Electrochemistry and magnetochemistry Books

Book SynopsisThis book begins by introducing the basic concepts of impedance to non-specialist readers, who may have only an elementary knowledge of physics and mathematics. Mathematical concepts are explained clearly at appropriate points in a series of Theory Notes. Subsequent chapters cover RCL (resistor, capacitor, inductor) circuits before developing the key ideas behind the application of impedance spectroscopy to electrochemical systems. Circuit elements used to model electron transfer, double-layer charging and diffusion are described in detail, along with Kramers-Kronig testing of experimental data. The book explains how potentiostats and frequency-response analyzers work and evaluates a wealth of experimental data obtained either during the annual Bath impedance courses or in the laboratories of the author and his colleagues.Topics covered include not only conventional electrochemical systems, such as the rotating disc electrode and ultramicroelectrodes, but also unconventional solar cells and the application of frequency-resolved techniques in spectroelectrochemistry. Finally, the last two chapters introduce techniques based on modulation of light intensity rather than voltage or current. The book concludes with worked answers to the problems set out in earlier chapters.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisElectrocatalysis in Balancing the Natural Carbon Cycle Explore the potential of electrocatalysis to balance an off-kilter natural carbon cycle In Electrocatalysis in Balancing the Natural Carbon Cycle, accomplished researcher and author, Yaobing Wang, delivers a focused examination of why and how to solve the unbalance of the natural carbon cycle with electrocatalysis. The book introduces the natural carbon cycle and analyzes current bottlenecks being caused by human activities. It then examines fundamental topics, including CO2 reduction, water splitting, and small molecule (alcohols and acid) oxidation to prove the feasibility and advantages of using electrocatalysis to tune the unbalanced carbon cycle. You’ll realize modern aspects of electrocatalysis through the operando diagnostic and predictable mechanistic investigations. Further, you will be able to evaluate and manage the efficiency of the electrocatalytic reactions. The distinguished author presents a holistic view of solving an unbalanced natural carbon cycle with electrocatalysis. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: A thorough introduction to the natural carbon cycle and the anthropogenic carbon cycle, including inorganic carbon to organic carbon and vice versa An exploration of electrochemical catalysis processes, including water splitting and the electrochemistry CO2 reduction reaction (ECO2RR) A practical discussion of water and fuel basic redox parameters, including electrocatalytic materials and their performance evaluation in different electrocatalytic cells A perspective of the operando approaches and computational fundamentals and advances of different electrocatalytic redox reactions Perfect for electrochemists, catalytic chemists, environmental and physical chemists, and inorganic chemists, Electrocatalysis in Balancing the Natural Carbon Cycle will also earn a place in the libraries of solid state and theoretical chemists seeking a one-stop reference for all aspects of electrocatalysis in carbon cycle-related reactions.Table of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xix Part I Introduction 1 1 Introduction 3 References 5 Part II Natural Carbon Cycle 7 2 Natural Carbon Cycle and Anthropogenic Carbon Cycle 9 2.1 Definition and General Process 9 2.2 From Inorganic Carbon to Organic Carbon 10 2.3 From Organic Carbon to Inorganic Carbon 11 2.4 Anthropogenic Carbon Cycle 11 2.4.1 Anthropogenic Carbon Emissions 12 2.4.2 Capture and Recycle of CO2 from the Atmosphere 13 2.4.3 Fixation and Conversion of CO2 14 2.4.3.1 Photochemical Reduction 14 2.4.3.2 Electrochemical Reduction 15 2.4.3.3 Chemical/Thermo Reforming 16 2.4.3.4 Physical Fixation 16 2.4.3.5 Anthropogenic Carbon Conversion and Emissions Via Electrochemistry 17 References 18 Part III Electrochemical Catalysis Process 21 3 Electrochemical Catalysis Processes 23 3.1 Water Splitting 23 3.1.1 Reaction Mechanism 23 3.1.1.1 Mechanism of OER 23 3.1.1.2 Mechanism of ORR 24 3.1.1.3 Mechanism of HER 26 3.1.2 General Parameters to Evaluate Water Splitting 27 3.1.2.1 Tafel Slope 27 3.1.2.2 TOF 27 3.1.2.3 Onset/Overpotential 28 3.1.2.4 Stability 28 3.1.2.5 Electrolyte 28 3.2 Electrochemistry CO2 Reduction Reaction (ECDRR) 29 3.2.1 Possible Reaction Pathways of ECDRR 29 3.2.1.1 Formation of HCOO− or HCOOH 29 3.2.1.2 Formation of CO 30 3.2.1.3 Formation of C1 Products 30 3.2.1.4 Formation of C2 Products 31 3.2.1.5 Formation of CH3COOH and CH3COO− 33 3.2.1.6 Formation of n-Propanol (C3 Product) 33 3.2.2 General Parameters to Evaluate ECDRR 34 3.2.2.1 Onset Potential 34 3.2.2.2 Faradaic Efficiency 34 3.2.2.3 Partial Current Density 34 3.2.2.4 Environmental Impact and Cost 35 3.2.2.5 Electrolytes 35 3.2.2.6 Electrochemical Cells 36 3.3 Small Organic Molecules Oxidation 36 3.3.1 The Mechanism of Electrochemistry HCOOH Oxidation 36 3.3.2 The Mechanism of Electro-oxidation of Alcohol 37 References 40 Part IV Water Splitting and Devices 43 4 Water Splitting Basic Parameter/Others 45 4.1 Composition and Exact Reactions in Different pH Solution 45 4.2 Evaluation of the Catalytic Activity 47 4.2.1 Overpotential 47 4.2.2 Tafel Slope 48 4.2.3 Stability 49 4.2.4 Faradaic Efficiency 49 4.2.5 Turnover Frequency 50 References 50 5 H2O Oxidation 53 5.1 Regular H2O Oxidation 53 5.1.1 Noble Metal Catalysts 53 5.1.2 Other Transition Metals 64 5.1.3 Other Catalysts 72 5.2 Photo-Assisted H2O Oxidation 76 5.2.1 Metal Compound-Based Catalysts 76 5.2.2 Metal–Metal Heterostructure Catalysts 80 5.2.3 Metal–Nonmetal Heterostructure Catalysts 86 References 88 6 H2O Reduction and Water Splitting Electrocatalytic Cell 91 6.1 Noble-Metal-Based HER Catalysts 91 6.2 Non-Noble Metal Catalysts 93 6.3 Water Splitting Electrocatalytic Cell 96 References 99 Part V H2 Oxidation/O2 Reduction and Device 101 7 Introduction 103 7.1 Electrocatalytic Reaction Parameters 104 7.1.1 Electrochemically Active Surface Area (ECSA) 104 7.1.1.1 Test Methods 104 7.1.2 Determination Based on the Surface Redox Reaction 104 7.1.3 Determination by Electric Double-Layer Capacitance Method 105 7.1.4 Kinetic and Exchange Current Density (jk and j0) 105 7.1.4.1 Definition 105 7.1.4.2 Calculation 106 7.1.5 Overpotential HUPD 106 7.1.6 Tafel Slope 108 7.1.7 Halfwave Potentials 108 References 108 8 Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction (HOR) 111 8.1 Mechanism for HOR 111 8.1.1 Hydrogen Bonding Energy (HBE) 111 8.1.2 Underpotential Deposition (UPD) of Hydrogen 112 8.2 Catalysts for HOR 112 8.2.1 Pt-based Materials 112 8.2.2 Pd-Based Materials 120 8.2.3 Ir-Based Materials 121 8.2.4 Rh-Based Materials 121 8.2.5 Ru-Based Materials 121 8.2.6 Non-noble Metal Materials 122 References 130 9 Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) 133 9.1 Mechanism for ORR 133 9.1.1 Battery System and Damaged Electrodes 133 9.1.2 Intermediate Species 134 9.2 Catalysts in ORR 134 9.2.1 Noble Metal Materials 134 9.2.1.1 Platinum/Carbon Catalyst 138 9.2.1.2 Pd and Pt 145 9.2.2 Transition Metal Catalysts 145 9.2.3 Metal-Free Catalysts 149 9.3 Hydrogen Peroxide Synthesis 154 9.3.1 Catalysts Advances 154 9.3.1.1 Pure Metals 154 9.3.1.2 Metal Alloys 156 9.3.1.3 Carbon Materials 157 9.3.1.4 Electrodes and Reaction Cells 158 References 161 10 Fuel Cell and Metal-Air Battery 167 10.1 H2 Fuel Cell 167 10.2 Metal-Air Battery 170 10.2.1 Metal-Air Battery Structure 171 References 181 Part VI Small Organic Molecules Oxidation and Device 183 11 Introduction 185 11.1 Primary Measurement Methods and Parameters 186 11.1.1 Primary Measurement Methods 186 11.1.2 Primary Parameter 193 References 197 12 C1 Molecule Oxidation 199 12.1 Methane Oxidation 199 12.1.1 Reaction Mechanism 199 12.1.1.1 Solid–Liquid–Gas Reaction System 199 12.1.2 Acidic Media 199 12.1.3 Alkaline or Neutral Media 201 12.2 Methanol Oxidation 203 12.2.1 Reaction Thermodynamics and Mechanism 203 12.2.2 Catalyst Advances 204 12.2.2.1 Pd-Based Catalysts 204 12.2.2.2 Pt-Based Catalysts 208 12.2.2.3 Platinum-Based Nanowires 208 12.2.2.4 Platinum-Based Nanotubes 210 12.2.2.5 Platinum-Based Nanoflowers 212 12.2.2.6 Platinum-Based Nanorods 214 12.2.2.7 Platinum-Based Nanocubes 215 12.2.3 Pt–Ru System 217 12.2.4 Pt–Sn Catalysts 218 12.3 Formic Acid Oxidation 219 12.3.1 Reaction Mechanism 219 12.3.2 Catalyst Advances 220 12.3.2.1 Pd-Based Catalysts 220 12.3.2.2 Pt-Based Catalysts 223 References 226 13 C2+ Molecule Oxidation 235 13.1 Ethanol Oxidation 235 13.1.1 Reaction Mechanism 235 13.1.2 Catalyst Advances 235 13.1.2.1 Pd-Based Catalysts 235 13.1.2.2 Pt-Based Catalysts 239 13.1.2.3 Pt–Sn System 243 13.2 Glucose Oxidase 250 13.3 Ethylene Glycol Oxidation 251 13.4 Glycerol Oxidation 251 References 254 14 Fuel Cell Devices 257 14.1 Introduction 257 14.2 Types of Direct Liquid Fuel Cells 258 14.2.1 Acid and Alkaline Fuel Cells 258 14.2.2 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs) 260 14.2.3 Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells (DEFCs) 261 14.2.4 Direct Ethylene Glycol Fuel Cells (DEGFCs) 261 14.2.5 Direct Glycerol Fuel Cells (DGFCs) 262 14.2.6 Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cells (DFAFCs) 262 14.2.7 Direct Dimethyl Ether Fuel Cells (DDEFCs) 263 14.2.8 Other DLFCs 263 14.2.9 Challenges of DLFCs 264 14.2.10 Fuel Conversion and Cathode Flooding 264 14.2.11 Chemical Safety and By-product Production 265 14.2.12 Unproven Long-term Durability 265 References 267 Part VII CO2 Reduction and Device 271 15 Introduction 273 15.1 Basic Parameters of the CO2 Reduction Reaction 276 15.1.1 The Fundamental Parameters to Evaluate the Catalytic Activity 276 15.1.1.1 Overpotential (𝜂) 276 15.1.1.2 Faradaic Efficiency (FE) 276 15.1.1.3 Current Density ( j) 277 15.1.1.4 Energy Efficiency (EE) 277 15.1.1.5 Tafel Slope 278 15.1.2 Factors Affecting ECDRR 278 15.1.2.1 Solvent/Electrolyte 278 15.1.2.2 pH 280 15.1.2.3 Cations and Anions 281 15.1.2.4 Concentration 282 15.1.2.5 Temperature and Pressure Effect 282 15.1.3 Electrode 283 15.1.3.1 Loading Method 283 15.1.3.2 Preparation 284 15.1.3.3 Experimental Process and Analysis Methods 284 References 285 16 Electrocatalysts-1 289 16.1 Heterogeneous Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Reaction 289 16.2 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Parameters of Heterogeneous CO2 Reduction in Liquid Phase 289 16.2.1 Bulk Metals 293 16.2.2 Nanoscale Metal and Oxidant Metal Catalysts 294 16.2.2.1 Gold (Au) 295 16.2.2.2 Silver (Ag) 296 16.2.2.3 Palladium (Pd) 297 16.2.2.4 Zinc (Zn) 298 16.2.2.5 Copper (Cu) 299 16.2.3 Bimetallic/Alloy 301 References 306 17 Electrocatalysts-2 309 17.1 Single-Atom Metal-Doped Carbon Catalysts (SACs) 309 17.1.1 Nickel (Ni)-SACs 309 17.1.2 Cobalt (Co)-SACs 311 17.1.3 Iron (Fe)-SACs 311 17.1.4 Zinc (Zn)-SACs 314 17.1.5 Copper (Cu)-SACs 314 17.1.6 Other 316 17.2 Metal Nanoparticles-Doped Carbon Catalysts 317 17.3 Porous Organic Material 320 17.3.1 Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) 320 17.3.2 Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) 321 17.3.3 Metal-Free Catalyst 322 17.4 Metal-Free Carbon-Based Catalyst 322 17.4.1 Other Metal-Free Catalyst 324 17.5 Electrochemical CO Reduction Reaction 324 17.5.1 The Importance of CO Reduction Study 324 17.5.2 Advances in CO Reduction 326 References 327 18 Devices 331 18.1 H-Cell 331 18.2 Flow Cell 333 18.3 Requirements and Challenges for Next-Generation CO2 Reduction Cell 338 18.3.1 Wide Range of Electrocatalysts 338 18.3.2 Fundamental Factor Influencing the Catalytic Activity for ECDRR 339 18.3.3 Device Engineering 340 References 342 Part VIII Computations-Guided Electrocatalysis 345 19 Insights into the Catalytic Process 347 19.1 Electric Double Layer 347 19.2 Kinetics and Thermodynamics 349 19.3 Electrode Potential Effects 350 References 352 20 Computational Electrocatalysis 355 20.1 Computational Screening Toward Calculation Theories 356 20.2 Reactivity Descriptors 358 20.2.1 d-band Theory Motivates Electronic Descriptor 359 20.2.2 Coordination Numbers Motives Structure Descriptor 361 20.3 Scaling Relationships: Applications of Descriptors 361 20.4 The Activity Principles and the Volcano Curve 363 20.5 DFT Modeling 366 20.5.1 CHE Model 367 20.5.2 Solvation Models 368 20.5.3 Kinetic Modeling 371 References 374 21 Theory-Guided Rational Design 377 21.1 Descriptors-Guided Screening 377 21.2 Scaling Relationship-Guided Trends 380 21.2.1 Reactivity Trends of ECR 380 21.2.2 Reactivity Trends of O-included Reactions 382 21.2.3 Reactivity Trends of H-included Reactions 385 21.3 DOS-Guided Models and Active Sites 386 References 388 22 DFT Applications in Selected Electrocatalytic Systems 391 22.1 Unveiling the Electrocatalytic Mechanism 391 22.1.1 ECR Reaction 393 22.1.2 OER Reaction 394 22.1.3 ORR Reaction 396 22.1.4 HER Reaction 397 22.1.5 HOR Reaction 398 22.1.6 CO Oxidation Reaction 400 22.1.7 FAOR Reaction 402 22.1.8 MOR Reaction 402 22.1.9 EOR Reaction 404 22.2 Understanding the Electrocatalytic Environment 406 22.2.1 Solvation Effects 406 22.2.2 pH Effects 409 22.3 Analyzing the Electrochemical Kinetics 410 22.4 Perspectives, Challenges, and Future Direction of DFT Computation in Electrocatalysis 413 References 414 Part IX Potential of In Situ Characterizations for Electrocatalysis 421 References 422 23 In Situ Characterization Techniques 423 23.1 Optical Characterization Techniques 423 23.1.1 Infrared Spectroscopy 423 23.1.2 Raman Spectroscopy 424 23.1.3 UV–vis Spectroscopy 426 23.2 X-Ray Characterization Techniques 427 23.2.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 429 23.2.2 X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) 429 23.2.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 431 23.3 Mass Spectrometric Characterization Techniques 431 23.4 Electron-Based Characterization Techniques 432 23.4.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 434 23.4.2 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) 434 References 436 24 In Situ Characterizations in Electrocatalytic Cycle 441 24.1 Investigating the Real Active Centers 441 24.1.1 Monitoring the Electronic Structure 442 24.1.2 Monitoring the Atomic Structure 444 24.1.3 Monitoring the Catalyst Phase Transformation 446 24.2 Investigating the Reaction Mechanism 449 24.2.1 Through Adsorption/Activation Understanding 450 24.2.2 Through Intermediates In Situ Probing 451 24.2.3 Through Catalytic Product In Situ Detections 454 24.3 Evaluating the Catalyst Stability/Decay 457 24.4 Revealing the Interfacial-Related Insights 460 24.5 Conclusion 462 References 462 Part X Electrochemical Catalytic Carbon Cycle 465 References 466 25 Electrochemical CO2 Reduction to Fuels 467 References 479 26 Electrochemical Fuel Oxidation 483 References 495 27 Evaluation and Management of ECC 499 27.1 Basic Performance Index 499 27.2 CO2 Capture and Fuel Transport 500 27.3 External Management 500 27.4 General Outlook 502 References 505 Index 507

Read more less

Book SynopsisCO2 Conversion and Utilization Comprehensive overview of current development of various catalysts in CO2 conversion and utilization through photocatalytic and electrochemical methods CO2 Conversion and Utilization systematically summarizes the development of CO2 photo- and electro-conversion and utilization, especially the reaction mechanism, engineering and technology of testing, and preparation methods and physicochemical properties of various catalytic materials. The rational design and preparation of catalysts, development of characterization technologies, and in-depth understanding of catalytic mechanisms are systematically discussed. In particular, the various parameters influencing the photocatalytic and electrochemical CO2 reduction are emphasized. The underlying challenges and perspectives for the future development of efficient catalysts for CO2 reduction to specific chemicals and fuels are discussed at the end of the text. Written by a highly qualified author with significant experience in the field, CO2 Conversion and Utilization includes information on: Measurement systems and parameters for CO2 photo/electro-conversion, CO2 photo/electro-conversion mechanism, and Cu-based and Cu-free metal materials for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction Organic-inorganic, metal organic framework, and covalent organic framework hybrid materials for CO2 photo/electro-conversion Single/dual-atom catalysts, homogeneous catalysts, and high-entropy alloys for CO2 photo/electro-conversion Semiconductor composite and carbon-based materials for photocatalytic CO2 reduction, novel routes for CO2 utilization via metal-CO2 batteries, and CO2 conversion into long-chain compounds Providing comprehensive coverage of the subject, CO2 Conversion and Utilization is of high interest for scientific researchers as well as engineers and technicians in industry, including but not limited to photochemists, electrochemists, environmental chemists, catalytic chemists, chemists in industry, and inorganic chemists.Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Measurement Systems and Parameters for CO 2 Photo/Electro-Conversion 1 li li, Zhenwei Zhao, Xinyi Wang, and Zhicheng Zhang 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Measurement Systems for CO 2 Photo/Electro-Conversion 1 1.2.1 The Measurement Systems of Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 1 1.2.1.1 CO 2 Reduction System Under Liquid-Phase Reaction System 2 1.2.1.2 CO 2 Reduction System in Gas-Phase Reaction System 2 1.2.1.3 Detection of CO 2 Reduction Products 3 1.2.2 The Measurement Systems of Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 3 1.2.2.1 Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction Reaction Test in H-Cell 3 1.2.2.2 Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction Reaction Test in Flow Cell 5 1.2.2.3 Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction Reaction Test in MEA 5 1.2.3 The Measurement Systems of Photo-Electro-Catalytic CO 2 Reduction 6 1.2.3.1 Basic Device for Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction Experiment 6 1.2.3.2 Other Devices for Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 7 1.2.3.3 Detection of CO 2 Reduction Reaction Products 7 1.3 The Parameters for CO 2 Photo-Conversion 7 1.3.1 The Parameters of Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 7 1.3.1.1 Evaluation Parameters of Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction Activity 8 1.3.1.2 Evaluation Parameters of Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction Selectivity 10 1.3.1.3 Evaluation Parameters of Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction Stability 10 1.3.2 The Parameters of Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 10 1.3.3 The Parameters of Photo-Electro-Catalytic CO 2 Reduction 12 1.3.3.1 Overpotential 12 1.3.3.2 Total Photocurrent Density (j ph) and Partial Photocurrent Density (j A) 12 1.3.3.3 Faraday Efficiency (FE) 13 1.3.3.4 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency 13 1.3.3.5 Apparent Quantum Yield (AQY) 13 1.3.3.6 Electrochemical Active Area (ECSA) 14 1.3.3.7 Electrochemical Impedance (EIS) 14 1.3.3.8 Tafel Slope (Tafel) 14 1.3.3.9 Photocatalytic Stability 14 References 15 2 CO 2 Photo/Electro-Conversion Mechanism 17 Yalin Guo, Shenghong Zhong, and Jianfeng Huang 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 CO 2 Photo-Conversion Mechanism 18 2.3 CO 2 Electro-Conversion Mechanism 25 2.3.1 Thermodynamics of CO 2 Reduction 25 2.3.2 Pathways of Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction 26 2.3.2.1 Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction to CO 27 2.3.2.2 Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction to Formate 28 2.3.2.3 Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction to Products Beyond CO 29 2.4 Summary and Perspectives 32 References 32 3 Cu-Based Metal Materials for Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 37 Junjun Li, Yongxia Shi, Man Hou, and Zhicheng Zhang 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Cu-Based Metal Materials for Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 39 3.2.1 Cu Materials for Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 39 3.2.2 Cu-Based Bimetal Materials for Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 40 3.2.2.1 Cu–Au 40 3.2.2.2 Cu–Ag 42 3.2.2.3 Cu–Pd 43 3.2.2.4 Cu–Sn 44 3.2.2.5 Cu–Bi 46 3.2.2.6 Cu–In 46 3.2.2.7 Cu–Al 49 3.2.2.8 Cu–Zn 49 3.2.3 Cu-Based Trimetallic Materials for Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 50 3.3 Conclusion and Outlook 50 Acknowledgment 53 References 53 4 Cu-Free Metal Materials for Electrocatalytic CO 2 Conversion 61 Zhiqi Huang and Qingfeng Hua 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 CO-Producing Metals 62 4.2.1 Au-Based Electrocatalysts 62 4.2.2 Ag-Based Electrocatalysts 66 4.2.3 Pd-Based Electrocatalysts 68 4.2.4 Zn-Based Electrocatalysts 70 4.3 HCOOH-Producing Metals 72 4.3.1 Sn-Based Electrocatalysts 72 4.3.2 Bi-Based Electrocatalysts 76 4.3.3 In-Based Electrocatalysts 78 References 80 5 Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Materials for CO 2 Photo/Electro-Conversion 93 Peilei He 5.1 Hybrid Materials for Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction Reaction (co 2 Rr) 93 5.1.1 Photocatalytic CO 2 RR on p-type Semiconductor/Molecule Catalysts 93 5.1.2 Photocatalytic CO 2 RR on Carbon Nitride (C 3 N 4)-supported Molecular Catalysts 95 5.1.3 Photocatalytic CO 2 RR on Polyoxometalates (POMs)-based Catalysts 97 5.2 Hybrid Materials for Electrochemical CO 2 RR 98 5.2.1 Electrochemical CO 2 RR on Carbon-supported Molecular Catalysts 98 5.2.2 Electrochemical CO 2 RR on TiO 2 -based Hybrid Materials 103 5.3 Hybrid Materials for Photoelectrochemical (PEC) CO 2 RR 104 5.4 Challenge and Opportunity 106 References 107 6 Metal–Organic Framework Materials for CO 2 Photo-/Electro-Conversion 111 Bingqing Yao, Xiaoya Cui, and Zhicheng Zhang 6.1 Introduction 111 6.2 Photocatalysis 112 6.2.1 MOFs with Photoactive Organic Ligands 113 6.2.2 MOFs with Photoactive Metal Nodes 116 6.2.3 MOF-Based Hybrid System 117 6.3 Electrocatalysis 119 6.3.1 MOFs with Active Sites at Organic Ligands 120 6.3.2 MOFs with Active Sites at Metal Nodes 121 6.3.3 MOF-Based Hybrid System 125 6.4 Photoelectrocatalysis 128 6.5 Conclusion and Outlook 129 Acknowledgment 130 References 130 7 Covalent Organic Frameworks for CO 2 Photo/Electro-Conversion 137 Ting He 7.1 Introduction 137 7.2 COFs for Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 138 7.2.1 Imine-Linked COFs 138 7.2.2 Ketoenamine COFs 141 7.2.3 Carbon–Carbon Double Bond-Linked COFs 145 7.2.4 Dioxin-Linked COFs 147 7.2.5 Azine-Linked and Hydrazone-Linked COFs 147 7.3 COFs for Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 148 7.3.1 Porphyrin-Based COFs 148 7.3.2 Phthalocyanine-Based COFs 151 7.3.3 Other COFs 152 7.4 Challenges and Perspectives 152 References 154 8 Single/Dual-Atom Catalysts for CO 2 Photo/Electro-Conversion 157 Honghui Ou and Yao Wang 8.1 Introduction 157 8.2 Synthetic Methods of Single/Dual-Atom Catalysts 158 8.2.1 Single-Atom Photocatalysts 158 8.2.2 Dual-Atom Photocatalysts 160 8.2.3 Single-Atom Electro-Catalysts 162 8.2.4 Dual-Atom Electro-Catalysts 164 8.3 CO 2 Photo-Conversion 165 8.4 CO 2 Electro-Conversion 169 8.5 Summary and Perspective 171 References 172 9 Homogeneous Catalytic CO 2 Photo/Electro-Conversion 177 Zhenguo Guo and Houjuan Yang 9.1 Introduction 177 9.2 Homogeneous Catalytic CO 2 Electro-Conversion 177 9.2.1 The Structure Homogeneous Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction System 177 9.2.2 Products in Homogeneous Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 178 9.2.3 Characterizing the Performance of Molecular Electrocatalysts 178 9.2.3.1 Selectivity 178 9.2.3.2 Activity 178 9.2.3.3 Overpotential (η) 179 9.2.3.4 Stability 179 9.2.4 Catalysts for Homogeneous Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 179 9.3 Homogeneous Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 180 9.3.1 Mechanism of Homogeneous Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 180 9.3.2 Characterizing the Performance of Photocatalysis 181 9.3.3 Photosensitizers Used in Homogeneous Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 181 9.3.4 Sacrificial Electron Donors in Homogeneous Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 181 9.3.5 Catalysts Used in Homogeneous Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 182 9.4 Summary and Perspective 186 Acknowledgments 187 References 187 10 High-Entropy Alloys for CO 2 Photo/Electro-Conversion 189 Fengqi Wang, Pei Liu, and Yuchen Qin 10.1 Introduction 189 10.2 Reaction Pathways and Evaluation Parameters of Electrochemical Co 2 Rr 191 10.2.1 Reaction Pathways of CO 2 RR 191 10.2.2 Evaluation Parameters of Electrochemical CO 2 RR 192 10.2.2.1 Faraday Efficiency 192 10.2.2.2 Current Density 193 10.2.2.3 Turnover Number (TON) 194 10.2.2.4 Turnover Frequency (TOF) 194 10.2.2.5 Overpotential 194 10.3 Characteristics and Synthesis of HEAs 194 10.3.1 Characteristics of HEAs 194 10.3.1.1 The Cocktail Effect 194 10.3.1.2 The Sluggish Diffusion Effect 195 10.3.1.3 The High-entropy Effect 195 10.3.1.4 The Lattice Distortion Effect 195 10.3.1.5 The Phase Structure 196 10.3.2 Synthesis of HEAs 196 10.3.2.1 Top-Down Method 196 10.3.2.2 Down–Top Method 198 10.4 High-Entropy Alloys for CO 2 RR 199 10.5 Summary and Outlook 204 References 205 11 Semiconductor Composite Materials for Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 215 Shengyao Wang and Bo Jiang 11.1 Introduction 215 11.2 TiO 2 -Based Composite Photocatalysts 216 11.2.1 Mixed-Phase TiO 2 Composites 217 11.2.2 Metal-Modified TiO 2 218 11.2.3 Nonmetallic-Modified TiO 2 219 11.2.4 Organic Photosensitizer-Modified TiO 2 219 11.2.5 Composited TiO 2 Catalyst 220 11.3 Metal Oxides/Hydroxides-Based Composite Photocatalysts 222 11.3.1 Binary Metal Oxide 222 11.3.2 Ternary Metal Oxide 222 11.3.3 Oxide Perovskite 224 11.3.4 Transition Metal Hydroxide 224 11.3.5 Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs) 226 11.4 Metal Chalcogenides/Nitrides-Based Composite Photocatalysts 226 11.4.1 Metal Chalcogenides-Based Composite Photocatalysts 227 11.4.2 Metal Nitrides-Based Composite Photocatalysts 228 11.5 c 3 N 4 -Based composite Photocatalysts 229 11.5.1 Change the Morphology and Structure 230 11.5.2 Doped Elements and Other Structural Units 231 11.5.3 Influence of Cocatalyst 232 11.5.4 Constructing Heterojunction 233 11.6 MOFs-Derived Composite Photocatalysts 233 11.6.1 Tunable Frame Structure 234 11.6.2 High Specific Surface Area Enhances CO 2 Adsorption 234 11.6.3 MOFs-Derived Composite Photocatalysts 234 11.7 Nonmetal-Based Composite Photocatalysts 236 11.7.1 Graphene Oxide-Based Composite Photocatalysts 236 11.7.2 SiC-Based Composite Photocatalysts 237 11.7.3 BN-Based Composite Photocatalysts 237 11.7.4 Black Phosphorus-Based Composite Photocatalysts 238 11.7.5 COFs-Based Composite Photocatalysts 239 11.7.6 CMPs-Based Composite Photocatalysts 240 11.8 Conclusions and Perspectives 240 References 242 12 Carbon-Based Materials for CO 2 Photo/Electro-Conversion 251 Qing Qin and Lei Dai 12.1 Advances of Carbon-Based Materials 251 12.1.1 Heteroatom-Doped Carbon 251 12.1.2 Metal-Based Carbon Composites 252 12.1.3 Carbon–Carbon Composites 253 12.1.4 Pore Construction 254 12.2 Background of CO 2 Conversion 255 12.3 EC CO 2 Conversion 256 12.3.1 Heteroatom-Doped Carbon in EC CO 2 Conversion 257 12.3.2 Metal-Modified Carbon Materials in EC CO 2 Conversion 259 12.3.3 Carbon–Carbon Composites in EC CO 2 Conversion 261 12.3.4 Pore Engineering in EC CO 2 Conversion 262 12.4 PC CO 2 Reduction 264 12.4.1 Heteroatom-Doped Carbon in PC CO 2 Conversion 265 12.4.2 Metal-Based/Carbon Nanocomposites in PC CO 2 Conversion 266 12.4.3 Carbon–Carbon Composites in PC CO 2 Conversion 268 12.5 Carbon-Based Materials in PEC CO 2 Reduction 269 12.6 Challenge and Opportunity 270 References 272 13 Metal–CO 2 Batteries: Novel Routes for CO 2 Utilization 283 Xiangyu Zhang and Le Yu 13.1 Introduction 283 13.2 The Mechanism for Metal–CO 2 Electrochemistry 284 13.2.1 Discharge/Charge Mechanisms of Li–CO 2 Batteries 284 13.2.1.1 Discharge Mechanisms of Pure Li–CO 2 Batteries 284 13.2.1.2 Charge Mechanisms of Pure Li–CO 2 Batteries 285 13.2.2 Discharge/Charge Mechanisms of Zn–CO 2 Batteries 286 13.3 The Electrocatalysts for Metal–CO 2 Batteries 286 13.3.1 Carbonaceous Materials 286 13.3.2 Noble Metal-based Materials and Transition Metal-based Materials 287 13.4 The Electrolytes for Metal–CO 2 Batteries 290 13.4.1 Nonaqueous Aprotic Liquid Electrolytes for Pure Li–CO 2 Electrochemistry 290 13.4.2 Solid-State Electrolytes for Pure Li–CO 2 Electrochemistry 290 13.5 Conclusion and Outlook 292 References 293 14 CO 2 Conversion into Long-Chain Compounds 297 Tingting Zheng and Chuan Xia 14.1 Introduction 297 14.2 Photobiochemical Synthesis (PBS) 299 14.2.1 Principles in Designing the PBS System 299 14.2.2 Multicarbon Compounds Produced from PBS 301 14.2.3 Challenges and Prospects for PBS 304 14.3 Microbial Electrosynthesis (MES) 306 14.3.1 Extracellular Electron Transfer (EET) 306 14.3.2 Approaches to Optimize MES 309 14.3.2.1 Metabolic Pathways 309 14.3.2.2 Metabolic Engineering 309 14.3.2.3 Culture 311 14.3.2.4 Biocathode 312 14.3.3 Multicarbon Products Derived from MES 313 14.3.4 The Status Quo and Challenges of MES 316 14.4 Decoupling Biotic and Abiotic Processes 318 14.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 322 References 324 15 Conclusions and Perspectives 335 Haiqing Wang 15.1 New CO 2 RR Catalyst 335 15.2 New CO 2 RR Mechanism 336 15.3 Industrial CO 2 RR Perspectives 337 Index 339

Read more less

Book SynopsisEvery serious student of chemistry should try to develop a `feel'' for the way molecules behave - for the way they are put together and especially for the rules of engagement which operate when molecules meet and react. This primer describes how stereoelectronic effects control this behaviour. It is the only concise text on this topic at an undergraduate level. This is an important subject area and the comprehensive yet concise coverage in this book shows students how to build up a powerful but simple way of thinking about chemistry.Trade ReviewThe subject is presented authoritatively, systematically and concisely without resort to mathematical treatment. As this subject is often given little coverage in textbooks or organic chemistry this text is to be welcomed. * Aslib Book Guide, vol.61, no.11, November 1996 *This book is a useful introduction to stereo-electronic effects in organic chemistry. The style is engaging ... this book is an excellent supplementary text for undergraduates. Sponsorship for the series by Zeneca also ensures that it is extremely good value for money. * Chemistry in Britain, September 1997 *engaging critique of biography .... enjoyable and thought provoking * New Scientist *Table of ContentsIntroduction ; 1. The electronic basis of stereoelectronic effects ; 2. Effects on conformation ; 3. Effects on reactivity ; 4. Substitutions at saturated centres ; 5. Additions and eliminations ; 6. Rearrangements and fragmentations ; 7. Radical reactions

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

Book SynopsisElectrolytes are indispensable components in electrochemistry and the fast-growing electrochemical energy storage markets. Research in electrolytes has witnessed exponential growth in recent years, accompanied by their applications in the most popular electrochemical cell ever invented, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In myriads of LIBs, electrolytes and their interphases determine how high the voltage of a battery is, how many times it can be charged/discharged, or how rapid the energy stored therein could be released. The conquest of further technical challenges around safety, life and cost-effectiveness of lithium-based or beyond-lithium batteries requires in-depth understanding of electrolytes and interphases. This will be the authoritative textbook for those entering the field. Chapters will establish the fundamental principles for the field, before moving onto important knowledge acquired in recent years. There will be special emphasis on linking these fundamentals to real-world problems encountered in devices, especially lithium-ion batteries. The book will be suitable for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students in electrochemical energy storage, electrochemistry, materials science and engineering, as well as researchers new to the subject.Table of ContentsWhat is an Electrolyte?;Modern Electrolytes;In Bulk Electrolytes: Ionics;Quantification of Ion–Ion Interaction: Debye-Hückel Theory;Ion Transport in Electrolytes; When Electrolyte Meets Electrodes: Interface;Linking Ionics with Electrodics;When Electrode Operates Beyond Electrolyte Stability Limits: Interphase;Electrochemical Devices;Lithium-metal, Lithium-ion and Other Batteries;Phase Diagrams of Liquid Electrolytes;Ion Solvation;Static Stability of Electrolytes;Ion Transport;Interfaces;Interphases;New Concepts and Tools;Outlook

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn the late 1990s, there was an explosion of research on ionic liquids and they are now a major topic of academic and industrial interest with numerous existing and potential applications. Since then, the number of scientific papers focusing on ionic liquids has risen exponentially, including a few edited multi-author books covering the latest advances in ionic liquids chemistry and several volumes of symposium proceedings. Much of the content in these books and volumes is written using technical jargon that only scientists at the cutting edge of ionic liquids research will understand and ionic liquids are hardly covered in most modern chemistry textbooks. This is the first single-author book on ionic liquids and the first introductory book on the topic. It is written in a clear, concise and consistent way. The book provides a useful introduction to ionic liquids for those readers who are not familiar with the topic. It is also wide ranging, embracing every aspect of the chemistry and applications of ionic liquids. The book draws extensively on the primary scientific literature to provide numerous examples of research on ionic liquids. These examples will enable the reader to become familiar with the key developments in ionic liquids chemistry over recent years. The book provides an introduction to: ionic liquids; their nomenclature; history; physical, chemical and biological properties; and their wide ranging uses and potential applications in catalysis, electrochemistry, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, analysis, biotechnology, green chemistry and clean technology. Notable and important chapters include "The Green Credentials of Ionic Liquids" and "Biotechnology." The chapter on "Applications" includes sections with brief descriptions of recent research on the development of ionic liquids: - for the construction of a liquid mirror for a moon telescope - for use as rocket propellants - for use as antimicrobial agents that combat MRSA - as active pharmaceutical ingredients and antiviral drugs - for embalming and tissue preservation Science students, researchers, teachers in academic institutions and chemists and other scientists in industry and government laboratories will find the book an invaluable introduction to one of the most rapidly advancing and exciting fields of science and technology today.Trade Review"If there ever was a case of a reporter becoming part of the story, it would have to be Michael FreemantleÆs pivotal role in the growth of the field now known as ionic liquids." Robin D.Rogers * Chemical and Engineering News, November 29th 2010, Robin D Rogers *"This well-crafted book by Freemantle is distinct from other recent volumes on the subject. à FreemantleÆs book begins with a review of IL synthesis and properties and then concisely describes the diverse applications and merits of ILs in many à of the areas in which they are currently used. This book is both scholarly and a great read. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Lower-division undergraduates through professionals."P. G. Heiden * Choice, Vol. 47 (11), August, 2010 *Table of ContentsChapter 1: Introduction; Chapter 2: History; Chapter 3: Synthesis of Ionic Liquids; Chapter 4: Properties of Ionic Liquids; Chapter 5: Ionic Liquids as Designer Solvents; Chapter 6: The Green Credentials of Ionic Liquids; Chapter 7: Electrochemistry; Chapter 8: Catalysis; Chapter 9: Inorganic Chemistry; Chapter 10: General Organic Reactions; Chapter 11: Named Organic Reactions; Chapter 12: Biotechnology; Chapter 13: Analysis; Chapter 14: Applications; Subject Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book introduces the most state-of-the-art wireless power transfer technologies for electric vehicles from the fundamental theories to practical designs and applications, especially on the circuit analysis methods, resonant compensation networks, magnetic couplers, and related power electronics converters. Moreover, some other necessary design considerations, such as communication systems, detection of foreign and living objects, EMI issues, and battery charging strategies, are also introduced to provide sufficient insights into the industrial applications. Finally, some future points are mentioned in brief. Different from other works, all the WPT technologies in this book are applied in real EV applications, whose effectiveness and reliability have been already tested and verified. From this book, readers who are interested in the area of wireless power transfer can have a broad view of modern WPT technologies. Readers who have no experience in the WPT area can learn the basic concept, analysis methods, and design principles of the WPT system for EV charging. Even for the readers who are occupied in this area, this book also provides rich knowledge on engineering applications and future trends of EV wireless charging. Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Basic Concepts of Static/Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles.- Resonant Circuit Analysis Theories.- Resonant Compensation Topologies.- Magnetic Couplers.- Soft Switching.- Communication System.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis second, completely updated edition of a classic textbook provides a concise introduction to the fundamental principles of modern electrochemistry, with an emphasis on applications in energy technology. The renowned and experienced scientist authors present the material in a didactically skilful and lucid manner. They cover the physical-chemical fundamentals as well as such modern methods of investigation as spectroelectrochemistry and mass spectrometry, electrochemical analysis and production methods, as well as fuel cells and micro- and nanotechnology. The result is a must-have for advanced chemistry students as well as those studying chemical engineering, materials science and physics.Trade Review"The text is certainly comprehensive in its coverage, ranging from ionic mobilities and liquid junction potentials, through redox electrochemistry of proteins and surface spectroscopy of electrocatalytic reactions, to fuel cells, batteries and gas sensors." (Chromatographia, February 2010) "The renowned authorial team emphasize application in energy technology while covering the physicalchemical fundamentals, modern methods of investigation, electrochemical analysis and production methods, as well as fuel cells and micro-and nanotechnology." (Chimie Nouvelle, March 2010)"Both classical contents and modern developments of electrochemistry have been incorporated in this textbook to educate young modern electrochemists … .A very solid and useful textbook. I highly recommend it to students and researchers." (The Higher Education Academy Physical Sciences Centre, December 2008) "…an excellent introduction to the physical-chemical aspects of electrochemistry…and is strongly recommended." (CHOICE, December 2007)Table of ContentsFoundations, Definitions and Concepts Electrical Conductivity and Interionic Interactions Electrode Potentials and Double-Layer Structure at Phase Boundaries Electrical Potentials and Electrical Current Electrochemical Methods for the Study of the Electrode/Electrolyte Interface Reaction Mechanisms Industrial Electrochemical Processes Galvanic Cells Analytical Applications

Read more less

Book SynopsisElectrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical action of electricity and the production of electricity by chemical reactions. In a world short of energy sources yet long on energy use, electrochemistry is a critical component of the mix necessary to keep the world economies growing. Electrochemistry is involved with such important applications as batteries, fuel cells, corrosion studies, hydrogen energy conversion, bioelectricity. Research on electrolytes, cells, and electrodes is within the scope of this old but extremely dynamic field.

Read more less

Book SynopsisA fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device. It produces electricity from external supplies of fuel (on the anode side) and oxidant (on the cathode side). These react in the presence of an electrolyte. Generally, the reactants flow in and reaction products flow out while the electrolyte remains in the cell. Fuel cells can operate virtually continuously as long as the necessary flows are maintained. Fuel cells differ from batteries in that they consume reactants, which must be replenished, while batteries store electrical energy chemically in a closed system. Additionally, while the electrodes within a battery react and change as a battery is charged or discharged, a fuel cell''s electrodes are catalytic and relatively stable. Fuel cells are very useful as power sources in remote locations, such as spacecraft, remote weather stations, large parks, rural locations, and in certain military applications. A fuel cell system running on hydrogen can be compact, lightweight and has no major moving parts. Because fuel cells have no moving parts, and do not involve combustion, in ideal conditions they can achieve up to 99.9999% reliability. This equates to less than one minute of down time in a six year period. This book presents new leading-edge research in the field.

Read more less

Book SynopsisElectrochemistry can be broadly defined as the study of charge-transfer phenomena. As such, the field of electrochemistry includes a wide range of different chemical and physical phenomena. These areas include (but are not limited to): battery chemistry, photosynthesis, ion-selective electrodes, coulometry, and many biochemical processes. Although wide ranging, electrochemistry has found many practical applications in analytical measurements. The field of electroanalytical chemistry is the field of electrochemistry that utilises the relationship between chemical phenomena which involve charge transfer (eg: redox reactions, ion separation, etc.) and the electrical properties that accompany these phenomena for some analytical determination. This book presents the latest research in this field.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book gathers the latest research from around the globe in the study in the dynamic field of electrochemistry and highlights such topics as: electrochemical applications of modified electrodes in wastewater treatment, corrosion and protection of magnesium and its alloys as a biomaterial, electrochemical hydrogen storage, analysis of electrochemical reactor performance and others.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisBorn in Penzance in 1778, Humphry Davy's scientific reputation grew with his pioneering discoveries of nitrous oxide (laughing gas), sodium, calcium and the invention of the miners' Davy lamp.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

Book SynopsisNanopackaging: Nanotechnologies and Electronics Packaging.- Modelling Technologies and Applications.- Application of Molecular Dynamics Simulation in Electronic Packaging.- Advances in Delamination Modeling.- Nanoparticle Properties.- Nanoparticle Fabrication.- Nanoparticle-Based High-k Dielectric Composites: Opportunities and Challenges.- Nanostructured Resistor Materials.- Nanogranular Magnetic Core Inductors: Design, Fabrication, and Packaging.- Nanoconductive Adhesives.- Nanoparticles in Microvias.- Materials and Technology for Conductive Microstructures.- A Study of Nanoparticles in SnAg-Based Lead-Free Solders.- Nano-Underfills for Fine-Pitch Electronics.- Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis and Characterization.- Characteristics of Carbon Nanotubes for Nanoelectronic Device Applications.- Carbon Nanotubes for Thermal Management of Microsystems.- Electromagnetic Shielding of Transceiver Packaging Using Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes.- Properties of 63Sn-37Pb and Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu Solders ReinfoTrade ReviewFrom the reviews: “This is an impressive work that provides a substantial and relatively in depth coverage of a wide range of electronics packaging and assembly related applications for nanotechnology. Each chapter concludes with a list of references that can be used by the reader to further investigate a particular subject and the book is well produced with good quality figures and illustrations. … I am pleased to be able to conclude this … Nanopackaging: Nanotechnologies and Electronics Packaging as ‘highly recommended’.” (Martin Goosey, Microelectronics International, Vol. 26 (3), 2009)Table of ContentsNanopackaging: Nanotechnologies and Electronics Packaging.- Modelling Technologies and Applications.- Application of Molecular Dynamics Simulation in Electronic Packaging.- Advances in Delamination Modeling.- Nanoparticle Properties.- Nanoparticle Fabrication.- Nanoparticle-Based High-k Dielectric Composites: Opportunities and Challenges.- Nanostructured Resistor Materials.- Nanogranular Magnetic Core Inductors: Design, Fabrication, and Packaging.- Nanoconductive Adhesives.- Nanoparticles in Microvias.- Materials and Technology for Conductive Microstructures.- A Study of Nanoparticles in SnAg-Based Lead-Free Solders.- Nano-Underfills for Fine-Pitch Electronics.- Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis and Characterization.- Characteristics of Carbon Nanotubes for Nanoelectronic Device Applications.- Carbon Nanotubes for Thermal Management of Microsystems.- Electromagnetic Shielding of Transceiver Packaging Using Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes.- Properties of 63Sn-37Pb and Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu Solders Reinforced With Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes.- Nanowires in Electronics Packaging.- Design and Development of Stress-Engineered Compliant Interconnect for Microelectronic Packaging.- Flip Chip Packaging for Nanoscale Silicon Logic Devices: Challenges and Opportunities.- Nanoelectronics Landscape: Application, Technology, and Economy.- Errata.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThough there has been a lot of scattered information on specific aspects of wafer bonding--a technique for welding semiconductor wafers together without using glue, this is one of the first practical works to bring together a broad range of information into a coherent overview of the field.Table of ContentsBasics of Interactions Between Flat Surfaces. Influence of Particles, Surface Steps, and Cavities. Surface Preparation and Room-Temperature Wafer Bonding. Thermal Treatment of Bonded Wafer Pairs. Thinning Procedures. Electrical Properties of Bonding Interfaces. Stresses in Bonded Wafers. Bonding of Dissimilar Materials. Bonding of Structured Wafers. Mainstream Applications. Emerging and Future Applications. Index.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

Book SynopsisAre electrochemical methods like asking the crystal ball? Once you read this book about electrochemistry on the micro- and nanoscale, you know it better.　This textbook presents the essentials of electrochemical theory, sheds light on the instrumentation, including details on the electronics, and in the second part, discusses a wide variety of classical and advanced methods. The third part of the book covers how to apply the techniques for selected aspects of material science, microfabrication, nanotechnology, MEMS, NEMS, and energy applications. With this book, you will be able to successfully apply the methods in the fields of sensors, neurotechnology, biomedical engineering, and electrochemical energy systems. Undergraduate or Master students can read the book linearly as a comprehensive textbook. For Ph.D. students, postdoctoral researchers as well as for researchers in industry, the book will help by its clear structure to get fast answers from a specific section. The detailed understanding of the methods helps the reader successfully apply electrochemistry, especially at the micro- and nanoscale. Selected aspects illustrate the application of electrochemical methods in the fields of sensors, neurotechnology, biomedical engineering, and electrochemical energy systems.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis bestselling textbook on physical electrochemistry caters to the needs of advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students of chemistry, materials engineering, mechanical engineering, and chemical engineering. It is unique in covering both the more fundamental, physical aspects as well as the application-oriented practical aspects in a balanced manner. In addition it serves as a self-study text for scientists in industry and research institutions working in related fields. The book can be divided into three parts: (i) the fundamentals of electrochemistry; (ii) the most important electrochemical measurement techniques; and (iii) applications of electrochemistry in materials science and engineering, nanoscience and nanotechnology, and industry. The second edition has been thoroughly revised, extended and updated to reflect the state-of-the-art in the field, for example, electrochemical printing, batteries, fuels cells, supercapacitors, and hydrogen storage.Table of ContentsPreface xvii Symbols and Abbreviations xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 General Considerations 1 1.1.1 The Transition from Electronic to Ionic Conduction 1 1.1.2 The Resistance of the Interface can be Infinite 2 1.1.3 Mass-Transport Limitation 2 1.1.4 The Capacitance at the Metal/Solution Interphase 4 1.2 Polarizable and Nonpolarizable Interfaces 4 1.2.1 Phenomenology 4 1.2.2 The Equivalent Circuit Representation 5 Further Reading 7 2 The Potentials of Phases 9 2.1 The Driving Force 9 2.1.1 Definition of the Electrochemical Potential 9 2.1.2 Separability of the Chemical and the Electrical Terms 10 2.2 Two Cases of Special Interest 11 2.2.1 Equilibrium of a Species Between two Phases in Contact 11 2.2.2 Two Identical Phases not at Equilibrium 12 2.3 The Meaning of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) Scale 13 Further Reading 15 3 Fundamental Measurements in Electrochemistry 17 3.1 Measurement of Current and Potential 17 3.1.1 The Cell Voltage is the Sum of Several Potential Differences 17 3.1.2 Use of a Nonpolarizable Counter Electrode 17 3.1.3 The Three-Electrode Setup 18 3.1.4 Residual jRS Potential Drop in aThree-Electrode Cell 18 3.2 Cell Geometry and the Choice of the Reference Electrode 19 3.2.1 Types of Reference Electrodes 19 3.2.2 Use of an Auxiliary Reference Electrode for the Study of Fast Transients 20 3.2.3 Calculating the Uncompensated Solution Resistance for a few Simple Geometries 21 3.2.3.1 Planar Configuration 21 3.2.3.2 Cylindrical Configuration 21 3.2.3.3 Spherical Symmetry 22 3.2.4 Positioning the Reference Electrode 22 3.2.5 Edge Effects 24 Further Reading 26 4 Electrode Kinetics: Some Basic Concepts 27 4.1 Relating Electrode Kinetics to Chemical Kinetics 27 4.1.1 The Relation of Current Density to Reaction Rate 27 4.1.2 The Relation of Potential to Energy of Activation 28 4.1.3 Mass-Transport Limitation Versus Charge-Transfer Limitation 30 4.1.4 The Thickness of the Nernst Diffusion Layer 31 4.2 Methods of Measurement 33 4.2.1 Potential Control Versus Current Control 33 4.2.2 The Need to Measure Fast Transients 35 4.2.3 Polarography and the Dropping Mercury Electrode (DME) 37 4.3 Rotating Electrodes 40 4.3.1 The Rotating Disk Electrode (RDE) 40 4.3.2 The Rotating Cone Electrode (RConeE) 44 4.3.3 The Rotating Ring Disk Electrode (RRDE) 45 Further Reading 47 5 Single-Step Electrode Reactions 49 5.1 The Overpotential, 𝜂 49 5.1.1 Definition and Physical Meaning of Overpotential 49 5.1.2 Types of Overpotential 51 5.2 Fundamental Equations of Electrode Kinetics 52 5.2.1 The Empirical Tafel Equation 52 5.2.2 The Transition-State Theory 53 5.2.3 The Equation for a Single-Step Electrode Reaction 54 5.2.4 Limiting Cases of the General Equation 56 5.3 The Symmetry Factor, 𝛽, in Electrode Kinetics 59 5.3.1 The Definition of 𝛽 59 5.3.2 The Numerical Value of 𝛽 60 5.4 The Marcus Theory of Charge Transfer 61 5.4.1 Outer-Sphere Electron Transfer 61 5.4.2 The Born–Oppenheimer Approximation 62 5.4.3 The Calculated Energy of Activation 63 5.4.4 The Value of 𝛽 and its Potential Dependence 64 5.5 Inner-Sphere Charge Transfer 65 5.5.1 Metal Deposition 65 Further Reading 66 6 Multistep Electrode Reactions 67 6.1 Mechanistic Criteria 67 6.1.1 The Transfer Coefficient, 𝛼, and its Relation to the Symmetry Factor, 𝛽 67 6.1.2 Steady State and Quasi-Equilibrium 69 6.1.3 Calculation of the Tafel Slope 71 6.1.4 Reaction Orders in Electrode Kinetics 74 6.1.5 The Effect of pH on Reaction Rates 77 6.1.6 The Enthalpy of Activation 79 Further Reading 81 7 Specific Examples of Multistep Electrode Reactions 83 7.1 Experimental Considerations 83 7.1.1 Multiple Processes in Parallel 83 7.1.2 The Level of Impurity that can be Tolerated 84 7.2 The Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) 87 7.2.1 Hydrogen Evolution on Mercury 87 7.2.2 Hydrogen Evolution on Platinum 89 7.3 Possible Paths for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction 91 7.4 The Role and Stability of Adsorbed Intermediates 94 7.5 Adsorption Energy and Catalytic Activity 95 Further Reading 96 8 The Electrical Double Layer (EDL) 97 8.1 Models of Structure of the EDL 97 8.1.1 Phenomenology 97 8.1.2 The Parallel-Plate Model of Helmholtz 99 8.1.3 The Diffuse Double Layer Model of Gouy and Chapman 100 8.1.4 The Stern Model 103 8.1.5 The Role of the Solvent at the Interphase 105 Further Reading 107 9 Electrocapillary 109 9.1 Thermodynamics 109 9.1.1 Adsorption and Surface Excess 109 9.1.2 The Gibbs Adsorption Isotherm 111 9.1.3 The Electrocapillary Equation 112 9.2 Methods of Measurement and Some Results 114 9.2.1 The Electrocapillary Electrometer 114 9.2.2 Some Experimental Results 119 9.2.2.1 The Adsorption of Ions 119 9.2.2.2 Adsorption of NeutralMolecules 120 Further Reading 122 10 Intermediates in Electrode Reactions 123 10.1 Adsorption Isotherms for Intermediates Formed by Charge Transfer 123 10.1.1 General 123 10.1.2 The Langmuir Isotherm and its Limitations 123 10.1.3 Application of the Langmuir Isotherm for Charge-Transfer Processes 125 10.1.4 The Frumkin Adsorption Isotherms 126 10.2 The Adsorption Pseudocapacitance Cϕ 127 10.2.1 Formal Definition of Cϕ and its Physical Understanding 127 10.2.2 The Equivalent-Circuit Representation 129 10.2.3 Calculation of Cϕ as a function of 𝜃 and E 130 Further Reading 133 11 Underpotential Deposition and Single-Crystal Electrochemistry 135 11.1 Underpotential Deposition (UPD) 135 11.1.1 Definition and Phenomenology 135 11.1.2 UPD on Single Crystals 139 11.1.3 Underpotential Deposition of Atomic Oxygen and Hydrogen 141 Further Reading 142 12 Electrosorption 145 12.1 Phenomenology 145 12.1.1 What is Electrosorption? 145 12.1.2 Electrosorption of Neutral Organic Molecules 147 12.1.3 The Potential of Zero Charge, Epzc, and its Importance in Electrosorption 148 12.1.4 TheWork Function and the Potential of Zero Charge 151 12.2 Adsorption Isotherms for Neutral Species 152 12.2.1 General Comments 152 12.2.2 The Parallel-Plate Model of Frumkin et al. 153 12.2.3 The Water Replacement Model of Bockris et al. 155 Further Reading 157 13 Fast Transients, the Time-Dependent Diffusion Equation,and Microelectrodes 159 13.1 The Need for Fast Transients 159 13.1.1 General 159 13.1.2 Small-Amplitude Transients 161 13.1.3 The Sluggish Response of the Electrochemical Interphase 162 13.1.4 How can the Slow Response of the Interphase be Overcome? 162 13.1.4.1 Galvanostatic Transients 162 13.1.4.2 The Double-Pulse GalvanostaticMethod 163 13.1.4.3 The Coulostatic (Charge-Injection) Method 164 13.2 The Diffusion Equation 167 13.2.1 The Boundary Conditions of the Diffusion Equation 167 13.2.1.1 Potential Step, Reversible Case (Chrono-Amperometry) 168 13.2.1.2 Potential Step, High Overpotential Region (Chrono-Amperometry) 171 13.2.1.3 Current Step (Chronopotentiometry) 172 13.3 Microelectrodes 174 13.3.1 The Unique Features of Microelectrodes 174 13.3.2 Enhancement of Diffusion at a Microelectrode 175 13.3.3 Reduction of the Solution Resistance 176 13.3.4 The Choice between Single Microelectrodes and Large Ensembles 176 Further Reading 178 14 Linear Potential Sweep and Cyclic Voltammetry 181 14.1 Three Types of Linear Potential Sweep 181 14.1.1 Very Slow Sweeps 181 14.1.2 Studies of Oxidation or Reduction of Species in the Bulk of the Solution 182 14.1.3 Studies of Oxidation or Reduction of Species Adsorbed on the Surface 182 14.1.4 Double-Layer Charging Currents 183 14.1.5 The Form of the Current–Potential Relationship 185 14.2 Solution of the Diffusion Equations 186 14.2.1 The Reversible Region 186 14.2.2 The High-Overpotential Region 187 14.3 Uses and Limitations of the Linear Potential Sweep Method 188 14.4 Cyclic Voltammetry for Monolayer Adsorption 190 14.4.1 Reversible Region 190 14.4.2 The High-Overpotential Region 192 Further Reading 193 15 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) 195 15.1 Introduction 195 15.2 Graphical Representations 200 15.3 The Effect of Diffusion Limitation –TheWarburg Impedance 203 15.4 Advantages, Disadvantages, and Applications of EIS 206 Further Reading 211 16 The Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (EQCM) 213 16.1 Fundamental Properties of the EQCM 213 16.1.1 Introduction 213 16.1.2 The EQCM 214 16.1.3 The Effect of Viscosity 217 16.1.4 Immersion in a Liquid 218 16.1.5 Scales of Roughness 218 16.2 Impedance Analysis of the EQCM 219 16.2.1 The Extended Equation for the Frequency Shift 219 16.2.2 Other Factors Influencing the Frequency Shift 220 16.3 Uses of the EQCM as a Microsensor 220 16.3.1 Advantages and Limitations 220 16.3.2 Some Applications of the EQCM 222 Further Reading 225 17 Corrosion 227 17.1 The Definition of Corrosion 227 17.2 Corrosion Costs 230 17.3 Thermodynamics of Corrosion 232 17.3.1 Introduction and Important Terms 232 17.3.2 Electrode Potentials and the Standard Electromotive Force (EMF) Series 236 17.3.3 The Dependence of Free Energy on the Equilibrium Constant and Cell Potential 241 17.3.4 The Nernst Equation 241 17.3.5 The Potential–pH (Pourbaix) Diagrams 242 17.4 Kinetics of Corrosion 252 17.4.1 Introduction and Important Terms 252 17.4.2 Two Limiting Cases of the Butler–Volmer Equation: Tafel Extrapolation and Polarization Resistance 255 17.4.3 Corrosion Rate 257 17.4.4 The Mixed-Potential Theory and the Evans Diagrams 257 17.4.5 Passivation and its Breakdown 264 17.5 Corrosion Measurements 270 17.5.1 Non-Electrochemical Tests 270 17.5.2 Electrochemical Tests 272 17.5.2.1 Open-Circuit Potential (OCP) Measurements 272 17.5.2.2 Polarization Tests 273 17.5.2.3 Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR) 277 17.5.2.4 Zero-Resistance Ammetry (ZRA) 277 17.5.2.5 Electrochemical Noise (EN) Measurements 278 17.5.2.6 Electrochemical Hydrogen Permeation Tests 279 17.5.3 Complementary Surface-Sensitive Analytical Characterization Techniques 284 17.6 Forms of Corrosion 286 17.6.1 Uniform (General) Corrosion 286 17.6.2 Localized Corrosion 289 17.6.2.1 Crevice Corrosion 289 17.6.2.2 Filiform Corrosion 291 17.6.2.3 Pitting Corrosion 291 17.6.3 Intergranular Corrosion 293 17.6.3.1 Sensitization 293 17.6.3.2 Exfoliation 294 17.6.4 Dealloying 295 17.6.5 Galvanic (Bimetallic) Corrosion 295 17.6.6 Environmentally Induced Cracking (EIC)/Environment-Assisted Cracking (EAC) 297 17.6.6.1 Hydrogen Embrittlement (HE) 297 17.6.6.2 Hydrogen-Induced Blistering 299 17.6.6.3 Hydrogen Attack 299 17.6.6.4 Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) 300 17.6.6.5 Corrosion Fatigue (CF) 303 17.6.7 Erosion Corrosion 304 17.6.8 Microbiological Corrosion (MIC) 305 17.7 Corrosion Protection 308 17.7.1 Cathodic Protection 308 17.7.1.1 Cathodic Protection with Sacrificial Anodes 308 17.7.1.2 Impressed-Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP) 310 17.7.2 Anodic Protection 312 17.7.3 Corrosion Inhibitors 313 17.7.4 Coatings 315 17.7.5 Other Mitigation Practices 320 Further Reading 321 18 Electrochemical Deposition 323 18.1 Electroplating 323 18.1.1 Introduction 323 18.1.2 The Fundamental Equations of Electroplating 324 18.1.3 Practical Aspects of Metal Deposition 325 18.1.4 Hydrogen Evolution as a Side Reaction 326 18.1.5 Plating of Noble Metals 327 18.1.6 Current Distribution in Electroplating 328 18.1.6.1 Uniformity of Current Distribution 328 18.1.6.2 The Faradaic Resistance (RF) and the Solution Resistance (RS) 328 18.1.6.3 The DimensionlessWagner Number 329 18.1.6.4 Kinetically Limited Current Density 333 18.1.7 Throwing Power 334 18.1.7.1 Macro Throwing Power 334 18.1.7.2 Micro Throwing Power 334 18.1.8 The Use of Additives 336 18.1.9 The Microstructure of Electrodeposits and the Evolution of Intrinsic Stresses 339 18.1.10 Pulse Plating 341 18.1.11 Plating from Nonaqueous Solutions 343 18.1.11.1 Statement of the Problem 343 18.1.11.2 Methods of Plating Al 345 18.1.12 Electroplating of Alloys 346 18.1.12.1 General Observations 346 18.1.12.2 Some Specific Examples 349 18.1.13 The Mechanism of Charge Transfer in Metal Deposition 351 18.1.13.1 Metal Ions Crossing the Interphase Carry the Charge across it 351 18.2 Electroless Deposition of Metals 352 18.2.1 Some Fundamental Aspects of Electroless Plating of Metals and Alloys 352 18.2.2 The Activation Process 353 18.2.3 The Reducing Agent 353 18.2.4 The Complexing Agent 354 18.2.5 The Mechanism of Electroless Deposition 354 18.2.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Electroless Plating Compared to Electroplating 357 18.3 Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) 358 Further Reading 361 19 Electrochemical Nanotechnology 363 19.1 Introduction 363 19.2 Nanoparticles and Catalysis 363 19.2.1 Surfaces and Interfaces 364 19.2.2 The Vapor Pressure of Small Droplets and the Melting Point of Solid NPs 365 19.2.3 TheThermodynamic Stability andThermal Mobility of NPs 368 19.2.4 Catalysts 368 19.2.5 The Effect of Particle Size on Catalytic Activity 369 19.2.6 Nanoparticles Compared to Microelectrodes 370 19.2.7 The Need for High Surface Area 371 19.3 Electrochemical Printing 372 19.3.1 Electrochemical Printing Processes 373 19.3.2 Nanoelectrochemistry Using Micro- and Nano-Electrodes/Pipettes 379 Further Reading 384 20 Energy Conversion and Storage 387 20.1 Introduction 387 20.2 Batteries 388 20.2.1 Classes of Batteries 388 20.2.2 TheTheoretical Limit of Energy per UnitWeight 390 20.2.3 How is the Quality of a Battery Defined? 391 20.2.4 Primary Batteries 392 20.2.4.1 Why DoWe Need Primary Batteries? 392 20.2.4.2 The Leclanché and the Alkaline Batteries 392 20.2.4.3 The Li–Thionyl Chloride Battery 393 20.2.4.4 The Lithium–Iodine Solid-State Battery 395 20.2.5 Secondary Batteries 396 20.2.5.1 Self-Discharge and Specific Energy 396 20.2.5.2 Battery Stacks Versus Single Cells 396 20.2.5.3 Some Common Types of Secondary Batteries 397 20.2.5.4 The Li-ion Battery 402 20.2.5.5 Metal–Air Batteries 408 20.2.6 Batteries-Driven Electric Vehicles 409 20.2.7 The Polarity of Batteries 410 20.3 Fuel Cells 412 20.3.1 The Specific Energy of Fuel Cells 412 20.3.2 The Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) 412 20.3.3 The Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) 415 20.3.4 The Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) 418 20.3.5 The Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC) 420 20.3.6 High-Temperature Fuel Cells 421 20.3.6.1 The Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) 421 20.3.6.2 The Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) 422 20.3.7 Porous Gas Diffusion Electrodes 423 20.3.8 Fuel-Cell-Driven Vehicles 426 20.3.9 Criticism of the Fuel Cells Technology 427 20.4 Supercapacitors 428 20.4.1 Electrostatic Considerations 428 20.4.2 The Energy Stored in a Capacitor 429 20.4.3 The Essence of Supercapacitors 430 20.4.4 Advantages of Supercapacitors 432 20.4.5 Barriers for Supercapacitors 435 20.4.6 Applications of Supercapacitors 435 20.5 Hydrogen Storage 436 Further Reading 443 Index 445

Read more less