Electrical engineering Books

Book Synopsis Current developments in the renewable energy field, and the trend toward self-production and self-consumption of energy, has led to increased interest in the means of storing electrical energy; a key element of sustainable development. This book provides an in-depth view of the environmentally responsible energy solutions currently available for use in the building sector. It highlights the importance of storing electrical energy, demonstrates the many services that the storage of electrical energy can bring, and discusses the important socio-economic factors related to the emergence of smart buildings and smart grids. Finally, it presents the methodological tools needed to build a system of storage-based energy management, illustrated by concrete, pedagogic examples. Table of ContentsForeword xi Introduction xiii Chapter 1. Storing Electrical Energy in Habitat: Toward “Smart Buildings” and “Smart Cities” 1 1.1. Toward smarter electrical grids 1 1.1.1. The move to decentralize electrical grids 1 1.1.2. Smart grids 2 1.2. Storage requirements in buildings 4 1.3. Difficulties in storing electrical energy 5 1.4. Electricity supply in buildings 7 1.4.1. Building supply and consumption 7 1.4.2. Self-production and self-consumption 10 1.4.3. Micro-grids 11 1.5. Smart buildings 14 1.6. Smart cities 18 1.7. Socio-economic questions 19 1.7.1. Toward new economic models 19 1.7.2. Social acceptability 20 1.8. Storage management 22 1.9. Methodologies used in developing energy management for storage systems 24 Chapter 2. Energy Storage in a Commercial Building 27 2.1. Introduction 27 2.2. Managing energy storage in a supermarket 27 2.2.1. Introduction 27 2.2.2. System characteristics 28 2.2.3. Electricity billing 31 2.2.4. Objectives of the energy management strategy 32 2.2.5. Fuzzy logic supervisor 33 2.2.6. Simulation 46 2.2.7. Performance analysis using indicators 49 2.3. Conclusion 51 2.4. Acknowledgments 52 Chapter 3. Energy Storage in a Tertiary Building, Combining Photovoltaic Panels and LED Lighting 53 3.1. Introduction 53 3.2. DC network architecture 55 3.3. Energy management 56 3.3.1. Specification 56 3.3.2. System inputs/outputs 58 3.3.3. Functional graph 59 3.3.4. Determination of membership functions 61 3.3.5. Operational graph 63 3.3.6. Fuzzy rules 63 3.4. Simulation results 66 3.4.1. Case 1: favorable grid access conditions (GAC) 68 3.4.2. Case 2: unfavorable GACs 69 3.4.3. Case 3: variable GAC 70 3.4.4. Comparison of results 73 3.5. Conclusion 74 3.6. Acknowledgments 75 Chapter 4. Hybrid Storage Associated with Photovoltaic Technology for Buildings in Non-interconnected Zones 77 4.1. Introduction 77 4.2. Photovoltaic systems in buildings and integration into the grid 78 4.2.1. Context and economic issues 78 4.2.2. Examples of projects 80 4.3. Importance of storage in photovoltaic systems 85 4.3.1. Photovoltaic systems for isolated sites 85 4.3.2. Photovoltaic systems connected to the grid 85 4.3.3. Hybrid storage 86 4.3.4. Electronic conversion structures for hybrid storage 88 4.4. Photovoltaic generator with hybrid storage system 91 4.4.1. Case study 91 4.4.2. Principles and standards for frequency support 93 4.4.3. Calculating battery wear 97 4.5. Energy management 99 4.5.1. Methodology 99 4.5.2. Operating specifications 100 4.5.3. Supervisor structure and determination of input/output 101 4.5.4. Functional graphs 103 4.5.5. Membership functions 105 4.5.6. Operating graphs 108 4.5.7. Fuzzy rules 110 4.5.8. Evaluation indicators 113 4.6. Simulation results 114 4.6.1. Supervisor validation 115 4.6.2. Life expectancy of storage elements 120 4.6.3. Efficiency 123 4.6.4. Levelized cost of energy 126 4.7. Experimental validation of energy management 128 4.7.1. Definition of tests 128 4.7.2. Experimental results 129 4.8. Conclusion 132 4.9. Acknowledgments 134 Chapter 5. Economic and Sociological Implications of Smart Grids 135 5.1. Introduction 135 5.2. Actor diversity in smart grids 137 5.3. Economic and sociological implications of smart grids 138 5.3.1. Introduction 138 5.3.2. Implications of smart grids for the value chain 141 5.3.3. The “downstream” role of smart grids 150 5.3.4. The “upstream” role of smart grids 160 5.3.5. Demand management programs 166 5.4. Social acceptability 169 5.4.1. Introduction 169 5.4.2. Conceptual frameworks: points of reference 170 5.4.3. Studies of social acceptability 174 5.4.4. Theoretical application of voluntary load reduction within a reference framework 181 5.4.5. Quality of the load reduction contract 191 5.5. Conclusion 195 5.6. Acknowledgments 196 Chapter 6. Energy Mutualization for Tertiary Buildings, Residential Buildings and Producers 197 6.1. Introduction 197 6.2. Energy mutualization between commercial, tertiary and residential buildings, producers and grid managers 198 6.2.1. Grid actors 198 6.2.2. Energy service aggregator 199 6.2.3. Case study: structure of the micro-grid 201 6.2.4. Consumption and production profiles of actors in the micro-grid 203 6.3. Management of energy mutualization for tertiary buildings, residential buildings and energy producers 205 6.3.1. Objectives and constraints of actors in the micro-grid 206 6.3.2. Supervisor structure: input and output variables 210 6.3.3. Functional graphs 211 6.3.4. Membership functions 212 6.3.5. Operating graphs 217 6.3.6. Fuzzy rules 217 6.3.7. Indicators 221 6.4. Case study 221 6.4.1. Characteristics of the micro-grid 221 6.4.2. Scenarios 222 6.5. Load reduction 228 6.5.1. Load reduction principle 228 6.5.2. Introduction to load reduction and acceptability 229 6.5.3. Simulation of energy management with load reduction 231 6.6. Conclusion 233 6.7. Acknowledgments 233 6.8. Appendix 1 234 Chapter 7. Centralized Management of a Local Energy Community to Maximize Self-consumption of PV Production 235 7.1. Introduction 235 7.2. Energy management issues in residential neighborhoods 242 7.2.1. Electric grid management: basic principles 242 7.2.2. The move toward smart grids 243 7.2.3. A few applications of micro-grids for managing local energy communities 246 7.3. The active PV generator 249 7.3.1. Current PV production 249 7.3.2. Limits and necessary developments 249 7.3.3. Cascade structure 250 7.3.4. Domestic application 251 7.3.5. Energy management of the DC bus 254 7.3.6. Energy management of ultracapacitors 261 7.4. Micro-grid management 263 7.4.1. Organization of electrical grid management 263 7.4.2. Key functions 264 7.4.3. Characteristics of local controllers for distributed production 268 7.4.4. Fundamentals of power balancing 268 7.4.5. Load management 270 7.5. Application to the context of a residential electrical network 270 7.5.1. From managing domestic demand to managing domestic production 270 7.5.2. Residential grids and application of micro-grid concepts 273 7.5.3. Energy management of a micro-grid 277 7.6. Prediction techniques and data processing 278 7.6.1. Predicting PV production 278 7.6.2. Load prediction 279 7.6.3. Energy estimation 281 7.7. Day ahead operational planning and half-hourly power reference calculations 283 7.7.1. Objectives 283 7.7.2. Constraints 283 7.7.3. Determinist algorithm for generator use 284 7.7.4. Practical application 287 7.8. Medium-term energy management 289 7.8.1. Reducing observed deviations 289 7.8.2. Energy management to minimize the aging of batteries 290 7.9. Short-term energy management 292 7.9.1. Primary frequency regulation 292 7.9.2. Power balancing strategies in the active generator 292 7.10. Experimental testing using real-time simulation 294 7.10.1. Benefits of real-time simulation 294 7.10.2. The Electrical Power Management Lab 295 7.10.3. Experimental implementation 297 7.10.4. Analysis of self-consumption in a house 300 7.10.5. Increasing the proportion of PV use in a residential grid 306 7.11. Review of scientific contributions and methodological summary 312 7.12. Concluding thoughts and research perspectives 313 Chapter 8. Reversible Charging from Electric Vehicles to Grids and Buildings 317 8.1. Introduction 317 8.2. Reversible charging of electric vehicles 319 8.2.1. Vehicle to Grid 319 8.2.2. Vehicle to Home and to Building 323 8.2.3. Vehicle to Station and energy hubs 324 8.2.4. Energy service aggregator 325 8.3. Potential services and energy management of reversible EV fleets 325 8.3.1. Services supplied by V2G 325 8.3.2. Energy management of a V2G fleet 328 8.4. Vehicle to Station: V2S 340 8.4.1. Impact and contribution of EVs in a railway station carpark 340 8.4.2. V2S: contribution of V2G technology in a station parking lot 344 8.5. V2H 348 8.6. Conclusion 352 8.7. Acknowledgments 353 8.8. Appendix 353 8.8.1. Detailed functional graphs for the V2G application 353 References 355 Index 369

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Book SynopsisOver the past decade, ZnO as an important II-VI semiconductor has attracted much attention within the scientific community over the world owing to its numerous unique and prosperous properties. This material, considered as a “future material”, especially in nanostructural format, has aroused many interesting research works due to its large range of applications in electronics, photonics, acoustics, energy and sensing. The bio-compatibility, piezoelectricity & low cost fabrication make ZnO nanostructure a very promising material for energy harvesting.Table of ContentsPREFACE ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xi INTRODUCTION xiii CHAPTER 1. PROPERTIES OF ZNO 1 1.1. Crystal structure of ZnO 1 1.2. Electrical properties of ZnO and Schottky junction ZnO/Au 3 1.3. Optical properties of ZnO 14 1.4. Piezoelectricity of ZnO 16 CHAPTER 2. ZNO NANOSTRUCTURE SYNTHESIS 21 2.1. Electrochemical deposition for ZnO nanostructure 22 2.1.1. Electrodeposition of monocrystalline ZnO nanowires and nanorods via template method 24 2.1.2. ZnO nanowire array growth via electrochemical road 29 2.2. Hydrothermal method for ZnO nanowire array grow 31 2.3. Comparative discussion on ZnO nanowire arrays obtained via electrodeposition and hydrothermal method 33 2.4. Influence of main parameters of hydrothermal method on ZnO nanowire growth morphology 36 2.4.1. Effect of the growth method 36 2.4.2. Effect of the growth solution pH value 38 2.4.3. Effect of the growth temperature 40 2.4.4. Effect of the growth time 41 2.5. Electrospinning method for ZnO micro/nanofiber synthesis 44 CHAPTER 3. MODELING AND SIMULATION OF ZNO-NANOWIREBASED ENERGY HARVESTING 49 3.1. Nanowire in bending mode 51 3.1.1. Influence of the nanowire length 54 3.1.2. Influence of the nanowire diameter 55 3.1.3. Influence of the aspect ratio 56 3.2. Nanowire in compression mode 57 3.2.1. Influence of the nanowire length 58 3.2.2. Influence of the nanowire diameter 59 3.2.3. Influence of the aspect ratio 59 3.3. Nanowire arrays in static and vibrational responses 61 3.3.1. Nanowire arrays in static and compressive responses 61 3.3.2. Nanowire arrays in periodic vibrational response 62 CHAPTER 4. ZNO-NANOWIRE- BASED NANOGENERATORS: PRINCIPLE, CHARACTERIZATION AND DEVICE FABRICATION 65 4.1. Working principle of nanogenerators 67 4.2. ZnO-nanowire-based energy harvesting device fabrication 75 4.3. ZnO-nanowire-based energy harvesting device characterization 81 4.4. ZnO-nanostructure-based hybrid nanogenerators 96 CONCLUSION 105 BIBLIOGRAPHY 109 INDEX 121

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Book SynopsisThe electrochemical storage of energy has become essential in assisting the development of electrical transport and use of renewable energies. French researchers have played a key role in this domain but Asia is currently the market leader. Not wanting to see history repeat itself, France created the research network on electrochemical energy storage (RS2E) in 2011. This book discusses the launch of RS2E, its stakeholders, objectives, and integrated structure that assures a continuum between basic research, technological research and industries. Here, the authors will cover the technological advances as well as the challenges that must still be resolved in the field of electrochemical storage, taking into account sustainable development and the limited time available to us.Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION vii CHAPTER 1. BATTERIES AND SUPERCAPACITORS: SOME REMINDERS 1 1.1. Main evolution of batteries from the 1980s to now 1 1.2. Supercapacitors: recent developments 8 CHAPTER 2. ADVANCED LI-ION 11 2.1. Positive electrode materials for Li-ion technology 11 2.2. Negative electrode materials for Li-ion technology 14 2.3. The question of electrolytes for Li-ion technology 15 CHAPTER 3. CAPACITIVE STORAGE 17 3.1. Carbonated materials for capacitive storage 17 3.2. Pseudocapacitive materials 18 3.3. Electrolytes for supercapacitors 20 3.4. Hybrid systems and middle-term goals 21 CHAPTER 4. NEW CHEMISTRIES 23 4.1. Li-air technology 24 4.2. Li-S technology 27 4.3. Na-ion technology 29 4.4. Redox-flow technology 32 4.5. All-solid state batteries 36 CHAPTER 5. ECO-COMPATIBLE STORAGE 41 5.1. Ionothermal synthesis 42 5.2. Bioinspired synthesis/approach 42 5.3. Organic electrodes for “green” Li-ion batteries and more durable batteries 45 5.4. Recycling and LCA 47 CHAPTER 6. SMART MATERIALS 49 6.1. Photonics of insertion materials to create photo-rechargeable batteries 50 6.2. Micro-energy sources 51 CHAPTER 7. TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER, RESEARCH PROMOTION AND EDUCATION 53 7.1. Development: industrial property 53 7.2. Education 54 7.2.1. Erasmus Mundus Master’s degree: Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion (MESC) 55 7.2.2. Specialization in Energy Storage and Conversion (SCE), at ENSCBP (Bordeaux – INP) 57 CONCLUSION 59 BIBLIOGRAPHY 63 INDEX 75

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Book SynopsisThe electrochemical energy storage is a means to conserve electrical energy in chemical form. This form of storage benefits from the fact that these two energies share the same vector, the electron. This advantage allows us to limit the losses related to the conversion of energy from one form to another. The RS2E focuses its research on rechargeable electrochemical devices (or electrochemical storage) batteries and supercapacitors. The materials used in the electrodes are key components of lithium-ion batteries. Their nature depend battery performance in terms of mass and volume capacity, energy density, power, durability, safety, etc. This book deals with current and future positive and negative electrode materials covering aspects related to research new and better materials for future applications (related to renewable energy storage and transportation in particular), bringing light on the mechanisms of operation, aging and failure.Table of ContentsACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii PREFACE ix INTRODUCTION xi CHAPTER 1. NEGATIVE ELECTRODES 1 1.1. Preamble 1 1.2. Classic materials: insertion mechanism 3 1.2.1. Graphitic carbon 3 1.2.2. Titanium oxides 7 1.3. Toward other materials and other mechanisms 13 1.3.1. Silicon 14 1.3.2. Other block p elements 19 1.4. Summary on negative electrodes 27 CHAPTER 2. POSITIVE ELECTRODES 29 2.1. Preamble 29 2.2. Layered transition metal oxides as positive electrode materials for Li-ion batteries: from LiCoO2 to Li1+xM1-xO2 30 2.2.1. The layered oxide LiCoO2: the starting point 31 2.2.2. From LiNiO2, initially explored as an alternative to LiCoO2, to the commercialization of LiNi0.80Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) and LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC) 34 2.2.3. Electrode/electrolyte interfaces and aging phenomena in layered oxides 40 2.2.4. High-capacity Li-rich layered oxides 43 2.3. Alternatives to layered oxides 49 2.3.1. Materials with spinel structure: from LiMn2O4 to LiNi1/2Mn3/2O4 50 2.3.2. The olivine phase LiFePO4: a small revolution 57 CONCLUSION 63 BIBLIOGRAPHY 65 INDEX 81

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Book SynopsisSince the 90s, the Li-ion batteries are the most commonly used energy storage systems. The demand for performance and safety is constantly growing, current commercial batteries based liquid electrolytes or gels may not be able to meet the needs of emerging applications such as for electric and hybrid vehicles and renewable energy storage , and it is therefore necessary to develop advanced storage systems with characteristics such that the highest density of energy technology, long life, low cost of production, little or no maintenance and high safety of use. Batteries "all solid" are a technology of choice to meet these requirements. In this technology, the electrolyte separator between the two electrodes is no longer a liquid medium but a solid.Table of ContentsIntroduction vii Chapter 1 Anatomy of an All-Solid-State Battery 1 1.1 Constituents of an all-solid battery 3 1.1.1 Nature of solid electrolytes: required qualities 3 1.1.2 Positive electrode materials 4 1.1.3 Negative electrode materials 5 1.1.4 Conductive additive 7 1.1.5 Formulation of electrodes 7 1.2 Shaping methods of all-solid batteries 8 1.2.1 Assembly by cold pressing 8 1.2.2 Design by high temperature sintering 10 Chapter 2 Solid Ionic Conductors 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Solid lithium-ion conductors 15 2.2.1 The Garnets 15 2.2.2 The NASICON AxMM′(XO4)3 Structure 17 2.2.3 The compounds LISICON and Thio-LISICON 18 2.2.4 Ion conductive glass and glass-ceramics 23 2.2.5 The Argyrodites 29 2.2.6 The complex hydrides 34 2.2.7 Phosphorus and lithium oxynitride or LiPON 36 2.2.8 Anti-perovskite lithium-rich solid electrolytes 36 2.2.9 Solid polymer electrolytes 39 2.3 Solid sodium-ion conductors 40 2.3.1 NASICON compounds 41 2.3.2 Na3PS4 42 Chapter 3 All-Solid-State Battery Technology Using Solid Sulfide Electrolytes 47 3.1 Monolithic Li-ion “all-solid-state” batteries 47 3.1.1 The first “all-solid-state” batteries 47 3.1.2 Second generation “all-solid-state” batteries 48 3.1.3 Toward High Performance Batteries 53 3.1.4 Batteries using lithium argyrodite electrolytes 58 3.1.5 Li10XP2S12 (X = Ge, Si, Sn) phase in the structure LGPS 66 3.1.6 Understanding stability at the interfaces between the electrolyte and electrode materials 81 3.1.7 Summary 84 3.2 Sodium monolithic “all-solid-state” batteries 85 3.3 “All-solid-state” Li–S batteries 91 Chapter 4 Monolithic “All-Solid-State” Batteries Using Solid Oxide Electrolytes 97 4.1 Silver “all-solid-state” battery technology 97 4.2 Li-ion “solid-state” battery technology 100 4.3 Sodium “solid-state” battery technology 108 4.3.1 Sodium-ion “solid-state” battery technology 108 4.3.2 Sodium-sulfur “all-solid-state” battery technology 116 Chapter 5 LiBH4 Electrolyte and Polymer Battery Technology 119 5.1 “All-solid-state” battery technology: LiBH4 electrolyte 119 5.2 “Solid-state” polymer battery technology 120 Chapter 6 Markets 123 6.1 Solid electrolytes 123 6.1.1 Ohara 123 6.1.2 NEI 127 6.2 Solid-state batteries 127 6.3 Conclusion 137 Conclusion 139 Bibliography 145 Index 167

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses different algorithms and applications based on the theory of multiobjective goal attainment optimization. In detail the authors show as the optimal asset of the energy hubs network which (i) meets the loads, (ii) minimizes the energy costs and (iii) assures a robust and reliable operation of the multicarrier energy network can be formalized by a nonlinear constrained multiobjective optimization problem. Since these design objectives conflict with each other, the solution of such the optimal energy flow problem hasn’t got a unique solution and a suitable trade off between the objectives should be identified. A further contribution of the book consists in presenting real-world applications and results of the proposed methodologies developed by the authors in three research projects recently completed and characterized by actual implementation under an overall budget of about 23 million €.Table of ContentsPreface xi Introduction xviiMassimo LA SCALA and Sergio BRUNO Chapter 1 Unbalanced Three-Phase Optimal Power Flow for the Optimization of MV and LV Distribution Grids 1Sergio BRUNO and Massimo LA SCALA 1.1 Advanced distribution management system for smart distribution grids 1 1.2 Secondary distribution monitoring and control 5 1.2.1 Monitoring and representation of LV distribution grids 6 1.2.2 LV control resources and control architecture 7 1.3 Three-phase distribution optimal power flow for smart distribution grids 8 1.4 Problem formulation and solving algorithm 11 1.4.1 Main problem formulation 11 1.4.2 Application of the penalty method 12 1.4.3 Definition of an unconstrained problem 14 1.4.4 Application of a quasi-Newton method 15 1.4.5 Solving algorithm 18 1.5 Application of the proposed methodology to the optimization of a MV network 20 1.5.1 Case A: optimal load curtailment 23 1.5.2 Case B: conservative voltage regulation 26 1.5.3 Case C: voltage rise effects 28 1.5.4 Algorithm performance 30 1.6 Application of the proposed methodology to the optimization of a MV/LV network 31 1.6.1 Case D: LV network congestions 33 1.6.2 Case E: minimization of losses and reactive control 36 1.6.3 Algorithm performance 37 1.7 Conclusions 38 1.8 Acknowledgments 38 1.9 Bibliography 39 Chapter 2 Mixed Integer Linear Programming Models for Network Reconfiguration and Resource Optimization in Power Distribution Networks 43Alberto BORGHETTI 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 Model for determining the optimal configuration of a radial distribution network 44 2.2.1 Objective function and constraints of the branch currents 46 2.2.2 Bus voltage constraints 48 2.2.3 Bus equations 50 2.2.4 Line equations 52 2.2.5 Radiality constraints 53 2.3 Test results of minimum loss configuration obtained by the MILP model 54 2.3.1 Illustrative example 54 2.3.2 Tests results for networks with several nodes and branches 57 2.3.3 Comparison between the MILP solutions for the test networks with the corresponding PF calculation results relevant to the obtained optimal network configurations 62 2.4 MILP model of the VVO problem 65 2.4.1 Objective function 66 2.4.2 Branch equations 67 2.4.3 Bus equations 69 2.4.4 Branch and node constraints 72 2.5 Test results obtained by the VVO MILP model 74 2.5.1 TS1 74 2.5.2 TS2 77 2.5.3 TS3 78 2.6 Conclusions 85 2.7 Acknowledgments 85 2.8 Bibliography 86 Chapter 3 The Role of Nature-inspired Metaheuristic Algorithms for Optimal Voltage Regulation in Urban Smart Grids 89Giovanni ACAMPORA, Davide CARUSO, Alfredo VACCARO, Autilia VITIELLO and Ahmed F ZOBAA 3.1 Introduction 89 3.2 Emerging needs in urban power systems 92 3.3 Toward smarter grids 93 3.4 Smart grids optimization 97 3.5 Metaheuristic algorithms for smart grids optimization 99 3.5.1 Genetic algorithm 99 3.5.2 Random Hill Climbing algorithm 101 3.5.3 Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm 101 3.5.4 Evolution strategy 103 3.5.5 Differential evolution 106 3.5.6 Biogeography-based optimization 108 3.5.7 Evolutionary programming 109 3.5.8 Ant Colony Optimization algorithm 110 3.5.9 Group Search Optimization algorithm 113 3.6 Numerical results 115 3.6.1 Power system test 116 3.6.2 Real urban smart grid 124 3.7 Conclusions 127 3.8 Bibliography 127 Chapter 4 Urban Energy Hubs and Microgrids: Smart Energy Planning for Cities 129Eleonora RIVA SANSEVERINO, Vincenzo Domenico GENCO, Gianluca SCACCIANOCE, Valentina VACCARO, Raffaella RIVA SANSEVERINO, Gaetano ZIZZO, Maria Luisa DI SILVESTRE, Diego ARNONE and Giuseppe PATERNÒ 4.1 Introduction 129 4.1.1 Microgrids versus urban energy hubs 131 4.2 Approaches and tools for urban energy hubs 134 4.2.1 Policy 134 4.2.2 Analysis 135 4.2.3 Optimal design and operation tools 139 4.3 Methodology 143 4.3.1 Building type and urban energy parameter specification 143 4.3.2 Mobility simulator 147 4.3.3 Energy simulation and electrical load estimation for buildings 151 4.3.4 Optimization and simulation software for district 151 4.4 Application 152 4.4.1 Analysis 152 4.4.2 Simulations and optimization 160 4.4.3 Mobility and effects of policies and smart charging on peaking power 168 4.5 Conclusions 170 4.6 Bibliography 171 Chapter 5 Optimization of Multi-energy Carrier Systems in Urban Areas 177Sergio BRUNO, Silvia LAMONACA and Massimo LA SCALA 5.1 Introduction 177 5.2 Optimal control strategy for a small-scale multi-carrier energy system 180 5.2.1 The proposed architecture 180 5.2.2 Mathematical formulation 183 5.2.3 Test results 190 5.3 Optimal design of an urban energy district 198 5.3.1 Energy district for urban regeneration: the San Paolo Power Park 199 5.3.2 Optimal design of the energy district 201 5.3.3 Integer variables and design choices 205 5.3.4 Mathematical formulation of the optimal control problem 206 5.3.5 Test results 214 5.4 Conclusions 227 5.5 Acknowledgments 228 5.6 Bibliography 228Chapter 6 Optimal Gas Flow Algorithm for Natural Gas Distribution Systems in Urban Environment 231Ugo STECCHI, Gaetano ABBATANTUONO and Massimo LA SCALA 6.1 Introduction 231 6.2 Natural gas network evolution 236 6.3 Implementing the monitoring and control system in the “Gas Smart Grids” pilot project 239 6.3.1 SCADA system 240 6.3.2 Controlling FRUs’ setpoints 244 6.4 Basic equations under steady-state conditions 246 6.5 Gas load flow formulation 253 6.6 Gas optimal flow method 256 6.7 Optimizing turbo-expander operations 258 6.8 Optimizing pressure profiles on the low pressure distribution grids 262 6.9 Conclusions 270 6.10 Acknowledgements 270 6.11 Bibliography 270 Chapter 7 Multicarrier Energy System Optimal Power Flow 273Soheil DERAFSHI BEIGVAND, Hamdi ABDI and Massimo LA SCALA 7.1 Introduction 273 7.2 Basic concepts and assumptions 276 7.2.1 MEC and energy hub 276 7.2.2 CHP units 279 7.2.3 General assumptions 282 7.3 Problem formulation 283 7.3.1 Electrical power balance equations 283 7.3.2 Gas energy flow equation 283 7.3.3 Modeling of energy hubs 285 7.3.4 MECOPF problem 286 7.4 Time varying acceleration coefficient gravitational search algorithm 287 7.4.1 A brief comparison between the main structures of TVAC-GSA and PSO 291 7.5 TVAC-GSA-based MECOPF problem 292 7.6 Case study simulations and results 294 7.7 Conclusions 300 7.8 Appendix 1 301 7.9 Appendix 2 303 7.10 Bibliography 305 List of Authors 309 Index 311

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Book SynopsisTranslating wind energy research into useable technology Wind Energy Conversion 1997: From Theory to Practice offers a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in the field. A compilation of papers from the British Wind Energy Association's 19th Annual Conference, this book details the recent advances and projects from industry, academic institutions, government institutions, and private investors from around the world. This year's conference emphasized the translational aspect of wind energy research, focusing on advances that contribute directly to marketable technology.Table of ContentsPart 1 Keynote session: conference welcoming address, R. Hunter; conference opening address, J. Battle; wind energy industry and environmental bodies - friends not foes!, M. Mathers. Part 2 Overviews and perspectives: windfarms of the UK - a 1997 update, P. Hannah; UK DTI wind programme area - review and current priorities, J.W. Craig; winning the communications war, A. Hyde. Part 3 Windfarm design and construction: logistical problems with constructing windfarms in remote Scottish locations, R.P. Blunden and A. Schimidt; road construction at Novar windfarm, P.C. McLellan et al; WINDOPS - a new PC-based approach for windfarm design and optimization, N.G. Douglas et al. Part 4 Windfarm power quality: experience of windfarm electrical issues in Europe and further afield, P. Gardner; the use of advanced static VAR compensators to improve the power quality of windfarms, Z. Saad-Saoud and N. Jenkins. Part 5 Wind turbine philosophies: light can be tough, P.H. Geraets et al; common fallacies in wind turbine design, P. Jamieson; a 20kW grid-connected wind turbine for rural electicity users, G. Jenkins et al; aerodynamic damping for flexible structures, K. Kaiser. Part 6 Autonomous systems: an improved model for estimating the yearly performance of photo-voltaic, wind and hybrid energy systems, A.N. Celik and R. Marshall; control of an integrated wind turbine generator and photo-voltaic system for battery charging, S. Arul Daniel et al; computer modelling of a large-scale stand-alone wind-powered desalination plant, Z. Rahal and D.G. Infield. Part 7 Standards, design methods and technical tools: identification of low-cycle effects on wind turbine component lifetime estimation, F. Mouzakis and E. Morfiadakis; inspection of a lightning-damaged wind turbine blade, G.M. Smith and B.R. Clayton; the mast on the house, L. Landberg; examining the relationship between wind turbine blade performance and tip vortex behaviour in the wake, J. Whale. Part 8 Components: development of blade test facility to accommodate flexible blade assembly for the new MS4 wind turbine, K. McLernon et al; high-current and high-voltage testing of wind turbine blades and bearings, I. Cotton et al; mass savings in wind turbine towers, M. Johnston and J. Twidell. Part 9 Planning: "developing planning for renewables" for Scotland, C. Revie; life-cycle assessment of wind energy - a case study based on Baix Ebre windfarm, Spain, T.M. Waters et al. Part 10 Visual and aesthetic considerations: computer-generated video fly-through - an aid to visual impact assessment for windfarms, G. Neilson et al; assessing the impact of windfarms - the learning curve in Cornwall, A. Hull; winds of change, C. Palmer and L. Short. (Part contents)

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Book SynopsisIn order to solve a particular motion control problem the engineer is initially faced with the task of selecting an appropriate power transmission medium. This is frequently followed by modelling and simulation of the proposed solution in concert with control system analysis and design. The process involves both synthesis and analysis and, in some instances, can be particularly challenging to the engineer. This text covers all aspects of this power transmisison and motion control with particular emphasis placed on current international research and development. This collection of papers should be of value to researchers and practitioners working in the power transmision and motion control community.Table of ContentsDesign; simulation; applications; drives and controls; components and fluids; control - I; control - II.

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Book SynopsisFlow-Induced Vibration of Power and Process Plant Components is an indispensable, single source of information on the most common flow-induced vibration problems in power and process plant components. Based on the author’s own experience that most errors in engineering analysis come from confusions in the units, the book begins with a short chapter on units and dimensions. It also provides step-by-step examples in dual US and SI units, leading to the final objective of design analysis, problem solving, diagnosis, and trouble shooting covering: Fundamentals of vibration; Acoustics and structural dynamics; Vibration of structures in quiescent fluids; Vortex-induced vibration; Turbulence-induced vibration; Impact, fatigue, and wear caused by flowinduced vibration; Acoustically induced vibration; Signal analysis and diagnostic techniques. CONTENTS INCLUDE: The kinematics of vibration and acoustics Fundamentals of structural dynamics Vortex-induced vibration Fluid-elastic instability of tube bundles Axial and leakage-flow-induced vibrations Impact, fatigue and wear Signal analysis and diagnostic techniques Table of ContentsUnits and dimensions; the kinematics of vibration and acoustics; fundamentals of structural dynamics; vibration of structures in quiescent fluid 1 - the hydrodynamic mass; vibration of structures in quiescent fluids 2 - simplified methods; vortex-induced vibration; fluid-elastic instability of tube bundles; turbulence-induced vibration in parallel flow; turbulence-induced vibration in cross-flow; axial and leakage-flow induced vibrations; impact, fatigue and wear; acoustically induced vibration and noise; signal analysis and diagnostic techniques.

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Book SynopsisThis title presents the general principles of instrumentation processes. It explains the theoretical analysis of physical phenomena used by standard sensors and transducers to transform a physical value into an electrical signal. The pre-processing of these signals through electronic circuits – amplification, signal filtering and analog-to-digital conversion – is then detailed, in order to provide useful basic information. Attention is then given to general complex systems. Topics covered include instrumentation and measurement chains, sensor modeling, digital signal processing and diagnostic methods and the concept of smart sensors, as well as microsystem design and applications. Numerous industrial examples punctuate the discussion, setting the subjects covered in the book in their practical context.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Chapter 1. Measurement Instrumentation (Mustapha Nadi). Chapter 2. General principles of Sensors (François Lepoutre). Chapter 3. Physical Principles of Optical, Thermal and Mechanical Sensors (François Lepoutre). Chapter 4. Analog Processing Associated with Sensors (Eduardo Santander and Bernard Journet). Chapter 5. Analog Filters (Paul Bildstein). Chapter 6. Real-time Data Acquisition and Processing Systems (Dominique Miller). Chapter 7. The Contribution of Microtechnologies (François Baillieu and Olivier Vancauwenberghe). Chapter 8. Instruments and Measurement Chains (Bernard Journet and Stéphane Poujouly). Chapter 9. Elaboration of Models for the Interaction Between the Sensor and its Environment (Michel Lecollinet). Chapter 10. Representation and Analysis of Signals (Frédéric Truchetet, Cécile Durieu and Denis Prémel). Chapter 11. Multi-sensor Systems: Diagnostics and Fusion (Patrice Aknin and Thierry Maurin). Chapter 12. Intelligent Sensors (Michel Robert). List of Authors. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis timely work presents a comprehensive overview of the development of new generations of infrared detectors based on artificially synthesized quantum structures. The growth of quantum wells and superlattices is well documents in this volume, as are the principal new superlattice technologies for long wavelength infrared detection. Featuring insightful contributions from researchers working at the "cutting edge" of this exciting field, this volume is sure to become an essential reference for advanced graduate students and researchers alike.Table of ContentsAbout the Series, Preface, Introduction, 1 The Basic Physics of Photoconductive Quantum Well, 2 Growth and Characterization of GalnP/GaAs, 3 Metal Grating Coupled Bound-to Miniband Transition, 4 Grating Coupled Quantum Well Infrared Detectors, 5 Normal Incidence Detection of Infrared Radiation, 6 N-Type III—V Multiple-Quantum-Well Detectors, 7 Infrared Detectors Based on GalnSb/InAs Superlattices, 8 Novel InTlSb Infrared Detectors, Index

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Book SynopsisThis work deals with the science and technology related to the application of thin organic films to the nonlinear optical processing of information and data storage. Organic materials offer several advantages: they exhibit high nonlinearity, can be easily made and integrated with semiconductor technology and are low in cost. This book offers an introduction for newcomers and gives the state of the art for those active in the area.Table of ContentsPreface, Notations and Symbols, 1. Introduction, 2. Design, Properties and Applications of Nonlinear Optical Chromophores, 3. Relations Between Structure and Third-Order Nonlinearities of Molecules and Polymers, 4. Oriented Molecular Systems, 5. Orientational Order, Poling, and Relaxation in Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Polymers, 6. Liquid Crystalline Polymers, 7. Epitaxy and Single Crystal Growth, 8. Poled Polymers for z<2> Applications, 9. Characterization Techniques of Nonlinear Optical Thin Films, 10. Ultrafast Responses in Various Conjugated Polymers with Large Optical Nonlinearity, 11. Design and Characterization of Organic Waveguides for Passive and Active Optical Devices, 12. Frequency Doubling and Parametric Interactions in Organic Thin Films, 13. All-Optical Materials and Devices, Appendix, Index

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Book SynopsisHigh voltage engineering is extremely important for the reliable design, safe manufacture and operation of electric devices, equipment and electric power systems. The 21st International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, organized by the 90 years old Budapest School of High Voltage Engineering, provides an excellent forum to present results, advances and discussions among engineers, researchers and scientists, and share ideas, knowledge and expertise on high voltage engineering.The proceedings of the conference presents the state of the art technology of the field. The content is simultaneously aiming to help practicing engineers to be able to implement based on the papers and researchers to link and further develop ideas.Table of ContentsPartial Discharges of High Frequency Transformer for Space Application in Near Vacuum.- Optimization of Magnetic Shunts Towards Efficient and Economical Power Transformers Design.- Assessment of Thermal and Electric Field Characteristics of HVDC Cable According to the Inner Filler Size of XLPE.- Study on Conducted EMI Based on Wide-Band Model for a ±500kV MMC-HVDC Station.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook offers a comprehensive introduction to the methodological and technical knowledge necessary for the development of embedded systems. At first, the foundations of embedded systems from the fields of electronics, systems theory and control theory are introduced for computer scientists and engineers without extensive knowledge of electrical engineering. Subsequently, system components as well as digital communication between embedded system nodes are discussed. The book ends with procedures for the analysis of embedded systems and for real-time processing. It is aimed at students and users of computer science as well as engineers, physicists and mathematicians who are interested in the basics of developing embedded systems.Table of ContentsElectrical and electronic basics.- Electrotechnical basics.- Electrical networks.- Basic electronic circuits.- Systems theory.- Control theory.- Signal processing

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive assessment and presentation of various feasible application of electric propulsion system, considering their weight, volume, reliability, and fault tolerance. The results of feasibility analysis can be used today or in the near future for development of electric propulsion system for the ships, planes, helicopters, and spacecrafts. To solve the above task, new theoretical approaches are applied, including combined random process methods, the Lz-transform technique for multistate systems, and statistical data processing. Table of ContentsFrom the failure rate of components to the cost-effectiveness of an Arctic gas carrier with an electric propulsion system.- Technological feasibility of a full-electric aircraft considering weight, volume, and reliability restrictions.- Electrical version design of search-and-rescue helicopter based on Eurocopter.- Electric propulsion systems of interorbital rockets for the flights towards planets of the solar system.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an investigative approach to how machine learning is helping to maintain and secure smart cities, including principal uses such as smart monitoring, privacy, reliability, and public protection. The authors cover important areas and issues around implementation roadblocks, ideas, and opportunities in smart city development. The authors also include new algorithms, architectures and platforms that can accelerate the growth of smart city concepts and applications. Moreover, this book provides details on specific applications and case studies related to smart city infrastructures, big data management, and prediction techniques using machine learning.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Protocol Design for Earthquake Alert and Evacuation in Smart Buildings.- Chapter 2. Impact of Internet of Things and Clinical Decision Support System in Healthcare.- Chapter 3. Smart Healthcare Support Using Data Mining and Machine Learning.- Chapter 4. Window Functions for Phasor Signal Processing of Wide Area Measurement in Smart Grid Communications.- Chapter 5. Facens Smart Campus Integrated Dashboard: A Use case applied for Energy Efficiency.- Chapter 6. Cloud Internet of Things in Medical and Smart Healthcare Applications.- Chapter 7. Tornado Forecast Visualization for Effective Rescue Planning.- Chapter 8. Situational Awareness for Law Enforcement and Public Safety Agencies Operating in Smart Cities-Part I.- Chapter 9. Situational Awareness for Law Enforcement and Public Safety Agencies Operating in Smart Cities: Part II.- Chapter 10. A Wireless Sensor Architecture for Efficient Water Quality Measurement and Monitoring Using IO.- Chapter 11. Design of a WSN Platform for Internet of Things Applications.- Chapter 12. Performance Analysis of Modulation Techniques over an Smart City Optical Communication Channel under Weak Atmospheric Turbulence.- Chapter 13. Towards Secure Cyber Infrastructure for SmartCities: Learning based Intelligent Solutions.- Chapter 14. Utilizing ICN caching for IoT big data management in WSN based vehicular networks.- Chapter 15. Integration of WSN and IoT: Its Applications and Technologies?.- Chapter 16. Choice Based Recreation Facility for Smart Cities.

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Book SynopsisThis book offers a broad and detailed view about how traditional distribution systems are evolving smart/active systems. The reader will be able to share the view of a number of researchers directly involved in this field. For this sake, philosophical discussions are enriched by the presentation of theoretical and computational tools. A senior reader may incorporate some concepts not available during his/her graduation process, whereas new Engineers may have contact with some material that may be essential to his/her practice as professionals. Table of ContentsChapter number Chapter title 1 Introduction – Philosophy of new systems 2 Transition from old to new markets 3 Demand response 4 Smart grids enabling smart cities and urban energy planning 5 The role of electric vehicles in smart grids 6 Energy storage in different time scales 7 Optimal techniques applied to smart grids 8 Power flow in isolated and connected microgrids 9 Autonomy of isolated microgrids 10 Harmonic and hosting capacities 11 The evolution of smart metering 12 Communication requisites of smart grids 13 Fault location 14 The coming trends – what to expect

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Book SynopsisThis study guide is designed for students taking courses in feedback control systems analysis and design. The textbook includes examples, questions, and exercises that will help electrical engineering students to review and sharpen their knowledge of the subject and enhance their performance in the classroom. Offering detailed solutions, multiple methods for solving problems, and clear explanations of concepts, this hands-on guide will improve student’s problem-solving skills and basic and advanced understanding of the topics covered in these courses.Trade Review“The book is very nicely written and may be suggested for lecturers to help them in lecturing, students for better understanding of the topic and also researchers, as the book is a concise collection of control methods to be used. I strongly support using this book extensively.” (Krzysztof Gałkowski, zbMATH 1490.93001, 2022)Table of Contents1: Problems: Different representations of linear time-invariant (LTI) systems2: Solutions of Problems: Different representations of linear time-invariant (LTI) systems3: Problems: Stability analysis of linear time-invariant (LTI) systems4: Solutions of Problems: Stability analysis of linear time-invariant (LTI) systems5: Problems: Analysis of transient response6: Solutions of Problems: Analysis of transient response7: Problems: Analysis of steady state response8: Solutions of Problems: Analysis of steady state response9: Problems: Graphical analysis and design in time domain10: Solutions of Problems: Graphical analysis and design in time domain11: Problems: Controller design in time domain12: Solutions of Problems: Controller design in time domain

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Book SynopsisThis handbook incorporates new developments in automation. It also presents a widespread and well-structured conglomeration of new emerging application areas, such as medical systems and health, transportation, security and maintenance, service, construction and retail as well as production or logistics. The handbook is not only an ideal resource for automation experts but also for people new to this expanding field.Table of ContentsDevelopment and Impacts of Automation.- Automation Theory and Sceintific Foundations.- Automation Design: Theory, Elements, and Methods.- Automation Design: Theory and Methods of Integration.- Automation Management.- Industrial Automation.- Infrastructure and Service Automation.- Automation in Medical and Healthcare Systems.- Home, Office, and Enterprise Automation.- Automation Case Studies and Statistics.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an in-depth introduction to all major control and stability issues related to microgrids. It is the first book to offer a comprehensive look into the methodologies and philosophies behind system modeling, coordinated control, and protection for developing reliable, robust, and efficient operation of modular uninterruptible power supply systems. For each topic, a theoretical introduction and overview are backed by concrete programming examples that enable the reader to thoroughly understand the topic and develop and conduct simulation models.Table of ContentsPart I: Introduction.- Part II: Front-end Rectifier Control of the Modular UPS System.- A Reduced-order Generalized Proportional Integral Observer-based Resonant Super-twisting Sliding Mode Control.- An Enhanced State Observer for DC-link Voltage Control of Three-phase AC/DC Converters.- Part III: Distributed Control and Protection of the Modular UPS System.- Regeneration Protection in Uninterruptible Power Supply.- DC-link Protection and Control in Modular Uninterruptible Power Supply.- Distributed Adaptive Virtual Impedance Control for Parallel-connected Voltage Source Inverters in Modular UPS System.- Distributed Average Integral Secondary Control for Modular UPS Systems-based Microgrids.- Overload and Short-circuit Protection Strategy for Voltage Source Inverter-based UPS.- Part IIII: Renewable Energy Integrated Control and Operation of the Modular UPS System.- Multimode Operation for Online Uninterruptible Power Supply System.- Distributed Hierarchical Control of AC Microgrid Operating in Grid-connected, Islanded and Their Transition Modes.

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Book SynopsisThis book offers a unique reference-guide to magnetically controlled shunt reactors. In particular, it focuses on simulating and estimating the efficiency of the application of controlled shunt reactors with different operating principles and design. It offers extensive details on computer simulation and related automatic control systems, and reports on practical case studies. This book, which is based on practical investigations performed by the authors at the Department of Electrical Systems and Networks of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, offers the first comprehensive guide to the operation and design of magnetically controlled shunt reactors. It addresses both researchers and engineers in the field of power systems.Table of ContentsBrief History of Controlled Shunt Reactor Invention.- Controlled Shunt Compensation.- Operating Principle and Design Features of a Magnetically Controlled Shunt Reactor.- Method of Controlled Shunt Reactor Computer Simulation.- Operating Conditions of CSR, Simulation and Operation of the Automatic Control System (ACS).- Internal Overvoltages on Overhead Transmission Lines with Controlled Shunt Reactors.- Single-phase Auto-Reclosure of Overhead Transmission Lines with Reactors.- Limiting Aperiodic Currents of Line Circuit Breakers with the Help of CSR.- Voltage Stability Enhancement by Use of Reactive Power Compensation.- Analysis of the Overvoltage Affecting the Converter and the Insulation of the CSR Control Winding.- Special Topics in Design and Commissioning of CSR Complexes.

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Book SynopsisNavigating the forefront of smart grid technology, the book, Robust Control Strategies for Power Electronics in Smart Grid Applications, delves into innovative approaches, offering a fresh perspective on how to address the dynamic challenges in this field.

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Book Synopsis

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