Electrical engineering Books

Book SynopsisThis book covers instantaneous power theory as well as the importance of design of shunt, series, and combined shunt-series power active filters and hybrid passive-active power filters Illustrates pioneering applications of the p-q theory to power conditioning, which highlights distinct differences from conventional theories Explores p-q-r theory to give a new method of analyzing the different powers in a three-phase circuit Provides exercises at the end of many chapters that are unique to the second edition Table of ContentsPREFACE xiii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Concepts and Evolution of Electric Power Theory 1 1.2 Applications of the P-q Theory to Power Electronics Equipment 4 1.3 Harmonic Voltages in Power Systems 5 1.4 Identified and Unidentified Harmonic-Producing Loads 6 1.5 Harmonic Current and Voltage Sources 8 1.6 Basic Principles of Harmonic Compensation 9 1.7 Basic Principle of Power Flow Control 13 References 15 CHAPTER 2 ELECTRIC POWER DEFINITIONS: BACKGROUND 17 2.1 Power Definitions Under Sinusoidal Conditions 18 2.2 Voltage and Current Phasors and Complex Impedance 20 2.3 Complex Power and Power Factor 21 2.4 Concepts of Power Under Nonsinusoidal Conditions: Conventional Approaches 22 2.4.1 Power Definitions by Budeanu 22 2.4.1.A Power Tetrahedron and Distortion Factor 25 2.4.2 Power Definitions by Fryze 27 2.5 Electric Power in Three-Phase Systems 28 2.5.1 Classifications of Three-Phase Systems 28 2.5.2 Power in Balanced Three-Phase Systems 31 2.5.3 Power in Three-Phase Unbalanced Systems 33 2.6 Summary 34 2.7 Exercises 34 References 35 CHAPTER 3 THE INSTANTANEOUS POWER THEORY 37 3.1 Basis of the p-q Theory 37 3.1.1 Historical Background of the p-q Theory 38 3.1.2 The Clarke Transformation 39 3.1.2.A Calculation of Voltage and Current Vectors When Zero-Sequence Components Are Excluded 41 3.1.3 Three-Phase Instantaneous Active Power in Terms of Clarke Components 43 3.1.4 The Instantaneous Powers of the p-q Theory 44 3.2 The p-q Theory in Three-Phase, Three-Wire Systems 44 3.2.1 Comparisons with the Conventional Theory 48 3.2.1.A Example #1—Sinusoidal Voltages and Currents 49 3.2.1.B Example #2—Balanced Voltages and Capacitive Loads 49 3.2.1.C Example #3—Sinusoidal Balanced Voltage and Nonlinear Load 50 3.2.2 Use of the p-q Theory for Shunt Current Compensation 54 3.2.2.A Examples of Appearance of Hidden Currents 59 3.2.3 The Dual p-q Theory 63 3.3 The p-q Theory in Three-Phase, Four-Wire Systems 65 3.3.1 The Zero-Sequence Power in a Three-Phase Sinusoidal Voltage Source 67 3.3.2 Presence of Negative-Sequence Components 68 3.3.3 General Case Including Distortions and Imbalances in the Voltages and in the Currents 69 3.3.4 Physical Meanings of the Instantaneous Real, Imaginary, and Zero-Sequence Powers 74 3.3.5 Avoiding the Clarke Transformation in the p-q Theory 75 3.3.6 Modified p-q Theory 77 3.4 Instantaneous abc Theory 81 3.4.1 Active and Nonactive Current Calculation by Means of a Minimization Method 83 3.4.2 Generalized Fryze Currents Minimization Method 88 3.5 Comparisons Between the p-q Theory and the abc Theory 91 3.5.1 Selection of Power Components to be Compensated 95 3.6 The p-q-r Theory 97 3.7 Summary 104 3.8 Exercises 105 References 106 CHAPTER 4 SHUNT ACTIVE FILTERS 111 4.1 General Description of Shunt Active Filters 113 4.1.1 PWM Converters for Shunt Active Filters 114 4.1.2 Active Filter Controllers 115 4.2 Three-Phase, Three-Wire Shunt Active Filters 118 4.2.1 Active Filters for Constant Power Compensation 119 4.2.2 Active Filters for Sinusoidal Current Control 135 4.2.2.A Positive-Sequence Voltage Detector 138 4.2.2.B Simulation Results 145 4.2.3 Active Filters for Current Minimization 145 4.2.4 Active Filters for Harmonic Damping 149 4.2.4.A Shunt Active Filter Based on Voltage Detection 151 4.2.4.B Active Filter Controller Based on Voltage Detection 152 4.2.4.C An Application Case of an Active Filter for Harmonic Damping 156 4.2.5 A Digital Controller 171 4.2.5.A System Configuration of the Digital Controller 172 4.2.5.B Current Control Methods 177 4.3 Three-Phase, Four-Wire Shunt Active Filters 180 4.3.1 Converter Topologies for Three-Phase, Four-Wire Systems 181 4.3.2 Dynamic Hysteresis-Band Current Controller 182 4.3.3 Active Filter dc Voltage Regulator 184 4.3.4 Optimal Power Flow Conditions 185 4.3.5 Constant Instantaneous Power Control Strategy 187 4.3.6 Sinusoidal Current Control Strategy 189 4.3.7 Performance Analysis and Parameter Optimization 192 4.3.7.A Influence of the System Parameters 192 4.3.7.B Dynamic Response of the Shunt Active Filter 193 4.3.7.C Economical Aspects 198 4.3.7.D Experimental Results 199 4.4 Compensation Methods Based on the p-q-r Theory 204 4.4.1 Reference Power Control Method 206 4.4.2 Reference Current Control Method 211 4.4.3 Alternative Control Method 213 4.4.4 The Simplified Sinusoidal Source Current Strategy 215 4.4.4.A The PLL Circuit and the Positive-Sequence Detector 215 4.4.4.B The Sinusoidal Source Current Control Strategy with Energy Balance Inside the Active Filter 217 4.5 Comparisons Between Control Methods Based on the p-q Theory and the p-q-r Theory 218 4.6 Shunt Selective Harmonic Compensation 224 4.7 Summary 231 4.8 Exercises 231 References 233 CHAPTER 5 HYBRID AND SERIES ACTIVE FILTERS 237 5.1 Basic Series Active Filter 237 5.2 Combined Series Active Filter and Shunt Passive Filter 239 5.2.1 Example of an Experimental System 242 5.2.1.A Compensation Principle 243 5.2.1.B Filtering Characteristics 245 5.2.1.C Control Circuit 246 5.2.1.D Filter to Suppress Switching Ripples 248 5.2.1.E Experimental Results 249 5.2.2 Some Remarks about the Hybrid Filters 252 5.3 Series Active Filter Integrated with a Double-Series Diode Rectifier 253 5.3.1 The First-Generation Control Circuit 255 5.3.1.A Circuit Configuration and Delay Time 255 5.3.1.B Stability of the Active Filter 257 5.3.2 The Second-Generation Control Circuit 258 5.3.3 Stability Analysis and Characteristics Comparison 260 5.3.3.A Transfer Function of the Control Circuits 260 5.3.3.B Characteristics Comparisons 261 5.3.4 Design of a Switching-Ripple Filter 263 5.3.4.A Design Principle 263 5.3.4.B Effect on the System Stability 263 5.3.4.C Experimental Testing 264 5.3.5 Experimental Results 266 5.4 Comparisons Between Hybrid and Pure Active Filters 268 5.4.1 Low-Voltage Transformerless Hybrid Active Filter 268 5.4.2 Low-Voltage, Transformerless, Pure Shunt Active Filter 271 5.4.3 Comparisons through Simulation Results 273 5.5 Hybrid Active Filters for Medium-Voltage Motor Drives 274 5.5.1 Hybrid Active Filter for a Three-Phase Six-Pulse Diode Rectifier 275 5.5.1.A System Configuration 275 5.5.1.B Experimental System 277 5.5.1.C Control System 277 5.5.1.D Common Sixth-Harmonic Zero-Sequence Voltage Injection 281 5.5.1.E Three-Phase Second-Harmonic Negative Sequence Voltages Injection 283 5.5.1.F Experimental Results 286 5.5.1.G Appendix 292 5.5.2 Hybrid Active Filter for a Three-Phase 12-Pulse Diode Rectifier 292 5.5.2.A Medium-Voltage High-Power Motor Drive Systems 293 5.5.2.B Experimental System 295 5.5.2.C Control System 298 5.5.2.D Three-Phase Second-Harmonic Negative Sequence Voltages Injection 300 5.5.2.E Experimental Results 303 5.5.2.F Overall System Efficiency 308 5.6 Summary 308 5.7 Exercises 309 References 310 CHAPTER 6 COMBINED SERIES AND SHUNT POWER CONDITIONERS 313 6.1 The Unified Power Flow Controller 314 6.1.1 FACTS and UPFC Principles 315 6.1.1.A Voltage Regulation Principle 317 6.1.1.B Power Flow Control Principle 318 6.1.2 A Controller Design for the UPFC 321 6.1.3 UPFC Approach Using a Shunt Multipulse Converter 328 6.1.3.A Six-Pulse Converter 328 6.1.3.B Quasi 24-Pulse Converter 332 6.1.3.C Control of Active and Reactive Power in Multipulse Converters 334 6.1.3.D Shunt Multipulse Converter Controller 336 6.2 The Unified Power Quality Conditioner 339 6.2.1 General Description of the UPQC 340 6.2.2 A Three-Phase, Four-Wire UPQC 342 6.2.2.A Power Circuit of the UPQC 343 6.2.2.B The UPQC Controller 344 6.2.2.C Analysis of the UPQC Dynamic 353 6.2.3 The UPQC Combined with Passive Filters (the Hybrid UPQC) 370 6.2.3.A Controller of the Hybrid UPQC 374 6.2.3.B Experimental Results 380 6.3 The Universal Active Power Line Conditioner 386 6.3.1 General Description of the UPLC 386 6.3.2 The Controller of the UPLC 389 6.3.2.A Controller for Configuration #2 of the UPLC 396 6.3.3 Performance of the UPLC 397 6.3.3.A Normalized System Parameters 397 6.3.3.B Simulation Results of Configuration #1 of the UPLC 401 6.3.3.C Simulation Results of Configuration #2 of the UPLC 409 6.3.4 General Aspects 411 6.4 Combined Shunt-Series Filters for AC and DC Sides of Three-Phase Rectifiers 411 6.4.1 The Combined Shunt-Series Filter 414 6.4.2 Instantaneous Real and Imaginary Powers in the ac Source 415 6.4.3 The Instantaneous Power in the dc Side of the Rectifier 416 6.4.4 Comparison of Instantaneous Powers on the ac and dc Sides of the Rectifier 418 6.4.5 Control Algorithm of the Active Shunt-Series Filter 418 6.4.6 The Common dc Link 421 6.4.7 Digital Simulation 424 6.4.8 Experimental Results 426 6.5 Summary 427 6.6 Exercises 428 References 429 INDEX 431

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Book SynopsisSince publication of the first edition ofFuel Cell Systems Explained, three compelling drivers have supported the continuing development of fuel cell technology. These are: the need to maintain energy security in an energy-hungry world, the desire to move towards zero-emission vehicles and power plants, and the mitigation of climate change by lowering of CO2 emissions. New fuel cell materials, enhanced stack performance and increased lifetimes are leading to the emergence of the first truly commercial systems in applications that range from fork-lift trucks to power sources for mobile phone towers. Leading vehicle manufacturers have embraced the use of electric drive-trains and now see hydrogen fuel cells complementing advanced battery technology in zero-emission vehicles. After many decades of laboratory development, a global but fragile fuel cell industry is bringing the first commercial products to market. This thoroughly revised edition includes several new sections devoted to, for example, fuel cell characterisation, improved materials for low-temperature hydrogen and liquid-fuelled systems, and real-world technology implementation. Assuming no prior knowledge of fuel cell technology, the third edition comprehensively brings together all of the key topics encompassed in this diverse field. Practitioners, researchers and students in electrical, power, chemical and automotive engineering will continue to benefit from this essential guide to the principles, design and implementation of fuel cell systems.Trade ReviewEver since its initial publication, Fuel Cell Systems Explained has been one of the most approachable books on the subject. Well-written and concise, the third edition maintains that tradition. The scientific and technical sections are clear and logical, and lead the reader carefully through the complexities of fuel cell materials and operating conditions, from basic principles to specific fuel cell types. This is all prefaced by a history of the sector. While this latter may seem tangential to those seeking electrochemical equations, in fact it is both interesting and useful, for example in helping me understand some of the technology development decisions that have been made over the years. It is also interesting to discover that one of the very first applications was of a fuel cell developed by Bacon and trialled in a forklift, perhaps not coincidentally one of the most successful sectors today, and that fuel cells were viewed as superior to batteries as far back as the Gemini space missions; a technology supremacy discussion which is just as live today. - David Hart, Director, E4tech and lead author of the annual Fuel Cell Industry Review The Third Edition of Fuel Cell Systems Explained is an updated version of a book that has always been essential reading for everyone entering into the fuel cell sector, be they student or industrial practitioner. This edition introduces the basic principles of thermodynamics and electrochemical kinetics pertinent to the understanding of fuel cell operation, and determining fuel cell efficiency and voltage losses. But the heart of the book are the six chapters detailing each of the principal fuel cell technologies; proton-exchange membrane fuel cells; alkaline fuel cells; direct liquid fuel cells; phosphoric acid fuel cells; molten carbonate fuel cells and solid oxide fuel cells. There are also useful chapters covering different fuels and fuel processing options, hydrogen storage and a short discussion of balance-of-plant. I am delighted to say that it is a book that I will continue to recommend highly as a first read to all those who join my own research group to work on this exciting technology. - Professor Nigel Brandon OBE FREng, Imperial College London, UKTable of ContentsBrief Biographies xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii Acronyms and Initialisms xix Symbols and Units xxv 1 Introducing Fuel Cells 1 1.1 Historical Perspective 1 1.2 Fuel-Cell Basics 7 1.3 Electrode Reaction Rates 9 1.4 Stack Design 11 1.5 Gas Supply and Cooling 14 1.6 Principal Technologies 17 1.7 Mechanically Rechargeable Batteries and Other Fuel Cells 19 1.7.1 Metal–Air Cells 20 1.7.2 Redox Flow Cells 20 1.7.3 Biological Fuel Cells 23 1.8 Balance-of-Plant Components 23 1.9 Fuel-Cell Systems: Key Parameters 24 1.10 Advantages and Applications 25 Further Reading 26 2 Efficiency and Open-Circuit Voltage 27 2.1 Open-Circuit Voltage: Hydrogen Fuel Cell 27 2.2 Open-Circuit Voltage: Other Fuel Cells and Batteries 31 2.3 Efficiency and Its Limits 32 2.4 Efficiency and Voltage 35 2.5 Influence of Pressure and Gas Concentration 36 2.5.1 Nernst Equation 36 2.5.2 Hydrogen Partial Pressure 38 2.5.3 Fuel and Oxidant Utilization 39 2.5.4 System Pressure 39 2.6 Summary 40 Further Reading 41 3 Operational Fuel-Cell Voltages 43 3.1 Fundamental Voltage: Current Behaviour 43 3.2 Terminology 44 3.3 Fuel-Cell Irreversibilities 46 3.4 ActivationLosses 46 3.4.1 The Tafel Equation 46 3.4.2 The Constants in the Tafel Equation 48 3.4.3 Reducing the Activation Overpotential 51 3.5 InternalCurrents and Fuel Crossover 52 3.6 Ohmic Losses 54 3.7 Mass-Transport Losses 55 3.8 Combining the Irreversibilities 57 3.9 The Electrical Double-Layer 58 3.10 Techniques for Distinguishing Irreversibilities 60 3.10.1 Cyclic Voltammetry 60 3.10.2 AC Impedance Spectroscopy 61 3.10.3 Current Interruption 65 Further Reading 68 4 Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 69 4.1 Overview 69 4.2 Polymer Electrolyte: Principles of Operation 72 4.2.1 Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid Membrane 72 4.2.2 Modified Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid Membranes 76 4.2.3 Alternative Sulfonated and Non-Sulfonated Membranes 77 4.2.4 Acid–Base Complexes and Ionic Liquids 79 4.2.5 High-Temperature Proton Conductors 80 4.3 Electrodes and Electrode Structure 81 4.3.1 Catalyst Layers: Platinum-Based Catalysts 82 4.3.2 Catalyst Layers: Alternative Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction 85 4.3.2.1 Macrocyclics 86 4.3.2.2 Chalcogenides 87 4.3.2.3 Conductive Polymers 87 4.3.2.4 Nitrides 87 4.3.2.5 Functionalized Carbons 87 4.3.2.6 Heteropolyacids 88 4.3.3 Catalyst Layer: Negative Electrode 88 4.3.4 Catalyst Durability 88 4.3.5 Gas-Diffusion Layer 89 4.4 Water Management 92 4.4.1 Hydration and Water Movement 92 4.4.2 Air Flow and Water Evaporation 94 4.4.3 Air Humidity 96 4.4.4 Self-Humidified Cells 98 4.4.5 External Humidification: Principles 100 4.4.6 External Humidification: Methods 102 4.5 Cooling and Air Supply 104 4.5.1 Cooling with Cathode Air Supply 104 4.5.2 Separate Reactant and Cooling Air 104 4.5.3 Water Cooling 105 4.6 Stack Construction Methods 107 4.6.1 Introduction 107 4.6.2 Carbon Bipolar Plates 107 4.6.3 Metal Bipolar Plates 109 4.6.4 Flow-Field Patterns 110 4.6.5 Other Topologies 112 4.6.6 Mixed Reactant Cells 114 4.7 Operating Pressure 115 4.7.1 Technical Issues 115 4.7.2 Benefits of High Operating Pressures 117 4.7.2.1 Current 117 4.7.3 Other Factors 120 4.8 Fuel Types 120 4.8.1 Reformed Hydrocarbons 120 4.8.2 Alcohols and Other Liquid Fuels 121 4.9 Practical and Commercial Systems 122 4.9.1 Small-Scale Systems 122 4.9.2 Medium-Scale for Stationary Applications 123 4.9.3 Transport System Applications 125 4.10 System Design, Stack Lifetime and Related Issues 129 4.10.1 Membrane Degradation 129 4.10.2 Catalyst Degradation 129 4.10.3 System Control 129 4.11 Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cells 130 Further Reading 132 5 Alkaline Fuel Cells 135 5.1 Principles of Operation 135 5.2 System Designs 137 5.2.1 Circulating Electrolyte Solution 137 5.2.2 Static Electrolyte Solution 140 5.2.3 Dissolved Fuel 142 5.2.4 Anion-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 144 5.3 Electrodes 147 5.3.1 Sintered Nickel Powder 147 5.3.2 Raney Metals 147 5.3.3 Rolled Carbon 148 5.3.4 Catalysts 150 5.4 Stack Designs 151 5.4.1 Monopolar and Bipolar 151 5.4.2 Other Stack Designs 152 5.5 Operating Pressure and Temperature 152 5.6 Opportunities and Challenges 155 Further Reading 156 6 Direct Liquid Fuel Cells 157 6.1 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells 157 6.1.1 Principles of Operation 160 6.1.2 Electrode Reactions with a Proton-Exchange Membrane Electrolyte 160 6.1.3 Electrode Reactions with an Alkaline Electrolyte 162 6.1.4 Anode Catalysts 162 6.1.5 Cathode Catalysts 163 6.1.6 System Designs 164 6.1.7 Fuel Crossover 165 6.1.8 Mitigating Fuel Crossover: Standard Techniques 166 6.1.9 Mitigating Fuel Crossover: Prospective Techniques 167 6.1.10 Methanol Production 168 6.1.11 Methanol Safety and Storage 168 6.2 Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells 169 6.2.1 Principles of Operation 170 6.2.2 Ethanol Oxidation, Catalyst and Reaction Mechanism 170 6.2.3 Low-Temperature Operation: Performance and Challenges 172 6.2.4 High-Temperature Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells 173 6.3 Direct Propanol Fuel Cells 173 6.4 Direct Ethylene Glycol Fuel Cells 174 6.4.1 Principles of Operation 174 6.4.2 Ethylene Glycol: Anodic Oxidation 175 6.4.3 Cell Performance 176 6.5 Formic Acid Fuel Cells 176 6.5.1 Formic Acid: Anodic Oxidation 177 6.5.2 Cell Performance 177 6.6 Borohydride Fuel Cells 178 6.6.1 Anode Catalysts 180 6.6.2 Challenges 180 6.7 Application of Direct Liquid Fuel Cells 182 Further Reading 184 7 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells 187 7.1 High- Temperature Fuel-Cell Systems 187 7.2 System Design 188 7.2.1 Fuel Processing 188 7.2.2 Fuel Utilization 189 7.2.3 Heat-Exchangers 192 7.2.3.1 Designs 193 7.2.3.2 Exergy Analysis 193 7.2.3.3 Pinch Analysis 194 7.3 Principles of Operation 196 7.3.1 Electrolyte 196 7.3.2 Electrodes and Catalysts 198 7.3.3 Stack Construction 199 7.3.4 Stack Cooling and Manifolding 200 7.4 Performance 201 7.4.1 Operating Pressure 202 7.4.2 Operating Temperature 202 7.4.3 Effects of Fuel and Oxidant Composition 203 7.4.4 Effects of Carbon Monoxide and Sulfur 204 7.5 Technological Developments 204 Further Reading 206 8 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells 207 8.1 Principles of Operation 207 8.2 Cell Components 210 8.2.1 Electrolyte 211 8.2.2 Anode 213 8.2.3 Cathode 214 8.2.4 Non-Porous Components 215 8.3 Stack Configuration and Sealing 215 8.3.1 Manifolding 216 8.3.2 Internal and External Reforming 218 8.4 Performance 220 8.4.1 Influence of Pressure 220 8.4.2 Influence of Temperature 222 8.5 Practical Systems 223 8.5.1 Fuel Cell Energy (USA) 223 8.5.2 Fuel Cell Energy Solutions (Europe) 225 8.5.3 Facilities in Japan 228 8.5.4 Facilities in South Korea 228 8.6 Future Research and Development 229 8.7 Hydrogen Production and Carbon Dioxide Separation 230 8.8 Direct Carbon Fuel Cell 231 Further Reading 234 9 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 235 9.1 Principles of Operation 235 9.1.1 High-Temperature (HT) Cells 235 9.1.2 Low-Temperature (IT) Cells 237 9.2 Components 238 9.2.1 Zirconia Electrolyte for HT-Cells 238 9.2.2 Electrolytes for IT-Cells 240 9.2.2.1 Ceria 240 9.2.2.2 Perovskites 241 9.2.2.3 Other Materials 243 9.2.3 Anodes 243 9.2.3.1 Nickel-YSZ 243 9.2.3.2 Cathode 245 9.2.3.3 Mixed Ionic–Electronic Conductor Anode 246 9.2.4 Cathode 247 9.2.5 Interconnect Material 247 9.2.6 Sealing Materials 248 9.3 Practical Design and Stacking Arrangements 249 9.3.1 Tubular Design 249 9.3.2 Planar Design 251 9.4 Performance 253 9.5 Developmental and Commercial Systems 254 9.5.1 Tubular SOFCs 255 9.5.2 Planar SOFCs 256 9.6 Combined-Cycle and Other Systems 258 Further Reading 260 10 Fuels for Fuel Cells 263 10.1 Introduction 263 10.2 Fossil Fuels 266 10.2.1 Petroleum 266 10.2.2 Petroleum from Tar Sands, Oil Shales and Gas Hydrates 268 10.2.3 Coal and Coal Gases 268 10.2.4 Natural Gas and Coal-Bed Methane (Coal-Seam Gas) 270 10.3 Biofuels 272 10.4 Basics of Fuel Processing 275 10.4.1 Fuel-Cell Requirements 275 10.4.2 Desulfurization 275 10.4.3 Steam Reforming 277 10.4.4 Carbon Formation and Pre-Reforming 280 10.4.5 Internal Reforming 281 10.4.5.1 Indirect Internal Reforming (IIR) 283 10.4.5.2 Direct Internal Reforming (DIR) 283 10.4.6 Direct Hydrocarbon Oxidation 284 10.4.7 Partial Oxidation and Autothermal Reforming 285 10.4.8 Solar–Thermal Reforming 286 10.4.9 Sorbent-Enhanced Reforming 287 10.4.10 Hydrogen Generation by Pyrolysis or Thermal Cracking of Hydrocarbons 289 10.4.11 Further Fuel Processing: Removal of Carbon Monoxide 290 10.5 Membrane Developments for Gas Separation 293 10.5.1 Non-Porous Metal Membranes 293 10.5.2 Non-Porous Ceramic Membranes 294 10.5.3 Porous Membranes 294 10.5.4 Oxygen Separation 295 10.6 Practical Fuel Processing: Stationary Applications 295 10.6.1 Industrial Steam Reforming 295 10.6.2 Fuel-Cell Plants Operating with Steam Reforming of Natural Gas 296 10.6.3 Reformer and Partial Oxidation Designs 298 10.6.3.1 Conventional Packed-Bed Catalytic Reactors 298 10.6.3.2 Compact Reformers 299 10.6.3.3 Plate Reformers and Microchannel Reformers 300 10.6.3.4 Membrane Reactors 301 10.6.3.5 Non-Catalytic Partial Oxidation Reactors 302 10.6.3.6 Catalytic Partial Oxidation Reactors 303 10.7 Practical Fuel Processing: Mobile Applications 304 10.8 Electrolysers 305 10.8.1 Operation of Electrolysers 305 10.8.2 Applications 307 10.8.3 Electrolyser Efficiency 312 10.8.4 Photoelectrochemical Cells 312 10.9 Thermochemical Hydrogen Production and Chemical Looping 314 10.9.1 Thermochemical Cycles 314 10.9.2 Chemical Looping 317 10.10 Biological Production of Hydrogen 318 10.10.1 Introduction 318 10.10.2 Photosynthesis and Water Splitting 318 10.10.3 Biological Shift Reaction 320 10.10.4 Digestion Processes 320 Further Reading 321 11 Hydrogen Storage 323 11.1 Strategic Considerations 323 11.2 Safety 326 11.3 Compressed Hydrogen 327 11.3.1 Storage Cylinders 327 11.3.2 Storage Efficiency 329 11.3.3 Costs of Stored Hydrogen 330 11.3.4 Safety Aspects 330 11.4 Liquid Hydrogen 331 11.5 Reversible Metal Hydrides 333 11.6 Simple Hydrogen-Bearing Chemicals 338 11.6.1 Organic Chemicals 338 11.6.2 Alkali Metal Hydrides 339 11.6.3 Ammonia, Amines and Ammonia Borane 340 11.7 Complex Chemical Hydrides 341 11.7.1 Alanates 342 11.7.2 Borohydrides 342 11.8 Nanostructured Materials 344 11.9 Evaluation of Hydrogen Storage Methods 347 Further Reading 350 12 The Complete System and Its Future 351 12.1 Mechanical Balance-of-Plant Components 351 12.1.1 Compressors 351 12.1.1.1 Efficiency 354 12.1.1.2 Power 356 12.1.1.3 Performance Charts 356 12.1.1.4 Selection 359 12.1.2 Turbines 361 12.1.3 Ejector Circulators 362 12.1.4 Fans and Blowers 363 12.1.5 Pumps 364 12.2 Power Electronics 365 12.2.1 DC Regulators (Converters) and Electronic Switches 366 12.2.2 Step-Down Regulators 368 12.2.3 Step-Up Regulators 370 12.2.4 Inverters 371 12.2.4.1 Single Phase 372 12.2.4.2 Three Phase 376 12.2.5 Fuel-Cell Interface and Grid Connection Issues 378 12.2.6 Power Factor and Power Factor Correction 378 12.3 Hybrid Fuel-Cell + Battery Systems 380 12.4 Analysis of Fuel-Cell Systems 384 12.4.1 Well-to-Wheels Analysis 385 12.4.2 Power-Train Analysis 387 12.4.3 Life-Cycle Assessment 388 12.4.4 Process Modelling 389 12.4.5 Further Modelling 392 12.5 Commercial Reality 394 12.5.1 Back to Basics 394 12.5.2 Commercial Progress 395 12.6 Future Prospects: The Crystal Ball Remains Cloudy 397 Further Reading 399 Appendix 1 Calculations of the Change in Molar Gibbs Free Energy 401 A1.1 Hydrogen Fuel Cell 401 A1.2 Carbon Monoxide Fuel Cell 403 Appendix 2 Useful Fuel-Cell Equations 405 A2.1 Introduction 405 A2.2 Oxygen and Air Usage 406 A2.3 Exit Air Flow Rate 407 A2.4 Hydrogen Usage 407 A2.5 Rate of Water Production 408 A2.6 Heat Production 409 Appendix 3 Calculation of Power Required by Air Compressor and Power Recoverable by Turbine in Fuel-Cell Exhaust 411 A3.1 Power Required by Air Compressor 411 A3.2 Power Recoverable from Fuel-Cell Exhaust with a Turbine 412 Glossary of Terms 415 Index 437

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Book SynopsisMicrogrids are the most innovative area in the electric power industry today. Future microgrids could exist as energy-balanced cells within existing power distribution grids or stand-alone power networks within small communities.Table of ContentsForeword xiii Preface xv List of Contributors xix 1 The Microgrids Concept 1Christine Schwaegerl and Liang Tao 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Microgrid Concept as a Means to Integrate Distributed Generation 3 1.3 Clarification of the Microgrid Concept 4 1.4 Operation and Control of Microgrids 8 1.5 Market Models for Microgrids 12 1.6 Status Quo and Outlook of Microgrid Applications 22 2 Microgrids Control Issues 25Aris Dimeas, Antonis Tsikalakis, George Kariniotakis and George Korres 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Control Functions 25 2.3 The Role of Information and Communication Technology 27 2.4 Microgrid Control Architecture 28 2.5 Centralized and Decentralized Control 32 2.6 Forecasting 35 2.7 Centralized Control 40 2.8 Decentralized Control 51 2.9 State Estimation 72 2.10 Conclusions 76 3 Intelligent Local Controllers 81Thomas Degner, Nikos Soultani, Alfred Engler and Asier Gil de Muro 3.1 Introduction 81 3.2 Inverter Control Issues in the Formation of Microgrids 82 3.4 Implications of Line Parameters on Frequency and Voltage Droop Concepts 92 3.5 Development and Evaluation of Innovative Local Controls to Improve Stability 98 3.6 Conclusions 115 4 Microgrid Protection 117Alexander Oudalov, Thomas Degner, Frank van Overbeeke and Jose Miguel Yarza 4.1 Introduction 117 4.2 Challenges for Microgrid Protection 118 4.3 Adaptive Protection for Microgrids 125 4.4 Fault Current Source for Effective Protection in Islanded Operation 146 4.5 Fault Current Limitation in Microgrids 151 4.6 Conclusions 154 5 Operation of Multi-Microgrids 165Joao Abel PeScas Lopes, Andre Madureira, Nuno Gil and Fernanda Resende 5.1 Introduction 165 5.2 Multi-Microgrid Control and Management Architecture 167 5.3 Coordinated Voltage/var Support 169 5.4 Coordinated Frequency Control 178 5.5 Emergency Functions (Black Start) 186 5.6 Dynamic Equivalents 192 5.7 Conclusions 202 6 Pilot Sites: Success Stories and Learnt Lessons 206George Kariniotakis, Aris Dimeas and Frank Van Overbeeke (Sections 6.1, 6.2) 6.1 Introduction 206 6.2 Overview of Microgrid Projects in Europe 206 6.3 Overview of Microgrid Projects in the USA 231John Romankiewicz, Chris Marnay (Section 6.3) 6.4 Overview of Japanese Microgrid Projects 249Satoshi Morozumi (Section 6.4) 6.5 Overview of Microgrid Projects in China 262Meiqin Mao (Section 6.5) 6.6 An Off-Grid Microgrid in Chile 270Rodrigo Palma Behnke and Guillermo Jimenez-Estevez (Section 6.6) 7 Quantification of Technical, Economic, Environmental and Social Benefits of Microgrid Operation 275Christine Schwaegerl and Liang Tao 7.1 Introduction and Overview of Potential Microgrid Benefits 275 7.2 Setup of Benefit Quantification Study 278 7.3 Quantification of Microgrids Benefits under Standard Test Conditions 285 7.4 Impact of External Market Prices and Pricing Policies 296 7.5 Impact of Microgrid Operation Strategy 303 7.6 Extension to European Scale 307 7.7 Conclusions 310 References 313 Index 315

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Book SynopsisProvides coverage of Motor Current Signature Analysis (MCSA) for cage induction motors This book is primarily for industrial engineers. It has 13 chapters and contains a unique data base of 50 industrial case histories on the application of MCSA to diagnose broken rotor bars or unacceptable levels of airgap eccentricity in cage induction motors with ratings from 127 kW (170 H.P.) up to 10,160 kW (13,620 H.P.). There are also unsuccessful case histories, which is another unique feature of the book. The case studies also illustrate the effects of mechanical load dynamics downstream of the motor on the interpretation of current signatures. A number of cases are presented where abnormal operation of the driven load was diagnosed. Chapter 13 presents a critical appraisal of MCSA including successes, failures and lessons learned via industrial case histories. The case histories are presented in a step by step format, with predictions and outcomes supported by cuTable of ContentsABOUT THE AUTHORS xiii OBITUARY TO IAN CULBERT xv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvii FOREWORD xix PREFACE xxiii NOMENCLATURE xxvii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xxxiii RELEVANT UNITS OF EQUIVALENCE USEFUL FOR THIS BOOK xxxv CHAPTER 1 MOTOR CURRENT SIGNATURE ANALYSIS FOR INDUCTION MOTORS 1 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Historical Development of MCSA and Goals of This Book 4 1.2 Basic Theory of Operation of the 3-Phase Induction Motor 6 1.3 Starting and Run-Up Characteristics of SCIMs 20 1.4 Illustrations of Construction of a Large HV SCIM 29 1.5 Questions 33 References 34 CHAPTER 2 DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND MANUFACTURE OF SQUIRREL CAGE ROTORS 39 2.0 Introduction 39 2.1 Aluminum and Copper Die-Cast Windings 40 2.2 Fabricated Squirrel Cage Windings 43 2.3 Design and Manufacturing Features of Squirrel Cage Rotor Windings to Minimize Failures 52 2.4 Questions 53 References 54 CHAPTER 3 CAUSES OF BREAKS IN SQUIRREL CAGE WINDINGS DURING DIRECT-ON-LINE STARTS AND STEADY-STATE OPERATION 55 3.0 Introduction 55 3.1 Mechanical Stresses and Consequential Forces on Rotor Bars and End Rings 56 3.2 Thermal Stresses in the Rotor Bars and End Rings 57 3.3 Broken Bars and End Rings Due to Combined Mechanical and Thermal Stresses When Starting High Inertia Loads 59 3.4 Rotor Bar Stresses Resulting from a Loose Slot Fit 60 3.5 Strengths and Weaknesses of Certain Bar and End Ring Shapes and Types of Joints 62 3.6 Pulsating Loads Due to Crushers and Compressors 62 3.7 Direct-On-Line Starting of Large Induction Motors Driving High Inertia Fans 63 3.8 Direct-On-Line Starting of Large Induction Motors Driving Centrifugal Pumps 66 3.9 Limitations on Repetitive Motor Starts 68 3.10 Criteria for Design of Squirrel Cage Rotor Windings 69 3.11 Samples of Breaks in Squirrel Cage Rotor Windings 72 3.12 Questions 77 References 77 Further Reading 78 CHAPTER 4 MOTOR CURRENT SIGNATURE ANALYSIS (MCSA) TO DETECT CAGE WINDING DEFECTS 79 4.0 Summary 79 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2 Derivation of Current Component at f (1 − 2s) 82 4.3 Reasons for Current Component at f (1 + 2s) 83 4.4 Spectrum Analysis of Current 85 4.5 Severity Indicators for Assessing Condition of Cage Windings at Full-Load 93 4.6 The dB Broken Bar Severity Chart 110 4.7 Influence of Number of Rotor Bars and Pole Number on the Equivalent Broken Bar Factor with Measured dB Difference Values 111 4.8 Questions 116 References 118 CHAPTER 5 MCSA INDUSTRIAL CASE HISTORIES—DIAGNOSIS OF CAGE WINDING DEFECTS IN SCIMs DRIVING STEADY LOADS 119 5.0 Introduction and Summary of Case Histories 119 5.1 Case History (2000–2014)—Summary and Key Features 120 5.2 Case History (1983)—Summary and Key Features 122 5.3 Case History (1982)—Summary and Key Features 125 5.4 Case History (2002)—Summary and Key Features 128 5.5 Case History (1985–1987)—Summary and Key Features 133 5.6 Case History (2006)—Summary and Key Features 136 5.7 MCSA Case History (2004)—Summary and Key Features 139 5.8 MCSA Case History (2004)—Summary and Key Features 141 5.9 Questions 143 References 144 CHAPTER 6 MCSA CASE HISTORIES—DIAGNOSIS OF CAGE WINDING DEFECTS IN SCIMs FITTED WITH END RING RETAINING RINGS 147 6.0 Introduction and Summary of Case Histories 147 6.1 Case History (2006)—Summary 148 6.2 Concluding Remarks on this Challenging Case History 160 6.3 Case History (1990)—Summary and Key Features 161 6.4 Summary and Lessons Learned from Industrial Case Histories in Chapters 5 and 6 166 6.5 Questions 170 References 172 CHAPTER 7 MCSA CASE HISTORIES—CYCLIC LOADS CAN CAUSE FALSE POSITIVES OF CAGE WINDING BREAKS 173 7.1 Introduction and Summary of Case Histories 173 7.2 Case History (2006)—Effect of Gas Recycling in a Centrifugal Gas Compressor and the Detection of Broken Rotor Bars 179 7.3 Case History: False Positive of Broken Rotor Bars Due to Recycling of Gas in a Centrifugal Compressor 180 7.4 Two Case Histories (2002 and 2013)—Broken Rotor Bars in the Same SCIM without and with Gas Recycling in a Gas Compressor 185 7.5 Case History 1986–Fluid Coupling Dynamics Caused a False Positive of a Cage Winding Break 193 7.6 Questions 198 References 200 CHAPTER 8 MCSA CASE HISTORIES—SCIM DRIVES WITH SLOW SPEED GEARBOXES AND FLUCTUATING LOADS CAN GIVE FALSE POSITIVES OF BROKEN ROTOR BARS 201 8.1 Introduction and Summary of Case Histories 201 8.2 Case History (1989)—Slow Speed Coal Conveyor, Load Fluctuations, and Gearbox in the Drive Train 213 8.3 MCSA Case History (1990)—Possible False Positive of Broken Rotor Bars in a SCIM Driving a Coal Conveyor Via a Slow Speed Gearbox 216 8.4 Case History (1992)—Impossible to Analyze MCSA Data Due to Severe Random Current Fluctuations from The Mechanical Load Dynamics from the Coal Crusher 217 8.5 Case History (1995)—Successful Assessment of Cage Windings When the Load Current Fluctuations are Normal from a SCIM Driving Coal Crusher 221 8.6 Two Case Histories (2015)—False Positive of Broken Bars in One of the SCIMs Driving Thrusters on an FPSO If Influence of Drive Dynamics is Discounted 227 8.7 Questions 237 References 238 CHAPTER 9 MISCELLANEOUS MCSA CASE HISTORIES 241 9.0 Introduction and Summary of Case Histories 241 9.1 Possible False Positives of Cage Winding Breaks in Two 1850 kW SCIMs, Due to Number of Poles (2p) Equal to Number of Spider Support Arms (Sp) on Shaft (1991) 242 9.2 Case History (2007)—SCIM with Number of Poles Equal to Number of Kidney Shaped Axial Ducts in the Rotor—False Positive of Broken Bars Prevented by Load Changes 251 9.3 Two Case Histories (2005–2008)—Normal and Abnormal Pumping Dynamics in Two SCIM Seawater Lift Pump Drive Trains 253 9.4 MCSA Case History (2006–2007)—Slack and Worn Belt Drives in Two SCIM Cooling Fan Drives in a Cement Factory 259 9.5 Application of MCSA to Inverter-FED LV and HV SCIMs 263 9.6 Case History (1990)—Assessment of the Mechanical Operational Condition of an Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) Driven by a SCIM Used in Artificial Oil Lift 267 9.7 Questions 270 References 271 CHAPTER 10 MCSA TO ESTIMATE THE OPERATIONAL AIRGAP ECCENTRICITY IN SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTORS 273 10.0 Summary and Introduction 273 10.1 Definition of Airgap Eccentricity 274 10.2 Causes and Associated Types of Airgap Eccentricity 276 10.3 Unbalanced Magnetic Pull (UMP) and Rotor Pull-Over 281 10.4 Current Signature Pattern due to Airgap Eccentricity 284 10.5 Questions 294 References 295 CHAPTER 11 CASE HISTORIES—SUCCESSFUL AND UNSUCCESSFUL APPLICATION OF MCSA TO ESTIMATE OPERATIONAL AIRGAP ECCENTRICITY IN SCIMS 299 11.0 Summary and List of Case Histories 299 11.1 Flow Chart of MCSA Procedure to Estimate Operational Airgap Eccentricity 300 11.2 Case History (1989)—Low Level of Airgap Eccentricity in a SCIM Driving a Centrifugal Air Compressor 302 11.3 Two Case Histories (2004)—Operational Airgap Eccentricity in Nominally Identical SCIMs Driving Pumps in a CCGT Power Station 307 11.4 Four Case Histories (2005)—Abnormal Level of Airgap Eccentricity in a Large, Low Speed, HV Motor Driving a Cooling Water Pump in a Power Station 310 11.5 Case History (1988)—High Level of Airgap Eccentricity in an HV SCIM Driving a Pump in a Large Oil Storage Tank Facility 318 11.6 Case History (2001)—High Airgap Eccentricity in a Cooling Water Pump Motor that Caused Severe Mechanical Damage to HV Stator Coils 324 11.7 Case History (2008)—Unsuccessful Application of MCSA Applied to a Large (6300 kW), Inverter-FED, 6600 V SCIM During a No-Load Run to Assess Its Operational Airgap Eccentricity 332 11.8 Case History (2008)—Successful Application of MCSA Applied to a Large (4500 kW), Inverter-Fed, 3300 V SCIM to Assess its Operational Airgap Eccentricity 335 11.9 Case History (2007)—Advanced MCSA Interpretation of Current Spectra Was Required to Verify High Airgap Eccentricity in an HV SCIM Driving a Primary Air (PA) Fan in a Power Station 339 11.10 Case History (1990)—Unsuccessful MCSA Case History to Assess Operational Airgap Eccentricity in an HV SCIM Driving a Slow Speed Reciprocating Compressor 343 11.11 Case History (2002)—Predict Number of Rotor Slots and Assessment of Operational Airgap Eccentricity in a Large 6600 V, 6714 kW/9000 HP SCIM Driving a Centrifugal Compressor 347 11.12 Questions 353 References 357 CHAPTER 12 CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF MCSA TO DIAGNOSE SHORT CIRCUITED TURNS IN LV AND HV STATOR WINDINGS AND FAULTS IN ROLLER ELEMENT BEARINGS IN SCIMS 359 12.1 Summary 359 12.2 Shorted Turns in HV Stator Winding Coils 361 12.3 Detection of Shorted Turns Via MCSA under Controlled Experimental Conditions 364 12.4 Detection of Defects in Roller Element Bearings Via MCSA 368 12.5 Questions 371 References 372 CHAPTER 13 APPRAISAL OF MCSA INCLUDING LESSONS LEARNED VIA INDUSTRIAL CASE HISTORIES 375 13.1 Summary of MCSA in Industry to Diagnose Cage Winding Breaks 375 13.2 Flow Chart for Measurement and Analysis of Current to Diagnose Cage Winding Breaks 375 13.3 MCSA to Diagnose Broken Rotor Bars in SCIMs Driving Steady Loads 379 13.4 Number of Rotor Bars, External Constraints, and Lessons Learned 380 13.5 Effect of End Ring Retaining Rings (ERRS) on Diagnosis of Broken Rotor Bars 381 13.6 MCSA Applied to SCIMs Driving Complex Mechanical Plant, Lessons Learned, and Recommendations 382 13.7 Double Cage Rotors—Classical MCSA can only Detect Cage Winding Breaks in Inner Run Winding 382 13.8 MCSA to Diagnose Operational Levels of Airgap Eccentricity in SCIMs 383 13.9 Recommendations to End Users 385 13.10 Suggested Research and Development Projects 386 References 388 Appendix 13.A Commentary on Interpretation of LV and HV Used in SCIMs 388 LIST OF EQUATIONS 389 INDEX 393

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Book SynopsisBATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND ITS APPLICATIONS Enables readers to understand basic concepts, design, and implementation of battery management systems Battery Management System and its Applications is an all-in-one guide to basic concepts, design, and applications of battery management systems (BMS), featuring industrially relevant case studies with detailed analysis, and providing clear, concise descriptions of performance testing, battery modeling, functions, and topologies of BMS. In Battery Management System and its Applications, readers can expect to find information on: Core and basic concepts of BMS, to help readers establish a foundation of relevant knowledge before more advanced concepts are introducedPerformance testing and battery modeling, to help readers fully understand Lithium-ion batteriesBasic functions and topologies of BMS, with the aim of guiding readers to design simple BMS themselvesSome advanced functions of BMS, drawing from the research achievements of the auTable of ContentsPreface xiii About the Authors xv Part I Introduction 1 1 Why Does a Battery Need a BMS? 3 1.1 General Introduction to a BMS 3 1.2 Example of a BMS in a Real System 5 1.3 System Failures Due to the Absence of a BMS 7 2 General Requirements (Functions and Features) 11 2.1 Basic Functions of a BMS 11 2.2 Topological Structure of a BMS 16 3 General Procedure of the BMS Design 19 3.1 Universal Battery Management System and Customized Battery Management System 19 3.2 General Development Flow of the Power Battery Management System 21 Part II Li-Ion Batteries 27 4 Introduction to Li-Ion Batteries 29 4.1 Components of Li-Ion Batteries: Electrodes, Electrolytes, Separators, and Cell Packing 29 4.2 Li-Ion Electrode Manufacturing 31 4.3 Cell Assembly in an Li-Ion Battery 32 4.4 Safety and Cost Prediction 33 5 Schemes of Battery Testing 37 5.1 Battery Tests for BMS Development 37 5.2 Capacity and the Charge and Discharge Rate Test 41 5.3 Discharge Rate Characteristic Test 44 5.4 Charge and Discharge Equilibrium Potential Curves and Equivalent Internal Resistance Tests 46 5.5 Battery Cycle Test 49 5.6 Phased Evaluation of the Cycle Process 58 6 Test Results and Analysis 67 6.1 Characteristic Test Results and Their Analysis 67 6.2 Degradation Test and Analysis 80 7 Battery Modeling 101 7.1 Battery Modeling for BMS 101 7.2 Common Battery Models and Their Deficiencies 102 7.3 External Characteristics of the Li-Ion Power Battery and Their Analysis 105 7.4 A Power Battery Model Based on a Three-Order RC Network 110 7.5 Model Parameterization and Its Online Identification 117 7.6 Battery Cell Simulation Model 124 Part III Functions of BMS 133 8 Battery Monitoring 135 8.1 Discussion on Real Time and Synchronization 135 8.2 Battery Voltage Monitoring 139 8.3 Battery Current Monitoring 145 8.4 Temperature Monitoring 149 9 SoC Estimation of a Battery 153 9.1 Different Understandings of the SoC Definition 153 9.2 Classical Estimation Methods 158 9.3 Difficulty in an SoC Estimation 162 9.4 Actual Problems to Be Considered During an SoC Estimation 166 9.5 Estimation Method Based on the Battery Model and the Extended Kalman Filter 169 9.6 Error Spectrum of the SoC Estimation Based on the EKF 177 10 Charge Control 193 10.1 Introduction 193 10.2 Charging Power Categories 196 10.3 Charge Control Methods 198 10.4 Effect of Charge Control on Battery Performance 203 10.5 Charging Circuits 204 10.6 Infrastructure Development and Challenges 209 10.7 Isolation and Safety Requirement for EC Chargers 211 11 Balancing/Balancing Control 213 11.1 Balancing Control Management and Its Significance 213 11.2 Classification of Balancing Control Management 218 11.3 Review and Analysis of Active Balancing Technologies 221 11.4 Balancing Strategy Study 226 11.5 Two Active Balancing Control Strategies 234 11.6 Evaluation and Comparison of Balancing Control Strategies 245 12 State of Health (SoH) Estimation of a Battery 257 12.1 Definition and Indices/Parameters of SoH 257 12.2 Modeling of Battery Degradation (Aging) and SoH Estimation 265 12.3 Battery Degradation Diagnosis for EVs 278 13 Communication Interface for BMS 291 13.1 BMS Communication Bus and Protocols 293 13.2 Higher-Layer Communication Protocols 298 13.3 A Case Study: Universal CiA EnergyBus for a Low-Emission Vehicle (LEV) 299 14 Battery Lifecycle Information Management 301 14.1 Data Type of Power Battery 301 14.2 Vehicle Instrument Data Display 302 14.3 Battery Data Transmission Mode 306 14.4 Information Concerning a Full-Power Battery Lifecycle 311 14.5 Storage and Analysis of Historical Information of a Battery 316 14.6 Battery Detection System Based on a Mobile Terminal 320 Part IV Case Studies 327 15 BMS for an E-Bike 329 15.1 Balancing 329 15.2 Battery Pack Design for an E-Bike 331 15.3 Methodology 333 15.4 Active Balancing Solutions 337 15.5 Test Results 341 15.6 Possibility with Active Balancing 349 15.7 Results and Evaluation 349 16 BMS for a Fork-Lift 353 16.1 Lithium-Iron-Phosphate Batteries for Fork-Lifts 353 16.2 Battery Management Systems for Fork-Lifts 355 16.3 The LIONIC Battery System for Truck Applications 356 16.4 Application 357 16.5 The Usable Energy Li-Ion Traction Batteries 359 17 BMS for a Minibus 363 17.1 Internal Resistance Analysis of a Power Battery System and Discharging Strategy Research of Vehicles 361 17.2 Consistency Evaluation Research of a Power Battery System 377 17.3 Safety Management and Protection of a Power Battery System 386 Index 389

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Book SynopsisA collection of 25 papers presented at the 11th International Symposium on Ceramic Materials and Components for Energy and Environmental Applications (CMCEE-11), June 14-19, 2015 in Vancouver, BC, Canada. Paper in this volume were presented in the below six symposia from Track 1 on the topic of Ceramics for Energy Conversion, Storage, and Distribution Systems: High-Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrolysis Ceramic-Related Materials, Devices, and Processing for Heat-to-Electricity Direct Conversion Material Science and Technologies for Advanced Nuclear Fission and Fusion Energy Advanced Batteries and Supercapacitors for Energy Storage Applications Materials for Solar Thermal Energy Conversion and Storage High Temperature Superconductors: Materials, Technologies, and Systems Table of ContentsPreface ix HIGH-TEMPERATURE FUEL CELLS AND ELECTROLYSIS Effect of Additives on Self-Healing of Plasma Sprayed Ceramic Coatings 3N. Sata, A. Ansar, and K. A. Friedrich Development of Ceramic Functional Layers for Solid Oxide Cells 19Günter Schiller, Rémi Costa, and K. Andreas Friedrich BICU(TI)VOX as a Low/Intermediate Temperature SOFC Electrolyte: Another Look 29Paul Fuierer, Kevin Ring, Joerg Exner, and Ralf Moos Symbolic Analysis of Multi-Stage Electrochemical Oxidation for Enhancement of Electric Efficiency of SOFCs 41Y. Matsuzaki, Y. Tachikawa, T. Hatae, H. Matsumoto, S. Taniguchi, and K. Sasaki Low Temperature AC Electric Field-Assisted Sintering of Unitary Anode-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell 47R. Muccillo, E. N. S. Muccillo, F. C. Fonseca, and D. Z. de Florio SOFC System Development and Field Trials for Commercial Applications 61T. Pfeifer, S. Reuber, M. Hartmann, M. Barthel, and J. Baade Technology Readiness of SOFC Stacks—A Review 77C. Wunderlich High-Temperature Direct Fuel Cell Material Experience 89Chao-Yi Yuh, A. Hilmi, and R. Venkataraman Development of Highly-Efficient Energy Storage System using Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell 101Masato Yoshino, Tsuneji Kameda, Hisao Watanabe, and Masahiko Yamada CERAMIC-RELATED MATERIALS, DEVICES, AND PROCESSING FOR HEAT-TO-ELECTRICITY DIRECT CONVERSION Thermoelectric Properties Higher Manganese Silicide Containing Small Amount of MnSi/Si Nano-Particles 115Swapnil Ghodke, A. Yamamoto, H. Ikuta, and T. Takeuchi Anomalous Temperature Gradient in Non-Maxwellian Gases 123George S. Levy Thermophysical Property of Poly-Si Phononic Crystals for Thermoelectrics 135Masahiro Nomura and Oliver Paul The Potential of Maximal ZT-Value for Thermoelectric Materials of Mn11Si19 HMS Phase by Calculating Electronic Structure 147Akio Yamamoto, Koichi Kitahara, Hidetoshi Miyazaki, Manabu Inukai, and Tsunehiro Takeuchi MATERIAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADVANCED NUCLEAR FISSION AND FUSION ENERGY Development of Ga Doped Hollandites BaxCsy(Ga2x+yTi8-2x-y)O16 for Cs Immobilization 159Y. Xu, R. Grote, Y. Wen, L. Shuller-Nickles, and K.S. Brinkman Atomistic Simulations of Ceramic Materials Relevant for Nuclear Waste Management: Cases of Monazite and Pyrochlore 165Y. Li, P. M. Kowalski, G. Beridze, A.Blanca-Romero, Y. Ji, V. L. Vinograd, J. Gale, and D. Bosbach Development of Joining Method for Zircaloy and SiC/SiC Composite Tubes by using Fiber Laser 177Hisashi Serizawa, Yuuki Asakura, Joon-Soo Park, Hirotatsu Kishimoto, and Akira Kohyama ADVANCED BATTERIES AND SUPERCAPACITORS FOR ENERGY STORAGE APPLICATIONS An Investigation on the Cycle Performance of LiFePO4 Pouch Cells by a Combination of Synchrotron Based X-Ray Diffraction and Absorption Spectroscopy 187G. T. K. Fey, Y. C. Lin, K. P. Huang, P. J. Wu, J. K. Chang, and H. M. Kao The Influence of the Synthesis Route on Electrochemical Properties of Spinel Type High-Voltage Cathode Material LiNi0.5Mn15O4 for Lithium Ion Batteries 197M. Seidel, K. Nikolowski, M. Wolter, I. Kinski, and A. Michaelis MATERIALS FOR SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION AND STORAGE High Temperature Solar Receiver with Ceramic Materials 207Birgit Gobereit, Daniela Hofmann, Peter Schwarzbözl, and Ralf Uhlig Determination of Parameters for Improved Efficiency in Thermal Energy Storage using Encapsulated Phase Change Materials 219Laura Solomon, Alparslan Oztekin, Sudhakar Neti, and Himanshu Jain Tuning the Spectral Selectivity of SiC-Based Volumetric Solar Receivers with Ultra-High Temperature Ceramic Coatings 227Benoit Rousseau, Simon Guevelou, Jérôme Vicente, Cyril Caliot, and Gilles Flamant Thermo-Mechanical Analysis of a Silicon Carbide Honeycomb Component Applied as an Absorber for Concentrated Solar Radiation 239Thomas Fend, Peter Schwarzboezl, Olena Smirnova, Martin Schmuecker, Ferdinand Flucht, and Sven Dathe HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS: MATERIALS, TECHNOLOGIES, AND SYSTEMS Anomalous Proximity Effect and More than One Majorana Fermion 253S. Ikegaya and Y. Asano Atomic-Scale Study of the Superconducting Proximity Effect in Manganite/Cuprate Thin-Film Heterostructures 261Hao Zhang, Igor Fridman, Nicolas Gauquelin, Gianluigi Botton, and John Y. T. Wei Tunneling and Photoemission Spectra in Cuprate Superconductors: Evidence for Strong Multiple-Phonon Coupling and Polaronic Effects 273Guo-meng Zhao Author Index 289

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Book SynopsisIntroduces readers to micro and local power markets and their use for local initiatives, grid integration, and future applications This book provides the basis for understanding micro power markets, emphasizing its application for local initiatives, the grid integration of renewable-based generation, and facilitating the decarbonization of the future electrical networks. It gives readers a comprehensive overview of the market operation, and highlights the basis of the design of local and micro markets. Micro and Local Power Markets starts by covering the economics and basic principle of power markets, including the fundamentals of the power trading (for both wholesale and local markets). Following a definition of both micro and local (technical and economic aspects) power markets, the book then looks at the organization of such markets. It describes the design of those power markets, isolated from the wholesale markets, and examines the methodologies of the interaction between theseTable of ContentsList of Contributors xi Foreword xiii Preface xv 1 Power Market Fundamentals 1Íngrid Munné-Collado, Pol Olivella-Rosell and Andreas Sumper 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Basic Design of Power Markets 5 1.2.1 Organization 5 1.2.1.1 Monopoly 5 1.2.1.2 Purchasing Agency 5 1.2.1.3 Wholesale Market 5 1.2.1.4 Retail Competition 7 1.2.2 Bilateral Contracts and Auctions 7 1.2.3 Clearing 10 1.2.4 Settlement or Pricing 10 1.2.5 Example 11 1.3 Mechanism for Auctions 13 1.3.1 Why Auctions in Energy Markets? 13 1.3.2 Auction Basics 13 1.3.2.1 The Revenue Equivalence Theorem 14 1.3.3 Types of Auctions 15 1.3.3.1 The English or Ascending-Bid Auction 15 1.3.3.2 The Dutch or Descending-Bid Auction 15 1.3.3.3 The First-Price Sealed-Bid Auction 15 1.3.3.4 The Second-Price Sealed-Bid Auction 16 1.3.4 Auction Mechanisms Applied to Electricity Products 16 1.3.4.1 Sealed-Bid Auctions 16 1.3.4.2 Descending Clock Auction 17 1.3.4.3 Hybrid Auctions 18 1.3.4.4 Combinatorial Auctions 19 1.3.4.5 Two-Sided Auction Mechanisms 19 1.3.5 Auction Characteristics in Power Markets 19 1.3.6 Auction Design 20 1.3.6.1 Objectives Establishment 20 1.3.6.2 Object Identification 20 1.3.6.3 Participation Encouragement 21 1.3.6.4 Vulnerabilities in the Auction Mechanism 21 1.3.7 Example 23 1.4 Markets for Futures, Energy, and Balancing 27 1.4.1 Forward and Futures Markets 27 1.4.2 Spot Markets 28 1.4.3 Day-Ahead Markets 29 1.4.4 Intraday Markets 30 1.4.5 Balancing Markets 32 1.5 Conclusions and Further Reading 33 References 34 2 Local and Micro Power Markets 37Íngrid Munné-Collado, Eduard Bullich-Massagué, Mònica Aragüés-Peñalba and Pol Olivella-Rosell 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Why Local and Micro? 38 2.3 The Evolution of Power Systems 40 2.4 Introduction to Microgrids 41 2.4.1 Microgrid Definition 41 2.4.2 Microgrid Components 43 2.4.3 Microgrid Operation Modes 45 2.4.3.1 Microgrid Connected to an External Distribution Grid 45 2.4.3.2 Microgrid Connected to Another Microgrid 46 2.4.3.3 Isolated Microgrid 48 2.5 Local and Micro Power Market Concepts 49 2.5.1 Local and Micro Power Market Definitions 49 2.5.2 Comparative Analysis 52 2.6 Local Market Design 59 2.6.1 Involved Agents and Stakeholders 60 2.6.2 Approach 63 2.6.2.1 Centralized (Pool-based) Approach 64 2.6.2.2 Peer-To-Peer 66 2.6.3 Services 68 2.6.3.1 Energy 68 2.6.3.2 Flexibility 70 2.6.4 Local Market Services and Approach Review 77 2.6.5 Local Market Interaction 81 2.7 Conclusions and Discussion 84 References 85 3 Micro Markets in Microgrids 97Bernt Bremdal and Iliana Ilieva 3.1 Introduction 97 3.2 Basic Definitions of Micro Market Functions in Microgrids 99 3.2.1 Island Mode Versus Connected Mode 99 3.2.2 Market Approach for Resource Allocations 101 3.2.3 The Importance of Ownership, Business Focus, and Responsibilities 102 3.2.4 Capacity Design and Physical Laws 105 3.2.5 Resource Efficiency 105 3.2.6 Prerequisites for a Liberal Market 108 3.2.7 Basic Organizational Structures 109 3.2.8 Single Seller–Single Buyer 110 3.2.9 Multiple Sellers–Single Buyer 110 3.2.10 Single Seller–Multiple Buyers 112 3.2.11 Multiple Sellers–Multiple Buyers 112 3.3 Operational Characteristics of Microgrid-based Micro Markets 113 3.3.1 Types of Microgrid 114 3.3.2 Degree of Connectivity to Main Supply 114 3.3.3 Geography 119 3.3.4 Ownership 120 3.3.5 Business Models 120 3.3.6 Physical Control and Communication System 121 3.3.7 Management of the Microgrid 122 3.3.8 Number of Independent Buyers and Sellers 123 3.3.9 Type of Supply 123 3.3.10 Type of Loads 124 3.3.11 Storage Capacity and Reserve Power 124 3.3.12 Exchange and Trade Concepts 125 3.3.13 Pricing and Settlement 126 3.3.14 Contract Types 127 3.3.15 Market Efficiency and Economic Welfare Considerations 129 3.3.16 The Role of ICT 129 3.4 Market Models 130 3.4.1 Introduction 130 3.4.2 Model 1: Central Control and Optimization 130 3.4.3 Model 2: Central Control – Distributed Decision Making 132 3.4.4 Model 3: Central Market Management and Double Auction 136 3.4.5 Model 4: Distributed Control – Peer-to-Peer Trade 142 3.4.6 Model 5: Non-competitive Allocation of Energy 150 3.5 Conclusions 158 References 160 4 Coupled Local Power Markets 165Pol Olivella-Rosell, Shahab Shariat Torbaghan and Madeleine Gibescu 4.1 Introduction 165 4.2 Local and Wholesale Market Coupling 167 4.2.1 Flexibility Definition 169 4.2.2 Services and Products Traded 171 4.2.3 Market Participants 172 4.2.3.1 The Local Market Operator 173 4.2.3.2 BRP and Local Markets 175 4.2.3.3 DSO and Local Markets 176 4.2.3.4 Prosumers and Local Markets 176 4.2.4 LFM Interaction Timeline 177 4.3 Local Market Clearing Mechanism in Coupled Markets 178 4.3.1 Day-ahead Scheduling 180 4.3.2 Intraday Scheduling 183 4.3.3 Quarterly Scheduling 186 4.4 Conclusions and Discussion 186 References 188 5 Digital Business Models for Local and Micro Power Markets 193Emmanuelle Reuter, Moritz Loock and Julia Cousse 5.1 What are Digital Business Models? 193 5.1.1 Digital Technology Enables Value and Money Flow to be Decoupled 194 5.1.2 Prosumption as Co-creation 194 5.2 Local Power Markets and Digital Business Models 196 5.2.1 Decentralization and Local Power Markets 196 5.2.2 Digitalization and the Rise of Platform Business Models 199 5.2.3 Case Examples of Platform Business Models 201 5.2.3.1 Case Example 1: Next Kraftwerke 202 5.2.3.2 Case Example 2: LichtBlick 202 5.2.3.3 Case Example 3: Piclo 202 5.2.3.4 Case Example 4: Change38 203 5.3 The EMPOWER Platform and Business Models 204 5.4 Social Acceptance of Local Power Markets 206 5.4.1 Citizen-level Acceptance 207 5.4.1.1 Key Drivers for Participation 208 5.4.1.2 Key Means for Participation 209 5.4.1.3 Key Barriers for Participation 212 5.4.2 Utility-Level Acceptance 213 5.4.3 Cooperative-Level Acceptance 215 5.5 Conclusion 219 References 220 6 Regulation of Micro and Local Power Markets 223Dirk Kuiken 6.1 Power Market Regulation 223 6.1.1 Definition: What and Why 224 6.1.2 Development 225 6.1.3 Regulators 227 6.1.4 Forms, Instruments, and Types 228 6.2 Common Power Market Regulation 230 6.2.1 Generation (Production) 231 6.2.2 Networks (Transportation and Distribution) 232 6.2.3 Trade 233 6.2.4 Consumption 234 6.3 Regulation of Micro and Local Power Markets 235 6.3.1 Definition 237 6.3.2 Isolated vs Interconnected Markets 238 6.3.2.1 Isolated Markets 239 6.3.2.2 Interconnected Markets 241 6.3.3 General Requirements 242 6.3.4 Existing Legal Frameworks 243 6.4 Trade Settings 245 6.4.1 Bilateral Agreements 245 6.4.1.1 Parties 245 6.4.1.2 Services 246 6.4.1.3 Terms and Conditions 247 6.4.2 Market Platforms 249 6.4.2.1 Market Operator 249 6.4.2.2 Market Rules 249 6.5 Further Discussion 253 Acknowledgements 254 References 255 Index 261

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive survey of advanced multilevel converter design, control, operation and grid-connected applications Advanced Multilevel Converters and Applications in Grid Integration presents a comprehensive review of the core principles of advanced multilevel converters, which require fewer components and provide higher power conversion efficiency and output power quality. The authors noted experts in the field explain in detail the operation principles and control strategies and present the mathematical expressions and design procedures of their components. The text examines the advantages and disadvantages compared to the classical multilevel and two level power converters. The authors also include examples of the industrial applications of the advanced multilevel converters and offer thoughtful explanations on their control strategies. Advanced Multilevel Converters and Applications in Grid Integration provides a clear understanding of the gaTable of ContentsList of Contributors xv Preface xvii Part I A review on Classical Multilevel Converters 1 1 Classical Multilevel Converters 3Gabriel H. P. Ooi, Ziyou Lim, and Hossein Dehghani Tafti 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Classical Two-Level Converters 3 1.3 The Need for Multilevel Converters 4 1.4 Classical Multilevel Converters 5 1.5 Multilevel Applications and Future Trends 12 References 14 2 Multilevel Modulation Methods 17Ziyou Lim, Hossein Dehghani Tafti, and Harikrishna R. Pinkymol 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Carrier-Based Sinusoidal Pulse-WidthModulation Methods 19 2.3 Space Vector Modulation (SVM) 24 2.4 Summary 27 References 28 3 Mathematical Modeling of Classical Three-Level Converters 29Gabriel H. P. Ooi 3.1 Introduction 29 3.2 Three-Level Diode-Clamped Inverter Topology 29 3.3 Three-Level Flying-Capacitor Inverter Topology 38 3.4 Summary 44 References 44 4 Voltage BalancingMethods for Classical Multilevel Converters 45Gabriel H. P. Ooi, Hossein Dehghani Tafti, and Harikrishna R. Pinkymol 4.1 Introduction 45 4.2 Active Balancing by Adding dc Offset Voltage to Modulating Signals 45 4.3 Measurement Results for dc Offset Modulation Control 47 4.4 Natural Balancing by using Star Connected RC Filter 49 4.5 Measurement Results for the Natural Balancing Method 59 4.6 Space Vector Modulation with the Self-Balancing Technique 59 4.7 Summary 61 References 63 Part II Advanced Multilevel Rectifiers and their Control Strategies 65 5 Unidirectional Three-Phase Three-Level Unity-Power Factor Rectifier 67Gabriel H. P. Ooi and Hossein Dehghani Tafti 5.1 Introduction 67 5.2 Circuit Configuration 67 5.3 Proposed Controller Scheme 70 5.4 Experimental Verification 80 5.5 Summary 86 References 86 6 Bidirectional and Unidirectional Five-Level Multiple-Pole Multilevel Rectifiers 89Gabriel H. P. Ooi 6.1 Introduction 89 6.2 Circuit Configuration 89 6.3 Modulation Scheme 91 6.4 Design Considerations 93 6.5 Comparative Evaluation 95 6.6 Control Strategy 101 6.7 Experimental Verification 103 6.8 Summary 105 References 105 7 Five-Level Multiple-Pole Multilevel Vienna Rectifier 107Gabriel H. P. Ooi and Ali I. Maswood 7.1 Introduction 107 7.2 Operating Principle 108 7.3 Design Considerations 110 7.4 Control Strategy 112 7.5 Validation 115 7.6 Summary 116 References 117 8 Five-Level Multiple-Pole Multilevel Rectifier with Reduced Components 119Gabriel H. P. Ooi 8.1 Introduction 119 8.2 Operation Principle 120 8.3 Modulation Scheme 122 8.4 Control Strategy 123 8.5 Design Considerations 128 8.6 Validation 131 8.7 Experimental Verification 131 8.8 Summary 132 References 134 9 Four-Quadrant Reduced Modular Cell Rectifier 137Ziyou Lim 9.1 Introduction 137 9.2 Circuit Configuration 139 9.3 Operating Principle 139 9.4 Design Considerations 141 9.5 Control Strategy 144 9.6 Comparative Evaluation of Classical MFCR and Proposed RFCR 148 9.7 Experimental Verification 149 References 160 Part III Advanced Multilevel Inverters and their Control Strategies 163 10 Transformerless Five-Level/Multiple-Pole Multilevel Inverters with Single DC Bus Configuration 165Gabriel H. P. Ooi 10.1 Introduction 165 10.2 Five-Level Multiple-Pole Concept 166 10.3 Circuit Configuration and Operation Principles 167 10.4 Modulation Scheme 176 10.5 Design Consideration 176 10.6 Accuracy of the Current Stress Calculation 184 10.7 Losses in Power Devices 189 10.8 Discussion 197 References 199 11 Transformerless Seven-Level/Multiple-Pole Multilevel Inverters with Single-Input Multiple-Output (SIMO) Balancing Circuit 201Hossein Dehghani Tafti and Gabriel H. P. Ooi 11.1 Introduction 201 11.2 Circuit Configuration and Operating Principles 201 11.3 SIMO Voltage Balancing Circuit 204 11.4 Design Considerations 208 11.5 Experimental Verification 212 11.6 Summary 215 References 215 12 Three-Phase Seven-Level Three-Cell Lightweight Flying Capacitor Inverter 217Ziyou Lim 12.1 Introduction 217 12.2 LFCI Topology 219 12.3 Circuit Configuration 220 12.4 Operational Principles 220 12.5 Modulation Scheme 228 12.6 Design Considerations 230 12.7 Harmonic Characteristics 234 12.8 Experimental Verification 247 References 250 13 Three-Phase Seven-Level Four-Cell Reduced Flying Capacitor Inverter 251Ziyou Lim 13.1 Introduction 251 13.2 Circuit Configuration 251 13.3 Operation Principles 252 13.4 Design Considerations 254 13.5 Flying Capacitor Voltage Balancing Control 259 13.6 Experimental Verification 264 14 Active Neutral-Point-Clamped Inverter 275Ziyou Lim 14.1 Introduction 275 14.2 Circuit Configuration 277 14.3 Operating Principles 277 14.4 Design Considerations 279 14.5 Multiple Voltage Quantities Enhancement Control 280 14.6 Common Mode Reduction 298 References 316 15 Multilevel Z-Source Inverters 319Muhammad M. Roomi 15.1 Introduction 319 15.2 Two-Level ZSI 321 15.3 Three-Level ZSI 324 15.4 Modulation Methods for Three-Level Z-Source NPC Inverter 332 15.5 Modulation Method for Three-Level Dual Z-Source NPC Inverter 335 15.6 Reference Disposition Level-Shifted PWM for Non-ideal Dual Z-Source Network NPC Inverter 350 15.7 Applications of ZSI 363 15.8 Summary 365 References 367 Part IV Grid-Integration Applications of Advanced Multilevel Converters 369 16 Multilevel Converter-Based Photovoltaic Power Conversion 371Hossein Dehghani Tafti, Georgios Konstantinou, and Josep Pou 16.1 Introduction 371 16.2 Three-Level Neutral-Point-Clamped Inverter–Based PV Power Plant 371 16.3 Seven-Level Cascaded H-Bridge Inverter–Based PV Power Plant 390 16.4 Summary 407 References 407 17 Multilevel Converter–basedWind Power Conversion 413Md Shafquat Ullah Khan 17.1 Introduction 413 17.2 Wind Power Conversion Principles 413 17.3 Multilevel Converters in Wind Power Conversion 416 17.4 Grid-Connected Back-to-Back Three-Phase NPC Converter 418 17.5 Summary 429 References 429 18 Z-Source Inverter–Based Fuel Cell Power Generation 433Muhammad M. Roomi 18.1 Introduction 433 18.2 Fuel Cell Power Conversion Principles 436 18.3 Modelling of the PEMFC 437 18.4 Circuit Configuration 439 18.5 Control Strategy 440 18.6 Validation 442 18.7 Summary 451 References 453 19 Multilevel Converter-Based Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System 455Muhammad M. Roomi and Harikrishna R. Pinkymol 19.1 Introduction 455 19.2 A Space Vector Modulated Five-Level Multiple-pole Multilevel Diode-Clamped STATCOM 456 19.3 Summary 470 References 470 Index 473

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Book SynopsisProvides students with an understanding of the modeling and practice in power system stability analysis and control design, as well as the computational tools used by commercial vendors Bringing together wind, FACTS, HVDC, and several other modern elements, this book gives readers everything they need to know about power systems. It makes learning complex power system concepts, models, and dynamics simpler and more efficient while providing modern viewpoints of power system analysis. Power System Modeling, Computation, and Control provides students with a new and detailed analysis of voltage stability; a simple example illustrating the BCU method of transient stability analysis; and one of only a few derivations of the transient synchronous machine model. It offers a discussion on reactive power consumption of induction motors during start-up to illustrate the low-voltage phenomenon observed in urban load centers. Damping controller designs using power system stabilizer, HVDC systemTable of ContentsPreface xvii About the Companion Website xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Electrification 1 1.2 Generation, Transmission, and Distribution Systems 2 1.2.1 Central Generating Station Model 2 1.2.2 Renewable Generation 4 1.2.3 Smart Grids 5 1.3 Time Scales 5 1.3.1 Dynamic Phenomena 5 1.3.2 Measurements and Data 5 1.3.3 Control Functions and System Operation 7 1.4 Organization of the Book 7 Part I System Concepts 9 2 Steady-State Power Flow 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Power Network Elements and Admittance Matrix 12 2.2.1 Transmission Lines 12 2.2.2 Transformers 13 2.2.3 Per Unit Representation 14 2.2.4 Building the Network Admittance Matrix 14 2.3 Active and Reactive Power Flow Calculations 16 2.4 Power Flow Formulation 19 2.5 Newton-Raphson Method 21 2.5.1 General Procedure 21 2.5.2 NR Solution of Power Flow Equations 22 2.6 Advanced Power Flow Features 27 2.6.1 Load Bus Voltage Regulation 27 2.6.2 Multi-area Power Flow 28 2.6.3 Active Line Power Flow Regulation 29 2.6.4 Dishonest Newton-Raphson Method 30 2.6.5 Fast Decoupled Loadflow 30 2.6.6 DC Power Flow 31 2.7 Summary and Notes 31 Appendix 2.A Two-winding Transformer Model 32 Appendix 2.B LU Decomposition and Sparsity Methods 36 Appendix 2.C Power Flow and Dynamic Data for the 2-area, 4-machine System 39 Problems 42 3 Steady-State Voltage Stability Analysis 47 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Voltage Collapse Incidents 48 3.2.1 Tokyo, Japan: July 23, 1987 48 3.2.2 US Western Power System: July 2, 1996 48 3.3 Reactive Power Consumption on Transmission Lines 49 3.4 Voltage Stability Analysis of a Radial Load System 55 3.4.1 Maximum Power Transfer 59 3.5 Voltage Stability Analysis of Large Power Systems 61 3.6 Continuation Power Flow Method 64 3.6.1 Continuation Power Flow Algorithm 66 3.7 An AQ-Bus Method for Solving Power Flow 67 3.7.1 Analytical Framework for the AQ-Bus Method 69 3.7.2 AQ-Bus Formulation for Constant-Power-Factor Loads 70 3.7.3 AQ-Bus Algorithm for Computing Voltage Stability Margins 71 3.8 Power System Components Affecting Voltage Stability 73 3.8.1 Shunt Reactive Power Supply 74 3.8.2 Under-Load Tap Changer 76 3.9 Hierarchical Voltage Control 79 3.10 Voltage Stability Margins and Indices 80 3.10.1 Voltage Stability Margins 80 3.10.2 Voltage Sensitivities 81 3.10.3 Singular Values and Eigenvalues of the Power Flow Jacobian Matrix 82 3.11 Summary and Notes 82 Problems 83 4 Power System Dynamics and Simulation 87 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Electromechanical Model of Synchronous Machines 88 4.3 Single-Machine Infinite-Bus System 90 4.4 Power System Disturbances 94 4.4.1 Fault-On Analysis 94 4.4.2 Post-Fault Analysis 96 4.4.3 Other Types of Faults 98 4.5 Simulation Methods 98 4.5.1 Modified Euler Methods 99 4.5.1.1 Euler Full-Step Modification Method 100 4.5.1.2 Euler Half-Step Modification Method 101 4.5.2 Adams-Bashforth Second-Order Method 101 4.5.3 Selecting Integration Stepsize 102 4.5.4 Implicit Integration Methods 104 4.5.4.1 Integration of DAEs 105 4.6 Dynamic Models of Multi-Machine Power Systems 106 4.6.1 Constant-Impedance Loads 107 4.6.2 Generator Current Injections 108 4.6.3 Network Equation Extended to the Machine Internal Node 108 4.6.4 Reduced Admittance Matrix Approach 109 4.6.5 Method for Dynamic Simulation 109 4.7 Multi-Machine Power System Stability 114 4.7.1 Reference Frames for Machine Angles 115 4.8 Power System Toolbox 117 4.9 Summary and Notes 119 Problems 119 5 Direct Transient Stability Analysis 123 5.1 Introduction 123 5.2 Equal-Area Analysis of a Single-Machine Infinite-Bus System 124 5.2.1 Power-Angle Curve 124 5.2.2 Fault-On and Post-Fault Analysis 126 5.3 Transient Energy Functions 127 5.3.1 Lyapunov Functions 128 5.3.2 Energy Function for Single-Machine Infinite-Bus Electromechanical Model 128 5.4 Energy Function Analysis of a Disturbance Event 131 5.5 Single-Machine Infinite-Bus Model Phase Portrait and Region of Stability 135 5.6 Direct Stability Analysis using Energy Functions 138 5.7 Energy Functions for Multi-Machine Power Systems 139 5.7.1 Direct Stability Analysis for Multi-Machine Systems 142 5.7.2 Computation of Critical Energy 143 5.8 Dynamic Security Assessment 146 5.9 Summary and Notes 146 Problems 147 6 Linear Analysis and Small-Signal Stability 149 6.1 Introduction 149 6.2 Electromechanical Modes 150 6.3 Linearization 151 6.3.1 State-Space Models 151 6.3.2 Input-Output Models 152 6.3.3 Modal Analysis and Time-Domain Solutions 152 6.3.4 Time Response of Linear Systems 154 6.3.5 Participation Factors 156 6.4 Linearized Models of Single-Machine Infinite-Bus Systems 157 6.5 Linearized Models of Multi-Machine Systems 160 6.5.1 Synchronizing Torque Matrix and Eigenvalue Properties 162 6.5.2 Modeshapes and Participation Factors 162 6.6 Developing Linearized Models of Large Power Systems 164 6.6.1 Analytical Partial Derivatives 165 6.6.2 Numerical Linearization 169 6.7 Summary and Notes 171 Problems 171 Part II Synchronous Machine Models and their Control Systems 175 7 Steady-State Models and Operation of Synchronous Machines 177 7.1 Introduction 177 7.2 Physical Description 177 7.2.1 Amortisseur Bars 179 7.3 Synchronous Machine Model 179 7.3.1 Flux Linkage and Voltage Equations 181 7.3.2 Stator (Armature) Self and Mutual Inductances 183 7.3.3 Mutual Inductances between Stator and Rotor 183 7.3.4 Rotor Self and Mutual Inductances 184 7.4 Park Transformation 185 7.4.1 Electrical Power in dq0 Variables 188 7.5 Reciprocal, Equal Lad Per-Unit System 189 7.5.1 Stator Base Values 189 7.5.2 Stator Voltage Equations 190 7.5.3 Rotor Base Values 191 7.5.4 Rotor Voltage Equations 191 7.5.5 Stator Flux-Linkage Equations 192 7.5.6 Rotor Flux-Linkage Equations 192 7.5.7 Equal Mutual Inductance 192 7.6 Equivalent Circuits 196 7.6.1 Flux-Linkage Circuits 196 7.6.2 Voltage Equivalent Circuits 197 7.7 Steady-State Analysis 199 7.7.1 Open-Circuit Condition 199 7.7.2 Loaded Condition 201 7.7.3 Drawing Voltage-Current Phasor Diagrams 202 7.8 Saturation Effects 204 7.8.1 Representations of Magnetic Saturation 205 7.9 Generator Capability Curves 207 7.10 Summary and Notes 209 Problems 209 8 Dynamic Models of Synchronous Machines 213 8.1 Introduction 213 8.2 Machine Dynamic Response During Fault 213 8.2.1 DC Offset and Stator Transients 215 8.3 Transient and Subtransient Reactances and Time Constants 216 8.4 Subtransient Synchronous Machine Model 221 8.5 Other Synchronous Machine Models 227 8.5.1 Flux-Decay Model 227 8.5.2 Classical Model 228 8.6 dq-axes Rotation Between a Generator and the System 229 8.7 Power System Simulation using Detailed Machine Models 230 8.7.1 Power System Simulation Algorithm 231 8.8 Linearized Models 232 8.9 Summary and Notes 234 Problems 235 9 Excitation Systems 237 9.1 Introduction 237 9.2 Excitation System Models 238 9.3 Type DC Exciters 239 9.3.1 Separately Excited DC exciter 239 9.3.2 Self-Excited DC Exciter 243 9.3.3 Voltage Regulator 244 9.3.4 Initialization of DC Type Exciters 245 9.3.5 Transfer Function Analysis 246 9.3.6 Generator and Exciter Closed-Loop System 248 9.3.7 Excitation System Response Ratios 251 9.4 Type AC Exciters 252 9.5 Type ST Excitation Systems 254 9.6 Load Compensation Control 257 9.7 Protective Functions 259 9.8 Summary and Notes 259 Appendix 9.A Anti-Windup Limits 260 Problems 261 10 Power System Stabilizers 265 10.1 Introduction 265 10.2 Single-Machine Infinite-Bus System Model 266 10.3 Synchronizing and Damping Torques 271 10.3.1 ΔTe2 Under Constant Field Voltage 272 10.3.2 ΔTe2 With Excitation System Control 273 10.4 Power System Stabilizer Design using Rotor Speed Signal 275 10.4.1 PSS Design Requirements 276 10.4.2 PSS Control Blocks 277 10.4.3 PSS Design Methods 279 10.4.4 Torsional Filters 284 10.4.5 PSS Field Tuning 287 10.4.6 Interarea Mode Damping 287 10.5 Other PSS Input Signals 288 10.5.1 Generator Terminal Bus Frequency 288 10.5.2 Electrical Power Output ΔPe 288 10.6 Integral-of-Accelerating-Power or Dual-Input PSS 289 10.7 Summary and Notes 293 Problems 293 11 Load and Induction Motor Models 295 11.1 Introduction 295 11.2 Static Load Models 296 11.2.1 Exponential Load Model 296 11.2.2 Polynomial Load Model 297 11.3 Incorporating ZIP Load Models in Dynamic Simulation and Linear Analysis 298 11.4 Induction Motors: Steady-State Models 303 11.4.1 Physical Description 304 11.4.2 Mathematical Description 304 11.4.2.1 Modeling Equations 304 11.4.2.2 Reference Frame Transformation 306 11.4.3 Equivalent Circuits 308 11.4.4 Per-Unit Representation 310 11.4.5 Torque-Slip Characteristics 311 11.4.6 Reactive Power Consumption 313 11.4.7 Motor Startup 314 11.5 Induction Motors: Dynamic Models 315 11.5.1 Initialization 318 11.5.2 Reactive Power Requirement during Motor Stalling 320 11.6 Summary and Notes 323 Problems 324 12 Turbine-Governor Models and Frequency Control 327 12.1 Introduction 327 12.2 Steam Turbines 328 12.2.1 Turbine Configurations 328 12.2.2 Steam Turbine-Governors 331 12.3 Hydraulic Turbines 333 12.3.1 Hydraulic Turbine-Governors 337 12.3.2 Load Rejection of Hydraulic Turbines 338 12.4 Gas Turbines and Co-Generation Plants 339 12.5 Primary Frequency Control 342 12.5.1 Isolated Turbine-Generator Serving Local Load 343 12.5.2 Interconnected Units 347 12.5.3 Frequency Response in US Power Grids 349 12.6 Automatic Generation Control 351 12.7 Turbine-Generator Torsional Oscillations and Subsynchronous Resonance 356 12.7.1 Torsional Modes 356 12.7.2 Electrical Network Modes 363 12.7.3 SSR Occurrence and Countermeasures 365 12.8 Summary and Notes 366 Problems 367 Part III Advanced Power System Topics 371 13 High-Voltage Direct Current Transmission Systems 373 13.1 Introduction 373 13.1.1 HVDC System Installations and Applications 375 13.1.2 HVDC System Economics 377 13.2 AC/DC and DC/AC Conversion 377 13.2.1 AC-DC Conversion using Ideal Diodes 378 13.2.2 Three-Phase Full-Wave Bridge Converter 379 13.3 Line-Commutation Operation in HVDC Systems 383 13.3.1 Rectifier Operation 383 13.3.1.1 Thyristor Ignition Delay Angle 383 13.3.1.2 Commutation Overlap 385 13.3.2 Inverter Operation 388 13.3.3 Multiple Bridge Converters 389 13.3.4 Equivalent Circuit 389 13.4 Control Modes 391 13.4.1 Mode 1: Normal Operation 392 13.4.2 Mode 2: Reduced-Voltage Operation 393 13.4.3 Mode 3: Transitional Mode 394 13.4.4 System Operation Under Fault Conditions 396 13.4.5 Communication Requirements 396 13.5 Multi-terminal HVDC Systems 397 13.6 Harmonics and Reactive Power Requirement 398 13.6.1 Harmonic Filters 398 13.6.2 Reactive Power Support 399 13.7 AC-DC Power Flow Computation 401 13.8 Dynamic Models 406 13.8.1 Converter Control 406 13.8.2 DC Line Dynamics 408 13.8.3 AC-DC Network Solution 409 13.9 Damping Control Design 411 13.10 Summary and Notes 416 Problems 416 14 Flexible AC Transmission Systems 421 14.1 Introduction 421 14.2 Static Var Compensator 422 14.2.1 Circuit Configuration and Thyristor Switching 422 14.2.2 Steady-State Voltage Regulation and Stability Enhancement 423 14.2.2.1 Voltage Stability Enhancement 424 14.2.2.2 Transient Stability Enhancement 427 14.2.3 Dynamic Voltage Control and Droop Regulation 429 14.2.4 Dynamic Simulation 433 14.2.5 Damping Control Design using SVC 435 14.3 Thyristor-Controlled Series Compensator 441 14.3.1 Fixed Series Compensation 442 14.3.2 TCSC Circuit Configuration and Switching 442 14.3.3 Voltage Reversal Control 444 14.3.4 Mitigation of Subsynchronous Oscillations 445 14.3.5 Dynamic Model and Damping Control Design 446 14.4 Shunt VSC Controllers 451 14.4.1 Voltage-Sourced Converters 451 14.4.1.1 Three-Phase Full-Wave VSCs 453 14.4.1.2 Three-Level Converters 455 14.4.1.3 Harmonics 455 14.4.2 Static Compensator 458 14.4.2.1 Steady-State Analysis 458 14.4.2.2 Dynamic Model 459 14.4.3 VSC HVDC Systems 463 14.4.3.1 Steady-State Operation 463 14.4.3.2 Dynamic Model 466 14.5 Series and Coupled VSC Controllers 469 14.5.1 Static Synchronous Series Compensation 469 14.5.1.1 Steady-State Analysis 469 14.5.2 Unified Power Flow Controller 471 14.5.2.1 Steady-State Analysis 471 14.5.3 Interline Power Flow Controller 475 14.5.3.1 Steady-State Analysis 475 14.5.4 Dynamic Model 478 14.5.4.1 Series Voltage Insertion 479 14.5.4.2 Line Active and Reactive Power Flow Control 480 14.6 Summary and Notes 480 Problems 481 15 Wind Power Generation and Modeling 487 15.1 Background 487 15.2 Wind Turbine Components 489 15.3 Wind Power 491 15.3.1 Blade Angle Orientation 492 15.3.2 Power Coefficient 494 15.4 Wind Turbine Types 496 15.4.1 Type 1 496 15.4.2 Type 2 497 15.4.3 Type 3 498 15.4.4 Type 4 498 15.5 Steady-State Characteristics 499 15.5.1 Type-1Wind Turbine 499 15.5.2 Type-2Wind Turbine 501 15.5.3 Type-3Wind Turbine 502 15.6 Wind Power Plant Representation 505 15.7 Overall Control Criteria for Variable-Speed Wind Turbines 510 15.8 Wind Turbine Model for Transient Stability Planning Studies 513 15.8.1 Overall Model Structure 513 15.8.2 Generator/Converter Model 514 15.8.3 Electrical Control Model 515 15.8.4 Drive-Train Model 517 15.8.5 Torque Control Model 519 15.8.6 Aerodynamic Model 520 15.8.7 Pitch Controller 522 15.9 Plant-Level Control Model 526 15.9.1 Simulation Example 526 15.10 Summary and Notes 527 Problems 528 16 Power System Coherency and Model Reduction 531 16.1 Introduction 531 16.2 Interarea Oscillations and Slow Coherency 532 16.2.1 Slow Coherency 534 16.2.2 Slow Coherent Areas 536 16.2.3 Finding Coherent Groups of Machines 541 16.3 Generator Aggregation and Network Reduction 544 16.3.1 Generator Aggregation 545 16.3.2 Dynamic Aggregation 548 16.3.3 Load Bus Elimination 551 16.4 Simulation Studies 555 16.4.1 Singular Perturbations Method 556 16.5 Linear Reduced Model Methods 557 16.5.1 Modal Truncation 558 16.5.2 Balanced Model Reduction Method 559 16.6 Dynamic Model Reduction Software 559 16.7 Summary and Notes 560 Problems 560 References 563 Index 577

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Book SynopsisENERGY STORAGE Written and edited by a team of well-known and respected experts in the field, this new volume on energy storage presents the state-of-the-art developments and challenges in the field of renewable energy systems for sustainability and scalability for engineers, researchers, academicians, industry professionals, consultants, and designers. The world's energy landscape is very complex. Fossil fuels, especially because of hydraulic fracturing, are still a mainstay of global energy production, but renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar, and others, are increasing in importance for global energy sustainability. Experts and non-experts agree that the next game-changer in this area will be energy storage. Energy storage is crucial for continuous operation of power plants and can supplement basic power generation sources over a stand-alone system. It can enhance capacity and leads to greater security, including continuous electricity supply and other applications. A depenTable of ContentsList of Contributors xi Preface xiii 1 Thermal Energy Storage Systems for Concentrating Solar Power Plants 1 Dr. Pratibha Biswal 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Technology 2 1.2.1 CSP Receiver Concepts 4 1.2.1.1 Parabolic Trough System 4 1.2.1.2 Linear Fresnel Reflector Systems 5 1.2.1.3 Central Receiver Plants 6 1.2.1.4 Dish System 7 1.3 Thermal Energy Storage in CSP 7 1.3.1 Active Two-Tank System 9 1.3.1.1 Active Two-Tank Direct 9 1.3.2 Active Single-Tank Thermocline 20 1.3.3 Other TES Systems 21 1.3.3.1 Packed-Bed Storage System 21 1.3.3.2 Passive Thermal Storage System 22 1.3.4 Types of Thermal Energy Storage (TES) 22 1.3.4.1 Sensible Energy Storage 22 1.3.4.2 Latent Heat Storage 24 1.3.4.3 Thermochemical Energy Storage 25 1.4 Corrosion Problem in TES-CSP System 26 1.5 Conclusion 26 References 27 2 Solar Thermal Power Plant with Thermal Energy Storage 31 Anil Kumar, Umakanta Sahoo and BK Jayasimha Rathod 2.1 Introduction 32 2.2 Literature Review 39 2.2.1 Power Installed Capacity of India 39 2.2.2 Energy Storage Systems 40 2.2.3 Thermal Storage Systems 40 2.3 Energy Demand of World 44 2.4 Experimental Set Up 48 2.4.1 Description of Experimental Set Ups 49 2.5 Experimental Data Analysis, Results and Discussions 55 2.5.1 Performance of Reflector Round the Year (Experimental Set up I) 58 2.5.1.1 Simulation Results 63 2.5.1.2 Typical PID of a Solar Module from ‘India One’ Solar Power Plant 66 2.5.1.3 Quantity of Steam to Turbine 67 2.6 Experimental Data Analysis, Results and Discussions 69 2.7 Conclusions 75 Symbols 76 Acknowledgement 77 References 77 3 Efficient Energy Storage Systems for Wind Power Application 81 Pradeep Kumar Sahu, Satyaranjan Jena and Umakanta Sahoo 3.1 Introduction 82 3.2 Energy Storage Devices 84 3.2.1 Electrical Energy Storage 84 3.2.1.1 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) 85 3.2.1.2 Supercapacitors 86 3.2.2 Mechanical Energy Storage 87 3.2.2.1 Flywheel Energy Storage (FES) 87 3.2.2.2 Pumped Hydroelectric Storage (PHS) 88 3.2.2.3 Compressed Air Energy Storage 89 3.2.3 Chemical Energy Storage 89 3.2.3.1 Battery Storage System (BSS) 90 3.2.3.2 Fuel Cells 90 3.2.3.3 Solar Fuel 90 3.2.4 Thermal Energy Storage 93 3.3 Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) 93 3.4 Power Converter Topologies for Hybrid Energy Storage 95 3.4.1 Passive Topology 95 3.4.2 Semi-Active Topology 97 3.4.3 Active Topology 97 3.4.4 Comparison of Different Topologies 98 3.5 HESS Energy Management and Control 99 3.5.1 HESS Control Schemes 99 3.5.1.1 Classical Control Scheme 100 3.5.1.2 Intelligent Control Schemes 102 3.5.2 Comparison of Different Control Schemes 103 3.6 Applications of the Storage Technologies in Wind Power 104 3.6.1 Power Fluctuation Mitigation 104 3.6.2 Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) 105 3.6.3 Voltage Control Support 105 3.6.4 Oscillation Damping 106 3.6.5 Peak Shaving 106 3.6.6 Spinning Reserve 107 3.6.7 Time Shifting 108 3.6.8 Transmission Line Curtailment 108 3.6.9 Load Following 109 3.6.10 Unit Commitment 110 3.7 Conclusion 110 References 112 4 Advances in Electrochemical Energy Storage Device: Supercapacitor 119 Swagatika Kamila, Bikash Kumar Jena and Suddhasatwa Basu 4.1 Introduction 120 4.2 Types of Energy Storage Devices 120 4.3 Overview of Supercapacitor and Its Global Scenario 122 4.4 Status of Supercapacitor in India 125 4.5 Types of Supercapacitor According to the Energy Storage Mechanism 126 4.5.1 Electrical Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLC) 126 4.5.2 Pseudocapacitor 128 4.5.3 Hybrid Supercapacitor 129 4.5.3.1 Composite Supercapacitor 129 4.5.3.2 Asymmetric Supercapacitor 130 4.5.3.3 Battery Type 130 4.6 Basic Components of Supercapacitor 130 4.6.1 Current Collector 130 4.6.2 Electrode Materials 131 4.6.2.1 EDLC Materials 131 4.6.2.2 Pseudocapacitive Materials 132 4.6.3 Electrolytes 138 4.6.4 Binders 138 4.6.5 Separators 139 4.7 Conclusion 140 References 140 5 Thermal Energy Storage Systems for Cooling and Heating Applications 149 Pankaj Kalita, Debangsu Kashyap and Urbashi Bordoloi 5.1 Introduction 150 5.2 Classification of Storage Systems 151 5.3 Sensible Heat Storage 151 5.3.1 Water-Based Storage 153 5.3.2 Packed Beds 156 5.3.3 Aquifers 158 5.3.4 Borehole 160 5.4 Latent Heat Storage 163 5.4.1 Enhancement Methods for Thermal Conductivity Enhancement 164 5.4.1.1 Macro and Microencapsulation 165 5.4.1.2 Addition of Fins 166 5.4.1.3 Multiple PCM Technology 167 5.4.1.4 Immersion Through Material Pores 167 5.5 Thermochemical Heat Storage 168 5.5.1 Absorption Cycle 172 5.5.2 Adsorption Cycles 173 5.5.3 Chemical Reaction 174 5.6 Application of Thermal Energy Storage Systems 176 5.6.1 Absorption Refrigeration System 176 5.6.2 Solar Pumps Application in Space Cooling/Heating 177 5.6.3 Solar Pond Integrated Packed-Bed TES System for Space Heating 178 5.6.4 Solar FPC 179 5.6.5 Solar PV/T 181 5.6.6 Solar Air Heater 183 5.7 Design Problems 184 5.8 Conclusion 196 References 196 6 Optimistic Technological Approaches for Sustainable Energy Storage Devices/Materials 201 Benjamin Raj, Arya Das, Suddhasatwa Basu and Mamata Mohapatra 6.1 Introduction 202 6.2 Advancements in Supercapacitor Technology 202 6.2.1 The Current Global Supercapacitor Market 205 6.2.2 Challenges: From Lab to Market 207 6.2.3 Current Trends and Opportunities 209 6.2.4 Composites and Novel Architectures 209 6.2.5 Microsupercapacitors 210 6.2.6 Hybrid Supercapacitors 211 6.2.7 Flexible, Wearable and Smart Supercapacitors 211 6.3 Advancements in Battery Technology 212 6.3.1 Challenges 213 6.3.2 Nickel-Cadmium Batteries 213 6.3.3 Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries 214 6.3.4 Lead Storage Battery 214 6.3.5 Sodium Sulphur Battery 215 6.3.6 Flow Batteries 217 6.3.7 Lithium Ion Batteries (LIBs) 218 6.4 Conclusion and Outlook 221 References 222 7 Electro-Chemical Battery Energy Storage Systems - A Comprehensive Overview 229 Nikhil P G and G Sivaramakrishnan 7.1 Introduction 229 7.2 Electro-Chemical Storage Devices 231 7.2.1 Definition and Types 231 7.2.2 Energy Storage Landscape and Benefits of Electro-Chemical Storage 235 7.2.3 Drivers and Barriers in Implementation of Energy Storage Systems 240 7.3 Design and Performance Parameters for Electro-Chemical Storage 240 7.3.1 Design Basis for Large Storage Application 240 7.4 Case Study From Industry 243 7.5 Best Practices in Battery Maintenance 245 7.6 End of Life Cycle of Batteries 247 7.6.1 Major Recyclable Products from the Process 248 7.6.2 Disposal Measures 248 7.7 India Energy Storage Mission 249 7.8 Conclusion 251 References 251 8 Simulation of Charging and Discharging a Thermal Energy Storage System Involving Phase Change Material 253 S. Sanyal, A. Borgohain and S.P. Gupta 8.1 Introduction 253 8.2 Design of Latent Heat Storage (LHS) System 256 8.2.1 Identification of Suitable PCM 256 8.2.2 Design of Heat Exchanger 260 8.2.3 Performance Evaluation 261 8.3 Analysis of Phase Change Systems 261 8.4 Simulation 263 8.4.1 Equations Involved 263 8.4.2 Modelling 265 8.4.3 Transient Analysis 269 8.5 Results and Discussion 269 8.5.1 Scalability of Mesh 269 8.5.2 Melting 270 8.5.3 Solidification 271 8.5.4 Performance 273 8.6 Conclusion 274 Acknowledgement 274 Abbreviation 275 References 275 Index 277

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Book SynopsisThe definitive guide to problem-solving in the design of communications systems In Algorithms for Communications Systems and their Applications, 2nd Edition, authors Benvenuto, Cherubini, and Tomasin have delivered the ultimate and practical guide to applying algorithms in communications systems. Written for researchers and professionals in the areas of digital communications, signal processing, and computer engineering, Algorithms for Communications Systems presents algorithmic and computational procedures within communications systems that overcome a wide range of problems facing system designers. New material in this fully updated edition includes: MIMO systems (Space-time block coding/Spatial multiplexing /Beamforming and interference management/Channel Estimation) OFDM and SC-FDMA (Synchronization/Resource allocation (bit and power loading)/Filtered OFDM) Improved radio channel model (Doppler and shadowing/mmWave) PTable of ContentsPreface 3 Acknowledgments 3 1 Elements of signal theory 7 1.1 Continuous-time linear systems 7 1.2 Discrete-time linear systems 10 Discrete Fourier transform 13 The DFT operator 14 Circular and linear convolution via DFT 15 Convolution by the overlap-save method 17 IIR and FIR filters 19 1.3 Signal bandwidth 22 The sampling theorem 24 Heaviside conditions for the absence of signal distortion 26 1.4 Passband signals and systems 26 Complex representation 26 Relation between a signal and its complex representation 28 Baseband equivalent of a transformation 36 Envelope and instantaneous phase and frequency 37 1.5 Second-order analysis of random processes 38 1.5.1 Correlation 39 Properties of the autocorrelation function 40 1.5.2 Power spectral density 40 Spectral lines in the PSD 40 Cross power spectral density 42 Properties of the PSD 42 PSD through filtering 43 1.5.3 PSD of discrete-time random processes 43 Spectral lines in the PSD 44 PSD through filtering 45 Minimum-phase spectral factorization 46 1.5.4 PSD of passband processes 47 PSD of in-phase and quadrature components 47 Cyclostationary processes 50 1.6 The autocorrelation matrix 56 Properties 56 Eigenvalues 56 Other properties 57 Eigenvalue analysis for Hermitian matrices 58 1.7 Examples of random processes 60 1.8 Matched filter 66 White noise case 68 1.9 Ergodic random processes 69 1.9.1 Mean value estimators 71 Rectangular window 74 Exponential filter 74 General window 75 1.9.2 Correlation estimators 75 Unbiased estimate 76 Biased estimate 76 1.9.3 Power spectral density estimators 77 Periodogram or instantaneous spectrum 77 Welch periodogram 78 Blackman and Tukey correlogram 79 Windowing and window closing 79 1.10 Parametric models of random processes 82 ARMA 82 MA 84 AR 84 Spectral factorization of AR models 87 Whitening filter 87 Relation between ARMA, MA, and AR models 87 1.10.1 Autocorrelation of AR processes 89 1.10.2 Spectral estimation of an AR process 91 Some useful relations 92 AR model of sinusoidal processes 94 1.11 Guide to the bibliography 95 Bibliography 95 Appendixes 97 1.A Multirate systems 98 1.A.1 Fundamentals 98 1.A.2 Decimation 100 1.A.3 Interpolation 102 1.A.4 Decimator filter 104 1.A.5 Interpolator filter 105 1.A.6 Rate conversion 108 1.A.7 Time interpolation 109 Linear interpolation 110 Quadratic interpolation 112 1.A.8 The noble identities 112 1.A.9 The polyphase representation 113 Efficient implementations 114 1.B Generation of a complex Gaussian noise 121 1.C Pseudo-noise sequences 122 Maximal-length 122 CAZAC 124 Gold 125 2 The Wiener filter 129 2.1 The Wiener filter 129 Matrix formulation 130 Optimum filter design 132 The principle of orthogonality 134 Expression of the minimum mean-square error 135 Characterization of the cost function surface 136 The Wiener filter in the z-domain 137 2.2 Linear prediction 140 Forward linear predictor 141 Optimum predictor coefficients 141 Forward prediction error filter 142 Relation between linear prediction and AR models 143 First and second order solutions 144 2.3 The least squares method 145 Data windowing 146 Matrix formulation 146 Correlation matrix 147 Determination of the optimum filter coefficients 147 2.3.1 The principle of orthogonality 148 Minimum cost function 149 The normal equation using the data matrix 149 Geometric interpretation: the projection operator 150 2.3.2 Solutions to the LS problem 151 Singular value decomposition 152 Minimum norm solution 154 2.4 The estimation problem 155 Estimation of a random variable 155 MMSE estimation 155 Extension to multiple observations 157 Linear MMSE estimation of a random variable 158 Linear MMSE estimation of a random vector 158 2.4.1 The Cramér-Rao lower bound 160 Extension to vector parameter 162 2.5 Examples of application 164 2.5.1 Identification of a linear discrete-time system 164 2.5.2 Identification of a continuous-time system 166 2.5.3 Cancellation of an interfering signal 169 2.5.4 Cancellation of a sinusoidal interferer with known frequency 170 2.5.5 Echo cancellation in digital subscriber loops 171 2.5.6 Cancellation of a periodic interferer 172 Bibliography 173 Appendixes 174 2.A The Levinson-Durbin algorithm 175 Lattice filters 176 The Delsarte-Genin algorithm 177 3 Adaptive transversal filters 179 3.1 The MSE design criterion 180 3.1.1 The steepest descent or gradient algorithm 181 Stability 181 Conditions for convergence 183 Adaptation gain 184 Transient behaviour of the MSE 185 3.1.2 The least mean square algorithm 186 Implementation 187 Computational complexity 188 Conditions for convergence 188 3.1.3 Convergence analysis of the LMS algorithm 190 Convergence of the mean 191 Convergence in the mean-square sense: real scalar case 192 Convergence in the mean-square sense: general case 193 Fundamental results 196 Observations 197 Final remarks 199 3.1.4 Other versions of the LMS algorithm 199 Leaky LMS 199 Sign algorithm 200 Normalized LMS 200 Variable adaptation gain 201 3.1.5 Example of application: the predictor 202 3.2 The recursive least squares algorithm 208 Normal equation 209 Derivation 210 Initialization 212 Recursive form of the minimum cost function 212 Convergence 214 Computational complexity 214 Example of application: the predictor 215 3.3 Fast recursive algorithms 215 3.3.1 Comparison of the various algorithms 216 3.4 Examples of application 216 3.4.1 Identification of a linear discrete-time system 217 Finite alphabet case 219 3.4.2 Cancellation of a sinusoidal interferer with known frequency 220 Bibliography 221 4 Transmission channels 223 4.1 Radio channel 223 4.1.1 Propagation and used frequencies in radio transmission 224 Basic propagation mechanisms 224 Frequency ranges 224 4.1.2 Analog front-end architectures 226 Radiation masks 226 Conventional superheterodyne receiver 227 Alternative architectures 227 Direct conversion receiver 228 Single conversion to low-IF 229 Double conversion and wideband IF 229 4.1.3 General channel model 230 High power amplifier 230 Transmission medium 233 Additive noise 234 Phase noise 234 4.1.4 Narrowband radio channel model 235 Equivalent circuit at the receiver 237 Multipath 238 Path loss as a function of distance 240 4.1.5 Fading effects in propagation models 243 Macroscopic fading or shadowing 243 Microscopic fading 245 4.1.6 Doppler shift 245 4.1.7 Wideband channel model 247 Multipath channel parameters 249 Statistical description of fading channels 250 4.1.8 Channel statistics 252 Power delay profile 252 Coherence bandwidth 253 Doppler spectrum 254 Coherence time 255 Doppler spectrum models 256 Power angular spectrum 256 Coherence distance 256 On fading 257 4.1.9 Discrete-time model for fading channels 258 Generation of a process with a preassigned spectrum 259 4.1.10 Discrete-space model of shadowing 261 4.1.11 Multiantenna systems 264 Discrete-time model 266 4.2 Telephone channel 268 Distortion 270 Noise sources 270 Echo 270 Appendixes 272 4.A Discrete-time NB model for mmWave channels 273 Angular domain representation 273 Bibliography 274 5 Vector quantization 277 5.1 Basic concept 277 5.2 Characterization of VQ 278 Parameters determining VQ performance 278 Comparison between VQ and scalar quantization 280 5.3 Optimum quantization 281 Generalized Lloyd algorithm 282 5.4 The Linde, Buzo, and Gray algorithm 284 Choice of the initial codebook 285 Splitting procedure 286 Selection of the training sequence 287 5.4.1 k-means clustering 288 5.5 Variants of VQ 288 Tree search VQ 288 Multistage VQ 289 Product code VQ 291 5.6 VQ of channel state information 292 MISO channel quantization 292 Channel feedback with feedforward information 294 5.7 Principal component analysis 295 5.7.1 PCA and k-means clustering 297 Bibliography 299 6 Digital transmission model and channel capacity 301 6.1 Digital transmission model 301 6.2 Detection 305 6.2.1 Optimum detection 306 ML 307 MAP 307 6.2.2 Soft detection 309 LLRs associated to bits of BMAP 309 Simplified expressions 312 6.2.3 Receiver strategies 314 6.3 Relevant parameters of the digital transmission model 314 Relations among parameters 315 6.4 Error probability 317 6.5 Capacity 320 6.5.1 Discrete-time AWGN channel 321 6.5.2 SISO narrowband AWGN channel 322 6.5.3 SISO dispersive AGN channel 322 6.5.4 MIMO discrete-time NB AWGN channel 325 6.6 Achievable rates of modulations in AWGN channels 326 6.6.1 Rate as a function of the SNR per dimension 327 6.6.2 Coding strategies depending on the signal-to-noise ratio 329 Coding gain 330 6.6.3 Achievable rate of an AWGN channel using PAM 331 Bibliography 333 Appendixes 334 6.A Gray labelling 335 6.B The Gaussian distribution and Marcum functions 336 6.B.1 The Q function 336 6.B.2 Marcum function 338 7 Single-carrier modulation 341 7.1 Signals and systems 341 7.1.1 Baseband digital transmission (PAM) 341 Modulator 342 Transmission channel 343 Receiver 343 Power spectral density 344 7.1.2 Passband digital transmission (QAM) 346 Modulator 346 Power spectral density 347 Three equivalent representations of the modulator 348 Coherent receiver 349 7.1.3 Baseband equivalent model of a QAM system 349 Signal analysis 349 7.1.4 Characterization of system elements 353 Transmitter 353 Transmission channel 354 Receiver 355 7.2 Intersymbol interference 356 Discrete-time equivalent system 356 Nyquist pulses 357 Eye diagram 361 7.3 Performance analysis 365 Signal-to-noise ratio 365 Symbol error probability in the absence of ISI 366 Matched filter receiver 367 7.4 Channel equalization 367 7.4.1 Zero-forcing equalizer 367 7.4.2 Linear equalizer 368 Optimum receiver in the presence of noise and ISI 369 Alternative derivation of the IIR equalizer 370 Signal-to-noise ratio at detector 374 7.4.3 LE with a finite number of coefficients 375 Adaptive LE 376 Fractionally spaced equalizer 378 7.4.4 Decision feedback equalizer 381 Design of a DFE with a finite number of coefficients 384 Design of a fractionally spaced DFE 387 Signal-to-noise ratio at the decision point 389 Remarks 390 7.4.5 Frequency domain equalization 390 DFE with data frame using a unique word 390 7.4.6 LE-ZF 394 7.4.7 DFE-ZF with IIR filters 394 DFE-ZF as noise predictor 400 DFE as ISI and noise predictor 400 7.4.8 Benchmark performance of LE-ZF and DFE-ZF 402 Comparison 402 Performance for two channel models 403 7.4.9 Passband equalizers 404 Passband receiver structure 405 Optimization of equalizer coefficients and carrier phase offset 407 Adaptive method 408 7.5 Optimum methods for data detection 410 7.5.1 Maximum-likelihood sequence detection 412 Lower bound to error probability using MLSD 413 The Viterbi algorithm 414 Computational complexity of the VA 419 7.5.2 Maximum a posteriori probability detector 419 Statistical description of a sequential machine 420 The forward-backward algorithm 421 Scaling 425 The log likelihood function and the Max-Log-MAP criterion 426 LLRs associated to bits of BMAP 427 Relation between Max-Log-MAP and Log-MAP 428 7.5.3 Optimum receivers 428 7.5.4 The Ungerboeck’s formulation of MLSD 430 7.5.5 Error probability achieved by MLSD 433 Computation of the minimum distance 437 7.5.6 The reduced-state sequence detection 441 Trellis diagram 442 The RSSE algorithm 444 Further simplification: DFSE 446 7.6 Numerical results obtained by simulations 447 QPSK over a minimum-phase channel 447 QPSK over a non minimum phase channel 448 8-PSK over a minimum phase channel 449 8-PSK over a non minimum phase channel 449 7.7 Precoding for dispersive channels 451 7.7.1 Tomlinson-Harashima precoding 452 7.7.2 Flexible precoding 454 7.8 Channel estimation 456 7.8.1 The correlation method 456 7.8.2 The LS method 458 Formulation using the data matrix 459 7.8.3 Signal-to-estimation error ratio 460 7.8.4 Channel estimation for multirate systems 464 7.8.5 The LMMSE method 465 7.9 Faster-than-Nyquist Signalling 467 Bibliography 467 Appendixes 470 7.A Simulation of a QAM system 471 7.B Description of a finite-state machine 477 7.C Line codes for PAM systems 478 7.C.1 Line codes 478 Non-return-to-zero format 478 Return-to-zero format 479 Biphase format 480 Delay modulation or Miller code 481 Block line codes 481 Alternate mark inversion 481 7.C.2 Partial response systems 482 The choice of the PR polynomial 485 Symbol detection and error probability 489 Precoding 491 Error probability with precoding 492 Alternative interpretation of PR systems 493 7.D Implementation of a QAM transmitter 497 8 Multicarrier modulation 499 8.1 MC systems 499 8.2 Orthogonality conditions 500 Time domain 501 Frequency domain 501 z-transform domain 501 8.3 Efficient implementation of MC systems 502 MC implementation employing matched filters 502 Orthogonality conditions in terms of the polyphase components 505 MC implementation employing a prototype filter 505 8.4 Non-critically sampled filter banks 510 8.5 Examples of MC systems 515 OFDM or DMT 515 Filtered multitone 516 8.6 Analog signal processing requirements in MC systems 517 8.6.1 Analog filter requirements 517 Interpolator filter and virtual subchannels 517 Modulator filter 519 8.6.2 Power amplifier requirements 520 8.7 Equalization 521 8.7.1 OFDM equalization 521 8.7.2 FMT equalization 524 Per-subchannel fractionally-spaced equalization 524 Per-subchannel T -spaced equalization 524 Alternative per-subchannel T -spaced equalization 525 8.8 Orthogonal time frequency space modulation 526 OTFS equalization 527 8.9 Channel estimation in OFDM 527 Instantaneous estimate or LS method 528 LMMSE 530 The LS estimate with truncated impulse response 531 8.9.1 Channel estimate and pilot symbols 532 8.10 Multiuser access schemes 532 8.10.1 OFDMA 533 8.10.2 SC-FDMA or DFT-spread OFDM 534 8.11 Comparison between MC and SC systems 535 8.12 Other MC waveforms 536 Bibliography 537 9 Transmission over multiple input multiple output channels 539 9.1 The MIMO NB channel 539 Spatial multiplexing and spatial diversity 544 Interference in MIMO channels 544 9.2 CSI only at the receiver 545 9.2.1 SIMO combiner 545 Equalization and diversity 548 9.2.2 MIMO combiner 548 Zero-forcing 549 MMSE 550 9.2.3 MIMO nonlinear detection and decoding 550 V-BLAST system 550 Spatial modulation 552 9.2.4 Space-time coding 553 The Alamouti code 553 The Golden code 555 9.2.5 MIMO channel estimation 556 The least squares method 556 The LMMSE method 557 9.3 CSI only at the transmitter 558 9.3.1 MISO linear precoding 558 MISO antenna selection 559 9.3.2 MIMO linear precoding 560 ZF precoding 561 9.3.3 MIMO nonlinear precoding 562 Dirty paper coding 562 TH precoding 564 9.3.4 Channel estimation for CSIT 564 9.4 CSI at both the transmitter and the receiver 565 9.5 Hybrid beamforming 566 Hybrid beamforming and angular domain representation 567 9.6 Multiuser MIMO: broadcast channel 568 9.6.1 CSI at both the transmitter and the receivers 569 Block diagonalization 570 User selection 571 Joint spatial division and multiplexing 572 9.6.2 Broadcast channel estimation 573 9.7 Multiuser MIMO: multiple-access channel 573 9.7.1 CSI at both the transmitters and the receiver 574 Block diagonalization 575 9.7.2 Multiple-access channel estimation 575 9.8 Massive MIMO 575 9.8.1 Channel hardening 576 9.8.2 Multiuser channel orthogonality 576 Bibliography 576 10 Spread-spectrum systems 581 10.1 Spread-spectrum techniques 581 10.1.1 Direct sequence systems 581 Classification of CDMA systems 589 Synchronization 590 10.1.2 Frequency hopping systems 590 Classification of FH systems 592 10.2 Applications of spread-spectrum systems 593 10.2.1 Anti-jamming 594 10.2.2 Multiple access 596 10.2.3 Interference rejection 597 10.3 Chip matched filter and rake receiver 597 Number of resolvable rays in a multipath channel 597 Chip matched filter 598 10.4 Interference 601 Detection strategies for multiple-access systems 603 10.5 Single-user detection 603 Chip equalizer 603 Symbol equalizer 605 10.6 Multiuser detection 606 10.6.1 Block equalizer 606 10.6.2 Interference cancellation detector 608 Successive interference cancellation 608 Parallel interference cancellation 610 10.6.3 ML multiuser detector 610 Correlation matrix 611 Whitening filter 611 10.7 Multicarrier CDMA systems 612 Bibliography 613 Appendixes 615 10.A Walsh codes 616 11 Channel codes 619 11.1 System model 620 11.2 Block codes 622 11.2.1 Theory of binary codes with group structure 622 Properties 622 Parity check matrix 625 Code generator matrix 628 Decoding of binary parity check codes 628 Cosets 629 Two conceptually simple decoding methods 630 Syndrome decoding 631 11.2.2 Fundamentals of algebra 633 modulo-q arithmetic 634 Polynomials with coefficients from a field 637 Modular arithmetic for polynomials 638 Devices to sum and multiply elements in a finite field 640 Remarks on finite fields 642 Roots of a polynomial 646 Minimum function 648 Methods to determine the minimum function 650 Properties of the minimum function 652 11.2.3 Cyclic codes 653 The algebra of cyclic codes 653 Properties of cyclic codes 654 Encoding by a shift register of length r 658 Encoding by a shift register of length k 661 Hard decoding of cyclic codes 662 Hamming codes 663 Burst error detection 666 11.2.4 Simplex cyclic codes 666 Relation to PN sequences 668 11.2.5 BCH codes 669 An alternative method to specify the code polynomials 669 Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenhemcodes 671 Binary BCH codes 674 Reed-Solomon codes 675 Decoding of BCH codes 676 Efficient decoding of BCH codes 681 11.2.6 Performance of block codes 689 11.3 Convolutional codes 690 11.3.1 General description of convolutional codes 693 Parity check matrix 695 Generator matrix 696 Transfer function 696 Catastrophic error propagation 700 11.3.2 Decoding of convolutional codes 702 Interleaving 702 Two decoding models 703 Decoding by the Viterbi algorithm 704 Decoding by the forward-backward algorithm 705 Sequential decoding 706 11.3.3 Performance of convolutional codes 710 11.4 Puncturing 711 11.5 Concatenated codes 711 The soft-output Viterbi algorithm 711 11.6 Turbo codes 713 Encoding 713 The basic principle of iterative decoding 718 FBA revisited 719 Iterative decoding 728 Performance evaluation 730 11.7 Iterative detection and decoding 730 11.8 Low-density parity check codes 734 11.8.1 Representation of LDPC codes 735 Matrix representation 735 Graphical representation 736 11.8.2 Encoding 737 Encoding procedure 737 11.8.3 Decoding 738 Hard decision decoder 738 The sum-product algorithm decoder 741 The LR-SPA decoder 744 The LLR-SPA or log-domain SPA decoder 745 The min-sum decoder 747 Other decoding algorithms 748 11.8.4 Example of application 748 Performance and coding gain 748 11.8.5 Comparison with turbo codes 749 11.9 Polar codes 751 11.9.1 Encoding 752 Internal CRC 753 LLRs associated to code bits 754 11.9.2 Tanner graph 755 11.9.3 Decoding algorithms 757 Successive cancellation decoding - the principle 758 Successive cancellation decoding - the algorithm 760 Successive cancellation list decoding 763 Other decoding algorithms 765 11.9.4 Frozen set design 765 Genie-aided SC decoding 766 Design based on density evolution 767 Channel polarisation 770 11.9.5 Puncturing and shortening 770 Puncturing 771 Shortening 772 Frozen set design 774 11.9.6 Performance 774 11.10Milestones in channel coding 775 Bibliography 775 Appendixes 781 11.A Nonbinary parity check codes 782 Linear codes 783 Parity check matrix 784 Code generator matrix 785 Decoding of nonbinary parity check codes 786 Coset 786 Two conceptually simple decoding methods 787 Syndrome decoding 787 12 Trellis coded modulation 789 12.1 Linear TCM for one and two-dimensional signal sets 790 12.1.1 Fundamental elements 790 Basic TCM scheme 792 Example 792 12.1.2 Set partitioning 795 12.1.3 Lattices 797 12.1.4 Assignment of symbols to the transitions in the trellis 802 12.1.5 General structure of the encoder/bit-mapper 807 Computation of dfree 809 12.2 Multidimensional TCM 811 Encoding 812 Decoding 815 12.3 Rotationally invariant TCM schemes 817 Bibliography 817 13 Techniques to achieve capacity 819 13.1 Capacity achieving solutions for multicarrier systems 819 13.1.1 Achievable bit rate of OFDM 819 13.1.2 Waterfilling solution 820 Iterative solution 821 13.1.3 Achievable rate under practical constraints 821 Effective SNR and system margin in MC systems 822 Uniform power allocation and minimum rate per subchannel 823 13.1.4 The bit and power loading problem revisited 824 Transmission modes 824 Problem formulation 825 Some simplifying assumptions 826 On loading algorithms 826 The Hughes-Hartogs algorithm 827 The Krongold-Ramchandran Jones algorithm 827 The Chow-Cioffi Bingham algorithm 830 Comparison 832 13.2 Capacity achieving solutions for single carrier systems 833 Achieving capacity 837 Bibliography 838 14 Synchronization 839 14.1 The problem of synchronization for QAM systems 839 14.2 The phase-locked loop 841 14.2.1 PLL baseband model 843 Linear approximation 844 14.2.2 Analysis of the PLL in the presence of additive noise 846 Noise analysis using the linearity assumption 847 14.2.3 Analysis of a second order PLL 848 14.3 Costas loop 852 14.3.1 PAM signals 852 14.3.2 QAM signals 854 14.4 The optimum receiver 856 Timing recovery 858 Carrier phase recovery 862 14.5 Algorithms for timing and carrier phase recovery 863 14.5.1 ML criterion 863 Assumption of slow time varying channel 863 14.5.2 Taxonomy of algorithms using the ML criterion 863 Feedback estimators 865 Early-late estimators 866 14.5.3 Timing estimators 867 Non data aided 867 NDA synchronization via spectral estimation 869 Data aided and data directed 871 Data and phase directed with feedback: differentiator scheme 874 Data and phase directed with feedback: Mueller & Muller scheme 874 Non data aided with feedback 877 14.5.4 Phasor estimators 878 Data and timing directed 878 Non data aided forM-PSK signals 878 Data and timing directed with feedback 879 14.6 Algorithms for carrier frequency recovery 880 14.6.1 Frequency offset estimators 881 Non data aided 881 Non data aided and timing independent with feedback 882 Non data aided and timing directed with feedback 883 14.6.2 Estimators operating at the modulation rate 883 Data aided and data directed 884 Non data aided forM-PSK 885 14.7 Second-order digital PLL 885 14.8 Synchronization in spread-spectrum systems 885 14.8.1 The transmission system 885 Transmitter 885 Optimum receiver 886 14.8.2 Timing estimators with feedback 887 Non data aided: non coherent DLL 888 Non data aided modified code tracking loop 888 Data and phase directed: coherent DLL 891 14.9 Synchronization in OFDM 891 14.9.1 Frame synchronization 891 Effects of STO 891 Schmidl and Cox algorithm 893 14.9.2 Carrier frequency synchronization 894 Estimator performance 895 Other synchronization solutions 895 14.10Synchronization in SC-FDMA 896 Bibliography 899 15 Self-training equalization 901 15.1 Problem definition and fundamentals 901 Minimization of a special function 904 15.2 Three algorithms for PAM systems 908 The Sato algorithm 908 Benveniste-Goursat algorithm 909 Stop-and-go algorithm 909 Remarks 910 15.3 The contour algorithm for PAM systems 910 Simplified realization of the contour algorithm 912 15.4 Self-training equalization for partial response systems 913 The Sato algorithm 914 The contour algorithm 915 15.5 Self-training equalization for QAM systems 917 The Sato algorithm 918 15.5.1 Constant-modulus algorithm 919 The contour algorithm 921 Joint contour algorithm and carrier phase tracking 922 15.6 Examples of applications 924 Bibliography 928 Appendixes 930 15.A On the convergence of the contour algorithm 931 16 Low-complexity demodulators 933 16.1 Phase-shift keying 933 16.1.1 Differential PSK 935 Error probability ofM-DPSK 936 16.1.2 Differential encoding and coherent demodulation 937 Differentially encoded BPSK 937 Multilevel case 938 16.2 (D)PSK non-coherent receivers 940 16.2.1 Baseband differential detector 940 16.2.2 IF-band (1 Bit) differential detector 942 Signal at detection point 944 16.2.3 FM discriminator with integrate and dump filter 945 16.3 Optimum receivers for signals with random phase 946 ML criterion 948 Implementation of a non coherentML receiver 951 Error probability for a non coherent binary FSK system 953 Performance comparison of binary systems 956 16.4 Frequency-based modulations 957 16.4.1 Frequency shift keying 957 Coherent demodulator 959 Non coherent demodulator 959 Limiter-discriminator FM demodulator 961 16.4.2 Minimum-shift keying 961 Power spectral density of CPFSK 963 Performance 963 MSK with differential precoding 967 16.4.3 Remarks on spectral containment 968 16.5 Gaussian MSK 968 PSD of GMSK 972 16.5.1 Implementation of a GMSK scheme 973 Configuration I 973 Configuration II 974 Configuration III 975 16.5.2 Linear approximation of a GMSK signal 977 Performance of GMSK 978 Performance in the presence of multipath 983 Bibliography 985 Appendixes 985 16.A Continuous phase modulation 986 Alternative definition of CPM 986 Advantages of CPM 988 17 Applications of interference cancellation 989 17.1 Echo and near–end crosstalk cancellation for PAM systems 990 Crosstalk cancellation and full duplex transmission 991 Polyphase structure of the canceller 992 Canceller at symbol rate 993 Adaptive canceller 994 Canceller structure with distributed arithmetic 995 17.2 Echo cancellation for QAM systems 998 17.3 Echo cancellation for OFDM systems 1001 17.4 Multiuser detection for VDSL 1004 17.4.1 Upstream power back-off 1009 17.4.2 Comparison of PBO methods 1011 Bibliography 1014 18 Examples of communication systems 1019 18.1 The 5G cellular system 1019 18.1.1 Cells in a wireless system 1019 18.1.2 The release 15 of the 3GPP standard 1020 18.1.3 Radio access network 1021 Time-frequency plan 1022 NR data transmission chain 1023 OFDM numerology 1023 Channel estimation 1024 18.1.4 Downlink 1024 Synchronization 1026 Initial access or beam sweeping 1027 Channel estimation 1028 Channel state information reporting 1028 18.1.5 Uplink 1029 Transform precoding numerology 1029 Channel estimation 1029 Synchronization 1030 Timing advance 1031 18.1.6 Network slicing 1031 18.2 GSM 1032 Radio subsystem 1034 18.3 Wireless local area networks 1036 Medium access control protocols 1036 18.4 DECT 1037 18.5 Bluetooth 1040 18.6 Transmission over unshielded twisted pairs 1041 18.6.1 Transmission over UTP in the customer service area 1041 18.6.2 High speed transmission over UTP in local area networks 1045 18.7 Hybrid fibre/coaxial cable networks 1048 Ranging and power adjustment in OFDMA systems 1051 Ranging and power adjustment for uplink transmission 1052 Bibliography 1053 Appendixes 1057 18.A Duplexing 1058 Three methods 1058 18.B Deterministic access methods 1059 19 High-speed communications over twisted-pair cables 1063 19.1 Quaternary partial response class-IV system 1063 Analog filter design 1064 Received signal and adaptive gain control 1064 Near-end crosstalk cancellation 1065 Decorrelation filter 1065 Adaptive equalizer 1065 Compensation of the timing phase drift 1066 Adaptive equalizer coefficient adaptation 1066 Convergence behaviour of the various algorithms 1067 19.1.1 VLSI implementation 1069 Adaptive digital NEXT canceller 1069 Adaptive digital equalizer 1071 Timing control 1075 Viterbi detector 1077 19.2 Dual duplex system 1077 Dual duplex transmission 1077 Physical layer control 1080 Coding and decoding 1080 19.2.1 Signal processing functions 1083 The 100BASE-T2 transmitter 1083 The 100BASE-T2 receiver 1084 Computational complexity of digital receive filters 1086 Bibliography 1087 Appendixes 1087 19.A Interference suppression 1088

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Book SynopsisProbabilistic Power System Expansion Planning with Renewable Energy Resources and Energy Storage Systems Discover how modern techniques have shaped complex power system expansion planning with this one-stop resource from two experts in the field Probabilistic Power System Expansion Planning with Renewable Energy Resources and Energy Storage Systems delivers a comprehensive collection of innovative approaches to the probabilistic planning of generation and transmission systems under uncertainties. The book includes renewables and energy storage calculations when using probabilistic and deterministic reliability techniques to assess system performance from a long-term expansion planning viewpoint. Divided into two sections, the book first covers topics related to Generation Expansion Planning, with chapters on cost assessment, methodology and optimization, and more. The second and final section provides information on Transmission System Expansion Planning, with chTable of ContentsAuthor Biographies xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxv Part I Generation Expansion Planning 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Electricity Outlook 3 1.2 Renewables 8 1.3 Power System Planning 12 2 Background on Generation Expansion Planning 15 2.1 Methodology and Issues 15 2.2 Formulation of the Least-Cost Generation Expansion Planning Problem 18 3 Cost Assessment and Methodologies in Generation Expansion Planning 21 3.1 Basic Cost Concepts 21 3.1.1 Annual Effective Discount Rate 22 3.1.2 Present Value 23 3.1.3 Relationship Between Salvage Value and Depreciation Cost 24 3.2 Methodologies 26 3.2.1 Dynamic Programming 26 3.2.2 Linear Programming 27 3.2.2.1 Investment Cost (Capital Cost) 27 3.2.2.2 Operating Cost 27 3.2.2.3 LP Formula 28 3.2.3 Integer Programming 28 3.2.4 Multi-objective Linear Programming 28 3.2.5 Genetic Algorithm 29 3.2.6 Game Theory 30 3.2.7 Reliability Worth 32 3.2.8 Maximum Principle 32 3.3 Conventional Approach for Load Modeling 34 3.3.1 Load Duration Curve 34 4 Load Model and Generation Expansion Planning 39 4.1 Introduction 39 4.2 Analytical Approach for Long-Term Generation Expansion Planning 40 4.2.1 Representation of Random Load Fluctuations 41 4.2.2 Available Generation Capacities 43 4.2.3 Expected Plant Outputs 44 4.2.4 Expected Annual Energy 47 4.2.5 Reliability Measures 47 4.2.5.1 Expected Annual Unserved Energy 47 4.2.5.2 Annual Loss-of-Load Probability 47 4.2.6 Expected Annual Cost 48 4.2.7 Expected Marginal Values 49 4.3 Optimal Utilization of Hydro Resources 50 4.3.1 Introduction 50 4.3.2 Conventional Peak-Shaving Operation and its Problems 51 4.3.3 Peak-Shaving Operation Based on Analytical Production Costing Model 52 4.3.3.1 Basic Concept 52 4.3.3.2 Peak-Shaving Operation Problem 53 4.3.4 Optimization Procedure for Peak-Shaving Operation 53 4.4 Long-Range Generation Expansion Planning 56 4.4.1 Statement of Long-Range Generation Expansion Planning Problem 56 4.4.1.1 Master Problem and Basic Subproblems 57 4.4.1.2 Hydro Subproblem 58 4.4.2 Optimization Procedures 59 4.5 Case Studies 60 4.5.1 Test for Accuracy of Formulas 60 4.5.2 Test for Solution Convergence and Computing Efficiency 62 4.6 Conclusion 65 5 Probabilistic Production Simulation Model 67 5.1 Introduction 67 5.2 Effective Load Distribution Curve 67 5.3 Case Studies 71 5.3.1 Case Study I: Sample System I With One 30MW Generator Only 71 5.3.2 Case Study II: Sample System II With One 10MW Generator Only 75 5.3.3 Case Study III: Sample System III With Two Generators – 30 and 10MW 78 5.4 Probabilistic Production Simulation Algorithm 82 5.4.1 Hartley Transform 82 5.5 Supply Reserve Rate 90 6 Decision Maker’s Satisfaction Using Fuzzy Set Theory 95 6.1 Introduction 95 6.2 Fuzzy Dynamic Programming 96 6.3 Best Generation Mix 97 6.3.1 Problem Statement 97 6.3.2 Objective Functions 97 6.3.3 Constraints 99 6.3.4 Membership Functions 100 6.3.5 The Proposed Fuzzy Dynamic Programming-Based Solution Procedure 101 6.4 Case Study 102 6.4.1 Results and Discussion 104 6.5 Conclusion 108 7 Best Generation Mix Considering Air Pollution Constraints 111 7.1 Introduction 111 7.2 Concept of Flexible Planning 111 7.3 LP Formulation of the Best Generation Mix 112 7.3.1 Problem Statement 112 7.3.2 Objective Functions 113 7.4 Fuzzy LP Formulation of Flexible Generation Mix 116 7.4.1 The Optimal Decision Theory by Fuzzy Set Theory 116 7.4.2 The Function of Fuzzy Linear Programming 117 7.5 Case Studies 118 7.5.1 Results by Non-Fuzzy Model 120 7.5.2 Results by Fuzzy Model 122 7.6 Conclusion 124 8 Generation System Expansion Planning with Renewable Energy 127 8.1 Introduction 127 8.2 LP Formulation of the Best Generation Mix 128 8.2.1 Problem Statement 128 8.2.2 Objective Function and Constraints 129 8.3 Fuzzy LP Formulation of Flexible Generation Mix 132 8.3.1 The Optimal Decision Theory by Fuzzy Set Theory 132 8.3.2 The Function of Fuzzy Linear Programming 133 8.4 Case Studies 134 8.4.1 Test Results 134 8.4.2 Sensitivity Analysis 134 8.4.2.1 Capacity Factor of WTG and SCG 134 8.5 Conclusion 140 9 Reliability Evaluation for Power System Planning with Wind Generators and Multi-Energy Storage Systems 141 9.1 Introduction 141 9.2 Probabilistic Reliability Evaluation by Monte Carlo Simulation 143 9.2.1 Probabilistic Operation Model of Generator 1 143 9.2.2 Probabilistic Operation Model of Generator 2 144 9.3 Probabilistic Output Prediction Model of WTG 145 9.4 Multi-Energy Storage System Operational Model 147 9.4.1 Constraints of ESS control (EUi,k) 149 9.5 Multi-ESS Operation Rule 150 9.5.1 Discharging Mode 150 9.5.2 Charging Mode 151 9.6 Reliability Evaluation with Energy Storage System 151 9.7 Case Studies 152 9.7.1 Power System of Jeju Island 152 9.7.2 Reliability Evaluation of Single-ESS 156 9.7.3 Reliability Evaluation of Multi-ESS 159 9.7.4 Comparison of System A and System B 162 9.8 Conclusion 163 9.A Appendices 164 9.A.1 Single-ESS Model 164 9.A.2 Multi-ESS Model 167 9.A.3 Operation of Multi-ESS Models 168 Method 1: Energy Rate Dispatch Method (ERDM) 173 Method 2: Maximum First Priority Method (MFPM) 173 9.A.4 A Comparative Analysis of Single-ESS and Multi-ESS Models 175 10 Genetic Algorithm for Generation Expansion Planning and Reactive Power Planning 177 10.1 Introduction 177 10.2 Generation Expansion Planning 178 10.3 The Least-Cost GEP Problem 179 10.4 Simple Genetic Algorithm 180 10.4.1 String Representation 181 10.4.2 Genetic Operations 181 10.5 Improved GA for the Least-Cost GEP 182 10.5.1 String Structure 182 10.5.2 Fitness Function 182 10.5.3 Creation of an Artificial Initial Population 183 10.5.4 Stochastic Crossover, Elitism, and Mutation 185 10.6 Case Studies 186 10.6.1 Test Systems’ Description 186 10.6.2 Parameters for GEP and IGA 187 10.6.3 Numerical Results 189 10.6.4 Summary 192 10.7 Reactive Power Planning 192 10.8 Decomposition of Reactive Power Planning Problem 194 10.8.1 Investment-Operation Problem 194 10.8.2 Benders Decomposition Formulation 195 10.9 Solution Algorithm for VAR Planning 196 10.10 Simulation Results 198 10.10.1 The 6-bus System 198 10.10.2 IEEE 30-bus System 199 10.10.3 Summary 200 10.11 Conclusion 201 References 203 Part II Transmission System Expansion Planning 213 11 Transmission Expansion Planning Problem 215 11.1 Introduction 215 11.2 Long-Term Transmission Expansion Planning 216 11.3 Yearly Transmission Expansion Planning 218 11.3.1 Power Flow Model 218 11.3.2 Optimal Operation Cost Model 220 11.3.3 Probability of Line Failures 222 11.3.4 Expected Operation Cost 223 11.3.5 Annual Expected Operation Cost 224 11.4 Long-Term Transmission Planning Problem 224 11.4.1 Long-Term Transmission Planning Model 225 11.4.2 Solution Technique for the Planning Problem 226 11.5 Case Study 227 11.6 Conclusion 232 12 Models and Methodologies 235 12.1 Introduction 235 12.2 Transmission System Expansion Planning Problem 235 12.3 Cost Evaluation for TEP Considering Electricity Market 236 12.4 Model Development History for TEP Problem 237 12.5 General DC Power Flow-Based Formulation of TEP Problem 238 12.5.1 Linear Programming 239 12.5.2 Dynamic Programming 240 12.5.3 Integer Programming (IP) 242 12.5.4 Genetic Algorithm by Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) 245 12.6 Branch and Bound Algorithm 246 12.6.1 Branch and Bound Algorithm and Flow Chart 246 12.6.2 Sample System Study by Branch and Bound 248 13 Probabilistic Production Cost Simulation for TEP 257 13.1 Introduction 257 13.2 Modeling of Extended Effective Load for Composite Power System 259 13.3 Probability Distribution Function of the Synthesized Fictitious Equivalent Generator 263 13.4 Reliability Evaluation and Probabilistic Production Cost Simulation at Load Points 265 13.5 Case Studies 266 13.5.1 Numerical Calculation of a Simple Example 266 13.5.2 Case Study: Modified Roy Billinton Test System 274 13.6 Conclusion 288 14 Reliability Constraints 291 14.1 Deterministic Reliability Constraint Using Contingency Constraints 291 14.1.1 Introduction 291 14.1.2 Transmission Expansion Planning Problem 292 14.1.3 Maximum Flow Under Contingency Analysis for Security Constraint 297 14.1.4 Alternative Types of Contingency Criteria 298 14.1.5 Solution Algorithm 299 14.1.6 Case Studies 300 14.1.7 Conclusion 316 Appendix 319 14.2 Deterministic Reliability Constraints 322 14.2.1 Introduction 322 14.2.2 Transmission System Expansion Planning Problem 323 14.2.3 Maximum Flow Under Contingency Analysis for Security Constraint 325 14.2.4 Solution Algorithm 325 14.2.5 Case Studies 326 14.2.6 Conclusion 331 14.3 Probabilistic Reliability Constraints 333 14.3.1 Introduction 333 14.3.2 Transmission System Expansion Planning Problem 338 14.3.3 Composite Power System Reliability Evaluation 340 14.3.4 Solution Algorithm 343 14.3.5 Case Study 344 14.3.6 Conclusion 357 14.4 Outage Cost Constraints 357 14.4.1 Introduction 357 14.4.2 The Objective Function 358 14.4.3 Constraints 359 14.4.4 Outage Cost Assessment of Transmission System 360 14.4.5 Reliability Evaluation of Transmission System 363 14.4.6 Outage Cost Assessment 363 14.4.7 Solution Algorithm 364 14.4.8 Case Study 365 14.4.9 Conclusion 369 14.5 Deterministic–Probabilistic (D–P) Criteria 373 15 Fuzzy Decision Making for TEP 375 15.1 Introduction 375 15.2 Fuzzy Transmission Expansion Planning Problem 377 15.3 Equivalent Crisp Integer Programming and Branch and Bound Method 379 15.4 Membership Functions 380 15.5 Solution Algorithm 381 15.6 Testing 382 15.6.1 Discussion of Results 384 15.6.2 Solution Sensitivity to Reliability Criterion 387 15.6.3 Sensitivity to Budget for Construction Cost 389 15.7 Case Study 390 15.8 Conclusion 396 15.A Appendix 396 15.A.1 Network Modeling of Power System 396 15.A.2 Definition 397 15.A.3 Fuzzy Integer Programming (FIP) 398 16 Optimal Reliability Criteria for TEP 401 16.1 Introduction 401 16.2 Probabilistic Optimal Reliability Criterion 401 16.2.1 Introduction 401 16.2.2 Optimal Reliability Criterion Determination 403 16.2.3 Optimal Composite Power System Expansion Planning 403 16.2.3.1 The Objective Function 403 16.2.3.2 Constraints 405 16.2.4 Composite Power System Reliability Evaluation and Outage Cost Assessment 406 16.2.4.1 Reliability Evaluation at HLI 406 16.2.4.2 Reliability Evaluation at HLII (Composite Power System) 407 16.2.4.3 Flow Chart of the Proposed Methodology for Optimal Reliability Criterion Determination in Transmission System Expansion Planning 409 16.2.5 Case Study 410 16.2.6 Conclusion 416 16.3 Deterministic Reliability Criterion for Composite Power System Expansion Planning 416 16.3.1 Introduction 416 16.3.2 Optimal Reliability Criterion Determination 419 16.3.3 Optimal Composite Power System Expansion Planning 419 16.3.3.1 Composite Power System Expansion Planning Formulation in CmExpP.For 419 16.3.3.2 Flow Chart 421 16.3.4 Composite Power System Reliability Evaluation 421 16.3.4.1 Reliability Indices at Load Points 422 16.3.4.2 Reliability Indices of the Bulk System 423 16.3.5 DMR Evaluation using Maximum Flow Method 424 16.3.6 Flow Chart of Optimal Reliability Criterion Determination 424 16.3.7 Case Study 425 16.3.7.1 Basic Input Data 425 16.3.7.2 Results of Construction Costs of Cases 428 16.3.7.3 Reliability Evaluation 428 16.3.8 Conclusion 431 17 Probabilistic Reliability-Based Expansion Planning with Wind Turbine Generators 433 17.1 Introduction 433 17.2 The Multistate Operation Model of WTG 434 17.2.1 WTG Power Output Model 434 17.2.2 Wind Speed Model 435 17.2.3 The Multistate Model of WTG using Normal ProbabilityDistribution Function 435 17.3 Reliability Evaluation of a Composite Power System with WTG 438 17.3.1 Reliability Indices at Load Buses 440 17.3.2 System Reliability Indices 440 17.4 Case Study 441 17.5 Conclusion 448 17.A Appendix 448 18 Probabilistic Reliability-Based HVDC Expansion Planning with Wind Turbine Generators 449 18.1 The Status of HVDC 449 18.2 HVDC Technology for Energy Efficiency and Grid Reliability 451 18.3 HVDC Impacts on Transmission System Reliabili ty 455 18.4 Case Study 455 References 465 Index 469

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Book SynopsisHow to design a solar power plant, from start to finish In Step-by-Step Design of Large-Scale Photovoltaic Power Plants, a team of distinguished engineers delivers a comprehensive reference on PV power plantsand their designfor specialists, experts, and academics. Written in three parts, the book covers the detailed theoretical knowledge required to properly design a PV power plant. It goes on to explore the step-by-step requirements for creating a real-world PV power plant, including parts and components design, mathematical formulations and calculations, analyses, evaluations, and planning. The book concludes with a discussion of a sample solar plant design, as well as tips on how to avoid common design mistakes, and how to handle the operation and maintenance of PV power plants. Step-by-Step Design of Large-Scale Photovoltaic Power Plants also includes: Thorough introductions to the basic requirements of design, economic analyses, and investTable of ContentsPREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ACRONYMS SYMBOLS 1 Introduction 1.1 Solar Energy 1 1.2 Diverse Solar Energy Applications 1 1.2.1 Solar Thermal Power Plant 2 1.2.2 PV Thermal Hybrid Power Plants 4 1.2.3 PV Power Plant 4 1.3 Global PV Power Plants 9 1.4 Perspective of PV Power Plants 11 1.5 A Review on the Design of Large-Scale PV Power Plant 13 1.6 Outline of the Book 14 References 15 2 Design Requirements 19 2.1 Overview 19 2.2 Development Phases 19 2.2.1 Concept Development and Site Identification 20 2.2.2 Prefeasibility Study 20 2.2.3 Feasibility Study 20 2.2.4 Permitting, Financing and Contracts 20 2.2.5 Detailed Design and Engineering 21 2.2.6 Construction 21 2.2.7 Commercial Operation 21 2.3 Project Predesign 21 2.4 Project Detailed Design 21 2.5 The Main Components Required for Realizing an LS-PVPP 22 2.5.1 PV Panels (PV Module) 22 2.5.2 Solar Inverter 22 2.5.3 Photovoltaic Mounting Systems (Solar Module Racking) 26 2.5.4 DC Cable 26 2.5.5 DC Combiner Box 26 2.5.6 DC Protection System 26 2.5.7 AC Combiner Box 26 2.5.8 Low-Voltage Switchgear 26 2.5.9 Transformers 27 2.5.10 Medium-Voltage Switchgear 27 2.5.11 LV and MV AC Cables 27 2.5.12 AC Protection Devices 27 2.6 An Overview of PV Technologies 27 2.6.1 Background on Solar Cell 27 2.6.2 Types and Classifications 28 2.7 Solar Inverter Topologies Overview 28 2.7.1 Central Inverter 28 2.7.2 String Inverter 29 2.7.3 Multi-string Inverter29 2.7.4 Micro-Inverter 29 2.8 Solar Panel Mounting 30 2.9 Solar Panel Tilt 30 2.10 Solar Tracking System 31 2.10.1 One-Axis Tracker 31 2.10.1.1 North–South Horizontal-Axis Tracking 31 2.10.1.2 Polar Tracking 31 2.10.1.3 East–West Horizontal-Axis Tracking 31 2.10.1.4 Azimuthal-Axis Tracking 32 2.10.2 Two-Axis Tracker 32 2.10.3 Driving Motor 32 2.10.4 Solar Tracker Control 33 References 34 3 Feasibility Studies 35 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Preliminary Feasibility Studies 35 3.3 Technical Feasibility Study 36 3.3.1 Site Selection 36 3.3.1.1 Amount of Sunlight 36 3.3.1.2 Land Area and Geometry 36 3.3.1.3 Climate Conditions 37 3.3.1.4 Site Access to Power Grid 38 3.3.1.5 Site Road Access 38 3.3.1.6 Site Topography 38 3.3.1.7 Land Geotechnics and Seismicity 40 3.3.1.8 Drainage, Seasonal Flooding 41 3.3.1.9 Land Use and Legal Permits 41 3.3.1.10 Air Pollution and Suspended Solid Particles 42 3.3.1.11 Geopolitical Risk 43 3.3.1.12 Financial Incentives 43 3.3.2 Annual Electricity Production 43 3.3.3 Equipment Technical Specifications 43 3.3.4 Execution and Construction Processes 43 3.3.5 Site Plan 43 3.4 Environmental Feasibility 44 3.5 Social Feasibility 45 3.6 Economic Feasibility 45 3.6.1 Financial Model Inputs 45 3.6.2 Financial Model Results 47 3.6.3 Financial and Economic Indicators 48 3.6.4 Financial Indicators 48 3.6.4.1 Net Present Value 48 3.6.4.2 Internal Rate of Return 48 3.6.4.3 Investment Return Period 49 3.6.4.4 Break Even Point 49 3.7 Timing Feasibility 50 3.8 Summary 50 References 51 4 Grid Connection Studies 53 4.1 Introduction 53 4.2 Introducing Topics of Grid Connection Studies 53 4.2.1 Load Flow Studies 53 4.2.2 Contingency (N-1) 54 4.2.3 Three-phase and Single-phase Short Circuit Studies 55 4.2.4 Grounding System Studies 55 4.2.5 Network Protection Studies 56 4.2.6 Power Quality Studies 57 4.2.7 Stability Studies 58 4.3 Modeling of Grid and PV Power Plants 59 4.3.1 Background Information Required for Modeling 59 4.3.2 Simulation of PV Plant and Network 60 4.3.3 Load Flow Studies Before and After PV Plant Connection 60 4.3.4 Contingency (N-1) Studies Before and After PV Plant Connection 66 4.3.5 Three-phase Short Circuit Studies 68 4.3.6 Power Quality Studies 68 4.3.7 Sustainability Studies 72 4.3.8 Investigating Additional Parameters for Grid Connection Studies 73 4.4 Summary 76 References 76 5 Solar Resource and Irradiance 79 5.1 Introduction 79 5.2 Radiometric Terms 79 5.2.1 Extraterrestrial Irradiance 79 5.2.2 Solar Geometry 80 5.2.3 Solar Radiation and Earth’s Atmosphere 81 5.3 Solar Resources 82 5.3.1 Satellite Solar Data 86 5.3.2 Radiation Measurement 86 5.4 Solar Energy Radiation on Panels 86 5.5 Solar Azimuth and Altitude Angle 89 5.6 Tilt Angle and Orientation 92 5.7 Shadow Distances and Row Spacing 95 5.7.1 Sun Path 96 5.7.2 Shadow Calculations for Fixed PV Systems 96 5.7.3 Shadow Calculations for Single-Axis Tracking PV Systems) Horizontal E–W Tracking Axis) 99 References 100 6 Large-Scale PV Plant Design Overview 101 6.1 Introduction 101 6.2 Classification of LSPVPP Engineering Documents 101 6.2.1 Part 1: Feasibility Study 101 6.2.2 Part 2: Basic Design 102 6.2.3 Part 3: Detailed Design and Shop Drawing 107 6.2.4 Part 4: As-Built and Final Documentation 107 6.3 Roadmap Proposal for LSPVPP Design 108 6.3.1 Project Definition 108 6.3.2 Collecting General Information 109 6.3.3 Collecting Information By Site Visit 109 6.3.4 Limitations and Obstacles Identification 110 6.3.5 PV Module and Inverter Selection111 6.3.6 String Size Calculations 111 6.3.7 Solar PV Mounting Structure Selection 111 6.3.8 Tilt Angle Calculation 113 6.3.9 Calculations of Far and Near Shading 113 6.3.10 Optimization Process 113 6.3.11 Energy Balance and Value Engineering 115 6.3.12 Optimal Transformer Size 116 6.3.13 General SLD and Layout 116 6.3.14 Detailed Design 117 6.3.15 Electrical Parameters and Value Engineering 117 6.3.16 Preparing Final Documents 117 6.4 Conclusion 117 References 118 7 PV Power Plant DC Side Design 119 7.1 Introduction 119 7.2 DC Side Design Methodology 119 7.3 PV Modules Selection 121 7.3.1 Module Technology 121 7.3.2 PV Module Size 123 7.3.3 Selection Criteria 123 7.4 Inverter Selection 123 7.4.1 Inverter Topologies 126 7.4.1.1 Micro Inverter 126 7.4.1.2 Multi-string Inverter 126 7.4.1.3 String Inverter 126 7.4.1.4 Central Inverter 126 7.4.1.5 Virtual Central Inverter 128 7.4.2 Comparison of Inverter Topologies 128 7.5 PV Modules Number 129 7.5.1 Method 1 133 7.5.1.1 Minimum String Size 133 7.5.1.2 Maximum String Size 134 7.5.1.3 Determining Maximum Current of a PV Module 135 7.5.1.4 Determining Number of Inverters 135 7.5.2 Method 2 136 7.6 Size of PV Plant DC Side 136 7.7 DC Cables 138 7.7.1 Criteria 138 7.7.2 DC Cables Cross Section 139 7.7.2.1 Current Capacity 139 7.7.2.2 Voltage Drop 141 7.7.2.3 Power Loss 143 7.7.2.4 Short-circuit Current 143 7.8 DC Box Combiner 144 7.9 String Diode 145 7.10 Fuse 145 7.10.1 Rated Voltage 146 7.10.2 Rated Current 146 7.10.3 Fuse Testing 147 7.10.4 Melting Time 147 7.11 Surge Arrester 148 7.12 DC Switch 149 7.13 Conclusion 150 Note 150 References 150 8 PV System Losses and Energy Yield 8.1. Introduction 8.2. PV System Losses 8.2.1. Sunlight Losses 8.2.1.1. Array Incidence Losses 8.2.1.2. Soiling Losses 8.2.1.3. Dust Losses 8.2.1.4. Snow Losses 8.2.2. Sunlight into DC Electricity Conversion 8.2.2.1. Temperature-r Related Losses 8.2.2.2. Shading Losses 8.2.2.3. Low Irradiance 8.2.2.4. Module Quality 8.2.2.5. Light-Induced Degradation 8.2.2.6. Potential-Induced Degradation 8.2.2.7. Manufacturing Module Mismatch 8.2.2.8. Degradation 8.2.3. DC to AC Conversion Losses 8.2.3.1. Inverter Losses 8.2.3.2. MPPT Losses 8.2.3.3. Tracking Curtailment 8.2.3.4. PV Plant DC Losses 8.2.4. PV Plant AC Losses 8.2.4.1. AC Losses 8.2.4.2. Auxiliary Power Losses 8.2.4.3. Downtime and Unavailability 8.2.4.4. Grid Compliance Losses 8.3. Energy Yield Prediction 8.3.1. Irradiation on Modules 8.3.2. PV Plant Losses 8.3.3. Performance Modeling 8.3.4. Uncertainty in Energy Yield 8.3.5. Performance Ratio 8.3.6. Capacity Factor 8.4. Conclusion References

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Book SynopsisSMART GRIDS AND MICROGRIDS Written and edited by a team of experts in the field, this is the most comprehensive and up-to-date study of smart grids and microgrids for engineers, scientists, students, and other professionals. The power supply is one of the most important issues of our time. In every country, all over the world, from refrigerators to coffee makers to heating and cooling, almost everyone in the world needs to have access to power. As the global demand rises, new methods of delivering power, such as smart grids and microgrids, have, out of necessity or choice, been developed and researched. In this book, modern and advanced concepts of both microgrid and smart grid technology are introduced. Beginning from the brief fundamental concepts of microgrids and its various constituents this team of experts discusses different architectures, control issues, communication challenges, measurement, stability, power quality and mitigation, protection, and powerTable of ContentsPreface xv 1 A Comprehensive Analysis of Numerical Techniques for Estimation of Solar PV Parameters Under Dynamic Environmental Condition 1Balasubramonian M, Rajeswari Ramachandran, Veerapandiyan Veerasamy, Albert Paul Arunkumar C P and Noor Izzri Abdul Wahab Nomenclature 2 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Mathematical Model of Solar PV 5 1.2.1 Calculation of Vt, Rse and Rsh 8 1.2.2 Effect of Irradiance and Temperature 9 1.2.3 Estimation of Maximum Power Point 10 1.3 Numerical Techniques for Parameter Estimation 11 1.3.1 Gauss-Seidel Technique 12 1.3.2 Newton-Raphson (NR) Method 12 1.4 Results and Discussion 13 1.4.1 Simulation Results 16 1.4.2 Experimental Results 19 1.4.3 Comparative Analysis 19 1.5 Conclusion 24 References 24 2 Energy Storage System in Microgrid 27Md Waseem Ahmad and Ravi Raushan 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Need of ESS (Energy Storage Systems) 28 2.3 Available ESS (Energy Storage Systems) Technologies 30 2.3.1 Type of ESS (Energy Storage Systems) 31 2.3.2 Comparison of Storage Technologies 36 2.4 Power Electronics Converter in Microgrid 36 2.4.1 DC-DC Converter 36 2.4.2 DC-AC Inverter AC-DC Rectifier 38 2.4.3 AC-AC Converter 38 2.5 Control of Interfaced Converters 38 2.5.1 DC-DC Bidirectional Converter Interfacing DC-Microgrid 38 2.5.1.1 Modeling and Control of the Converter 41 2.5.1.2 Typical Case Study in MATLAB-Simulink 44 2.5.2 DC-AC VSI Interfacing AC-Microgrid 45 2.5.2.1 Modelling and Control of the VSI 50 2.5.2.3 Typical Case Study in MATLAB-Simulink 53 2.6 Conclusion 57 References 57 3 Economic Feasibility Studies of Simple and Discounted Payback Periods for 1 MWp Ground Mounted Solar PV Plant at Tirupati Airport 59Mohan Krishna S, Sheila Mahapatra, Febin Daya J L, Thinagaran Perumal, Saurav Raj and Prajof Prabhakaran 3.1 Introduction 60 3.1.1 Background and Motivation 60 3.1.2 Literature Review 62 3.1.3 Organization of the Paper 63 3.2 Application of the Technique 64 3.2.1 Economic Evaluation 64 3.2.2 Solar PV Plant at Tirupati Airport 65 3.2.3 Solar PV Plant – Technical Specifications and Inventories 66 3.3 Result Analysis 67 3.3.1 Contribution of Solar Energy 67 3.3.2 Reduction in CO2 Emissions 68 3.3.3 Energy Savings with LEDs 68 3.3.4 Panel Efficiency Variation with Temperature 69 3.3.5 Estimation of Simple Payback Period (SPP) 69 3.3.6 Estimation of DPP 70 3.4 Conclusion 71 References 71 4 Impact of Reliability Indices for Planning Charging Station Load in a Distribution Network 75Archana A N and Rajeev T. 4.1 Introduction 76 4.2 Background 78 4.3 Reliability Analysis of Distribution Network 79 4.4 Methodology for Allocating Charging Loads in the Test System 81 4.4.1 Mathematical Evaluation of the System Under Study 82 4.4.2 Formulation of Test Case Scenarios 84 4.5 Results and Discussions 87 4.5.1 Reliability Indices for Slow EV Chargers 87 4.5.2 Reliability Indices for Fast EV Chargers 88 4.5.3 Comparative Results of Slow and Fast EV Chargers in Evaluating Reliability Indices 89 4.5.4 Measures to Improve Reliability Indices in the Distribution Network 91 4.6 Conclusion 91 Nomenclature 92 Appendix 92 References 97 5 Investigation on Microgrid Control and Stability 99Jithin S and Rajeev T. 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 Microgrid Control 100 5.3 Microgrid Control Hierarchy 101 5.3.1 Primary Control 103 5.3.2 Secondary Control 106 5.3.3 Tertiary Control 107 5.3.4 Intelligent Control Methods 108 5.4 Control Techniques 108 5.4.1 Communication Based Control/Centralized Control 108 5.4.2 Conventional Droop Control 110 5.4.3 Improved Droop Control Methods 111 5.4.4 Summary of Control Techniques 117 5.5 Stability of Microgrids 118 5.5.1 Stability Classification 119 5.5.2 Power Balance Stability 120 5.5.3 Control System Stability 120 5.6 Stability Analysis Techniques 121 5.7 Conclusions 122 References 123 6 Frequency Control in Microgrids Based on Fuzzy Coordinated Electric Vehicle Charging Station 127Sachpreet Kaur, Tarlochan Kaur and Rintu Khanna 6.1 Introduction 128 6.2 Microgrid System Framework and Component Description 132 6.2.1 Single-Diode PV System Characteristics and its Modelling 132 6.2.2 Modelling of an Electric Vehicle Charging Station (EVCS) 133 6.2.3 Grid Interfacing Units 135 6.3 Designing of the FL Controller for PEVs 135 6.4 PEVs Control Strategy 138 6.5 Simulation Results and Discussion 139 6.5.1 Detailed Analysis of Scenario 1 140 6.5.2 Detailed Analysis of Scenario 2 141 6.6 Conclusions 143 References 143 7 Role of Renewable Energy Sources and Storage Units in Smart Grids 147Swetha Shekarappa G, Manjulata Badi, Saurav Raj and Sheila Mahapatra 7.1 Introduction 147 7.2 Concepts of Renewable Energy 151 7.3 Hydro Energy 152 7.4 Solar Power 157 7.5 Wind Energy 160 7.6 Geothermal Energy 163 7.7 Energy Storage in Smart Grids 165 Conclusion and Future Scope 168 Acknowledgement 169 References 169 8 Smart Grid in Indian Scenario 175Dr Suresh N S., Padmavathy N S., Dr S Arul Daniel and Dr Ramakrishna Kappagantu 8.1 Introduction 176 8.1.1 Smart Grid Technologies 176 8.1.2 Why Smart Grid 177 8.1.3 Smart Grid Control and Automation 178 8.2 Smart Technologies in Smart Grid Implementation 179 8.2.1 Measuring and Sensing Technologies 180 8.2.2 Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) 180 8.2.3 Demand Side Management and Demand Response (DSM & DR) 180 8.2.4 Power Quality Management (PQM) 181 8.2.5 Outage Management System (OMS) 181 8.2.6 Advanced Power Electronics 182 8.2.7 Renewable Energy Integration 183 8.2.8 Microgrid 184 8.2.9 Wide Area Measurement Systems 184 8.2.10 Energy Storage Systems 185 8.2.11 Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) 186 8.2.12 Integrated Communication Technologies (ICT) 186 8.2.13 Cyber Security 187 8.3 Implementation of Smart Grid Programs 187 8.3.1 Challenges and Issues of SG Implementation 188 8.3.2 Smart Grid Implementation in India: Puducherry Pilot Programs 189 8.3.3 Power Quality of the Smart Grid 191 8.4 Solar PV System Implementation in India 191 8.5 Summary 192 References 193 9 An FPGA Based Embedded Sytems for Online Monitoring and Power Management in a Standalone Micro-Grid 195B Dastagiri Reddy, K Venkatraman, M.P Selvan and S Moorthi 9.1 Introduction 196 9.2 System Description 197 9.3 Test Cases of Mirco-Grid Controller 202 9.4 Signal Acquisition and Conditioning System 208 9.5 Online Monitoring System 210 9.6 Conclusion 211 References 212 10 Impact of Electric Vehicles in Smart Grids and Micro-Grids 215Tomina Thomas, DR Prawin Angel Michael and Anoop Joy 10.1 Introduction 216 10.2 Microgrids in Electric Vehicle Technology 217 10.2.1 Microgrid 220 10.2.2 Microgrid Integration of EV with Distributed Generation 221 10.2.3 Electric Vehicle Management and Optimal Power Flow 221 10.3 Smart Grids in Electric Vehicle Technology 226 10.3.1 Smart Grid 226 10.4 Why Do We Need to Smarten Electricity Grids? 227 10.4.1 Electric Vehicle Charging Scheduling Through Smart Grids 228 10.4.2 Charging Stations Powered by Smart Grid 229 10.5 Challenges Faced with the Introduction of EVs 229 10.6 Current Trends in EV Technology in India 230 10.7 The Relevance of Smart Grids and Micro Grids in EV Technology in India 234 10.7.1 Relevance of Microgrids 234 10.7.2 The Relevance of Smart Grids 235 10.7.3 Issues and Recommendations: Grid Technology and EVs in India 236 10.7.4 Future Directions 238 10.8 Conclusion 239 References 240 11 Power Electronic Converters and Operational Analysis in Microgrid Environment 241Sreekanth Thamballa 11.1 Introduction 241 11.2 DC-DC Converters 244 11.2.1 Buck Converter 245 11.2.2 Boost Converter 249 11.2.3 Buck-Boost Converter 252 11.3 AC-DC Converters (Rectifiers) 253 11.3.1 Single Phase Diode Bridge Rectifier (SPDBR) 253 11.3.2 Single Phase Controlled Bridge Rectifier (SPCBR) 254 11.3.3 Three Phase Controlled Rectifier 258 11.3.4 Power Factor Correction Circuits (PFCs) 260 11.4 DC-AC Converters (Inverters) 260 11.4.1 Single Phase Two-Level Inverter (SPI) 261 11.4.2 Three Phase Inverter 263 11.4.3 Single Stage Inverters 265 11.4.4 Multilevel Inverters 266 11.5 AC-AC Converters 266 11.5.1 Single Phase AC-AC Voltage Controller 267 11.5.2 Single Phase Cycloconverter 269 11.6 Tools for Simulating Power Electronic Converters 270 11.6.1 Matlab 270 11.6.2 Pspice 270 11.6.3 Plecs 271 11.6.4 Saber 271 References 271 12 IoT Based Underground Cable Fault Detection 273Dheeban S S, Muthu Selvan N B and Krishnaveni L 12.1 Introduction 274 12.2 Types of Fault in Underground Cables 276 12.2.1 Open Circuit Fault 276 12.2.2 Short Circuit Fault 276 12.2.3 Earth Fault 277 12.3 Fault Location Methods 277 12.3.1 Online Method 277 12.3.2 Offline Method 278 12.3.2.1 Murray Loop Test 278 12.3.2.2 Varley Loop Test 279 12.3.2.3 Cable Thumping 281 12.3.2.4 Time Domain Reflectometer 282 12.3.2.5 High Voltage RADAR Methods 283 12.4 Internet of Things 284 12.5 Fault Detection in Cable Through IoT 286 12.6 Conclusion 291 Annexure 292 References 293 13 A Architectural Approach to Smart Grid Technology 295Manjulata Badi, Swetha Shekarappa G, Sheila Mahapatra and Saurav Raj 13.1 Introduction 296 13.2 Background of Power Grid 296 13.3 India’s Current Situation 298 13.4 Current Structure of Smart Grid 299 13.5 The Smart Grid 302 13.6 Smart Grid Components 304 13.6.1 Smart Meter 304 13.6.2 Distribution Automation 305 13.6.3 Management of the Request-Response 305 13.6.4 Demand Side Management 305 13.6.5 Intelligent Equipment 306 13.6.6 Transmission Automation 306 13.6.7 Vehicle Electric 306 13.6.8 Electric Storage 307 13.6.9 Sources of Renewable Energy 307 13.7 Smart Grid Indian Drivers 307 13.8 Smart Grid India’s Latest Initiative 308 13.9 Smart Grid Architecture Challenges and New Technologies 309 13.9.1 Power System Planning 309 13.10 Smart Grid Deployment Sophistication and Regular Organization 310 13.10.1 Difficulty and Limitations 310 13.10.2 Standard Organizations Related to Smart Grids 311 13.11 Intelligent Grid Design Approach 312 13.11.1 Smart Grid Concept Steps 312 13.11.2 Intelligent Grid Frame Function 313 13.12 Graphical Representation Review of Smart Grid Functionality 314 13.12.1 Architecture for IEC, Model and Demand System Response 315 13.12.2 Intelligent Grid Methods 317 13.13 Conclusion and Future Scope 317 References 318 14 Role of Telecommunication Technologies in Microgrids and Smart Grids 325Vivek Menon U and Poongundran Selvaprabhu 14.1 Introduction 326 14.2 The Role of Microgrid and Smart Grid Towards Technology Development 327 14.2.1 Microgrid 327 14.2.1.1 Smart Parking Lot Using a Microgrid Control System 327 14.2.1.2 Smart Community Microgrid (SCMG) 329 14.2.1.3 Intelligent Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Street Lighting System Using a Micro Distributed Energy Storage System 330 14.2.1.4 Residential Microgrid 330 14.2.2 Smart Grid 331 14.2.2.1 Automated Meter Reading (AMR) and Smart Meter 331 14.2.2.2 Vehicle to Grid (V2G) 331 14.2.2.3 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) 333 14.2.2.4 Smart Sensors 333 14.2.2.5 Sensors and Actuator Network (SANET) 334 14.3 Research Challenges and Opportunities in Microgrid and Smart Grid 335 14.3.1 Research Challenges in Microgrid 335 14.3.2 Research Challenges in Smart-Grid 337 14.3.3 Opportunities in Microgrid 340 14.3.4 Opportunities in Smart Grid 341 14.4 Solutions for Research Challenges and Future Trends 341 14.4.1 Solutions 341 14.4.2 Future Trends in Microgrid and Smart Grid 344 14.5 Role of Effective Communication Strategies in Microgrids and Smart Grids 346 14.5.1 IoT in Microgrids and Smart Grids 352 14.5.2 Cloud Computing in Microgrids and Smart Grids 354 14.6 Smart Grids - Microgrids: A Demanding Use Case for Future 5G Technologies 355 14.7 Conclusion 357 Abbreviations 358 References 360 Index 365

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments xx Acronyms xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Why Perform Partial Discharge Measurements? 1 1.2 Partial Discharge and Corona 2 1.3 Categories of PD Tests 3 1.3.1 Factory PD Testing 3 1.3.2 Onsite/Off line PD Tests 5 1.3.3 Online PD Testing and Continuous Monitoring 5 1.4 PD Test Standards 6 1.5 History of PD Measurement 7 1.5.1 RIV Test – The First Era 7 1.5.2 Analog PD Detection Using Oscilloscopes – The Second Era 9 1.5.3 Digitizing, Ultrahigh Frequency, and Post- Processing – The Third Era 11 1.5.3.1 Transition to Digital Instruments 11 1.5.3.2 VHF and UHF PD Detection 12 1.5.3.3 Post- Processing of Signals 14 1.6 The Future 15 1.7 Roadmap for the Book 16 References 17 2 Electric Fields and Electrical Breakdown 21 2.1 Electric Fields in High- Voltage Equipment 21 2.1.1 Impact of Electric Field on Partial Discharges 21 2.1.2 Basic Quantities and Equations 21 2.1.3 Simple Electrode Configurations 22 2.1.3.1 Parallel Plates Capacitor 24 2.1.3.2 Coaxial Cylindrical Electrodes 24 2.1.3.3 Concentric Spheres 25 2.1.3.4 Point/Plane Electrodes 25 2.1.4 Multi- Dielectric Systems 25 2.1.4.1 Cavities (Voids) 26 2.1.4.2 Interfaces 28 2.1.4.3 Triple Point (Triple Junction) 29 2.1.5 Floating Metal Objects 30 2.2 Electrical Breakdown 30 2.3 Breakdown in Gases 31 2.3.1 Breakdown in Uniform Fields 31 2.3.2 Breakdown in Divergent Fields 36 2.3.3 Breakdown Under Impulse Voltages – the V- t Characteristic 37 2.4 Breakdown in Solids 38 2.4.1 Electrical Treeing 40 2.5 Breakdown in Liquids 41 2.6 Dielectric Strength 43 References 45 3 Physics of Partial Discharge 47 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Classification of Partial Discharges 47 3.3 PD Current Pulse Characteristics 48 3.4 Effects of PD 53 3.5 Corona Due to Non- Uniform Electric Fields Around Conductors 55 3.5.1 PD and Corona Polarity 56 3.5.2 Corona AC Phase Position 57 3.5.3 Corona Current Pulse Characteristics 57 3.6 Partial Discharge in Voids 59 3.6.1 PD Inception 59 3.6.1.1 Inception Delay 61 3.6.2 Modified Field Due to Space Charge 62 3.7 PD on Insulation Surfaces 66 3.7.1 Triple Point Junction 66 3.7.2 Electrical Tracking 66 3.8 Effect of Ambient Conditions and Conditioning 67 3.8.1 Conditioning 67 3.8.2 Ambient/Operating Conditions 68 3.9 Summary of Measured PD Quantities 68 3.9.1 Magnitude 69 3.9.2 Pulse Count Rate 69 3.9.3 Phase Position 70 3.10 Understanding the PD Pattern with Respect to the AC Cycle 71 3.10.1 Polarity Analysis 71 3.10.2 Physical Basis for PRPD Patterns 71 3.10.3 PD Packets 80 References 82 4 Other Discharge Phenomena 85 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 PD as Interference 86 4.3 Circuit Breaker Arcing 87 4.4 Contact Arcing and Intermittent Connections 87 4.5 Metal Oxide Layer Breakdown 89 4.6 Dry Band Arcing 89 4.7 Glow (or Pulseless) Discharge 89 References 90 5 PD Measurement Overview 93 5.1 Introduction 93 5.2 Charge- Based and Electromagnetic Measurement Methods 93 5.3 Optical PD Detection 95 5.4 Acoustic Detection of PD 97 5.4.1 Acoustic Detection of PD Through the Air 98 5.4.2 Acoustic PD Detection Within Enclosed HV Apparatus 102 5.4.2.1 Power Transformers 102 5.4.2.2 Gas- Insulated Switchgear and Isolated Phase Bus 104 5.5 Chemical Detection 105 5.5.1 Ozone in Air 105 5.5.2 Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) 106 5.5.3 SF 6 Decomposition Products in GIS 107 References 107 6 Charge- Based PD Detection 109 6.1 Introduction 109 6.2 Basic Electrical Detection Circuits Using Coupling Capacitors 109 6.2.1 Direct Circuit 110 6.2.2 Indirect Circuit 111 6.3 Measuring Impedances 111 6.3.1 Resistors and Quadripoles 111 6.3.2 AC Synchronization and Quadripoles 113 6.3.3 High- Frequency Current Transformers 113 6.4 Electrical PD Detection Models 115 6.4.1 ABC Model 115 6.4.1.1 Equivalent Circuit 117 6.4.1.2 Equivalent PD Current Generator 117 6.4.1.3 Coupling Capacitor 117 6.4.1.4 Under Estimation of Charge 118 6.4.2 Dipole Model 118 6.4.3 Comparing the ABC Model with the Dipole Model 120 6.4.4 Pulse Polarity 120 6.5 Quasi- integration in Charge- Based Measuring Systems 121 6.5.1 Quasi- integration Explained 121 6.5.2 Frequency Range of Charge- Based PD Detectors 122 6.5.2.1 Pros and Cons of the Narrowband vs Wideband Systems 123 6.6 Calibration into Apparent Charge 125 6.6.1 Capacitive Test Objects 125 6.6.2 Distributed Test Objects 126 6.6.2.1 PD Pulse Splitting and Reflections 127 6.6.2.2 Attenuation and Dispersion 129 6.6.3 Inductive- Capacitive Test Objects 132 6.6.4 Practical Calibrators 134 References 135 7 Electromagnetic (RF) PD Detection 137 7.1 Why Measure Electromagnetic Signals from PD 137 7.2 Terminology 139 7.3 Basic Electrical Detection Circuits 141 7.3.1 Transmission Path 141 7.3.2 Sensors 144 7.3.3 Time and Frequency Domain Measurement 145 7.4 Types of RF Sensors 148 7.4.1 Ferrite Antennas 148 7.4.2 Magnetic Loops 148 7.4.3 Transient Earth Voltage (TEV) Sensors 148 7.4.4 Internal or Tank- Mounted UHF Sensors 149 7.4.5 Antennas 150 7.4.5.1 Monopole 150 7.4.5.2 Patch (Microstrip) Antenna 151 7.4.5.3 Horn Antenna 152 7.4.5.4 Stator Slot Couplers 152 7.5 Measuring Instruments 153 7.6 Performance and Sensitivity Check 153 7.7 PD Source Location 155 References 156 8 PD Measurement System Instrumentation and Software 159 8.1 Introduction 159 8.2 Frequency Range Selection 160 8.3 PD Detector Hardware Configurations 160 8.3.1 Minimum Threshold and Processing Time 162 8.3.2 AC Voltage Measurement and Synchronization 163 8.3.3 Combined Analog–Digital Systems 164 8.3.4 Digital System to Measure Pulse Magnitude and Selected Pulse Characteristics 165 8.3.5 Systems to Facilitate Waveform Post- Processing 165 8.4 Hardware- Based Interference Suppression and PD Source Identification 166 8.4.1 Hardware- Based Gating 166 8.4.2 Time- of- Flight (or Time of Arrival) Method 167 8.4.3 Pulse Shape Analysis 169 8.5 PD Calibrator Hardware 170 8.6 Special Hardware Requirements for Continuous Monitors 171 8.6.1 Sensor Reliability 172 8.6.2 Instrument Robustness 173 8.6.3 Cybersecurity 173 8.7 PD System Output Charts 174 8.7.1 Pulse Magnitude Analysis (PMA) Plot 174 8.7.2 Phase- Magnitude- Number (Ø- q- n) Plot 175 8.7.3 Phase- Resolved PD (PRPD) Plot 176 8.7.4 Trend Plot 176 8.7.5 PDIV/PDEV Plot 178 8.7.6 Scatter Plot 179 8.8 PD Activity Indicators 179 8.8.1 Quasi- Peak PD Magnitude (Q IEC) 180 8.8.2 Peak PD Magnitude (Q m) 181 8.8.3 Integrated PD Indicators 181 8.9 Post- Processing Software for Interference Suppression and PD Analysis 183 8.9.1 Statistical Post- Processing 183 8.9.2 Time- Frequency Maps 184 8.9.3 Three- Phase Synchronous Pattern Analysis 186 8.9.4 Software- Based Censoring 187 8.9.5 Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Expert Systems 188 References 190 9 Suppression of External Electrical Interference 193 9.1 Impact of External Electrical Interference 193 9.1.1 Factory Testing 193 9.1.2 Condition Assessment Testing 194 9.2 Typical Sources of Noise and External Electrical Interference 194 9.2.1 Electrical/Electronic Noise 194 9.2.2 External Electrical Interference (“Disturbances”) 195 9.2.2.1 PD and Corona from Connected Equipment 195 9.2.2.2 Arcing from Poorly Bonded Metal and Connections 196 9.2.2.3 Electronic Switching 196 9.2.2.4 Slip Ring/Brush Arcing 197 9.2.2.5 Lighting 197 9.3 Interference Suppression for Off line PD Testing 198 9.3.1 Electromagnetic Shielded Rooms 198 9.3.2 Good Practice for Test Set- Up 198 9.3.3 Power Supply Filtering 199 9.3.4 Signal Filtering 199 9.3.5 PD Measurement Bridges 200 9.3.6 Time- of- Flight 201 9.3.7 PRPD Pattern Recognition 202 9.3.8 Time- Frequency Map 202 9.3.9 Gating 202 9.4 Online Interference Suppression 203 References 203 10 Performing PD Tests and Basic Interpretation 205 10.1 Introduction 205 10.2 PDIV/PDEV Measurement 206 10.2.1 Test Procedure 206 10.2.2 Sensitivity 207 10.2.3 Interpretation 207 References 225 11 PD Testing of Lumped Capacitive Test Objects 227 11.1 Lumped Capacitive Objects 227 11.2 Test Procedures 228 11.3 Measures to Suppress Electrical Interference 230 11.4 Sensitivity Check 231 References 233 12 PD in Power Cables 235 12.1 Introduction 235 12.2 Cable System Structure 235 12.2.1 Cable Insulation 236 References 279 13 Gas-Insulated Switchgear (GIS) 283 13.1 Introduction 283 13.2 Relevant Standards and Technical Guidance 283 13.3 The GIS Insulation System 286 13.3.1 Insulation System Components 286 References 358 14 Air- Insulated Switchgear and Isolated Phase Bus 365 14.1 Introduction 365 14.2 AIS Insulation Systems 366 14.3 Insulation Failure Processes 368 14.3.1 Surface Electrical Tracking 368 References 379 15 Power Transformers 381 15.1 Introduction 381 15.2 Transformer Insulation Systems 382 15.2.1 Dry- Type Transformer 382 15.2.2 Materials Used in Liquid- Filled Paper- Insulated Power Transformers 384 References 452 16 Rotating Machine Stator Windings 457 16.1 Introduction 457 16.2 Relevant Standards 458 16.3 Stator Winding Insulation Systems 458 16.3.1 Insulation System Components 459 16.3.2 PD Suppression Coatings 461 16.3.3 Stator Winding Construction 462 References 501 17 PD Detection in DC Equipment 505 17.1 Why Is HVDC So Popular Now? 505 17.2 Insulation System Design in dc 506 17.3 The Reasons for PD Testing Using dc 507 17.4 Off line PD Testing with DC Excitation 510 17.5 Interpretation of PD Measurements Under DC Excitation 511 17.5.1 Time Series Interpretation 512 17.5.2 Magnitude Dispersion 513 17.5.3 Effect of Operating Conditions on PD 514 17.6 Perspective 517 References 517 18 PD Detection Under Impulse Voltage 519 18.1 Introduction 519 18.2 Insulation Failure Due to Short Risetime Impulse Voltages 520 18.2.1 High Peak Voltage 520 18.2.2 Short Risetime Causing High Turn Voltages in Windings 521 References 531 Index 533

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Book SynopsisAn all-in-one resource on power system protection fundamentals, practices, and applications Made up of an assembly of electrical components, power system protections are a critical piece of the electric power system. Despite its central importance to the safe operation of the power grid, the information available on the topic is limited in scope and detail. In Power System Protection: Fundamentals and Applications, a team of renowned engineers delivers an authoritative and robust overview of power system protection ideal for new and early-career engineers and technologists. The book offers device- and manufacturer-agnostic fundamentals using an accessible balance of theory and practical application. It offers a wealth of examples and easy-to-grasp illustrations to aid the reader in understanding and retaining the information provided within. In addition to providing a wealth of information on power system protection applications for generation, transmission, aTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xix Preface xxi Acknowledgements xxiii 1 What Is Power System Protection, Why Is It Required and Some Basics? 1 1.1 What Is Power System Protection? 1 1.2 Why Is Power System Protections Required? 2 1.3 Some Basic Protection System Terms and Information 6 References 12 2 Basic Power System Protection Components 13 2.1 General Description 13 2.2 Power System Protection Components 13 2.3 Physical Implementation 21 2.4 Power System Isolation Devices and Control Interfaces 23 2.5 Redundancy Arrangements 24 3 AC Signal Sources 27 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 Current Transformers 27 3.3 Voltage Sources 53 References 56 4 Basic Types of Protection Relays and Their Operation 57 4.1 General 57 4.3 Overcurrent 59 4.4 Differential 77 4.5 Distance 86 Reference 94 5 Protection Information Representation, Nomenclature, and Jargon 95 5.1 General 95 5.2 Protection Drawing Types 95 5.3 Nomenclature and Device Numbers 108 5.4 Classification of Relays 112 5.5 Protection Jargon 114 Reference 116 6 Per-Unit System and Fault Calculations 117 6.1 General 117 6.2 Per-Unit 118 6.3 Fundamental Need for Fault Information 125 6.4 Symmetrical Components 128 6.5 Sequence Impedances of Power Apparatus 131 6.6 Balanced Fault Analysis 139 6.7 Sequence Networks 140 6.8 Summary of Unbalance Fault Calculations 144 6.9 High-Level Summary of the Fault Calculation Process 147 6.10 Useful Fault Calculation Formulas/Methods 148 6.11 Fault Calculation Examples 149 References 157 7 Protection Zones 159 7.1 Protection Zones General 159 7.2 Zones Defined 159 7.3 Zone Overlap Around Breakers 161 7.4 Protection Zoning at Stations 163 7.5 Protection Zones in General 170 7.6 Backup Protection 177 7.7 CT Configuration and Protection Trip Zones 178 7.8 Where Protections Zones do not Overlap Around Breakers 182 7.9 Lines Terminating Directly on Buses at a HV Switching Station 183 8 Transformer Protection 185 8.1 Introduction 185 8.2 General Principles 185 8.3 Differential Protection Power Transformers 186 8.4 Percent Differential Protection Autotransformers 220 8.5 Transformer Percent Differential Setting Examples 227 Reference 235 9 Bus Protection 237 9.1 Introduction 237 9.2 Typical Bus Arrangements 237 9.3 Bus Protection Requirements 239 9.4 Methods of Protecting Buses 239 9.5 Example High Impedance Differential Protection Setting 264 Reference 267 10 Breaker Failure Protection and Automatic Reclosing 269 10.1 Introduction 269 10.2 Breaker Failure General Background 269 10.3 Breaker Automatic Reclosing General Background 283 11 Station Protection 285 11.1 Introduction 285 11.2 Types of Stations 285 11.3 Station and Protection Architecture 287 11.4 Station Switchgear Type 300 11.5 Sub-Transmission Types and Station Grounding 302 11.6 Master Ground 303 12 Capacitor Bank Protection 307 12.1 Capacitor Banks 307 12.2 Purpose for Shunt Capacitors on Power System Networks 307 12.3 Capacitor Bank Construction 308 12.4 Capacitor Bank Protection 319 12.5 Capacitor Bank Breakers 324 12.6 Capacitor Bank Sample Settings 324 Reference 333 13 Synchronous Generator Protection 335 13.1 Introduction 335 13.2 General 336 13.3 Generator/Unit Transformer Protections 340 13.4 Current Transformers 355 13.5 Generator Protection Sample Settings 356 13.6 Generator Control and Protection Systems Coordination 363 13.7 General Generator Tripping Requirements 369 13.8 Breaker Failure Initiation 370 Reference 370 14 Transmission Line Protection 371 14.1 General 371 14.2 Basic Line Protection Requirements 371 14.3 Impedance Relays and Why Not Just Overcurrent Relays 372 14.4 Distance Relay Response to Fault Types 376 14.5 Apparent Impedance 381 14.6 Redundancy/Backup 388 14.7 Tele-Protection (Also Known as Pilot-Protection) 390 14.8 General Implications 399 14.9 Peripheral Requirements of Distance Protection 400 14.10 Tele-Protection (Pilot-Protection) A Historical Perspective 408 14.11 Tele-Protection via Power Line Carrier 408 14.12 Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) 409 14.13 Three-Terminal Lines 410 14.14 Distributed Generation 413 14.15 Distance Relay Response to Resistive Faults 421 14.16 Power System Considerations 428 14.17 Line Current Differential Protection 433 14.18 Pilot Wire Protection 439 14.19 Power System Considerations 440 14.20 Line Setting Application Example 443 References 453 15 Subtransmission/Distribution Feeder Protection 455 15.1 Subtransmission/Distribution Characteristics 455 15.2 Definitions/Characteristics 455 15.3 Distribution Feeder Protection Devices 459 15.4 Protection Coordination Principles 482 15.5 Feeder Energization 491 15.6 Subtransmission Feeder Protection 493 15.7 Impact of Distributed Generators (DGs) on Distribution Feeder Protection 509 15.8 Feeder Protection Application Settings Example 516 References 522 Index 523

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xii Preface xiv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background and Motivation 1 1.2 Multimodal Pose Estimation for Vehicle Navigation 2 1.2.1 Multi-Senor Pose Estimation 2 1.2.2 Pose Estimation with Constraints 4 1.2.3 Research Focus in Multimodal Pose Estimation 5 1.3 Secure Estimation 7 1.3.1 Secure State Estimation under Cyber Attacks 7 1.3.2 Secure Pose Estimation for Autonomous Vehicles 8 1.4 Contributions and Organization 9 Part I Multimodal Perception in Vehicle Pose Estimation 13 2 Heading Reference-Assisted Pose Estimation 15 2.1 Preliminaries 16 2.1.1 Stereo Visual Odometry 16 2.1.2 Heading Reference Sensors 17 2.1.3 Graph Optimization on a Manifold 17 2.2 Abstraction Model of Measurement with a Heading Reference 19 2.2.1 Loosely Coupled Model 19 2.2.2 Tightly Coupled Model 20 2.2.3 Structure of the Abstraction Model 22 2.2.4 Vertex Removal in the Abstraction Model 22 2.3 Heading Reference-Assisted Pose Estimation (HRPE) 24 2.3.1 Initialization 24 2.3.2 Graph Optimization 24 2.3.3 Maintenance of the Dynamic Graph 26 2.4 Simulation Studies 26 2.4.1 Accuracy with Respect to Heading Measurement Error 28 2.4.2 Accuracy with Respect to Sliding Window Size 28 2.4.3 Time Consumption with Respect to Sliding Window Size 28 2.5 Experimental Results 31 2.5.1 Experimental Platform 31 2.5.2 Pose Estimation Performance 33 2.5.3 Real-Time Performance 34 2.6 Conclusion 36 3 Road-Constrained Localization Using Cloud Models 37 3.1 Preliminaries 38 3.1.1 Scaled Measurement Equations for Visual Odometry 38 3.1.2 Cloud Models 39 3.1.3 Uniform Gaussian Distribution (UGD) 39 3.1.4 Gaussian-Gaussian Distribution (GGD) 42 3.2 Map-Assisted Ground Vehicle Localization 43 3.2.1 Measurement Representation with UGD 44 3.2.2 Shape Matching Between Map and Particles 45 3.2.3 Particle Resampling and Parameter Estimation 46 3.2.4 Framework Extension to Other Cloud Models 47 3.3 Experimental Validation on UGD 47 3.3.1 Configurations 47 3.3.2 Localization with Stereo Visual Odometry 48 3.3.3 Localization with Monocular Visual Odometry 49 3.3.4 Scale Estimation Results 52 3.3.5 Weighting Function Balancing 52 3.4 Experimental Validation on GGD 54 3.4.1 Experiments on KITTI 55 3.4.2 Experiments on the Self-Collected Dataset 61 3.5 Conclusion 63 4 GPS/Odometry/Map Fusion for Vehicle Positioning Using Potential Functions 65 4.1 Potential Wells and Potential Trenches 66 4.1.1 Potential Function Creation 67 4.1.2 Minimum Searching 71 4.2 Potential-Function-Based Fusion for Vehicle Positioning 74 4.2.1 Information Sources and Sensors 74 4.2.2 Potential Representation 76 4.2.3 Road-Switching Strategy 76 4.3 Experimental Results 78 4.3.1 Quantitative Results 78 4.3.2 Qualitative Evaluation 80 4.4 Conclusion 84 5 Multi-Sensor Geometric Pose Estimation 85 5.1 Preliminaries 86 5.1.1 Distance on Riemannian Manifolds 86 5.1.2 Probabilistic Distribution on Riemannian Manifolds 87 5.2 Geometric Pose Estimation Using Dynamic Potential Fields 88 5.2.1 State Space and Measurement Space 88 5.2.2 Dynamic Potential Fields on Manifolds 90 5.2.3 DPF-Based Information Fusion 91 5.2.4 Approximation of Geometric Pose Estimation 95 5.3 VO-Heading-Map Pose Estimation for Ground Vehicles 97 5.3.1 System Modeling 97 5.3.2 Road Constraints 98 5.3.3 Parameter Estimation on SE(3) 99 5.4 Experiments on KITTI Sequences 99 5.4.1 Overall Performance 99 5.4.2 Influence of Heading Error 102 5.4.3 Influence of Road Map Resolution 102 5.4.4 Influences of Parameters 104 5.5 Experiments on the NTU Dataset 105 5.5.1 Overall Performance 105 5.5.2 Phenomena Observed During Experiments 105 5.6 Conclusion 107 Part II Secure State Estimation for Mobile Robots 109 6 Filter-Based Secure Dynamic Pose Estimation 111 6.1 Introduction 111 6.2 RelatedWork 113 6.3 Problem Formulation 114 6.3.1 System Model 114 6.3.2 Measurement Model 116 6.3.3 Attack Model 116 6.4 Estimator Design 117 6.5 Discussion of Parameter Selection 122 6.5.1 The Probability Subject to Deception Attacks 122 6.5.2 The Bound of Signal 𝝃k 123 6.6 Experimental Validation 123 6.6.1 Pose Estimation under Attack on a Single State 125 6.6.2 Pose Estimation under Attacks on Multiple States 127 6.7 Conclusion 130 7 UKF-Based Vehicle Pose Estimation under Randomly Occurring Deception Attacks 131 7.1 Introduction 131 7.2 Related Work 133 7.3 Pose Estimation Problem for Ground Vehicles under Attack 134 7.3.1 System Model 134 7.3.2 Attack Model 136 7.4 Design of the Unscented Kalman Filter 137 7.5 Numeric Simulation 141 7.6 Experiments 144 7.6.1 General Performance 145 7.6.2 Influence of Parameters 145 7.7 Conclusion 147 8 Secure Dynamic State Estimation with a Decomposing Kalman Filter 149 8.1 Introduction 149 8.2 Problem Formulation 151 8.3 Decomposition of the Kalman Filter By Using a Local Estimate 153 8.4 A Secure Information Fusion Scheme 158 8.5 Numerical Example 161 8.6 Conclusion 162 8.7 Appendix: Proof of Theorem 8.2 162 8.8 Proof of Theorem 8.4 165 9 Secure Dynamic State Estimation for AHRS 169 9.1 Introduction 169 9.2 Related Work 170 9.2.1 Attitude Estimation 170 9.2.2 Secure State Estimation 171 9.2.3 Secure Attitude Estimation 171 9.3 Attitude Estimation Using Heading References 172 9.3.1 Attitude Estimation from Vector Observations 172 9.3.2 Secure Attitude Estimation Framework and Modeling 173 9.4 Secure Estimator Design with a Decomposing Kalman Filter 174 9.4.1 Decomposition of the Kalman Filter Using a Local Estimate 176 9.4.2 A Least-Square Interpretation for the Decomposition 177 9.4.3 Secure State Estimate 178 9.5 Simulation Validation 181 9.5.1 Simulating Measurements with Attacks 182 9.5.2 Filter Performance 182 9.5.3 Influence of Parameter 𝛾 182 9.6 Conclusion 184 10 Conclusions 185 References 189 Index 207

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Book Synopsis*Table of ContentsAbout the Author xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii Abbreviations xix Symbols xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 A Brief History 2 1.1.1 Early Days 2 1.1.2 The Middle of the Twentieth Century 7 1.1.3 Developments towards the End of the Twentieth Century and the Early Twenty-First Century 8 1.2 Electric Vehicles and the Environment 13 1.2.1 Energy Saving and Overall Reduction of Carbon Emissions 14 1.2.2 Reducing Local Pollution 15 1.2.3 Reducing Dependence on Oil 15 1.3 Usage Patterns for Electric Road Vehicles 15 Further Reading 17 2 Types of Electric Vehicles – EV Architecture 19 2.1 Battery Electric Vehicles 19 2.2 The IC Engine/Electric Hybrid Vehicle 19 2.3 Fuelled EVs 24 2.4 EVs using Supply Lines 25 2.5 EVs which use Flywheels or Supercapacitors 25 2.6 Solar-Powered Vehicles 26 2.7 Vehicles using Linear Motors 27 2.8 EVs for the Future 27 Further Reading 27 3 Batteries, Flywheels and Supercapacitors 29 3.1 Introduction 29 3.2 Battery Parameters 30 3.2.1 Cell and Battery Voltages 30 3.2.2 Charge (or Amphour) Capacity 31 3.2.3 Energy Stored 32 3.2.4 Specific Energy 33 3.2.5 Energy Density 33 3.2.6 Specific Power 34 3.2.7 Amphour (or Charge) Efficiency 34 3.2.8 Energy Efficiency 35 3.2.9 Self-discharge Rates 35 3.2.10 Battery Geometry 35 3.2.11 Battery Temperature, Heating and Cooling Needs 35 3.2.12 Battery Life and Number of Deep Cycles 35 3.3 Lead Acid Batteries 36 3.3.1 Lead Acid Battery Basics 36 3.3.2 Special Characteristics of Lead Acid Batteries 38 3.3.3 Battery Life and Maintenance 40 3.3.4 Battery Charging 40 3.3.5 Summary of Lead Acid Batteries 41 3.4 Nickel-Based Batteries 41 3.4.1 Introduction 41 3.4.2 Nickel Cadmium 41 3.4.3 Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries 44 3.5 Sodium-Based Batteries 46 3.5.1 Introduction 46 3.5.2 Sodium Sulfur Batteries 47 3.5.3 Sodium Metal Chloride (ZEBRA) Batteries 48 3.6 Lithium Batteries 50 3.6.1 Introduction 50 3.6.2 The Lithium Polymer Battery 50 3.6.3 The Lithium Ion Battery 51 3.7 Metal–Air Batteries 52 3.7.1 Introduction 52 3.7.2 The Aluminium–Air Battery 52 3.7.3 The Zinc–Air Battery 53 3.8 Supercapacitors and Flywheels 54 3.8.1 Supercapacitors 54 3.8.2 Flywheels 56 3.9 Battery Charging 59 3.9.1 Battery Chargers 59 3.9.2 Charge Equalisation 60 3.10 The Designer’s Choice of Battery 63 3.10.1 Introduction 63 3.10.2 Batteries which are Currently Available Commercially 63 3.11 Use of Batteries in Hybrid Vehicles 64 3.11.1 Introduction 64 3.11.2 IC/Battery Electric Hybrids 64 3.11.3 Battery/Battery Electric Hybrids 64 3.11.4 Combinations using Flywheels 65 3.11.5 Complex Hybrids 65 3.12 Battery Modelling 65 3.12.1 The Purpose of Battery Modelling 65 3.12.2 Battery Equivalent Circuit 66 3.12.3 Modelling Battery Capacity 68 3.12.4 Simulating a Battery at a Set Power 71 3.12.5 Calculating the Peukert Coefficient 75 3.12.6 Approximate Battery Sizing 76 3.13 In Conclusion 77 References 78 4 Electricity Supply 79 4.1 Normal Existing Domestic and Industrial Electricity Supply 79 4.2 Infrastructure Needed for Charging Electric Vehicles 80 4.3 Electricity Supply Rails 81 4.4 Inductive Power Transfer for Moving Vehicles 82 4.5 Battery Swapping 84 Further Reading 85 5 Fuel Cells 87 5.1 Fuel Cells – A Real Option? 87 5.2 Hydrogen Fuel Cells – Basic Principles 89 5.2.1 Electrode Reactions 89 5.2.2 Different Electrolytes 90 5.2.3 Fuel Cell Electrodes 93 5.3 Fuel Cell Thermodynamics – An Introduction 95 5.3.1 Fuel Cell Efficiency and Efficiency Limits 95 5.3.2 Efficiency and the Fuel Cell Voltage 98 5.3.3 Practical Fuel Cell Voltages 100 5.3.4 The Effect of Pressure and Gas Concentration 101 5.4 Connecting Cells in Series – The Bipolar Plate 102 5.5 Water Management in the PEMFC 106 5.5.1 Introduction to the Water Problem 106 5.5.2 The Electrolyte of a PEMFC 107 5.5.3 Keeping the PEM Hydrated 109 5.6 Thermal Management of the PEMFC 110 5.7 A Complete Fuel Cell System 111 5.8 Practical Efficiency of Fuel Cells 114 References 114 6 Hydrogen as a Fuel – Its Production and Storage 115 6.1 Introduction 115 6.2 Hydrogen as a Fuel 117 6.3 Fuel Reforming 118 6.3.1 Fuel Cell Requirements 118 6.3.2 Steam Reforming 118 6.3.3 Partial Oxidation and Autothermal Reforming 120 6.3.4 Further Fuel Processing – Carbon Monoxide Removal 121 6.3.5 Practical Fuel Processing for Mobile Applications 122 6.3.6 Energy Efficiency of Reforming 123 6.4 Energy Efficiency of Reforming 124 6.5 Hydrogen Storage I – Storage as Hydrogen 124 6.5.1 Introduction to the Problem 124 6.5.2 Safety 124 6.5.3 The Storage of Hydrogen as a Compressed Gas 125 6.5.4 Storage of Hydrogen as a Liquid 127 6.5.5 Reversible Metal Hydride Hydrogen Stores 129 6.5.6 Carbon Nanofibres 131 6.5.7 Storage Methods Compared 131 6.6 Hydrogen Storage II – Chemical Methods 132 6.6.1 Introduction 132 6.6.2 Methanol 133 6.6.3 Alkali Metal Hydrides 135 6.6.4 Sodium Borohydride 136 6.6.5 Ammonia 140 6.6.6 Storage Methods Compared 142 References 143 7 Electric Machines and their Controllers 145 7.1 The ‘Brushed’ DC Electric Motor 145 7.1.1 Operation of the Basic DC Motor 145 7.1.2 Torque Speed Characteristics 147 7.1.3 Controlling the Brushed DC Motor 151 7.1.4 Providing the Magnetic Field for DC Motors 152 7.1.5 DC Motor Efficiency 153 7.1.6 Motor Losses and Motor Size 156 7.1.7 Electric Motors as Brakes 156 7.2 DC Regulation and Voltage Conversion 159 7.2.1 Switching Devices 159 7.2.2 Step-Down or ‘Buck’ Regulators 161 7.2.3 Step-Up or ‘Boost’ Switching Regulator 162 7.2.4 Single-Phase Inverters 165 7.2.5 Three Phase 167 7.3 Brushless Electric Motors 169 7.3.1 Introduction 169 7.3.2 The Brushless DC Motor 169 7.3.3 Switched Reluctance Motors 173 7.3.4 The Induction Motor 177 7.4 Motor Cooling, Efficiency, Size and Mass 179 7.4.1 Improving Motor Efficiency 179 7.4.2 Motor Mass 181 7.5 Electric Machines for Hybrid Vehicles 182 7.6 Linear Motors 185 References 185 8 Electric Vehicle Modelling 187 8.1 Introduction 187 8.2 Tractive Effort 188 8.2.1 Introduction 188 8.2.2 Rolling Resistance Force 188 8.2.3 Aerodynamic Drag 189 8.2.4 Hill Climbing Force 189 8.2.5 Acceleration Force 189 8.2.6 Total Tractive Effort 191 8.3 Modelling Vehicle Acceleration 191 8.3.1 Acceleration Performance Parameters 191 8.3.2 Modelling the Acceleration of an Electric Scooter 193 8.3.3 Modelling the Acceleration of a Small Car 197 8.4 Modelling Electric Vehicle Range 198 8.4.1 Driving Cycles 198 8.4.2 Range Modelling of Battery Electric Vehicles 204 8.4.3 Constant Velocity Range Modelling 210 8.4.4 Other uses of Simulations 210 8.4.5 Range Modelling of Fuel Cell Vehicles 212 8.4.6 Range Modelling of Hybrid Electric Vehicles 215 8.5 Simulations – A Summary 215 References 216 9 Design Considerations 217 9.1 Introduction 217 9.2 Aerodynamic Considerations 217 9.2.1 Aerodynamics and Energy 217 9.2.2 Body/Chassis Aerodynamic Shape 220 9.3 Consideration of Rolling Resistance 222 9.4 Transmission Efficiency 223 9.5 Consideration of Vehicle Mass 227 9.6 Electric Vehicle Chassis and Body Design 229 9.6.1 Body/Chassis Requirements 229 9.6.2 Body/Chassis Layout 230 9.6.3 Body/Chassis Strength, Rigidity and Crash Resistance 231 9.6.4 Designing for Stability 234 9.6.5 Suspension for Electric Vehicles 234 9.6.6 Examples of Chassis used in Modern Battery and Hybrid Electric Vehicles 235 9.6.7 Chassis used in Modern Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles 235 9.7 General Issues in Design 237 9.7.1 Design Specifications 237 9.7.2 Software in the use of Electric Vehicle Design 237 10 Design of Ancillary Systems 239 10.1 Introduction 239 10.2 Heating and Cooling Systems 239 10.3 Design of the Controls 242 10.4 Power Steering 244 10.5 Choice of Tyres 245 10.6 Wing Mirrors, Aerials and Luggage Racks 245 10.7 Electric Vehicle Recharging and Refuelling Systems 245 11 Efficiencies and Carbon Release Comparison 247 11.1 Introduction 247 11.2 Definition of Efficiency 248 11.3 Carbon Dioxide Emission and Chemical Energy in Fuel 248 12 Electric Vehicles and the Environment 253 12.1 Introduction 253 12.2 Vehicle Pollution – The Effects 253 12.3 Vehicle Pollution in Context 256 12.4 The Role of Regulations and Lawmakers 256 Further Reading 258 13 Power Generation for Transport – Particularly for Zero Emissions 259 13.1 Introduction 259 13.2 Power Generation using Fossil Fuels 260 13.3 Alternative and Sustainable Energy 260 13.3.1 Solar Energy 260 13.3.2 Wind Energy 262 13.3.3 Hydroelectricity 263 13.3.4 Tidal Energy 264 13.3.5 Marine Currents 266 13.3.6 Wave Energy 266 13.3.7 Biomass Energy 267 13.3.8 Obtaining Energy from Waste 267 13.3.9 Geothermal Energy 267 13.4 Nuclear Energy 267 13.4.1 Nuclear Fission 267 13.4.2 Nuclear Fusion 268 13.5 In Conclusion 269 Further Reading 269 14 Recent Electric Vehicles 271 14.1 Introduction 271 14.2 Low-Speed Rechargeable Battery Vehicles 271 14.2.1 Electric Bicycles 271 14.2.2 Electric Mobility Aids 272 14.2.3 Low-Speed Vehicles 274 14.3 Battery-Powered Cars and Vans 274 14.3.1 Peugeot 106 and the Partner 274 14.3.2 The GM EV1 275 14.3.3 The Nissan Leaf 279 14.3.4 The Mitsubishi MiEV 279 14.4 Hybrid Vehicles 279 14.4.1 The Honda Insight 280 14.4.2 The Toyota Prius 281 14.4.3 The Chevrolet Volt 283 14.5 Fuel-Cell-Powered Bus 284 14.6 Conventional High-Speed Trains 286 14.6.1 Introduction 286 14.6.2 The Technology of High-Speed Trains 288 14.7 Conclusion 289 References 290 15 The Future of Electric Vehicles 291 15.1 Introduction 291 15.2 The Tesla S 291 15.3 The Honda FCX Clarity 292 15.4 Maglev Trains 292 15.5 Electric Road–Rail Systems 294 15.6 Conclusion 295 Further Reading 296 Appendices: MATLAB® Examples 297 Appendix 1: Performance Simulation of the GM EV1 297 Appendix 2: Importing and Creating Driving Cycles 298 Appendix 3: Simulating One Cycle 300 Appendix 4: Range Simulation of the GM EV1 Electric Car 302 Appendix 5: Electric Scooter Range Modelling 304 Appendix 6: Fuel Cell Range Simulation 306 Appendix 7: Motor Efficiency Plots 308 Index 311

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Book SynopsisFormerly known as Handbook of Power System Engineering, this second edition provides rigorous revisions to the original treatment of systems analysis together with a substantial new four-chapter section on power electronics applications. Encompassing a whole range of equipment, phenomena, and analytical approaches, this handbook offers a complete overview of power systems and their power electronics applications, and presents a thorough examination of the fundamental principles, combining theories and technologies that are usually treated in separate specialised fields, in a single unified hierarchy. Key features of this new edition: Updates throughout the entire book with new material covering applications to current topics such as brushless generators, speed adjustable pumped storage hydro generation, wind generation, small-hydro generation, solar generation, DC-transmission, SVC, SVG (STATCOM), FACTS, active-filters, UPS and advanced railway traffic appTable of ContentsPREFACE xxi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xxiii ABOUT THE AUTHOR xxv INTRODUCTION xxvii 1 OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES AND THEIR CIRCUIT CONSTANTS 1 1.1 Overhead Transmission Lines with LR Constants 1 1.2 Stray Capacitance of Overhead Transmission Lines 10 1.3 Working Inductance and Working Capacitance 18 1.4 Supplement: Proof of Equivalent Radius req () for a Multi-bundled Conductor 25 2 SYMMETRICAL COORDINATE METHOD (SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS) 29 2.1 Fundamental Concept of Symmetrical Components 29 2.2 Definition of Symmetrical Components 31 2.3 Conversion of Three-phase Circuit into Symmetrical Coordinated Circuit 34 2.4 Transmission Lines by Symmetrical Components 36 2.5 Typical Transmission Line Constants 46 2.6 Generator by Symmetrical Components (Easy Description) 49 2.7 Description of Three-phase Load Circuit by Symmetrical Components 52 3 FAULT ANALYSIS BY SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS 53 3.1 Fundamental Concept of Symmetrical Coordinate Method 53 3.2 Line-to-ground Fault (Phase a to Ground Fault: 1fG) 54 3.3 Fault Analysis at Various Fault Modes 59 3.4 Conductor Opening 59 4 FAULT ANALYSIS OF PARALLEL CIRCUIT LINES (INCLUDING SIMULTANEOUS DOUBLE CIRCUIT FAULT) 69 4.1 Two-phase Circuit and its Symmetrical Coordinate Method 69 4.2 Double Circuit Line by Two-phase Symmetrical Transformation 73 4.3 Fault Analysis of Double Circuit Line (General Process) 77 4.4 Single Circuit Fault on the Double Circuit Line 80 4.5 Double Circuit Fault at Single Point f 81 4.6 Simultaneous Double Circuit Faults at Different Points f, F on the Same Line 85 5 PER UNIT METHOD AND INTRODUCTION OF TRANSFORMER CIRCUIT 91 5.1 Fundamental Concept of the PU Method 91 5.2 PU Method for Three-phase Circuits 97 5.3 Three-phase Three-winding Transformer, its Symmetrical Components Equations, and the Equivalent Circuit 99 5.4 Base Quantity Modification of Unitized Impedance 110 5.5 Autotransformer 111 5.6 Numerical Example to Find the Unitized Symmetrical Equivalent Circuit 112 5.7 Supplement: Transformation from Equation 5.18 to Equation 5.19 122 6 THE ab0 COORDINATE METHOD (CLARKE COMPONENTS) AND ITS APPLICATION 127 6.1 Definition of ab0 Coordinate Method (ab0 Components) 127 6.2 Interrelation Between ab0 Components and Symmetrical Components 130 6.3 Circuit Equation and Impedance by the ab0 Coordinate Method 134 6.4 Three-phase Circuit in ab0 Components 134 6.5 Fault Analysis by ab0 Components 139 7 SYMMETRICAL AND ab0 COMPONENTS AS ANALYTICAL TOOLS FOR TRANSIENT PHENOMENA 145 7.1 The Symbolic Method and its Application to Transient Phenomena 145 7.2 Transient Analysis by Symmetrical and ab0 Components 147 7.3 Comparison of Transient Analysis by Symmetrical and ab0 Components 150 8 NEUTRAL GROUNDING METHODS 153 8.1 Comparison of Neutral Grounding Methods 153 8.2 Overvoltages on the Unfaulted Phases Caused by a Line-to-ground fault 158 8.3 Arc-suppression Coil (Petersen Coil) Neutral Grounded Method 159 8.4 Possibility of Voltage Resonance 160 9 VISUAL VECTOR DIAGRAMS OF VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS UNDER FAULT CONDITIONS 169 9.1 Three-phase Fault: 3fS, 3fG (Solidly Neutral Grounding System, High-resistive Neutral Grounding System) 169 9.2 Phase b–c Fault: 2fS (for Solidly Neutral Grounding System, High-resistive Neutral Grounding System) 170 9.3 Phase a to Ground Fault: 1fG (Solidly Neutral Grounding System) 173 9.4 Double Line-to-ground (Phases b and c) Fault: 2fG (Solidly Neutral Grounding System) 175 9.5 Phase a Line-to-ground Fault: 1fG (High-resistive Neutral Grounding System) 178 9.6 Double Line-to-ground (Phases b and c) Fault: 2fG (High-resistive Neutral Grounding System) 180 10 THEORY OF GENERATORS 183 10.1 Mathematical Description of a Synchronous Generator 183 10.2 Introduction of d–q–0 Method (d–q–0 Components) 191 10.3 Transformation of Generator Equations from a–b–c to d–q–0 Domain 195 10.4 Generator Operating Characteristics and its Vector Diagrams on d- and q-axes Plane 208 10.5 Transient Phenomena and the Generator’s Transient Reactances 211 10.6 Symmetrical Equivalent Circuits of Generators 213 10.7 Laplace-transformed Generator Equations and the Time Constants 220 10.8 Measuring of Generator Reactances 224 10.9 Relations Between the d–q–0 and a–b–0 Domains 228 10.10 Detailed Calculation of Generator Short-circuit Transient Current under Load Operation 228 10.11 Supplement 234 11 APPARENT POWER AND ITS EXPRESSION IN THE 0–1–2 AND d–q–0 DOMAINS 241 11.1 Apparent Power and its Symbolic Expression for Arbitrary Waveform Voltages and Currents 241 11.2 Apparent Power of a Three-phase Circuit in the 0–1–2 Domain 243 11.3 Apparent Power in the d–q–0 Domain 246 12 GENERATING POWER AND STEADY-STATE STABILITY 251 12.1 Generating Power and the P–d and Q–d Curves 251 12.2 Power Transfer Limit between a Generator and a Power System Network 254 12.3 Supplement: Derivation of Equation 12.17 from Equations 12.15st and 12.16 261 13 THE GENERATOR AS ROTATING MACHINERY 263 13.1 Mechanical (Kinetic) Power and Generating (Electrical) Power 263 13.2 Kinetic Equation of the Generator 265 13.3 Mechanism of Power Conversion from Rotor Mechanical Power to Stator Electrical Power 268 13.4 Speed Governors, the Rotating Speed Control Equipment for Generators 274 14 TRANSIENT/DYNAMIC STABILITY, P–Q–V CHARACTERISTICS AND VOLTAGE STABILITY OF A POWER SYSTEM 281 14.1 Steady-state Stability, Transient Stability, Dynamic Stability 281 14.2 Mechanical Acceleration Equation for the Two-generator System and Disturbance Response 282 14.3 Transient Stability and Dynamic Stability (Case Study) 284 14.4 Four-terminal Circuit and the Pd Curve under Fault Conditions and Operational Reactance 286 14.5 PQV Characteristics and Voltage Stability (Voltage Instability Phenomena) 290 14.6 Supplement 1: Derivation of DV/DP, DV/DQ Sensitivity Equation (Equation 14.20 from Equation 14.19) 298 14.7 Supplement 2: Derivation of Power Circle Diagram Equation (Equation 14.31 from Equation 14.18 s) 299 15 GENERATOR CHARACTERISTICS WITH AVR AND STABLE OPERATION LIMIT 301 15.1 Theory of AVR, and Transfer Function of Generator System with AVR 301 15.2 Duties of AVR and Transfer Function of Generator + AVR 305 15.3 Response Characteristics of Total System and Generator Operational Limit 308 15.4 Transmission Line Charging by Generator with AVR 312 15.5 Supplement 1: Derivation of ed (s), eq(s) as Function of ef (s) (Equation 15.9 from Equations 15.7 and 15.8) 313 15.6 Supplement 2: Derivation of eG(s) as Function of ef (s) (Equation 15.10 from Equations 15.8 and 15.9) 314 16 OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS AND THE CAPABILITY LIMITS OF GENERATORS 319 16.1 General Equations of Generators in Terms of p–q Coordinates 319 16.2 Rating Items and the Capability Curve of the Generator 322 16.3 Leading Power-factor (Under-excitation Domain) Operation, and UEL Function by AVR 328 16.4 V–Q (Voltage and Reactive Power) Control by AVR 334 16.5 Thermal Generators’ Weak Points (Negative-sequence Current, Higher Harmonic Current, Shaft-torsional Distortion) 337 16.6 General Description of Modern Thermal/Nuclear TG Unit 346 16.7 Supplement: Derivation of Equation 16.14 from Equation 16.9 351 17 R–X COORDINATES AND THE THEORY OF DIRECTIONAL DISTANCE RELAYS 353 17.1 Protective Relays, Their Mission and Classification 353 17.2 Principle of Directional Distance Relays and R–X Coordinates Plane 355 17.3 Impedance Locus in R–X Coordinates in Case of a Fault (under No-load Condition) 358 17.4 Impedance Locus under Normal States and Step-out Condition 365 17.5 Impedance Locus under Faults with Load Flow Conditions 370 17.6 Loss of Excitation Detection by DZ-Relays 371 17.7 Supplement 1: The Drawing Method for the Locus () of Equation 17.22 372 17.8 Supplement 2: The Drawing Method for () of Equation 17.24 374 18 TRAVELLING-WAVE (SURGE) PHENOMENA 379 18.1 Theory of Travelling-wave Phenomena along Transmission Lines (Distributed-constants Circuit) 379 18.2 Approximation of Distributed-constants Circuit and Accuracy of Concentrated-constants Circuit 390 18.3 Behaviour of Travelling Wave at a Transition Point 391 18.4 Surge Overvoltages and their Three Different and Confusing Notations 395 18.5 Behaviour of Travelling Waves at a Lightning-strike Point 396 18.6 Travelling-wave Phenomena of Three-phase Transmission Line 398 18.7 Line-to-ground and Line-to-line Travelling Waves 400 18.8 The Reflection Lattice and Transient Behaviour Modes 402 18.9 Supplement 1: General Solution Equation 18.10 for Differential Equation 18.9 405 18.10 Supplement 2: Derivation of Equation 18.19 from Equation 18.18 407 19 SWITCHING SURGE PHENOMENA BY CIRCUIT-BREAKERS AND LINE SWITCHES 411 19.1 Transient Calculation of a Single-Phase Circuit by Breaker Opening 411 19.2 Calculation of Transient Recovery Voltages Across a Breaker's Three Poles by 3fS Fault Tripping 420 19.3 Fundamental Concepts of High-voltage Circuit-breakers 430 19.4 Current Tripping by Circuit-breakers: Actual Phenomena 434 19.5 Overvoltages Caused by Breaker Closing (Close-switching Surge) 444 19.6 Resistive Tripping and Resistive Closing by Circuit-breakers 447 19.7 Switching Surge Caused by Line Switches (Disconnecting Switches) 453 19.8 Supplement 1: Calculation of the Coefficients k1k4 of Equation 19.6 455 19.9 Supplement 2: Calculation of the Coefficients k1k6 of Equation 19.17 455 20 OVERVOLTAGE PHENOMENA 459 20.1 Classification of Overvoltage Phenomena 459 20.2 Fundamental (Power) Frequency Overvoltages (Non-resonant Phenomena) 459 20.3 Lower Frequency Harmonic Resonant Overvoltages 463 20.4 Switching Surges 467 20.5 Overvoltage Phenomena by Lightning Strikes 469 21 INSULATION COORDINATION 475 21.1 Overvoltages as Insulation Stresses 475 21.2 Fundamental Concept of Insulation Coordination 481 21.3 Countermeasures on Transmission Lines to Reduce Overvoltages and Flashover 483 21.4 Overvoltage Protection at Substations 488 21.5 Insulation Coordination Details 500 21.6 Transfer Surge Voltages Through the Transformer, and Generator Protection 511 21.7 Internal High-frequency Voltage Oscillation of Transformers Caused by Incident Surge 520 21.8 Oil-filled Transformers Versus Gas-filled Transformers 526 21.9 Supplement: Proof that Equation 21.21 is the Solution of Equation 21.20 529 22 WAVEFORM DISTORTION AND LOWER ORDER HARMONIC RESONANCE 531 22.1 Causes and Influences of Waveform Distortion 531 22.2 Fault Current Waveform Distortion Caused on Cable Lines 534 23 POWER CABLES AND POWER CABLE CIRCUITS 541 23.1 Power Cables and Their General Features 541 23.2 Distinguishing Features of Power Cable 545 23.3 Circuit Constants of Power Cables 550 23.4 Metallic Sheath and Outer Covering 557 23.5 Cross-bonding Metallic-shielding Method 559 23.6 Surge Voltages: Phenomena Travelling Through a Power Cable 563 23.7 Surge Voltages Phenomena on Cable and Overhead Line Jointing Terminal 566 23.8 Surge Voltages at Cable End Terminal Connected to GIS 568 24 APPROACHES FOR SPECIAL CIRCUITS 573 24.1 On-load Tap-changing Transformer (LTC Transformer) 573 24.2 Phase-shifting Transformer 575 24.3 Woodbridge Transformer and Scott Transformer 579 24.4 Neutral Grounding Transformer 583 24.5 Mis-connection of Three-phase Orders 585 25 THEORY OF INDUCTION GENERATORS AND MOTORS 591 25.1 Introduction of Induction Motors and Their Driving Control 591 25.2 Theory of Three-phase Induction Machines (IM) with Wye-connected Rotor Windings 592 25.3 Squirrel-cage Type Induction Motors 612 25.4 Supplement 1: Calculation of Equations (25.17), (25.18), and (25.19) 627 26 POWER ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND THE FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT OF SWITCHING 629 26.1 Power Electronics and the Fundamental Concept 629 26.2 Power Switching by Power Devices 630 26.3 Snubber Circuit 633 26.4 Voltage Conversion by Switching 635 26.5 Power Electronic Devices 635 26.6 Mathematical Backgrounds for Power Electronic Application Analysis 643 27 POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTERS 651 27.1 AC to DC Conversion: Rectifier by a Diode 651 27.2 AC to DC Controlled Conversion: Rectifier by Thyristors 661 27.3 DC to DC Converters (DC to DC Choppers) 671 27.4 DC to AC Inverters 680 27.5 PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) Control of Inverters 687 27.6 AC to AC Converter (Cycloconverter) 691 27.7 Supplement: Transformer Core Flux Saturation (Flux Bias Caused by DC Biased Current Component) 692 28 POWER ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS IN UTILITY POWER SYSTEMS AND SOME INDUSTRIES 695 28.1 Introduction 695 28.2 Motor Drive Application 695 28.3 Generator Excitation System 704 28.4 (Double-fed) Adjustable Speed Pumped Storage Generator-motor Unit 706 28.5 Wind Generation 710 28.6 Small Hydro Generation 715 28.7 Solar Generation (Photovoltaic Generation) 716 28.8 Static Var Compensators (SVC: Thyristor Based External Commutated Scheme) 717 28.9 Active Filters 726 28.10 High-Voltage DC Transmission (HVDC Transmission) 734 28.11 FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) Technology 736 28.12 Railway Applications 741 28.13 UPSs (Uninterruptible Power Supplies) 745 APPENDIX A – MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE 747 APPENDIX B – MATRIX EQUATION FORMULAE 751 ANALYTICAL METHODS INDEX 757 COMPONENTS INDEX 759 SUBJECT INDEX 763

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Book SynopsisDiscover the technology for producing and delivering electricity in this easily accessible introduction to power systems Electric Power Systems underlie virtually every aspect of modern life. In the face of an unprecedented transition from fossil fuels to clean energy, it has never been more essential for engineers and other professionals from diverse disciplines to understand the electric grid and help chart its future. Since its original publication, Electric Power Systems has served as a uniquely accessible and qualitative introduction to the subject, offering a foundational overview with an emphasis on key concepts and building physical intuition. Now revised and updated to bring even greater rigor and incorporate the latest technologies, it remains an indispensable introduction to this vital subject. Readers of the revised and expanded second edition of Electric Power Systems will also find: End-of-chapter problems to facil

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Book SynopsisEquip yourself with the tools for success in Electrical Installations with this comprehensive and updated edition of our bestselling textbook, published in association with City & Guilds and IET. - Study with confidence using the most up-to-date information available for the new industry standards, including the 2022 amendments to BS7671: 2018, The IET Wiring Regulations 18th edition - Enhance your understanding of concepts in electrical installation with 100s of clear and accurate technical drawings and step-by-step photo sequences- Get ready for the workplace with industry tips- Prepare for your trade tests or end-of-year exams with end-of-chapter practice questions - Engage with author Peter Tanner''s accessible text, drawing on his extensive industry experience- Target your learning with detailed qualification mapping grids for the latest City & Guilds Level 2 qualifications - including the 2365, 8202, 5357 and 5393 specifications, as well as t

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Book SynopsisThis resource provides a single, concise reference containing terms and expressions used in the study, practice, and application of physical sciences. The reader will be able to identify quickly critical information about professional jargon, important people, and events. The encyclopedia gives self-contained definitions with essentials regarding the meaning of technical terms and their usage, as well as about important people within various fields of physics and engineering, with highlights of technical and practical aspects related to cross-functional integration. It will be indispensable for anyone working on applications in biomedicine, materials science, chemical engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, geology, astronomy, and energy. It also includes handy tables and chronological timelines organized by subject area and giving an overview on the historical development of ideas and discovery.

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Book SynopsisA communication system must have adequate electrical protection in order to meet the reliability standards for commercially acceptable service and to keep down maintenance expenses. This report characterizes, from the viewpoint of electrical protection and coordination, the conditions of the electrical environment to which communication facilities are exposed. It gives consideration to both present and anticipated future conditions, and covers such topics as the effects of lightning, interference from power networks, electric shock, earth potential gradients, corrosion, over-voltage in AC power utilization circuits,her and electromagnetic pulses.Characterization of the Electrical Environment is a current reference on the design factors required to ensure reliable performance of communication facilities under field operating conditions. It will be useful as a manual for practicing engineers in telecommunications, and as a tutorial textbook in engineering schools in No

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Book SynopsisThe major topical and societal issues of energy transition and environmental conservation have benefited from the contribution of nanotechnologies and nanomaterials. Nanomaterials, including carbon-based newcomers, have helped to improve in particular the performance of energy storage and conversion devices. Some of these nanomaterials, including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds and carbon dots, were discovered well before the 2000s. Others are more recent, including graphene (the leading material of the 21st century) as well as many mineral materials developed at the nano scale: atomic clusters, metal or semiconductor nanoparticles, two-dimensional inorganic materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOF) and luminescent quantum dots. All of these are involved in the realization of devices for energy purposes. Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials for Energy provides a critical analysis of the latest work in the fields of batteries, photovoltaics, fuel cells and catalysis as well as lighting, with the advent of light-emitting diodes.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Part 1 Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies 1 Chapter 1 Carbon-based Nanomaterials 3 1.1 Fullerenes 4 1.1.1 Properties of fullerenes 5 1.2 Carbon nanodiamonds 11 1.2.1 Principal techniques used in creating nanodiamonds 11 1.2.2 Key properties of nanodiamonds 13 1.3 Carbon dots or carbon quantum dots 16 1.3.1 CQD production methods 16 1.3.2 Fluorescence properties of CQDs 18 1.3.3 CQD applications 21 1.4 Carbon nanotubes 21 1.4.1 Chirality of carbon nanotubes 24 1.4.2 Mechanistic models of CNT growth 26 1.4.3 CNT arrays aligned horizontally or perpendicularly to a planar substrate 31 1.4.4 Key properties and applications of CNTs 34 1.4.5 Conclusion 37 1.5 Graphene 37 1.5.1 Electrical properties of exfoliated graphene 38 1.5.2 Graphene production techniques 41 1.5.3 Applications of graphene and graphene derivatives 51 1.5.4 Conclusion 62 1.6 Graphene quantum dots 63 1.6.1 GQD production methods 63 1.6.2 Properties and applications of GQDs 66 1.6.3 Graphdiyne: a new alternative to graphene 72 1.7 Conclusions and perspectives of carbon-based nanomaterials 77 Chapter 2 Inorganic Nanomaterials 79 2.1 Metallic nanoparticles 80 2.1.1 Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) 81 2.1.2 Core-shell type bimetallic nanoparticles 83 2.2 Metal nanoclusters 87 2.2.1 Production methods for gold nanoclusters 88 2.2.2 Structure and stability criteria of Au NC 90 2.2.3 Luminescence properties of Au NCs 91 2.2.4 Applications using the luminescent properties of Au NCs 95 2.2.5 Conclusion 97 2.3 Semiconductor quantum dots 97 2.3.1 Development of colloidal QDs 98 2.4 Two-dimensional inorganic lamellar nanosheets 103 2.4.1 Transition metal dichalcogenides 104 2.4.2 Conclusion 113 2.5 Hybrid metal-organic frameworks 113 2.5.1 MOF production 113 2.5.2 Potential applications of MOFs 119 2.5.3 Conclusions 128 2.6 Conclusions on inorganic nanomaterials 129 Part 2 Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials for Energy 131 Chapter 3 Energy Storage 133 3.1 Worldwide energy use 133 3.2 Energy storage systems 135 3.2.1 Non-chemical/electrochemical storage 135 3.2.2 Chemical and electrochemical storage systems 136 3.2.3 Rechargeable batteries 139 3.2.4 Supercapacitors 184 3.2.5 Pseudocapacitors 189 3.3 Conclusions on energy storage 193 Chapter 4 Energy Conversion 195 4.1 Photovoltaics 196 4.1.1 General principles of the photovoltaic process 197 4.1.2 Photovoltaic technologies 200 4.2 Electroluminescence, lighting and display 225 4.2.1 Inorganic light-emitting diodes 226 4.2.2 Organic light-emitting diodes 233 4.2.3 QDot light-emitting diodes 244 4.3 Conclusions on energy conversion 249 Chapter 5 Electro- and Photocatalysis 251 5.1 Water splitting 252 5.2 Electrolysis techniques 253 5.3 HER and OER processes in water splitting 257 5.3.1 HER in an acidic medium 257 5.3.2 HER in alkaline media 274 5.3.3 Conclusions on HER reactions 279 5.3.4 Catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction 279 5.4 Photoelectrochemical water splitting 294 5.4.1 Heterogeneous photocatalysts 297 5.4.2 Photocatalytic systems with two SC heterojunctions 298 5.4.3 Conclusions 302 5.5 Fuel cells 302 5.5.1 Operating principle of a fuel cell 303 5.5.2 Choice of O 2 reduction catalysts 306 5.5.3 Conclusions on electrocatalysis and photocatalysis 310 Conclusion 313 References 317 Index 359

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Book SynopsisThe UK model of incentive regulation of power grids was at one time the most advanced, and elements of it were adopted throughout the EU. This model worked well, particularly in the context of limited investment and innovation, a single and strong regulatory authority, and limited coordination between foreign grid operators. This enlightening book demonstrates how the landscape has changed markedly since 2010 and that regulation has had to work hard to catch up and evolve. As the EU enters a wave of investment and an era of new services and innovation, this has created growing tensions between national regulatory authorities in terms of coordinating technical standards and distribution systems. This is being played out against an increasingly disruptive backdrop of digitization, new market platforms and novel business models. Electricity Network Regulation in the EU adopts a truly European approach to the complex issues surrounding the topic, focusing on the grey areas and critical questions that have traditionally been difficult to answer. Incentive regulation and grids are addressed simultaneously at the theoretical and practical level, providing the reader with fundamental concepts and concrete examples. This timely book is an invaluable read for energy practitioners working in utility companies, regulators and other public bodies. It will also appeal to academics involved in the world of electricity regulation. The book utilizes language that would make it suitable for interdisciplinary students, including engineering and law scholars.Contributors include: P. Bhagwat, J.-M. Glachant, S.Y. Hadush, L. Meeus, V. Rious, N. Rossetto, T. SchittekatteTrade Review'No one will today argue the fact our European Energy System is at a critical tipping point of transformation to enable the expected massive penetration of competitive renewables - largely distributed - while leveraging new citizen engagements towards climate objectives. In that context it has become critical to think ''outside the box'' when it comes to future market design and regulation, for which this book offers a unique perspective of current challenges and obstacles while providing strategic directions for the next regulatory innovations.' --Laurent Schmitt, Secretary General at ENTSO-E, BelgiumTable of ContentsContents Introduction Part 1 Incentive Regulation: aligning the interests of the operators with the interests of their customers 1. The British reference model Vincent Rious and Nicolò Rossetto 2. Continental incentive regulation Vincent Rious and Nicolò Rossetto Part 2 Seams issues: one market, one system, but many operators and authorities 3. TSO-TSO seams issues Jean-Michel Glachant 4. DSO-TSO seams issues Leonardo Meeus and Samson Yemane Hadush Part 3 Grey areas: the border between the market and the grid 5. Classical grey areas since the start of the internal market Leonardo Meeus and Pradyumna Bhagwat 6. New grey areas at the frontiers of European power grids Leonardo Meeus and Tim Schittekatte Index

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Book SynopsisThe object of this book is to provide a comprehensive reference source for the numerous scientific communities (engineers, researchers, students, etc.) in various disciplines which require detailed information in the field of dielectric materials. Part 1 focuses on physical properties, electrical ageing, and modeling - including topics such as the physics of charged dielectric materials, conduction mechanisms, dielectric relaxation, space charge, electric ageing and end of life (EOL) models, and dielectric experimental characterization. Part 2 examines applications of specific relevance to dielectric materials: insulating oils for transformers, electro-rheological fluids, electrolytic capacitors, ionic membranes, photovoltaic conversion, dielectric thermal control coatings for geostationary satellites, plastics recycling and piezoelectric polymers.Trade Review“Students, engineers, and materials scientists will find this book to be a good comprehensive resource for learning about the fundamental material property characteristics of dielelectric materials.” (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 1 July 2014)Table of ContentsPART 1. GENERAL PHYSICS PHENOMENA 1 Chapter 1. Physics of Dielectrics 3 Guy BLAISE and Daniel TREHEUX 1.1. Definitions 3 1.2. Different types of polarization 4 1.3. Macroscopic aspects of the polarization 8 1.4. Bibliography 16 Chapter 2. Physics of Charged Dielectrics: Mobility and Charge Trapping 17 Guy BLAISE and Daniel TREHEUX 2.1. Introduction 17 2.2. Localization of a charge in an “ideally perfect” and pure polarizable medium 18 2.3. Localization and trapping of carriers in a real material 26 2.4. Detrapping 33 2.5. Bibliography 35 Chapter 3. Conduction Mechanisms and Numerical Modeling of Transport in Organic Insulators: Trends and Perspectives 37 Fulbert BAUDOIN, Christian LAURENT, Séverine LE ROY and Gilbert TEYSSEDRE 3.1. Introduction 37 3.2. Molecular modeling applied to polymers 40 3.3. Macroscopic models 51 3.4. Trends and perspectives 63 3.5. Conclusions 68 3.6. Bibliography 69 Chapter 4. Dielectric Relaxation in Polymeric Materials 79 Eric DANTRAS, Jérôme MENEGOTTO, Philippe DEMONT and Colette LACABANNE 4.1. Introduction 79 4.2. Dynamics of polarization mechanisms 79 4.3. Orientation polarization in the time domain 81 4.4. Orientation polarization in the frequency domain 83 4.5. Temperature dependence 87 4.6. Relaxation modes of amorphous polymers 92 4.7. Relaxation modes of semi-crystalline polymers 96 4.8. Conclusion 98 4.9. Bibliography 99 Chapter 5. Electrification 101 Gérard TOUCHARD 5.1. Introduction 101 5.2. Electrification of solid bodies by separation/contact 101 5.3. Electrification of solid particles 108 5.4. Conclusion 115 5.5. Bibliography 115 PART 2. PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS – AGEING 117 Chapter 6. Space Charges: Definition, History, Measurement 119 Alain TOUREILLE, Petru NOTINGHER, Jérôme CASTELLON and Serge AGNEL 6.1. Introduction 119 6.2. History 120 6.3. Space charge measurement methods in solid insulators 123 6.4. Trends and perspectives 129 6.5. Bibliography 130 Chapter 7. Dielectric Materials under Electron Irradiation in a Scanning Electron Microscope 135 Omar JBARA, Slim FAKHFAKH, Sébastien RONDOT and Dominique MOUZE 7.1. Introduction 135 7.2. Fundamental aspects of electron irradiation of solids 136 7.3. Physics of insulators 141 7.4. Applications: measurement of the trapped charge or the surface potential 153 7.5. Conclusion 159 7.6. Bibliography 160 Chapter 8. Precursory Phenomena and Dielectric Breakdown of Solids 165 Christian MAYOUX, Nadine LAHOUD, Laurent BOUDOU and Juan MARTINEZ-VEGA 8.1. Introduction 165 8.2. Electrical breakdown 166 8.3. Precursory phenomena 168 8.4. Conclusion 179 8.5. Bibliography 180 Chapter 9. Models for Ageing of Electrical Insulation: Trends and Perspectives 189 Nadine LAHOUD, Laurent BOUDOU, Christian MAYOUX and Juan MARTINEZ-VEGA 9.1. Introduction 189 9.2. Kinetic approach according to Zhurkov 190 9.3. Thermodynamic approach according to Crine 195 9.4. Microscopic approach according to Dissado–Mazzanti–Montanari 200 9.5. Conclusions and perspectives 206 9.6. Bibliography 207 PART 3. CHARACTERIZATION METHODS AND MEASUREMENT 209 Chapter 10. Response of an Insulating Material to an Electric Charge: Measurement and Modeling 211 Philippe MOLINIÉ 10.1. Introduction 211 10.2. Standard experiments 212 10.3. Basic electrostatic equations 213 10.4. Dipolar polarization 215 10.5. Intrinsic conduction 218 10.6. Space charge, injection and charge transport 220 10.7. Which model for which material? 226 10.8. Bibliography 227 Chapter 11. Pulsed Electroacoustic Method: Evolution and Development Perspectives for Space Charge Measurement 229 Virginie GRISERI 11.1. Introduction 229 11.2. Principle of the method 230 11.3. Performance of the method 238 11.4. Diverse measurement systems 239 11.5. Development perspectives and conclusions 246 11.6. Bibliography 246 Chapter 12. FLIMM and FLAMM Methods: Localization of 3-D Space Charges at the Micrometer Scale 251 Anca PETRE, Didier MARTY-DESSUS, Laurent BERQUEZ and Jean-Luc FRANCESCHI 12.1. Introduction 251 12.2. The FLIMM method 252 12.3. The FLAMM method 254 12.4. Modeling of the thermal gradient 255 12.5. Mathematical deconvolution 255 12.6. Results 258 12.7. Conclusion 267 12.8. Bibliography 267 Chapter 13. Space Charge Measurement by the Laser-Induced Pressure Pulse Technique 271 David MALEC 13.1. Introduction 271 13.2. History 272 13.3. Establishment of fundamental equations for the determination of space charge distribution 272 13.4. Experimental setup 276 13.5. Performances and limitations 282 13.6. Examples of use of the method 283 13.7. Use of the LIPP method for surface charge measurement 285 13.8. Perspectives 285 13.9. Bibliography 285 Chapter 14. The Thermal Step Method for Space Charge Measurements 289 Alain TOUREILLE, Serge AGNEL, Petru NOTINGHER and Jérôme CASTELLON 14.1. Introduction 289 14.2. Principle of the thermal step method (TSM) 290 14.3. Numerical resolution methods 297 14.4. Experimental set-up 299 14.5. Applications 306 14.6. Conclusion 321 14.7. Bibliography 322 Chapter 15. Physico-Chemical Characterization Techniques of Dielectrics 325 Christine MAYOUX and Christian MAYOUX 15.1. Introduction 325 15.2. Domains of application 326 15.3. The materials themselves 333 15.4. Conclusion 340 15.5. Bibliography 341 Chapter 16. Insulating Oils for Transformers 347 Abderrahmane BEROUAL, Christophe PERRIER, Jean-Luc BESSEDE 16.1. Introduction 347 16.2. Generalities 348 16.3. Mineral oils 352 16.4. Synthetic esters or pentaerythritol ester 357 16.5. Silicone oils or PDMS 363 16.6. Halogenated hydrocarbons or PCB 366 16.7. Natural esters or vegetable oils 367 16.8. Security of employment of insulating oils 370 16.9. Conclusion and perspectives 373 16.10. Bibliography 374 Chapter 17. Electrorheological Fluids 379 Jean-Numa FOULC 17.1. Introduction 379 17.2. Electrorheology 381 17.3. Mechanisms and modeling of the electrorheological effect 387 17.4. The conduction model 392 17.5. Giant electrorheological effect 396 17.6. Conclusion 397 17.7. Bibliography 397 Chapter 18. Electrolytic Capacitors 403 Pascal VENET 18.1. Introduction 403 18.2. Generalities 404 18.3. Electrolytic capacitors 410 18.4. Aluminum liquid electrolytic capacitors 411 18.5. (Solid electrolyte) tantalum electrolytic capacitors 414 18.6. Models and characteristics 417 18.7. Failures of electrolytic capacitors 426 18.8. Conclusion and perspectives 431 18.9. Bibliography 432 Chapter 19. Ion Exchange Membranes for Low Temperature Fuel Cells 435 Vicente COMPAÑ MORENO and Evaristo RIANDE GARCIA 19.1. Introduction 435 19.2. Homogenous cation-exchange membranes 438 19.3. Heterogenous ion exchange membranes 439 19.4. Polymer/acid membranes 441 19.5. Characterization of membranes 442 19.6. Experimental characterization of ion exchange membranes 457 19.7. Determination of membrane morphology using the SEM technique 469 19.8. Thermal stability 470 19.9. Acknowledgements 471 19.10. Bibliography 472 Chapter 20. Semiconducting Organic Materials for Electroluminescent Devices and Photovoltaic Conversion 477 Pascale JOLINAT and Isabelle SEGUY 20.1. Brief history 477 20.2. Origin of conduction in organic semiconductors 479 20.3. Electrical and optical characteristics of organic semiconductors 480 20.4. Application to electroluminescent devices 482 20.5. Application to photovoltaic conversion 486 20.6. The processing of organic semiconductors 489 20.7. Conclusion 491 20.8. Bibliography 491 Chapter 21. Dielectric Coatings for the Thermal Control of Geostationary Satellites: Trends and Problems 495 Stéphanie REMAURY 21.1. Introduction 495 21.2. Space environment 496 21.3. The thermal control of space vehicles 501 21.4. Electrostatic phenomena in materials 503 21.5. Conclusion 512 21.6. Bibliography 513 Chapter 22. Recycling of Plastic Materials 515 Pilar MARTINEZ and Eva VERDEJO 22.1. Introduction 515 22.2. Plastic materials 516 22.3. Plastic residues 519 22.4. Bibliography 529 Chapter 23. Piezoelectric Polymers and their Applications 531 Alain BERNES 23.1. Introduction 531 23.2. Piezoelectric polymeric materials 532 23.3. Electro-active properties of piezoelectric polymers 538 23.4. Piezoelectricity applications 549 23.5. Transducers 551 23.6. Conclusion 556 23.7. Bibliography 556 Chapter 24. Polymeric Insulators in the Electrical Engineering Industry: Examples of Applications, Constraints and Perspectives 559 Jean-Luc BESSEDE 24.1. Introduction 559 24.2. Equipment 560 24.3. Power transformer insulation 565 24.4. Perspectives 567 24.5. Conclusion 570 24.6. Bibliography 570 List of Authors 573 Index 577

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Book SynopsisThis book deals with the management and valuation of energy storage in electric power grids, highlighting the interest of storage systems in grid applications and developing management methodologies based on artificial intelligence tools. The authors highlight the importance of storing electrical energy, in the context of sustainable development, in "smart grids", and discuss multiple services that storing electrical energy can bring. Methodological tools are provided to build an energy management system storage following a generic approach. These tools are based on causal formalisms, artificial intelligence and explicit optimization techniques and are presented throughout the book in connection with concrete case studies.Table of ContentsFOREWORD xi INTRODUCTION xiii CHAPTER 1. ISSUES IN ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE 1 1.1. Difficulties of storing electrical energy 1 1.2. Why store electrical energy? 3 1.3. Value enhancement of storage in electrical grids 6 1.4. Storage management 9 1.5. Bibliography 13 CHAPTER 2. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ENERGY STORAGE 17 2.1. Introduction 17 2.2. Storage technologies 17 2.3. Characteristics of a storage system 19 2.3.1. Energy storage capacity 19 2.3.2. Maximum power and time constant 20 2.3.3. Energy losses and efficiency 20 2.3.4. Aging 21 2.3.5. Costs 21 2.3.6. Energy and specific power 22 2.3.7. Response time 23 2.3.8. Gray energy 24 2.3.9. State of energy 24 2.3.10. Other characteristics 25 2.4. Hydraulic storage 26 2.4.1. Principle of hydraulic storage 26 2.4.2. Exercise: Lac Noir station 27 2.5. Compressed-air storage 32 2.5.1. Principle of compressed-air storage 32 2.5.2. First- and second-generation compressed-air storage 33 2.5.3. Adiabatic compressed-air storage 34 2.5.4. Air storage 35 2.5.5. Hydropneumatic storage 36 2.6. Thermal storage 38 2.6.1. Sensitive-heat storage 38 2.6.2. Latent-heat storage 39 2.7. Chemical storage 40 2.7.1. Electrochemical storage 40 2.7.2. Hydrogen storage 45 2.8. Kinetic storage 47 2.9. Electrostatic storage 48 2.10. Electromagnetic storage 49 2.11. Compared performances of storage technologies 51 2.12. Bibliography 52 CHAPTER 3. APPLICATIONS AND VALUES OF ENERGY STORAGE IN POWER SYSTEMS 55 3.1. Introduction 55 3.2. Introduction to power systems and their operation 59 3.2.1. Generation plants 60 3.2.2. Electric grids 65 3.2.3. Demand 68 3.2.4. Some basics of the operation of power systems 69 3.3. Services that can be provided by storage 84 3.3.1. Introduction 84 3.3.2. Services required for connection to the transmission grid 85 3.3.3. Potential additional services provided to a transmission system operator 88 3.3.4. Potential services provided by storage to a distribution system operator 91 3.3.5. Services for a centralized generation owner 107 3.3.6. Services for a renewable decentralized producer 108 3.3.7. Services for consumers 118 3.3.8. Benefits from market activities 124 3.4. Example of the contribution of storage to the treatment of congestion events 127 3.4.1. Indicator of state of charge of grid 127 3.4.2. Evolution scenario for electric grid 128 3.4.3. Treatment of congestion events in Brittany 128 3.5. Example of contribution of storage to dynamic support of frequency control in an island grid 131 3.5.1. Context and potential interest of this service 131 3.5.2. What is under-frequency load shedding? 131 3.5.3. Technical specifications of dynamic support 132 3.5.4. Method used for detailed study of dynamic support 135 3.5.5. Stage 1: theoretical approach 135 3.5.6. Stage 2: dynamic simulations 141 3.5.7. Stage 3: experimental laboratory implementation 142 3.5.8. Economic value making 144 3.5.9. Conclusion 145 3.6. General conclusion 145 3.7. Bibliography 146 CHAPTER 4. INTRODUCTION TO FUZZY LOGIC AND APPLICATION TO THE MANAGEMENT OF KINETIC ENERGY STORAGE IN A HYBRID WIND-DIESEL SYSTEM 153 4.1. Introduction 153 4.2. Introduction to fuzzy logic 154 4.2.1. Principle of fuzzy reasoning 154 4.2.2. Fuzzy logic and Boolean logic 155 4.2.3. Stages of a fuzzy supervisor 160 4.2.4. Example of fuzzy reasoning 164 4.3. Wind-kinetic energy storage combination on an isolated site with a diesel generator 168 4.3.1. Introduction 168 4.3.2. Energy management strategy 170 4.3.3. Fuzzy logic supervisor 171 4.3.4. Results of simulation with fuzzy supervisor 174 4.3.5. Results of simulation with simple filtering 176 4.4. Conclusion 179 4.5. Bibliography 179 CHAPTER 5. SUPERVISOR CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY FOR A WINDPOWER SOURCE COMBINED WITH STORAGE 181 5.1. Introduction 181 5.2. Energetic system studied 182 5.3. Supervisor development methodology 183 5.4. Specifications 184 5.4.1. Objectives 184 5.4.2. Limitations 184 5.4.3. Means of action 185 5.5. Supervisor structure 186 5.5.1. Input values 186 5.5.2. Output values 187 5.5.3. Supervisor development tools 187 5.6. Identification of various operating states: functional graph 191 5.6.1. Graph of level N1 192 5.6.2. Graph of level N1.1 193 5.6.3. Graph of level N1.2 194 5.6.4. Graph of level N1.3 194 5.7. Membership functions 195 5.8. Operational graph 199 5.8.1. Graph of level N1 200 5.8.2. Graph of level N1.1 200 5.8.3. Graph of level N1.2 201 5.8.4. Graph of level N1.3 201 5.9. Fuzzy rules 202 5.10. Experimental validation 203 5.10.1. Implantation of supervisor 203 5.10.2. Experimental configuration 204 5.10.3. Results and analyses 207 5.11. Conclusion 212 5.12. Bibliography 212 CHAPTER 6. DESIGN OF A HYBRID MULTISOURCE/MULTISTORAGE SUPERVISOR 215 6.1. Introduction 215 6.2. Methodology for the construction of a supervisor for a hybrid source incorporating windpower 217 6.2.1. Determination of system specifications 218 6.2.2. Structure of supervisor 220 6.2.3. Determination of functional graphs 223 6.2.4. Determination of membership functions 227 6.2.5. Determination of operational graphs 231 6.2.6. Extraction of fuzzy laws 233 6.3. Compared performance of different variants of hybrid source 234 6.3.1. Characteristics of simulated system 234 6.3.2. Simulations of different hybrid source variants 237 6.3.3. Comparison of performance of different hybrid sources by means of indicators 248 6.4. Conclusion 249 6.5. Appendices 249 6.5.1. Range of output value variations 249 6.5.2. Fuzzy rules 251 6.6. Bibliography 253 CHAPTER 7. MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMIC ENHANCEMENT OF ADIABATIC COMPRESSED-AIR ENERGY STORAGE INCORPORATED INTO A POWER GRID 255 7.1. Introduction 255 7.2. Services provided by storage 257 7.2.1. Storage planning 257 7.2.2. Frequency control 257 7.2.3. Congestion management 258 7.2.4. Guarantee of variable renewable production 258 7.3. Supervision strategy 259 7.3.1. Methodology 259 7.3.2. Objectives, constraints and means of actions 260 7.3.3. Supervisor structure 260 7.3.4. Determination of functional graphs 262 7.3.5. Determination of membership functions 267 7.3.6. Determination of operational graphs 270 7.3.7. Extraction of fuzzy rules 270 7.3.8. Indicators 270 7.4. Economic value of services 271 7.4.1. Purchase/sale action 272 7.4.2. Frequency control billing 273 7.4.3. Billing of additional services 273 7.5. Application 274 7.5.1. Test grid 274 7.5.2. Interest of the contribution of storage to ancillary services 275 7.5.3. Interest of fuzzy supervisor compared to a Boolean supervisor 279 7.6. Conclusion 281 7.7. Acknowledgments 282 7.8. Bibliography 282 INDEX 285

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Book Synopsis Current developments in the renewable energy field, and the trend toward self-production and self-consumption of energy, has led to increased interest in the means of storing electrical energy; a key element of sustainable development. This book provides an in-depth view of the environmentally responsible energy solutions currently available for use in the building sector. It highlights the importance of storing electrical energy, demonstrates the many services that the storage of electrical energy can bring, and discusses the important socio-economic factors related to the emergence of smart buildings and smart grids. Finally, it presents the methodological tools needed to build a system of storage-based energy management, illustrated by concrete, pedagogic examples. Table of ContentsForeword xi Introduction xiii Chapter 1. Storing Electrical Energy in Habitat: Toward “Smart Buildings” and “Smart Cities” 1 1.1. Toward smarter electrical grids 1 1.1.1. The move to decentralize electrical grids 1 1.1.2. Smart grids 2 1.2. Storage requirements in buildings 4 1.3. Difficulties in storing electrical energy 5 1.4. Electricity supply in buildings 7 1.4.1. Building supply and consumption 7 1.4.2. Self-production and self-consumption 10 1.4.3. Micro-grids 11 1.5. Smart buildings 14 1.6. Smart cities 18 1.7. Socio-economic questions 19 1.7.1. Toward new economic models 19 1.7.2. Social acceptability 20 1.8. Storage management 22 1.9. Methodologies used in developing energy management for storage systems 24 Chapter 2. Energy Storage in a Commercial Building 27 2.1. Introduction 27 2.2. Managing energy storage in a supermarket 27 2.2.1. Introduction 27 2.2.2. System characteristics 28 2.2.3. Electricity billing 31 2.2.4. Objectives of the energy management strategy 32 2.2.5. Fuzzy logic supervisor 33 2.2.6. Simulation 46 2.2.7. Performance analysis using indicators 49 2.3. Conclusion 51 2.4. Acknowledgments 52 Chapter 3. Energy Storage in a Tertiary Building, Combining Photovoltaic Panels and LED Lighting 53 3.1. Introduction 53 3.2. DC network architecture 55 3.3. Energy management 56 3.3.1. Specification 56 3.3.2. System inputs/outputs 58 3.3.3. Functional graph 59 3.3.4. Determination of membership functions 61 3.3.5. Operational graph 63 3.3.6. Fuzzy rules 63 3.4. Simulation results 66 3.4.1. Case 1: favorable grid access conditions (GAC) 68 3.4.2. Case 2: unfavorable GACs 69 3.4.3. Case 3: variable GAC 70 3.4.4. Comparison of results 73 3.5. Conclusion 74 3.6. Acknowledgments 75 Chapter 4. Hybrid Storage Associated with Photovoltaic Technology for Buildings in Non-interconnected Zones 77 4.1. Introduction 77 4.2. Photovoltaic systems in buildings and integration into the grid 78 4.2.1. Context and economic issues 78 4.2.2. Examples of projects 80 4.3. Importance of storage in photovoltaic systems 85 4.3.1. Photovoltaic systems for isolated sites 85 4.3.2. Photovoltaic systems connected to the grid 85 4.3.3. Hybrid storage 86 4.3.4. Electronic conversion structures for hybrid storage 88 4.4. Photovoltaic generator with hybrid storage system 91 4.4.1. Case study 91 4.4.2. Principles and standards for frequency support 93 4.4.3. Calculating battery wear 97 4.5. Energy management 99 4.5.1. Methodology 99 4.5.2. Operating specifications 100 4.5.3. Supervisor structure and determination of input/output 101 4.5.4. Functional graphs 103 4.5.5. Membership functions 105 4.5.6. Operating graphs 108 4.5.7. Fuzzy rules 110 4.5.8. Evaluation indicators 113 4.6. Simulation results 114 4.6.1. Supervisor validation 115 4.6.2. Life expectancy of storage elements 120 4.6.3. Efficiency 123 4.6.4. Levelized cost of energy 126 4.7. Experimental validation of energy management 128 4.7.1. Definition of tests 128 4.7.2. Experimental results 129 4.8. Conclusion 132 4.9. Acknowledgments 134 Chapter 5. Economic and Sociological Implications of Smart Grids 135 5.1. Introduction 135 5.2. Actor diversity in smart grids 137 5.3. Economic and sociological implications of smart grids 138 5.3.1. Introduction 138 5.3.2. Implications of smart grids for the value chain 141 5.3.3. The “downstream” role of smart grids 150 5.3.4. The “upstream” role of smart grids 160 5.3.5. Demand management programs 166 5.4. Social acceptability 169 5.4.1. Introduction 169 5.4.2. Conceptual frameworks: points of reference 170 5.4.3. Studies of social acceptability 174 5.4.4. Theoretical application of voluntary load reduction within a reference framework 181 5.4.5. Quality of the load reduction contract 191 5.5. Conclusion 195 5.6. Acknowledgments 196 Chapter 6. Energy Mutualization for Tertiary Buildings, Residential Buildings and Producers 197 6.1. Introduction 197 6.2. Energy mutualization between commercial, tertiary and residential buildings, producers and grid managers 198 6.2.1. Grid actors 198 6.2.2. Energy service aggregator 199 6.2.3. Case study: structure of the micro-grid 201 6.2.4. Consumption and production profiles of actors in the micro-grid 203 6.3. Management of energy mutualization for tertiary buildings, residential buildings and energy producers 205 6.3.1. Objectives and constraints of actors in the micro-grid 206 6.3.2. Supervisor structure: input and output variables 210 6.3.3. Functional graphs 211 6.3.4. Membership functions 212 6.3.5. Operating graphs 217 6.3.6. Fuzzy rules 217 6.3.7. Indicators 221 6.4. Case study 221 6.4.1. Characteristics of the micro-grid 221 6.4.2. Scenarios 222 6.5. Load reduction 228 6.5.1. Load reduction principle 228 6.5.2. Introduction to load reduction and acceptability 229 6.5.3. Simulation of energy management with load reduction 231 6.6. Conclusion 233 6.7. Acknowledgments 233 6.8. Appendix 1 234 Chapter 7. Centralized Management of a Local Energy Community to Maximize Self-consumption of PV Production 235 7.1. Introduction 235 7.2. Energy management issues in residential neighborhoods 242 7.2.1. Electric grid management: basic principles 242 7.2.2. The move toward smart grids 243 7.2.3. A few applications of micro-grids for managing local energy communities 246 7.3. The active PV generator 249 7.3.1. Current PV production 249 7.3.2. Limits and necessary developments 249 7.3.3. Cascade structure 250 7.3.4. Domestic application 251 7.3.5. Energy management of the DC bus 254 7.3.6. Energy management of ultracapacitors 261 7.4. Micro-grid management 263 7.4.1. Organization of electrical grid management 263 7.4.2. Key functions 264 7.4.3. Characteristics of local controllers for distributed production 268 7.4.4. Fundamentals of power balancing 268 7.4.5. Load management 270 7.5. Application to the context of a residential electrical network 270 7.5.1. From managing domestic demand to managing domestic production 270 7.5.2. Residential grids and application of micro-grid concepts 273 7.5.3. Energy management of a micro-grid 277 7.6. Prediction techniques and data processing 278 7.6.1. Predicting PV production 278 7.6.2. Load prediction 279 7.6.3. Energy estimation 281 7.7. Day ahead operational planning and half-hourly power reference calculations 283 7.7.1. Objectives 283 7.7.2. Constraints 283 7.7.3. Determinist algorithm for generator use 284 7.7.4. Practical application 287 7.8. Medium-term energy management 289 7.8.1. Reducing observed deviations 289 7.8.2. Energy management to minimize the aging of batteries 290 7.9. Short-term energy management 292 7.9.1. Primary frequency regulation 292 7.9.2. Power balancing strategies in the active generator 292 7.10. Experimental testing using real-time simulation 294 7.10.1. Benefits of real-time simulation 294 7.10.2. The Electrical Power Management Lab 295 7.10.3. Experimental implementation 297 7.10.4. Analysis of self-consumption in a house 300 7.10.5. Increasing the proportion of PV use in a residential grid 306 7.11. Review of scientific contributions and methodological summary 312 7.12. Concluding thoughts and research perspectives 313 Chapter 8. Reversible Charging from Electric Vehicles to Grids and Buildings 317 8.1. Introduction 317 8.2. Reversible charging of electric vehicles 319 8.2.1. Vehicle to Grid 319 8.2.2. Vehicle to Home and to Building 323 8.2.3. Vehicle to Station and energy hubs 324 8.2.4. Energy service aggregator 325 8.3. Potential services and energy management of reversible EV fleets 325 8.3.1. Services supplied by V2G 325 8.3.2. Energy management of a V2G fleet 328 8.4. Vehicle to Station: V2S 340 8.4.1. Impact and contribution of EVs in a railway station carpark 340 8.4.2. V2S: contribution of V2G technology in a station parking lot 344 8.5. V2H 348 8.6. Conclusion 352 8.7. Acknowledgments 353 8.8. Appendix 353 8.8.1. Detailed functional graphs for the V2G application 353 References 355 Index 369

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Book SynopsisThe electrochemical storage of energy has become essential in assisting the development of electrical transport and use of renewable energies. French researchers have played a key role in this domain but Asia is currently the market leader. Not wanting to see history repeat itself, France created the research network on electrochemical energy storage (RS2E) in 2011. This book discusses the launch of RS2E, its stakeholders, objectives, and integrated structure that assures a continuum between basic research, technological research and industries. Here, the authors will cover the technological advances as well as the challenges that must still be resolved in the field of electrochemical storage, taking into account sustainable development and the limited time available to us.Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION vii CHAPTER 1. BATTERIES AND SUPERCAPACITORS: SOME REMINDERS 1 1.1. Main evolution of batteries from the 1980s to now 1 1.2. Supercapacitors: recent developments 8 CHAPTER 2. ADVANCED LI-ION 11 2.1. Positive electrode materials for Li-ion technology 11 2.2. Negative electrode materials for Li-ion technology 14 2.3. The question of electrolytes for Li-ion technology 15 CHAPTER 3. CAPACITIVE STORAGE 17 3.1. Carbonated materials for capacitive storage 17 3.2. Pseudocapacitive materials 18 3.3. Electrolytes for supercapacitors 20 3.4. Hybrid systems and middle-term goals 21 CHAPTER 4. NEW CHEMISTRIES 23 4.1. Li-air technology 24 4.2. Li-S technology 27 4.3. Na-ion technology 29 4.4. Redox-flow technology 32 4.5. All-solid state batteries 36 CHAPTER 5. ECO-COMPATIBLE STORAGE 41 5.1. Ionothermal synthesis 42 5.2. Bioinspired synthesis/approach 42 5.3. Organic electrodes for “green” Li-ion batteries and more durable batteries 45 5.4. Recycling and LCA 47 CHAPTER 6. SMART MATERIALS 49 6.1. Photonics of insertion materials to create photo-rechargeable batteries 50 6.2. Micro-energy sources 51 CHAPTER 7. TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER, RESEARCH PROMOTION AND EDUCATION 53 7.1. Development: industrial property 53 7.2. Education 54 7.2.1. Erasmus Mundus Master’s degree: Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion (MESC) 55 7.2.2. Specialization in Energy Storage and Conversion (SCE), at ENSCBP (Bordeaux – INP) 57 CONCLUSION 59 BIBLIOGRAPHY 63 INDEX 75

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Book SynopsisSince the 90s, the Li-ion batteries are the most commonly used energy storage systems. The demand for performance and safety is constantly growing, current commercial batteries based liquid electrolytes or gels may not be able to meet the needs of emerging applications such as for electric and hybrid vehicles and renewable energy storage , and it is therefore necessary to develop advanced storage systems with characteristics such that the highest density of energy technology, long life, low cost of production, little or no maintenance and high safety of use. Batteries "all solid" are a technology of choice to meet these requirements. In this technology, the electrolyte separator between the two electrodes is no longer a liquid medium but a solid.Table of ContentsIntroduction vii Chapter 1 Anatomy of an All-Solid-State Battery 1 1.1 Constituents of an all-solid battery 3 1.1.1 Nature of solid electrolytes: required qualities 3 1.1.2 Positive electrode materials 4 1.1.3 Negative electrode materials 5 1.1.4 Conductive additive 7 1.1.5 Formulation of electrodes 7 1.2 Shaping methods of all-solid batteries 8 1.2.1 Assembly by cold pressing 8 1.2.2 Design by high temperature sintering 10 Chapter 2 Solid Ionic Conductors 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Solid lithium-ion conductors 15 2.2.1 The Garnets 15 2.2.2 The NASICON AxMM′(XO4)3 Structure 17 2.2.3 The compounds LISICON and Thio-LISICON 18 2.2.4 Ion conductive glass and glass-ceramics 23 2.2.5 The Argyrodites 29 2.2.6 The complex hydrides 34 2.2.7 Phosphorus and lithium oxynitride or LiPON 36 2.2.8 Anti-perovskite lithium-rich solid electrolytes 36 2.2.9 Solid polymer electrolytes 39 2.3 Solid sodium-ion conductors 40 2.3.1 NASICON compounds 41 2.3.2 Na3PS4 42 Chapter 3 All-Solid-State Battery Technology Using Solid Sulfide Electrolytes 47 3.1 Monolithic Li-ion “all-solid-state” batteries 47 3.1.1 The first “all-solid-state” batteries 47 3.1.2 Second generation “all-solid-state” batteries 48 3.1.3 Toward High Performance Batteries 53 3.1.4 Batteries using lithium argyrodite electrolytes 58 3.1.5 Li10XP2S12 (X = Ge, Si, Sn) phase in the structure LGPS 66 3.1.6 Understanding stability at the interfaces between the electrolyte and electrode materials 81 3.1.7 Summary 84 3.2 Sodium monolithic “all-solid-state” batteries 85 3.3 “All-solid-state” Li–S batteries 91 Chapter 4 Monolithic “All-Solid-State” Batteries Using Solid Oxide Electrolytes 97 4.1 Silver “all-solid-state” battery technology 97 4.2 Li-ion “solid-state” battery technology 100 4.3 Sodium “solid-state” battery technology 108 4.3.1 Sodium-ion “solid-state” battery technology 108 4.3.2 Sodium-sulfur “all-solid-state” battery technology 116 Chapter 5 LiBH4 Electrolyte and Polymer Battery Technology 119 5.1 “All-solid-state” battery technology: LiBH4 electrolyte 119 5.2 “Solid-state” polymer battery technology 120 Chapter 6 Markets 123 6.1 Solid electrolytes 123 6.1.1 Ohara 123 6.1.2 NEI 127 6.2 Solid-state batteries 127 6.3 Conclusion 137 Conclusion 139 Bibliography 145 Index 167

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses different algorithms and applications based on the theory of multiobjective goal attainment optimization. In detail the authors show as the optimal asset of the energy hubs network which (i) meets the loads, (ii) minimizes the energy costs and (iii) assures a robust and reliable operation of the multicarrier energy network can be formalized by a nonlinear constrained multiobjective optimization problem. Since these design objectives conflict with each other, the solution of such the optimal energy flow problem hasn’t got a unique solution and a suitable trade off between the objectives should be identified. A further contribution of the book consists in presenting real-world applications and results of the proposed methodologies developed by the authors in three research projects recently completed and characterized by actual implementation under an overall budget of about 23 million €.Table of ContentsPreface xi Introduction xviiMassimo LA SCALA and Sergio BRUNO Chapter 1 Unbalanced Three-Phase Optimal Power Flow for the Optimization of MV and LV Distribution Grids 1Sergio BRUNO and Massimo LA SCALA 1.1 Advanced distribution management system for smart distribution grids 1 1.2 Secondary distribution monitoring and control 5 1.2.1 Monitoring and representation of LV distribution grids 6 1.2.2 LV control resources and control architecture 7 1.3 Three-phase distribution optimal power flow for smart distribution grids 8 1.4 Problem formulation and solving algorithm 11 1.4.1 Main problem formulation 11 1.4.2 Application of the penalty method 12 1.4.3 Definition of an unconstrained problem 14 1.4.4 Application of a quasi-Newton method 15 1.4.5 Solving algorithm 18 1.5 Application of the proposed methodology to the optimization of a MV network 20 1.5.1 Case A: optimal load curtailment 23 1.5.2 Case B: conservative voltage regulation 26 1.5.3 Case C: voltage rise effects 28 1.5.4 Algorithm performance 30 1.6 Application of the proposed methodology to the optimization of a MV/LV network 31 1.6.1 Case D: LV network congestions 33 1.6.2 Case E: minimization of losses and reactive control 36 1.6.3 Algorithm performance 37 1.7 Conclusions 38 1.8 Acknowledgments 38 1.9 Bibliography 39 Chapter 2 Mixed Integer Linear Programming Models for Network Reconfiguration and Resource Optimization in Power Distribution Networks 43Alberto BORGHETTI 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 Model for determining the optimal configuration of a radial distribution network 44 2.2.1 Objective function and constraints of the branch currents 46 2.2.2 Bus voltage constraints 48 2.2.3 Bus equations 50 2.2.4 Line equations 52 2.2.5 Radiality constraints 53 2.3 Test results of minimum loss configuration obtained by the MILP model 54 2.3.1 Illustrative example 54 2.3.2 Tests results for networks with several nodes and branches 57 2.3.3 Comparison between the MILP solutions for the test networks with the corresponding PF calculation results relevant to the obtained optimal network configurations 62 2.4 MILP model of the VVO problem 65 2.4.1 Objective function 66 2.4.2 Branch equations 67 2.4.3 Bus equations 69 2.4.4 Branch and node constraints 72 2.5 Test results obtained by the VVO MILP model 74 2.5.1 TS1 74 2.5.2 TS2 77 2.5.3 TS3 78 2.6 Conclusions 85 2.7 Acknowledgments 85 2.8 Bibliography 86 Chapter 3 The Role of Nature-inspired Metaheuristic Algorithms for Optimal Voltage Regulation in Urban Smart Grids 89Giovanni ACAMPORA, Davide CARUSO, Alfredo VACCARO, Autilia VITIELLO and Ahmed F ZOBAA 3.1 Introduction 89 3.2 Emerging needs in urban power systems 92 3.3 Toward smarter grids 93 3.4 Smart grids optimization 97 3.5 Metaheuristic algorithms for smart grids optimization 99 3.5.1 Genetic algorithm 99 3.5.2 Random Hill Climbing algorithm 101 3.5.3 Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm 101 3.5.4 Evolution strategy 103 3.5.5 Differential evolution 106 3.5.6 Biogeography-based optimization 108 3.5.7 Evolutionary programming 109 3.5.8 Ant Colony Optimization algorithm 110 3.5.9 Group Search Optimization algorithm 113 3.6 Numerical results 115 3.6.1 Power system test 116 3.6.2 Real urban smart grid 124 3.7 Conclusions 127 3.8 Bibliography 127 Chapter 4 Urban Energy Hubs and Microgrids: Smart Energy Planning for Cities 129Eleonora RIVA SANSEVERINO, Vincenzo Domenico GENCO, Gianluca SCACCIANOCE, Valentina VACCARO, Raffaella RIVA SANSEVERINO, Gaetano ZIZZO, Maria Luisa DI SILVESTRE, Diego ARNONE and Giuseppe PATERNÒ 4.1 Introduction 129 4.1.1 Microgrids versus urban energy hubs 131 4.2 Approaches and tools for urban energy hubs 134 4.2.1 Policy 134 4.2.2 Analysis 135 4.2.3 Optimal design and operation tools 139 4.3 Methodology 143 4.3.1 Building type and urban energy parameter specification 143 4.3.2 Mobility simulator 147 4.3.3 Energy simulation and electrical load estimation for buildings 151 4.3.4 Optimization and simulation software for district 151 4.4 Application 152 4.4.1 Analysis 152 4.4.2 Simulations and optimization 160 4.4.3 Mobility and effects of policies and smart charging on peaking power 168 4.5 Conclusions 170 4.6 Bibliography 171 Chapter 5 Optimization of Multi-energy Carrier Systems in Urban Areas 177Sergio BRUNO, Silvia LAMONACA and Massimo LA SCALA 5.1 Introduction 177 5.2 Optimal control strategy for a small-scale multi-carrier energy system 180 5.2.1 The proposed architecture 180 5.2.2 Mathematical formulation 183 5.2.3 Test results 190 5.3 Optimal design of an urban energy district 198 5.3.1 Energy district for urban regeneration: the San Paolo Power Park 199 5.3.2 Optimal design of the energy district 201 5.3.3 Integer variables and design choices 205 5.3.4 Mathematical formulation of the optimal control problem 206 5.3.5 Test results 214 5.4 Conclusions 227 5.5 Acknowledgments 228 5.6 Bibliography 228Chapter 6 Optimal Gas Flow Algorithm for Natural Gas Distribution Systems in Urban Environment 231Ugo STECCHI, Gaetano ABBATANTUONO and Massimo LA SCALA 6.1 Introduction 231 6.2 Natural gas network evolution 236 6.3 Implementing the monitoring and control system in the “Gas Smart Grids” pilot project 239 6.3.1 SCADA system 240 6.3.2 Controlling FRUs’ setpoints 244 6.4 Basic equations under steady-state conditions 246 6.5 Gas load flow formulation 253 6.6 Gas optimal flow method 256 6.7 Optimizing turbo-expander operations 258 6.8 Optimizing pressure profiles on the low pressure distribution grids 262 6.9 Conclusions 270 6.10 Acknowledgements 270 6.11 Bibliography 270 Chapter 7 Multicarrier Energy System Optimal Power Flow 273Soheil DERAFSHI BEIGVAND, Hamdi ABDI and Massimo LA SCALA 7.1 Introduction 273 7.2 Basic concepts and assumptions 276 7.2.1 MEC and energy hub 276 7.2.2 CHP units 279 7.2.3 General assumptions 282 7.3 Problem formulation 283 7.3.1 Electrical power balance equations 283 7.3.2 Gas energy flow equation 283 7.3.3 Modeling of energy hubs 285 7.3.4 MECOPF problem 286 7.4 Time varying acceleration coefficient gravitational search algorithm 287 7.4.1 A brief comparison between the main structures of TVAC-GSA and PSO 291 7.5 TVAC-GSA-based MECOPF problem 292 7.6 Case study simulations and results 294 7.7 Conclusions 300 7.8 Appendix 1 301 7.9 Appendix 2 303 7.10 Bibliography 305 List of Authors 309 Index 311

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Book SynopsisThis is an account of the author's investigation, on behalf of the Canadian government, into the life and ideas of the eccentric genius Nikola Tesla. This is a completely revised and redesigned edition, with a new introduction by the former head of the Tesla Museum, a new chapter and a selection of photographs of Tesla and his work in search of the holy grail of electricity - the transmission of power without loss. As a student in Prague in the 1870s, Tesla "saw" the electric induction motor and patented his discovery, -the first of many inventions whose plans seem to have come to him fully fledged. He worked for the Edison company in Paris before emigrating to the US and battling with Thomas Edison himself to ensure that alternating, rather than direct current, became the standard. He sold his patent in the induction motor for $1 million dollars to George Westinghouse, who used this system for the Niagara Falls Power Project. Moving to Colorado Springs, Tesla worked on resonance, building enormous oscillating towers in experiments which still intrigue today. In later life Tesla became a recluse, bombarding newspapers with eccentric claims, including energy transmissions to other planets. Though he died alone and virtually forgotten, rumours gradually grew that Tesla had made further remarkable discoveries. In an attempt to replicate his experiments, people still build Tesla towers and puzzle over the possible link with low-frequency broadcasts which can supposedly disrupt the weather and affect the human mind.

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Book SynopsisIn order to solve a particular motion control problem the engineer is initially faced with the task of selecting an appropriate power transmission medium. This is frequently followed by modelling and simulation of the proposed solution in concert with control system analysis and design. The process involves both synthesis and analysis and, in some instances, can be particularly challenging to the engineer. This text covers all aspects of this power transmisison and motion control with particular emphasis placed on current international research and development. This collection of papers should be of value to researchers and practitioners working in the power transmision and motion control community.Table of ContentsDesign; simulation; applications; drives and controls; components and fluids; control - I; control - II.

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Book SynopsisFlow-Induced Vibration of Power and Process Plant Components is an indispensable, single source of information on the most common flow-induced vibration problems in power and process plant components. Based on the author’s own experience that most errors in engineering analysis come from confusions in the units, the book begins with a short chapter on units and dimensions. It also provides step-by-step examples in dual US and SI units, leading to the final objective of design analysis, problem solving, diagnosis, and trouble shooting covering: Fundamentals of vibration; Acoustics and structural dynamics; Vibration of structures in quiescent fluids; Vortex-induced vibration; Turbulence-induced vibration; Impact, fatigue, and wear caused by flowinduced vibration; Acoustically induced vibration; Signal analysis and diagnostic techniques. CONTENTS INCLUDE: The kinematics of vibration and acoustics Fundamentals of structural dynamics Vortex-induced vibration Fluid-elastic instability of tube bundles Axial and leakage-flow-induced vibrations Impact, fatigue and wear Signal analysis and diagnostic techniques Table of ContentsUnits and dimensions; the kinematics of vibration and acoustics; fundamentals of structural dynamics; vibration of structures in quiescent fluid 1 - the hydrodynamic mass; vibration of structures in quiescent fluids 2 - simplified methods; vortex-induced vibration; fluid-elastic instability of tube bundles; turbulence-induced vibration in parallel flow; turbulence-induced vibration in cross-flow; axial and leakage-flow induced vibrations; impact, fatigue and wear; acoustically induced vibration and noise; signal analysis and diagnostic techniques.

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Book SynopsisThis title presents the general principles of instrumentation processes. It explains the theoretical analysis of physical phenomena used by standard sensors and transducers to transform a physical value into an electrical signal. The pre-processing of these signals through electronic circuits – amplification, signal filtering and analog-to-digital conversion – is then detailed, in order to provide useful basic information. Attention is then given to general complex systems. Topics covered include instrumentation and measurement chains, sensor modeling, digital signal processing and diagnostic methods and the concept of smart sensors, as well as microsystem design and applications. Numerous industrial examples punctuate the discussion, setting the subjects covered in the book in their practical context.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Chapter 1. Measurement Instrumentation (Mustapha Nadi). Chapter 2. General principles of Sensors (François Lepoutre). Chapter 3. Physical Principles of Optical, Thermal and Mechanical Sensors (François Lepoutre). Chapter 4. Analog Processing Associated with Sensors (Eduardo Santander and Bernard Journet). Chapter 5. Analog Filters (Paul Bildstein). Chapter 6. Real-time Data Acquisition and Processing Systems (Dominique Miller). Chapter 7. The Contribution of Microtechnologies (François Baillieu and Olivier Vancauwenberghe). Chapter 8. Instruments and Measurement Chains (Bernard Journet and Stéphane Poujouly). Chapter 9. Elaboration of Models for the Interaction Between the Sensor and its Environment (Michel Lecollinet). Chapter 10. Representation and Analysis of Signals (Frédéric Truchetet, Cécile Durieu and Denis Prémel). Chapter 11. Multi-sensor Systems: Diagnostics and Fusion (Patrice Aknin and Thierry Maurin). Chapter 12. Intelligent Sensors (Michel Robert). List of Authors. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis handbook incorporates new developments in automation. It also presents a widespread and well-structured conglomeration of new emerging application areas, such as medical systems and health, transportation, security and maintenance, service, construction and retail as well as production or logistics. The handbook is not only an ideal resource for automation experts but also for people new to this expanding field.Table of ContentsDevelopment and Impacts of Automation.- Automation Theory and Sceintific Foundations.- Automation Design: Theory, Elements, and Methods.- Automation Design: Theory and Methods of Integration.- Automation Management.- Industrial Automation.- Infrastructure and Service Automation.- Automation in Medical and Healthcare Systems.- Home, Office, and Enterprise Automation.- Automation Case Studies and Statistics.

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThe objective of this book is to provide future entrepreneurs in start-up companies, medium-sized enterprises, and corporations with knowledge and a set of tools that they can immediately use to develop their entrepreneurial mindset. The book has a clear focus on the needs of engineers; it covers business cases, experiences from entrepreneurs, and examples from industry to optimize the learning benefit.Table of Contents1.The Spirit of Entrepreneurship 2.Entrepreneurship Reconsidered 3.Building a New Business 4.Entrepreneurial Strategies 5.Formulating the Business Plan 6.Get Started 7.Outlook on Entrepreneurship

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Book SynopsisDas Werk präsentiert die mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen, ökonomisch-rechtlichen sowie technologischen Grundlagen des Ingenieurwissens – alles in einem Band. Für die Neuauflage wurden sämtliche Inhalte fachlich ergänzt, insbesondere die Abschnitte zu Makromolekülen, Umweltverträglichkeit, Recycling, Festigkeitslehre, Mikrosensorik, binäre Steuerungstechnik, Software-Engineering, Kommunikationstechnik, Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion sowie Normung, Recht und Patente. Neu hinzugekommen sind die Themen Management, Qualität und Personal.Trade ReviewAus den Rezensionen zur 34. Auflage: “... das Buch eine Grundlage für das Studium bilden und Unterstützung der praktischen Ingenieurarbeit durch eine geschickte Verbindung wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse mit praktischen Erfahrungen gewähren ... Die HÜTTE ist und bleibt ein wichtiges Grundlagenwerk für Ingenieure im Studium und in der Praxis ...“ (Claus-Peter Bork, in: Materials and Corrosion, Jg. 64, Heft 11, S.3, 2013)“... Geeignet für Studierende der Ingenieurwissenschaften, Ingenieure und Naturwissenschaftler, enthält es die Grundlagen des Ingenieurwissens in einem Band ... Dabei orientiert sich das Buch am Stand von Wissenschaft und technik sowie an den Lehrplänen der Technischen Universitäten und Hochschulen ...“ (in: LEBENSMITTEL TECHNIK, Jg. 45, Heft 12, Dezember 2013)Pressestimmen zur aktuellen Auflage:"[...] ideales Kompendium und optimales Nachschlagewerk für unterschiedliche Aufgabenstellungen und Verwendungen." Metall - Fachzeitschrift für Metallurgie, 6-2013Table of ContentsMathematik und Statistik.- Physik.- Chemie.- Werkstoffe.- Technische Mechanik.- Technische Thermodynamik.- Elektrotechnik.- Messtechnik.- Regelungs- und Steuerungstechnik.- Technische Informatik.- Entwicklung und Konstruktion.- Produktion.- Betriebswirtschaft.- Qualität und Management.- Normung.- Recht.- Patente.- Sachverzeichnis.

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Book SynopsisDieses Übungsbuch enthält 222 Anwendungsbeispiele aus Elektrotechnik, Maschinenbau, Bauingenieurwesen, Physik und Chemie. In den ausführlich und vollständig durchgerechneten Lösungen wird gezeigt, wie man die im Studium erworbenen mathematischen Kenntnisse auf Fragestellungen aus Naturwissenschaft und Technik erfolgreich anwendet. Ein Anhang stellt die zugrundeliegenden physikalischen Formeln bereit und ist mit farblichem Papier schnell aufzufinden. In der aktuellen Auflage wurden an etlichen Stellen Texte und Formeln für eine noch bessere Verständlichkeit ergänzt. Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisDas Standardwerk HÜTTE erscheint in der 35., aktualisierten Auflage in der Reihe Springer Reference Technik. Diese Reihe bietet allen Ingenieurinnen und Ingenieuren – ob im Studium oder in allen Formen des Berufslebens – zielführendes Fachwissen in aktueller, kompakter und verständlicher Form. Die HÜTTE enthält in drei Bänden die Grundlagen des Ingenieurwissens sowie ökonomisch-gesellschaftliche Kapitel, die das Ingenieurwissen ergänzen. Band 1 umfasst Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche und allgemeine Grundlagen: Mathematik Physik Chemie Recht Patente Technik- und Risikokommunikation Band 2 Grundlagen des Maschinenbaus und ergänzende FächerBand 3 Elektro- und informationstechnische GrundlagenTable of ContentsMathematik.-Physik.-Chemie.-Recht.-Patente.-Technikkommunikation, Risikobewertung und Risikokommunikation.

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