Electricity, electromagnetism and magnetism Books

Book SynopsisThe discovery in 2005 of superconductivity in YbC6 and CaC6, with substantially higher critical temperatures than the previously observed among the family of the graphite intercalation compounds, has largely renewed the interest for these well known lamellar compounds. Indeed, these critical temperatures reach 6.5 and 11.5 K respectively for ytterbium- and calcium-graphite phases. It was consequently interesting to collect all the informations concerning the superconductivity of these compounds from the discovery of this phenomenon observed in the heavy alkali metals graphite intercalation compounds in 1965, insisting particularly on the recent advances in this research field. After a general introduction that describes all the carbon materials, which are extremely various with dimensionalities varying from 3 to 0, leading to their large aptitude for the insertion/intercalation reactions, the authors widely developed the case of graphite: chemical bonds, crystal and electronic structures, anisotropy and ability to become a host structure. The authors insist on its strong anisotropy of chemical reactivity that allows the synthesis of very numerous intercalation compounds. The distinctive features of the intercalation reaction into graphite are reviewed (systematic charge transfer, staging, etc...) and are particularly developed in the case of the donor-type intercalation compounds, among which is precisely observed the superconductivity. For the latter, the various synthesis methods are successively described, showing the best route to use in order to obtain each type of compound. Then the authors review with detail the binary compounds, emphasising their distinctive crystal and electronic structures and also their transport properties. The authors describe the superconductivity of all the compounds belonging to this family and show this property. In the last part, the authors compare these superconducting binary intercalated graphite compounds with other lamellar superconductor: magnesium diboride. The ternary compounds are then studied, and the poly-layered nature of their intercalated sheets is given special attention. Their distinctive electronic structure is presented and their superconducting properties are described.

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Book SynopsisWhen a material is placed within a magnetic field, the magnetic forces of the material''s electrons will be affected. This effect is known as Faraday''s Law of Magnetic Induction. However, materials can react quite differently to the presence of an external magnetic field. This reaction is dependent on a number of factors, such as the atomic and molecular structure of the material, and the net magnetic field associated with the atoms. The magnetic moments associated with atoms have three origins. These are the electron orbital motion, the change in orbital motion caused by an external magnetic field, and the spin of the electrons. In most atoms, electrons occur in pairs. Electrons in a pair spin in opposite directions. So, when electrons are paired together, their opposite spins cause their magnetic fields to cancel each other. Therefore, no net magnetic field exists. Alternately, materials with some unpaired electrons will have a net magnetic field and will react more to an external field. Most materials can be classified as diamagnetic, paramagnetic or ferromagnetic. This new book presents leading research from around the world.

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Book SynopsisA genius to rival Edison, a personality as intriguing as Tesla, Charles Proteus Steinmetz was a key figure in creating the modern world.Thomas Alva Edison and Nikola Tesla have the glory, but perhaps the greatest electrical wizard of them all was Charles Proteus Steinmetz. Revered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as a genius, but largely forgotten today, Steinmetz made the modern world possible through his revolutionary work on AC electricity transmission, the technology underlying today?s power grid. More than just a great scientist and engineer, Steinmetz was also one of the most colorful characters in American life.Standing just four feet tall with a pronounced spine curvature, Steinmetz was as well known for his fiery political opinions, his fierce advocacy for social progress and education, his unusual home life, and his private menagerie as for his technical achievements. The first full biography of Steinmetz in many years, Charles Proteus Steinmetz: The Electrical Wizard of Schenectady brings the life, passions, and scientific achievement of this remarkable man to a new generation.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents some new results in the studies of anomalous electromagnetic properties of thin granular carbon films. The book describes the study of some new anomalous electromagnetic effects in graphite-like thin carbon films. These are: The fast switching (10-9 sec) of electrical conductivity; The detection of microwave radiation and its temperature dependence; The oscillations of film stack magnetisation in a magnetic field of 1-5 T; The generation of optical radiation during the spasmodic switching of conductivity.

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Book SynopsisElectromagnetism is the force that causes attraction and repulsion between charged particles and between magnets. This force is responsible for almost all interactions, including how a car runs, how electronic equipment is powered, and how high-voltage electricity from a power plant is converted to a lower voltage for use in the home. Electricity and Magnetism explains the basics of electromagnetism, including what electricity and magnetism are and how they interact with each other, giving physics students a complete understanding of this fundamental force.

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Book SynopsisDemand response is a valuable resource for meeting the nation''s energy needs. By lowering the peak demand for energy, demand response programs reduce the need to construct new, expensive generation units. However, according to a Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC or Commission) staff report -- A National Assessment of Demand Response Potential (National Assessment), submitted to Congress in June 2009 -- current demand response programs tap less than a quarter of the total market potential for demand response. The FERC staff has worked with stakeholders to develop a National Action Plan on Demand Response (National Action Plan), which sets out actions to achieve the demand response potential in the United States. Congress required the FERC to develop such a plan in the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007. Because current efforts have missed a significant portion of the cost-effective demand response potential, it is evident that action needs to be taken to either create new programs or expand existing ones where cost-effective. This book provides an overview of the National Action Plan, the process behind its development, and context for understanding it.

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Book SynopsisMaxwell''s equations and the discovery of electromagnetic waves changed the world. Can you imagine how our everyday life would be without telephone, radio, television, mobile phones and internet? It''s thanks to Maxwell''s equations that we understand what electromagnetic waves are and how they are generated, propagated and detected. These equations can even change our perception of nature when they are really understood, but their power and elegance is completely appreciated when they are expressed in differential form. Moreover, this form is extremely useful dealing with some issues, such as the propagation of electromagnetic waves.

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Book SynopsisThe physical and social fabric of the United States is sustained by a system of systems; a complex and dynamic network of interlocking and interdependent infrastructures ("critical national infrastructures") whose harmonious functioning enables the myriad actions, transactions, and information flow that undergird the orderly conduct of civil society in this country. The vulnerability of these infrastructures to threats -- deliberate, accidental, and acts of nature -- is the focus of greatly heightened concern in the current era, a process accelerated by the events of 9/11 and recent hurricanes, including Katrina and Rita. This book presents the results of the Commission''s assessment of the effects of a high altitude electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack on our critical national infrastructures and provides recommendations for their mitigation. Moreover, as of July 2015, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) reported taking several actions that could help address electromagnetic threats to the electric grid. This book also addresses the extent to which DHS has: taken action to address recommendations from the 2008 EMP Commission Report and coordinated with other principal federal agencies, such as DOE and industry stakeholders to mitigate risks to the electric grid from electromagnetic threats.

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Book SynopsisThis book performs a multidisciplinary approach of wind energy and analyzes existing wind technologies to propose novel modeling techniques and control systems and explore novel applications. The authors discuss whether wind energy is a valid alternative from the point of view of feasibility to be integrated in buildings or desalination plants, among others. The results support that wind energy is a profitable alternative that can also be used in several different applications different from large-scale plants. Finally, in this book, a chapter is included to evaluate the feasibility and economic, social and environmental implications of large-scale wind plants in locations where no previous development exists and where specific complex characteristics must be considered and a case study for the largest wind plant in Ecuador is presented. As a result, readers can access a detailed approach to wind energy from a technical point of view and consider novel applications and related implications of this renewable energy.

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Book SynopsisElectricity was the scientific fashion of the Enlightenment, 'an Entertainment for Angels, rather than for Men'. Lecturers attracted huge audiences to marvel at sparkling fountains, flaming drinks, pirouetting dancers and electrified boys. Enlightenment optimists predicted that this new-found power of nature would cure illnesses, improve crop production, even bring the dead back to life. Benjamin Franklin, better known as one of America's founding fathers, played a key role in developing the new instruments and theories of electricity during the eighteenth century. Celebrated for drawing lightning down from the sky with a kite, Franklin was an Enlightenment expert on electricity, developing one of the most successful explanations of this mysterious phenomenon.But Patricia Fara, Senior Tutor of Clare College Cambridge, reveals how the study of electricity became intertwined with Enlightenment politics. By demonstrating their control of the natural world, Enlightenment philosophers hoped to gain authority over society. And their stunning electrical performances provided dramatic evidence of their special powers.Trade ReviewVividly captures the ferment created by the new science of the Enlightenment... Fara deftly shows how new knowledge emerged from a rich mix of improved technology, medical quackery, Continental theorising, religious doubt and scientific rivalry. -- New ScientistNeat and stylish... Fara's account of Benjamin Franklin's circle of friends and colleagues brings them squabbling, eureka-ing to life. -- GuardianCombines telling anecdote with wise commentary... presents us with numerous tasty and well-presented historical morsels -- Times Higher Education Supplement

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Book SynopsisThe only scientist to ever appear on the British twenty pound note, Michael Faraday is one of the most recognisable names in the history of science.Faraday's forte was electricity, a revolutionary force in nineteenth-century society. The electric telegraph had made mass-communication possible and inventors looked forward to the day when electricity would control all aspects of life. By the end of the century, this dream was well on its way to being realised. But what was Faraday's role in all this? How did his science come to have such an impact on the lives of the Victorians (and ultimately on us)?Iwan Morus tells the story of Faraday's upbringing in London and his apprenticeship at the Royal Institution under the supervision of the flamboyant chemist, Sir Humphry Davy, all set against the backdrop of a vibrant scientific culture and an empire near the peak of its power.

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Book Synopsis'[This] crisply succinct, beautifully synthesized study brings to life Tesla, his achievements and failures...and the hopeful thrum of an era before world wars.' - NatureNikola Tesla is one of the most enigmatic, curious and controversial figures in the history of science. An electrical pioneer as influential in his own way as Thomas Edison, he embodied the aspirations and paradoxes of an age of innovation that seemed to have the future firmly in its grasp. In an era that saw the spread of power networks and wireless telegraphy, the discovery of X-rays, and the birth of powered flight, Tesla made himself synonymous with the electrical future under construction but opinion was often divided as to whether he was a visionary, a charlatan, or a fool. Iwan Rhys Morus examines Tesla's life in the context of the extraordinary times in which he lived and worked, colourfully evoking an age in which anything seemed possible, from capturing the full energy of Niagara to communicating with Mars.Shattering the myth of the 'man out of time', Morus demonstrates that Tesla was in all ways a product of his era, and shows how the popular image of the inventor-as-maverick-outsider was deliberately crafted by Tesla - establishing an archetype that still resonates today.Trade ReviewSuperb * Nick Smith, Engineering and Technology magazine *[This] crisply succinct, beautifully synthesized study brings to life Tesla, his achievements and failures...and the hopeful thrum of an era before world wars. -- NatureThere have been other Tesla biographies, but this is the one I have been waiting for ... Tesla, he shows us, was - like his one-time boss and rival Thomas Edison - inventing nothing less than the electrified future. -- Philip Ball, author of Invisible: The Dangerous Allure of the UnseenClear and engaging ... a pleasure to read * Physics Today *

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Book Synopsis'[This] crisply succinct, beautifully synthesized study brings to life Tesla, his achievements and failures...and the hopeful thrum of an era before world wars.' - NatureNikola Tesla is one of the most enigmatic, curious and controversial figures in the history of science. An electrical pioneer as influential in his own way as Thomas Edison, he embodied the aspirations and paradoxes of an age of innovation that seemed to have the future firmly in its grasp. In an era that saw the spread of power networks and wireless telegraphy, the discovery of X-rays, and the birth of powered flight, Tesla made himself synonymous with the electrical future under construction but opinion was often divided as to whether he was a visionary, a charlatan, or a fool. Iwan Rhys Morus examines Tesla's life in the context of the extraordinary times in which he lived and worked, colourfully evoking an age in which anything seemed possible, from capturing the full energy of Niagara to communicating with Mars.Shattering the myth of the 'man out of time', Morus demonstrates that Tesla was in all ways a product of his era, and shows how the popular image of the inventor-as-maverick-outsider was deliberately crafted by Tesla - establishing an archetype that still resonates today.Trade ReviewSuperb * Nick Smith, Engineering and Technology magazine *[This] crisply succinct, beautifully synthesized study brings to life Tesla, his achievements and failures...and the hopeful thrum of an era before world wars. -- NatureThere have been other Tesla biographies, but this is the one I have been waiting for ... Tesla, he shows us, was - like his one-time boss and rival Thomas Edison - inventing nothing less than the electrified future. -- Philip Ball, author of Invisible: The Dangerous Allure of the UnseenClear and engaging ... a pleasure to read * Physics Today *

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Book SynopsisMany times through deep history Earth’s magnetic poles have switched places, leaving our planet’s protective shield weaker and life vulnerable to devastating solar storms. The last time it happened was 780,000 years ago, long before humans emerged, but it won’t be long until it happens again. And when it does, will it send us back to the Stone Age? The Spinning Magnet is a fascinating insight into what may lie ahead. From the pivotal discoveries of Victorian scientists to the possibility of solar radiation wiping out power grids, and the secrets of electromagnetism, Alanna Mitchell reveals the truth behind one of the most powerful forces in the universe.Trade Review‘Stokes the reader’s curiosity about one of the most critical but invisible forces in the universe.’ * BBC Sky at Night *‘Mitchell’s portrait gallery is researched with a depth and breadth that make its protagonists’ triumphs and failures compelling. She also gives entertaining accounts of today’s working geoscientists… Her interviews provide insights into their thoughts and actions that transcend the stereotypes of inscrutable nerd or heroic explorer.’ * Nature *‘The Earth’s magnetic field…tends to be taken for granted. In reality it’s a fickle, ill-understood phenomenon. Alanna Mitchell delves into the mystery, in an engrossing book that features a new surprise on every page.’ -- Sean Carroll, author of The Big Picture‘A fascinating untold story of science that is full of mystery and intrigue, and written with a great deal of style.’ -- Mark Miodownik, New York Times bestselling author of Stuff Matters, winner of the Royal Society Winton Prize‘A compelling yarn describing our historical efforts to understand the force that created the world, and as the subtitle warns, could bring about its end…Destined to become a classic of popular science.’ * E&T Magazine *‘Captivating scientific history…an invaluable contribution to the popular science shelf.’ * Booklist *‘A compelling tale of unseen and unforeseen natural forces – and a reminder that we’ve staked our home on a planet that remains infinitely strange, dangerous – and ever full of wonder.’ -- Deborah Blum, author of The Poisoner’s Handbook‘In The Spinning Magnet, Alanna Mitchell pulls off the rare trifecta in science writing: an engrossing plot of a planetary mystery, authentic character portraits of scientists and their passion for their work, and explanations of complex physics in easily understandable terms.’ -- Sabine Stanley, Professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Applied Physics Lab, Johns Hopkins University‘Mitchell draws us into a spellbinding scientific detective story, told over the ages, as she nimbly explains magnetism’s role in everything that matters. Each chapter is filled with exciting new revelations written in clear crisp prose. A skilled writer, Mitchell puts magnetism on the map!’ -- Timothy J. Jorgensen, author of Strange Glow: The Story of Radiation, winner of the American Institute of Physics’ Science Communication Award

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Book SynopsisMany times through deep history Earth’s magnetic poles have switched places, leaving our planet’s protective shield weaker and life vulnerable to devastating solar storms. The last time it happened was 780,000 years ago, long before humans emerged, but it won’t be long until it happens again. And when it does, will it send us back to the Stone Age? The Spinning Magnet is a fascinating insight into what may lie ahead. From the pivotal discoveries of Victorian scientists to the possibility of solar radiation wiping out power grids, and the secrets of electromagnetism, Alanna Mitchell reveals the truth behind one of the most powerful forces in the universe.Trade Review‘Stokes the reader’s curiosity about one of the most critical but invisible forces in the universe.’ * BBC Sky at Night *‘Mitchell’s portrait gallery is researched with a depth and breadth that make its protagonists’ triumphs and failures compelling. She also gives entertaining accounts of today’s working geoscientists… Her interviews provide insights into their thoughts and actions that transcend the stereotypes of inscrutable nerd or heroic explorer.’ * Nature *‘The Earth’s magnetic field…tends to be taken for granted. In reality it’s a fickle, ill-understood phenomenon. Alanna Mitchell delves into the mystery, in an engrossing book that features a new surprise on every page.’ -- Sean Carroll, author of The Big Picture‘A fascinating untold story of science that is full of mystery and intrigue, and written with a great deal of style.’ -- Mark Miodownik, New York Times bestselling author of Stuff Matters, winner of the Royal Society Winton Prize‘A compelling yarn describing our historical efforts to understand the force that created the world, and as the subtitle warns, could bring about its end…Destined to become a classic of popular science.’ * E&T Magazine *‘Captivating scientific history…an invaluable contribution to the popular science shelf.’ * Booklist *‘A compelling tale of unseen and unforeseen natural forces – and a reminder that we’ve staked our home on a planet that remains infinitely strange, dangerous – and ever full of wonder.’ -- Deborah Blum, author of The Poisoner’s Handbook‘In The Spinning Magnet, Alanna Mitchell pulls off the rare trifecta in science writing: an engrossing plot of a planetary mystery, authentic character portraits of scientists and their passion for their work, and explanations of complex physics in easily understandable terms.’ -- Sabine Stanley, Professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Applied Physics Lab, Johns Hopkins University‘Mitchell draws us into a spellbinding scientific detective story, told over the ages, as she nimbly explains magnetism’s role in everything that matters. Each chapter is filled with exciting new revelations written in clear crisp prose. A skilled writer, Mitchell puts magnetism on the map!’ -- Timothy J. Jorgensen, author of Strange Glow: The Story of Radiation, winner of the American Institute of Physics’ Science Communication Award

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Book SynopsisThis book concerns a new paradigm in the field of UHF RFID systems: the positive exploitation of nonlinear signals generated by the chips integrated into the RFID tags. After having recalled the main principles in RFID technology and its current challenges notably with the emergence of Internet of Things or the smart connected environments, the purpose is to focus on the presence of nonlinearities produced by the nonlinear circuits of RFID chips: effects, nuisances and solutions but also and especially use of the phenomena. The presentation covers all aspects from the characterization of the nonlinear behavior of RFID tags and the associated platforms (distinguishing conducted and radiated measurement) to the design of new types of tags where nonlinearities are exploited in order to offer new capabilities or enhanced performance.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Introduction xi Chapter 1 History of Radio-frequency Identification: From Birth to Advanced Applications 1 1.1 Early facts about the genesis of RFID 1 1.2 Birth of RFID 2 1.3 Early modern RFID 4 1.4 The 1970s: The infancy age of RFID 7 1.5 The 1980s and 1990s: Implementation of RFID 8 1.6 RFID chip age 10 1.7 Maturation of RFID 11 1.8 Internet of Things: The next RFID frontier 15 1.9 Summary 19 Chapter 2 RFID Technology: Main Principles and Non-linear Behavior of Tags 21 2.1 RFID: A multilayer vision 21 2.2 Focus on passive UHF RFID technology 23 2.2.1 Working principle 23 2.2.2 Reader 24 2.2.3 Tag 25 2.3 Non-linear RF networks and harmonic generation 29 2.3.1 Effects of a non-linear device 29 2.3.2 Theory on the effects of a non-linear device 29 2.4 Non-linear behavior and associated applications in the RFID field 32 2.4.1 Measurement of backscattered harmonics 32 2.4.2 Wireless sensor tags 33 2.5 Summary 37 Chapter 3 Characterization Platforms for Passive RFID Chips and Tags 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Measuring the backscattered tag response 41 3.2.1 Harmonic backscattering 41 3.2.2 Measurement techniques 41 3.2.3 RFID air interface 42 3.2.4 Configuration of the physical layer in the UHF RFID system 43 3.3 Characterization of RFID tags – radiated measurements 45 3.3.1 Tags under test 46 3.3.2 Measurement system 46 3.3.3 Power budget 47 3.3.4 Power tag sensitivity 48 3.3.5 Radar cross-section and physical surface of a tag 49 3.3.6 Optimized PSD analysis of the RFID communication 52 3.3.7 Dependency analysis of harmonic scattering 58 3.3.8 Limitations of tag characterization by radiated measurements 65 3.4 Characterization of RFID chips–conducted measurements 66 3.4.1 Non-linear characterization platform 68 3.4.2 System operation description 68 3.4.3 Activation threshold and impedance measurement 72 3.4.4 Harmonic characterization 75 3.4.5 Result exploitation 79 3.5 Summary 80 Chapter 4 Modeling the Harmonic Signals Produced by RFID Chips 81 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Analysis of harmonic currents in RFID chips 82 4.2.1 Review of Dickson analysis 82 4.2.2 Calculation of the harmonic currents 84 4.3 Third harmonic in traditional RFID tags 88 4.3.1 Impedance matching network for f0 88 4.3.2 Influence of Q in the backscattered signal at 3f0 89 4.4 How to profit from the third harmonic signal 93 4.4.1 Dual-band impedance matching network 93 4.4.2 Backscattered signal at 3f0 by the HT 95 4.5 Summary 96 Chapter 5 Applications: Augmented RFID Tags 99 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 Harmonic communication in passive UHF RFID 101 5.2.1 A review of the regulations 102 5.2.2 Harmonic reader considerations 104 5.2.3 Harmonic tag design 104 5.2.4 Metrics to evaluate the harmonic RFID tags 106 5.2.5 Application case and experimental results: Harmonic tag design example 108 5.2.6 Summary: Harmonic tag 128 5.3 Harmonic harvesting: Empowering the RFID tag 129 5.3.1 Harmonic generation in diode-based circuits 129 5.3.2 Techniques to empower the RFID chip and rectifier circuits in general 130 5.3.3 Third harmonic exploitation in passive RFID 132 5.3.4 Application case and experimental results 141 5.3.5 Summary: Harmonic harvesting 147 5.4 Conclusion 148 Conclusion 151 Bibliography 155 Index 171

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Book SynopsisThe spectacular reappearance of the aurora borealis at the beginning of the 18th century, often observed simultaneously from different observatories in Europe, mobilized and federated a large community of astronomers on a European scale. It encouraged them to communicate the results of their observations and, in compiling exhaustive catalogs of information, has helped to establish a system of the aurora borealis that can be further studied in the future, according to the experimental method inherited from the previous century. This book is dedicated to some of the main aurora observers in Europe and to the human, institutional and philosophical context in which they evolved in the first half of the 18th century. Its reading should be seen as a retrospective journey through the scholarly world of the Enlightenment, during which the same scholars are frequently encountered and reencountered, yet each time in different contexts, or from different angles, with the aim of compiling an account of the swarming of ideas and encounters that constituted the development of experimental science in this pivotal period.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1 The Aurora Borealis Issue of the Affirmation of the Cartesian Mechanism and the Dispute Between Paris and Montpellier: The French Choice 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The two main systems of the aurora borealis 2 1.2.1 Halley’s system 2 1.2.2 Mairan’s system 5 1.3 History of the aurora borealis in the volumes of the Académie Royale des Sciences between 1716 and 1733 8 1.3.1 The silence on Halley’s system in Mémoires and Histoire 8 1.3.2. The memoir refused by the Parisian Academy of François de Plantade .. 13 1.4 The Montpellier actors: François de Plantade and the Société Royale des Sciences 20 1.4.1 François de Plantade, founder of the Société Royale de Montpellier 20 1.4.2 The Société Royale des Sciences de Montpellier 21 1.5 The Parisian actors: Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle and Jean-Jacques Dortous de Mairan, the Académie Royale des Sciences 26 1.5.1 The Académie Royale des Sciences 26 1.5.2 The permanent secretary Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle 30 1.5.3 Jean-Jacques Dortous de Mairan 37 1.6 The London actors: Hans Sloane and Edmond Halley, the Royal Society 43 1.6.1 Hans Sloane 43 1.6.2 Edmond Halley 45 1.6.3 The Royal Society and its relations with the Académie Royale des Sciences 49 1.7 Discussion of the reasons for rejecting Plantade’s submission 51 Chapter 2 Joseph-Nicolas Delisle: Grandeur and Vicissitudes of a Newtonian Scientist with Thwarted Ambitions 55 2.1 Introduction 55 2.2 Delisle in the period before his departure for Russia (1710–1725) 61 2.2.1 Delisle’s beginnings in astronomy and optics, a Newtonian 61 2.2.2 Delisle’s setbacks at the Académie Royale des Sciences 71 2.2.3 Delisle’s great project: Histoire Céleste 83 2.2.4 Epilogue concerning the Parisian period 89 2.3 The invitation to St Petersburg and Delisle’s Russian period (1726–1747) 90 2.3.1 The cartographic objective of Delisle’s mission 90 2.3.2 Delisle’s means at the St Petersburg Observatory 97 2.4 Brief synthesis of Delisle’s scientific trajectory 109 2.5 Conclusion 112 Chapter 3 The Creation Ex-nihilo and the Beginnings of the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences: The Influence of Christian Wolff 115 3.1 Introduction 115 3.2 The foundation of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg 117 3.2.1 Historical context 117 3.2.2 Peter the Great’s Imperial Academy of Sciences project 120 3.2.3 The birth of astronomy in Russia 122 3.3 Christian Wolff, the aurora borealis and their first observers at the Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg 125 3.3.1 Historical context 125 3.3.2 Christian Wolff’s conference 126 3.3.3 The quartet of aurora observers at the Academy of Sciences of St Petersburg 131 3.3.4 The rejection of aurora observations by Mayer 135 3.3.5 Euler’s physical–mathematical explanation 143 3.3.6 Mayer’s philosophical position and possible reasons for his abandonment of aurora observation 146 3.4 The Imperial Academy of Sciences of St Petersburg 149 3.4.1 The setting up of the Academy 149 3.4.2 The clerical and noble opposition 151 3.4.3 Wolffians versus Newtonians 155 3.4.4. The problems of the functioning of the Academy in the decades 1730–1740 161 3.4.5 The regulation of 1748 refounding the Academy 164 3.5 Conclusion 167 Chapter 4 Anders Celsius and the European Observation Networks, Setting Up a Science Society and an Astronomical Observatory in Uppsala 171 4.1 Introduction 171 4.2 The life of Celsius 173 4.2.1 The first years 173 4.2.2 The European journey 176 4.2.3 Maupertuis’ expedition in Lapland 179 4.2.4 The last few years 181 4.3 Three European networks for the observation of natural phenomena 184 4.3.1 The observations of the aurora borealis around de Mairan 185 4.3.2 Monitoring the variations of the magnetic needle according to Anders Celsius 190 4.3.3 Thermometry and meteorological records around Joseph-Nicolas Delisle 199 4.4 The Royal Society of Uppsala and Celsius’ legacy 211 4.4.1 Historical context of the Enlightenment in Sweden 211 4.4.2 Birth and development of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala 214 4.4.3 Relations between the Royal Society and the University 219 4.4.4 Celsius’ legacy 222 4.5 Conclusion 228 Chapter 5 Genesis of the Academies of Bologna and Berlin, the Involvement of Women in Astronomy and the Gender Issue 231 5.1 Introduction 231 5.2 Three examples of “astronomical households” 236 5.2.1. The Kirchs: an artisanal-type household inspired by the guild tradition 238 5.2.2 The Manfredis: a household with a humanistic coloration inherited from the Renaissance 247 5.2.3 The Delisle family: an artisanal household where women took care of the family scientific heritage 255 5.3 Two examples of astronomical institutions: the academies of Bologna and Berlin and their observatories 259 5.3.1 The Academy and the Bologna Observatory 262 5.3.2 The Academy and the Observatory of Berlin 270 5.4 Astronomical households, institutions and gender in Bologna and Berlin 280 5.5 Conclusion 287 Conclusion 289 Appendix 301 References 313 Index 331

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Book SynopsisElectromagnetism is one of the four fundamental forces in nature, and underlies almost everything we experience in our daily lives, whether we realise it or not. The complete theory was first written down in the late 19th century, and remains an essential part of a scientific education. The mathematics behind the theory, however, can be intimidatingly complex. Furthermore, it is not always clear to beginners why the theory is either useful or interesting, nor how it relates to modern research in theoretical physics.The aim of this book is to guide students towards a detailed understanding of the full theory of electromagnetism, including its practical applications. Later chapters introduce more modern formulations of the theory than are found in traditional undergraduate courses, thus bridging the gap between a first course in electromagnetism, and the advanced concepts needed for further study in physics. The final chapter reviews exciting current research stating that possible theories of (quantum) gravity may be much more closely related to electromagnetism than previously thought.Throughout the book, an informal conversational style is used to demystify intimidating concepts. Relevant mathematical ideas are introduced in a self-contained manner, and exercises are provided with full solutions to aid understanding. This book is essential reading for anyone undertaking a physics degree, but will also be of interest to engineers and chemists.

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Book SynopsisThis fascinating series brings some tricky science topics right down to the basics, setting curious kids up for a lifetime of learning about the forces at work all around us.

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Book SynopsisThis fascinating series brings some tricky science topics right down to the basics, setting curious kids up for a lifetime of learning about the forces at work all around us.

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Book SynopsisThis fascinating series brings some tricky science topics right down to the basics, setting curious kids up for a lifetime of learning about the forces at work all around us.

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Book SynopsisLook around you science is everywhere! Have you ever wondered how magnets work or how electricity is made? Use this exciting series to find the answers to your big questions about science in the world.

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Book SynopsisLook around you science is everywhere! Have you ever wondered how magnets work or how electricity is made? Use this exciting series to find the answers to your big questions about science in the world.

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Book SynopsisA BEST BOOK OF 2023 FOR THE TELEGRAPH, FINANCIAL TIMES, NEW SCIENTIST AND STYLIST A NEXT BIG IDEA CLUB MUST READ 2023Discover the next frontier of scientific understanding: your body's electrome.Every cell in your body - bones, skin, nerves, muscle - has a voltage, like a tiny battery. This bioelectricity is why your brain can send signals to your body, why it develops and how it heals itself.In We Are Electric, award-winning science writer Sally Adee explores the colourful history of bioelectricity and journeys into the remarkable future of the discipline, through today's laboratories where real-world medical applications are being developed.Trade ReviewAn entertaining account . . . Adee's enthusiasm is infectious and she conveys well the jaw-dropping scale and complexity of the "electrome" * * The Times * *We Are Electric is Adee's thrilling scientific detective story, a rich history that brings us up to date with the latest research * * New Scientist * *Excellent . . . Sally Adee has written an absorbing and fast-paced account of a field of research that could thus herald a whole new era of paradigm-shifting medicine * * New York Times * *This year's lightbulb moment * * Telegraph * *Adee explores the chemical and electrical ferment underpinning all growth and life, highlighting the pioneers and charlatans who discovered and exploited "bioelectricity", [she] also conjures electric medicine: a future of good health, regenerated tissue and (perhaps) extended life * * New Scientist * *A revelation . . . Has rich implications for how we heal and grow * * Daily Telegraph * *Adee writes as a reporter but also as an enthusiast . . . . A lively read * * Wall Street Journal * *This book blew my mind. We Are Electric is a thrilling read, and Sally Adee explains everything from the intricacies of our electric cells to the potential for new medical treatments - and brain-hacking - with a sparkling clarity -- MICHAEL BROOKS, author of 13 THINGS THAT DON'T MAKE SENSEThe 'ohmigod-that's-so-cool' moments come thick and fast as she brings the science up to date, investigating today's cutting edge and what the future may hold for bio-electric medicine. It's a vast and hugely exciting area of scientific research, shared with infectious enthusiasm, a real depth of knowledge and smart and funny turn of phrase. You'll never think of life in the same way again -- CAROLINE WILLIAMS, author of MOVE!: THE NEW SCIENCE OF BODY OVER MINDAs Sally Adee describes with great wit and insight, we are nothing without electricity: it's the stuff of life, and of death. This is such a thrilling, compelling and energising book - reading it I couldn't help picturing the author as Zeus, chucking lightning bolts at me. Such a timely book, too. The future is - I'm sorry, I can't help it - electrifying -- ROWAN HOOPER, author of SUPERHUMAN

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Book SynopsisWritten by specialists of modeling in electromagnetism, this book provides a comprehensive review of the finite element method for low frequency applications. Fundamentals of the method as well as new advances in the field are described in detail. Chapters 1 to 4 present general 2D and 3D static and dynamic formulations by the use of scalar and vector unknowns and adapted interpolations for the fields (nodal, edge, face or volume). Chapter 5 is dedicated to the presentation of different macroscopic behavior laws of materials and their implementation in a finite element context: anisotropy and hysteretic properties for magnetic sheets, iron losses, non-linear permanent magnets and superconductors. More specific formulations are then proposed: the modeling of thin regions when finite elements become misfit (Chapter 6), infinite domains by using geometrical transformations (Chapter 7), the coupling of 2D and 3D formulations with circuit equations (Chapter 8), taking into account the movement, particularly in the presence of Eddy currents (Chapter 9) and an original approach for the treatment of geometrical symmetries when the sources are not symmetric (Chapter 10). Chapters 11 to 13 are devoted to coupled problems: magneto-thermal coupling for induction heating, magneto-mechanical coupling by introducing the notion of strong and weak coupling and magneto-hydrodynamical coupling focusing on electromagnetic instabilities in fluid conductors. Chapter 14 presents different meshing methods in the context of electromagnetism (presence of air) and introduces self-adaptive mesh refinement procedures. Optimization techniques are then covered in Chapter 15, with the adaptation of deterministic and probabilistic methods to the numerical finite element environment. Chapter 16 presents a variational approach of electromagnetism, showing how Maxwell equations are derived from thermodynamic principles.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction to Nodal Finite Elements. 1 Jean-Louis COULOMB 1.1. Introduction 1 1.1.1. The finite element method 1 1.2. The 1D finite element method 2 1.2.1. A simple electrostatics problem 2 1.2.2. Differential approach 3 1.2.3. Variational approach 4 1.2.4. First-order finite elements 6 1.2.5. Second-order finite elements 9 1.3. The finite element method in two dimensions 10 1.3.1. The problem of the condenser with square section 10 1.3.2. Differential approach 12 1.3.3. Variational approach 14 1.3.4. Meshing in first-order triangular finite elements 15 1.3.5. Finite element interpolation 17 1.3.6. Construction of the system of equations by the Ritz method 19 1.3.7. Calculation of the matrix coefficients 21 1.3.8. Analysis of the results 25 1.3.9. Dual formations, framing and convergence 42 1.3.10. Resolution of the nonlinear problems 44 1.3.11. Alternative to the variational method: the weighted residues method 45 1.4. The reference elements 47 1.4.1. Linear reference elements 48 1.4.2. Surface reference elements 49 1.4.3. Volume reference elements 52 1.4.4. Properties of the shape functions 53 1.4.5. Transformation from reference coordinates to domain coordinates 54 1.4.6. Approximation of the physical variable 56 1.4.7. Numerical integrations on the reference elements 60 1.4.8. Local Jacobian derivative method 63 1.5. Conclusion 66 1.6. References 66 Chapter 2. Static Formulations: Electrostatic, Electrokinetic, Magnetostatics 69 Patrick DULAR and Francis PIRIOU 2.1. Problems to solve 70 2.1.1. Maxwell’s equations 70 2.1.2. Behavior laws of materials 71 2.1.3. Boundary conditions 71 2.1.4. Complete static models 74 2.1.5. The formulations in potentials 75 2.2. Function spaces in the fields and weak formulations 82 2.2.1. Integral expressions: introduction 82 2.2.2. Definitions of function spaces 82 2.2.3. Tonti diagram: synthesis scheme of a problem 84 2.2.4. Weak formulations 86 2.3. Discretization of function spaces and weak formulations 91 2.3.1. Finite elements 91 2.3.2. Sequence of discrete spaces 93 2.3.3. Gauge conditions and source terms in discrete spaces 106 2.3.4. Weak discrete formulations 109 2.3.5. Expression of global variables 114 2.4. References 115 Chapter 3. Magnetodynamic Formulations 117 Zhuoxiang REN and Frédéric BOUILLAULT 3.1. Introduction 117 3.2. Electric formulations 119 3.2.1. Formulation in electric field 119 3.2.2. Formulation in combined potentials a - 120 3.2.3. Comparison of the formulations in field and in combined potentials 121 3.3. Magnetic formulations 123 3.3.1. Formulation in magnetic field 123 3.3.2. Formulation in combined potentials t - ɸ 124 3.3.3. Numerical example 125 3.4. Hybrid formulation 127 3.5. Electric and magnetic formulation complementarities 128 3.5.1. Complementary features 128 3.5.2. Concerning the energy bounds 129 3.5.3. Numerical example 129 3.6. Conclusion 133 3.7. References 134 Chapter 4. Mixed Finite Element Methods in Electromagnetism 139 Bernard BANDELIER and Françoise RIOUX-DAMIDAU 4.1. Introduction 139 4.2. Mixed formulations in magnetostatics 140 4.2.1. Magnetic induction oriented formulation 141 4.2.2. Formulation oriented magnetic field 144 4.2.3. Formulation in induction and field 146 4.2.4. Alternate case 147 4.3. Energy approach: minimization problems, searching for a saddle-point 147 4.3.1. Minimization of a functional calculus related to energy 147 4.3.2. Variational principle of magnetic energy 149 4.3.3. Searching for a saddle-point 151 4.3.4. Functional calculus related to the constitutive relationship 154 4.4. Hybrid formulations 154 4.4.1. Magnetic induction oriented hybrid formulation 154 4.4.2. Hybrid formulation oriented magnetic field 156 4.4.3. Mixed hybrid method 157 4.5. Compatibility of approximation spaces – inf-sup condition 157 4.5.1. Mixed magnetic induction oriented formulation 158 4.5.2. Mixed formulation oriented magnetic field 160 4.5.3. General case 160 4.6. Mixed finite elements, Whitney elements 161 4.6.1. Magnetic induction oriented formulation 162 4.6.2. Magnetic field oriented formulation 163 4.7. Mixed formulations in magnetodynamics 164 4.7.1. Magnetic field oriented formulation 164 4.7.2. Formulation oriented electric field 167 4.8. Solving techniques 167 4.8.1. Penalization methods 168 4.8.2. Algorithm using the Schur complement 171 4.9. References 174 Chapter 5. Behavior Laws of Materials 177 Frédéric BOUILLAULT, Afef KEDOUS-LEBOUC, Gérard MEUNIER, Florence OSSART and Francis PIRIOU 5.1. Introduction 177 5.2. Behavior law of ferromagnetic materials 178 5.2.1. Definitions 178 5.2.2. Hysteresis and anisotropy 179 5.2.3. Classificiation of models dealing with the behavior law 180 5.3. Implementation of nonlinear behavior models 183 5.3.1. Newton method 183 5.3.2. Fixed point method 187 5.3.3. Particular case of a behavior with hysteresis 191 5.4. Modeling of magnetic sheets 192 5.4.1. Some words about magnetic sheets 192 5.4.2. Example of stress in the electric machines 192 5.4.3. Anisotropy of sheets with oriented grains 194 5.4.4. Hysteresis and dynamic behavior under uniaxial stress 200 5.4.5. Determination of iron losses in electric machines: nonlinear isotropic finite element modeling and calculation of the losses a posteriori 209 5.4.6. Conclusion 215 5.5. Modeling of permanent magnets 216 5.5.1. Introduction. 216 5.5.2. Magnets obtained by powder metallurgy 216 5.5.3. Study of linear anisotropic behavior 218 5.5.4. Study of nonlinear behavior 220 5.5.5. Implementation of the model in finite element software 223 5.5.6. Validation: the experiment by Joel Chavanne 224 5.5.7. Conductive magnet subjected to an AC field 225 5.6. Modeling of superconductors 226 5.6.1. Introduction 226 5.6.2. Behavior of superconductors 227 5.6.3. Modeling of electric behavior of superconductors 230 5.6.4. Particular case of the Bean model 232 5.6.5. Examples of modeling 237 5.7. Conclusion 240 5.8. References 241 Chapter 6. Modeling on Thin and Line Regions 245 Christophe GUÉRIN 6.1. Introduction 245 6.2. Different special elements and their interest 245 6.3. Method for taking into account thin regions without potential jump 249 6.4. Method for taking into account thin regions with potential jump 250 6.4.1. Analytical integration method 251 6.4.2. Numerical integration method 252 6.5. Method for taking thin regions into account 255 6.6. Thin and line regions in magnetostatics 256 6.6.1. Thin and line regions in magnetic scalar potential formulations 256 6.6.2. Thin and line regions in magnetic vector potential formulations 257 6.7. Thin and line regions in magnetoharmonics 257 6.7.1. Solid conducting regions presenting a strong skin effect 258 6.7.2. Thin conducting regions 265 6.8. Thin regions in electrostatic problems: “electric harmonic problems” and electric conduction problems 272 6.9. Thin thermal regions 272 6.10. References 273 Chapter 7. Coupling with Circuit Equations 277 Gérard MEUNIER, Yvan LEFEVRE, Patrick LOMBARD and Yann LE FLOCH 7.1. Introduction 277 7.2. Review of the various methods of setting up electric circuit equations 278 7.2.1. Circuit equations with nodal potentials 278 7.2.2. Circuit equations with mesh currents 279 7.2.3. Circuit equations with time integrated nodal potentials 280 7.2.4. Formulation of circuit equations in the form of state equations 281 7.2.5. Conclusion on the methods of setting up electric equations 283 7.3. Different types of coupling 284 7.3.1. Indirect coupling 285 7.3.2. Integro-differential formulation 285 7.3.3. Simultaneous resolution 285 7.3.4. Conclusion 285 7.4. Establishment of the “current-voltage” relations 286 7.4.1. Insulated massive conductor with two ends: basic assumptions and preliminary relations 286 7.4.2. Current-voltage relations using the magnetic vector potential 287 7.4.3. Current-voltage relations using magnetic induction 288 7.4.4. Wound conductors 290 7.4.5. Losses in the wound conductors 291 7.5. Establishment of the coupled field and circuit equations 292 7.5.1. Coupling with a vector potential formulation in 2D 292 7.5.2. Coupling with a vector potential formulation in 3D 303 7.5.3. Coupling with a scalar potential formulation in 3D 310 7.6. General conclusion 317 7.7. References 318 Chapter 8. Modeling of Motion: Accounting for Movement in the Modeling of Magnetic Phenomena 321 Vincent LECONTE 8.1. Introduction 321 8.2. Formulation of an electromagnetic problem with motion 322 8.2.1. Definition of motion 322 8.2.2. Maxwell equations and motion 325 8.2.3. Formulations in potentials 329 8.2.4. Eulerian approach 335 8.2.5. Lagrangian approach 338 8.2.6. Example application 342 8.3. Methods for taking the movement into account 346 8.3.1. Introduction. 346 8.3.2. Methods for rotating machines 346 8.3.3. Coupling methods without meshing and with the finite element method 348 8.3.4. Coupling of boundary integrals with the finite element method 350 8.3.5. Automatic remeshing methods for large distortions 355 8.4. Conclusion 362 8.5. References 363 Chapter 9. Symmetric Components and Numerical Modeling 369 Jacques LOBRY, Eric NENS and Christian BROCHE 9.1. Introduction 369 9.2. Representation of group theory 371 9.2.1. Finite groups 371 9.2.2. Symmetric functions and irreducible representations 374 9.2.3. Orthogonal decomposition of a function 378 9.2.4. Symmetries and vector fields 379 9.3. Poisson’s problem and geometric symmetries 384 9.3.1. Differential and integral formulations 384 9.3.2. Numerical processing 387 9.4. Applications 388 9.4.1. 2D magnetostatics 388 9.4.2. 3D magnetodynamics 394 9.5. Conclusions and future work 403 9.6. References 404 Chapter 10. Magneto-thermal Coupling 405 Mouloud FÉLIACHI and Javad FOULADGAR 10.1. Introduction 405 10.2. Magneto-thermal phenomena and fundamental equations 406 10.2.1. Electromagentism 406 10.2.2. Thermal 408 10.2.3. Flow 408 10.3. Behavior laws and couplings 409 10.3.1. Electrmagnetic phenomena 409 10.3.2. Thermal phenomena 409 10.3.3. Flow phenomena 409 10.4. Resolution methods 409 10.4.1. Numerical methods 409 10.4.2. Semi-analytical methods 410 10.4.3. Analytical-numerical methods 411 10.4.4. Magneto-thermal coupling models 411 10.5. Heating of a moving work piece 413 10.6. Induction plasma 417 10.6.1. Introduction 417 10.6.2. Inductive plasma installation 418 10.6.3. Mathematical models 418 10.6.4. Results 426 10.6.5. Conclusion 427 10.7. References 428 Chapter 11. Magneto-mechanical Modeling 431 Yvan LEFEVRE and Gilbert REYNE 11.1. Introduction 431 11.2. Modeling of coupled magneto-mechancial phenomena 432 11.2.1. Modeling of mechanical structure 433 11.2.2. Coupled magneto-mechanical modeling 437 11.2.3. Conclusion 442 11.3. Numerical modeling of electromechancial conversion in conventional actuators 442 11.3.1. General simulation procedure 443 11.3.2. Global magnetic force calculation method 444 11.3.3. Conclusion 447 11.4. Numerical modeling of electromagnetic vibrations 447 11.4.1. Magnetostriction vs. magnetic forces 447 11.4.2. Procedure for simulating vibrations of magnetic origin 449 11.4.3. Magnetic forces density 449 11.4.4. Case of rotating machine teeth 452 11.4.5. Magnetic response modeling 453 11.4.6. Model superposition method 455 11.4.7. Conclusion 458 11.5. Modeling strongly coupled phenomena 459 11.5.1. Weak coupling and strong coupling from a physical viewpoint 459 11.5.2. Weak coupling or strong coupling problem from a numerical modeling analysis 460 11.5.3. Weak coupling and intelligent use of software tools 461 11.5.4. Displacement and deformation of a magnetic system 463 11.5.5. Structural modeling based on magnetostrictive materials 465 11.5.6. Electromagnetic induction launchers 469 11.6. Conclusion 470 11.7. References 471 Chapter 12. Magnetohydrodynamics: Modeling of a Kinematic Dynamo 477 Franck PLUNIAN and Philippe MASSÉ 12.1. Introduction 477 12.1.1. Generalities 477 12.1.2. Maxwell’s equations and Ohm’s law 481 12.1.3. The induction equation 482 12.1.4. The dimensionless equation 483 12.2. Modeling the induction equation using finite elements 485 12.2.1. Potential (A,ɸ) quadric-vector formulation 485 12.2.2. 2D1/2 quadri-vector potential formulation 488 12.3. Some simulation examples 491 12.3.1. Screw dynamo (Ponomarenko dynamo) 491 12.3.2. Two-scale dynamo without walls (Roberts dynamo) 495 12.3.3. Two-scale dynamo with walls 498 12.3.4. A dynamo at the industrial scale 502 12.4. Modeling of the dynamic problem 503 12.5. References 504 Chapter 13. Mesh Generation 509 Yves DU TERRAIL COUVAT, François-Xavier ZGAINSKI and Yves MARÉCHAL 13.1. Introduction 509 13.2. General definition 510 13.3. A short history 512 13.4. Mesh algorithms 512 13.4.1. The basic algorithms 512 13.4.2. General mesh algorithms 518 13.5. Mesh regularization 526 13.5.1. Regularization by displacement of nodes 526 13.5.2. Regularization by bubbles 528 13.5.3. Adaptation of nodes population 530 13.5.4. Insertion in meshing algorithms 530 13.5.5. Value of bubble regularization 531 13.6. Mesh processer and modeling environment 533 13.6.1. Some typical criteria 533 13.6.2. Electromagnetism and meshing constraints 534 13.7. Conclusion 541 13.8. References 541 Chapter 14. Optimization 547 Jean-Louis COULOMB 14.1. Introduction 547 14.1.1. Optimization: who, why, how? 547 14.1.2. Optimization by numerical simulation: is this reasonable? 548 14.1.3. Optimization by numerical simulation: difficulties 549 14.1.4. Numerical design of experiments (DOE) method: an elegant solution 549 14.1.5. Sensitivity analysis: an “added value” accessible by simulation 550 14.1.6. Organization of this chapter 551 14.2. Optimization methods 551 14.2.1. Optimization problems: some definitions 551 14.2.2. Optimization problems without constraints 553 14.2.3. Constrained optimization problems 559 14.2.4. Multi-objective optimization 560 14.3. Design of experiments (DOE) method 562 14.3.1. The direct control of the simulation tool by an optimization algorithm: principle and disadvantages 562 14.3.2. The response surface: an approximation enabling indirect optimization 563 14.3.3. DOE method: a short history 565 14.3.4. DOE method: a simple example 565 14.4. Response surfaces 572 14.4.1. Basic principles 572 14.4.2. Polynomial surfaces of degree 1 without interaction: simple but sometimes useful 573 14.4.3. Polynomial surfaces of degree 1 with interactions: quite useful for screening 573 14.4.4. Polynomial surfaces of degree 2: a first approach for nonlinearities 574 14.4.5. Response surfaces of degrees 1 and 2: interests and limits 576 14.4.6. Response surfaces by combination of radial functions 576 14.4.7. Response surfaces using diffuse elements 577 14.4.8. Adaptive response surfaces 579 14.5. Sensitivity analysis 579 14.5.1. Finite difference method 579 14.5.2. Method for local derivation of the Jacobian matrix 580 14.5.3. Steadiness of state variables: steadiness of state equations 581 14.5.4. Sensitivity of the objective function: the adjoint state method 583 14.5.5. Higher order derivative 583 14.6. A complete example of optimization 584 14.6.1. The problem of optimization 584 14.6.2. Determination of the influential parameters by the DOE method 585 14.6.3. Approximation of the objective function by a response surface 587 14.6.4. Search for the optimum on the response surface 587 14.6.5. Verification of the solution by simulation 587 14.7. Conclusion 588 14.8. References 588 List of Authors 595 Index 599

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Book SynopsisThis book concerns the analysis and design of induction heating of poor electrical conduction materials. Some innovating applications such as inductive plasma installation or transformers, thermo inductive non-destructive testing and carbon-reinforced composite materials heating are studied. Analytical, semi-analytical and numerical models are combined to obtain the best modeling technique for each case. Each model has been tested with experimental results and validated. The principal aspects of a computational package to solve these kinds of coupled problems are described. In the first chapter, the mathematical tools for coupled electromagnetic and thermal phenomena are introduced. In Chapter 2, these tools are used to analyze a radio frequency inductive plasma installation. The third chapter describes the methodology of designing a low frequency plasma transformer. Chapter 4 studies the feasibility of the thermo inductive technique for non-destructive testing and the final chapter is dedicated to the use of induction heating in the lifecycle of carbon-reinforced composite materials. Contents 1. Thermal and Electromagnetic Coupling, Javad Fouladgar, Didier Trichet and Brahim Ramdane.2. Simplified Model of a Radiofrequency Inductive Thermal Plasma Installation, Javad Fouladgar and Jean-Pierre Ploteau.3. Design Methodology of A Very Low-Frequency Plasma Transformer, Javad Fouladgar and Souri Mohamed Mimoune.4. Non Destructive Testing by Thermo-Inductive Method, Javad Fouladgar, Brahim Ramdane, Didier Trichet and Tayeb Saidi.5. Induction Heating of Composite Materials, Javad Fouladgar, Didier Trichet, Samir Bensaid and Guillaume WasselynckTable of ContentsIntroduction xiii Javad FOULADGAR Chapter 1. Thermal and Electromagnetic Coupling 1 Javad FOULADGAR, Didier TRICHET and Brahim RAMDANE 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Electromagnetic problem 2 1.3. Thermal problem 15 1.4. Magnetothermal coupling 16 1.5. Solving the electromagnetic and thermal equations 18 1.6. Conclusion 35 1.7. Bibliography 36 Chapter 2. Simplified Model of a Radiofrequency Inductive Thermal Plasma Installation 39 Javad FOULADGAR and Jean-Pierre PLOTEAU 2.1. Introduction 39 2.2. Plasma and its characteristics 40 2.3. Modeling a plasma installation 49 2.4. Calculating charge impedance 57 2.5. Generator model 64 2.6. Conclusion 80 2.7. Bibliography 81 Chapter 3. Design Methodology of A Very Low-Frequency Plasma Transformer 85 Javad FOULADGAR and Souri Mohamed MIMOUNE 3.1. Introduction 85 3.2. Different types of very low-frequency applicators 87 3.3. Simplified analytical model for analysis and preliminary design 88 3.4. Nonlinear model 97 3.5. Plasma stability in the transitory and sinusoidal states 100 3.6. Advanced inductive plasma transformer model 103 3.7. Plasma initialization 111 3.8. Conclusion 114 3.9. Bibliography 114 Chapter 4. Non Destructive Testing by Thermo-Inductive Method 117 Javad FOULADGAR, Brahim RAMDANE, Didier TRICHET and Tayeb SAIDI 4.1. Introduction 117 4.2. Principles of the thermo-inductive method 119 4.3. Basic thermo-inductive technique theory 126 4.4. Application of the thermo-inductive method to inspect massive magnetic steel components 145 4.5. Comparison with infrared thermography 164 4.6. Applications on composite materials 168 4.7. Conclusion and general instructions 185 4.8. Bibliography 190 Chapter 5. Induction Heating of Composite Materials 195 Javad FOULADGAR, Didier TRICHET, Samir BENSAID and Guillaume WASSELYNCK 5.1. Introduction 195 5.2. Composite materials 197 5.3. Lifecycle of composite materials 202 5.4. Induction and the lifecycle of composite materials 203 5.5. Identifying the physical properties of composite materials by experimental methods 207 5.6. Homogenization techniques 224 5.7. Heating composite materials by induction 251 5.8. Setup model 253 5.9. Influence of the folds’ orientation 260 5.10. Difficulty of the electrothermal coupling 262 5.11. Validating the electrothermal model 262 5.12. Conclusion 267 5.13. Bibliography 268 List of Authors 273 Index 275

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Book SynopsisDedicated to a complete presentation on all aspects of reverberation chambers, this book provides the physical principles behind these test systems in a very progressive manner. The detailed panorama of parameters governing the operation of electromagnetic reverberation chambers details various applications such as radiated immunity, emissivity, and shielding efficiency experiments. In addition, the reader is provided with the elements of electromagnetic theory and statistics required to take full advantage of the basic operational rules of reverberation chambers, including calibration procedures. Comparisons with other testing systems (TEM cells, anechoic chambers) are also discussed.Trade Review"The book is recommended both as a reference for researchers and professionals working with reverberation chambers, and as a textbook for a course on reverberation chambers." (Radio Science Bulletin, 1 December 2011) Table of ContentsPreface xiii Foreword xv Paolo CORONA Introduction xix Chapter 1. Position of the Reverberation Chambers in Common Electromagnetic Tests 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Electromagnetic fields and plane waves 2 1.3. Electromagnetic tests in confined areas 13 1.4. Discussion 26 1.5. Bibliography 28 Chapter 2. Main Physical Features of Electromagnetic Cavities 29 2.1. Introduction 29 2.2. Reduction of the modes in a 1D cavity 30 2.3. Physical features of an empty rectangular cavity 44 2.4. The 3D cavity operating in stirred modes 69 2.5. Discussion 77 2.6. Bibliography 80 Chapter 3. Statistical Behavior of Stirred Waves in an Oversized Cavity 83 3.1. Introduction 83 3.2. Descriptions of the ideal random electromagnetic field 84 3.3. Simulation of the properties of an ideal random field 93 3.4. Contribution of the statistical tests 104 3.5. Balance of power in a reverberation chamber 121 3.6. Discussion 130 3.7. Bibliography 132 Chapter 4. Impact of the Physical and Technological Parameters of a Reverberation Chamber 135 4.1. Introduction 135 4.2. Main parameters for reverberation chamber design 136 4.3. The usual techniques of mode stirring 153 4.4. The characterization of reverberation chambers 164 4.5. Discussion 188 4.6. Bibliography 190 Chapter 5. Radiated Immunity Tests in a Reverberation Chamber 193 5.1. Introduction 193 5.2. The calibration process 194 5.3. Examples of calibration results 206 5.4. Implementing of the immunity test for a piece of equipment 210 5.5. Immunity test in reverberation and anechoic chambers 220 5.6. Rectangular components of the electric field and the total electric field 226 5.7. Discussion 228 5.8. Bibliography 230 Chapter 6. Emissivity Tests in Reverberation Chambers 233 6.1. Introduction 233 6.2. A few notions on electromagnetic radiation and antennas 234 6.3. Measurement of the total radiated power in free space 249 6.4. Measurement of the unintentional emission of a device under test 252 6.5. Measurement examples of the total radiated power 262 6.6. Total radiated power and radiated emissivity 269 6.7. Measurement of the efficiency and of the diversity gain of the antennas 272 6.8. Discussion 275 6.9. Bibliography 276 Chapter 7. Measurement of the Shielding Effectiveness 279 7.1. Introduction 279 7.2. Definitions of the shielding effectiveness 280 7.3. Measurement of the effectiveness of shielded cables and connectors in reverberation chambers 287 7.4. Measurement of the attenuation of the shielded enclosures 302 7.5. Measurement of the shielding effectiveness of the materials 307 7.6. Discussion 316 7.7. Bibliography 318 Chapter 8. Mode Stirring Reverberation Chamber: A Research Tool 321 8.1. Introduction 321 8.2. A non-ideal random electromagnetic field 324 8.3. Studying the correlation of a set of measurements 336 8.4. Quantization of the scattered and coherent fields in a reverberation chamber 349 8.5. Discussion 356 8.6. Bibliography 358 APPENDICES 361 Appendix 1. Notion of Probability 363 A1.1. The random variable concept 363 A1.2. Probability concept from intuition 363 A1.3. Probability density function (pdf) 364 A1.4. Computation of moments 365 A1.5. Centered and normalized variables 366 A1.6. Computation of the variance and standard deviation 367 A1.7. Probability distributions 367 A1.8. The cumulative distribution function (cdf) 369 A1.9. The ergodism notion 369 A1.10. Features of the random stationary variables 372 A1.11. The characteristic function 373 A1.12. Summary of the main probability distributions 375 A1.13. Tables of numerical values of the normal distribution integrals 378 A1.14. Bibliography 379 Appendix 2. Formulas of the Quality Factor of a Rectangular Cavity 381 A2.1. Quality factor of the TMm n p mode 381 A2.2. Calculation of the average Q quality factor 382 A2.3. Bibliography 384 Appendix 3. Total Field and Total Power Variables 385 A3.1. Total field variables 385 A3.2. χ2 variable attached to the total field 386 A3.3. Total field probability density function 386 A3.4. Calculation of the mean of the total field 387 A3.5. The pdf of the total power 388 A3.6. Calculation of the mean total powers 389 Appendix 4. Calculation of the Variances of υφ, υη, υθ 391 A4.1. Variance of the υφ and υη variables 391 A4.2. Variance of the υθ variable 392 Appendix 5. Electric Dipole Formulas 395 A5.1. Complete formulas of the electric dipole 395 A5.2. Near-field formulas of the electric dipole 397 A5.3. Far-field formulas of the electric dipole 397 A5.4. Bibliography 398 Index 399

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Book SynopsisThe Wave Concept Iterative Procedure (WCIP) method has found an increasing number of users within electromagnetic theory and applications to planar circuits, antennas and diffraction problems. This book introduces in detail this new formulation of integral methods, based on the use of a wave concept with two bounded operators, and applications in a variety of domains in electromagnetics. This approach presents a number of benefits over other integral methods, including overcoming the problem of singularity, and reduced computing time. Through the presentation of mathematical equations to characterize studied structures and explanation of the curves obtained, via validated examples, the authors provide a thorough background to electromagnetism as well as a professional reference to students and researchers.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. General Principles of the Wave Concept Iterative Process 1Henri BAUDRAND, Med Karim AZIZI, Mohammed TITAOUINE 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. The iterative wave method 3 1.3. General definition of waves 5 1.4. Application to planar circuits 5 1.5. Applications to quasi-periodic structures 6 1.6. Circuits with localized components 7 1.7. General principles of quasi-periodic circuits 7 1.8. The significance of using auxiliary sources 8 1.8.1. Description of the environment 9 1.9. Unidimensional circuits 9 1.10. Application: transmission line 14 1.11. Comparison of current density for different cell lengths 14 1.12. Bi-dimensional circuits 16 1.13. Two-source bi-dimensional circuits 16 1.14. Three-source bi-dimensional circuits 22 1.15. Validation examples 25 1.16. Lenses and meta-materials 34 1.17. Conclusion 41 Chapter 2. Formulation and Validation of the WCIP Applied to the Analysis of Multilayer Planar Circuits 43Alexandre Jean René SERRES and Georgina Karla DE FREITAS SERRES 2.1. Introduction 43 2.2. WCIP formulation 45 2.2.1. Multilayer formulation 45 2.2.2. Simulation results 48 2.3. Real and ideal polarizers within planar structures using WCIP 52 2.3.1. Formulation 52 2.3.2. Results 55 2.4. Amplifier structure of compact micro-waves 57 2.4.1. Formulation of the amplifier interface 57 2.4.2. The simulation results 59 Chapter 3. Applications of the WCIP Method to Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS) 63Mohammed TITAOUINE and Henri BAUDRAND 3.1. Introduction 64 3.2. Formulation of the iterative WCIP method 65 3.2.1. Determining the diffraction operator 68 3.2.2. Determining the reflection operator 70 3.2.3. The fast modal transform FMT and its inverse FMT−1 72 3.2.4. FSS multilayer devices 72 3.2.5. Multi-level plated FSSs 72 3.3. Application of the iterative WCIP method to different FSSs 74 3.3.1. Dielectric short-circuited FSS rings 74 3.3.2. FSSs charged by lumped elements and active FSSs 76 3.3.3. Multi-frequency band FSSs 79 3.3.4. Double-layer FSS plating 80 3.3.5. Triple-layer plating 82 3.3.6. Thick FSSs 83 3.4. Anisotropic FSS 95 3.5. Measurement system 96 3.6. Conclusion 97 3.7. Acknowledgments 98 Chapter 4. WCIP Applied to Substrate Integrated Circuits: Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) and Substrate Integrated Non-Radiative Dielectic (SINRD) Circuits 99Nathalie RAVEU and Ahmad ISMAIL ALHZZOURY 4.1. Introduction 99 4.2. Formulation of WCIP for SIC circuits 100 4.2.1. The definition of 103 4.2.2. The definition of 103 4.3. Results for SIW circuits 104 4.3.1. Waveguides 104 4.3.2. Bandpass filter 106 4.4. Results for the SINRD circuits 108 4.4.1. Waveguides 110 4.4.2. Bandpass filter 111 4.5. Conclusion 112 Chapter 5. WCIP Convergence 115Nathalie RAVEU 5.1. Introduction 115 5.2. Summary of WCIP 116 5.2.1. Representation of homogeneous materials around the interface 117 5.2.2. Description of boundary conditions at the interface 118 5.2.3. System to solve 118 5.3. Improvement of WCIP by mathematical techniques 119 5.3.1. Number of modes/number of meshes 120 5.3.2. GMRES/Richardson 121 5.3.3. Selecting the initial value 122 5.4. Improvement of WCIP by physical considerations 124 5.4.1. Simplification of waves at the interface 124 5.4.2. Choice of reference impedance 125 5.4.3. Boundary conditions on the metallic mesh 126 5.5. Conclusions 127 Chapter 6. Application of WCIP to Diffraction Problems 129Noemen AMMAR, Taoufik AGUILI and Henri BAUDRAND 6.1. Introduction 129 6.1.1. Diffraction by multilayer cylindrical structures 130 6.1.2. Descriptors for spectral components of reflection operators 132 6.1.3. The modal coefficients ext n Γ and int n Γ 133 6.1.4. Modal coefficients pass n Γ 134 6.1.5. Spatial diffraction operator 136 6.1.6. Excitation source 137 6.1.7. Iterative process 138 6.2. Application 138 6.2.1. Dielectric cylinder diffraction 139 6.2.2. Diffraction by metallic strips 143 6.2.3. Coaxial multi-strip structure 148 6.2.4. Diffraction by two dielectric co-axials 156 6.2.5. Diffraction by structures of any shape 159 6.3. Coupling simulation 160 6.3.1. Different operators involved 162 6.3.2. The case of two pixels on a single fictitious cylinder 163 6.3.3. The case where the two pixels are part of two coaxial cylinders 164 6.3.4. Spatial descriptors of diffraction operators 167 6.3.5. The iterative process 169 6.3.6. Computation of the remote location electric field 169 6.3.7. Application 170 6.4. Conclusion 183 Bibliography 185 List of Authors 195 Index 197

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive introduction to the physics of the photovoltaic cell. It is suitable for undergraduates, graduate students, and researchers new to the field. It covers: basic physics of semiconductors in photovoltaic devices; physical models of solar cell operation; characteristics and design of common types of solar cell; and approaches to increasing solar cell efficiency. The text explains the terms and concepts of solar cell device physics and shows the reader how to formulate and solve relevant physical problems. Exercises and worked solutions are included.Trade Review"This book is clear and concise, gives adequate references and exercises, it summarizes the symbols and displays clear, legible, and informative illustrations. Nelson's obvious experience in lecturing on solar cells has made this book a most useful and recommendable reading." Hans J Queisser Max-Planck-Institute of Solid-State Research Stuttgart, Germany "Photovoltaics will play an increasingly important role in a future low-carbon energy economy. Jenny Nelson has provided a splendidly clear, concise and readable account of the basic semiconductor physics of the solar cell, complete with student exercises and solutions. In the two fascinating final chapters, she takes her readers 'beyond the limit' of performance of the present-day crystalline silicon cell, describing advanced design concepts that could provide greatly improved efficiency. Warmly recommended to all who want to know how this beautiful technology really works." Mary Archer Cambridge University "This handy little book offers a pretty comprehensive introduction to the basic physics of the PV cell." Photovoltaic Bulletin "This book is more encyclopedic, with clear figures and broad scope. It does a good job of clarifying the fundamental issues and is a less advanced text. It is, therefore, probably more approachable and more useful to the general reader." Physics TodayTable of ContentsPhotons In, Electrons Out: Basic Principles of PV; Electrons and Holes in Semiconductors; Generation and Recombination; Junctions; Analysis of the p-n Junction; Monocrystalline Solar Cells; Thin Film Solar Cells; Managing Light; Over the Limit: Strategies for Higher Efficiency.

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Book SynopsisKompakt und verständlich führt dieses Lehrbuch in die Grundlagen der theoretischen Physik ein. Dabei werden die üblichen Themen der Grundvorlesungen Mechanik, Elektrodynamik, Relativitätstheorie, Quantenmechanik , Thermodynamik und Statistik in einem Band zusammengefasst, um den Zusammenhang zwischen den einzelnen Teilgebieten besonders zu betonen. Ein Kapitel mit mathematischen Grundlagen der Physik erleichtert den Einstieg. Zahlreiche Übungsaufgaben dienen der Vertiefung des Stoffes.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis undergraduate textbook aids readers in studying music and color, which involve nearly the entire gamut of the fundamental laws of classical as well as atomic physics. The objective bases for these two subjects are, respectively, sound and light. Their corresponding underlying physical principles overlap greatly: Both music and color are manifestations of wave phenomena. As a result, commonalities exist as to the production, transmission, and detection of sound and light. Whereas traditional introductory physics textbooks are styled so that the basic principles are introduced first and are then applied, this book is based on a motivational approach: It introduces a subject with a set of related phenomena, challenging readers by calling for a physical basis for what is observed. A novel topic in the first edition and this second edition is a non-mathematical study of electric and magnetic fields and how they provide the basis for the propagation of electromagnetic waves, of light in particular. The book provides details for the calculation of color coordinates and luminosity from the spectral intensity of a beam of light as well as the relationship between these coordinates and the color coordinates of a color monitor. The second edition contains corrections to the first edition, the addition of more than ten new topics, new color figures, as well as more than forty new sample problems and end-of-chapter problems. The most notable additional topics are: the identification of two distinct spectral intensities and how they are related, beats in the sound from a Tibetan bell, AM and FM radio, the spectrogram, the short-time Fourier transform and its relation to the perception of a changing pitch, a detailed analysis of the transmittance of polarized light by a Polaroid sheet, brightness and luminosity, and the mysterious behavior of the photon.The Physics of Music and Color is written at a level suitable for college students without any scientific background, requiring only simple algebra and a passing familiarity with trigonometry. The numerous problems at the end of each chapter help the reader to fully grasp the subject.Table of ContentsChapter1: Introductory Remarks.- Chapter2: The Vibrating String.- Chapter3: The Nature of Sound; The Vibrating Air Column.- Chapter4: Energy.- Chapter5: Electricity & Magnetism.- Chapter6: The Atom as a Source of Light.- Chapter7: The Principle of Superposition.- Chapter 8: Complex Waves.- Chapter9: Propagation Phenomena.- Chapter10: The Ear.- Chapter11: Psychoacoustics.- Chapter12: Tuning, Intonation, and Temperament - Choosing Frequencies for Musical Notes.- Chapter13: The Eye.- Chapter14: Characterizing Light Sources, Color Filters, and Pigments.-Chapter15: Theory of Color Vision.- Appendices.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a collection of problems in spin wave excitations with their detailed solutions. Each chapter briefly introduces the important concepts, encouraging the reader to further explore the physics of spin wave excitations and the engineering of spin wave devices by working through the accompanying problem sets. The initial chapters cover the fundamental aspects of magnetization, with its origins in quantum mechanics, followed by chapters on spin wave excitations, such as the magnetostatic approximation, Walker's equation, the spin wave manifold in the three different excitation geometries of forward volume, backward volume and surface waves, and the dispersion of spin waves. The latter chapters focus on the practical aspects of spin waves and spin wave optical devices and use the problem sets to introduce concepts such as variational analysis and coupled mode theory. Finally, for the more advanced reader, the book covers nonlinear interactions and topics such as spin wave quantization, spin torque excitations, and the inverse Doppler effect. The topics range in difficulty from elementary to advanced. All problems are solved in detail and the reader is encouraged to develop an understanding of spin wave excitations and spin wave devices while also strengthening their mathematical, analytical, and numerical programming skills.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Magnetism.- Quantum Theory of Spin Waves.- Magnetic Susceptibilities.- Electromagnetic Waves in Anisotropic Dispersive Media.- Magnetostatic Modes.- Propagation Characteristics and Excitation of Dipolar Spin Waves.- Variational Formulation of Magnetostatic Modes.- Optical Spin-Wave Interactions.- Nonlinear Interactions.- Novel Applications.

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Book SynopsisThis book is based on a series of lectures for an Astrophysics of the Interstellar Medium (ISM) master’s degree in Astrophysics and Cosmology at Padova University. From the cold molecular phase in which stars and planetary systems form, to the very hot coronal gas that surrounds galaxies and galaxy clusters, the ISM is everywhere. Studying its properties is vital for the exploration of virtually any field in astronomy and cosmology. These notes give the student a coherent and accurate mathematical and physical approach, with continuous references to the real ISM in galaxies. The book is divided into three parts. Part One introduces the equations of fluid dynamics for a system at rest and acoustic waves, and then explores the real ISM through the role of thermal conduction and viscosity, concluding with a discussion of shock waves and turbulence. In Part Two, the electromagnetic field is switched on and its role in modulating shock waves and contrasting gravity is studied. Part Three describes dust and its properties, followed by the main stellar sources of energy. The last two chapters respectively address the various components of the ISM and molecular clouds and star formation.Table of ContentsFundamental equations for ideal fluids.- Acoustic waves.- Real fluids.- The interstellar medium.- Shock waves.- Turbulence.- Electrodynamics and magnetohydrodynamics.- Motion of a plasma in a magnetic field.- Magnetohydrodynamic waves.- Dust from the interstellar medium.- HII regions.- Stellar Winds.- Supernovae remnants.- The interstellar medium and its components.- Molecular Clouds.- Star formation.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a simple and well-structured course followed by an innovative collection of exercises and solutions that will enrich a wide range of courses as part of the undergraduate physics curriculum. It will also be useful for first-year graduate students who are preparing for their qualifying exams. The book is divided into four main themes at the boundary of classical and modern physics: atomic physics, matter-radiation interaction, blackbody radiation, and thermodynamics. Each chapter starts with a thorough and well-illustrated review of the core material, followed by plenty of original exercises that progress in difficulty, replete with clear, step-by-step solutions. This book will be invaluable for undergraduate course instructors who are looking for a source of original exercises to enhance their classes, while students that want to hone their skills will encounter challenging and stimulating problems.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Atoms.- Chapter 2. Matter-Radiation Interaction.- Chapter 3. Black Body Radiation.- Chapter 4. Thermodynamics.- References.- Appendix A. Michelson and Morley's experiment.- Appendix B. Useful mathematical reminders in physics.- Index.

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Book SynopsisElectricity and Magnetism (E&M) underlies many lifesaving medical devices, such as magnetic resonance imaging scanners, neural stimulators, and heart pacemakers. But E&M also attracts its share of bogus health claims, such as biomagnetic therapy. How do you separate the good from the bad? Sometimes it’s not easy: experiments are prone to artifacts, theories are limited by assumptions, and clinical trials can result in ambiguities. In this book, the author separates the wheat from the chaff, showing which applications of E&M are bogus and which are not. This book takes the reader on a tour through a range of fascinating phenomena, from effects that are constant in time at one extreme, such as transcranial direct current stimulation of the brain, to the millimeter-wave whole-body scanners which are familiar to frequent flyers at the other. Along the way, the author looks in depth at the dispute about power line magnetic fields and leukemia, a case study in what can go wrong when dubious claims inflame unjustified fears. The debate about cell phones and brain cancer still rages today, particularly for the microwave frequencies encountered with new 5G technology. Recently, the so-called Havana Syndrome has been attributed to microwave weapons, but the underlying biophysics of such weapons is unclear. For all these encounters with electricity and magnetism, the author, an eminent biophysicist, uses science and evidence to sort out fact from fantasy. This book is aimed at general readers who want to make sense of the mysterious and often controversial ways in which E&M interacts with the human body. It is also ideal for students and professionals in bioscience and health-related fields who want to learn more without getting overwhelmed by theory.Trade Review“This book is an essential reference that would be a great addition to every skeptic’s bookshelf. It summarizes the evidence about the health effects of electromagnetism and provides ammunition for debunking pseudoscientific rumors. It’s short, inexpensive, well-written, and full of interesting facts. I was particularly intrigued to learn that an electric eel has its own Twitter account.” (Harriet Hall, Science-Based Medicine, sciencebasedmedicine.org, June 14, 2022)Table of ContentsChapter 1: Can Magnets Cure All Your Ills?Chapter 2: Can a 9-Volt Battery Make You Smarter? Chapter 3: Do Power Lines Cause Cancer? Chapter 4: Can Electrical Stimulation Eliminate Pain? Chapter 5: Is Your Cell Phone Killing You? Chapter 6: Did Cubans Attack an American Embassy with Microwaves? Chapter 7: Are Whole Body Scanners at Airports Dangerous?

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Book SynopsisThis book leads students to learn electromagnetism and then moves to chapters about electric circuits. It aims to give an understanding of electromagnetism which gives a fast way to master the features of circuit elements such as resistors, capacitors, and coils that compose electric circuits. The author provides chapters on electromagnetism and electric circuits separately and gives a chapter explaining the correlation between them in detail.In the chapters for electric circuit, DC electric circuits, transient and steady response of AC electric circuits are treated. AC circuit theory is introduced for describing the phenomena in circuits. Theoretical treatments such as branch current method, closed current method, and node potential method are also introduced to show the validity of solution methods that have been used in the book. The book can serve as a compact textbook for lectures, as an introduction for hardware system and electric control systems, and mechanical systems. Chapters for electromagnetism or ones for electric circuits are suitable for a lecture over a semester.Table of ContentsElectric Phenomena in Vacuum.- Conductors and Dielectric Materials.- Steady Current.- Current and Magnetic Phenomena.- Superconductors and Magnetic Materials.- Time-Dependent Electromagnetic Phenomena.- Direct Current Circuit.- Transient and Steady Responses of Electrical Circuit.- Alternating Current Circuit.- Transformer Circuit.- Theorems for Electric Circuit.

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Book SynopsisThis book covers a great variety of problems on electricity and magnetism described in the textbook, Electricity and Magnetism, in which superconductors are classified as one kind of magnetic materials.

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Book SynopsisOne of the fascinating aspects of the field of ferroelectric ceramics is its interdisciplinary nature. This aspect is also a source of difficulty for the people working in the field. In a successful team of ferroelectricians the physics theoretician must understand the sintering technologist, the electrical engineer has to communicate with the crystallographer, the organic chemist will interact with the microelectronics engineer, the electron microscopist should collaborate with the systems engineer. It was the purpose of the summer school on ferroelectric ceramics that took place at the Centro Stefano Franscini (ETHZ), Monte VeritA, Ascona, Switzerland, in September 1991 to help to build bridges between people from the different disciplines and to draw for them, in the form of tutorial lectures, some of the different facets of ferroelectrics. The book is a written version of this summer school. It contains the following subjects: ferroelectric materials, physics of ferroelectrics, thin films, processing of ferroelectrics and their applications. It represents a cross section of topics of current interest. Materials are presented (L. E. Cross) from the point of view of the user, i. e. the tailoring of materials for specific applications. Two reviews address the important topic of ferroelectric domains and domain walls (I. Fousek and H. Schmid). In the part devoted to theory, three subjects of current interest are presented: phase transition in thin films (D. R. Tilley), weak ferroelectrics (A. K. Tagantsev) and dielectric losses (A. K. Tagantsev).Table of ContentsFerroelectric Ceramics: Tailoring Properties for Specific Applications.- Ferroelectric Domains: Some Recent Advances.- Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM) of Ferroelectric and Ferroelastic Domains in Transmitted and Reflected Light.- Phonon Mechanisms of Intrinsic Dielectric Loss in Crystals.- Weak Ferroelectrics.- Phase Transitions in Thin Films.- Ferroelectric Thin Films and Thin Film Devices.- Ferroelectric Thin Film Processing.- Multilayer Ceramic Processing.- Processing of Dielectric Titanates: Aspects of Degradation and Reliability.- Ferroelectric Devices.- Multilayer Piezo-Ceramic Actuators and their Applications.- Ferroelectric Sensors and Actuators: Smart Ceramics.

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Book SynopsisMagneto-optics describes in general any interaction between electromagnetic radiation and a material which is magnetized. The book gives a concise but comprehensive introduction to theory, calculus, and typical experimental set-up used in magneto-optics. It includes a variety of practice problems with detailed solutions. The focus lies on the spectral range between near-infrared and near ultraviolet light because it is easily accessible in experiment using standard quartz optics.

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