Electrochemistry and magnetochemistry Books

Book SynopsisThis book will cover all the major ion-battery groups and their electrolytes. It is suitable for all levels of students and researchers who want to understand the fundamentals and future challenges of developing electrolytes.

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Book SynopsisProviding the reader with an up-to-date digest of the most important current research carried out in the field, this volume is compiled and written by leading experts from across the globe. It reviews the trends in electrochemical sensing and its applications and touches on research areas from a diverse range, including microbial fuel cells, 3D printing electrodes for energy conversion and electrochemical and electrochromic colour switching in metal complexes and polymers. Coverage is extensive and will appeal to a broad readership from chemists and biochemists to engineers and materials scientists. The reviews of established and current interests in the field make this book a key reference for researchers in this exciting and developing area.Table of Contents3D printing electrodes for energy conversion;Microbial fuel cells: exploring electrochemical, biological and applied aspects;Anodic and cathodic stripping voltammetry for metals sensing;Multiplexed electrochemical detection of biomarkers in biological samples;Immobilization strategies for carbon electrode materials;The usage of transition metal complexes on electrochemical sensor and biosensor applications;New class of pseudocapacitive electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage in rechargeable batteries;Electrospun nanofibers: promising nanomaterials for biomedical applications;MXenes based 2D nanostructures for supercapacitors;Electrochemiluminescence of carbon‐based quantum dots;Electropolymerized organic thin films: synthesis, characterization, and application;CRISPR/Cas-based electrochemical diagnostics;Conducting polymer-based electrochemical biosensors for biomedical application;Electrochemistry of anode materials in lithium- and sodium-ion batteries;An electroanalytical overview of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs);Electrochemistry at additively manufactured electrodes;Electropolymerized organic thin films: synthesis, characterization and application;Electrochemical biosensors based on graphene and its allied derivatives for lifestyle disease diagnosis

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Book SynopsisIn the late 1990s, there was an explosion of research on ionic liquids and they are now a major topic of academic and industrial interest with numerous existing and potential applications. Since then, the number of scientific papers focusing on ionic liquids has risen exponentially, including a few edited multi-author books covering the latest advances in ionic liquids chemistry and several volumes of symposium proceedings. Much of the content in these books and volumes is written using technical jargon that only scientists at the cutting edge of ionic liquids research will understand and ionic liquids are hardly covered in most modern chemistry textbooks. This is the first single-author book on ionic liquids and the first introductory book on the topic. It is written in a clear, concise and consistent way. The book provides a useful introduction to ionic liquids for those readers who are not familiar with the topic. It is also wide ranging, embracing every aspect of the chemistry and applications of ionic liquids. The book draws extensively on the primary scientific literature to provide numerous examples of research on ionic liquids. These examples will enable the reader to become familiar with the key developments in ionic liquids chemistry over recent years. The book provides an introduction to: ionic liquids; their nomenclature; history; physical, chemical and biological properties; and their wide ranging uses and potential applications in catalysis, electrochemistry, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, analysis, biotechnology, green chemistry and clean technology. Notable and important chapters include "The Green Credentials of Ionic Liquids" and "Biotechnology." The chapter on "Applications" includes sections with brief descriptions of recent research on the development of ionic liquids: - for the construction of a liquid mirror for a moon telescope - for use as rocket propellants - for use as antimicrobial agents that combat MRSA - as active pharmaceutical ingredients and antiviral drugs - for embalming and tissue preservation Science students, researchers, teachers in academic institutions and chemists and other scientists in industry and government laboratories will find the book an invaluable introduction to one of the most rapidly advancing and exciting fields of science and technology today.Trade Review"If there ever was a case of a reporter becoming part of the story, it would have to be Michael FreemantleÆs pivotal role in the growth of the field now known as ionic liquids." Robin D.Rogers * Chemical and Engineering News, November 29th 2010, Robin D Rogers *"This well-crafted book by Freemantle is distinct from other recent volumes on the subject. à FreemantleÆs book begins with a review of IL synthesis and properties and then concisely describes the diverse applications and merits of ILs in many à of the areas in which they are currently used. This book is both scholarly and a great read. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Lower-division undergraduates through professionals."P. G. Heiden * Choice, Vol. 47 (11), August, 2010 *Table of ContentsChapter 1: Introduction; Chapter 2: History; Chapter 3: Synthesis of Ionic Liquids; Chapter 4: Properties of Ionic Liquids; Chapter 5: Ionic Liquids as Designer Solvents; Chapter 6: The Green Credentials of Ionic Liquids; Chapter 7: Electrochemistry; Chapter 8: Catalysis; Chapter 9: Inorganic Chemistry; Chapter 10: General Organic Reactions; Chapter 11: Named Organic Reactions; Chapter 12: Biotechnology; Chapter 13: Analysis; Chapter 14: Applications; Subject Index

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Book SynopsisThis user friendly introduction highlights the importance of electrochemistry and its applications to the modern world and the future. In contrast to other texts currently available, it emphasises understanding and avoids using many pages of complex equations. It also describes the diverse applications of electrochemistry rather than focusing on analytical chemistry alone. Although the book follows a similar structure to the first edition, the earlier chapters have been extensively up-dated and the later chapters are entirely new. The text is supported by a large number of figures which illustrate key points. The book starts by describing the essential electrochemical techniques before moving on to cover experimental problems and applications. To reflect the present interest in fuel cells and the environment, these have become the focus of the final chapters. A useful appendix contains problems with fully worked answers to test the reader's understanding.Table of ContentsChapter 1: An Introduction to Electrode Reactions; Chapter 2: The Two Sides of the Interface; Chapter 3: The Interfacial Region; Chapter 4: A Further Look at Electron Transfer; Chapter 5: More Complex Electrode Reactions; Chapter 6: Experimental Electrochemistry; Chapter 7: Techniques for the Study of Electrode Reactions; Chapter 8: Fuel Cells; Chapter 9: Improving the Environment; Chapter 10: Problems and Solutions;

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Book SynopsisNew Edition: Understanding Voltammetry (3rd Edition)The power of electrochemical measurements in respect of thermodynamics, kinetics and analysis is widely recognized but the subject can be unpredictable to the novice even if they have a strong physical and chemical background, especially if they wish to pursue the study of quantitative measurements further. Accordingly, some significant experiments are perhaps wisely never attempted while the literature is sadly replete with flawed attempts at rigorous voltammetry.This textbook considers how to go about designing, explaining and interpreting experiments centered around various forms of voltammetry (cyclic, microelectrode, hydrodynamic, etc.). The reader is assumed to have attained a knowledge equivalent to Master's level of physical chemistry but no exposure to electrochemistry in general, or voltammetry in particular. While the book is designed to “stand alone”, references to important research papers are given to provide an introductory entry into the literature.In comparison to the first edition, two new chapters — transport via migration and nanoelectrochemistry — are added. Minor changes and updates are also made throughout the textbook to facilitate enhanced understanding and greater clarity of exposition.Table of ContentsEquilibrium Electrochemistry and the Nernst Equation; Electrode Kinetics; Diffusion; Migration; Cyclic Voltammetry at Macroelectrodes; Voltammetry at Microelectrodes; Voltammetry at Heterogeneous Surfaces; Cyclic Voltammetry: Coupled Homogeneous Kinetics and Adsorption; Hydrodynamic Electrodes; Nanoelectrochemistry; Voltammetry for Electroanalysis; Appendix:Simulation of Electrode Processes;;

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Book SynopsisNew Edition: Understanding Voltammetry (3rd Edition)The power of electrochemical measurements in respect of thermodynamics, kinetics and analysis is widely recognized but the subject can be unpredictable to the novice even if they have a strong physical and chemical background, especially if they wish to pursue the study of quantitative measurements further. Accordingly, some significant experiments are perhaps wisely never attempted while the literature is sadly replete with flawed attempts at rigorous voltammetry.This textbook considers how to go about designing, explaining and interpreting experiments centered around various forms of voltammetry (cyclic, microelectrode, hydrodynamic, etc.). The reader is assumed to have attained a knowledge equivalent to Master's level of physical chemistry but no exposure to electrochemistry in general, or voltammetry in particular. While the book is designed to “stand alone”, references to important research papers are given to provide an introductory entry into the literature.In comparison to the first edition, two new chapters — transport via migration and nanoelectrochemistry — are added. Minor changes and updates are also made throughout the textbook to facilitate enhanced understanding and greater clarity of exposition.Table of ContentsEquilibrium Electrochemistry and the Nernst Equation; Electrode Kinetics; Diffusion; Migration; Cyclic Voltammetry at Macroelectrodes; Voltammetry at Microelectrodes; Voltammetry at Heterogeneous Surfaces; Cyclic Voltammetry: Coupled Homogeneous Kinetics and Adsorption; Hydrodynamic Electrodes; Nanoelectrochemistry; Voltammetry for Electroanalysis; Appendix:Simulation of Electrode Processes;;

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Book SynopsisThe field of electrochemical measurement, with respect to thermodynamics, kinetics and analysis, is widely recognised but the subject can be unpredictable to the novice, even if they have a strong physical and chemical background, especially if they wish to pursue quantitative measurements. Accordingly, some significant experiments are, perhaps wisely, never attempted, while the literature is sadly replete with flawed attempts at rigorous voltammetry.This book presents problems and worked solutions for a wide range of theoretical and experimental subjects in the field of voltammetry. The reader is assumed to have knowledge up to a Master's level of physical chemistry, but no exposure to electrochemistry in general, or voltammetry in particular, is required. The problems included range in difficulty from senior undergraduate to research level, and develop important practical approaches in voltammetry.The problems presented in the earlier chapters focus on the fundamental theories of thermodynamics, electron transfer and diffusion. Voltammetric experiments and their analysis are then considered, including extensive problems on both macroelectrode and microelectrode voltammetry. Convection, hydrodynamic electrodes, homogeneous kinetics, adsorption and electroanalytical applications are discussed in the later chapters, as well as problems on two rapidly developing fields of voltammetry: weakly supported media and nanoscale electrodes.There is huge interest in the experimental procedure of voltammetry at present, and yet no dedicated question and answer book with exclusive voltammetric focus exists, in spite of the inherent challenges of the subject. This book aims to fill that niche.Table of ContentsProblems and Solutions on: Equilibrium Electrochemistry and the Nernst Equation; Electrode Kinetics; Diffusion; Cyclic Voltammetry at Macroelectrodes; Voltammetry at Microelectrodes; Voltammetry at Heterogeneous Surfaces; Cyclic Voltammetry: Coupled Homogeneous Kinetics and Adsorption; Hydrodynamic Electrodes; Voltammetry for Electroanalysis; Voltammetry in Weakly Supported Media: Migration and Other Effects; Voltammetry at the Nanoscale.

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Book SynopsisThe book intends to give a state-of-the-art overview of flexoelectricity, a linear physical coupling between mechanical (orientational) deformations and electric polarization, which is specific to systems with orientational order, such as liquid crystals.Chapters written by experts in the field shed light on theoretical as well as experimental aspects of research carried out since the discovery of flexoelectricity. Besides a common macroscopic (continuum) description the microscopic theory of flexoelectricity is also addressed. Electro-optic effects due to or modified by flexoelectricity as well as various (direct and indirect) measurement methods are discussed. Special emphasis is given to the role of flexoelectricity in pattern-forming instabilities.While the main focus of the book lies in flexoelectricity in nematic liquid crystals, peculiarities of other mesophases (bent-core systems, cholesterics, and smectics) are also reviewed. Flexoelectricity has relevance to biological (living) systems and can also offer possibilities for technical applications. The basics of these two interdisciplinary fields are also summarized.Table of ContentsPreface - the Concept of Flexoelectricity (R Meyer); Molecular Theory of Flexoelectricity in Nematics (M Osipov); Flexoelectro-optics and Measurements of Flexocoefficients (N V Madhusudana); Flexoelectricity of Bent Core Molecules (A Jakli & N Aeber); The Role of Flexoelectricity in Pattern Formation (A Buka et al.); Flexoelectro-optic Chiral Nematic Based Devices and Displays (H Coles & S Morris); Flexoelectricity in Chiral Polar Smectics - The Origin of Interactions to Distant Layers (M Cepic); Flexoelectricity in Biological and Lyotropic Systems (A Petrov); Applications of the Flexoelectric Effect (S T Lagerwall & P Rudquist).

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Book SynopsisThis book is part of a set of books which offers advanced students successive characterization tool phases, the study of all types of phase (liquid, gas and solid, pure or multi-component), process engineering, chemical and electrochemical equilibria, and the properties of surfaces and phases of small sizes. Macroscopic and microscopic models are in turn covered with a constant correlation between the two scales. Particular attention has been paid to the rigor of mathematical developments. This sixth volume is made up of two parts. The first part focuses on the study of ionic equilibria in water or non-aqueous solvents. The following are then discussed in succession: the dissociation of electrolytes, solvents and solvation, acid-base equilibria, formation of complexes, redox equilibria and the problems of precipitation. Part 2 discusses electrochemical thermodynamics, with the study of two groups: electrodes and electrochemical cells. The book concludes with the study of potential-pH diagrams and their generalization in an aqueous or non-aqueous medium.Table of ContentsPreface xi Notations and Symbols xv Part 1. Ionic Equilibria 1 Chapter 1. Dissociation of Electrolytes in Solution 3 1.1. Strong electrolytes – weak electrolytes 3 1.1.1. Dissolution 3 1.1.2. Solvolysis 4 1.1.3. Melting 4 1.2. Mean concentration and mean activity coefficient of ions 5 1.3. Dissociation coefficient of a weak electrolyte 6 1.4. Conduction of electrical current by electrolytes 9 1.4.1. Transport numbers and electrical conductivity of an electrolyte 9 1.4.2. Equivalent conductivity and limiting equivalent conductivity of an electrolyte 10 1.4.3. Ionic mobility 11 1.4.4. Relation between equivalent conductivity and mobility – Kohlrausch’s law 14 1.4.5. Apparent dissociation coefficient and equivalent conductivity 16 1.4.6. Variations of equivalent conductivities with the concentrations 16 1.5. Determination of the dissociation coefficient 20 1.5.1. Determination of the dissociation coefficient by the cryometric method 21 1.5.2. Determination of the dissociation coefficient on the basis of the conductivity values 22 1.6. Determination of the number of ions produced by dissociation 23 1.6.1. Use of limiting molar conductivity 23 1.6.2. Use of cryometry 24 1.7. Thermodynamic values relative to the ions 27 1.7.1. The standard molar Gibbs energy of formation of an ion 27 1.7.2. Standard enthalpy of formation of ions 29 1.7.3. Absolute standard molar entropy of an ion 29 1.7.4. Determination of the mean activity of a weak electrolyte on the basis of the dissociation equilibrium 30 Chapter 2. Solvents and Solvation 31 2.1. Solvents 31 2.2. Solvation and structure of the solvated ion 33 2.3. Thermodynamics of solvation 35 2.3.1. Thermodynamic values of solvation 36 2.3.2. Gibbs energy of salvation – Born’s model 37 2.4. Transfer of a solute from one solvent to another 44 2.5. Mean transfer activity coefficient of solvation of an electrolyte 48 2.6. Experimentally determining the transfer activity coefficient of solvation 49 2.6.1. Determining the activity coefficient of a molecular solute 50 2.6.2. Determination of the mean transfer activity coefficient of a strong electrolyte 51 2.6.3. Evaluation of the individual transfer activity coefficient of an ion 51 2.7. Relation between the constants of the same equilibrium achieved in two different solvents 55 2.7.1. General relation of solvent change on an equilibrium constant 55 2.7.2. Influence of the dielectric constant of the solvent on the equilibrium constant of an ionic reaction 56 Chapter 3. Acid/Base Equilibria 61 3.1. Definition of acids and bases and acid–base reactions 62 3.2. Ion product of an amphiprotic solvent 63 3.3. Relative strengths of acids and bases 64 3.3.1. Definition of the acidity constant of an acid 64 3.3.2. Protic activity in a solvent 67 3.4. Direction of acid–base reactions, and domain of predominance 69 3.5. Leveling effect of a solvent 71 3.6. Modeling of the strength of an acid 75 3.6.1. Model of the strength of an acid 75 3.6.2. Comparison of an acid’s behavior in two solvents 78 3.6.3. Construction of activity zones for solvents 81 3.7. Acidity functions and acidity scales 84 3.8. Applications of the acidity function 88 3.8.1. Measuring the pKa of an indicator 89 3.8.2. Measuring the ion products of solvents 89 3.9. Acidity in non-protic molecular solvents 91 3.10. Protolysis in ionic solvents (molten salts) 92 3.11. Other ionic exchanges in solution 93 3.11.1. Ionoscopy 93 3.11.2. Acidity in molten salts: definition given by Lux and Flood 94 3.12. Franklin and Gutmann’s solvo-acidity and solvo-basicity 96 3.12.1. Definition of solvo-acidity 96 3.12.2. Solvo-acidity in molecular solvents 96 3.12.3. Solvo-acidity in molten salts 98 3.13. Acidity as understood by Lewis 100 Chapter 4. Complexations and Redox Equilibria 101 4.1. Complexation reactions 101 4.1.1. Stability of complexes 101 4.1.2. Competition between two ligands on the same acceptor 106 4.1.3. Method for studying perfect complexes 108 4.1.4. Methods for studying imperfect complexes 110 4.1.5. Study of successive complexes 115 4.2. Redox reactions 117 4.2.1. Electronegativity – electronegativity scale 117 4.2.2. Degrees of oxidation 124 4.2.3. Definition of redox reactions 128 4.2.4. The two families of redox reactions 128 4.2.5. Dismutation and antidismutation 130 4.2.6. Redox reactions, and calculation of the stoichiometric numbers 131 4.2.7. Concept of a redox couple 132 Chapter 5. Precipitation Reactions and Equilibria 135 5.1. Solubility of electrolytes in water – solubility product 135 5.2. Influence of complex formation on the solubility of a salt 136 5.3. Application of the solubility product in determining the stability constant of complex ions . 137 5.4. Solution with multiple electrolytes at equilibrium with pure solid phases 138 5.4.1. Influence of a salt with non-common ions on the solubility of a salt 139 5.4.2. Influence of a salt with a common ion on the solubility of a salt 141 5.4.3. Crystallization phase diagram for a mixture of two salts in solution 141 5.4.4. Formation of double salts or chemical combinations in the solid state 142 5.4.5. Reciprocal quaternary systems – square diagrams 144 5.5. Electrolytic aqueous solution and solid solution 147 5.5.1. Thermodynamic equilibrium between a liquid ionic solution and a solid solution 147 5.5.2. Solubility product of a solid solution 150 5.6. Solubility and pH 155 5.6.1. Solubility and pH 155 5.6.2. Solubility of oxides in molten alkali hydroxides 156 5.6.3. Solubility in oxo-acids and oxo-bases (see section 3.12.2) 157 5.7. Calculation of equilibria in ionic solutions 158 Part 2. Electrochemical Thermodynamics 163 Chapter 6. Thermodynamics of the Electrode 165 6.1. Electrochemical systems 165 6.1.1. The electrochemical system 166 6.1.2. Electrochemical functions of state 167 6.1.3. Electrochemical potential 167 6.1.4. Gibbs–Duhem relation for electrochemical systems 169 6.1.5. Chemical system associated with an electrochemical system 170 6.1.6. General conditions of an equilibrium of an electrochemical system 171 6.2. The electrode 173 6.2.1. Definition and reaction of the electrode 173 6.2.2. Equilibrium of an insulated metal electrode – electrode absolute voltage 174 6.2.3. Voltage relative to a metal electrode – Nernst’s relation 175 6.2.4. Chemical and electrochemical Gibbs energy of the electrode reaction 178 6.2.5. Influence of pH on the electrode voltage 179 6.2.6. Influence of the solvent and of the dissolved species on the electrode voltage 181 6.2.7. Influence of temperature on the normal potentials 183 6.3. The different types of electrodes 184 6.3.1. Redox electrodes 184 6.3.2. Metal electrodes 189 6.3.3. Gas electrodes 192 6.4. Equilibrium of two ionic conductors in contact 193 6.4.1. Junction potential with a semi-permeable membrane 193 6.4.2. Junction potential of two electrolytes with a permeable membrane 194 6.5. Applications of Nernst’s relation to the study of various reactions 196 6.5.1. Prediction of redox reactions 196 6.5.2. Relations between the redox voltages of different systems of the same element 197 6.5.3. Predicting the dismutation and anti-dismutation reactions 201 6.5.4. Redox catalysis 202 6.6. Redox potential in a non-aqueous solvent 203 6.6.1. Scale of redox potential in a non-aqueous medium 203 6.6.2. Oxidation and reduction of the solvent 206 6.6.3. Influence of solvent on redox systems in a non-aqueous solvent 207 Chapter 7. Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Cells 209 7.1. Electrochemical chains – batteries and electrolyzer cells 209 7.2. Electrical voltage of an electrochemical cell 210 7.3. Cell reaction 212 7.4. Influence of temperature on the cell voltage; Gibbs–Helmholtz formula 213 7.5. Influence of activity on the cell voltage 214 7.6. Dissymmetry of cells, chemical cells and concentration cells 215 7.7. Applications to the thermodynamics of electrochemical cells 216 7.7.1. Determining the standard potentials of cells 216 7.7.2. Determination of the dissociation constant of a weak electrolyte on the basis of the potential of a cell 218 7.7.3. Measuring the activity of a component in a strong electrolyte 221 7.7.4. Influence of complex formation on the redox potential 224 7.7.5. Electrochemical methods for studying complexes 226 7.7.6. Determining the ion product of a solvent 234 7.7.7. Determining a solubility product 235 7.7.8. Determining the enthalpies, entropies and Gibbs energies of reactions 236 7.7.9. Determining the standard Gibbs energies of the ions 237 7.7.10. Determining the standard entropies of the ions 238 7.7.11. Measuring the activity of a component of a non-ionic conductive solution (metal solution) 238 7.7.12. Measuring the activity coefficient of transfer of a strong electrolyte 241 7.7.13. Evaluating the individual activity coefficient of transport for an ion 242 Chapter 8. Potential/Acidity Diagrams 245 8.1. Conventions 245 8.1.1. Plotting conventions 245 8.1.2. Boundary equations 246 8.2. Intersections of lines in the diagram 249 8.2.1. Relative disposition of the lines in the vicinity of a triple point 249 8.2.2. Shape of equi-concentration lines in the vicinity of a triple point 250 8.3. Plotting a diagram: example of copper 256 8.3.1. Step 1: list of species and thermodynamic data 256 8.3.2. Step 2: choice of hydrated forms 256 8.3.3. Step 3: study by degrees of oxidation of acid–base reactions; construction of the situation diagram 257 8.3.4. Step 4: elimination of unstable species by dismutation 259 8.3.5. Step 5: plotting the e/pH diagram 261 8.4. Diagram for water superposed on the diagram for an element 262 8.5. Immunity, corrosion and passivation 263 8.6. Potential/pX (e/pX) diagrams 264 8.7. Potential/acidity diagrams in a molten salt 265 Appendix 267 Bibliography 275 Index 279

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Book SynopsisIn order to understand the basic aspects of an electrochemical investigation on inorganic molecules (in its widest meaning, of any molecule which contains at least one metal centre) it must be taken into account that in these molecules the metal-ligand bonds are of the prevailingly covalent type. Since electrochemical techniques allow you to add or remove electrons in a controlled manner, it is conceivable that the addition or removal of electrons inside these molecules can lead to the formation of new bonds or to the breakage of existing bonds. The main aim of this book is to study the effects of such electron addition and removal processes on the molecular frames. The second edition of this classic book has been fully revised and updated and is a straightforward, logical introduction to electrochemical investigations for inorganic chemists. All chapters have been rewritten with new material including: - the addition of reactivity with nitric oxide to the chapter on the reactivity of metal complexes with small molecules - thiolate-protected gold nanoclusters has been added to the chapter on metal-sulfur and metal-carbonyl clusters - a new chapter on the digital simulation of electrochemical responses - a new chapter on the theoretical calculations to explain the nature of the electrochemical activity of metal complexes - new chapters on spectroelectrochemistry and electrochemiluminescence. The book covers every aspect of inorganic electrochemistry - the introduction is followed by chapters on the basic aspects of electrochemistry followed by practical and applicative aspects and ends with full appendices. It is probably the only publication with a simple approach to electrochemical aspects of the topics in inorganic chemistry. Bridging the gap between undergraduate and research-level electrochemistry books, this publication will be a welcome addition to the literature of inorganic chemists. It will also be particularly useful to final year students in chemistry and as background reading for graduates and researchers without adequate electrochemical knowledge to become active in the discipline or who want to collaborate with electrochemists.Trade ReviewThe basics and fundamentals of electrochemistry are nicely introduced and placed in the context of inorganic electrochentistry. The application chapters are illustrated and discussed with many examples taken from the scientific literature. -- Gregoire Herzog * Chromatographia *"The book succeeds in doing exactly what the authors intend; that is to provide a useful guide to researchers wishing to investigate redox processes of compounds containing transition metals and to allow inorganic chemists to avoid common pitfalls when doing so. As such, it will be a welcome reference for researchers in this field." -- Bruce Alexander * Chemistry World *this book constitutes a solid basis for researchers keen on starting investigation in inorganic electrochemistry, which is the audience aimed in the preface. It will also prove useful to researchers already working in the field, looking for very specific information. -- Gregoire Herzog * Chromatographia *Table of ContentsIntroduction; BASIC ASPECTS OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY; Fundamentals of Electrode Reactions; Voltammetric Techniques; Softwares able to assist Electrochemistry; PRACTICAL ASPECTS; Basic Equipment for Electrochemical Measurements; APPLICATIVE ASPECTS; The Electrochemical Behaviour of First Row Transition Metal Sandwich Complexes: Metallocenes and Metallacarboranesl; The Electrochemical Behaviour of Transition Metal Complexes; Metal Complexes Containing Redox Active Ligands; Electrochemistry and Molecular Reorganizations; The Reactivity of Transition Metal Complexes with Small Molecules; Transition Metal Clusters; The "Direct" Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Proteins; Single-Molecule Electronics: from Molecular Metal Wires to Molecular Motors Spectroelectrochemistry; An Introduction to Electrogenerated; Chemiluminescence; Appendices

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Book SynopsisRelaunching in 2012, the Specialist Periodical Report, Electrochemistry presents comprehensive and critical reviews in all aspects of the field. Specialist Periodical Reports present comprehensive and critical reviews of the current literature, with contributions from across the globe. Relaunching in 2012 with a new editorial team (Compton and Wadhawan) the eleventh volume of Electrochemistry has a special focus on Nanosystems. Topics examined in this volume include single event electrochemistry, nanoparticle electrocatalysis, bipolar electrochemistry in the nanosciences, nanocarbon electrochemistry, electrochemistry within templatee nanosystems and electrochemistry within liquid nanosystems. This volume is a key reference in the field of electrochemistry, allowing the reader to easily become aquainted with the latest research and opinion. Purchasers of the print edition can register for free access to the electronic edition by returning the enclosed registration card.Trade ReviewThis book provides a timely review of how electrochemistry has been used in the elucidation of events taking place at the nano-scale, either in space or time. This has been achieved by creating a good, balanced mix between theory and applications Each chapter commences with a clear and brief introduction that helps the reader become familiar with the topic presented and with the aims pursued by the authors. The book makes very pleasant reading for research scientists in the area of electrochemistry and helps the reader to gain new knowledge, without going into too much in detail, on how electrochemistry could be used to investigate events taking place at the nano-scale. -- Dr. V. Beni * Biosensors & Bioelectronics (Elsevier) *Each chapter can be read as a stand-alone review of the area in question and each is carefully written and constructed; a gentle introduction to the field is quickly followed by an in-depth review of the relevant primary literature it will be an extremely valuable source of information for years to come -- Darren Walsh Unversity of Nottingham * Newsletter of the RSC electrochemistry interest group *Table of ContentsPreface; Electrochemical applications of nanopore systems; Electrochemistry within templated nanosystems; Electrochemistry within nanogaps and nanojunctions; Electrochemistry within Metal Organic Frameworks; Electrochemistry within liquid nanosystems; Electrocatalysis at nanoparticles; Electrochemistry in nanoscale domains; Nanocarbon Electrochemistry; Bipolar electrochemistry in the nanoscience

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Book SynopsisApproaching the literature in a subject such as electrochemistry can be daunting. Specialist Periodical Reports present comprehensive and critical reviews of the current literature, with contributions from across the globe, providing the reader with an informed digest of the most important research currently carried out in the field. Re-launched in 2012 with a new editorial team (Compton and Wadhawan), this latest volume covers a broad range of topics, all with an emphasis on the nano aspects of electrochemistry. Aside from the applied chapters, contributions have also been submitted which examine eletrochemistry in specific regions; China and India are covered in this volume.Trade ReviewAsk an electrochemist and he will tell you: ‘All electrochemistry is nano’. Beyond this bold and arguable overstatement, some truth lies. The field of electrochemistry at the nanoscale is an active area of research, which has been described by David E. Williams in his concluding remarks at the 2013 Faraday Discussions meeting on ‘Electroanalysis at the Nanoscale’ as the "4th generation electrochemistry". This new generation is marked by the emergence of new tools able to explore practical problems more completely. With more than 55,000 scientific articles (searched using ISI Web of Science by keywords ‘nano*’ and ‘electrochem*’ between 2001 and 2014), the greatest challenge of the editors was to select significant research areas. As a consequence, the 12th Volume of the Electrochemistry series published by the Royal Society of Chemistry is the second volume dedicated to electrochemistry at the nanoscale. The present volume is divided into three distinct domains. The first five chapters are dedicated to nanometric tools, whereas the following three chapters focus on nanomaterials. The final two chapters provide an overview of the nanoelectrochemistry research conducted in China and India. The systems presented here to explore the nanometric scale are liquid–liquid nanointerfaces, nanoelectrodes, semi-conductor nanostructures, nanogap electrodes, and nanopore systems. These tools have the common objective of investigating electrochemical processes at close to the molecular scale. All five chapters have adopted a tutorial approach where fundamentals are described and fabrication processes are reviewed. These chapters are of a high standard and provide an excellent introduction to their respective fields. In two distinct chapters, the electrochemistry of metal–organic frameworks and graphene are reviewed with the emphasis on the fundamental aspects, although potential applications in the field of electrocatalysis, electroanalysis, and energy storage are described. The third chapter on nanomaterials is more application oriented as it reviews the use of nanomaterials for improved sensors for the detection of heavy metal ions. In the past, nanomaterials have been used in sensors to improve detection without scientific evidence that the sensor benefited from the electrocatalytic properties of the materials rather than an increased surface area. This chapter focuses on the study of the adsorption of heavy metal ions on electrodes modified with nanomaterials with the aim of improving the understanding of the mechanism of the interaction between the ions and nanomaterials such as carbon-based and metal oxide nano-objects. The last two chapters are different as they describe the research efforts in China and India. These two countries are major contributors to the field as China is ranked first and India fifth in the number of publications for the 2001–2014 period. Interestingly, for both countries, research seems more focused on nanomaterials rather than on nanometric tools. This is the second book of the series Electrochemistry since it has been revived by Prof. R. G. Compton and Dr. J. D. Wadhawan, following a 19-year break between Volumes 10 and 11. Given the high quality of the book, we can only hope that many more volumes are planned. -- Grégoire Herzog * Chromatographia (2014) 77:1569–1570 *"All five chapters have adopted a tutorial approach where fundamentals are described and fabrication processes are reviewed. These chapters are of a high standard and provide an excellent introduction to their respective fields....The last two chapters are different as they describe the research efforts in China and India....Given the high quality of the book, we can only hope that many more volumes are planned." -- Grégoire Herzog * Chromatographia (2014) 77:1569–1570 *Table of ContentsElectrochemistry at Nanoelectrodes; Liquid/Liquid Nanoelectrochemistry; Electrochemistry at Semiconductor Nanostructures; Nanoelectrochemistry in The People’s Republic of China; Electrochemistry within Metal Organic Frameworks; Electrochemical Applications of Nanopore Systems; Electrochemistry of Graphene; Enzyme Electrochemistry at Nanointerfaces; Nanoelectrochemical systems for the detection of metals; Electroanalysis at Nanoparticles; Nanoelectrochemistry in The People’s Republic of China; Nanoelectrochemistry in India

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Book SynopsisSolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are promising electrochemical power generation devices that can convert chemical energy of a fuel into electricity in an efficient, environmental-friendly, and quiet manner. Due to their high operating temperature, SOFCs feature fuel flexibility as internal reforming of hydrocarbon fuels and ammonia thermal cracking can be realized in SOFC anode. This book first introduces the fundamental principles of SOFCs and compares SOFC technology with conventional heat engines as well as low temperature fuel cells. Then the latest developments in SOFC R&D are reviewed and future directions are discussed. Key issues related to SOFC performance improvement, long-term stability, mathematical modelling, as well as system integration/control are addressed, including material development, infiltration technique for nano-structured electrode fabrication, focused ion beam – scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) technique for microstructure reconstruction, the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) simulation at pore scale, multi-scale modelling, SOFC integration with buildings and other cycles for stationary applications.Table of Contents1 – Introduction to stationary fuel cells; 2 – Electrolyte material development; 3 – Cathode material development; 4 – Anode material development; 5 - Interconnect materials for SOFC stacks; 6 – Infiltration/impregnation technique for fabricating nano-structured electrodes; 7 – SOFC electrode microstructure reconstruction techniques; 8 – Pore scale modeling; 9 – Multi-scale modeling; 10 – Fuel Flexibility; 11 – Long term operating stability; 12 – Applications in combined heat, cooling and power systems; 13 – Integrated SOFC and gas turbine systems; 14 – Dynamic analysis and system controls

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Book SynopsisElectrochemical methods of chemical analysis have been widely used for many years, most especially the trusty pH electrode and conductivity meter, but also in the mass-manufactured glucose test strips which place electrochemical measurements into the hands of non-scientists. The purpose of this volume is to address advances that will enable new measurement strategies in the future. Surveying research and development advances based on new methods, materials and devices that achieve improved electroanalytical performances, this collection encompasses chip-based systems, through nanodomain approaches and soft interfaces. This book is a vital resource for graduate students and professional analytical chemists.Trade ReviewThis volume offers a comprehensive snapshot of the current state of the art of electrochemical detection methods. Its tutorial tone will enlighten both specialist and non-specialist readerships eager to discover the field and will contribute to guaranteeing a long shelf life. -- Grégoire Herzog * Chromatographia *It is a fantastic time to be an electrochemist! Many of the challenges that scientists have to tackle in today’s society involve, in one way or another, charge transfer across an interface. These challenges cover the fields of energy, water deionization, electronic manufacturing, material synthesis, or, as in the topic of this book, sensors. The need for simpler, faster, better, and cheaper detection methods is valid for many research disciplines, as well as for manufacturing industries and human activities such as health and environmental monitoring. Electrochemical Strategies in Detection Science is the sixth volume of a Royal Society of Chemistry series dedicated to the advances of the field of Detection Science. This particular item is focused on the most recent updates in electrochemical detection methods. The volume gathers ten chapters, which can be divided into three groups. Three of these chapters focus on the detection of specific targets such as heavy metals (Chapter 1), nanoparticles (Chapter 5), and ions (Chapter 9). Four chapters are oriented towards the fabrication and the applications of electroanalytical systems: microelectrode arrays for biomedical applications (Chapter 2); microchip electrophoresis (Chapter 3); scanning electrochemical microscopy for life science applications (Chapter 4); and nanoelectrodes (Chapter 6). Finally, the three remaining chapters review the state of the art of materials for electrochemical detection: carbon electrodes (Chapter 7); dispersible electrodes (Chapter 8); and ionic liquid-based electrodes (Chapter 10). In approximately 40 pages, each of the chapters presents the basic concepts necessary to understand the fundamentals of the topic before reviewing the most exciting and recent achievements published in the literature. This selection of chapters is a mix between well-established electroanalytical detection methods—e.g., stripping analysis of heavy metals (Chapter 1) and electroanalysis at carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and graphene (Chapter 7)—and rather novel research themes such as the electrochemical detection of nanoparticles (Chapter 6) and the concept of dispersible electrodes (Chapter 8). Most of the chapters of Electrochemical Strategies in Detection Science are of an excellent standard, written by leading researchers in the field. This volume offers a comprehensive snapshot of the current state of the art of electrochemical detection methods. Its tutorial tone will enlighten both specialist and non-specialist readerships eager to discover the field and will contribute to guaranteeing a long shelf life. The variety of electrochemical strategies put forward highlights the vital role of electrochemistry in analytical sciences today. -- Grégoire Herzog * Chromatographia *Table of ContentsNanoelectrodes in Electrochemical Analysis; SECM Imaging and Detection of Biological System; Electrochemical Detection for Microchip CE; Carbon Nanomaterials in Electrochemical Detection; Ionic Liquids in Electrochemical Sensing; Microelectrode Array Detection Systems; Advances in Stripping Analysis of Metals; Ion Detection Using Voltammetry at Liquid-Liquid Interfaces; Electrochemical Detection of Nanoparticles; Bioelectroanalytical Challenges at Liquid-Liquid Interfaces; Dispersible Electrodes; Subject Index

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Book SynopsisThis invaluable book focuses on the mechanisms of formation of a solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the electrode surfaces of lithium-ion batteries. The SEI film is due to electrochemical reduction of species present in the electrolyte. It is widely recognized that the presence of the film plays an essential role in the battery performance, and its very nature can determine an extended (or shorter) life for the battery. In spite of the numerous related research efforts, details on the stability of the SEI composition and its influence on the battery capacity are still controversial. This book carefully analyzes and discusses the most recent findings and advances on this topic.Table of ContentsSEI on Lithium, Graphite, Disordered Carbons and Tin-Based Alloys (E Peled & D Golodnitsky); Identification of Surface Films on Electrodes in Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions: Spectroscopic, Electronic and Morphological Studies (D Aurbach & Y S Cohen); Spectroscopy Studies of Solid-Electrolyte Interphase on Positive and Negative Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries (Z-X Wang et al.); Scanning Probe Microscopy Analysis of the SEI Formation on Graphite Anodes (M Inaba & Z Ogumi); Theoretical Insights into the SEI Components and Formation Mechanism: Density Functional Theory Studies (Y-X Wang & P B Balbuena); Continuum and Statistical Mechanics-Based Models for Solid-Electrolyte Interphases in Lithium-Ion Batteries (H J Ploehn et al.); Development of New Anodes for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries and Their SEI Characterization by Raman and NEXAFS Spectroscopy (G Sandi); The Cathode-Electrolyte Interface in a Li-Ion Battery (K Edstrom et al.); Theoretical Studies on the Structure, Association of Solvent, and Solvation of Li Ion: Implications to SEI Layer Phenomena (Y-X Wang & P B Balbuena).

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Book SynopsisThis book offers an in-depth exploration of battery separators, a critical component in Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThis book starts with background concerning three-dimensional integration - including their low energy consumption and high speed image processing - and then proceeds to how to construct them and which materials to use in particular situations. The book covers numerous applications, including next generation smart phones, driving assistance systems, capsule endoscopes, homing missiles, and many others. The book concludes with recent progress and developments in three dimensional packaging, as well as future prospects.Table of ContentsChapter 1 - Research and Development History of Three Dimensional (3D) Integration Technology 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors 1.1.2 Three-dimensional Integration Technology 1.2 Motivation for 3D Integration Technology y 1.3 Research and Development History of 3D Integration Technology R&D History of 3D Packaging Technology 1.3.1 3D Packaging Technology 1.3.2 Origin of the TSV Concept 1.3.3 Research and Development History of 3D Technology in Organizations 1.3.3.1 Japan 1.3.3.2 Japanese 3D Integration Technology Research and Development Project (Dream Chip) 1.3.3.3 USA 1.3.3.4 Europe 1.3.3.5 Asia 1.3.3.6 International 1.4 Research and Development History of 3D Integration Technology for Applications 1.4.1 CMOS Image Sensor and MEMS 1.4.2 DRAM 1.4.3 2.5D with Interposer 1.4.4 Others Chapter 2- Recent Research and Development Activities of Three Dimensional (3D) Integration Technology 2.1 Recent Announcement of Research and Development Activities 2.2 Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DRAM) 2.2.1 Through-Silicon Via (TSV) Technology for DRAM 2.2.2 Wide I/O and Wide I/O2 Mobile DRAM 2.3 Hybrid Memory Cube (HMC) and High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) DRAM 2.3.1 Hybrid Memory Cube (HMC)High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) DRAM 2.3.2 High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) DRAM 2.4 FPGA and 2.5D 2.5 Others 2.6 New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) Japan 2.6.1 Next Generation “Smart Device” Project 2.6.2 Background, Purpose and Target of “Smart Device” Project Chapter 3- TSV Processes 3.1 Deep Silicon Etching by Bosch process 3.1.1 Introduction 3.1.2 Basic characteristics of the Bosch process 3.1.3 Bosch Etching Equipment for TSV 3.1.4 Conclusions 3.2 High Rate Silicon-Via Etching and Basics of Sidewall Etch Reaction by Steady-State Etch Process 3.2.1 Introduction 3.2.2 MERIE Process for TSV Application 3.2.2.1 Effect of RF Frequency 3.2.2.2 Effect of Pressure 3.2.2.3 Effect of Oxygen Addition 3.2.3 Investigation of Sidewall Etch Reaction Induced by SF6/O2 Plasma 3.2.3.1 Effect of Oxygen Addition 3.2.3.2 Effect of Temperature 3.2.3.3 Effect of SiF4 Addition 3.2.4 Conclusion 3.3 Low Temperature CVD Technology 3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 Cathode-Coupled PECVD (LS-CVD) 3.3.3 Low Temperature SiO2 Deposition 3.3.3.1 Wafer Temperature During Low Temperature Deposition 3.3.3.2 Step Coverage in Si Via Holes 3.3.3.3 Electrical Characteristics of SiO2 Film Deposited at Low Temperature 3.3.3.4 Stress Control of SiO2 Film Deposited Using LS-CVD 3.3.4 Conclusion 3.4 Electrodeposition for Via-Filling 3.4.1 Cu+ Ion as an Accelerant Additive of Copper Electrodeposition 3.4.2 Relation between via Filling and Cu+ Ion by Periodical Reverse Current Waveform 3.4.3 Simulation of Cu+ Ion Distribution inside the Via 3.4.4 High Speed via Filling Electrodeposition by Other Organizations 3.4.5 Reduction of Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Electrodeposited Copper for TSV by Additive Chapter 4 - Wafer Handling and Thinning Processes 4.1 Wafer Thinning Solution for TSV Devices 4.1.1 Introduction 4.1.2 General Thinning 4.1.3 Wafer Thinning for TSV devices 4.1.4 TTV control 4.1.5 Summary 4.2 A Novel Via Middle TSV Thinning Technology by Si/Cu Grinding and CMP 4.2.1 Introduction 4.2.2 Methods 4.2.3 Results and Discussion 4.2.3.1 Si/Cu Same Rate CMP (1st CMP) 4.2.3.2 TSV Protrusion CMP (2nd CMP) 4.2.3.3 Post CMP Cleaning after 2nd CMP 4.2.4 Conclusion 4.3 Temporally Bonding 4.3.1 Background 4.3.2 The 3MTM Temporary Bonding Materials 4.3.3 The 3MTM Temporary Adhesive 4.3.4 Laser Absorbing Layer 4.3.5 The Next Steps 4.4 Temporary Bonding and Debonding for Through-Silicon Via (TSV) Processing 4.4.1 Introduction 4.4.2 Temporary Bonding and Debonding Process 4.4.3 Debonding Method 4.4.4 Functions and Performance Requirements for Temporary Bonding Device 4.4.5 Ability and Performance Requirements for Debonding Devices 4.4.6 Tokyo Electron’s Temporary Bonder and Debonder Device Concept and Lineup 4.4.7 Future Outlook Chapter 5- Wafer and Die Bonding Processes 5.1 Permanent Wafer Bonding 5.1.1 Introduction 5.1.2 Low Temperature or Room Temperature Wafer Direct Bonding Method and Application 5.1.2.1 Fusion Bonding 5.1.2.2 Surface Activated Bonding 5.1.2.3 Anodic Bonding 5.1.2.4 Cu2Cu/Oxide Hybrid bonding 5.1.2.5 Conclusion of Low Temperature or Room Temperature Wafer Direct Bonding Methods and Their Applications 5.1.2.6 Future Outlook for Bonding Application Using Low Temperature or Normal Room Temperature Wafer Direct Bonding Methods 5.1.3 Requests Made to Equipment Makers and Initiatives Regarding Low Temperature or Room Temperature Wafer Direct Bonding Methods 5.1.3.1 Post BAA 5.1.3.2 Scaling 5.1.3.3 Distortion 5.1.3.4 Bonding strength 5.1.3.5 Void 5.1.4 Tokyo Electron Initiatives 5.1.5 Conclusion 5.2 Underfill Materials 5.2.1 Technical Trend for Three Dimensional Integration Packages and Underfill Materials 5.2.2 Requirements for Underfill Materials 5.2.2.1 Requirements for CUF and Material Technology Trend 5.2.2.2 Requirements for NCP and Material Technology Trend 5.2.3 Application to CUF between the Stacked Chips 5.3 Non-Conductive Films 5.3.1 Introduction 5.3.2 Required Material Feature from Bonding Process 5.3.3 Voiding Issue in NC 5.3.4 High Through Put NCF-TCB Chapter 6- Metrology and Inspection 6.1 Principles of Spectroscopic Reflectometry 6.1.1 Introduction 6.1.2 Measurement 6.1.3 Setup 6.1.4 Analysis 6.1.5 Conclusion 6.2 Low Coherence Interferometry for 3D-IC TSV 6.2.1 Optical Measurement of Topographies and Thicknesses 6.2.1.1 3D-IC TSV Needs Tomography 6.2.1.2 Tomography with Low Coherence Interferometry 6.2.2 Theory of Optical Coherence Tomography 6.2.2.1 Basic Principle 6.2.2.2 Time Domain OCT 6.2.2.3 Fourier Domain OCT 6.2.3 Practical Considerations 6.2.4 Conclusion 6.3 Silicon and Glue Thickness Measurement for Grinding 6.3.1 Introduction 6.3.2 TSV Wafer Manufacturing Method and Challenges of Grinding 6.3.3 Features of BGM300 6.3.4 Verifying BGM300 Measurement Results 6.3.5 Measurement after Grinding 6.3.6 Optimized wafer Grinding Based on Via Height Information from BGM300 6.3.7 Conclusion 6.4 3D X-ray Microscopy Technology for Non-Destructive Analysis of Through-Silicon Vias 6.4.1 Introduction 6.4.2 Fundamentals of X-ray Microscopy 6.4.2.1 Physics of X-ray Imaging 6.4.2.2 3D X-ray Microscopy 6.4.3 Applications for TSV Process Development 6.4.4 Applications for TSV Failure Analysis 6.4.5 Summary 6.5 Wafer Warpage and Local Distortion Measurement 6.5.1 Introduction 6.5.2 Basic Functions of WDM300 6.5.3 Measurement and Analysis of Local Deformations 6.5.4 Application 6.5.5 Summary Chapter 7 - TSV Characteristics and Reliability: Impact of 3D Integration Processes on Device Reliability 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Impact of Cu Contamination on Device Reliabilities in Thinned 3D-IC Chip 7.2.1 Impact of Cu Diffusion at Backside Surface in Thinned 3D-IC Chip 7.2.1.1 Effect of Intrinsic Gettering (IG) layer 7.2.1.2 Effect of Extrinsic Gettering (EG) layer 7.2.2 Impact of Cu Diffusion from Cu Via 7.2.2.1 Effect of the Barrier Thickness and the Scallop Roughness 7.2.2.2 Effect of the Annealing Temperature 7.2.2.3 Keep Out Zone (KOZ) Characterization by Cu Diffusion from Cu Via 7.3 Impact of Mechanical Stress/Strain on Device Reliability in Stacked IC 7.3.1 Micro-Bump Induced Local Stress in Stacked IC 7.3.2 Si Mechanical Strength Reduction by Thinning 7.4 Impact of 3D Integration Process on DRAM Retention Characteristics 7.4.1 Impact of Mechanical Strength on Retention Characteristics in Thinn DRAM Chip 7.4.2 Impact of Cu Contamination on Memory Retention Characteristics in DRAM Chip Chapter 8 - Trends in 3D Integrated Circuit (3D-IC) Testing Technology 8.1 Crucial Issues and Key Technologies for 3D-IC Testing 8.2 Research Trends in Pre-bond Test for 3D-IC 8.3 Research Trends in Post-bond Test for 3D-IC 8.4 Research Trends in Automatic Test Pattern Generator (ATPG) and Test Scheduling for TSVs in 3D-IC 8.5 An Accurate Resistance Measuring Method for TSVs in 3D-IC 8.5.1 Background of Our Study 8.5.2 Problems of Conventional Analog Boundary-Scan for TSV Resistance Measurement 8.5.2.1 Analog Boundary-Scan 8.5.2.2 Standard resistance measuring method by 1149.4 8.5.2.3 Problems of conventional Analog Boundary-Scan for TSV resistance measuring 8.5.3 Proposed Measuring Method 8.5.3.1 Floating Measurement method 8.5.3.2 Complete isolation of the current path and the voltage path 8.5.3.3 Segmenting the internal analog BUS (AB1, AB2) 8.5.4 Summary 8.6 Delay Measurement Circuits for Detecting TSV Delay Faults 8.6.1 Application of Time-to-Digital Converter Embedded in Boundary-Scan for 3D-IC Testing 8.6.2 Delay Measurement Circuit Using the Vernier Delay Line 8.6.3 Estimation of Defect Size Detectable by the Test Method 8.6.4 Summary 8.7 Electrical Interconnect Tests of Open Defects in a 3D-IC with a Built-in Supply Current Test Circuit 8.7.1 Electrical Tests with a Built-in Supply Current Test Circuit 8.7.2 Experimental Evaluation of Our Electrical Test Method 8.7.3 Summary Chapter 9 - Dream Chip Project at ASET 9.1 Overview of Japanese 3D Integration Technology R&D Project (Dream Chip) 9.2 Thermal Management and Chip Stacking Technology 9.2.1 Background 9.2.2 Chip Stacking/Joining Technology 9.2.2.1 Metal Bump Materials and Structure 9.2.2.2 Reliability Study of Micro Bump 9.2.2.3 Electro Migration Test to Understand Current Density of Micro Bump Joint 9.2.2.4 Flip Chip Bonding Density Towards 10 μm Connection Bump Pitch 9.2.2.5 Stack and Gang Bonding 9.2.2.6 Non-destructive Inspection Technologies of Micro Joint 9.2.3 Thermal Management Study 9.2.3.1 Evaluation Technology of 3D Integrated Chip Stack 9.2.3.2 TV200 Measurement Result and Correlation with Simulation 9.2.3.3 Thermal Conductivity Anisotropy Induced by Cu TSV 9.2.4 Development of Automobile Drive Assistance Camera 9.2.4.1 Development of Integration Process 9.2.4.2 Development of Cooling System for Automobile Drive Assistance Camera 9.2.5 Summery 9.3 Thin Wafer Technology 9.3.1 Back Ground of Wafer Thinning Technology 9.3.2 Issues of Wafer Thinning 9.3.3 Ultrathin Wafer Thinning Process 9.3.3.1 Wafer Support System (WSS) 9.3.3.2 Thermal Resistance of the Resin Used for WSS Temporary Bonding 9.3.3.3 Dicing Technology of Thin Chip 9.3.3.4 Die Pick-up Technology of Thin Chip 9.3.3.5 Thin Wafer Processing Technique in the Wafer Stacking Process 9.3.4 Issues on Wafer Thinning to Prevent Device Characteristics Change and Metal Contamination 9.3.4.1 Evaluation Method of a Crystal Defect and Metal Pollution in the Thin Wafer 9.3.4.2 Backside Grinding Methods and Their EG Effect 9.3.4.3 Electrical Characteristics Deviation by Mechanical Stress 9.3.5 Standardization 9.3.6 Summary 9.4 3D Integration Technology 9.4.1 Background and Scope 9.4.2 C2C Process 9.4.2.1 C2C Integration Overview 9.4.2.2 C2C Integration Results 9.4.3 W2W Process 9.4.3.1 W2W Integration Overview 9.4.3.2 Wafer Bonding Technology 9.4.3.3 W2W Integration Results 9.4.4 Summary 9.5 Ultra-wide Bus 3D-System-in Package (3D-SiP) Technology 9.5.1 Background 9.5.2 The Test Vehicle Fabrication 9.5.3 Evaluation 9.5.4 Summary 9.6 Mixed Signal (Digital and Analog) 3D Integration Technology for Automotive Application 9.6.1 Introduction 9.6.2 Challenges 9.6.3 Result of Basic Technology Development on Mixed-Signal 3D Integration Technology 9.6.3.1 Basic Technology Development on 3D Integrated Imaging Sensor Module for In-Vehicle 9.6.3.2 Realization of Mixed-Signal (CIS/CDS/ADC/IF) Integrated Structure by TSV Connection 9.6.3.3 Development of Si Interposer Which Allotted TSV Type Decoupling Capacitor 9.6.3.4 A Trial production and Evaluation of Car Drive Assist Image Processing System for Cars 9.6.4 Conclusion 9.7 Heterogeneous 3D Integration Technology for Radio Frequency Micro Electro Mechanical Systems RF MEMS (RF MEMS) 9.7.1 Background and Issues 9.7.2 Development Result 9.7.2.1 Structure of 3D integration RF Module 9.7.2.2 MEMS Tunable Filter 9.7.2.3 MEMS Switch 9.7.2.4 CMOS Driving IC 9.7.2.5 3D Integration of Tunable Filter Module 9.7.2.6 RF and Tuning Performances of the Fabricated 3D Tunable Filter Module 9.7.3 Summary

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Book SynopsisThe first reference on this rapidly growing topic provides an essential up-to-date guide to current and emerging trends. A group of international experts has been carefully selected by the editors to cover all the central aspects, with a focus on molecular species while also including industrial applications. The resulting unique overview is a must-have for researchers, both in academia and industry, who are entering or already working in the field.Table of ContentsPreface XIII List of Contributors XV 1 Electronic Structure and Magnetic Properties of Lanthanide Molecular Complexes 1Lorenzo Sorace and Dante Gatteschi 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Free Ion Electronic Structure 3 1.2.1 Free Ion Magnetism 6 1.3 Electronic Structure of Lanthanide Ions in a Ligand Field 7 1.3.1 Stevens’ Formalism 9 1.3.2 Wybourne’s Formalism 9 1.3.3 Standardization 13 1.3.4 Calculation of Crystal Field Parameters 13 1.4 Magnetic Properties of Isolated Lanthanide Ions 16 1.4.1 Effect of a Magnetic Field 16 1.4.2 EPR Spectroscopy of Lanthanide Complexes 17 1.5 Exchange Coupling in Systems Containing Orbitally Degenerate Lanthanides 21 Acknowledgements 23 References 23 2 Mononuclear Lanthanide Complexes: Use of the Crystal Field Theory to Design Single-Ion Magnets and Spin Qubits 27Juan M. Clemente-Juan, Eugenio Coronado, and Alejandro Gaita-Ari ̃no 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Modelling the Magnetic Properties of Lanthanide Single-Ion Magnets:TheUse of the Crystal FieldModel 29 2.2.1 Theoretical Background 29 2.2.2 How to Determine the Crystal-Field Parameters: 1. The Ishikawa Approach 30 2.2.3 How to Determine the Crystal-Field Parameters: 2. The Point Charge Electrostatic Model 34 2.2.4 How to Determine the Crystal-Field Parameters: 3. The Effective Point Charge Model 36 2.3 Magneto-Structural Correlations for Some Typical Symmetries 40 2.4 Impact of Lanthanide Complexes in Quantum Computing 44 2.4.1 Quantum Computing Paradigms and Design Criteria 45 2.4.2 Combining Physical Qubit Implementations with Lanthanide Complexes 48 2.4.3 Molecular Spin Qubits 50 2.5 Conclusions 53 Acknowledgements 54 References 55 3 Polynuclear Lanthanide SingleMolecule Magnets 61Jinkui Tang and Peng Zhang 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 Synthetic Strategies 62 3.2.1 Dy3 Triangles and Their Derivatives 64 3.2.1.1 Seminal Dy3 Triangle 64 3.2.1.2 Other Triangular Dy3 Systems 65 3.2.1.3 The Coupling of Dy3 Triangles 68 3.2.2 Linear Polynuclear Lanthanide Complexes Showing Robust SMM Behaviour 71 3.2.2.1 Linear Dy3 SMMs 72 3.2.2.2 Linear Dy4 SMMs 73 3.2.3 Planar Dy4 SMMs 75 3.2.4 Dyn SMMs Having Multiple μn-O (n > 4) Bridges 78 3.2.4.1 The Dy4 Grids Fixed by μ4-O Atom 78 3.2.4.2 The Dy4 Tetrahedron Fixed by μ4-O Atom 80 3.2.4.3 The Dy5 Pyramid Fixed by μ5-O Atom 80 3.2.5 Hydrazone-Based Lanthanide SMMs 82 3.2.5.1 The Assembly of Dy6 Triangular Prism with Dy2 Units 83 3.2.5.2 A Dy3 Molecular Cluster Pair (Dy6) 84 3.2.6 The Organometallic Synthesis—A New Approach 85 3.3 Conclusion 86 References 86 4 Lanthanides in Extended Molecular Networks 89Roberta Sessoli and Kevin Bernot 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Extended Networks Based on Gd3+ 91 4.2.1 Metal-Organic Frameworks 91 4.2.1.1 Magneto-Caloric Effect 91 4.2.1.2 Slow Magnetic Relaxation and Phonon Bottleneck Effects 94 4.2.2 Magnetic Chains 96 4.2.2.1 Magnetic Interactions Involving Gd3+ Ions 96 4.2.2.2 Gadolinium-Radical Chains 96 4.3 Extended Networks Based on Anisotropic Ions 101 4.3.1 SCM in a Nutshell 101 4.3.2 An Overview of Monodimensional Lanthanide Chains Based on Anisotropic Ions 104 4.3.2.1 Chains Based on 4f Ions 104 4.3.2.2 Chains Based on 3d–4f Ions 106 4.3.2.3 Chains Based on Radicals and 4f Ions 111 4.3.3 The Key Point of Noncollinearity of Magnetic Anisotropy 112 4.4 Conclusions 119 References 119 5 Experimental Aspects of Lanthanide Single-Molecule Magnet Physics 125Kasper S. Pedersen, Daniel N.Woodruff, Jesper Bendix, and Rodolphe Clérac 5.1 Introduction 125 5.2 Manifestation of Single-Molecule Magnet Behaviour 127 5.2.1 Magnetization and ac Susceptibility Measurements 127 5.2.2 NMR Spectroscopy 132 5.2.3 Muon Spin Rotation 133 5.3 Quantifying the Magnetic Anisotropy 135 5.4 Splitting of the Ground Multiplet 139 5.4.1 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopies 139 5.4.2 Luminescence Spectroscopy 140 5.4.3 Inelastic Neutron Scattering 141 5.5 Observation of the Signatures of Exchange Coupling 146 5.5.1 Chemical Substitution 146 5.5.2 X-Ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism 147 5.6 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives 149 References 150 6 ComputationalModelling of the Magnetic Properties of Lanthanide Compounds 153Liviu Ungur and Liviu F. Chibotaru 6.1 Introduction 153 6.2 Ab Initio Description of Lanthanides and its Relation to Other Methods 153 6.2.1 Ab Initio Approach for the Electronic Structure of Lanthanides 155 6.2.1.1 Accounting for Static Electron Correlation within CASSCF 155 6.2.1.2 Accounting for Dynamical Electron Correlation: An Important Step Towards Accurate Predictions 155 6.2.1.3 Accounting for Relativistic Effects within the Douglas–Kroll–Hess Theory 156 6.2.1.4 Spin–Orbit Multiplets of Free Lanthanide Ions: Relativistic CASSCF/RASSIMethod inWork 157 6.2.2 Ab Initio Versus Two-Component DFT 159 6.2.3 Ab Initio Versus Phenomenological Crystal Field Theory for Lanthanides 159 6.3 Ab Initio Calculation of Anisotropic Magnetic Properties of Mononuclear Complexes 160 6.3.1 Implementation of Ab Initio Methodology: SINGLE_ANISO Program 161 6.3.2 Temperature-Dependent Magnetic Susceptibility and Field-Dependent Magnetization 163 6.3.3 Magnetic Anisotropy in Low-Lying Doublets 164 6.3.4 Ab Initio Crystal Field 166 6.4 Ab Initio Calculation of Anisotropic Magnetic Properties of Polynuclear Complexes 169 6.4.1 Two-Step Approach for the Calculation of Electronic Structure of Polynuclear Lanthanide Complexes 170 6.4.2 Key Rules for Cluster Fragmentation 170 6.4.3 Implementation of Ab Initio Methodology: POLY_ANISO Program 171 6.4.4 Noncollinear Magnetic Structure of Lnn Complexes 172 6.4.5 Mixed Lanthanide-Transition Metal Compounds 176 6.4.6 Lanthanide-Containing Magnetic Chains 178 6.5 Conclusions 180 References 181 7 Lanthanide Complexes as Realizations of Qubits and Qugates for Quantum Computing 185Guillem Aroḿ ı, Fernando Luis, and Olivier Roubeau 7.1 Introduction to Quantum Computation 185 7.1.1 General Introduction 185 7.1.2 Definition of Qubits, Qugates, Timescales and Essential Requirements 186 7.1.3 Current Proposals for the QC Hardware 189 7.1.3.1 Trapped Ions 189 7.1.3.2 Nuclear Spins 190 7.1.3.3 Superconducting Qubits 191 7.1.3.4 Spin Qubits 191 7.1.3.5 Photons 191 7.1.3.6 Hybrid Proposals and Quantum Circuits 192 7.2 Quantum Computing with Electron Spin Qubits 192 7.2.1 Electronic Spins in Semiconductors: QDs and Dopants 192 7.2.1.1 Quantum Dots 193 7.2.1.2 Dopants and Defects 193 7.2.2 Electronic Spins in Molecules: Organic Radicals and Transition Metal Complexes 194 7.2.2.1 Organic Radicals 194 7.2.2.2 Transition Metal Complexes 195 7.3 Single Lanthanide Ions as Spin Qubits 197 7.3.1 Quantum Coherence of Lanthanide Ions Doped into Crystalline Solids 198 7.3.2 Control of the Magnetic Anisotropy of Lanthanide Ions: Chemical Design of Spin Qubits 199 7.3.2.1 Mononuclear Single Molecule Magnets 199 7.3.2.2 Gadolinium(III) POMs as Spin Qubits 200 7.3.2.3 Mononuclear SMMs of Ln(III) Ions with Nonzero Orbital Moment 202 7.4 Lanthanide Molecules as Prototypes of Two-Qubit Quantum Gates 204 7.4.1 A Family of Asymmetric [Ln2] Complexes withWeak Magnetic Coupling 204 7.4.2 Heterometallic [LnLn′] Complexes: A Fabric of Chemical Asymmetry and Individual Qubits 208 7.4.3 Evaluating Qubit Properties 209 7.4.4 Weak Coupling 211 7.4.5 Asymmetry and Energy Diagrams 212 7.4.6 Decoherence of the Molecular Quantum Processor Prototypes 215 7.5 Conclusions and Outlook 215 References 216 8 Bis(phthalocyaninato) Lanthanide(III) Complexes – fromMolecular Magnetism to Spintronic Devices 223Yanhua Lan, Svetlana Klyatskaya, and Mario Ruben 8.1 Introduction 223 8.1.1 Molecular Magnetism 223 8.1.2 Multinuclear Versus Mononuclear: d- Versus f-Metal Ions 224 8.1.3 Molecular Versus Organic Spintronics 227 8.2 Synthesis and Structure of LnPc2 Complexes 229 8.2.1 Synthesis of Bis(phthalocyaninato) Lanthanide(III) Complexes 229 8.2.2 Synthesis of Heteroleptic Lanthanide(III) Complexes Containing Porphyrin-Based Ligands 235 8.2.3 Oxidation States of Bis(phthalocyaninato) Lanthanide(III) Complexes 239 8.2.4 Rotation Angles and Skew Angles in LnPc2 in Relation to the Lanthanide Contraction 243 8.3 Bulk Magnetism of LnPc2 Complexes 246 8.3.1 Magnetism of Bis(phthalocyaninato) Lanthanide(III) Complexes 246 8.3.2 Three Spin Systems in [TbPc2]0 Single-Ion Molecular Magnets (SIMMs) 246 8.3.2.1 The Organic Radical (S) 246 8.3.2.2 The Electronic Spin (J) 248 8.3.2.3 The Nuclear Spin (I) 249 8.3.3 Further SIMs of LnPc2 with Ln =Tb, Dy and Ho 249 8.3.4 Internal Kondo in LnPc2 Complexes with Ln = Ce, Yb 255 8.3.5 Stable Organic Radicals S = 1∕2 in LnPc2 with Ln = Y, Lu 257 8.3.6 A Special Case: Half-Filling of the f-Orbitals in GdPc2 and its Consequences 258 8.4 Surface Magnetism of LnPc2 Complexes 259 8.4.1 Deposition of [TbPc2]0 SIMMs on Nonmagnetic Substrates 261 8.4.1.1 Highly Oriented Pyrolitic Graphite 261 8.4.1.2 Au(111) 262 8.4.1.3 Cu(111) 263 8.4.1.4 Cu(100) 265 8.4.2 Deposition of [TbPc2]0 SIMs on Magnetic Substrates 267 8.4.2.1 NickelThin Films 267 8.4.2.2 Cobalt Thin Films 269 8.4.2.3 LSMO 269 8.4.2.4 Manganese and Cobalt Oxide Layers 269 8.4.2.5 Spin Polarized Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (SP-STM) on Co/Ir(111) 270 8.5 Molecular Spintronic Devices on the Base of [TbPc2]0 SIMs 272 8.5.1 Graphene Transistor 274 8.5.2 Supramolecular Spin Valve 276 8.5.3 Molecular Spin Resonator 278 8.5.4 Molecular Spin Transistor 280 8.6 Conclusion and Outlook 281 Abbreviations 283 References 284 9 Lanthanides and the Magnetocaloric Effect 293JosephW. Sharples and David Collison 9.1 Applications of Magnets 293 9.2 Cold Reasoning 294 9.3 Current Technologies 294 9.4 How Paramagnets Act as Refrigerants 295 9.5 More Parameters 297 9.6 Aims 298 9.7 Important Concepts for a Large Magnetocaloric Effect 298 9.7.1 Spin 298 9.7.1.1 Examples 299 9.7.2 Nature of Exchange Coupling 301 9.7.2.1 Paramagnetism 301 9.7.2.2 Ferromagnetism 303 9.7.2.3 Antiferromagnetism 304 9.7.3 Active Metal Percentage 305 9.7.4 Density 307 9.7.5 Anisotropy or Spin: What Kind? 308 9.7.6 Dimensionality 310 9.8 High-Performance MCE Materials 311 9.9 Outlook 312 References 313 10 Actinide Single-Molecule Magnets 315Stephen T. Liddle and Joris van Slageren 10.1 Introduction 315 10.2 Literature Survey of Published Actinide Single-Molecule Magnets 322 10.2.1 Single-Molecule Magnets of f3 Actinides (U3+, Np4+) 322 10.2.2 Single-Molecule Magnets of f1 Actinides (U5+) 330 10.2.3 Miscellaneous: {NpVIO2Cl2}{NpVO2Cl(THF)3}2 (15) 332 10.3 Magnetic Coupling in Actinides 332 10.3.1 5f–5f Couplings 333 10.3.2 5f–4f Couplings 335 10.3.3 5f–3d Couplings 335 10.3.4 5f–2p Couplings 336 10.4 Conclusions 336 References 336 Index 341

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Book SynopsisWritten by experts who have been part of this field since its beginnings in both research and academia, this textbook introduces readers to this evolving topic and the broad range of applications that are being explored. The book begins by examining what it is that defines ionic liquids and what sets them apart from other materials. Chapters describe the various types of ionic liquids and the different techniques used to synthesize them, as well as their properties and some of the methods used in their measurement. Further chapters delve into synthetic and electrochemical applications and their broad use as "Green" solvents. Final chapters examine important applications in a wide variety of contexts, including such devices as solar cells and batteries, electrochemistry, and biotechnology. The result is a must-have resource for any researcher beginning to work in this growing field, including senior undergraduates and postgraduates. Table of Contents1 An Introduction to Ionic Liquids 1 1.1 Prologue 1 1.2 The Definition of an Ionic Liquid 2 1.3 A Brief Perspective 6 1.4 Aprotic Versus Protic ILs 8 1.5 An Overview of IL Applications 9 1.6 Key Properties and Techniques for Understanding ILs 12 1.6.1 Viscosity 12 1.6.2 Vapor Pressure 13 1.6.3 Melting Point 13 1.6.4 Nanostructure 14 1.6.5 Thermal Properties 14 1.6.6 Electrochemical Properties 16 1.6.7 Conductivity and Ion Transport 16 1.6.8 Computational Techniques 17 1.7 New Materials Based on ILs 18 1.8 Nomenclature and Abbreviations 20 References 20 2 The Structure of Ions that Form Ionic Liquids 27 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Ionic Interactions and the Melting Point 28 2.2.1 Thermodynamics of the Melting Point 29 2.3 Effect of Ion Size and Crystal Packing 31 2.3.1 Quantifying the Madelung Constant 34 2.3.2 Computational Prediction of the Melting Point 35 2.4 Charge Delocalization and Shielding 37 2.5 Ion Asymmetry 39 2.6 Influence of Cation Substituents 41 2.7 Degrees of Freedom and Structural Disorder 43 2.7.1 Polymorphism 44 2.8 Short-Range Interactions – Hydrogen Bonding 44 2.9 Dications and Dianions 47 2.10 T m Trends in Other IL Families 49 2.11 Concluding Remarks 50 References 50 3 Structuring of Ionic Liquids 55 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Ionicity, Ion Pairing and Ion Association 56 3.3 Short-Range Structuring 58 3.4 Structural Heterogeneity and Domain Formation 60 3.5 Hydrogen Bonding and Structure 62 3.6 Experimental Probes of Structure 64 3.7 Simulation Approaches to Understanding Structure 67 3.8 Structuring at Solid Interfaces 71 3.9 Ionic Liquid Structure in Confined Spaces 74 3.10 Impact of Structure on Reactivity and Application 75 3.11 Concluding Remarks 76 References 76 4 Synthesis of Ionic Liquids 81 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Synthesis of ILs 81 4.2.1 Formation of the Cation: Quaternization/Alkylation 81 4.2.2 Anion Exchange 82 4.2.2.1 Metathesis 83 4.2.2.2 Purification and Challenges of the Metathesis Reaction 84 4.2.2.3 Ion Exchange 85 4.2.3 Synthesis of ILs via the Carbonate Route 86 4.2.4 Flow Reactors 87 4.2.5 Solvate ILs 89 4.2.6 Chloroaluminate ILs 90 4.2.7 Task-Specific Ionic liquids (TSILs) 90 4.2.7.1 Alkoxy-Ammonium ILs 90 4.2.7.2 Zwitterionic Liquids 91 4.2.8 One-Pot Synthesis of Multi-Ion ILs 92 4.2.9 Polymer Ionic Liquids (Poly-ILs) 93 4.2.10 Protic Ionic Liquids (PILs) 95 4.2.11 Chiral ILs 96 4.3 Characterization and Analysis of ILs 97 4.4 Concluding Remarks 98 References 99 5 Physical and Thermal Properties 103 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 Phase Transitions and Thermal Properties 103 5.2.1 Thermal Analysis and the Key Transitions Defining the Liquid State 103 5.2.2 Glass Transition, Glassy ILs, and the Kauzman Paradox 104 5.2.3 The Ideal Glass Transition 107 5.2.4 Influence of Ion Structure on Tg 108 5.2.5 Solid–Solid Transitions 109 5.2.5.1 Plastic Crystalline Phases 109 5.2.5.2 Liquid Crystals 110 5.2.6 Vaporization 110 5.2.7 Thermal Decomposition 113 5.2.8 Thermal Conductivity and Heat Capacity 117 5.3 Surface and Tribological Properties 118 5.4 Transport Properties and their Inter-relationships 120 5.4.1 Temperature Dependence of Transport Properties 124 5.4.2 Ionicity and the Walden Plot 126 5.4.2.1 Modeling the Transport Properties of ILs. 128 5.5 Properties of Ionic Liquid Mixtures 129 5.5.1 Thermal Properties 130 5.5.1.1 Melting Behavior of Mixtures of Salts and the Entropy of Mixing 130 5.5.1.2 Eutectics 132 5.5.2 Excess Molar Volume (V E) 134 5.5.3 Viscosity 135 5.5.4 Conductivity 136 5.5.5 Ionicity 137 5.6 Protic ILs, Proton Transfer, and Mixtures 139 5.7 Deep Eutectic Solvents and Solvate ILs 141 5.8 Concluding Remarks 142 References 143 6 Solvent Properties of Ionic Liquids: Applications in Synthesis and Separations 149 6.1 Introduction – Solvency and Intermolecular Forces 149 6.2 Liquid–Liquid Phase Equilibrium 151 6.2.1 Liquid Solubility, Mixing, and Demixing 151 6.2.2 Solvent Extraction 152 6.3 Gas Solubility and Applications 154 6.3.1 Physical Dissolution of Gases 154 6.3.2 Chemical Dissolution of Gases 158 6.4 Synthetic Chemistry in ILs – Selected Examples 159 6.4.1 Solvent Control of Reactions – Toluene + HNO3 160 6.4.2 Recovery of Expensive Catalysts: The Heck Reaction 161 6.4.3 Increased Reaction Rates and Enantiomeric Selectivity in Diels–Alder Reactions 162 6.4.4 Modulation of the Lewis Acidity of Catalysts: The Friedel–Crafts Reaction 163 6.4.5 Shift in Equilibrium by Stabilizing the Intermediate Species in the Rate-Determining Step: the Baylis–Hilman Reaction 165 6.4.6 Increase in Rate Constant at Low IL Concentrations: Substitution Reactions 166 6.5 Inorganic Materials Synthesis 167 6.6 Biomass Dissolution 169 6.6.1 Cellulose and Lignocellulose 169 6.6.2 Chitin 170 6.6.3 Keratin 170 6.6.4 Wool 171 6.6.5 Silk 171 6.7 Concluding Remarks 172 References 172 7 Electrochemistry of and in Ionic Liquids 177 7.1 Basic Principles of Electrochemistry in Nonaqueous Media 177 7.1.1 Redox Potentials 177 7.1.2 Three-Electrode Measurements 178 7.1.3 Potential Scanning Techniques 179 7.1.4 Reference Electrodes in IL Media 180 7.2 The Electrochemical Window of Ionic Liquids 182 7.2.1 The Effect of Impurities 183 7.2.2 Choice of Working Electrode 184 7.2.3 Other Factors Affecting the Electrochemical Window 184 7.3 Redox Processes in ILs 185 7.3.1 Internal Calibrants 185 7.3.2 Redox Couples for DSSCs 185 7.3.3 Metal Bipyridyl Complexes 187 7.3.4 Organic Redox Reactions 188 7.3.5 Polyoxometallates 189 7.3.6 Redox-Active ILs 190 7.4 Electrodeposition and Cycling of Metals in ILs 191 7.4.1 Chloroaluminate-Based ILs 193 7.4.2 Zinc 193 7.4.3 Aluminium Deposition from Air and Water Stable ILs 193 7.4.4 Lithium 194 7.4.5 Sodium 194 7.4.6 Magnesium 194 7.5 Electrosynthesis in Ionic Liquids 195 7.5.1 Oxidation Reactions 197 7.5.1.1 Fluorination 197 7.5.1.2 Oxidation of Alcohols 198 7.5.2 Reduction Reactions 199 7.5.2.1 CO2 Reduction 199 7.5.2.2 Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation 200 7.6 Concluding Remarks 202 References 202 8 Electrochemical Device Applications 209 8.1 Introduction 209 8.2 Batteries 210 8.2.1 Lithium–Ion Battery 210 8.2.2 High-Voltage Cathodes 214 8.2.3 Alternative High-Energy-Density Batteries 215 8.3 Fuel Cells 216 8.4 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells and Thermoelectrochemical Cells 220 8.5 Supercapacitors 223 8.6 Actuators 225 8.7 Concluding Remarks 226 References 227 9 Biocompatibility and Biotechnology Applications of Ionic Liquids 231 9.1 Biocompatibility of Ionic Liquids 231 9.1.1 Chemical Toxicity 231 9.1.2 Osmotic Toxicity 232 9.1.3 Biodegradation 233 9.1.4 Hydrated Ionic Liquids 234 9.2 Ionic Liquids from Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients 234 9.2.1 Dual Actives 235 9.2.2 Patent Matters 236 9.2.3 Protic Forms of APIs 236 9.2.4 Antimicrobials 237 9.2.5 Other Actives – Pesticides and Herbicides 237 9.3 Biomolecule Stabilization in IL Media 238 9.3.1 Proteins 238 9.3.2 DNA and RNA 239 9.3.3 Buffer ILs 241 9.3.4 Structural Proteins 242 9.4 Concluding Remarks 242 References 243 Index 245

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Book SynopsisElectrochemistry is an old branch of physical chemistry. Due to the development of surface sensitive techniques, and a technological interest in fuel cells and batteries, it has recently undergone a rapid development. This textbook treats the field from a modern, atomistic point of view while integrating the older, macroscopic concepts. The increasing role of theory is reflected in the presentation of the basic ideas in a way that should appeal to experimentalists and theorists alike. Special care is taken to make the subject comprehensible to scientists from neighboring disciplines, especially from surface science. The book is suitable for an advanced course at the master or Ph.D. level, but should also be useful for practicing electrochemists, as well as to any scientist who wants to understand modern electrochemistry.Table of ContentsMetal and semiconductor electrodes.- Electrolyte solutions.- A few basic concepts.- The metal-solution interface.- Adsorption on metal electrodes: principles.- Adsorption on metal electrodes: examples.- Thermodynamics of ideal polarizable interfaces.- Phenomenological treatment of electron-transfer reactions.- Theoretical considerations of electron-transfer reactions.- The semiconductor-electrolyte interface.- Selected experimental results for electron-transfer reactions.- Inner sphere and ion-transfer reactions.- Hydrogen reaction and electrocatalysis.- Metal deposition and dissolution.- Electrochemical surface processes.- Complex reactions.- Liquid?liquid interfaces.- Experimental techniques for electrode kinetics – non-stationary methods.- Convection techniques.

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Book SynopsisAll-solid-state batteries have gained much attention as the next-generation batteries. This book is about various Li ion ceramic electrolytes and their applications to all-solid-state battery. It contains a wide range of topics from history of ceramic electrolytes and ion conduction mechanisms to recent research achievements. Here oxide-type and sulfide-type ceramic electrolytes are described in detail. Additionally, their applications to all-solid-state batteries, including Li-air battery and Li-S battery, are reviewed.Consisting of fundamentals and advanced technology, this book would be suitable for beginners in the research of ceramic electrolytes; it can also be used by scientists and research engineers for more advanced development.

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Book SynopsisOver-consumption of fossil fuels has caused deficiency of limited resources and environmental pollution. Hence, deployment and utilization of renewable energy become an urgent need. The development of next-generation rechargeable batteries that store more energy and last longer has been significantly driven by the utilization of renewable energy.This book starts with principles and fundamentals of lithium rechargeable batteries, followed by their designs and assembly. The book then focuses on the recent progress in the development of advanced functional materials, as both cathode and anode, for next-generation rechargeable batteries such as lithium-sulfur, sodium-ion, and zinc-ion batteries. One of the special features of this book is that both inorganic electrode materials and organic materials are included to meet the requirement of high energy density and high safety of future rechargeable batteries. In addition to traditional non-aqueous rechargeable batteries, detailed information and discussion on aqueous batteries and solid-state batteries are also provided.

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Book SynopsisThis book is part of a series of ongoing volumes in the Series on Chemistry, Energy and the Environment, edited by Karl Kadish and Roger Guilard. The current volume on Electrochemistry of Metalloporphyrins covers all aspects of porphyrin electrochemistry in nonaqueous media and should be of benefit and interest to beginning graduate students as well as experienced researchers in many fields of porphyrin chemistry where electrochemistry is known to play a key role in influencing properties of the compounds as well as mechanisms and biological functions. The first half of the book is aimed at non-experts in the field of electrochemistry who would like to begin studies on porphyrin electrochemistry or understand the literature on porphyrin electrochemistry and this is then followed by detailed examples of how changes in the central metal ion of a given metalloporphyrin will affect its redox properties. The scope of the work covers the period in the literature between the mid-1960s and mid-2022 and expands greatly upon several earlier reviews by the senior author which are no longer in print and were never accessible in electronic form. This is the only book of its kind in the field which covers the basic electrochemistry of metalloporphyrins as well as describes the published data as a function of the central metal ion, considering all elements in the periodic table.

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Book SynopsisBecause of the increasing demand for high-safety and low-cost energy storage devices, aqueous Zn batteries are attracting broad interests. Tremendous and increasing efforts are being dedicated to aqueous Zn batteries for better understanding the mechanism, and improving the cycle life and energy density. This book is uniquely placed to be a compendium of the state of the art by key players in the field with diverse and complementary sets of expertise. It will cover all parts of the device, including electrode design, electrolyte engineering, different battery design, flexible devices, and thermal protection. You are looking at the most comprehensive and inclusive collection of opinions and trends in the field of aqueous Zn batteries.

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThis book systematically describes the design and synthesis of MOF-related materials and the electrochemical energy storage-related research in the field of batteries. It starts with an introduction to the synthesis of MOF-based materials and various MOF derivatives, such as MOF-derived porous carbon and MOF-derived metal nanoparticles. This is followed by highlighting the interesting examples for electrochemical applications, illustrating recent advances in battery, supercapacitor, and water splitting. This book is interesting and useful to a wide readership in the various fields of chemical science, materials science, and engineering.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Nano/Micro MOF-based materials.- Chapter 2 MOF derivatives.- Chapter 3 Batteries.- Chapter 4 Supercapacitors.- Chapter 5 MOF-derived materials for energy conversion.- Chapter 6 Summary and Perspectives.

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