Electrical engineering Books

Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Up-to-date coverage of every facet of electric power in a single volumeThis fully revised, industry-standard resource offers practical details on every aspect of electric power engineering. The book contains in-depth discussions from more than 100 internationally recognized experts. Generation, transmission, distribution, operation, system protection, and switchgear are thoroughly explained. Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, Seventeenth Edition, features brand-new sections on measurement and instrumentation, interconnected power grids, smart grids and

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Book SynopsisModern tendencies to globalisation and openness of economics promote development of competitiveness in world production and trade. It essentially expands the possibilities for the choice of industrial electromechanical and electrotechnical equipment, including electric machines (EM), electric devices (ED) and transformers of various power and versions. Their correct choice is one of the most important stages mainly because it determines the cost and the functionality of the developed technological aggregates and systems. It is usually ambiguous and complicated due to availability in part by a large number of compared parameters of the analysed devices, and also because of the complexity and/or absence of unifying approach to these choices. Consequently, a topical scientific and applied problem consists in development of criteria for comparative assessment of EM, ED and transformers with the aim of their rational choice to meet the needs of the particular consumer. The purpose of the analysed devices is to take into consideration the quality of series design which includes these devices. In this case, not only are power and electromagnetic characteristics assessed, but the overall dimension parameters of the devices masses are as well. The existing methods of generalised choice of electric machines, devices and transformers are analysed, and new methods based on the data of their catalogs are substantiated. Known theoretical and experimental dependences are considered, and specified (real) power and electromagnetic parameter dependencies on generalised linear dimensions are obtained for the main types and versions of the considered electrical equipment. The precision of the proposed relations is estimated. The criteria of rational choice of electric machines, devices and transformers and their series, which require only the data usually included into the relevant catalogs are developed and substantiated. The obtained results make it possible to provide a scientifically substantiated approach to the problem of choosing EMs, transformers and EDs and their series during both direct selection from the ones available at market and in assessment of designed new devices, mechanisms and machines. They also provide a number of useful recommendations applicable during the optimum design process of the various electrotechnical and electromechanical devices.

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Book SynopsisThis book systematically discusses (a) Distributed Generation (DG), which operates in a single, stand-alone controllable system mode, and (b) the Microgrid (MG) powered by DG, along with the technical concepts, the impact on power systems, control and optimisation techniques, and their applications. It includes ten chapters that focus on the following five aspects: 1) An overview of distributed generation is introduced in Chapter One, and the technical concept of the microgrid is introduced in Chapter Eight with detail; 2) As the main element of distributed generation (DG), a smart inverter system for the control of active and reactive power in a grid-tied mode, which is treated as an interface between grid and the RES (Renewable Energy System), is studied concretely in Chapter Two; 3) The influence of distributed generation on power systems, including the impact of DG on the planning and operation of power systems, the impact of DG on power quality, and power system protection are concretely described and analysed in Chapters Three, Four and Five, respectively; ) The control and optimisation technologies for DG and MG. These techniques include: the Economic Model Predictive Control (EMPC) strategy for the solution of pricing management in community-based microgrids (MGs), which consider economic benefits as the control and optimisation objects; the distributed control and optimisation techniques for islanded microgrids (MGs) that consider stability as the control and optimisation objects; the intelligent load shedding for stability enhancement in an autonomous microgrid; and the recovery (restoration) control after a contingency situation. These are all investigated in Chapters Six, Seven, Eight and Nine, respectively; 5) The applications of renewable energy technology, such as efficient artisanal light fishing technologies that exploit lake light physics and light-fish interactions, are specifically presented in Chapter Ten.

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Book SynopsisMicrowave heating is a highly efficient technique for various thermal processes. It offers many advantages when compared to conventional processing methods such as rapid heating rates and short processing time which saves energy, deep penetration of the microwave energy that allows heat to be generated efficiently without directly contacting the work-piece, instantaneous and precise electronic control, and clean heating processes. This book presents a comprehensive study on the interaction between steel-reinforced concrete and microwave energy using a single-mode rectangular waveguide. The author begins by investigating the mechanisms of changes in the adaptive dielectric properties of concretes and reinforced concretes to predict how these properties are altered when microwave energy is applied. Next, the structural characteristics of microwave-cured concrete will be identified. Finally, the author formulates mathematical models to describe the relationship between microwave curing and mass transfer for steel-reinforced concrete. The obtained results show that dielectric properties are relatively high and remain constant during the dormant period. After this period, the hydration reaction resumes and dielectric properties decrease rapidly. This book consists of five chapters. Each chapter comprises an introduction, a discussion of the concept of the design and the concretes development, and the properties and testing of the concrete in fresh and hardened stages.

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Book SynopsisThe last two decades have seen unprecedented research progress made in the fabrication and testing of organic solar cell (OSC) devices due to, among other things, rapid growth of interest in the development of organic materials for photovoltaic applications, the ease of processing, and the prospect of achieving high power conversion efficiency (PCE) cost effectively. The effects of impurity doping at the ppm level in photovoltaic organic semiconductors, including: (i) Seven-nines purification of organic semiconductors, (ii) pn-control of single and co-deposited organic semiconductors by impurity doping, (iii) ionisation sensitisation of doping showing the doping efficiency of 100%, (iv) ppm-doping effects in the simplest n+p-homojunction organic photovoltaic cells, and (v) the Hall effect of bulk-doped organic single crystals, are discussed in Chapter One. In Chapter Two the fabrication and characterisation of perovskite-type solar cells are reviewed and summarised such as CH3NH3PbI3, [HC(NH2)2]PbI3, and CsSnI3, which are expected for solar cell materials. Chapter Three proposes an experimental method to tailor SDE and optimise the power conversion efficiency (PCE), based on the electrical transport curve. Chapter Four provides a brief history of organic photovoltaic cell devices, factors limiting stability and power conversion efficiency, fundamental parameters that have been reported to improve the general performance of the devices, and recent developments in organic solar cell devices.

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Book SynopsisThis book, which is divided into twelve chapters, aims to present the reader with an introduction to the electrical characterization of materials, specifically solid materials. In this book, the reader will find both theoretical and experimental concepts of some methods that can be used to know and understand physically the electrical response of different materials. In this project, a theoretical scan is made of several experimental techniques that characterize materials at the level of dc and ac conductivity. In ac conductivity, several approaches are presented from techniques in the low frequency regime (i.e., in the range of the radio frequencies) up to the regime of higher frequencies (i.e., in the range of microwaves). An introductory analysis of dielectric relaxation phenomena through the impedance spectroscopy as well as the phenomena of thermally stimulated polarization and depolarization are discussed. In preparing this book, each contributor was asked to present in the end of each chapter a small, but specific case study, with the purpose of facilitating the transposition of the methods and theories presented for a real case. This approach is a valuable part of this book, which includes analyses of different types of materials with structures, forms and electrical responses, from glasses, ceramics, and biomaterials to photoactive materials with potential use in photovoltaic cells.

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Book SynopsisMicrogrids: Design, Applications and Control presents a comprehensive discussion on the modeling and analysis of microgrids. The authors discuss load modeling, renewable distributed generation insertion, local control strategies and a general load flow method designed for balanced and unbalanced microgrids capable of operating connected to the main grid. Two types of primary control are discussed in this book: conventional power control for a residential fuel cell, and virtual synchronous generator control for a battery. The proposed method enables surplus/shortage power in a transient microgrid to be effectively and autonomously interchanged among clusters without using any tertiary control. Later, the authors aim to devise a solution for optimal dispatch of the energy resources in a microgrid being used to continue supplying critical loads during power outages. The goal is to maximize the number of loads served subject to the operational and technical constrains of the microgrid. This compilation includes a novel optimal fractional order general type-2 fuzzy logic proportionalintegralderivative (FOGT2FPID) controller book for the load frequency control of Shipboard MGs. Later, the Load Frequency Control Model is considered for its propensity to stabilize the frequency of the system in the presence of Distributed Generation, two Electric Vehicles as energy storage, and intermittent load and wind power profiles as uncertainties. The authors analyze the details of Neuroscience Based Control approaches, human brain emotional learning and Hebb learning controllers. Next, a critical review of fundamental knowledge and theories underpinning the formation of Microgrids, as well as techniques and strategies that have been proposed in recent years for the purpose of maintaining their stability, are provided. Discussions of current trends and future work in Microgrid research will also be presented. Additionally, a comprehensive review of the current control technology is given with a discussion on challenges of microgrid controls. A networked system of systems approach is addressed to design a control for the islanded microgrid system consisting of distributed generation units and supplying a load.

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Book SynopsisThis compilation begins by discussing Sn, Sb and Ge-based anodes. Various approaches for alleviating volume changes corresponding to each kind of anode are presented in regards to the last 20 years. Sn, Sb and Ge-based alloy-type anodes have attracted considerable research interest as promising candidates for next-generation LIBs due to their high theoretical capacities, suitable operating voltages and natural abundances. Next, the authors discuss the synthesis and application of Titanium dioxide (TiO2) based lithium-ion battery anodes. TiO2 has attracted considerable attention as a promising alternative lithium-ion battery anode. The evolution of studies on synthetic methods, performance improvement, and the size tuning strategy are thoroughly addressed. Following this, the book focuses on clarifying the mechanisms of lithium dendrite growth, the issues related to lithium dendrites, and the recent advances for technical solutions. To power electric vehicles, a minimum energy density of 300 Wh/kg is required. State-of-the-art LIBs are dominating portable electronics, but can only enable an energy density of 100-220 Wh/kg in practice to date. In this regard, metallic lithium is highly regarded as promising next-generation anodes, ascribed to its extremely high theoretical capacity of 3860 mAh/g versus 372 mAh/g of the commercial graphite anodes. Recent progress in the development of Si/Gn nanocomposite anodes for lithium-ion batteries is also studied. The synthetic routes and electrochemical performance of these nanomaterials and the underlying reaction mechanisms are systematically described. The authors maintain that more research efforts are needed for the widespread applications of such composite anodes in the future of lithium-ion batteries. Afterwards, the advanced ab initio atomistic thermodynamics approach for electrode materials in LIBs is formulated, which enables the resolution of the interfacial structure of an LIB electrode material in an electrochemical environment under (constrained) reaction conditions. This universal approach is outlined, using state-of-the-art electrode materials in LIBs, such as LTO or lithium cobaltite (LCO, LiCoO2) as examples.

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Book SynopsisMulti-cell power converters have been widely used in real applications since they circumvent shortcomings of ordinary switching devices due to their ability to support high-voltages. In this book, we deal with the case of an N-cell DC/DC buck converter, and we present a systematic method to control the voltage across the flying capacitors and the current through the load that can be generalized from a two-cell converter to an N-cell converter. The system was described by a discrete-time model through some simplifying assumptions to derive easily the general model in the form of a recurrence equation, which is useful in the design of control laws and exhibits chaotic behavior, bifurcations and strange phenomena when applying feedback control methods. In addition, the problem of the windup phenomenon, which is caused by the effect of switching, was discussed along with an anti-windup approach that was developed and successfully applied to the controlled DC/DC buck converter. A generalization of the various control laws adopted and a comparison between the results obtained with these methods were given, including the performance of the controlled system and the types of bifurcations encountered. Throughout this work, it has been shown that as the number of cells in the converter increases, the complexity of the uncontrolled system model and the closed loop system also increases.

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Book SynopsisAmong other things, this book analyzes the energy losses in transformation systems composed of parallel transformers and proposes a method known as PLO that allows for the reduction of these losses. Distribution transformer system losses represent an important contribution to the quantity of GHG emitted to the atmosphere and have a high economic cost. This book benefits the reader by proposing and validating a novel method for the transformer utilities of three efficiency levels. This method can be implemented with any transformer, regardless of its characteristics. New low-loss transformers have lower losses but higher economic cost, and so their installation is cost-effective only if the total cost over the life cycle is lower. However, replacement of existing transformers is rarely profitable. This book proposes a method to reduce losses throughout the life cycle in new or existing installations. For implementation, the system does not require any additional device and allows energy savings of up to 41% to be obtained over the initial losses when it is used in parallel transformers; the study also proposes using an automated system instead of manual disconnection. The new energy measurement equipment in smart grid systems facilitates the installation and operation of this method. Due to its contribution to the current pool of knowledge for topics such as repowering and renewable distribution systems, this book is an ideal resource for those interested in renewable energy, electric power systems and their applications.

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Book SynopsisModern pumping complexes (PC) represent complicated power-consuming technological systems including one or several pumping units (PU) operating in parallel for the common manifold, a network of pipelines with the installed stop-control and safety valves. The presented monograph contains theoretical and experimental research on the improvement of energy efficiency and reliability of PC functioning with the use of the fundamental postulates of the classical theory of electrical engineering, hydrodynamics, electric drive, the methods of finite elements, approximation and optimization, and the theory of Fourier series.

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Book SynopsisThe book opens with experimental and theoretical data on the important structurally sensitive property of the molten oxide-chloride systems KCl (50 mol. %) -- PbCl2 (50 mol. %), CsCl (18.3 mol. %) -- PbCl2 (81.7 mol. %) and CsCl (71.3 mol. %) -- PbCl2 (28.7 mol. %) with PbO concentration reaching 20 mol.% in the temperature range of 764 -- 917 K. This compilation also reports on recent developments in the stabilisation, carbonisation, and activation of naturally grown biomass, their physical and chemical properties, and major applications in supercapacitors. A brief overview of the application areas of the electrical resistivity method, a non-destructive and inexpensive geophysical technique, as well as comprehensive and practical overview of its results in environmental and geotechnical projects, archeology and stone cultural heritage is presented.Table of ContentsFor more information, please visit our website at:https://novapublishers.com/shop/an-essential-guide-to-electrical-conductivity-and-resistivity/

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Book SynopsisThe book Dielectric Materials and Applications focuses on the recent research advancements in the area of dielectrics that can be utilized in a variety of technology-oriented applications. The topics covered in this book include the investigations of materials having low dielectric constants for Cu interconnects, a two-layer metallic waveguide as a tool to determine the complex permittivity of liquids and/or clinical diagnostics, microwave dielectric materials for the miniaturization of portable electronic devices, microwave assisted heating of dielectric and composite materials, and the dielectric properties of certain 3D nanocomposites. The other areas of discussion encapsulate the modeling of supershaped dielectric lens antennas, the roles of dielectric mediums in metamaterials to realize photonic devices ranging from absorbers, sensors and communication systems. Some of the chapters are purely experimental, whereas some others are based on modeling and simulation. Reading this volume truly remains key to understanding novel applications of dielectric materials in different areas of technological interest.Table of ContentsFor more information, please visit our website at:https://novapublishers.com/shop/dielectric-materials-and-applications/

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Book SynopsisThis book presents theoretical and practical aspects of providing reliable electrical network operation by 6 500 кV voltage. The topics covered includes semiconductor systems for de-icing overhead transmission lines, dispatching solutions in power systems by expert systems, partial discharge diagnostics, electrodynamic testing of reactors, an investigation of technological breakdowns with damage to power transformers, perspectives for using photothyristors, IGCT and IGBT for electrodynamic, programmable static converters for intelligent electrical networks, and digital current transformers for digital substations. Chapter 1 describes the serious problem of glacial deposits on overhead transmission lines during the autumn-winter period. One of the methods to combat this is melting the glacial deposits on alternating current lines by creating short circuits, or direct currents using uncontrolled or controlled rectifier blocks. Chapter 2 discusses the expansion of the Automatic Dispatch Control System for substations and electrical networks using intelligent subsystems based on the technology of expert systems. Chapter 3 presents an application''s experience with monitoring the electric activity of the partial discharges into the insulation of transformers, data on electrical tests in autotransformer windings, and testing XLPE cables. Chapter 4 shows the thermal and electrodynamic tests of reactors on the reliability and durability of windings during the passage of short-circuit currents, serving as a tool for improving the reliability of their design. Chapter 5 investigates a technological breakdown with damage to power transformers, which is a difficult task, and is performed to improve the reliability of the power supply. Chapter 6 shows diagnostic and mathematical models of the windings of the high-voltage transformers and reactors. Mathematical models of winding radial and axial deformations are also calculated. Chapter 7 provides the comparative characteristics of switching capabilities of photothyristors, lockable thyristors IGCT, and high-power transistors IGBT, taking into account the specific operating conditions in the composition of the high-voltage high-current semiconductor key (HHCSK) during electrodynamic tests. In Chapter 8, the author considers the basic operations of implicative algebra for the choice of the logical-algebraic modeling of static converters, provided that the objective and predicate variables are identified with the parameters of the energy and information processes. Chapter 9 presents controlled reactor-transformers with reduced high current harmonics and the calculation of parameters of the active parts of transformers. Finally, chapter 10 presents the results of designing a device for calculating the current on digital current transformers, based on the Faraday Effect. This book is based on the authors previous research, including more than 240 scientific and technical publications.

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Book SynopsisIn the monograph, a number of problems of scientific and technical importance are introduced and discussed, which are of great interest, and can find widespread application in the circles of engineers and researchers, as well as graduate and post-graduate students engaged in investigation, optimisation and management of electromechanical systems. The theoretical and practical results presented in the work have applied significance for investigating, optimising, revealing the regularities of changing the operation modes, establishing the technological factors and power dependencies, controlling the operating state of the elastic transmission links of the electromechanical system, and, based on them, developing a control system for the diagnosis tool of the system's operating state and increasing the power consumption efficiency. The methods introduced in the monograph differ from those developed by other well-known authors in that the author has succeeded in revealing the relationship of technological and energetic parameters. Taking into consideration the variety of the technological load, mechanisms and schemes, the author has proposed and implemented new complex approaches to making optimal decisions on the problem, considering them in the solution of diverse problems aimed at increasing the efficiency of the ore-grinding technological process. In Chapter 1 of the monograph, the principles of increasing the control efficiency of the ore-grinding technological process by assessing the power-saving possibilities for the consumed energy have been considered. In Chapter 2, the operation modes of the ore mill have been investigated, for which models for investigating the change in the moment of the active load and the mill -- motor electromechanical system have been developed. A system of criteria for studying the changes in the grinding degree, time, and the number of mills used has been obtained, and the condition for the stability of the gravity centre of the mill active load, as well as the frequency areas of interest for assessing the state of the system have been revealed. Chapter 3 is devoted to the development of the imitation model for investigating the dynamic processes of the electrical drive systems ensuring the ore mill operation, which reveals the regularities of changes in the electromagnetic torque and dynamic load at different characteristics of changes in the resistive torque created by the mill, and at different values of hardness of the drive unit. In Chapter 4, the possibilities of identifying and preventing abnormal operating modes of synchronous electrical drive of the ore-grinding mill are considered. In Chapter 5, the optimisation problem is formulated through the analysis of the grinding control strategy and energy-saving requirements. The necessity of forming a loss matrix to determine the optimisation criteria and controlled parameters is substantiated. In Chapter 6, the automated diagnosis and control systems are proposed that provide wide control possibilities, and, in the last chapter, method of rationing the specific consumption of electricity by the technological process of grinding is presented.Table of ContentsPreface; Peculiarities of Mineral Raw Material Grinding Process; Study of Operating Modes of Ore-Grinding Mills; Investigating the Electrical Drive System of the Ore-Grinding Mill; Methods for investigating the Operation Modes of the Electrical Drive Motor Used in the Mineral Raw Material Grinding Process; Algorithms for Optimal Control of the Mineral Raw Material Grinding Process; Systems for Controlling the Mineral Raw Material Grinding Process; Normalizing the Power Consumption of the Ore-Grinding Technological Process; References; Appendix.

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Book SynopsisThis book first discusses the development of different types of district heating systems, highlighting the main features of low temperature district heating and discussing its potential for supplying decarbonised heat. As buildings consume about 40% of the world's annual energy consumption globally, the authors focus on the evaluation of residential heating system alternatives using fuzzy numbers. Multi-criteria decision making techniques, fuzzy AHP and fuzzy ANP methods are used for evaluation and the results of both algorithms are compared. Research is presented which is aimed at designing a logistics system for X Gas Company to ensure efficient distribution of liquefied petroleum gas, which begins with the ordering process and ends with the placement of stations in Istanbul-Turkey, taking into account the storage, preparation, loading and delivery operations of X Gas Company. In closing, three types of electro heating skin-systems are presented and the main features of skin heating systems are considered. The advantages of these systems for heating extra-long pipelines transporting oil, gas, water and other liquids are explored.Table of ContentsPreface; Decarbonising Heating Systems: The Role of Low Temperature District Heating; Residential Heating System Selection Using MCDM Techniques; Designing a Logistics System to Ensure Efficient Distribution of LPG Energy; Skin-Systems for Heating Extra-Long Pipelines; Index.

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Book SynopsisMaximum Power Point Tracking: Background, Implementation and Classification presents state-of-art of existing conventional maximum power point techniques, along with shading mitigation techniques, and compares them on various parameters. Photovoltaic systems include storage batteries when there is surplus power to provide electricity on demand. A suitable charge controller is needed for interfacing the solar photovoltaic module(s) with the battery bank. As such, attention has been made to attribute more features to the controller which will enhance the efficiency and controllability, and to monitor the health of the battery being charged. The authors review the considerations for maximum power point tracking in large utility scale photovoltaic systems and small-scale residential photovoltaic systems. A set of characteristics is proposed and criteria is defined to evaluate the suitability of a technique. In the penultimate study, power storage systems in ~100 W level are developed, which consist of direct current-alternating current converters, spherical Si solar cells, a maximum power point tracking controller, and lithium-ion batteries. Two types of inverters were used: SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) and conventional Si MOSFETs. In closing, the authors propose a simplified control stratagem to offer optimal power output power from a variable speed grid connected wind energy conversion system.Table of ContentsPreface; Maximum Power Point Tracking in Solar PV Systems: A State of the Art; MPPT Charge Controller for Battery Connected Photovoltaic Power Conditioning Unit; Comparison between SiC- and Si-Based Inverters Equipped with Maximum Power Point Tracking Charge Controller for Photovoltaic Power Generation Systems; Maximum Power Point Tracking: A Review of the Considerations for Large Scale and Small Scale Photovoltaic Installations; Image Based Maximum Power Point Tracking in Wind Energy Conversion Systems; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on recent advances in the field of planar antenna design and their applications in various fields of research including space communication, mobile communication, wireless communication, and wearable applications. Planar antennas are also used in medical applications including microwave imaging, medical implants, hyperthermia treatments, and wireless wellness monitoring. However, most of these applications still use bulky antenna systems which hamper their efficiency and applicability despite high application potential. The primary objective of recent antenna research is the reduction in size and complexity. Students, scholars and researchers are used to doing mathematical modelling and pattern measurements in simulated environments only. Our aim is to show academic and industry researchers as well as advanced students and lecturers in electronics, electrical and instrumentation engineering how to do measurements in real-world environments. This book will present planar antenna design concepts, methods, and techniques to enhance performance parameters, as well as applications for IoTs and device-to-device communication. We will provide the latest techniques used for the design of antennas in terms of their structures, defected ground, MIMO, and fractal design. This book will also address the specific steps to resolve issues in designing antennas and how to design conformal and miniaturized antenna structures for various applications.Table of ContentsPreface; Multi-Band Fractal Antenna for Wearable Applications; Design and analysis of a Smart Circularly Polarized Wearable Textile Antenna for Body Wireless Communication Applications; Management of Security Patch Application; Analysis and Study of Multiband Microstrip Patch Antennas; Design Of Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Square and Octagonal Slots For S-Band and Radio Location Applications; Printed Antenna Technology; Design of Aperture Coupled Patch Antenna-based Ground Terminal with Uplink Frequency of 31GHz for Satellite Communication; Design of T Shape Miniaturized Metamaterial Antenna for Lower Region of C band; Simulation-Driven Optimization of Slot Antenna Using Genetic Algorithm; Design of Micro-Strip Fed Aperture Coupled Broadside Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna Array; Design and Fabrication of Modified Swastik FSSs for Planar Antenna Gain Enhancement; Smart Antenna Technologies: Future Systems Implementation Issues; Performance Analysis of Microstrip Patch Array Antenna for Vehicular Communication; Design Of MIMO Microstrip Patch Antenna For 5g Applications; Design Frequency Optimization for Dual Band Patch Antenna; Performance Analysis of Multiple Frequency Selective Antenna; Smart Metamaterial Based Microstrip MIMO Sensor Array Antenna at Millimetre Wave Band for Remote Sensing Applications; Performance Enhancement in Printed Antenna Using EBG Structures; Smart Antenna for Emerging 5G and Application; Index.

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Book SynopsisMegagauss Magnetic Field Generation & Pulsed Power Applications: Part I

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Book SynopsisChaotic Communication Systems

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Book SynopsisLight field is one of the most representative image-based rendering techniques that generate novel virtual views from images instead of 3D models. The light field capture and rendering process can be considered as a procedure of sampling the light rays in the space and interpolating those in novel views. As a result, light field can be studied as a high-dimensional signal sampling problem, which has attracted a lot of research interest and become a convergence point between computer graphics and signal processing, and even computer vision.This lecture focuses on answering two questions regarding light field sampling, namely how many images are needed for a light field, and if such number is limited, where we should capture them. The book can be divided into three parts.First, we give a complete analysis on uniform sampling of IBR data. By introducing the surface plenoptic function, we are able to analyze the Fourier spectrum of non-Lambertian and occluded scenes. Given the spectrum, we also apply the generalized sampling theorem on the IBR data, which results in better rendering quality than rectangular sampling for complex scenes. Such uniform sampling analysis provides general guidelines on how the images in IBR should be taken. For instance, it shows that non-Lambertian and occluded scenes often require a higher sampling rate.Next, we describe a very general sampling framework named freeform sampling. Freeform sampling handles three kinds of problems: sample reduction, minimum sampling rate to meet an error requirement, and minimization of reconstruction error given a fixed number of samples. When the to-be-reconstructed function values are unknown, freeform sampling becomes active sampling. Algorithms of active sampling are developed for light field and show better results than the traditional uniform sampling approach.Third, we present a self-reconfigurable camera array that we developed, which features a very efficient algorithm for real-time rendering and the ability of automatically reconfiguring the cameras to improve the rendering quality. Both are based on active sampling. Our camera array is able to render dynamic scenes interactively at high quality. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first camera array that can reconfigure the camera positions automatically.Table of Contents The Light Field Light Field Spectral Analysis Light Field Uniform Sampling The Freeform Sampling Framework Light Field Active Sampling The Self-Reconfigurable Camera Array Conclusions and Future Work

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Book SynopsisNon-linear optics (NLO) is the branch of optics that describes the behaviour of light in non-linear media, that is, media in which the dielectric polarisation P responds nonlinearly to the electric field E of the light. This nonlinearly is typically only observed at very high light intensities such as those provided by pulsed lasers. Non-linear optics is of considerable research interest since it includes: Free space and guided wave non-linear optics; Weak (second and third order etc. effects) and strong (non-perturbative)nonlinearities; Fast (electronic fs timescale)and slow (thermal ms timescale) non-linearities; Novel non-linear materials; Numerical simulation of non-linear optical propagation; Applications of non-linear optics in fields such as signal processing, optical communications, holographic memory and soliton phenomena. This Advanced book provides the latest research from around the globe in this fast-moving field.

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Book SynopsisThe Multiscale Analysis Group of the Politecnico di Torino (Italy) is involved in the experimental analysis and modelling of the CHP-100 SOFC Field Unit built by Siemens Power Generation Stationary Fuel Cells (SPG-SFC). The experimental analysis of a large SOFC generator in operation is a complex task, due to the large number of variables which affect its operation, the limited number of measurements points in the generator volume, the necessity to avoid malfunctions in the real operation. As a consequence, the experimental analysis of the CHP-100 SOFC Field Unit has been developed with methods of Design of Experiments, and with a statistical analysis of the collected data. The experimental sessions have been designed in order to investigate the effect of two important operation factors in order to characterise the operation of the single sectors of the SOFC generator, and to obtain the sensitivity maps of the main investigated dependent variables. Furthermore, the main result is the estimation of the local values of fuel utilisation of the various sectors of the generator, through the combination of the experimental voltage sensitivity analysis to overall FC and an analytical model of polarisation, to outline the distribution of fuel inside the generator. Finally, the sectors of the generator, of different pedigree and position, are compared in terms of the polarization effects, showing how the local fuel utilisation and temperature affect the estimated local anode exchange current density values.

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Book SynopsisThe traditional structure of the electrical utility market, green engineering issues, and environmental acceptability have resulted in a relatively small number of electric utilities. However, today''s technology permits development of smaller, less expensive power systems, bringing in new, independent producers. Competitions from these independent producers along with the re-thinking of existing regulations have affected the conventional structure of electric utilities. The restructuring of the electric utility industry and the development of new "onsite and near-site" power generation technologies have opened up new possibilities for buildings, building complexes, and communities to generate and sell power. Competitive forces have created new challenges as well as opportunities for companies that can anticipate technological needs and emerging market trends. Micro-cooling, heating, and power (micro-CHP) is decentralised electricity generation coupled with thermally activated components for residential and small commercial applications. A micro-CHP system consists of a prime mover, such as a reciprocating engine, which drives a generator, which produces electrical power. The waste heat from the prime mover is recovered and used to drive thermally activated components and to produce hot water or warm air through the use of heat exchangers. Micro-CHP holds some of the answers to the efficiency, pollution, and deregulation issues that the utility industry currently faces. A review of micro-CHP systems, specific types of distributed power generation, and thermally-activated technologies are introduced and discussed in this book.

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Book SynopsisTelemetry is a technology that allows the remote measurement and reporting of information of interest to the system designer or operator. Telemetry typically refers to wireless communications, but can also refer to data transferred over other media, such as a telephone or computer network or via an optical link. This book provides a brief overview of the telemetric technique and how it has evolved over the years as well as its numerous applications. By providing the geographical location of animals, and sometimes concurrently allowing the registration of other parameters (e.g. activity, temperature), this technique is often used to study home-range size and shape, habitat selection etc. Medical telemetry may be defined as "the measurement and recording of physiological parameters and other patient-related information via radiated bi- or unidirectional electromagnetic signals." This book discusses the telemetric devices that can be coupled with biosensors and micro sensors that generate electrical signals related to electrochemical processes. The engagement of fisheries and polar biologists in acoustic telemetry studies on inshore polar fish is explored by sharing their experiences of the issues surrounding environmental constraint, equipment limitations, tracking protocols, choice of species, and safety in the field. Different steps taken for the telemetric system to record the electroencephalogram (EEG) from adult freely moving rats are described. This novel telemetric system was also used to record brain activity in small animals. The development of a cost-effective telemetric system is addressed, through a combination of a wireless microphone for signal transmission and a computer sound card for recording of signals in the audible range. Finally, the telemetry of body temperature for long-term recordings of breathing is described.

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Book SynopsisIn reviewing the growth, development and properties of dielectrics, it is worth discussing the issues of creating new materials and understanding the origin of the properties shown with external stimuli. Beginning with a brief summary of the history of the dielectric materials, this review focuses on the chronological development and recent works with possible future applications. At present, the broad class of dielectrics becomes interesting from the point of view of its diverse applications in various fields. Solid dielectrics are perhaps the most commonly used dielectrics in electrical engineering, and many solids are very good insulators. As we know, solids may be classified according to various criteria: (i) structure (as crystalline and non-crystalline solids); (ii) electrical conductivity (conductors, semiconductors and insulators); (iii) the existence of some basic properties. Dielectric materials can be divided into 32 crystal classes or point groups.

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Book SynopsisWith ever increasing concern on environmental protection and energy conservation, there is a fast growing interest in electric vehicles (EVs) from automakers, governments and customers. As electric propulsion is the core of EVs, there is a pressing need for researchers to develop advanced electric motor drives for various classes of EVs, including the battery, hybrid and fuel cell vehicles. Such issues are addressed in this book. The development and use of a fuel cell based power system for propulsion of electric aircrafts is discussed. A study done on the flight mechanics of the new aircraft, to verify the new flight performance, is also examined. Electric powered two-wheelers have risen in popularity in China over the past several years. This book investigates the growth of these electric two-wheelers in China and compares their environmental and safety impacts to those of alternative modes of transportation. Futhermore, the design and implementation of a hardware-in-the-loop system for the development, verification, and validation of algorithms used to construct state estimators for batteries and supercapacitors is addressed. There are several different kinds of devices that can be used to achieve electrochemical energy conversion. Some of these conversion technologies are reviewed, as well as their impact on the environment. The method used to control a power-train of a hybrid electric vehicle is discussed as well as how both the engine and the electric machine may achieve respective higher efficiencies after using this method. The regulated and unregulated emissions of diesel engines operating on different sulfur content fuels are also looked at. Energy efficiency issues include research and development priorities, funding for climate-related efficiency programs, implementation of equipment efficiency standards, regulation of vehicle fuel efficiency, and electricity industry ratemaking for energy efficiency profitability. Such issues are addressed in this book.

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Book SynopsisThis book analyses the factors that determine the cost of electricity from new power plants. These factors, including construction costs, fuel expense, environmental regulations, and financing costs can all be affected by government energy, environmental, and economic policies. Government decisions to influence or not influence these factors can largely determine the kind of power plants that are built in the future. This book provides projections of the possible cost of power from new fossil, nuclear, and renewable plants built in 2015, illustrating how different assumptions, such as the availability of federal incentives, change the cost rankings of technologies. None of the projections are intended to be a "most likely" case. Future uncertainties preclude firm forecasts. The rankings of the technologies by cost are therefore also an approximation and should not be viewed as definitive estimates of the relative cost-competitiveness of each option. The value of this book is not as a source of point estimates of future power costs, but as a source of insight into the factors that can determine future outcomes, including factors that can be influenced by Congress.

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Book SynopsisLithium ion batteries, a class of chemical power sources that use an electrochemical process of lithium ion intercalation into or de-intercalation from host materials, are gaining dominance in mobile electronic applications, and are also showing promise for an upcoming new generation of electric vehicle applications. Since SONY Corporation commercialised rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, the batteries have been widely utilised as the power sources in a wide range of applications, such as mobile phones, laptop computers, digital cameras, electrical vehicles, and hybrid electrical vehicles. This book is concerned with the recent developments in and research of LiFePo4 cathode materials with an emphasis on the synthesis method and how to improve electrochemical performance. Moreover, the efforts made to develop other new inorganic cathode materials for a new generation of lithium ion batteries are reviewed. A systematic semi-empirical way to analyse the constituents of total cell impedance in lithium-ion battery is also presented. In addition, overcharge protection is not only critical for preventing the thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries during operation, but also important for automatic capacity during battery manufacturing and repair. This book compares three overcharge protection strategies -- external circuit protection, inactivation agents, and redox shuttles -- to highlight the advantage of redox shuttles for overcharge protection. The safety of lithium-ion battery packs are also discussed, as well as techniques for studying thermal stability, such as differential scanning calorimetry and accelerating rate calorimetry.

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Book SynopsisThe main purpose of this book is to present some results in the field of generation and annealing of radiation defects in MOS structures received by the authors in their joined work during the last years. Most of the present results are a product of the collaboration between Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Joint Institute of Nuclear Research and Russian Academy of Sciences. Metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structure is (and it will be in the next several decades) the basis of electronic and microelectronic devices. Some MOS devices are faced with the necessity of working in radiation ambient and it is very important to improve their radiation hardness. On the other hand, ion implantation is a stage of some MOS devices production and along with its advantages it generates radiation defects. Radiation defects produced by ion implantation or another high energy irradiation (in particular, gamma or MeV electrons) are reviewed in the book. Special attention is paid to the characteristics of dually treated MOS structures. Investigations into effects of secondary irradiation of pre-implanted MOS structures are carried out.

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Book SynopsisTrack detectors were discovered by Young, Silk and Barner and they have been widely used in science and technology. The detection technique based on using track detectors is presently called solid state nuclear track detection (SSNTD). This book condenses on the applications of this technique in the various scientific areas. Moreover, although the optical microscope has been the main tool for observations of etched tracks in solid state nuclear track detectors for many years, there has been relatively little investigation about the optical characteristics of these tracks. This book describes the application of the ray tracing method to light propagation through etched tracks. In addition, CR-39 plastic nuclear track detectors (PNTDs) are considered to be the most useful nuclear track detectors for high LET (Linear Energy Transfer) radiation research. This book summarises the methods and applications using CR-39 detectors and presents some updated results. This book also proposes readout architectures for pixel devices used in High-Energy Physics (HEP) where traditional, insufficiently fast structures, such as token-passing techniques, cannot fulfill speed requirements. Other chapters examine the biocompatibility of the polyallyldiglycol carbonate (PADC) films and the biocompatibility enhancement of chemically etched PADC films through superficial pore formation. Polycarbonates like Makrofol or the equivalent, which demonstrate remarkably high absorption ability to noble gases are examined as well.

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Book SynopsisPiezoelectric actuators are simple structures with compact sizes that provide quick and precise responses to an electrical stimulus. The response of the piezoelectric actuator can be a mechanical displacement or a blocking force with the magnitude determined by the structure''s geometry and the electromechanical properties of the materials used. This book presents topical research in the study of piezoelectric actuators. Topics discussed include thick-film piezoelectric actuators prepared by screen-printing; pressure control of vehicle ABS using piezoactuator-based valve modulators; ultrasonic actuators based on the Langevin transducer; the dynamics of hinged-hinged beam using piezoelectric absorbers and modelling and control of piezoelectric actuator systems.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents current research in the field of electrical engineering. Topics discussed include voltage stabilisation using a storage capacitor; AC bridge circuitry for the capacitive position sensor inside the superconducting linear motor system; ferromagnetism in semiconductors doped with non-magnetic elements; spin transfer torque effect and its applications; fundamentals of half-metallic full-heusler alloys; electronics, spintronics and orbitronics and electric motor drives for battery, hybrid and fuel cell vehicles.

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