Economics Books

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Book SynopsisFederal regulation, like taxing and spending, is one of the basic tools of government uses to implement public policy. Although not as frequently examined as congressional or presidential policy making, the process of developing and framing rules is viewed by some as central to the definition and implementation of public policy in the United States. Federal agencies issue thousands of regulations each year to achieve national goals. For the few hundred of these rules deemed to be significant, agencies are required to assess expected costs and benefits. For the subset of these rules estimated to have the greatest economic impact, agencies must also include an assessment of alternatives. This book addresses how often and to what extent significant, economically significant, and major rules include key elements for assessing or analyzing benefits and costs; and how and to what extent agencies assess the quality of the scientific, technical, and other types of data they use to consider benefits and costs. The purpose of this book is to provide Congress with an overview of the federal rulemaking process and a brief discussion of the major laws and executive orders that prescribe the procedures agencies are to apply when promulgating regulations.

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Book SynopsisThe number of large partnerships has more than tripled to 10,099 from tax year 2002 to 2011. Almost two-thirds of large partnerships had more than 1,000 direct and indirect partners, had six or more tiers and/or self-reported being in the finance and insurance sector, with many being investment funds. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) audits few large partnerships. Most audits resulted in no change to the partnership''s return and the aggregate change was small. Although internal control standards call for information about effective resource use, IRS has not defined what constitutes a large partnership and does not have codes to track these audits. According to IRS auditors, the audit results may be due to challenges such as finding the sources of income within multiple tiers while meeting the administrative tasks required by the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 (TEFRA) within specified time frames. This book determines what IRS knows about the number and characteristics of large partnerships; assesses IRS''s ability to audit them; and also assess IRS''s efforts to address the audit challenges.

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Book SynopsisWhile historically the United States has had close relations with Venezuela, a major oil supplier, friction in bilateral relations rose under the leftist populist government of President Hugo Chávez (1999-2013), who died in March 2013 after battling cancer for almost two years. U.S. policymakers and Members of Congress have had concerns for a number of years about the deterioration of human rights and democratic conditions in Venezuela as well as the Venezuelan government''s lack of cooperation on anti-drug and counterterrorism efforts. The United States has imposed financial sanctions on eight current or former Venezuelan officials for allegedly helping the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia with drug and weapons trafficking. The United States has also imposed sanctions on three Venezuelan companies for support to Iran and on several Venezuelan individuals for supporting Hezbollah. Despite tensions in relations, the Obama Administration has maintained that the United States remains committed to seeking constructive engagement with Venezuela. This book discusses the conditions, issues and United States relations of Venezuela.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents important research on Russia. Topics discussed herein include the New START Treaty; Russia''s accession to the WTO; permanent normal trade relations; human rights practices; food and agricultural import regulations and standards; nuclear arms control; WTO enforcement actions; military equipment and technology sales; politics and economics under Putin; and Russia''s home-grown insurgency.

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Book SynopsisThe Census Bureau is responsible for collecting and providing data about the people and economy of the United States. The United States Government Accountability Office''s (GAO) prior work has shown that it will be important for the Bureau to re-examine the design of the census in order to ensure a cost effective census in 2020. This book identifies what opportunities and risks, if any, the Bureau might need to consider for these efforts going forward; and examines to what extent these three efforts are on track with respect to scheduling, resources, and other performance metrics.

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Book SynopsisThis book investigates the urban and rural public pension systems in China with overlapping-generations (OLG) models. This book is composed of three parts. Part one analyses the urban public pension system, part two explores the rural public pension system, and part three discusses some possible public pension systems. It is difficult to find a book to study the Chinese public pension systems with the OLG model. This book can fill the gap in the market. It has the following distinctive features. Firstly, instead of pay-as-you-go or fully funded public pension systems, this book studies the Chinese partially funded pension systems that combines the social pool account with individual accounts. Each chapter includes the author''s original work. Secondly, it investigates the public pension systems in a way of following proper sequence and making steady progress. This is convenient for readers to deepen their understanding of the Chinese public pension systems with OLG models. This book is fit for scholars outside China who are interested in the Chinese public pension systems, researchers in China who want to investigate the Chinese public pension systems with the OLG model, doctoral students, master degree students and senior undergraduate students. This book can help scholars outside China to promote their research on the Chinese public pension systems. Secondly, economists in developed countries studied public pension systems by employing OLG model since 1970s; but the model is still strange for most Chinese scholars. This book can help them to utilise the model, describe their research in English and express it in a comparative normal presentation. Thirdly, this book can provide references for doctoral students, master degree students and senior undergraduate students to learn how to use OLG models to study Chinese public pensions. Finally, it can open a door to the world outside China, show the state of research on public pension systems with OLG mode in China, and promote exchange and talk for the Chinese and foreign academic circles.

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Book SynopsisIn the current global scenario, business dynamics suffered deep transformations as a result of new patterns in wealth accumulation around the world. In this context, profit-seeking strategies have stimulated the re-organization of companies with the objective of creating global competitive advantages. In the Brazilian scenario, the vulnerability of small businesses has been put into question. Indeed, small businesses have specific competitive features that restrict the level and continuity of its activities, such as lack of capital and technical knowledge. Considering this background, this book is guided to answer the following research questions: 1. Why do some micro and small businesses succeed in improving their performance while others do not? 2. What are the critical success factors that facilitate the increase in productivity, assets and employment? 3. How does the micro and small business'' growth unfold? There is undoubtedly the need to open up the discussion of some neglected aspects that will certainly broaden analytical perspectives, in both economic and social dimensions. The aim of this book is to apprehend the challenges of small business dynamics in order to rethink policies that could favor strong bridges between entrepreneurs, government and financial institutions toward economic growth and social inclusion. Chapter 1 refers to the global background where challenges and policies in the micro and small business sector are considered, including countries such as India, China, Russia and South Africa. Chapter 2 presents the recent evolution of the Brazilian entrepreneur and the performance of micro and small business in order to focus the outcomes of the global financial crisis and the current entrepreneurial concerns, taking into account the manufacturing, commerce and services sectors. Chapter 3 highlights a discussion on the concept of small business sustainability in order to analyze the factors that have affected the resilience of micro and small firms in the recent Brazilian trajectory. Chapter 4 presents the financial challenges to micro and small firms in the context of financialization. Chapter 5 deepens the understanding on challenges of micro and small firms, including management trends, labor qualification, innovation and exports, besides networking and clustering. Finally, the conclusion presents a prospective analysis on the Brazilian micro and small business sector in the near future and proposes a set of measures for enhancing a policy agenda toward small business sustainability.

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Book SynopsisQatar, a small peninsular country in the Persian Gulf, emerged as a partner of the United States in the mid-1990s and currently serves as host to major U.S. military facilities. Qatar holds the third largest proven natural gas reserves in the world, and is the largest exporter of liquefied natural gas. Its small citizenry enjoys the world''s highest per capita income. Since the mid-1990s, Qatari leaders have overseen a course of major economic growth, increased diplomatic engagement, and limited political liberalisation. This book discusses the conditions of Qatar, as well as the issues and its relations with the United States.

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Book SynopsisBroadly understood, domestic content restrictions are provisions which require that items purchased using specific funds appropriated by Congress be produced or manufactured in the United States. Federal law contains a number of such restrictions, each of which applies to different entities and supplies, and imposes somewhat different requirements. Some of these restrictions have, however, been waived pursuant to the Trade Agreements Act (TAA). This book discusses the provisions and issues of domestic content restrictions on federal procurements.

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Book SynopsisWith the world riveted by Chinese aggressiveness against Japan and Southeast Asian states in recent years, one country has not been particularly surprised: India. After all, New Delhi has been grappling with the challenge of China''s rapid rise for some time now. An uneasiness exists between the two Asian giants, as they continue their ascent in the global interstate hierarchy. Even as they sign loftily worded documents year after year, the distrust between the two is actually growing at an alarming rate. True, economic cooperation and bilateral political as well as sociocultural exchanges are at an all-time high; China is India''s largest trading partner. Yet this cooperation has done little to assuage each country''s concerns about the other''s intentions. The two sides are locked in a classic security dilemma, where any action taken by one is immediately interpreted by the other as a threat to its interests. This book discusses the complex relationship that China and India have.

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Book SynopsisThe Tibetan Policy Act of 2002 (TPA) is a core legislative measure guiding U.S. policy toward Tibet. Its stated purpose is "to support the aspirations of the Tibetan people to safeguard their distinct identity". Congress has shown a strong interest in Tibet since the 1980s, passing dozens of laws and resolutions related to Tibet, speaking out about conditions in Tibet, and welcoming visits by the Dalai Lama and, more recently, the political head of the India-based Central Tibetan Administration. Such actions have long been a source of friction in the U.S.-China relationship. China charges that they amount to support for challenges to Chinese rule in Tibet. This book discusses the U.S. policies and relations with Tibet, human rights and Tibet''s religious freedom reports.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents important research on the Caucasus regions. Topics discussed herein include a country profile on Georgia; the Russia-Georgia conflict; Russian airborne forces; democratisation and instability in Ukraine, Georgia and Belarus; political developments and the implications for U.S. interests in Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia; country profiles of Armenia and Azerbaijan; and Russia''s counterinsurgency in North Caucasus.

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Book SynopsisArgentina, a South American country with a population of around 41 million, has had a vibrant democratic tradition since its military relinquished power in 1983. Current President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, from a centre-left faction of the Peronist party, was first elected in 2007 and is now approaching the final year of her second term. Argentina has Latin America''s third-largest economy and is endowed with vast natural resources. Agriculture has traditionally been a main economic driver, but the country also has a diversified industrial base and a highly educated population. This book discusses the conditions in Argentina as well as the issues and relations between Argentina and the United States.

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Book SynopsisAs the world''s third largest economy, India is an important trade and economic partner for the United States. The visit by recently elected Prime Minister Narendra Modi, his first to Washington, DC, has heightened congressional interest in the current status of the relationship. Modi''s visit provides the Obama Administration with an opportunity to advance the U.S.-India strategic partnership, including by discussing ways to foster greater trade and investment between the two nations. This book discusses India''s trade, investment, and industrial policies and their effects on the United States.

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Book SynopsisFiscal policy is an important factor influencing the growth performance of countries. However, compared to the large empirical literature on the effects of monetary policy on economic activity, fiscal policy has received less attention. In this book, the authors present current research in the study of fiscal policy and the macroeconomy as well as the challenges of fiscal policy in the current global environment. The book brings a global perspective to the practice of fiscal policy by presenting case studies from the United States, the European Union, and the Caribbean. Topics discussed in the book include international dimensions of fiscal policy, public debt and the economy, austerity versus stimulus and economic growth, the correction of economic imbalances in Europe, the long term impact of fiscal devaluation, the cyclicality of fiscal policy, the appropriate debt ceilings for small states, lessons from the banking union framework in the Euro Area, fiscal policy and competitiveness, policy lessons from debt restructuring in Jamaica, estimating the structural fiscal balance in small islands and fiscal policy rules and fiscal performance.

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Book SynopsisAccurately determining how much of our economy''s total production is American-made can be a daunting task. However, data from the Commerce Department''s U.S. Census Bureau and the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) can help shed light on the dollar value of what America produces, and what percentage of the dollar value of an industry''s output that is considered domestic. Gross output, value added, domestically-sourced inputs, and domestic content are all concepts that can be used to measure U.S. production and to estimate how much of that production is made in the United States. This book starts with the concept of gross output and then looks further, seeking to answer the question: "What is Made in America?"

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Book SynopsisThis series spans the globe presenting leading research in economics. International applications and examples of economic progress are invaluable in a troubled world with economic booms bursting like so many penny balloons. Topics discussed include the economic stagnation thesis; potential pathways from land use to health, equality, economic development and sustainability; changing causal relationships between China and U.S. stock markets; the political-economic background of the contemporary depth crises in Europe; the strategic development of the Scottish cruise tourism sector and the factors effecting future growth; development of an optimised, automated multidimensional model for supply chain management; new focus of the agricultural policy in Europe; large-time asymtotics of exchange rates via non-Gaussian semi-martingale monetary dynamics; a theoretical approach to the quantitative dynamic structure of shocks in macroeconomic business cycle; and market power in bilateral oligopoly.

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Book SynopsisIRS oversight of charitable organisations helps to ensure they abide by the purposes that justify their tax exemption and protects the sector from potential abuses and loss of confidence by the donor community. In recent years, reductions in IRS''s budget have raised concerns about the adequacy of IRS oversight. This book describes the charitable organisation sector; describes IRS oversight activities; determines how IRS assesses its oversight efforts; and determines how IRS collaborates with state charity regulators and U.S. Attorneys to identify and prosecute organisations suspected of engaging in fraudulent (or other criminal) activity. This book also provides an overview of recent changes affecting tax-exempt and charitable organisations, while also discussing issues that may be of legislative interest in the future.

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Book SynopsisIdentity theft tax refund fraud is a persistent, evolving threat to honest taxpayers and tax administration. It occurs when an identity thief files a fraudulent tax return using a legitimate taxpayer''s identifying information and claims a refund. This book examines what IRS knows about the extent of IDT refund fraud and additional actions IRS can take to combat IDT refund fraud using third-party information from, for example, employers and financial institutions. The book also assesses the quality of IRS''s IDT refund fraud cost estimates, and IRS''s progress in developing processes to enhance taxpayer authentication

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Book SynopsisIn this fourth book of the series "Money, Economics, and Finance: Developments, Analyses, and Research", topics discussed include high-frequency trading; policy concerns and recent developments in dark pools in equity trading; the Berne Union; remittances; risk to consumers by virtual currencies; and older consumers and mortgage debt.

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Book SynopsisThis encyclopaedia presents important research on China. Some of the topics discussed herein include internet freedom in China; naval modernisation; the Senakaku Islands dispute; U.S. and China relations; trade issues; Chinese investments in the U.S. economy; China''s banking system; the auto sector''s development; and Chinese medical research.

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Book SynopsisSocial capital has been previously introduced using a mandala to provocatively evoke thoughts of a web of interconnections forming a pattern of relationships. This kaleidoscopic perspective remains true today as we continue to explore the complexities associated with the construct known as "social capital". This construct is unique in its ability to span boundaries, engage multiple disciplines, and global contexts. The web involves individuals, organisations, communities, and societies; it analyses the dynamics involved as these various aspects interact with each other. The linkages have the capacity to bond or bridge individuals. As connections form, the depth and breadth of one''s social capital morphs. This prompts a shift in perspective that offers new and fresh ideas and experiences. In this collection, we expand the constellations of networks as we move from theory, measurement and outcomes to implore various global perspectives, management strategies and their effectiveness. Indeed, most would agree that social capital emerged out of sociology. However, it has evolved into a mature field of study with lots of uncharted territory still open for exploration (eg: Kwon & Adler, 2014). This present collection is vast in the domains covered, methodologies employed, and perspectives presented. The strength of the book is its interdisciplinary, multilevel, and global approach to examining social capital.

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Book SynopsisThis encyclopedia presents important research on Turkey. Some of the topics discussed herein include the prospects and challenges involved in Turkey and United States defense cooperation; Turkey-Kurdish regional government relations after the U.S. withdrawal from Iraq; Turkey''s new regional security role''s implications for the U.S.; and Turkey''s background and relations with the United States.

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Book SynopsisThis series spans the globe presenting leading research in economics. International applications and examples of economic progress are invaluable in a troubled world with economic booms bursting like so many penny balloons. Topics discussed include twelve fundamental contemporaneous contributions for the advancement of economic thought; modern approaches to natural monopoly identification and regulation under Russian economic reform; credit accessibility and small and medium sized enterprises growth in Vietnam; a solution for economic growth in developing countries; long term forecast of GDP in the context of Quasi-Solow balanced economic growth; purple oceans and the M&A virtuous circle new concepts for the theory of mergers & acquisitions; effects of labor migration on technical efficiency for rice-producing households in the Mekong river delta of Vietnam; and unified quasi-maximum likelihood estimation theory for stable and unstable Markov bilinear processes.

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Book SynopsisIn this next volume of Progress in Economics Research, chapters include research on the impact of fiscal consolidation in developing countries on the real economy and propose an analysis of the austerity programs implemented in the Central and Eastern European and Baltic countries; transport infrastructure and how it influences the location of manufacturing firms allowing access to markets (local and international); the prospects and limitations of the intertemporal approach to global external imbalances; asset allocation strategies for members of defined-contribution pension plans with exponential utility with three types of assets; an analysis on positive versus negative reciprocity, considered part of behavioral economics; and insight into the Italian health care financing scenario. Specifically, the authors analyze regional political fragmentation and competition for effective political power between majority and opposition coalitions and test if the fragmentation of both coalitions are key variables that determine their effective political power.

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Book SynopsisIt has been established long ago that unrestricted economic growth is not a sufficient condition for the overall advancement of nations. With this in mind, we must switch our priorities to development. Development is a much wider concept than growth; it stimulates the social and political advancement of countries. Unfortunately, the identification and analysis of these sociopolitical transformations is associated with major difficulties. However, this problem should not hinder policymakers and academic researchers'' concern for the social and political dimensions of development. This book focuses on the reality that a balanced, sustainable, overall development of nations will overcome the various problems that humanity faces today.

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Book SynopsisThis book analyzes the establishment of an air defense identification zone (ADIZ) over the East China Sea in November 2013 by the People''s Republic of China (PRC, or China), international responses to that action, its consequences, and related matters of national interest and strategy. The book examines the legal, military, and diplomatic aspects of China''s ADIZ, with a focus on U.S. interests and issues of concern to Congress. It also discusses questions that have risen concerning the U.S. relationship with the Senkaku islets in the East China Sea; and the territorial claims in East Asia that underlie the growing tensions, U.S. interests that are at stake, factors that may be driving the growing tensions, and possible options for Congress to consider.

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Book SynopsisSigned in 2000, the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) is a trade preference program that seeks to promote economic development in 49 sub-Saharan African countries by allowing eligible countries to export qualifying goods to the United States without import duties. The act requires the U.S. government to conduct an annual eligibility review to assess each country''s progress on economic, political, and development reform objectives in order to be eligible for AGOA benefits. AGOA also requires an annual forum to foster closer economic ties between the United States and sub-Saharan African countries. This book examines U.S. government TCB assistance in support of AGOA; the extent to which U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) has made efforts to develop strategic approaches to AGOA utilization; how the AGOA eligibility review process has considered economic, political, and development reform objectives described in the act; and how sub-Saharan African countries have fared in certain economic development outcomes since the enactment of AGOA.

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Book SynopsisPolitical and economic developments in Cuba and U.S. policy toward the island nation, located just 90 miles from the United States, have been significant congressional concerns for many years. Especially since the end of the Cold War, Congress has played an active role in shaping U.S. policy toward Cuba, first with the enactment of the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 and then with the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act of 1996. Both of these measures strengthened U.S. economic sanctions on Cuba that had first been imposed in the early 1960s, but the measures also provided roadmaps for a normalization of relations dependent upon significant political and economic changes in Cuba. A decade ago, Congress partially modified its sanctions-based policy toward Cuba when it enacted the Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000 allowing for U.S. agricultural exports to Cuba that led to the United States becoming a major source for Cuba''s food imports. This book discusses Cuba''s political and economic environment; U.S. policies toward Cuba; and selected issues in U.S.-Cuban relations. This book also provides information on legislative provisions restricting relations with Cuba. It lists the various provisions of law comprising economic sanctions on Cuba, including key laws that are the statutory basis of the embargo, and provides information on the authority to lift or waive these restrictions.

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Book SynopsisThis book contains an explanation of the major provisions of the federal estate, gift, and generation-skipping transfer taxes as they apply to transfers in 2014. It provides basic principles regarding the computation of these three transfer taxes. It also provides a history, description, and analysis of the Federal estate, gift, and generation-skipping transfer taxes (also referred to as the "wealth transfer taxes"), as well as a description of selected reform proposals.

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Book SynopsisThis encyclopedia presents important research on Europe. Some of the countries explored in these books include Belarus; Denmark; Finland; Kosovo; Moldova; Norway; Sweden; Germany; Ukraine; Georgia; and Russia. The book discusses several topics including the Eurozone Crisis, and Europe''s energy security.

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Book SynopsisThis encyclopedia presents important research on Cuba. Some of the topics discussed herein include Cuba''s policies and relations with the United States; Cuba broadcasting; human rights; offshore oil development; legislative restrictions limiting the normalization of relations; and the reengagement of detainees formerly held at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

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Book SynopsisThe Russian-Georgian War of August 2008 stands out for its socio-political, international, diplomatic, geostrategic, economic and moral-psychological results. Despite the fact that only some years have passed since the end of the war and we all are witnesses and participants of the preparation and of the accomplishment of this dramatic event, there are still many unanswered questions. There are more mysteries in respect of the actions of the main participants of this dramatic event, which dispose historians to study those events thoroughly "hot on the trail", not to wait for a "historical distance", and fill up secret documents with logical arguments and noteworthy hypotheses. The scientific conference, held in Tbilisi in the large hall of The Georgian National Academy of Sciences in the summer of 2014, was aimed precisely to the approbation of the new scholarly ideas on different aspects regarding the preparation and proceedings of the War of August 2008. The conference was attended by representatives of the historical community of Georgia and by the mass media. The reports were made at the conference by professors and scholars from Sukhumi State University, Akhaltsikhe Educational University and Tbilisi Scientific Centre for Historical, Ethnological, Religious Study and Propaganda. A former Minister of Defense of Georgia, General Giorgi (Gia) Karkarashvili, also sent his report. The present collection of works is simply a publication of an English version of these conference materials to which a critical analysis of the sensational book in Georgia "A Little War that Shook the World", written by an eminent political-scientist and diplomat, R D Asmus, was added. In our opinion, it will help American readers to comprehend the issues more profoundly.

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Book SynopsisEach year, one in six people in the United States is sickened by a foodborne illness. Government, industry, and others expend considerable resources in trying to prevent these foodborne illnesses. To best marshall these resources, food industry managers and policymakers need to know both the value of these efforts to society and how to target use of these resources. Estimates of the economic burden of illness provide a conservative measure of how much people are willing to pay to prevent these illnesses. This book provides an overview of recent estimates of the economic burden imposed annually by 15 leading foodborne pathogens in the United States. It examines cost-of-illness estimates with a focus on analysing the factors that drive differences between them.

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Book SynopsisGlobalisation is characterised by the increase of MNEs, an increased role for international financial institutions, and/or an explosion of multilateral agreements and arrangements. Vertical integration mirrors the spatial dispersal of supplies, raw materials, crucial inputs and intermediate products. MNEs reach advantages owing to both vertical and horizontal integration. Global network organisations more and more perceive the relocation of HQ activities as the next movement in the optimisation of their global networks. The EU should be transformed into a federation, the United States of Europe (USE), with a common federal economy solving current political, societal and economic problems within EU. The United States of Europe (USE) would be a much more attractive environment for the location of MNEs with all advantages for the whole EU area, such as transfer of technology. ΜΝΕs shift income into low-tax states through transfer pricing and debt financing. There is a swift development and emergence of e-MNEs on such things as line shops and emergence of e-logistics, but there is a long distance towards a real overwhelming spread of e-MNEs. Risk management has become more and more important in the financial industry. The business of global governance is set to become one of the key international policy issues of the twenty-first century.

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Book SynopsisChina''s global rise has prompted numerous discussions and studies of this historically monumental phenomenon and its implications for the world. On the one hand, China''s emergence as a global player has generated a lot of optimism for global development and economic convergence. On the other, it has spurred concerns about possible collisions on the world stage as existing and emerging powers seek to retain and redesign their roles and influences. Related opportunities and fears have been especially pronounced in countries neighbouring China, including in Central Asia where the newly independent and post-Soviet republics face a possibility of yet another imperial expansion due to strategic advances of the "Middle Kingdom." As the strongest power on the planet, the United States has a major stake in China''s and the region''s future because both directly affect the U.S. global standing and the U.S.-led global economic and security order. This book assesses China''s global rise through the prism of geopolitical and geo-economic forces sweeping through Central Asia.

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