Economic history Books

Book SynopsisCentred on the socio-economic life of Ottoman Anatolia, this volume examines aspects of production, local and international trade, consumption and the role of the state, both at a local and a central level. Based on a wide array of data and adopting a variety of approaches, chapters range from the macro to the micro, from the overview of Anatolian economic resources to the in-depth examination of the petition language of provincial economic actors. Making a Living in Ottoman Anatolia thus offers the reader an entrée into the rich and varied socio-economic life of a central region of the Ottoman empire. Contributors are Marc Aymes, Ebru Boyar, Metin Coşgel, Suraiya Faroqhi, Kate Fleet, Elena Frangakis-Syrett, Yonca Köksal, Mehmet Öz, Mehmet Polatel and Sadullah Yıldırım.Trade Review‘This volume compellingly demonstrates the capaciousness of Ottoman economic history today. The contributions it contains enrich our understanding of a field of enquiry where so much remains to be done.’ Caroline Finkel in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Volume 85, Issue 1, February 2022, pp. 125-127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X22000362Table of ContentsAcknowledgements List of Illustrations and Tables Contributors 1 An Overview of Economic Life in Ottoman Anatolia  Ebru Boyar and Kate Fleet 2 Agricultural Production in Central Anatolia in the Classical Ottoman Period: an Investigation into the Sancaks of Aksaray, Ankara, Bozok and Çankırı  Mehmet Öz 3 The Economic Geography of Ottoman Anatolia: People, Places, and Political Economy around 1530  Metin Coşgel and Sadullah Yıldırım 4 Turkish-Genoese Trade in Northern Anatolia c. 1300–1461  Kate Fleet 5 Production and Trade of Cotton in Ottoman Western Anatolia c. 1700–1914  Elena Frangakis-Syrett 6 Working, Marketing and Consuming Ottoman Copper – with a Special Emphasis on Female Involvement  Suraiya Faroqhi 7 The Cihanbeyli and the Sheep Trade: from Provisionism and Semi-Nomadism to Liberal Economy and Sedentarisation  Yonca Köksal and Mehmet Polatel 8 The Draw of the Lottery: Piyango, Profit and Politics in Early Twentieth-Century İzmir  Ebru Boyar 9 The Fabric of Nizam: Uncertainty and the Activation of Economic Norms in Nineteenth-Century Provincial Contexts  Marc Aymes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisHistoriographically this book rests on the fact that European transitions to modern economic growth were obstructed and promoted by the Revolution in France and 15 years of geopolitical conflict sustained by Napoleon in order to establish French Hegemony over the states and economies of Britain, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Portugal and overseas commerce. The chapters reveal that their authors concerns to analyse both the nature and significance of connections between geopolitical and economic forces lend coherence to a collaborative endeavour utilising comparative methods to address a mega question. What might be plausibly concluded about the economic costs and the benefits of this protracted conjuncture of Revolutionary and Napoleonic Warfare? Contributors are: Patrick Karl O’Brien, Loïc Charles, Guillaume Daudin, Silvia Marzagalli, Marjolein ’t Hart, Johan Joor, Mark Dincecco, Giovanni Federico, Leandro Prados de la Escosura, Carlos Santiago-Caballero, Cristina Moreira, Jaime Reis, Rita Martins de Sousa, and Peter M.Solar.Table of ContentsList of Maps, Figures and Tables Notes on Contributors Preface 1 Exploring Connections between the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, State Formation and the Growth of European Economies   Patrick Karl O’Brien 2 Britain’s Wars with France 1793–1815 and Their Contribution to the Consolidation of Its Industrial Revolution 22   Patrick Karl O’Brien 3 In the Epicentre of the Storm? The Effects of the Revolution and Warfare on the French Economy, 1789–1815   Loïc Charles, Guillaume Daudin and Silvia Marzagalli 4 War, State Growth, and Germany’s Transition to Post-Malthusian Growth   Ulrich Pfister 5 Revolutionary Wars and Economic Change in the New State of the Netherlands, 1795–1815   Marjolein ‘t Hart and Johan Joor 6 Napoleon in Italy A Legacy of Institutional Reform?   Mark Dincecco and Giovanni Federico 7 The Napoleonic Wars A Watershed in Spanish History   Leandro Prados de la Escosura and Carlos Santiago-Caballero 8 Portugal’s French Wars Cost, Loss, Missed Opportunities? 1793–1850   Cristina Moreira, Jaime Reis and Rita Martins de Sousa 9 The Long-Term Effects of the French and Napoleonic Warson the Global Economy   Peter M. Solar Index 283

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Book SynopsisThis study tackles pertinent questions about daily life and socio-economic interactions in the late Ptolemaic town of Pathyris (186-88 BCE) through an empirically grounded network analysis of 428 Greek and Demotic documents associated with 21 archives from the site. The author moves beyond traditional boundaries of Egyptological and Papyrological research by means of an innovative and interdisciplinary methodology – zigzagging back and forth between archaeological field survey, close reading of ancient texts, formal methods of Social Network Analysis (SNA) and explanatory theories and concepts borrowed from economics and other social sciences. This is volume 1 of a two-volume set.Table of ContentsPreface List of Illustrations Abbreviations 1 Introduction  1 Main Objectives  2 Choosing the Case Study and Defining Research Boundaries  3 The Structure of the Work  4 Notes on Readability 2 Contextualisation  1 The Geographical Area of Focus  2 Historical Contextualisation  3 The Army of the Ptolemies  4 The Inhabitants of Ptolemaic Pathyris  5 The Bilingual Character of the Community 3 Theories and Methods  1 Interdisciplinarity in Egyptological Research  2 Main Methodological Approach (Social Network Analysis)  3 Zigzagging between Methodological Approaches  4 Theoretical Framework (Social and Economic Analysis) 4 The Source Material and Data Collection Process  1 Archaeological Evidence  2 Written Sources  3 Incorporated Material  4 From Texts to Networks  5 Notes on Data Collection and Conventions 5 The Archives as 2-Mode and 1-Mode Networks  1 2-Mode and 1-Mode Network Models of the Ancient Archives  2 Notes on the Possibilities and Limitations of the Source Material 6 The Source Material in Comparative and Whole Network Perspectives  1 Comparing the 2-Mode Models of People in Texts  2 The Sources Modelled as an Interarchival 2-Mode Whole Network 7 Interpersonal Ties in Comparative, Whole Network and Diachronic Perspectives  1 Comparing the 1-Mode Models of Interpersonal Relationships  2 The Pathyris Community Modelled as a 1-Mode Whole Network  3 Diachronic Analysis of the Community Model 8 Social and Economic Life in Ptolemaic Pathyris  1 The Physical Landscape  2 The Socio-economic Landscape  3 Social and Economic Life in Ptolemaic Pathyris  4 Concluding Remarks on Community Life in Ptolemaic Pathyris 9 Assessing (Social) Network Analysis as a Historical Method  1 Strengths and Shortcomings of Historical (Social) Network Analysis  2 Strengths and Shortcomings of the Studied Source Material  3 Strengths and Shortcomings of the Applied Methodology  4 The Relevance of (S)NA Research for (Micro)historical Studies of the Past 10 Conclusions  1 The Main Objectives of the Research Project  2 Final Conclusions  3 Future Perspectives Bibliography Indices

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Book SynopsisThis study tackles pertinent questions about daily life and socio-economic interactions in the late Ptolemaic town of Pathyris (186-88 BCE) through an empirically grounded network analysis of 428 Greek and Demotic documents associated with 21 archives from the site. The author moves beyond traditional boundaries of Egyptological and Papyrological research by means of an innovative and interdisciplinary methodology – zigzagging back and forth between archaeological field survey, close reading of ancient texts, formal methods of Social Network Analysis (SNA) and explanatory theories and concepts borrowed from economics and other social sciences. This is volume 2 of a two-volume set.Table of ContentsAppendix A: Glossary of Network Analytical Terms Appendix B: List of Modern Collections Appendix C: List of Ancient Texts Appendix D: List of Texts Associated with Archives Appendix E: In-Depth Textual Commentary Appendix F: List of Individuals Appearing in Archives Appendix G: List of Abbreviated Personal ID s Appendix H: Lists of Labels Denoting Attribute and Relational Data Appendix I: Raw Data Presentation of Node and Edge Lists Appendix J: The 21 Archives as Bipartite and Monopartite Network Graphs Bibliography

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Book SynopsisEvery month tons of green tea travel from China to West Africa in a movement that largely thrives beyond the attention of Western observers. In this trade, Malian merchants assumed a central role. They travel to China, visit family gardens and the factories, which process and package the product. Together with their Chinese suppliers, they select the tea leaves and create their brand. On Bamako’s largest market, the Grand Marché, more than a hundred different tea brands are found, whose packages have colourfully, often eye-catching designs with brand-names such as Gazelle, Tombouctou, Arafat and Obama. This book explores the unique tea culture that celebrates with its brands the strength of desert animals, the fading glory of trading places, the excitement of social events and the accomplishments of admired politicians.

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Book SynopsisThis is the first study to analyse the relationship between England and Sweden across the entire seventeenth century. It emphasises the importance of commerce and diplomacy working in tandem. The book contains five chapters arranged chronologically, all based on original and innovative archival research, and traces the economic aspects of the relationship in both a qualitative and quantitative context. It draws upon a number of unique incidents to detail the variety and extent of commercial and diplomatic connections that became of primary importance for the welfare and success of both nations over the century.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements List of Illustrations Abbreviations Stylistic Conventions Weights, Measures and Money Introduction 1 An Insignificant Trade? 1603–1641  1 Perspectives on Existing Historiography  2 The Union of the Crowns and Its Effect on Baltic Trade  3 The Tudor Period  4 Anglo-Swedish Commerce in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century  5 The Scottish Connection  6 John Coote and Nascent Anglo-Swedish Commercial Networks  7 Anthony Knipe and the English Company of Gothenburg, 1635–1637  8 The Shift towards Sweden  9 Conclusion 2 The Codification of a Relationship, 1642–1659  1 The Rise of Swedish Exports and the English Market  2 Difficulties in the Import Trade  3 The Impetus for Reaching the Swedish Market  4 Commercial Perspectives on Anglo-Swedish Diplomacy  5 Commercial Organisation: the Role of the State  6 Commercial Organisation: the Role of Merchants and Agents  7 The English East India Company and the Swedish Africa Company: Anglo-Swedish Commercial Connections in Colonial Trades  8 Conclusion 3 Commercial Ascendancy, 1660–1671  1 Establishing Permanent Diplomatic Representation  2 England Becomes a Vital Trading Partner  3 Circumventing the Sound  4 Sweden Emerges Unchallenged  5 Commercial Policy and the Demise of the Eastland Monopoly  6 Abraham Kock-Cronström, Copper, and the English Mint  7 Conclusion 4 Mixed Fortunes, 1672–1688  1 Attempts at Finding Accord  2 English Trade Scales New Heights  3 The Problem of Payment  4 Conclusion 5 Commercial Dominance and Diplomatic Disruption, 1689–1700  1 Diplomacy at War  2 The Only Stable Market  3 Anglo-Swedish Disputes: Outstanding Debts and the Expulsion of Foreign Merchants  4 Conclusion Conclusion Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisGreen tea, imported from China, occupies an important place in the daily lives of Malians. They spend so much time preparing and consuming the sugared beverage that it became the country’s national drink. To find out how Malians came to practice the tea ritual, this study follows the beverage from China to Mali on its historical trade routes halfway around the globe. It examines the circumstances of its introduction, the course of the tea ritual, the equipment to prepare and consume it, and the meanings that it assumed in the various places on its travel across geographical regions, political economies, cultural contexts, and religious affiliations.Table of ContentsPreface and Acknowledgements List of Figures Introduction: Following the Drink  1 Tea as a Subject of Study  2 Central Issues of This Study   2.1 The Choice of the Beverage and Its Social Meanings   2.2 Mobility and Unity   2.3 The Teascape and the Diffusion of Tea in the Context of Trade  3 Research Methodology  4 Organisation of the Book 1 The History of Tea in Mali  1 The History of Bamako’s Tea Market  2 Tea in Timbuktu in the Early Nineteenth Century  3 The Availability of Tea during French Colonial Time (1883–1960)  4 The Postcolonial Period (1960–1991) and Mali’s Tea Plantation   4.1 The Creation of the State-owned Tea Plantation in Farako   4.2 The SOMIEX (1962–1991) and the Government’s Attempts to Control Imports   4.3 Mali’s Tea Plantation Created an Awareness of Tea  5 The Tea Market after the 1991 Reforms   5.1 The Distribution Network of Tea Importers   5.2 Types of Green Tea on the Malian Market  6 Conclusion: Mali, a Centre of Tea Distribution 2 The Journey of Tea from China via Britain and Morocco to the Western Sahel  1 China’s Tea Production for Export  2 When Tea Met Coffee: Historical Coincidences   2.1 The Coffee Frontier   2.2 First Reports about Tea, the Portuguese Traders in Macau and Competition with Dutch and British Merchants   2.3 The Introduction of Green Tea to the English Court by Catherine of Braganza  3 The Rise of Tea in Morocco   3.1 The Arrival of Tea in the Sultan’s Palace   3.2 The Creation of Essaouira and the Sultan’s Traders   3.3 The Afriat Family: Tujar as-Sultan and Leading Tea Traders  4 The Caravan Trade from Wad Noun to Timbuktu   4.1 The Trade Route across the Sahara from Wad Noun to Timbuktu   4.2 Trade Networks across the Sahara and the Financing of Caravans  5 Tea in Morocco and the Sahara in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries   5.1 The Dissemination of Tea in Moroccan Society   5.2 British Competition in Tea Cultivation and Failed Attempts at Selling Black Tea in Morocco   5.3 Tea as a Medium of Political Persuasion, European Conquest and Colonial Intervention in Morocco and the Sahara   5.4 Tea during French Administration in Morocco   5.5 Tea in Northern Morocco in the Twentieth Century: Direct Imports from China  6 Conclusion: The Influence of Trade Routes and Politics on the Taste for Tea 3 The Tea Ritual, Its Spatiality and Complexity  1 Drinking Tea in China, Britain, and Morocco   1.1 Chinese Tea Drinking Rituals   1.2 Tea Rituals in Britain   1.3 The Moroccan Tea Ritual  2 The Tea Ritual and Its Associated Equipment in the Sahara and in Mali   2.1 The Tea Ritual of Nineteenth-Century Saharan Traders, Chiefs, and Nobles   2.2 Tea for the Caravan   2.3 The Tea Ritual in Nineteenth-Century Northern Mali   2.4 Functionaries and Elders Drinking Tea in Mali ( from the 1960s Onwards)   2.5 The Grins: Groups of Friends Taking Tea ( from the Mid-1980s Onwards)  3 The Ingredients of the Beverage   3.1 The Types of Tea Leaves Available   3.2 Water   3.3 Sugar   3.4 Milk   3.5 Herbs, Essential Oils, and Spices   3.6 Tea and Snacks  4 Spatiality, Enchantment, and Temporality of Tea Consumption   4.1 The Topography of Tea Consumption   4.2 The Tea Ritual’s Enchantment   4.3 The Preparation, the Froth, and the Sensuality of Tea   4.4 The Duration of the Tea Ritual   4.5 The Master of Ceremonies and Social Hierarchy  5 Conclusion: Continuity, Complexity and Change in the Tea Ritual 4 Malian Tea Equipment: History and Provenance  1 The Tea Equipment   1.1 The Teapots L   1.2 Bowls, Cups and Glasses   1.3 The Rise of the Tea Glasses   1.4 Metal Crafts   1.5 Metal Trays and Tea Sets   1.6 Stoves, Water Heaters and Samovars  2 Tea Sets from England and China: Models for the Moroccan (and Malian) Tea Equipment?   2.1 The British and Chinese Precursors of Moroccan Tea Sets  3 Genealogies and the Socio-Economic Importance of the Tea Equipment   3.1 Genealogies and Modifications of the Tea Equipment   3.2 Industries Emerging for the Production of Tea Equipment   3.3 The Tea Equipment as a Unit and Signifier of Social Status  4 Intersections of Tea Knowledge Transfer, Equipment, and Vocabulary   4.1 Pathways of Knowledge Transfer   4.2 The Dissemination of Tea Drinking in Mali   4.3 Knowledge Transfer and the Vocabulary of Tea Things  5 Conclusion: The Dissemination of Tea Culture 5 Ambivalent Meanings Attributed to Tea  1 From Medicine to a Luxury and a Drink for the People  2 Songs and Poems Mirroring Social Concerns and Tea’s Ambivalent Meanings   2.1 Poems and Proverbs Inspired by the Tea Equipment   2.2 Tea, Sex, and Women  3 Tea as a Mirror of the Social Condition: Politics and Religion, Critics and Advocates   3.1 Tea as a Mirror of the Social Condition in Mali   3.2 The Compatibility of Green Tea Consumption with Work   3.3 Tea, Grins, and Youth Unemployment   3.4 The Politicisation of Tea in Mali   3.5 Tea as Part of the Gift Economy  4 The Social Impact of Tea, Its National Importance, and the Items It Replaced   4.1 Tea as a Luxury or a Staple and the Nutrition Replacement Argument   4.2 Tea as a National Drink and Symbol of Identity  5 Conclusion: Tea as a National Symbol despite Criticism and Foreign Origin Conclusion: Tea, Mali’s National Drink  1 Diffusion, Globalisation, Trickle Down and Moving Up or On?  2 Complexity and Unity  3 Cultural Practices, ‘Drinkways’ and the Teascape  4 Complex Meanings of Green Tea and Tea Knowledge Transfer  5 Green Tea Remains the Dominant Drink Despite the Market Economy and Advertising References Index 258

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Book SynopsisThis book analyses the origin and evolution of the water supply service in Andalusia (southern Spain) between 1800 and 2020 from several perspectives. It does so from a historical perspective, to understand the evolution of the service over the years; from an economic perspective, as it is very useful to obtain an overview of the level of efficiency of the service; from a legislative perspective, as the regulatory framework of each era determines the models of management and provision of the service; and, finally, from an ecological and environmental perspective, of great importance in the New Water Culture and the protection of this resource. The volume's main objective is to contribute to the extension of knowledge and analysis of the processes of municipalisation and/or privatisation of this service in Andalusia, with the aim of providing those responsible for local governments and administrations, both political and technical, with useful reflection and illustrative information on the use of municipalisation and/or privatisation as instruments for the reform of the local public sector. Contributors are: María Ana Bernardo, Ana Cardoso de Matos, José Escalante Jiménez, Antonio Rafael Fernández-Paradas, Mercedes Fernández-Paradas, Leticia Gallego Valero, Víctor Manuel Heredia-Flores, Carlos Larrinaga, Nuria Magaldi, Alberte Martínez-López, Juan Manuel Matés-Barco, Jesús Mirás Araujo, Encarnación Moral Pajares, Jesús Raúl Navarro García, Nuria Rodríguez Martín, and María Vázquez-Fariñas.Table of ContentsPreface Acknowledgements List of Figures and Tables Note on Contributors 1 Water Supply Management in Andalusia  Juan Manuel Matés-Barco 2 An Incessant Thirst: The Water Market in a Dried-Up Southern European Country, Spain 1985–2022  Jesús Mirás Araujo and Nuria Rodríguez Martín 3 Between Private and Public: Water Supply Infrastructures in Portugal in the First Half of the Twentieth Century  An Attempted Comparison with Spain  Maria Ana Bernardo and Ana Cardoso de Matos 4 Public Health, Sanitary Movement and Public Water Supply Services in the Nineteenth Century: the Cases of England and Spain  Nuria Magaldi 5 Water Supply in the City of Cadiz in the Nineteenth Century: The Cadiz Water Works Company Limited  María Vázquez-Fariñas 6 The Improvement of the Water Supply Infrastructures in Antequera (1818–1932)  José Escalante-Jiménez, Mercedes Fernández-Paradas and Carlos Larrinaga 7 Foreign Companies, Public Intervention, and Ecological Crisis: Water in Seville, 1871–1959  Alberte Martínez-López 8 The New Supply of Potable Water in Malaga (Spain) in the 1920s: a Sustainable System?  Víctor Manuel Heredia-Flores 9 Water Supply in the El Aljarafe District (Seville Province, Spain): a Historical Perspective  Jesús Raúl Navarro-García 10 The “Price” of Water in Andalusia: an Approach to the Tariff Systems of the Domestic Water Supply Service  María José Vargas-Machuca Salido 11 Research on Wastewater Taxes: an Essential Contribution to Improving Environmental Management  Leticia Gallego-Valero, Encarnación Moral-Pajares and Isabel María Román-Sánchez 12 The Symbolic Configuration of Andalusian Rivers: Iconography and Artistic Values  Antonio Rafael Fernández-Paradas and Rubén Sánchez Guzmán Index

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Book SynopsisBased on many previously unused sources from Ottoman and British archives, Governing the Frontiers in the Ottoman Empire offers a micro-history to understand the nineteenth century Ottoman reforms on the eastern frontiers. By examining the administrative, military and fiscal transformation of Muş, a multi-ethnic, multi-religious sub-province in the Ottoman East, it shows how the reforms were not top-down and were shaped according to local particularities. The book also provides a story of the notables, tribes and peasants of a frontier region. Focusing on the relations between state-notables, notables-tribes, notables-peasants and finally tribes-peasants, the book shows both the causes of contention and collaborations between the parties.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements List of Illustrations A Note on Transliteration 1 Introduction  1.1 Frontiers, Tanzimat and Provincial Studies  1.2 Historical Geography of Muş  1.3 About the Sources  1.4 Structure of the Book 2 Emin Pasha of Muş: A Negotiation of Power in the Periphery of the Ottoman Empire  2.1 Notables of Muş and the Nature of Their Political and Economic Power  2.2 The Rise of Emin Pasha  2.3 Utilization of Frontier Tribes  2.4 Conclusion 3 The Revolt of Emin Pasha: Punishment and Cooptation  3.1 Preparation for the Revolt: In the Pursuit of Allies  3.2 Between Negotiation and Contest  3.3 The Contours of Negotiation  3.4 The Reappointment of Emin Pasha  3.5 Muş in the Course of Centralization Efforts: The First Phase of the Abolition of Yurtluk-Ocaklıks  3.6 Conclusion 4 The Tanzimat State in Muş: Collaboration with and Punishment of Local Actors  4.1 On the Eve of the Application of Tanzimat Reforms: A Network of Exploitation  4.2 The Tanzimat State in Muş  4.3 Old Actors and the New Regime  4.4 Şerif Bey as Mediator: The Beginning of the End  4.5 Exile of Alaaddin Pashazades from Muş  4.6 Conclusion 5 Aftermath of the Exile of the Yurtluk-Ocaklık Holders  5.1 Confiscation of the Yurtluk-Ocaklık Villages of Şerif Bey and His Brothers and Its Implications  5.2 Limits of the Villages and the Determination of Salaries  5.3 Struggle for Forgiveness  5.4 Debate over the Yurtluk-Ocaklık Villages of Emin Pasha  5.5 Future of the Yurtluk-Ocaklık Salaries  5.6 Conclusion 6 The Post Tanzimat Era: Evaluation of the Reforms through the Petitions of Ordinary People  6.1 Conflicting Viewpoints Regarding Governors  6.2 New Administrators, Old Habits  6.3 Socio-Economic Results of the Crimean War for Muş’s Locality  6.4 Council Members, Tax Farmers, Moneylenders and Peasants  6.5 Conclusion 7 Governors, Tribes, and Peasants  7.1 Implications of the Tanzimat Reforms for the Nomadic Groups  7.2 Peasants and the Nomads: Settlement of the Tribes  7.3 Nomadic Tribes in the Vicinity of the Sanjak of Muş 8 The Hesenan Tribe: The Cases of Rıdvan and Kulihan Aghas  8.1 The Tribes in Dispute: Conflicts between the Tribes of Muş and Those of Its Vicinity  8.2 In Lieu of a Conclusion 9 Conclusion Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThis book offers a new interpretation of German law and politics during the era between the Thirty Years’ War and the French Revolution. Liberal ideas of freedom and equality were prototyped in Germany in property law: through the free disposition of estates, freedom from taxation and other extractions, and free use of paper money. Civil liberty, ideas about equality, and restrictions on arbitrary state power were real, recognized, and meaningful. These freedoms were enjoyed by all classes of Germans. They were thought to have been built atop Germans’ ancient heritage of freedom and a federalist imperial constitution which inspired Montesquieu and the American Founders. Driving these trends were ideas about political economy, enlightened reform, practical problem-solving, as well as forces of supply and demand in everything from the market for books to the market for justice. This book places the story of early modern German freedom close by the side of more familiar stories of England, North America, France, and the Netherlands.Table of ContentsContents Preface Acknowledgements List of Figures 1 Introduction  1 The Consensus and Revisionist Views of German Freedom  2 This Book’s Contribution  3 Legal Operators  4 Significance  5 Context  6 Commercialization  7 Political Economy  8 Sources 2 The Core Stories and Ideas of German Freedom  1 Ancient Germanic Freedom  2 The Free German Empire  3 German Freedom 3 Idea-Generative Institutions  1 State Expansion  2 Courts  3 Supply, Demand, Population, and Commercialization  4 Universities and Law Faculties  5 Jurists  6 Books 4 Free Disposition of Estates  1 Chaos, Information Loss, and Self-Release  2 Missing Money and Missing Records  3 Tithe Conversion and Disposal  4 Methods of Self-Release: The Claim of Allodial Property  5 Models of Allod  6 Circumventing Requirements through Legal Fictions  7 Retraction Law  8 Accepting the Results of Free Activity after the War  9 The Princely Resolutions of 1655 5 Freedom from Extractions  1 Noble Trespassing and Evasions  2 Tax Registration, 1651–1654  3 The ‘Graying’ of the Clear Cadastral Picture  4 New Departures in the 1680s  5 The Presumption of Natural Freedom  6 The Regalianism of Christian Thomasius  7 Regalian Rights  8 Regalia as Imprescriptible  9 Too Machiavellian? 6 Free Use of Paper Money  1 Paper Money, Bills of Exchange, and Political Economic Ideas  2 Evolution of the Law of Exchange in Europe  3 The Political Economy of German States after 1648  4 Adoption of the Law of Exchange Throughout the Empire  5 Summary Procedure and Strict Liability (“Rigor”)  6 Regional Finance in the Seventeenth Century  7 New Directions in the Eighteenth Century  8 Variations on the Theme  9 Reconciling Conflicting Law, 1732–1749 7 Conclusion  1 Property Rights and Freedom in Early Modern Germany  2 Free Disposition of Estates  3 Freedom from Extractions  4 Freedom and the Use of Money  5 German Freedom  6 The Extension of Positive and Negative Civil Liberties  7 Cooperation, Competition, and Conflict  8 The One and the Many Glossary Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisSui-Wai Cheung’s study of the institutional history of copper coins in the Ming dynasty reveals how emperors and statesmen perceived and used the copper coins at their disposal. In this process, he uncovers the reality of the Sons of Heaven, showing that although Ming emperors seemed to have unlimited power, they could not afford the upkeep on their palace. In this revealing history of Ming China, Cheung argues that especially after the breakdown of the household registration system, the aim of the Ming coinage system was to create a new source of income in order to maintain the emperor's domain in Beijing.Table of ContentsList of Figures, Tables, and Maps Ming Dynasty Emperors Ming Weights and Measures Introduction: Currency and Taxation in Ming China, 1368–1644 1 How Precious Is a Precious Note? State Currency in the Early Ming, 1368–1435  1 The Value of Paper  2 Managing an Empire Without Money   2.1 Household Registration for Goods and Services   2.2 Moving the Capital South   2.3 Eunuchs: the Emperor’s Servants and Gatekeepers   2.4 Labor Services and In-Kind Taxes   2.5 The Lijia  3 From Copper to Rice to Precious Notes  4 Civil War, a New Capital, and a Surfeit of Precious Notes   4.1 Moving the Capital to Beijing   4.2 Precious Notes for Capital Officials   4.3 Taking Precious Notes Out of Circulation: the Salt Tax and Crime Restitution Fees  5 Reopening China to Trade   5.1 The Treasure Fleet   5.2 Building the New Capital in Beijing  6 Retrieving Precious Notes: Commercial Fees and Charges  7 Conclusion 2 From Illegal to Official: Copper and Silver, 1400–1487  1 Recession, Piracy, and Foreign Trade  2 Reopening China: Silver in the Market   2.1 Feeding the Capital: Tribute Rice and the Grand Canal   2.2 Commuting the Grain Tax: The Gold Floral Silver Reform   2.3 Silver and the Precious Note  3 Copper Coins in a “Filthy” Reign   3.1 Government Taxes and Fees in Copper Cash  4 Counterfeit Coins and Gresham’s Law  5 Conclusion 3 Household Registration, Foreign Trade, and the Emperor’s Table, 1444–1566  1 Maritime Merchants and Household Registration  2 The Emperor’s Table  3 The Emperor’s Coffers  4 An End to Extravagance?  5 Copper Coins as Income  6 Prodigal Emperors   6.1 The Zhengde Emperor (1505–1521): Extortion and Government Charges   6.2 The Jiajing Emperor (1521–1566): Brass Coins  7 Closing the Baoyuan Mint  8 Conclusion 4 Coins for the Government, 1567–1644  1 Coins for the Country and the People   1.1 Coins for the Ministries   1.2 Provincial Mints   1.3 “Golden Backs” for the Taicang Treasury   1.4 Renting Furnaces at the Nanjing Mint  2 Back Into the Emperor’s Wallet  3 Conclusion 5 Conclusion: Small Change and State Administration in Ming China Works Cited Glossary Index

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Book SynopsisThe Marathas in seventeenth-century India were primarily involved in cultivation and politics. Historian Kedar Phalke's book delves into the economy, administration, and social structure of the Maratha Kingdom, highlighting factors contributing to its rise like revenue administration, agrarian economy, markets, foreign trade, and Mughal decline.

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