Space Network. 3.3.1 Optical Deep Space Network. 3.3.2 Data RateJBER of a Mission. 3.3.3 Telescope Site Location. 3.3.4 Network Continuity and Peaks. 3.4 Laser Propagation Through the Turbulent Atmosphere. 3.4.1 Atmospheric Turbulence. 3.4.2 Atmospheric "Seeing" Effects. 3.4.3 Optical Scintillation or Irradiance Fluctuations. 3.4.4 Atmospheric Turbulence Induced Angle of Arrival. References. Chapter 4: Optical Modulation and Coding (Samuel J . Dolinar. Jon Hamkins. Bruce E . Moision and Victor A . Vilnrotter). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Statistical Models for the Detected Optical Field. 4.2.1 Quantum Models of the Optical Field. 4.2.1.1 Quantization of the Electric Field. 4.2.1.2 The Coherent State Representation of a Single Field Mode. 4.2.1.3 Quantum Representation of Thermal Noise. 4.2.1.4 Quantum Representation of Signal Plus Thermal Noise. 4.2.2 Statistical Models for Direct Detection. 4.2.2.1 The Poisson Channel Model for Ideal Photodetectors or Ideal PMTs. 4.2.2.2 The McIntyre-Conradi Model for APD Detectors. 4.2.2.3 The Webb, McIntyre, and Conradi Approximation to the McIntyre-Conradi Model. 4.2.2.4 The WMC Plus Gaussian Approximation. 4.2.2.5 Additive White Gaussian Noise Approximation. 4.2.3 Summary of Statistical Models. 4.3 Modulation Formats. 4.3.1 On-Off Keying (OOK). 4.3.2 Pulse-Position Modulation (PPM). 4.3.3 Differential PPM (DPPM). 4.3.4 Overlapping PPM (OPPM). 4.3.5 Wavelength Shift Keying (WSK). 4.3.6 Combined PPM and WSK. 4.4 Rate Limits Imposed by Constraints on Modulation. 4.4.1 Shannon Capacity. 4.4.1.1 Characterizing Capacity: Fixed Duration Edges. 4.4.1.2 Characterizing Capacity: Variable Duration Edges. 4.4.1.3 Characterizing Capacity: Probabilistic Characterization. 4.4.1.4 Characterizing Capacity: Energy Efficiency. 4.4.2 Constraints. 4.4.2.1 Dead Time. 4.4.2.2 Runlength. 4.4.3 Modulation Codes. 4.4.3.1 M-ary PPM with Deadtime. 4.4.3.2 M-ary DPPM with Deadtime. 4.4.3.3 Synchronous Variable-Length Codes. 4.5 Performance of Uncoded Optical Modulations. 4.5.1 Direct Detection of OOK on the Poisson Channel. 4.5.2 Direct Detection of PPM. 4.5.2.1 Poisson Channel. 4.5.2.2 AWGN Channel. 4.5.3 Direct Detection of Combined PPM and WSK. 4.5.4 Performance of Modulations Using Receivers Based on Quantum Detection Theory. 4.5.4.1 Receivers Based on Quantum Detection Theory. 4.5.4.2 Performance of Representative Modulations. 4.6 Optical Channel Capacity. 4.6.1 Capacity of the PPM Channel: General Formulas. 4.6.2 Capacity of Soft-Decision PPM: Specific Channel Models. 4.6.2.1 Poisson Channel. 4.6.2.2 AWGN Channel. 4.6.3 Hard-Decision Versus Soft-Decision Capacity. 4.6.4 Losses Due to Using PPM. 4.6.5 Capacity of the Binary Channel with Quantum Detection. 4.7 Channel Codes for Optical Modulations. 4.7.1 Reed-Solomon Codes. 4.7.2 Turbo and Turbo-Like Codes for Optical Modulations. 4.7.2.1 Parallel Concatenated (Turbo) Codes. 4.7.2.2 Serially Concatenated Codes with Iterative Decoding. 4.8 Performance of Coded Optical Modulations. 4.8.1 Parameter Selection. 4.8.2 Estimating Performance. 4.8.2.1 Reed-Solomon Codes. 4.8.2.2 Iterative Codes. 4.8.3 Achievable Data Rates Versus Average Signal Power. References. Chapter 5: Flight Transceiver (Hamid Hemmati. Gerardo G . Ortiz. William T . Roberts, Malcolm W . Wright, and Shinhak Lee) 5.1 Optomechanical Subsystem (Hamid Hemmati). 5.1 . 1 Introduction. 5.1.2 Optical Beam Paths. 5.1.3 Optical Design Requirements, Design Drivers, and Challenges. 5.1.4 Optical Design Drivers and Approaches. 5.1.5 Transmit-Receive-Isolation. 5.1.6 Stray-Light Control. 5.1.6.1 Operation at Small Sun Angles. 5.1.6.2 Surface Cleanliness Requirements. 5.1.7 Transmission, Alignment, and Wavefront Quality Budgets. 5.1.8 Efficient Coupling of Lasers to Obscured Telescopes. 5.1.8.1 Axicon Optical Element. 5.1.8.2 Sub-Aperture Illumination. 5.1.8.3 Prism Beam Slicer. 5.1.8.4 Beam Splitter/Combiner. 5.1.9 Structure, Materials, and Structural Analysis. 5.1.10 Use of Fiber Optics. 5.1.1 1 Star-Tracker Optics for Acquisition and Tracking. 5.1 . 12 Thermal Management. 5.1.13 Optical System Design Example. 5.1.13.1 Afocal Fore-Optics. 5.1.13.2 Receiver Channel. 5.1.13.3 Stellar Reference Channel. 5.1.13.4 Align and Transmit Channels. 5.1.13.5 Folded Layouts. 5.1.13.6 Tolerance Sensitivity Analysis. 5.1.13.7 Thermal Soak Sensitivity Analysis. 5.1.13.8 Solid Model of System. 5.2 Laser Transmitter (Hamid Hemmati). 5.2.1 Introduction. 5.2.2 Requirements and Challenges. 5.2.3 Candidate Laser Transmitter Sources. 5.2.3.1 Pulsed Laser Transmitters. 5.2.3.2 Fiber- Waveguide Amplifiers. 5.2.3.3 Bulk-Crystal Amplifiers. 5.2.3.4 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers. 5.2.4 Lasers for Coherent Communications. 5.2.5 Laser Modulators. 5.2.6 Efficiency. 5.2.7 Laser Timing Jitter Control. 5.2.7.1 Jitter Control Options. 5.2.8 Redundancy. 5.2.9 Thermal Management. 5.3 Deep-Space Acquisition, Tracking, and Pointing (Gerardo G . Ortiz and Shinhak Lee). 5.3.1 Unique Challenges of Deep Space Optical Beam Pointing. 5.3.1.1 State-of-the-Art ATP Performance. 5.3.2 Link Overview and System Requirements. 5.3.2.1 Pointing Requirement. 5.3.2.2 Pointing-Error Budget Allocations. 5.3.3 ATP System. 5.3.3.1 Pointing Knowledge Reference Sources. 5.3.3.2 Pointing System Architecture. 5.3.3.3 Design Considerations. 5.3.4 Cooperative Beacon (Ground Laser) Tracking. 5.3.5 Noncooperative Beacon Tracking. 5.3.5.1 Earth Tracker-Visible Spectrum. 5.3.5.2 Star Tracker. 5.3.5.3 Earth Tracker-Long Wavelength Infrared Band. 5.3.6 ATP Technology Demonstrations. 5.3.6.1 Reduced Complexity ATP Architecture. 5.3.6.2 Centroiding Algorithms-Spot Model Method. 5.3.6.3 High Bandwidth, Windowing, CCD-Based Camera. 5.3.6.4 Accelerometer-Assisted Beacon Tracking. 5.4 Flight Qualification (Hamid Hemmati, William T . Roberts, and Malcolm W . Wright). 5.4.1 Introduction. 5.4.2 Approaches to Flight Qualification. 5.4.3 Flight Qualification of Electronics and Opto-Electronic Subsystem. 5.4.3.1 MIL-PRF-19500. 5.4.3.2 MIL STD 750. 5.4.3.3 MIL STD 883. 5.4.3.4 Telcordia. 5.4.3.5 NASA Electronics Parts and Packaging (NEPP). 5.4.4 Number of Test Units. 5.4.5 Space Environments. 5.4.5.1 Environmental Requirements. 5.4.5.2 Ionizing Radiation. 5.4.5.3 Vibration Environment. 5.4.5.4 Mechanical, Thermal, and Pyro Shock Environment. 5.4.5.5 Thermal Gradients Environment. 5.4.5.6 Depressurization Environment. 5.4.5.7 Electric and Magnetic Field Environment. 5.4.5.8 Outgassing. 5.4.6 Flight Qualification of Detectors. 5.4.6.1 Flight Qualification Procedures. 5.4.6.2 Detector Radiation Testing. 5.4.7 Flight Qualification of Laser Systems. 5.4.7.1 Past Laser Systems Flown in Space. 5.4.7.2 Design of Semiconductor Lasers for High Reliability Applications. 5.4.7.3 Degradation Mechanisms. 5.4.7.4 Qualification Process for Lasers. 5.4.8 Flight Qualification of Optics. References. Chapter 6: Earth Terminal Architectures (Keith E . Wilson, Abhijit Biswas, Andrew A . Gray, Victor A . Vilnrotter, Chi-Wung Lau. Mera Srinivasan, and William H . Farr). 6.1 Introduction (Keith E . Wilson). 6.1.1 Single-Station Downlink Reception and Uplink Transmission (Keith E . Wilson). 6.1.1.1 Introduction. 6.1.1.2 Deep-Space Optical Ground Receivers. 6.1.1.3 Mitigating Cloud Cover and Sky Background Effects at the Receiver. 6.1.1.4 Daytime Sky Background Effects. 6.1.1.5 Earth-Orbiting and Airborne Receivers. 6.1.1.6 Uplink Beacon and Command. 6.1.1.7 Techniques for Mitigating Atmospheric Effects. 6.1.1.8 Adaptive Optics. 6.1.1.9 Multiple-Beam Propagation. 6.1.1.10 Safe Laser Beam Propagation into Space. 6.1.1. I 1 Concept Validation Experiments Supporting Future Deep-Space Optical links. 6.1.1.12 Conclusion. 6.1.2 Optical-Array Receivers for Deep-Space Communication (Victor A . Vilnrotter, Chi-Wung Lau, and Meera Srinivasan). 6.1.2.1 Introduction. 6.1.2.2 The Optical-Array Receiver Concept. 6.1.2.3 Aperture-Plane Expansions. 6.1.2.4 Array Receiver Performance. 6.1.2.5 Conclusions. 6.2 Photodetectors. 6.2.1 Single-Element Detectors (Abhijit Biswas and William H . Farr). 6.2.1.1 Deep-Space Detector Requirements and Challenges. 6.2.1.2 Detector System Dependencies. 6.2.1.3 Detectors for Deep-Space Communications. 6.2.2 Focal-Plane Detector Arrays for Communication Through Turbulence (Victor A . Vilnrotter and Meera Srinivasan). 6.2.2.1 Introduction. 6.2.2.2 Optical Direct Detection with Focal-Plane Arrays. 6.2.2.3 Numerical Results. 6.2.2.4 Summary And Conclusions. 6.3 Receiver Electronics (Andrew A . Gray, Victor A . Vilnrotter, and Meera Srinivasan). 6.3.1 Introduction. 6.3.2 Introduction to Discrete-Time Demodulator Architectures. 6.3.3 Discrete-Time Synchronization and Post-Detection Filtering Overview. 6.3.3.1 Discrete-Time Post-Detection Filtering. 6.3.3.2 Slot and Symbol Synchronization and Decision Processing. 6.3.4 Discrete-Time Demodulator Variations. 6.3.5 Discrete-Time Demodulator with Time-Varying Post-Detection Filter. 6.3.6 Parallel Discrete-Time Demodulator Architectures. 6.3.7 Asynchronous Discrete-Time Processing. 6.3.8 Parallel Discrete-Time Demodulator Architectures. 6.3.8.1 Simple Example Architecture. 6.3.8.2 Performance with a Simple Optical Channel Model. 6.3.8.3 Evolved Parallel Architectures. 6.3.9 Primary System Models and Parameters. 6.3.10 Conclusion and Future Work. References. Chapter 7: Future Prospects and Applications (Hamid Hemmati and Abhijit Biswas). 7.1 Current and Upcoming Projects in the United States, Europe. and Japan. 7.1.1 LUCE (Laser Utilizing Communications Experiment). 7.1.2 Mars Laser-Communication Demonstrator (MLCD). 7.2 Airborne and Spaceborne Receivers. 7.2.1 Advantages of Airborne and Spaceborne Receivers. 7.2.2 Disadvantages of Airborne and Spaceborne Receivers. 7.2.3 Airborne Terminals. 7.2.3.1 Balloons. 7.2.3.2 Airships. 7.2.3.3 Airplanes. 7.2.4 Spaceborne Receiver Terminals. 7.2.5 Alternative Receiver Sites. 7.3 Light Science. 7.3.1 Light-Propagation Experiments. 7.3.2 Occultation Experiments to Probe Planetary Atmospheres, Rings. Ionospheres. Magnetic Fields. and the Interplanetary Medium. 7.3.2.1 Atmospheric Occultations. 7.3.2.2 Ring-Investigation Experiments. 7.3.3 Enhanced Knowledge of Solar-System-Object Masses and Gravitational Fields. Sizes. Shapes. and Surface Features. 7.3.3.1 Improved Knowledge of Solar-System Body Properties. 7.3.3.2 Optical Reference-Frame Ties.. 7.3.4 Tests of the Fundamental Theories: General Relativity, Gravitational Waves, Unified Field Theories, Astrophysics, and Cosmology. 7.3.4.1 Tests of General Relativity and Unified Field Theories, Astrophysics, and Cosmology. 7.3.4.2 Effects of Charged Particles on Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, Including Test of I/f Hypothesis. 7.3.5 Enhanced Solar-System Ephemerides. 7.3.5.1 Science Benefits of Remote Optical Tracking: Ephemeris Improvement. 7.3.6 Applications of Coherent Laser Communications Technology. 7.4 Conclusions. References.

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Book SynopsisAn introduction to biological networks and methods for their analysis Analysis of Biological Networks is the first book of its kind to provide readers with a comprehensive introduction to the structural analysis of biological networks at the interface of biology and computer science.Trade Review"This book is a wonderful text for biological network analysis. It comprehensively presents a numbers of analysis tools and their applications for understanding real biological problems. This book is a must-read for entry-level students and researchers, and a complete reference source for experts." (Computing Reviews, March 6, 2009) "This book is an excellent introduction to the analysis of biological networks. The exercise provided after each chapter make the book suitable for self-study, and the extensive references provide the interested reader with good sources for further reading." (Computing Reviews, August 21, 2008)Table of ContentsForeword xiii Preface xv Contributors xix PART I INTRODUCTION 1 1 Networks in Biology 3 Bjorn H. Junker 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Biology 101 4 1.3 Systems Biology 8 1.4 Properties of Biological Networks 8 1.5 Summary 12 1.6 Exercises 12 2 Graph Theory 15 Falk Schreiber 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Basic Notation 16 2.3 Special Graphs 19 2.4 Graph Representation 23 2.5 Graph Algorithms 24 2.6 Summary 27 2.7 Exercises 27 PART II NETWORK ANALYSIS 29 3 Global Network Properties 31 Ralf Steuer and Gorka Zamora Lopez 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Global Properties of Complex Networks 33 3.3 Models of Complex Networks 43 3.4 Additional Properties of Complex Networks 48 3.5 Statistical Testing of Network Properties 52 3.6 Summary 57 3.7 Exercises 58 4 Network Centralities 65 Dirk Koschutzki 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 Centrality Definition and Fundamental Properties 67 4.3 Degree and Shortest Path-Based Centralities 69 4.4 Feedback-Based Centralities 77 4.5 Tools 80 4.6 Summary 80 4.7 Exercises 81 5 Network Motifs 85 Henning Schwobbermeyer 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 Definitions and Basic Concepts 86 5.3 Motif Statistics and Motif-Based Network Distance 89 5.4 Complexity of Network Motif Detection 94 5.5 Methods and Tools for Network Motif Analysis 96 5.6 Analyses and Applications of Network Motifs 97 5.7 Summary 106 5.8 Exercises 108 6 Network Clustering 113 Balabhaskar Balasundaram and Sergiy Butenko 6.1 Introduction 113 6.2 Notations and Definitions 115 6.3 Network Clustering Problem 118 6.4 Clique-Based Clustering 119 6.5 Center-Based Clustering 125 6.6 Conclusion 131 6.7 Summary 133 6.8 Exercises 133 7 Petri Nets 139 Ina Koch and Monika Heiner 7.1 Introduction 139 7.2 Qualitative Modeling 141 7.3 Qualitative Analysis 152 7.4 Quantitative Modeling and Analysis 169 7.5 Tool Support 171 7.6 Case Studies 172 7.7 Summary 174 7.8 Exercises 175 PART III BIOLOGICAL NETWORKS 181 8 Signal Transduction and Gene Regulation Networks 183 Anatolij P. Potapov 8.1 Introduction 183 8.2 Decisive Role of Regulatory Networks in the Evolution and Existence of Organisms 184 8.3 Gene Regulatory Network as a System of Many Subnetworks 186 8.4 Databases on Gene Regulation and Software Tools for Network Analysis 187 8.5 Peculiarities of Signal Transduction Networks 188 8.6 Topology of Signal Transduction Networks 190 8.7 Topology of Transcription Networks 191 8.8 Intercellular Molecular Regulatory Networks 198 8.9 Summary 200 8.10 Exercises 201 9 Protein Interaction Networks 207 Frederik Bornke 9.1 Introduction 207 9.2 Detecting Protein Interactions 209 9.3 Establishing Protein Interaction Networks 220 9.4 Analyzing Protein Interaction Networks 223 9.5 Summary 225 9.6 Exercises 226 10 Metabolic Networks 233 Marcio Rosa da Silva, Jibin Sun, Hongwu Ma, Feng He, and An-Ping Zeng 10.1 Introduction 233 10.2 Visualization and Graph Representation 234 10.3 Reconstruction of Genome-Scale Metabolic Networks 234 10.4 Connectivity and Centrality in Metabolic Networks 239 10.5 Modularity and Decomposition of Metabolic Networks 242 10.6 Elementary Flux Modes and Extreme Pathways 246 10.7 Summary 249 10.8 Exercises 249 11 Phylogenetic Networks 255 Birgit Gemeinholzer 11.1 Introduction 255 11.2 Character Selection, Character Coding, and Matrices for Phylogenetic Reconstruction 257 11.3 Tree Reconstruction Methodologies 260 11.4 Phylogenetic Networks 264 11.5 Summary 276 11.6 Exercises 276 12 Ecological Networks 283 Ursula Gaedke 12.1 Introduction 283 12.2 Binary Food Webs 289 12.3 Quantitative Trophic Food Webs 293 12.4 Ecological Information Networks 298 12.5 Summary 300 12.6 Exercises 301 13 Correlation Networks 305 Dirk Steinhauser, Leonard Krall, Carsten Mussig, Dirk Bussis, and Bjorn Usadel 13.1 Introduction 305 13.2 General Remarks 306 13.3 Basic Notation 307 13.4 Construction and Analyses of Correlation Networks 314 13.5 Biological Use of Correlation Networks 321 13.6 Summary 328 13.7 Exercises 329 References 330 Index 335

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on a fundamental feature of vacuum electronics: the strong interaction of the physics of electron beams and vacuum microwave electronics, including millimeter-wave electronics. The author guides readers from the roots of classical vacuum electronics to the most recent achievements in the field.Table of ContentsPREFACE. Introduction. I.1 Outline of the Book. I.2 List of Symbols. I.3 Electromagnetic Fields and Potentials. I.4 Principle of Least Action. Lagrangian. Generalized Momentum. Lagrangian Equations. I.5 Hamiltonian. Hamiltonian Equations. I.6 Liouville Theorem. I.7 Emittance. Brightness. PART I ELECTRON BEAMS. 1 Motion of Electrons in External Electric and Magnetic Static Fields. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Energy of a Charged Particle. 1.3 Potential–Velocity Relation (Static Fields). 1.4 Electrons in a Linear Electric Field e0E ¼ kx. 1.5 Motion of Electrons in Homogeneous Static Fields. 1.6 Motion of Electrons in Weakly Inhomogeneous Static Fields. 1.6.1 Small Variations in Electromagnetic Fields Acting on Moving Charged Particles. 1.7 Motion of Electrons in Fields with Axial and Plane Symmetry. Busch’s Theorem. 2 Electron Lenses. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Maupertuis’s Principle. Electron-Optical Refractive Index. Differential Equations of Trajectories. 2.3 Differential Equations of Trajectories in Axially Symmetric Fields. 2.4 Differential Equations of Paraxial Trajectories in Axially Symmetric Fields Without a Space Charge. 2.5 Formation of Images by Paraxial Trajectories. 2.6 Electrostatic Axially Symmetric Lenses. 2.7 Magnetic Axially Symmetric Lenses. 2.8 Aberrations of Axially Symmetric Lenses. 2.9 Comparison of Electrostatic and Magnetic Lenses. Transfer Matrix of Lenses . 2.10 Quadrupole lenses. 3 Electron Beams with Self Fields. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Self-Consistent Equations of Steady-State Space-Charge Electron Beams. 3.3 Euler’s Form of a Motion Equation. Lagrange and Poincare´ Invariants of Laminar Flows. 3.4 Nonvortex Beams. Action Function. Planar Nonrelativistic Diode. Perveance. Child–Langmuir Formula. r- and T-Modes of Electron Beams. 3.5 Solutions of Self-Consistent Equations for Curvilinear Space-Charge Laminar Beams. Meltzer Flow. Planar Magnetron with an Inclined Magnetic Field. Dryden Flow. 4 Electron Guns. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Pierce’s Synthesis Method for Gun Design. 4.3 Internal Problems of Synthesis. Relativistic Planar Diode. Cylindrical and Spherical Diodes. 4.4 External Problems of Synthesis. Cauchy Problem. 4.5 Synthesis of Electrode Systems for Two-Dimensional Curvilinear Beams with Translation Symmetry (Lomax–Kirstein Method). Magnetron Injection Gun. 4.6 Synthesis of Axially Symmetric Electrode Systems. 4.7 Electron Guns with Compressed Beams. Magnetron Injection Gun. 4.8 Explosive Emission Guns. 5 Transport of Space-Charge Beams. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Unrippled Axially Symmetric Nonrelativistic Beams in a Uniform Magnetic field. 5.3 Unrippled Relativistic Beams in a Uniform External Magnetic Field.. 5.4 Cylindrical Beams in an Infinite Magnetic Field. 5.5 Centrifugal Electrostatic Focusing. 5.6 Paraxial-Ray Equations of Axially Symmetric Laminar Beams. 5.7 Axially Symmetric Paraxial Beams in a Uniform Magnetic Field with Arbitrary Shielding of a Cathode Magnetic Field. 5.8 Transport of Space-Charge Beams in Spatial Periodic Fields. PART II MICROWAVE VACUUM ELECTRONICS. 6 Quasistationary Microwave Devices. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Currents in Electron Gaps. Total Current and the Shockley–Ramo Theorem. 6.3 Admittance of a Planar Electron Gap. Electron Gap as an Oscillator. Monotron. 6.4 Equation of Stationary Oscillations of a Resonance Self-Excited Circuit. 6.5 Effects of a Space-Charge Field. Total Current Method. High-Frequency Diode in the r-Mode. Llewellyn–Peterson Equations. 7 Klystrons. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Velocity Modulation of an Electron beam. 7.3 Cinematic (Elementary) Theory of Bunching. 7.4 Interaction of a Bunched Current with a Catcher Field. Output Power of A Two-Cavity Klystron. 7.5 Experimental Characteristics of a Two-Resonator Amplifier and Frequency-Multiplier Klystrons. 7.6 Space-Charge Waves in Velocity-Modulated Beams. 7.7 Multicavity and Multibeam Klystron Amplifiers. 7.8 Relativistic Klystrons. 7.9 Reflex Klystrons. 8 Traveling-Wave Tubes and Backward-Wave Oscillators (O-Type Tubes). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Qualitative Mechanism of Bunching and Energy Output in a TWTO. 8.3 Slow-Wave Structures. 8.4 Elements of SWS Theory. 8.5 Linear Theory of a Nonrelativistic TWTO. Dispersion Equation, Gain, Effects of Nonsynchronism, Space Charge, and Loss in a Slow-Wave Structure. 8.6 Nonlinear Effects in a Nonrelativistic TWTO. Enhancement of TWTO Efficiency (Velocity Tapering, Depressed Collectors). 8.7 Basic Characteristics and Applications of Nonrelativistic TWTOs. 8.8 Backward-Wave Oscillators. 8.9 Millimeter Nonrelativistic TWTOs, BWOs, and Orotrons. 8.10 Relativistic TWTOs and BWOs. 9 Crossed-Field Amplifiers and Oscillators (M-Type Tubes). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Elementary Theory of a Planar MTWT. 9.3 MTWT Amplification. 9.4 M-type Injected Beam Backward-Wave Oscillators (MWO, M-Carcinotron). 9.5 Magnetrons. 9.6 Relativistic Magnetrons. 9.7 Magnetically Insulated Line Oscillators. 9.8 Crossed-Field Amplifiers. 10 Classical Electron Masers and Free Electron Lasers. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Spontaneous Radiation of Classical Electron Oscillators. 10.3 Stimulated Radiation of Excited Classical Electron Oscillators. 10.4 Examples of Electron Cyclotron Masers. 10.5 Resonators of Gyromonotrons (Free and Forced Oscillations). 10.6 Theory of a Gyromonotron. 10.7 Subrelativistic Gyrotrons. 10.8 Elements of Gyrotron Electron Optics. 10.9 Mode Interaction and Mode Selection in Gyrotrons. Output Power Systems. 10.10 Gyroklystrons. 10.11 Gyro-Traveling-Wave Tubes. 10.12 Applications of Gyrotrons. 10.13 Cyclotron Autoresonance Masers. 10.14 Free Electron Lasers. Appendixes. 1. Proof of the 3/2 Law for Nonrelativistic Diodes in the r-Mode. 2. Synthesis of Guns for M-Type TWTS and BWOS. 3. Magnetic Field in Axially Symmetric Systems. 4. Dispersion Characteristics of Interdigital and Comb Structures. 5. Electromagnetic Field in Planar Uniform Slow-Wave Structures. 6. Equations of Free Oscillations of Gyrotron Resonators. 7. Derivation of Eqs. (10.66) and (10.67). 8. Calculation of Fourier Coefficients in Gyrotron Equations. 9. Magnetic Systems of Gyrotrons. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe development of power semiconductors with greater ratings and improved characteristics has meant that the power industry has become more willing to develop new converter configurations. These new configurations take advantage of the higher controllability and switching frequencies of the new devices.Table of ContentsChapter 1 INTRODUCTION. Chapter 2 SEMICONDUCTOR POWER DEVICES. Chapter 3 LINE COMMUTATED HVDC CONVERSION (LCC). Chapter 4 SELF-COMMUTATING CONVERSION. Chapter 5 PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM). Chapter 6 MULTI-LEVEL CONVERSION. Chapter 7 MULTI-LEVEL DC REINJECTION. Chapter 8 LINE-COMMUTATED CSC TRANSMISSION. Chapter 9 DEVELOPMENTS IN LINE COMMUTATED HVDC SCHEMES. Chapter 10 VSC TRANSMISSION. Chapter 11 MULTI-LEVEL VSC AND CSC TRANSMISSION. REFERENCES.

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Book SynopsisSince publication of the first edition of Computer Relaying for Power Systems in 1988, computer relays have been widely accepted by power engineers throughout the world and in many countries they are now the protective devices of choice. The authors have updated this new edition with the latest developments in technology and applications such as adaptive relaying, wide area measurements, signal processing, new GPS-based measurement techniques and the application of artificial intelligence to digital relays. New material also includes sigma-delta and oversampling A/D converters, self-polarizing and cross-polarizing in transmission lines protection and optical current and voltage transformers. Phadke and Thorp have been working together in power systems engineering for more than 30 years. Their impressive work in the field has been recognized by numerous awards, including the prestigious 2008 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Electrical Engineering for their pionTrade Review"The book will interest both students and professionals. While technical, the book is well-written." (Book News, December 2009)Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. Preface to the First Edition. Preface to the Second Edition. Glossary of Acronyms. 1 Introduction to computer relaying. 1.1 Development of computer relaying. 1.2 Historical background. 1.3 Expected benefits of computer relaying. 1.4 Computer relay architecture. 1.5 Analog to digital converters. 1.6 Anti-aliasing filters. 1.7 Substation computer hierarchy. 1.8 Summary. Problems. References. 2 Relaying practices. 2.1 Introduction to protection systems. 2.2 Functions of a protection system. 2.3 Protection of transmission lines. 2.4 Transformer, reactor and generator protection. 2.5 Bus protection. 2.6 Performance of current and voltage transformers. 2.7 Summary. Problems. References. 3 Mathematical basis for protective relaying algorithms. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Fourier series. 3.3 Other orthogonal expansions. 3.4 Fourier transforms. 3.5 Use of fourier transforms. 3.6 Discrete fourier transform. 3.7 Introduction to probability and random process. 3.8 Random processes. 3.9 Kalman filtering. 3.10 Summary. Problems. References. 4 Digital filters. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Discrete time systems. 4.3 Discrete time systems. 4.4 Z Transforms. 4.5 Digital filters. 4.6 Windows and windowing. 4.7 Linear phase. 4.8 Approximation – filter synthesis. 4.9 Wavelets. 4.10 Elements of artificial intelligence. 4.11 Conclusion. Problems. References. 5 Transmission line relaying. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Sources of error. 5.3 Relaying as parameter estimation. 5.4 Beyond parameter estimation. 5.5 Symmetrical component distance relay. 5.6 Newer analytic techniques. 5.7 Protection of series compensated lines. 5.8 Summary. Problems. References. 6 Protection of transformers, machines and buses. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Power transformer algorithms. 6.3 Generator protection. 6.4 Motor protection. 6.5 Digital bus protection. 6.6 Summary. Problems. References. 7 Hardware organization in integrated systems. 7.1 The nature of hardware issues. 7.2 Computers for relaying. 7.3 The substation environment. 7.4 Industry environmental standards. 7.5 Countermeasures against EMI. 7.6 Supplementary equipment. 7.7 Redundancy and backup. 7.8 Servicing, training and maintenance. 7.9 Summary. References. 8 System relaying and control. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Measurement of frequency and phase. 8.3 Sampling clock synchronization. 8.4 Application of phasor measurements to state estimation. 8.5 Phasor measurements in dynamic state estimation. 8.6 Monitoring. 8.7 Control applications. 8.8 Summary. Problems. References. 9 Relaying applications of traveling waves. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Traveling waves on single-phase lines. 9.3 Traveling waves on three-phase lines. 9.4 Directional wave relay. 9.5 Traveling wave distance relay. 9.6 Differential relaying with phasors. 9.7 Traveling wave differential relays. 9.8 Fault location. 9.9 Other recent developments. 9.10 Summary. Problems. References. 10 Wide area measurement applications. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Adaptive relaying. 10.3 Examples of adaptive relaying. 10.4 Wide area measurement systems (WAMS). 10.5 WAMS architecture. 10.6 WAMS based protection concepts. 10.7 Summary. Problems. References. Appendix A. Representative system data. Transmission lines. Transformers. Generators. Power system. References. Appendix B. Standard sampling rates. References. Appendix C. Conversion between different sampling rates. References. Appendix D. Standard for transient data exchange. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisWith forewords by Jan Bosch, Nokia and Antero Taivalsaari, Sun Microsystems. Learn how to programme the mobile devices of the future! The importance of mobile systems programming has emerged over the recent years as a new domain in software development. The design of software that runs in a mobile device requires that developers combine the rules applicable in embedded environment; memory-awareness, limited performance, security, and limited resources with features that are needed in workstation environment; modifiability, run-time extensions, and rapid application development. Programming Mobile Devices is a comprehensive, practical introduction to programming mobile systems. The book is a platform independent approach to programming mobile devices: it does not focus on specific technologies, and devices, instead it evaluates the component areas and issues that are common to all mobile software platforms. This text will enable the designer to proTable of ContentsForeword by Jan Bosch. Foreword by Antero Taivalsaari. Preface. Acknowledgments. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Motivation. 1.2 Commonly Used Hardware and Software. 1.3 Development Process. 1.4 Chapter Overview. 1.5 Summary. 1.6 Exercises. 2 Memory Management. 2.1 Overview. 2.2 Strategies for Allocating Variables to Memory. 2.3 Design Patterns for Limited Memory. 2.4 Memory Management in Mobile Java. 2.5 Symbian OS Memory Management. 2.6 Summary. 2.7 Exercises. 3 Applications. 3.1 What Constitutes an Application? 3.2 Workflow for Application Development. 3.3 Techniques for Composing Applications. 3.4 Application Models in Mobile Java. 3.5 Symbian OS Application Infrastructure. 3.6 Summary. 3.7 Exercises. 4 Dynamic Linking. 4.1 Overview. 4.2 Implementation Techniques. 4.3 Implementing Plugins. 4.4 Managing Memory Consumption Related to Dynamically Linked Libraries. 4.5 Rules of Thumb for Using Dynamically Loaded Libraries. 4.6 Mobile Java and Dynamic Linking. 4.7 Symbian OS Dynamic Libraries. 4.8 Summary. 4.9 Exercises. 5 Concurrency. 5.1 Motivation. 5.2 Infrastructure for Concurrent Programming. 5.3 Faking Concurrency. 5.4 MIDP Java and Concurrency. 5.5 Symbian OS and Concurrency. 5.6 Summary. 5.7 Exercises. 6 Managing Resources. 6.1 Resource-Related Concerns in Mobile Devices. 6.2 Common Concerns. 6.3 MIDP Java. 6.4 Symbian OS. 6.5 Summary. 6.6 Exercises. 7 Networking. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Design Patterns for Networking Environment. 7.3 Problems with Networking Facilities and Implementations. 7.4 MIDP Java and Web Services. 7.5 Symbian OS and Bluetooth Facilities. 7.6 Summary. 7.7 Exercises. 8 Security. 8.1 Overview. 8.2 Secure Coding and Design. 8.3 Infrastructure for Enabling Secured Execution. 8.4 Security Features in MIDP Java. 8.5 Symbian OS Security Features. 8.6 Summary. 8.7 Exercises. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisLearn how to employ JADE to build multi-agent systems! JADE (Java Agent DEvelopment framework) is a middleware for the development of applications, both in the mobile and fixed environment, based on the Peer-to-Peer intelligent autonomous agent approach.Trade Review"As a guide, this book is much better than online documentation because it's more comprehensive." (IEEE Distributed Systems Online) "…a comprehensive book that covers a wide range of topics related to agent-based programming with JADE." (Computing Reviews.com, October 1, 2007)Table of ContentsThe Authors ix List of Contributors xi Preface xiii 1 Introduction 1 2 Agent Technology Overview 3 2.1 About agents 3 2.2 The Foundation for Intelligent, Physical Agents (FIPA) 10 3 The JADE Platform 29 3.1 Brief history 29 3.2 JADE and the agents paradigm 30 3.3 JADE architecture 32 3.4 Compiling the software and launching the platform 34 3.5 JADE packages 37 3.6 Message transport service 39 3.7 Admin and debugging tools 42 4 Programming with JADE – Basic Features 51 4.1 Creating agents 51 4.2 Agent tasks 57 4.3 Agent communication 65 4.4 Agent discovery: the yellow pages service 72 4.5 Agents with a GUI 75 5 Programming with JADE – Advanced Features 77 5.1 Ontologies and content languages 77 5.2 Composing behaviours to create complex tasks 91 5.3 Threaded behaviours 99 5.4 Interaction protocols 100 5.5 Interacting with the AMS 107 5.6 Starting JADE from an external Java application 111 6 Agent Mobility 115 6.1 Agent mobility 115 6.2 Intra-platform mobility 117 6.3 Inter-platform mobility service 119 6.4 Usage of the JADE mobility services 121 7 JADE Internal Architecture 131 7.1 Distributed coordinated filters 131 7.2 Creating a JADE kernel service 136 8 Running JADE Agents on Mobile Devices 145 8.1 Main limitations of the mobile environment 145 8.2 The LEAP add-on 146 8.3 The split container execution mode 150 8.4 Developing MIDP agents 154 8.5 LEAP add-on advanced 161 9 Deploying a Fault-Tolerant JADE Platform 173 9.1 The main replication service 173 9.2 Attaching the DF to a relational DB 176 10 The JADE Web Services Integration Gateway 181 10.1 Web service technology 181 10.2 The utility of agent and Web service integration 182 10.3 The WSIG architecture 182 10.4 Installation requirements 184 10.5 WSIG installation procedure 185 10.6 WSIG operation 186 10.7 Example 1: Web service client invokes an agent service 193 10.8 Example 2: Agent service invokes a Web service 203 11 Agent-Society Configuration Manager and Launcher 207 11.1 Basic terms and concepts 207 11.2 Book-trading example 209 11.3 Distributed deployment 215 11.4 The XML meta-model 218 11.5 Inside the ASCML 220 11.6 Distributed monitoring, logging and debugging 222 11.7 Outlook 223 12 JADE Semantics Framework 225 12.1 FIPA-SL language 226 12.2 Interpretation engine 230 12.3 Basic semantic agent 231 12.4 Specializing the interpretation activity 234 12.5 Customizing belief handling 237 12.6 Handling Actions 240 12.7 Synthesizing standard and advanced use of the JSA 245 12.8 Conclusions 245 13 A Selection of Other Relevant Tools 247 13.1 The Bean Generator 247 13.2 Jademx 250 13.3 The Java Sniffer 251 13.4 JADEX – engineering goal-oriented agents 254 Appendix A Command Line Options 259 A.1 Syntax 259 A.2 Options to launch containers and main containers 260 A.3 General Options 261 A.4 Options of the JADE kernel-level services 262 A.5 Options related to MTPs 265 A.6 Options to configure the yellow page DF service 267 A.7 Options specific to the JADE-LEAP platform 268 A.8 Extending the command line with user-defined options 269 Appendix B List of Symbols and Acronyms 271 Bibliography 275 References 275 FIPA Specifications 278 Index 281

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Book SynopsisThis book is a detailed investigation into how understanding the human visual system can lead to the development of colour constancy in a range of applications, from digital photography to object colour recognition in robotics. The book begins with an in-depth discussion of the human visual system and how we perceive colour.Trade Review"I think Ebner's Color Constancy is an excellent summary of current algorithms, and provides empirical tests in a womanlike manner … As an inclusive time capsule, it has no parallel, and therefore is a valuable contribution to the field." (Color Research and Application, June 2008)Table of ContentsSeries Preface xi Preface xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What is Color Constancy? 1 1.2 Classic Experiments 3 1.3 Overview 7 2 The Visual System 9 2.1 Eye and Retina 9 2.2 Visual Cortex 16 2.3 On the Function of the Color Opponent Cells 30 2.4 Lightness 31 2.5 Color Perception Correlates with Integrated Reflectances 32 2.6 Involvement of the Visual Cortex in Color Constancy 35 3 Theory of Color Image Formation 39 3.1 Analog Photography 41 3.2 Digital Photography 46 3.3 Theory of Radiometry 47 3.4 Reflectance Models 52 3.5 Illuminants 56 3.6 Sensor Response 60 3.7 Finite Set of Basis Functions 63 4 Color Reproduction 67 4.1 Additive and Subtractive Color Generation 68 4.2 Color Gamut 69 4.3 Computing Primary Intensities 69 4.4 CIE XYZ Color Space 70 4.5 Gamma Correction 79 4.6 Von Kries Coefficients and Sensor Sharpening 83 5 Color Spaces 87 5.1 RGB Color Space 87 5.2 sRGB 87 5.3 CIE L∗u∗v∗Color Space 89 5.4 CIE L∗a∗b∗Color Space 92 5.5 CMY Color Space 93 5.6 HSI Color Space 93 5.7 HSV Color Space 96 5.8 Analog and Digital Video Color Spaces 99 6 Algorithms for Color Constancy under Uniform Illumination 103 6.1 White Patch Retinex 104 6.2 The Gray World Assumption 106 6.3 Variant of Horn’s Algorithm 113 6.4 Gamut-constraint Methods 115 6.5 Color in Perspective 121 6.6 Color Cluster Rotation 128 6.7 Comprehensive Color Normalization 129 6.8 Color Constancy Using a Dichromatic Reflection Model 134 7 Algorithms for Color Constancy under Nonuniform Illumination 143 7.1 The Retinex Theory of Color Vision 143 7.2 Computation of Lightness and Color 154 7.3 Hardware Implementation of Land’s Retinex Theory 166 7.4 Color Correction on Multiple Scales 169 7.5 Homomorphic Filtering 170 7.6 Intrinsic Images 175 7.7 Reflectance Images from Image Sequences 188 7.8 Additional Algorithms 190 8 Learning Color Constancy 193 8.1 Learning a Linear Filter 193 8.2 Learning Color Constancy Using Neural Networks 194 8.3 Evolving Color Constancy 198 8.4 Analysis of Chromatic Signals 204 8.5 Neural Architecture based on Double Opponent Cells 205 8.6 Neural Architecture Using Energy Minimization 209 9 Shadow Removal and Brightening 213 9.1 Shadow Removal Using Intrinsic Images 213 9.2 Shadow Brightening 215 10 Estimating the Illuminant Locally 219 10.1 Local Space Average Color 219 10.2 Computing Local Space Average Color on a Grid of Processing Elements 221 10.3 Implementation Using a Resistive Grid 230 10.4 Experimental Results 237 11 Using Local Space Average Color for Color Constancy 239 11.1 Scaling Input Values 239 11.2 Color Shifts 241 11.3 Normalized Color Shifts 246 11.4 Adjusting Saturation 249 11.5 Combining White Patch Retinex and the Gray World Assumption 251 12 Computing Anisotropic Local Space Average Color 255 12.1 Nonlinear Change of the Illuminant 255 12.2 The Line of Constant Illumination 257 12.3 Interpolation Methods 259 12.4 Evaluation of Interpolation Methods 262 12.5 Curved Line of Constant Illumination 265 12.6 Experimental Results 267 13 Evaluation of Algorithms 275 13.1 Histogram-based Object Recognition 275 13.2 Object Recognition under Changing Illumination 279 13.3 Evaluation on Object Recognition Tasks 282 13.4 Computation of Color Constant Descriptors 290 13.5 Comparison to Ground Truth Data 299 14 Agreement with Data from Experimental Psychology 303 14.1 Perceived Color of Gray Samples When Viewed under Colored Light 303 14.2 Theoretical Analysis of Color Constancy Algorithms 305 14.3 Theoretical Analysis of Algorithms Based on Local Space Average Color 312 14.4 Performance of Algorithms on Simulated Stimuli 316 14.5 Detailed Analysis of Color Shifts 319 14.6 Theoretical Models for Color Conversion 320 14.7 Human Color Constancy 324 15 Conclusion 327 Appendix A Dirac Delta Function 329 Appendix B Units of Radiometry and Photometry 331 Appendix C Sample Output from Algorithms 333 Appendix D Image Sets 339 Appendix E Program Code 349 Appendix F Parameter Settings 363 Bibliography 369 List of Symbols 381 Index 385 Permissions 391

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Book SynopsisGroup communication technologies enable users to form different types of mobile groups and to interact in real time with the participants of these groups. This book provides an in-depth overview of Multimedia Group Communications in the mobile domain. It specifies multimedia group communication concepts, introduces a range of applications, and proposes an evolution path. The concepts cover the walkie-talkie voice over IP service, XML list management, and Presence awareness technologies. The applications section embraces session control for closed professional groups and for open consumer groups. The evolution path includes exciting developments such as infotainment' and communication with non-human group members. Key Features: Easy to understand explanation of the Push to Talk over Cellular (PoC) service, as specified by the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) Provides technical description of XML Document Management and SIMPLE Presence services Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgements. Abbreviations. 1 Group Communication Concepts. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Group Communication Roles. 1.3 Mobile Group Communication Use Cases. 1.4 Multimedia Group Communication Implementation. 1.5 Summary and Conclusions. 1.6 References. 2 OMA Push to Talk Architecture. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Architectural Considerations. 2.3 OMA PoC Functional Architecture. 2.4 PoC Client. 2.5 XML Document Management Client. 2.6 PoC Server. 2.7 PoC XML Document Management Server. 2.8 External Entities Providing Services to PoC System. 2.9 Description of OMA PoC Reference Points. 2.10 Summary and Conclusions. 2.11 References. 3 The OMA XML Document Management (XDM) Enabler. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 The OMA XDM Architecture. 3.3 XDM Reference Points. 3.4 The XML Capability Access Protocol (XCAP). 3.5 User Authentication and Authorization. 3.6 XCAP Applications and Documents Used in OMA XDM. 3.7 Summary and Conclusions. 3.8 References. 4 The OMA Presence Service. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 General Presence Concepts. 4.3 The OMA Presence Service. 4.4 The Resource List Server. 4.5 XDM Presence Applications: Presence Policies and Resource Lists. 4.6 Enhancing PoC User Experience with Presence Capabilities. 4.7 Summary, Conclusions and Some Final Comments about the Presence Service. 4.8 References. 5 Deploying Group Communication with IMS. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 3G IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) Concepts. 5.3 OMA PoC over IMS. 5.4 IMS User Identity Management. 5.5 IMS Connectivity. 5.6 Charging PoC Services with IMS. 5.7 Device Management. 5.8 Radio Access Network Parameters. 5.9 Summary and Conclusions. 5.10 References. 6 Examples of Group Communication Sessions. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 PoC Service Registration. 6.3 Ad-hoc Group Session. 6.4 Pre-arranged Group Session. 6.5 Chat Group Session. 6.6 Restricted Chat session example. 6.7 Talk Burst Control Procedures without Queuing. 6.8 Talk Burst Control Procedures with Queuing. 6.9 Summary and Conclusions. 6.10 References. 7 Value Added PoC Services. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Value Added PoC Service Roles. 7.3 Integrating PoC Service with Existing Value Added Services. 7.4 Push-to-Infotainment. 7.5 Location Based Services with PoC and Presence. 7.6 PoC PC Client Example. 7.7 PoC for Vertical Segments. 7.8 Summary and Conclusions. 8 OMA PoC2 Group Communication Concepts. 8.1 Group Communication Roles. 8.2 Multimedia Group Communication Use Cases. 8.3 Multimedia Group Communication Implementation. 8.4 Summary and Conclusions. 8.5 References. 9 Multimedia Group Communication Evolution: PoC2, XDM2, Presence 2 and Simple IM. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Architectural Elements of OMA PoC2. 9.3 OMA XDMv2. 9.4 OMA Presence Version 2. 9.5 OMA SIMPLE Messaging. 9.6 Summary and Conclusions. 9.7 References. Index.

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Book SynopsisSystems Engineering: A 21st Century Systems Methodology addresses the problems involved in achieving successful systems, exploring how these problems might be solved in theory, and how the solutions can be manifested in practice.Trade Review"This book is recommended for administrative and technical staff in industry and government agencies and for graduate students in engineering programs. It would be a good addition to academic, corporate and governmental library collections." (E-Streams, December 2008)Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Part I: Systems: Advances in Systems Science and Thinking. 1. Systems Philosophy. 2. Advances in Systems Science. 3. Advances in Systems Thinking. 4. Systems Engineering Philosophy. 5. System Models. Case A. Japanese Lean Volume Supply Systems. Part II: Systems Methodology. 6. Overview of the Systems Methodology. 7. SM1: Addressing Complex Issues and Problems. Case B. The Practice Intervention. 8. SM2: Exploring the Solution Space. 9. SM3 and 4: Focusing Solution System Purpose. Case C: The Total Weapon System Concept. 10. SM5: Architecting/Designing System Solutions. 11. SM6: Optimize Solution System Design. 12. SM7: Create and Prove Solution System (SOS). 13. The Systems Methodology - Elaborated. 14. Setting the Systems Methodology to Work. Case D: Architecting a Defense Capability. Part III: Systems Methodology and Systems Engineering. 15. Systems Engineering - The Real Deal. 16. Systems Creation: Hand of Purpose, Root of Emergence. Case E: The police Command and Control System. Case F: Fighter Avionics System Design. 17. SOS Engineering Principles and Practices. Case G. Defense Procurement in the 21st Century. 18. Systems Engineering: Intelligent Systems. Case H: Global Warming, Climate Change and Energy. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisOver half a century after the discovery of the piezoresistive effect, microsystem technology has experienced considerable developments. Expanding the opportunities of microelectronics to non-electronic systems, its number of application fields continues to increase. Microsensors are one of the most important fields, used in medical applications and micromechanics. Microfluidic systems are also a significant area, most commonly used in ink-jet printer heads. This textbook focuses on the essentials of microsystems technology, providing a knowledgeable grounding and a clear path through this well-established scientific dicipline. With a methodical, student-orientated approach, Introduction to Microsystem Technology covers the following: microsystem materials (including silicon, polymers and thin films), and the scaling effects of going micro; fabrication techniques based on different material properties, descriptions of their limitations and funcTable of ContentsPreface. List of Symbols. List of Abbreviations. 1 Introduction. 1.1 What is a Microsystem? 1.2 Microelectronics and Microsystem Technology. 1.3 Areas of Application and Trends of Development. 1.4 Example: Yaw Rate Sensor. 2 Scaling and Similarity. 2.1 Scaling. 2.2 Similarity and Dimensionless Numbers. 3 Materials. 3.1 Overview. 3.2 Single Crystalline Silicon. 3.3 Glasses. 3.4 Polymers. 3.5 Thin Films. 3.6 Comparison of Material Characteristics. 4 Microfabrication. 4.1 Overview. 4.2 Cleanliness During Production. 4.3 Lithography. 4.4 Thin-film Formation. 4.5 Layer Patterning. 4.6 Anisotropic Wet Chemical Deep Etching. 4.7 Doping. 4.8 Bonding Techniques. 4.9 Insulation Techniques. 4.10 Surface Micromachining. 4.11 Near-surface Micromachining. 4.12 HARMST. 4.13 Miniaturized Classical Techniques. 4.14 Selection of Microtechnical Manufacturing Techniques. 5 Packaging. 5.1 Tasks and Requirements. 5.2 Functions of Packaging. 6 Function and Form Elements in Microsystem Technology. 6.1 Mechanical Elements. 6.2 Fluidic Elements. 6.3 Thermal Elements. 7 Sensors and Actuators. 7.1 Reversible and Parametric Transducers. 7.2 Transducers for Sensors and Actuators. 8 Design of Microsystems. 8.1 Design Methods and Tools. 8.2 Systems with Lumped Parameters. 8.3 Systems with Distributed Parameters. 9 Effect of Technological Processes on Microsystem Properties. 9.1 Parameter-based Microsystem Design. 9.2 Robust Microsystem Design. 10 The Future of Microsystems. 10.1 Status and Trends in Microsystem Technology. 10.2 Microoptical Applications. 10.3 Probe Tips. 10.4 RF Microsystems. 10.5 Actuators. 10.6 Microfluidic Systems. 10.7 Chemical, Biological and Medical Systems. 10.8 Energy Harvesting and Wireless Communications. 10.9 Micro Fuel Cells. References. Appendix A Physical Constants. Appendix B Coordinate Transformation. B.1 Elastic Coefficients. B.2 Piezoresistive Coefficients. References. Appendix C Properties of Silicon Dioxide and Silicon Nitride Layers. References. Appendix D Nomenclature of Thin-film Processes. Reference. Appendix E Adhesion of Surface Micromechanical Structures. E.1 Capillary Forces. E.2 Critical Length of Cantilever Springs. Reference. Index.

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Book Synopsis2G/GSM and 3G/UMTS are key mobile communication technologies, chosen by more than 2 billion people around the world. In order to adapt to new services, increasing demand for user bandwidth, quality of service and requirements for network convergence, major evolutions are introduced in 3G network standard. Evolved Packet System (EPS) presents the EPS evolution of the 3G/UMTS standard introduced by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standard committee. This new topic is looked at from a system perspective, from the radio interface to network and service architecture. Hundreds of documents being issued by Standard organisations are summarised in one book to allow the reader to get an accessible comprehensive view of EPS evolution. Proposes a system view of Evolved UMTS, from the radio to Core and service architecture Gives a comprehensive and global view of the system that technical specifications do not provide DeTrade Review"The book is essential for industry professionals in the telecommunication business and telecommunication systems postgraduate students." (Computing Reviews, June 6, 2008) "...this is one of the best GSM texts that we’ve read, and an excellent engineer’s introduction to EPS." (IPL Telecasting, February 2008) Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Wireless World Picture. 1.2 About Technologies. 1.3 Standards and Organizations. 1.4 Spectrum. 1.5 The Evolution of UMTS. 1.6 Links and Documents. 2. Evolved UMTS Overview. 2.1 The Access Network Requirements. 2.2 Evolved UMTS Concepts. 2.3 Overall Evolved UMTS Architecture. 2.4 The IMS Subsystem. 2.5 Policy Control and Charging. 2.6 The Terminal. 2.7 The Evolved UMTS Interfaces. 2.8 Major Disruptions with 3G UTRAN-FDD Networks . 3. Physical Layer of E-UTRAN. 3.1 Basic Concepts of Evolved 3G Radio Interface. 3.2 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex). 3.3 MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output). 3.4 Architecture of the Base Station. 3.5 The E-UTRAN Physical Layer Standard. 3.6 FDD and TDD Arrangement for E-UTRAN. 3.7 Downlink Scheme: OFDMA (FDD/TDD). 3.8 Uplink Scheme: SC-FDMA (FDD/TDD). 3.8 Uplink Scheme: SC-FDMA (FDD/TDD). 4. Evolved UMTS Architecture. 4.1 Overall Architecture. 4.2 User and Control Planes. 4.3 Radio Interface Protocols. 4.4 IMS Protocols. 5. Life in EPS Networks. 5.1 Network Attachment. 5.2 Communication Sessions. 5.3 Mobility in IDLE Mode. 5.4 Mobility in ACTIVE Mode. 6. The Services. 6.1 The Role of OMA. 6.2 Push-to-talk Over Cellular. 6.3 Presence. 6.4 Broadcast and Multicast. 6.5 Voice and Multimedia Telephony. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisSplit into 4 accessible parts, the book presents: 1. An introduction to and definition of BBNs.2. Step-by-step practical guidelines to applying BBNs.3. A wide variety of applications in industry, natural sciences, services and computing.4. A discussion of the future directions BBN research and applications might take.Table of ContentsForeword ix Preface xi 1 Introduction to Bayesian networks 1 1.1 Models 1 1.2 Probabilistic vs. deterministic models 5 1.3 Unconditional and conditional independence 9 1.4 Bayesian networks 11 2 Medical diagnosis 15 2.1 Bayesian networks in medicine 15 2.2 Context and history 17 2.3 Model construction 19 2.4 Inference 26 2.5 Model validation 28 2.6 Model use 30 2.7 Comparison to other approaches 31 2.8 Conclusions and perspectives 32 3 Clinical decision support 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Models and methodology 34 3.3 The Busselton network 35 3.4 The PROCAM network 40 3.5 The PROCAM Busselton network 44 3.6 Evaluation 46 3.7 The clinical support tool: TakeHeartII 47 3.8 Conclusion 51 4 Complex genetic models 53 4.1 Introduction 53 4.2 Historical perspectives 54 4.3 Complex traits 56 4.4 Bayesian networks to dissect complex traits 59 4.5 Applications 64 4.6 Future challenges 71 5 Crime risk factors analysis 73 5.1 Introduction 73 5.2 Analysis of the factors affecting crime risk 74 5.3 Expert probabilities elicitation 75 5.4 Data preprocessing 76 5.5 A Bayesian network model 78 5.6 Results 80 5.7 Accuracy assessment 83 5.8 Conclusions 84 6 Spatial dynamics in France 87 6.1 Introduction 87 6.2 An indicator-based analysis 89 6.3 The Bayesian network model 97 6.4 Conclusions 109 7 Inference problems in forensic science 113 7.1 Introduction 113 7.2 Building Bayesian networks for inference 116 7.3 Applications of Bayesian networks in forensic science 120 7.4 Conclusions 126 8 Conservation of marbled murrelets in British Columbia 127 8.1 Context/history 127 8.2 Model construction 129 8.3 Model calibration, validation and use 136 8.4 Conclusions/perspectives 147 9 Classifiers for modeling of mineral potential 149 9.1 Mineral potential mapping 149 9.2 Classifiers for mineral potential mapping 151 9.3 Bayesian network mapping of base metal deposit 157 9.4 Discussion 166 9.5 Conclusions 171 10 Student modeling 173 10.1 Introduction 173 10.2 Probabilistic relational models 175 10.3 Probabilistic relational student model 176 10.4 Case study 180 10.5 Experimental evaluation 182 10.6 Conclusions and future directions 185 11 Sensor validation 187 11.1 Introduction 187 11.2 The problem of sensor validation 188 11.3 Sensor validation algorithm 191 11.4 Gas turbines 197 11.5 Models learned and experimentation 198 11.6 Discussion and conclusion 202 12 An information retrieval system 203 12.1 Introduction 203 12.2 Overview 205 12.3 Bayesian networks and information retrieval 206 12.4 Theoretical foundations 207 12.5 Building the information retrieval system 215 12.6 Conclusion 223 13 Reliability analysis of systems 225 13.1 Introduction 225 13.2 Dynamic fault trees 227 13.3 Dynamic Bayesian networks 228 13.4 A case study: The Hypothetical Sprinkler System 230 13.5 Conclusions 237 14 Terrorism risk management 239 14.1 Introduction 240 14.2 The Risk Influence Network 250 14.3 Software implementation 254 14.4 Site Profiler deployment 259 14.5 Conclusion 261 15 Credit-rating of companies 263 15.1 Introduction 263 15.2 Naive Bayesian classifiers 264 15.3 Example of actual credit-ratings systems 264 15.4 Credit-rating data of Japanese companies 266 15.5 Numerical experiments 267 15.6 Performance comparison of classifiers 273 15.7 Conclusion 276 16 Classification of Chilean wines 279 16.1 Introduction 279 16.2 Experimental setup 281 16.3 Feature extraction methods 285 16.4 Classification results 288 16.5 Conclusions 298 17 Pavement and bridge management 301 17.1 Introduction 301 17.2 Pavement management decisions 302 17.3 Bridge management 307 17.4 Bridge approach embankment – case study 308 17.5 Conclusion 312 18 Complex industrial process operation 313 18.1 Introduction 313 18.2 A methodology for Root Cause Analysis 314 18.3 Pulp and paper application 321 18.4 The ABB Industrial IT platform 325 18.5 Conclusion 326 19 Probability of default for large corporates 329 19.1 Introduction 329 19.2 Model construction 332 19.3 BayesCredit 335 19.4 Model benchmarking 341 19.5 Benefits from technology and software 342 19.6 Conclusion 343 20 Risk management in robotics 345 20.1 Introduction 345 20.2 DeepC 346 20.3 The ADVOCATE II architecture 352 20.4 Model development 354 20.5 Model usage and examples 360 20.6 Benefits from using probabilistic graphical models 361 20.7 Conclusion 362 21 Enhancing Human Cognition 365 21.1 Introduction 365 21.2 Human foreknowledge in everyday settings 366 21.3 Machine foreknowledge 369 21.4 Current application and future research needs 373 21.5 Conclusion 375 22 Conclusion 377 22.1 An artificial intelligence perspective 377 22.2 A rational approach of knowledge 379 22.3 Future challenges 384 Bibliography 385 Index 427

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