Economic history Books

Book SynopsisIn Tales of the Iron Bloomery Bernt Rundberget examines the ironmaking in southern Hedmark in Norway in the period AD 700-1300. Excavations show that this method is distinctive and geographically limited; this is expressed by the technology, organization, development and large-scale production. The ironmaking practice had its origins in increasing demands for iron, due to growth in urbanization, church power, kingship and mercantile networks. Rundberget’s main hypothesis is that iron became the economic basis for political developments, from chiefdom to kingdom. Iron extraction activity grew from the late Viking Age, throughout the early medieval period, before it came to a sudden collapse around AD 1300. This trend correlates with the rise and fall of the kingdom.Table of ContentsContents Preface ix List of Figures and Tables xi 1 Introduction 1 Area and Boundaries 3 Chronological Depth 8 The Evidence 10 Topics and Aims 12 Key Issues 14 Outlying Land and Its Use 16 Regions and Technological Boundaries 20 Exploiting the Landscape 23 The Economic Context of Jernvinna-Domestic Activity, Craft or Something More? 29 2 Research Backdrop 42 Status of Research 42 The Introduction of Iron and Jernvinna 44 Methods of Production in Chronological Terms 45 The Slag Tapping Furnace in Europe and Scandinavia 48 Charcoal Burning, Spatially and Temporally 69 Bog Ore and Roasting Places 76 3 Jernvinna in the Grafjell Area-Conformity in Distinctiveness 80 Introduction 80 Rolf Falck-Muus-A Major Contributor 80 Recent Surveys and Excavations 86 Bloomery Ironmaking in the Grafjell Area-Form and Facts 88 The Archaeological Investigations 98 The Slag Tapping Furnace of the Grafjell Area-A Distinct Method 118 Unexcavated Bloomery Sites 129 From Concept to Symmetrical Organization 132 Bloomery Sheds 138 Occupation or Settlement? 142 Rodsmoen and the Grafjell Area Compared 146 Charcoal Pits-From Statistical Bulk Sample to Organizational Factor 148 Roasting Places-A Factor in a Comprehensive Understanding 161 Organization and Exploitation of Resources 175 4 A Regional Tradition 183 The Source Material 183 South Osterdalen 184 Solor 196 Hedemarken 204 The Delimitation of the Hedmark Tradition 208 5 The Dating of the Hedmark Tradition 216 Introduction 216 The Bayesian Approach 219 The Summing of Radiocarbon Dates 222 Wood Species and the Dating of the Hedmark Tradition 222 Wood Species Determinations 223 Annual Growth Ring Counts and Dendrochronology 227 The Bayesian Approach-Precise Dating of the Period of Use 230 The Grafjell Area-a Specific Chronology 240 14C Dates at Rodsmoen 242 The Dating of jernvinna in Hedmark 243 6 The Volume of Production from the Hedmark Tradition 249 Calculations of the Volume of Slag Heaps 249 Calculations of Volume of Slag 252 Calculations of Yield 253 The Volume of Charcoal Production 255 The Volume of Iron Production 257 The Consumption of Raw Materials and Yield 266 Volume and Period of Use 269 The Volume of Iron from the Hedmark Tradition 271 The Volume of Production through Time 273 7 The Study Area in the Light of Archaeological and Historical Sources 276 Settlement and Its Development 276 Hunting 292 The Written Sources 296 8 Tales of the Iron Bloomery 319 The Technological Concept and Coordinated Activity 319 Methods in the Borderland 321 The Hedmark Tradition in Time and Space 336 Specialized Work 342 Proto-industrialized Bloomery Ironmaking-the Unknown Economy of Osterdalen 346 De-industrialization-the Collapse of the Tradition 351 9 The Economic Role of Iron in an Inter-regional Perspective 361 Appendices 368 Appendix Ia: Bloomery sites excavated in the Grafjell area - data and interpretation 368 Appendix Ib: Excluded bloomery sites, not archaeologically investigated 378 Appendix IIa: 14C-datings and dendrochronological datings from the Grafjell area 387 Appendix IIb: Excavated and dated bloomery sites of the Hedmark tradition 405 Appendix IIc: Excavated and dated charcoal pits of the Hedmark tradition 414 Appendix III: Calculation of volume and estimation of weight of slag in slag heaps 426 Bibliography 443 Primary Sources 443 Secondary Sources 443 Internet Sources 473 Index 474

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Book SynopsisWinner of the 2015 Choice Outstanding Academic Title Award Studies of the South Atlantic commercial world typically focus on connections between Angola and Brazil, and specifically on the flows of enslaved Africans from Luanda and the relations between Portuguese-Brazilian traders and other agents and their local African and mulatto trading partners. While reaffirming the centrality of slaving activities and of the networks that underpinned them, this collection of new essays shows that there were major Portuguese-Brazilian slave-trading activities in the South Atlantic outside Luanda as well as the Angolan-Brazil axes upon which historians usually focus. In drawing attention to these aspects of the South Atlantic commercial world, we are reminded that this was a world of change and also one in which Portuguese-Brazilian traders were unable to sustain in the face of competition from northern European rivals the dominant position in slave trading in Atlantic Africa that they had first established in the sixteenth century.Trade ReviewWinner of the 2015 Choice Outstanding Academic Title Award: "This collection is an impressive demonstration of the precision and sophistication with which historians are advancing understanding of the slave trade in the South Atlantic. For many readers, these cutting-edge essays will serve as a necessary, if heady, introduction to the field. The title is slightly misleading; the cultural issues inherent in this history are a secondary concern. At heart, the book is an updated reconstruction of the complex demographic, political, and economic forces of the slave trade in the South Atlantic. There are chapters on Brazil’s economy, the role of private investment in the trade, and, in a useful expansion of how the Atlantic is defined, the trade in Mozambique. The history of the trade in Angola is the subject of three chapters, and there is a chapter on the impact of abolition. In addition to careful work with Lusophone sources, a number of the chapters are based on work in Dutch archives, presenting a full, rich portrait of this world. A further strength of the book is that the contributors treat the data in the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database (CH, Feb'09, 46-3397) as a point of departure rather than as the final word. A necessary edition to any serious collection on Atlantic slave trade. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and above." - J. M. Rosenthal, Western Connecticut State University [This review appeared in the July 2015 issue of Choice, Vol. 52 No.11. Copyright 2015 American Library Association] "Networks and Trans-Cultural Exchange provides an important contribution to the literature on the history of the traffic. Not only does it focus on a neglected side of the trade—the South Atlantic—in the English-language literature, but it brings together research conducted by some of the leading experts in the field, one of whom, José Capela, to whose memory the book is dedicated, is no longer with us. The book’s main theme—networks and trans-cultural exchange— also sets it apart from most other collections, [...] Furthermore, perhaps because of the EU Framework Seven Project, or because of the editors’ primary audience, the book does not shy away from discussing the role of Europeans in the South Atlantic business." - Daniel B. Dominques Da Silva, Rice University, in: Journal of World History, June 2017, pp. 292-296 "This fine collection of essays, many drawn from more extensive monographic studies, well-edited and accompanied by an extensive bibliography, [are] excellent introductions to the South Atlantic as a key element in the history of slavery, Africa, the Atlantic world, and the global diaspora of African peoples." - Stuart B. Schwartz, Yale University, in: Journal of Global Slavery 1 (2016) 113–133, pp. 121-125

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Book SynopsisIn Hinterlands and Commodities: Place, Space, Time and the Political Economic Development of Asia over the Long Eighteenth Century, well-known economic and social historians examine important questions concerning temporal and spatial relationships among central places, hinterlands, commodities, and political economic developments in Asia and the Global economy over the long eighteenth century. These timely essays engage hinterlands and commodities providing novel foci on historical impacts maritime trade on political economic developments involving place, space, and time in Asia, thereby furnishing historical background for current conditions. They contribute to discourse concerning historical interactions among indigenous Asian merchant activities and European commercial counterparts. Contributors are: George Bryan Souza, Dennis O. Flynn, Marie A. Lee, Ghulam A. Nadri, Bhaswati Bhattacharya, Tsukasa Mizushima, Tomotaka Kawamura, Atushi Ota, Ryuto Shimada, and Ei Murakami.Trade Review"Wat het boek toch zeer de moeite waard maakt, is dat jonge Aziatische historici zich mengen in wat nieuwe wetenschappelijke en theoretische discussies zijn. Deze historici zijn sterk gericht op archiefonderzoek en beheersen vaak meerdere Europese en Aziatische talen. Veel informatie wordt geput uit de archieven van het VOC , maar vaak in combinatie met Aziatische bronnen. De traditionele aandacht voor de geschiedenis van de Europese expansie verschuift met hun onderwerpskeuzes ook naar de geschiedenis van Azië zelf." - Chris Nierstrasz, in: Tijdschrift voor Zeegeschiedenis, No. 1 Jr. 35 (2016) "[The chapters in this edited volume] show us how the spaces themselves were linked by merchant activity over space and time. In this, Hinternlands and Commodities is quite useful, shedding light on different parts of Asia and through varying lenses, all over a "long century" of recorded interactions." - Eric Tagliacozzo, Cornell University, in: Journal of World History (December 2016), pp. 724-735Table of ContentsGeneral Editor’s Foreword ... vii Preface and Acknowledgements ... x List of Contributors ... xii About the Cover Illustration ... xiv List of Figures, Maps and Tables ... xv Introduction ... 1 Tsukasa Mizushima, George Bryan Souza, and Dennis O. Flynn 1 Hinterlands, Commodity Chains, and Circuits in Early Modern Asian History: Sugar in Qing China and Tokugawa Japan ... 15 George Bryan Souza 2 Hydraulic Metaphor: A Model of Global and Local Connectivity ... 48 Dennis O. Flynn and Marie A. Lee 3 The Dynamics of Port-Hinterland Relationships in Eighteenth-Century Gujarat ... 83 Ghulam A. Nadri 4 Ports, Hinterlands and Merchant Networks: Armenians in Bengal in the Eighteenth Century ... 102 Bhaswati Bhattacharya 5 Linking Hinterlands with Colonial Port Towns: Madras and Pondicherry in Early Modern India ... 126 Tsukasa Mizushima 6 Maritime Asian Trade and Colonization of Penang, c. 1786–1830 ... 145 Tomotaka Kawamura 7 Toward a Transborder, Market-Oriented Society: Changes in the Hinterlands of Banten, c. 1760–1790 ... 166 Atsushi Ota 8 Hinterlands and Port Cities in Southeast Asia’s Economic Development in the Eighteenth Century: The Case of Tin Production and its Export Trade ... 197 Ryuto Shimada 9 Trade and Crisis: China’s Hinterlands in the Eighteenth Century ... 215 Ei Murakami Bibliography ... 235 Index ... 255

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Book SynopsisMoney in Asia examines two chronic problems that faced early modern monetary economies in East, South, and Southeast Asia: The inability to provide sufficient amounts of small currencies to facilitate local economic transactions and to control currency depreciation. The studies in this volume analyze the social and economic consequences of small currency scarcity and devaluation on various Asian economies and show how various regimes tried to manage these ever-present challenges. They reveal that those regimes that dealt most successfully with these two issues were those with an integrated national approach to monetary policy. Contributors are: Peter Bernholz, Werner Burger, Cao Jin, Mark Elvin, Dennis O. Flynn, Roger Greatrex, Najaf Haider, Reinier H. Hesselink, Elisabeth Kaske, Man-houng Lin, Jane Kate Leonard, Christine Moll-Murata, Keiko Nagase-Reimer, Shan Kunqin, Shimada Ryūto, Ulrich Theobald, Hans Ulrich Vogel, and Willem WoltersTrade Review"Money in Asia is a pioneering study that is sure to have the longest of shelf lives, a volume that by its very design encourages further research, reflection, and discussion. Money in Asia is thus a highly recommended addition to every library that considers money and monetary history to be worthy of study." – Simon James Bytheway, Nihon University, in: New Asia Books [Published online 23 February 2016]

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Book SynopsisThis title is available online in its entirety in Open Access. In Environment, Trade and Society in Southeast Asia: A Longue Durée Perspective, eleven historians bring their knowledge and insights to bear on the long sweep of Southeast Asian history. Ranging across many centuries, their contributions seek to identify the repeating patterns in Southeast Asia's past.Trade Review“Since the longue durée is neglected all too often, this volume restores the balance between the short term and long-term in a positive way.” “Taking account of the long-term opens up the analysis to new viewpoints. […] At the same time, however, much of the present analysis of this volume relies on existing research that is based on in-depth studies with a shorter time span. Obviously, both are needed.” Marjolein ’t Hart in bmgn - Low Countries Historical Review 131.2 (2016), review 19 doi: 10.18352/bmgn-lchr.10197Table of ContentsAcknowledgements Chapter 1 Introduction: Structures, Cycles, and Scratches on Rocks David Henley and Henk Schulte Nordholt Chapter 2 Deep Forestry: Shaping the Longue Durée of the Forest in the Philippines Greg Bankoff Chapter 3 Breeding and Power in Southeast Asia: Horses and Mules in the Longue Durée William Clarence Smith Chapter 4 Under the Volcano: Stabilizing the Early Javanese State in an Unstable Environment Jan Wisseman Christie Chapter 5 History and Seismology in the Ring of Fire: Punctuating the Indonesian Past Anthony Reid Chapter 6 The Longue Durée in Filipino Demographic History: The Role of Fertility prior to 1800 Linda Newson Chapter 7 Glimpsing Southeast Asian Naturalia in Global Trade, c. 300 BCE-1600 CE Raquel A.G. Reyes Chapter 8 Ages of Commerce in Southeast Asian history David Henley Chapter 9 Pursuing the Invisible: Makassar in Context Heather Sutherland Chapter 10 The Expansion of Chinese Inter-Insular and Hinterland Trade in Southeast Asia, c. 1400-1850 Kwee Hui Kian Chapter 11 From Contest State to Patronage Democracy: The Longue Durée of Clientelism in Indonesia Henk Schulte Nordholt Chapter 12 Visual History: A Neglected Resource for the Longue Durée Jean Gelman Taylor List of Writings of Peter Boomgaard

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Book SynopsisAcross the Ocean contains nine essays, each dedicated to a key question in the history of the trade relations between the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean from Antiquity to the Early Modern period: the role of the state in the Red Sea trade, Roman policy in the Red Sea, the function of Trajan’s Canal, the pepper trade, the pearl trade, the Nabataean middlemen, the use of gold in ancient India, the constant renewal of the Indian Ocean ports of trade, and the rise and demise of the VOC.Trade Review"[T]his good book first and foremost reinforces the position of the topic in question in ancient studies; in addition it opens interesting perspectives for future research in this field, for the method promoted by the editors is undoubtedly a good way to enhance our knowledge of the relationship between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean in antiquity." - Pierre Schneider, in: Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2016.02.27 "The volume is an important contribution to the study of Indo-Mediterranean exchange in antiquity, and, at the same time, it opens new and promising perspectives by successfully promoting comparative studies in this important fi eld of historical research." - Michael A. Speidel, in: Marburger Beiträge Zur Antiken Handels, Wirtschafts und SozialgeschichteTable of ContentsAcknowledgements List of Table, Figures, and Maps Abbreviations Introduction Federico De Romanis and Marco Maiuro Part 1 - The Cradle of the Ancient India Trade: The Red Sea 1 Red Sea Trade and the State Andrew Wilson 2 Trajan’s Canal: River Navigation from the Nile to the Red Sea? Jean-Jacques Aubert 3 Pearls, Power, and Profit: Mercantile Networks and Economic Considerations of the Pearl Trade in the Roman Empire Katia Schörle 4 Roman Policy on the Red Sea in the Second Century CE Dario Nappo 5 Roman Trade with the Far East: Evidence for Nabataean Middlemen in Puteoli Taco Terpstra Part 2 - Comparative Perspectives on the India Trade 6 Indian Gold Crossing the Indian Ocean Through the Millennia Harry Falk 7 ‘Regions that Look Seaward’: Changing Fortunes, Submerged Histories, and the Slow Capitalism of the Sea Jairus Banaji 8 Comparative Perspectives on the Pepper Trade Federico De Romanis 9 Into the East: European Merchants in Asian Markets During the Early Modern Period Martha Howell Afterword Elio Lo Cascio References Index of Sources General Index

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Book SynopsisThe Invisible Bicycle brings together different insights into the social, cultural and economic history of the bicycle and cycling in historical eras of ubiquitous bicycle use that have remained relatively invisible in bicycle history. It revisits the typical timeline of cycling’s decline in the 1950s and 1960s and the renaissance beginning in the 1970s by bringing forth the large national and local variations, varying uses and images of the bicycle, and different bicycle cultures as well as their historical background and motivations. To understand the role, possibilities and challenges of the bicycle today, it is necessary to know the history that has formed them. Therefore The Invisible Bicycle is recommended also to present-day practitioners and planners of bicycle mobility. Contributors are: Peter Cox, Martin Emanuel, Tiina Männistö-Funk, Timo Myllyntaus, Nicholas Oddy, Harry Oosterhuis, William Steele, Manuel Stoffers, Sue-Yen Tjong Tjin Tai, Frank Veraart.Table of ContentsPreface  Timo Myllyntaus List of Illustrations, Graphs and Tables Note on Contributors 1 Introduction: The Historical Production of the Invisible and Visible Bicycles  Tiina Männistö-Funk part 1: Discourses and Materialities of the Bicycle 2 Rethinking Bicycle Histories  Peter Cox 3 Entrenched Habit or Fringe Mode: Comparing National Bicycle Policies, Cultures and Histories  Harry Oosterhuis part 2: Political and Economic Shaping of the Bicycle 4 Waves of Cycling Policy: Policies of Cycling, Mobility, and Urban Planning in Stockholm since 1970  Martin Emanuel 5 Making the Bicycle Dutch: The Development of the Bicycle Industry in the Netherlands, 1860–1940  Sue-Yen Tjong Tjin Tai & Frank Veraart Part 3 : Bicycle in the Practices 6 Betting on the Wheel: The Bicycle and Japan’s Post-War Recovery  M. William Steele 7 Modernizing the Bicycle: The International Human-Powered Vehicle Movement and the “Bicycle Renaissance” since the 1970s  Manuel Stoffers 8 History, Tweed and the Invisible Bicycle  Nicholas Oddy Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThis volume sheds light on the important role of copper in early modern Sino-Japanese trade. By examining the demand for copper and the policy on copper procurement in Japan and China as well as the role of Osaka merchant houses, this volume provides a new slant on the “life” of Japanese copper – from production and distribution to consumption. In addition, papers on other significant traded products such as sugar, seafood, and books give us a better understanding of Sino-Japanese trade overall. The latest discussions on this field, which were mostly published in Japanese, have been brought together in this book and made accessible to an English-speaking audience. Contributors include: IMAI Noriko, IWASAKI Yoshinori, LIU Shiuh-Feng, MATSUURA Akira, and Keiko NAGASE-REIMER.Table of ContentsForeword - Regine Mathias Acknowledgements - Keiko Nagase-Reimer Notes List of Figures, Tables and Maps Glossary About the Contributors Main Copper Transportation Routes in Japan and China 1 Introduction - Keiko Nagase-Reimer 2 Copper in Edo-Period Japan - Imai Noriko 3 The Akita Domain and Osaka Merchant Houses at the Time of the Establishment of the Meiwa Copper Agency - Iwasaki Yoshinori 4 “There’s Method in the Madness”: A New Approach to the Early Modern Sino-Japanese Copper Trade - Keiko Nagase-Reimer 5 Copper Administratioin Reform and Copper Imports from Japan in the Qianlong Reign of the Qing Dynasty - Liu Shiuh-Feng 6 The Trade in Dried Marine Products from Nagasaki to China during the Edo Period - Matsuura Akira 7 The Import of Chinese Sugar in the Nagasaki Junk Trade and Its Impact - Matsuura Akira 8 Imports and Exports of Books by Chinese Junks in the Edo Period - Matsuura Akira References Index of Names Index of Places

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Book SynopsisIn Globalization and the Colonial Origins of the Great Divergence Pim de Zwart examines the Dutch East India Company’s intercontinental trade and its effects on living standards in various regions on the edges of the Indian Ocean in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Contrary to conventional views, De Zwart finds significant evidence of the integration of global commodity markets, an important dimension of globalization, before the 1800s. The effects of this globalization, and the associated colonialism, were diverse and could vary between and within regions. As globalization and colonialism affected patterns of economic development across the globe they played a part in the rise of global economic inequality, known as the ‘Great Divergence’, in the early modern period.Table of ContentsPreface ... vii List of Figures, Tables and Maps ... viii 1 Introduction ... 1 2 Early Modern Globalization ... 31 3 Prices and Consumption Patterns ... 78 4 Wages and the Standard of Living ... 118 5 Population, Households and Labour Markets ... 152 6 Conclusion ... 195 Appendices Appendix 1: Weights and Measures ... 207 Appendix 2: Coins and Silver Values ... 210 Appendix 3: Kcal and Protein ... 213 Appendix 4: Creating the Price Series ... 214 Appendix 5: An Alternative Method for Dealing with Gaps in the Price Data ... 232 Appendix 6: The Wage Data ... 235 Appendix 7: Estimating Population Trends for Ceylon ... 248 Appendix 8: Occupational Structure of Ceylon ... 254 Bibliography ... 257 Index ... 284

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Book SynopsisThe Economy of Medieval Hungary is the first concise, English-language volume about the economic life of medieval Hungary. It is a product of the cooperation of specialists representing various disciplines of medieval studies, including archaeologists, archaeozoologists, specialists in medieval demography, historical hydrologists, climate and environmental historians, as well as archivists and church historians. The twenty-five chapters of the book focus on structures of medieval economy, different means and ways of human-nature interactions in production, and offer an overview of the different spheres of economic life, with a particular emphasis on taxation, income and commercial activity. Thanks to its interdisciplinary character, this volume is a basic handbook for the history of economy, production and material culture. Contributors are Krisztina Arany, László Bartosiewicz, Zoltán Batizi, Anna Zsófia Biller, Péter Csippán, László Daróczi-Szabó, Márta Daróczi-Szabó, István Draskóczy, István Feld, László Ferenczi, Erika Gál, Márton Gyöngyössy, István Kenyeres, István Kováts, András Kubinyi, Kyra Lyublyanovics, Árpád Nógrády, Éva Ágnes Nyerges, István Petrovics, Zsolt Pinke, Beatrix F. Romhányi, Katalin Szende, László Szende, Magdolna Szilágyi, Csaba Tóth, and Boglárka Weisz.Trade Review''The present volume provides a general introduction to the economic history of medieval Hungary. It serves as starting point for further investigations focused on more specific issues of economic history in general''. - Peter Bučko, in: The Czech Historical Review, 3 (2019). "The book’s perspective is panoramic, multidimensional, and precise[…] a gold mine of knowledge, lucidly presented, about the economic life of the Kingdom of Hungary. It fully merits the status of obligatory reading, for medieval historians in general—including, but also well beyond, those specializing in this subject. In addition, the book contains a trove of evidence useful for a comparative history of the economy of the medieval world". Grzegorz Myśliwski, in: Speculum, 95, 3 (2020). "This is why this large book, edited by József Laszlovszky, Balázs Nagy, Péter Szabó nd András Vadas, is important, for it offers a guide to what is actually taken for granted by Hungarian scholars; it is, finally, a way into the economic history of the whole period between c.900, with the Magyar invasion, and 1526, with the defeat of Louis II in battle against the Ottomans. [...] You cannot do without this book if you want to know about the economy of (particularly late medieval) central Europe as a whole." Chris Wickham in English Historical Review, CXXXV. 573, April 2020 (doi:10.1093/ehr/ceaa013). "...ova knjiga predstavlja a must read za sve povjesničare i amatere povijesti koji se bave nekim od aspekata bilo gospodarske povijesti, bilo ekohistorije ili pak historijske geografije ove regije u srednjemu vijeku." (…this book is a must-read for all historians, all those who are interested in history and who deal with some aspects of economic, ecological history or historical geography of this region in the Middle Ages.) Petra Vručina in Povijesni prilozi 57:159-162. "Der anzuzeigende Band stellt die erste umfassende Gesamtdarstellung der Wirtschaftsgeschichte des mittelalter lichen Königreichs Ungarn in englischer Sprache dar. Das Werk ist ein hochwillkommener Überblick für Studierende und Forscherinnen, die des Ungarischen nicht mächtig sind. Sein Verdienst geht jedoch weit darüber hinaus. Die Hrsg. haben 30 Spezialist*innen unterschiedlicher Fachrichtungen versammelt(neben der mittelalterlichen Geschichte sind Archäologie, Archäozoologie, Demografie, Hydrologie und Numismatik sowie verschiedene historische Teildisziplinen wie die Umwelt und Klimageschichte vertreten). Das Ergebnis dieser interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit überzeugt durchweg". Alexandra Kaar, in Journal of East Central European Studies 69 (3), 2020.Table of ContentsNote on Names Acknowledgements List of Figures and Tables Abbreviations Notes on Contributors Introduction: Hungarian Medieval Economic History: Sources, Research and Methodology  József Laszlovszky, Balázs Nagy, Péter Szabó and András Vadas Part 1 Structure 1 Long-Term Environmental Changes in Medieval Hungary: Changes in Settlement Areas and Their Potential Drivers  László Ferenczi, József Laszlovszky, Zsolt Pinke, Péter Szabó and András Vadas 2 Demographic Issues in Late Medieval Hungary: Population, Ethnic Groups, Economic Activity  András Kubinyi and József Laszlovszky 3 Mobility, Roads and Bridges in Medieval Hungary  Magdolna Szilágyi Part 2 Human-Nature Interaction in Production 4 Agriculture in Medieval Hungary  József Laszlovszky 5 Animal Exploitation in Medieval Hungary  László Bartosiewicz, Anna Zsófia Biller, Péter Csippán, László Daróczi-Szabó, Márta Daróczi-Szabó, Erika Gál, István Kováts, Kyra Lyublyanovics and Éva Ágnes Nyerges 6 Mining in Medieval Hungary  Zoltán Batizi 7 Salt Mining and Trade in Hungary before the Mongol Invasion  Beatrix F. Romhányi 8 Salt Mining and the Salt Trade in Medieval Hungary from the mid-Thirteenth Century until the End of the Middle Ages  István Draskóczy 9 The Extent and Management of Woodland in Medieval Hungary  Péter Szabó 10 Water Management in Medieval Hungary  László Ferenczi Part 3 Money, Incomes and Management 11 Royal Revenues in the Árpádian Age  Boglárka Weisz 12 Seigneurial Dues and Taxation Principles in Late Medieval Hungary  Árpád Nógrády 13 Minting, Financial Administration and Coin Circulation in Hungary in the Árpádian and Angevin Periods (1000–1387)  Csaba Tóth 14 Coinage and Financial Administration in Late Medieval Hungary (1387–1526)  Márton Gyöngyössy Part 4 Spheres of Production 15 The Ecclesiastic Economy in Medieval Hungary  Beatrix F. Romhányi 16 The Urban Economy in Medieval Hungary  Katalin Szende 17 The Medieval Market Town and Its Economy  István Petrovics 18 Crafts in Medieval Hungary  László Szende 19 The Economy of Castle Estates in the Late Medieval Kingdom of Hungary  István Kenyeres Part 5 Trade Relations 20 Domestic Trade in the Árpádian Age  Boglárka Weisz 21 Professional Merchants and the Institutions of Trade: Domestic Trade in Late Medieval Hungary  András Kubinyi 22 Import Objects as Sources of the Economic History of Medieval Hungary  István Feld 23 Foreign Trade of Medieval Hungary  Balázs Nagy 24 Foreign Business Interests in Hungary in the Middle Ages  Krisztina Arany Appendix List of References Index of Geographic Names Index of Personal Names

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Book SynopsisThis book follows the renovation of European economic history towards a more unified interpretation of sources of growth and stagnation. It looks at Portuguese agricultural development across the second Millennium, showing a sector that was often adaptive and dynamic. Portugal’s economic backwardness was not overcome at the end of the period, but that is now only part of the story.Trade Review"A pioneering collaborative effort, based largely on a rich but 'hidden' literature in Portuguese. It opens the distinctive and fascinating history of Portuguese agriculture over a millennium to the outside world." – Cormac O’ Grada, University College Dublin "This book is a very significant contribution to the economic history of Europe.Since the formation of Portugal to the present, it offers a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of Portuguese agriculture by the best specialists in the subject." – Vicente Pinilla, University of ZaragozaTable of ContentsList of Maps, Tables and Graphs Notes on the Contributors Introduction Dulce Freire and Pedro Lains Part I – State formation and Malthusian growth Chapter 1 – The Reconquista and its legacy, 1000-1348 António Henriques Introduction The Reconquista Institutional developments Cities, markets and agrotowns Production and productivity Conclusion Chapter 2 – The Black Death and recovery, 1348-1500 Ana Maria S. A. Rodrigues Introduction Plague, war and demographic decline The reversal of fortunes Commercialization The impact of the overseas expansion Conclusion Part II – New frontiers, crisis and growth Chapter 3 – Coping with Europe and the Empire, 1500-1620 Susana Münch Miranda Introduction Population pressure and urban expansion Institutional framework and output cycles The landscape and the production structure The marketplace Conclusion Chapter 4 – Conflict and decline, 1620-1703 Margarida Sobral Neto Introduction Domestic settlements and emigration Colonial trade Subsistence farming and the market Output cycles Conclusion Chapter 5 – Extensive growth and market expansion, 1703-1820 José Vicente Serrão Introduction The rural landscape The macroeconomic context Grain issues Property rights Conclusion Chapter 6 – Gross agricultural output: a quantitative, unified perspective, 1500-1850 Jaime Reis Introduction Method and data Trend, cycles and short term fluctuations Are the results consistent? Conclusion Part III – Growth, structural change and economic policy Chapter 7 – Growth and structural change, 1820-1929 Amélia Branco and Ester G. Silva Introduction Land, output and productivity Institutional change Agrarian innovation Conclusion Chapter 8 – Economic policy, growth and the demise, 1929-2000 Luciano Amaral and Dulce Freire Introduction Quantitative evolution Protectionism State and corporatist organizations The Common Agricultural Policy Conclusion Part IV – Lessons from the second Millennium Chapter 9 – Agriculture and economic development on the European frontier, 1000-2000 Pedro Lains Introduction Lessons from the European frontier Convergence and divergence in European agriculture Conclusion Appendix – Maps and data for climate, relief, administrative divisions, urbanization, agricultural output and infrastructures in Portugal, 1000-2000 Index

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Book SynopsisIn The Political Economy of Indigo in India, 1580-1930: A Global Perspective Ghulam A. Nadri explores the dynamics of the indigo industry and trade from a long-term perspective and examines the local and global forces that affected the potentialities of production in India and elsewhere and caused periods of boom and slump in the industry. Using the commodity chains conceptual framework he examines the stages in the trajectory of indigo from production to consumption. Nadri shows convincingly that the growth or decline in indigo production and trade in India was a part of the global processes of production, trade, and consumption and that indigo as a global commodity was embedded in the politics of empire and colonial expansion.Trade Review"The book’s unique merit lies in shedding light on the early modern history of indigo that scholars have thus far passed over. There are a number of assertions on the history of indigo production on the Indian subcontinent going back to antiquity, but not until this book has there been any systematic study of this history in any era other than the modern, except in broader studies of oceanic trade by economic historians of the previous generation. Nadri has to be commended for dwelling on an uncharted chronology of the history of indigo on the subcontinent. His detailed consultation of Dutch archives and of scattered Persian archives in this regard is praiseworthy. [...] Nadri’s book entices other scholars to follow the lead he has provided." - Prakash Kumar, Pennsylvania State University, in: Economic History Review, 70, 2 (2017) "[...] Nadri’s relentless comparative commodity chain framework conceptual approach represents an important contribution to the growing corpus of new scholarship at the intersection of tradition and modernity, state and economy, and the local and global in South Asia. The chapters on the making of the world market and the political economy of indigo in particular are required reading for anyone interested in early modern and colonial India in the contexts of modernization, colonial capitalism, and globalization (or rather ‘glocalization’)." - Markus Vink, The State University of New York at Fredonia, in:The Mariner's Mirror, 103:3, pp. 353-354Table of ContentsGeneral Editor’s Foreword ... vii Acknowledgements ... x List of Illustrations ... xii List of Abbreviations and Short Titles ... xiv Currency, Weights, and Measures ... xvi Glossary ... xvii Introduction ... 1 1 The Making of Indigo: Cultivation and Manufacture ... 12 2 From Manufactory to Market: Logistics and Commerce ... 61 3 The Indigo Trade: Local and Global Demand ... 85 4 The Making of the World Market: Indigo Commodity Chains ... 124 5 The Political Economy of Indigo: States, Merchants, and Producers ... 154 Conclusions ... 192 Appendices 1 Annual Volumes (in Dutch pounds) and Values (in guilders) of the voc’s Indigo Exports from Surat, 1619–1742 ... 197 2 Quantities and Values of Annual Indigo Sales by the voc, 1642–1765 ... 200 3 Indigo Sale Prices (stivers/pound) in Amsterdam, 1695–1760 ... 206 4 Quantities (in lb.) of Indigo Exported by the eic from Surat/Bombay, 1615–1729 ... 208 5 Values (in rupees) of Annual Indigo Exports from India, 1795/96–1933/34 ... 211 6 Quantities (in Dutch pounds) and Values (in guilders) of voc’s Exports of Java Indigo to the Dutch Republic, 1704–1781 ... 216 7 Values (in guilder) and Volumes (in kilogram) of Indigo Exports from Java, 1824–1873 ... 217 8 Indigo Prices (rupees per man and stivers per Dutch pound) in India, 1609–1757 ... 219 9 Indigo Prices in Calcutta (rupees/factory man) and London (pence/lb.), 1843–1921 ... 221 Bibliography ... 223 Index ... 240

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Book SynopsisBased on Guilliam Forchondt’s surviving business documentation in Antwerp and applying an aggregate and data-driven approach, Connecting Art Markets focuses on the role of art dealers in mediating the supply and demand for art, behaving in particular ways as to influence the markets for artworks in which they were strategically invested. Van Ginhoven presents her findings on Guilliam Forchondt’s workshop production volumes and transatlantic art trade flows, and evaluates the relationship between the production of paintings in the Southern Netherlands, their local, regional and overseas distribution channels, and the markets for these works in Europe and the Americas during the seventeenth century.Trade Review"This study, the first publication in Brill’s new series Studies in the History of Collecting and Art Markets, is an excellent example of economic and digital art historical research in which statistics and visualizations are used very effectively to contribute novel insights to historical debates." Claartje Rasterhoff, Amsterdam University "... Sandra van Ginhoven’s Connecting Art Markets. Guilliam Forchondt’s Dealership in Antwerp (c.1632–78) and the Overseas Paintings Trade, carried out with the utmost scholarly care and creativity and vividly written, is a resounding accomplishment. It is, basically, art market studies at its best, and thus an excellent and inspiring kickoff of the new Studies in the History of Collecting & Art Markets series edited by Getty’s Christian Huemer." Koenraad Brosens, University of Leuven For the full review see https://www.artmarketstudies.org/brosens-koenraad-review-of-sandra-van-ginhovens-connecting-art-markets

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Book SynopsisEarthly Delights brings together a number of substantial and original scholarly studies by international scholars currently working on the history of food in the Ottoman Empire and East-Central Europe. It offers new empirical research, as well as surveys of the state of scholarship in this discipline, with special emphasis on influences, continuities and discontinuities in the culinary cultures of the Ottoman Porte, the Balkans and East-Central Europe between the 17th and 19th centuries. Some contributions address economic aspects of food provision, the development and trans-national circulation of individual dishes, and the role of merchants, diplomats and travellers in the transmission of culinary trends. Others examine the role of food in the construction of national and regional identities in contact zones where local traditions merged or clashed with imperial (Ottoman, Habsburg) and West-European influences.Trade Review"Angela Jianu and the late Violeta Barbu have brought together a wide variety of articles on the history of food in the post-medieval period up to the eve of the First World War. Divided into five distinct parts (on “Flavours, Tastes and Culinary Exchanges,” “Ingredients and Kitchen,” “Cities,” “Cooking” and “Representations,”) it offers detailed empirical investigations as well as new scholarship." Cathie Carmichael, in Acta Slavica Iaponica (2021) "Overall, Earthly Delights presents an intriguing and critically important collection of studies. The volume is well organized [... ] Earthly Delights is an essential read for any historian of food, especially a historian focusing on the seventeenth century and later periods.' Karel Černý, in Hungarian Historical Review "While anthropologists and ethnographers have developed a “taste” for research on social and cultural dimensions of food long time ago, history of food is a relatively new domain for historians. [...] In sum, this work is a valuable contribution to the study of food and the formation of regional and national identities through material culture, symbolic rituals, stratified consumption, and cultural representations. It provides a contextual look at redefining the notion of prosperity through social attachments to food. Furthermore, the book contributes to de-centering the research on west European cuisine. By offering such transnational readings to a variety of social contexts involving shared cuisine, the authors promote not only academic dialogue, but also address social interconnectedness in a novel way and suggest new venues for research." Evguenia Davidova in the Slavic Review 2019, pp 821-822 “Earthly Delights may be considered the first in-depth volume on the topic, gathering important contributions on culinary practices, types of food, cookbooks, attitudes to nutrition, and regional patterns of influence in southeastern Europe”. Laurenţiu Rădvan, University of Iaşi, in: Studii şi Materiale de Istorie Medie (2018)

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Book SynopsisThe history of customs duties reflects the development of the Qing fiscal system, especially in its transition from a rather traditional to a more modern economy. Mainly based on Qing archives, this book, the first research monograph on this subject in the English language, not only gives a brief introduction of each customs post’s transformation over time, but also provides the complete statistical data of each of these post over the Qing dynasty. Contributors are: Bas van Leeuwen, Bozhong Li, Maaten Duijvendak, Martin Uebele, Peter Foldvari, Yi Xu.Table of ContentsForeword ... ix Bozhong LI Foreword ... xiv Maarten DUIJVENDAK Emperors of the Qing Dynasty ... xvii List of Maps, Figures and Tables ... xviii List of Abbreviations ... xxiii List of Chinese Terms ... xxiv About the Guan (Customs Offfijice) ... xxvi Introduction ... 1 1 Research Approach ... 5 1.1 Previous Research ... 5 1.2 Data Sources ... 7 2 The System of Customs Duties under the Qing Dynasty ... 11 2.1 The System of Customs Duties in Traditional China ... 11 2.2 The Changguan System of the Qing ... 14 2.3 Policy Adjustments ... 17 2.4 Rate of Taxation and Surtaxes ... 23 2.5 Yangguan ... 31 3 Land Border Customs ... 34 3.1 Shanhai Guan ... 34 3.2 Zhangjiakou ... 37 3.3 Shahukou ... 40 3.4 Guihuacheng ... 42 3.5 Dajianlu ... 44 3.6 Fenghuangcheng Zhongjiang ... 45 3.7 Fengtian Niuma Shui ... 46 3.8 Wu Chang and Xun Chang ... 47 3.9 Chihli Pantaokou ... 49 3.10 Other Ports ... 50 3.11 Summary ... 52 4 Grand Canal and Yangtze River Customs ... 54 4.1 Chongwenmen ... 54 4.2 Zuoyi and Youyi ... 56 4.3 Zuoliangtin ... 61 4.4 Huai’an Guan ... 62 4.5 Hushu Guan ... 65 4.6 Yangzhou Guan ... 67 4.7 Wuhu Guan ... 69 4.8 Fengyang Guan ... 71 4.9 Longjiang Guan and Xixing Guan ... 74 4.10 Jiujiang Guan ... 78 4.11 Gan Guan ... 79 4.12 Beixin Guan and Nanxin Guan ... 82 4.13 Linqin Guan ... 85 4.14 Taiping Guan ... 88 4.15 Wuchang Guan ... 90 4.16 Jingzhou Guan and Hubei Xinguan ... 92 4.17 Kui Guan and Yu Guan ... 95 4.18 Summary ... 98 5 Coastal Customs ... 100 5.1 Tianjin Guan ... 100 5.2 Tianjin Haiguan ... 102 5.3 Jianghai Guan ... 103 5.4 Zhehai Guan ... 106 5.5 Minhai Guan ... 108 5.6 Yuehai Changguan (after 1861) ... 110 5.7 Donghai Guan ... 111 5.8 Brief Summary ... 112 6 Yangguan ... 114 6.1 Yuehai Guan (before 1861) ... 115 6.2 Jianghai Yangguan (1844–1861) ... 117 6.3 Zhehai Yangguan (1844–1861) ... 118 6.4 Xiamen and Fuzhou Yangguan (1844–1861) ... 119 6.5 Yangguan (after 1861) ... 120 6.6 Brief Summary ... 124 7 Customs Duties and the Economy ... 128 7.1 Changguan and Yangguan ... 128 7.2 Huguan and Gongguan ... 138 7.3 Influence of Population Growth and Inflation ... 152 8 Conclusion ... 167 Postscript ... 171 Appendix A – Customs Revenues Collected at Changguan, 1723–1910 ... 173 Appendix B – Customs Revenue Data for Yuhei Guan, 1723–1911 ... 211 Appendix C – Customs Revenues Collected at Yangguan, 1844–1910 ... 212 References ... 220 Index ... 227

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Book SynopsisIn The Danish Slave Trade and Its Abolition, Erik Gøbel offers an account of the well-documented Danish transatlantic slave trade. Denmark was the seventh-largest slave-trading nation with forts and factories on the Gold Coast and a colony in the Virgin Islands. The comprehensive Danish archival material provides the basis for Gøbel’s descriptions of the volume and composition of the slave trade and trade cargoes, as well as the shipping and conditions on board along the Middle Passage. Attention is also paid to the 1791 Danish Slave Trade Commission report and the final decision to abolish the slave trade altogether. *The Danish Slave Trade and Its Abolitionis now available in paperback for individual customers.Table of ContentsTable of Contents List of Illustrations List of Diagrams List of Tables Preface Part One: The Danish Slave Trade 1. Introduction 2. Volume and Composition of the Slave Trade and the Trade Cargoes 3. Transatlantic Slave Trade Shipping 4. Slave Trade in the Danish West Indies and in Asia Part Two: Abolition of the Atlantic Slave Trade 5. Prelude in Denmark prior to 1792 6. Ernst Schimmelmann 7. The Slave Trade Commission and its Report, 1791 8. The Abolition Edict, 1792 9. Transitional Period, 1792–1802 10. Developments after 1803 11. Conclusion Part Three: Sources The Slave Trade Commission’s Report, 1791 The Abolition Edict, 1792 Bibliography Abbreviations Index

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Book SynopsisThe Danube has been a border and a bridge for migrants and goods since antiquity. Between the 17th and the 19th centuries, commercial networks were formed between the Ottoman Empire and Central and Eastern Europe creating diaspora communities. This gradually led to economic and cultural transfers connecting the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, and the Continental world of commerce. The contributors to the present volume offer different perspectives on commerce and entrepreneurship based on the interregional treaties of global significance, on cultural and ecclesiastical relations, population policy and demographical aspects. Questions of identity, family, and memory are in the centre of several chapters as they interact with the topographic and socio-anthropological territoriality of all the regions involved. Contributors are: Constantin Ardeleanu, Iannis Carras, Lidia Cotovanu, Lyubomir Georgiev, Olga Katsiardi-Hering, Dimitrios Kontogeorgis, Nenad Makuljević, Ikaros Mantouvalos, Anna Ransmayr, Vaso Seirinidou, Maria A. Stassinopoulou.Trade ReviewMaria Christina Chatziioannou has written a book review in: Mnimon 35 (2016), 435-440, which can be read here.Table of ContentsList of Illustrations ... vii Introduction ... 1 Olga Katsiardi-Hering and Maria A. Stassinopoulou Part 1: Routes and Spaces 1 Greek Immigrants in Central Europe: A Concise Study of Migration Routes from the Balkans to the Territories of the Hungarian Kingdom (From the Late 17th to the Early 19th Centuries) ... 25 Ikaros Mantouvalos 2 Migrations and the Creation of Orthodox Cultural and Artistic Networks between the Balkans and the Habsburg Lands (17th–19th Centuries) ... 54 Nenad Makuljević 3 Connecting Migration and Identities: Godparenthood, Surety and Greeks in the Russian Empire (18th – Early 19th Centuries) ... 65 Iannis Carras Part 2: Greeks in Vienna: A Close Reading 4 Greek Migration in Vienna (18th – First Half of the 19th Century): A Success Story? ... 113 Vaso Seirinidou 5 Greek Presence in Habsburg Vienna: Heyday and Decline ... 135 Anna Ransmayr 6 Endowments as Instruments of Integration and Memory in an Urban Environment: The Panadi Building in Vienna ... 171 Maria A. Stassinopoulou Part 3: Old Settlements, Nation States, New Networks 7 In Search of the Promised Land. Bulgarian Settlers in the Banat (18th–19th Centuries) ... 193 Lyubomir Klimentov Georgiev 8 ‘Chasing Away the Greeks’: The Prince-State and the Undesired Foreigners (Wallachia and Moldavia between the 16th and 18th Centuries) ... 215 Lidia Cotovanu 9 Foreign Migrant Communities in the Danubian Ports of Brăila and Galaţi (1829–1914) ... 253 Constantin Ardeleanu 10 From Tolerance to Exclusion? The Romanian Elites’ Stance towards Immigration to the Danubian Principalities (1829– 1880s) ... 275 Dimitrios M. Kontogeorgis Selected Bibliography ... 303 Index ... 315

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Book Synopsis“When thinking about modern China’s chemical industry, forget not Fan Xudong,” so declared Mao Zedong publicly after 1949. Although Mao might have united front politics in mind when invoking Fan as a paragon of the national bourgeoisie, why would the chairman praise a champion of private enterprise? How did Fan Xudong and his colleagues build Yongli from scratch into one of the largest industrial conglomerates in modern China amid predatory foreign competition and domestic strife? What were his secrets of success? Drawing from company documents, government archives, and personal correspondences, this book traces Yongli’s birth, growth, nationalization, and how Fan and his colleagues pursued a third path of national development between for-profit private enterprise and state ownership.Table of ContentsList of Abbreviations Acknowledgments Introduction Chapter 1: Founding Chapter 2: Salt in, Salt out Chapter 3: Tolerable for All? Chapter 4: The Politics and Economics of Ammonium Sulfate Chapter 5: Creative Financing and Reorganization Chapter 6: At War Chapter 7: Dilemmas Chapter 8: Crisis and Nationalization Postscript Appendices Glossary Selected Bibliography

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Book SynopsisSeventeenth-century Dutch and Flemish paintings were aesthetic, intellectual, and economic touchstones in the Parisian art world of the Revolutionary era, but their importance within this framework, while frequently acknowledged, never attracted much subsequent attention. Darius A. Spieth’s inquiry into Revolutionary Paris and the Market for Netherlandish Art reveals the dominance of “Golden Age” pictures in the artistic discourse and sales transactions before, during, and after the French Revolution. A broadly based statistical investigation, undertaken as part of this study, shows that the upheaval reduced prices for Netherlandish paintings by about 55% compared to the Old Regime, and that it took until after the July Revolution of 1830 for art prices to return where they stood before 1789.Trade Review"This is an important addition to the literature on the art market in Paris, covering a new area of the subject and linking the taste for Dutch and Flemish paintings of the eighteenth century to that of the later-nineteenth." Adriana Turpin, The Society for the History of Collecting, July 2018Table of ContentsAcknowledgements Foreword  Marc Fumaroli List of Illustrations A Note on Currencies 1 From Eyesores to Blue Chip Art  Origins of the Parisian Marketplace for Netherlandish Painting  Art Publications and the Dissemination of Information  France as International Tastemaker for Golden Age Art After 1740  Royal Collections and Northern Masters, 1777–1792  The Twilight of the Auction Business, 1775–1825  The Fate of Golden Age Art Under Terror and Inflation  The Louvre and the “Artistic Conquests” in Belgium and the Netherlands  The Post-Revolutionary Market for Netherlandish Art  The Expanding Mass Market for Copies and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie  Golden Age Art and Popular Culture  Netherlandish versus Italian Art  The Parisian Apartment – a Bourgeois Space for Art 2 On the Art of Surviving the Revolution: Jean-Baptiste Pierre Lebrun  Art Dealer to the Ancien Régime’s Elite, 1776–1789  Painful Adjustments, 1789–1795  Co-Conspirator of Jacques-Louis David, 1792–1794  From The Ministry of Finance to the Louvre, 1794–1799  A Long Good-Bye from the Louvre, 1799–1803  A Difficult Comeback as Dealer-Expert, 1801–1804  Deceptions of the Napoleonic Age, 1807–1813 3 A Long Good Bye to the Palais Royal: The Northern Pictures in the Orléans Collection  The Art Collections in the Palais Royal until 1780  Inside the Art Deal of the Century  The Netherlandish Pictures of the Palais Royal Collection  A Look Inside the Galeries De Bois 4 Liberty’s Toll on Beauty’s Price  Myths and Realities of the Parisian Auction Market in the 1790s  Turnover of the Parisian Art Auction Market and its Economic Context, ca. 1775–1850  The Evolution of Prices for Netherlandish Art in Revolutionary Paris  Bidding Wars: The Picture Trade with Great Britain  The “Guilty Industry” and Netherlandish Art 5 Netherlandish Art in France: A History of Taste and Money across Three Centuries  Poussinists versus Rubenists  The Marquis D’argens and Academic Prejudices Against Northern Art  The Re-Evaluation of Netherlandish Aesthetics from David to Thoré  The Politicization of Nehterlandish Art in the Nineteenth Century  Class, Taste, and the First Art Price Rankings Appendix Bibliography Photograph Credits Index

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Book SynopsisFocusing on the hybrid maritime world of Hong Kong, Pearl River Delta and West River in the last two decades of the late Qing period, this work tells a vivid trading and competition story of previously unknown private Chinese traders and junk masters. This challenges the prevailing view of the domination of China’s maritime trade by modern foreign steamships. Making use of unpublished Kowloon Maritime Customs and British diplomatic records in the late 19th and early 20th century, Henry Sze Hang Choi convincingly shows how these private Chinese traders flexibly adopted to the foreign-dominated maritime customs agencies and treaty port system in defending their Chinese homeland stronghold against the invasion of foreign economic power.Table of ContentsContents Preface List of Maps, Illustrations, Tables and Diagrams Notes on English Spelling of Chinese Place Names Conversion Table of Currency 1 Introduction 2 Chinese Junks and Foreign Steamships in Canton River Delta  2.1 What were Chinese Junks?  2.2 Cost Differences between Junks, Steamships and Railway  2.3 The Maritime Trade of Canton River Delta and Hong Kong  2.4 Conclusion 3 The West River  3.1 The Survey Trips of the West River before Its Opening  3.2 James Legge’s Trip of the West River  3.3 Tourist Tours in Canton and the West River  3.4 The Unsolved Difficulties for Foreign Commercial Travelers  3.5 The Question of Inland Steam Navigation on the West River  3.6 The West River Trade  3.7 Conclusion 4 Hybrid Chinese Shipping: Foreign-Flagged Chinese Junks and Chinese Steam Tugs  4.1 The Establishment of the Kowloon Customs and the Regulation of Chinese Junks from 1887  4.2 The Problem of Foreign-Flagged Chinese Junks before the Mackay Treaty  4.3 The Mackay Treaty of 1902  4.4 The Continuous Plying of Foreign-Flagged Junks between Hong Kong and Canton after the Mackay Treaty  4.5 Foreign-Flagged Steamers in Chinese Waters  4.6 The Problems of Chinese Steam Launches and Steam Tugs  4.7 Case Study: Tai Li Steam Launch  4.8 Conclusion 5 Piracy and Shipping Strategies on the West River  5.1 Piracy on the West River  5.2 Measures to Suppress Piracy on the West River  5.3 The Case of S.S. Sainam Piracy  5.4 Conclusion 6 Epilogue: Years after 1910 Appendices A Revised Inland Steam Navigation Regulations, 1898 B The Excerpt of the Mackay Treaty, 1902 C Schedule A of Chinese Passengers Act of 1855 D Prospectus and Regulations of the Swatow Ch’ao-yang and Kit-yang Steam Launch Company Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThis study offers the first complete overview of the remarkable public finances of the Dutch Republic of the United Provinces. Wantje Fritschy has analysed the development and structure of its public revenue and expenditure. She argues that a ‘tax revolution’ and the ‘fiscal resilience’ of the provinces together were more important for its surprising performance than Holland’s public debt alone, and the institutional and economic characteristics of its ‘urban system’ were more important than wealth due to foreign trade. Comparisons with the fiscal systems of three more centralized states - the Venetian Republic, Britain and the Ottoman Empire - underline the crucial importance of long-term ‘urbanization trajectories’ in understanding early-modern fiscal performance. It was not because it was federal that the Dutch Republic collapsed.Trade Review"The book is one of the most outstanding results of a long sequence of research that has seen the publication of important works and fundamental datasets on the Dutch public finance during the Ancien Regime. [...] The book is a splendid example of the passion of a scholar who has spent many years in researching and thinking". Luciano Pezzolo, in TIJDSCHRIFT SOCIALE & ECON.GESCHIEDENIS 16 (1), 2019.Table of ContentsLIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PREFACE GENERAL INTRODUCTION The question at stake Possible answers Political institutions Mentality Economic factors ‘Urban systems’ and state formation The approach of this book The structure of this book PART ONE The development of the fiscal system of the Dutch Republic Introduction: a new state 0.1 The Union of Utrecht: the start of a new state? 0.2 Historical backgrounds and institutional characteristics From Revolt to Republic The institutional legacy of the Habsburgs The States General, Holland, the Council of State and the stadholder The fiscal articles of the Union of Utrecht 0.3 The concept ‘public finance of the Dutch Republic’, the data and the estimates Public finance of and in the Dutch Republic The reliability of data and estimates 1. Financing the first phase of the revolt against Spain (1566-1572) 1.1 Calvinist donations and the credit of the Prince of Orange 1.2 A prince in search of new sources of finance 1.3 The first financial decisions of the ‘free’ States of Holland 1.4 Conclusion 2. From under-taxed part of an empire to heavily taxed republi 2.1 Holland and the Spanish Empire Holland’s fiscal system under the Habsburgs Alva’s attempt at centralization Castile’s fiscal system 2.2 The development of Holland’s fiscal system until 1609 The increasing amounts needed for the war Holland’s ‘tax revolution’ Direct and indirect taxes The tax burden before and after the Revolt Loans as a source of revenue: ‘short’ term obligations and long term annuities Holland’s ‘real’ financial revolution Holland’s fiscal system at the start of the Twelve Years Truce 2.3 The other provinces The importance of Zeeland The ‘general means’ and the States General The ‘general means’ and the provinces: urban resistance and urban acceptance The ‘quotas-system’ and the fiscal performance of the provinces 2.4 The financial scope of the ‘Generality’ Former royal domains and other confiscated property as sources of public revenue Foreign financial support Generality taxes Generality-loans Privateers booty and customs (‘convooien en licenten’) 2.5 Conclusion 3. Public finance of the Dutch Republic in the 17th and 18 th centuries 3.1 The increasing public expenditure of the Dutch Republic War expenditure Debt service Other public expenditure 3.2 The resilience of the provincial revenue systems The ‘institutional structure’ of the public revenue of the Republic The ‘social-economic structure’ of the public revenue of the provinces Price-increasing taxes on general consumption and tax riots Price-increasing indirect taxes on ‘luxury’ consumption The increasing role of direct taxation The ‘tax morale’ of Dutch citizens The tax burden in Holland and in Overijssel ‘Capital’ or ‘coercion’: the role of loans in Dutch war finance A comparison with the centralized tax system of 1807 3.3 Conclusion PART TWO The fiscal system of the Dutch Republic in international comparative perspective Introduction 4. A comparison with the Venetian Republic 4.1 Common characteristics and long term differences Much in common Differing long term domestic developments Another maritime state and its ‘Year of Disaster’ 4.2 ‘Survive and prosper on the cheap’ The structure of public expenditure A ‘peaceful republic’ and an ‘expenditure bottom’? 4.3 Taxation in a centralized and a federal urbanized republic Differences in public revenue and in wealth The fiscal contributions of ‘centre ’ and ‘periphery’ in the two republics 4.4 Differing debt developments ‘Mountains of debt’, forced loans and ‘citizenship’ Voluntary loans based on trust and private interest Debt sizes, interest burdens and interest rates Public banks and public loans in both republics 4.5 Conclusion 5. A comparison with Great Britain 5.1 The comparability of Britain and the Netherlands 5.2 National public finance: a long term perspective 5.3 Public expenditure in two maritime states Total public expenditure before and after c. 1690 A comparison of military expenditure before 1688 The structure of Dutch and British public expenditure since c. 1690 5.4 Public revenue in two commercial states Total public revenue compared Non-parliamentary and parliamentary taxation Customs in a large monarchy and a small republic Indirect taxation, urbanization and centralization The EIC, the VOC and public revenue 5.5 A comparison of loan financing and public debt Foreign merchants and the king’s subjects versus cities and citizens Downing and the Dutch example ‘1672’ in Britain The long road of Britain’s ‘financial revolution’ A quantitative comparison of the British and the Dutch public debt 5.6 Conclusion 6. A comparison with the Ottoman Empire 6.1 Two incomparable states Why was Ottoman public revenue so low? 6.2 Contrastive long term trajectories of state formation Contrasting population developments Contrasting patterns of land use ‘State-driven’ versus ‘economy-driven’ urbanization trajectories The consequences for public finance of different urbanization trajectories 6.3 A quantitative comparison of public revenue The extremely low level of state revenue in the Ottoman Empire The marginal importance of domestic indirect taxation ‘Coin clipping’ as a source of public revenue 6.4 Deficits, ‘advance payments’, advances and debt Iltizam The malikane-system The esham-system Public debts and the interest prohibition 6.5 Conclusion GENERAL CONCLUSION Epilogue APPENDIX: The taxes in the Dutch Republic ABBREVIATIONS PRIMARY SOURCES AND DATABASES REFERENCES INDEX

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Book SynopsisFabricating Modern Societies: Education, Bodies, and Minds in the Age of Steel, edited by Karin Priem and Frederik Herman, offers new interdisciplinary and transnational perspectives on the history of industrialization and societal transformation in early twentieth-century Luxembourg. The individual chapters focus on how industrialists addressed a large array of challenges related to industrialization, borrowing and mixing ideas originating in domains such as corporate identity formation, mediatization, scientification, technological innovation, mechanization, capitalism, mass production, medicalization, educationalization, artistic production, and social utopia, while competing with other interest groups who pursued their own goals. The book looks at different focus areas of modernity, and analyzes how humans created, mediated, and interacted with the technospheres of modern societies. Contributors: Klaus Dittrich, Irma Hadzalic, Frederik Herman, Enric Novella, Ira Plein, Françoise Poos, Karin Priem, and Angelo Van Gorp.Table of Contents Acknowledgments  List of Figures  List of Abbreviations  Notes on Contributors  Illustration Credits  Introduction  Karin Priem and Frederik Herman Part 1: Modeling Subjectivities 1 Machines, Masses, and Metaphors: The Visual Making of Industrial Work(ers) in Interwar Luxembourg  Ira Plein 2 Photography as a Space for Constructing Subjectivities: Luxembourg’s Steel Dynasties and the Modern Workforce As Seen Through the Glass Plate Negatives from the Institut Emile Metz  Françoise Poos 3 Buddhism, Business, and Red-Cross Diplomacy: Aline Mayrisch de Saint-Hubert’s Journeys to East Asia in the Interwar Period  Klaus Dittrich Part 2: Mapping Bodies and Senses 4 “Sensuous Geographies” in the “Age of Steel”: Educating Future Workers’ Bodies in Time and Space (1900–1940)  Karin Priem and Frederik Herman 5 The Eye of the Machine: Labor Sciences and the Mechanical Registration of the Human Body  Frederik Herman and Karin Priem Part 3: Engineering Social Change 6 Germs, Bodies, and Selves: Tuberculosis, Social Government, and the Promotion of Health-Conscious Behavior in the Early Twentieth Century  Enric Novella 7 Transatlantic Iron Connections: Education, Emotion, and the Making of a Productive Workforce in Minas Gerais, Brazil (ca. 1910–1960)  Irma Hadzalic 8 Requiem for Gary: Cultivating Wasteland in and beyond the “Age of Steel”  Angelo Van Gorp  Index

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Book SynopsisIn Submarine Telegraphy and the Hunt for Gutta Percha, Helen Godfrey traces the connections between submarine telegraphy and the peoples of Singapore and Sarawak (Borneo) who supplied 'gutta percha', the latex insulating the world network of undersea telegraph cables. The book examines the complex inter-relationships linking metropolitan and local environments in a trade once described as a matter of interest to the whole civilized world. Using previously untapped corporate and official archives, trade data and a rich documentary record, the study explores the roles of cable producers, scientists, administrators, and local Chinese and indigenous traders. It reveals how a global trade may transcend technological, geographic and cross-cultural challenges, even hostilities. Motivations and outcomes are more complex than simple commercial gain.Trade Review'[The book] is packed with informative graphs correlating the booms and busts in cable laying between 1850 and 1900 with trends in the trade in gutta percha and associated goods. Drawing on both anthropological literature and economists’ analyses of global commodity chains, [Godfrey] illuminates the very different meanings gutta percha acquired as it moved from the forests of Borneo to the cable factories of London before finally being laid to rest at the bottom of the sea. Godfrey devotes her opening chapters to sketching the history of the cable industry and the workings of the gutta percha markets in Singapore, but her real focus is on the forests and peoples of Sarawak. [...] That the global cable network of the Victorian era owed its existence in part to Iban headhunters’ pursuit of Chinese jars, is just one of the surprising insights to be gleaned from Godfrey’s fascinating book.' Bruce J. Hunt (University of Texas), in: Technology and Culture, Volume 61, Number 4, October 2020, pp. 1247-1248. 'In important ways, this book helps to further our understanding of Sarawak's economic development, building on seminal works by Daniel Chew and Ooi Keat Jin. But this thorough and perceptive study also encourages its readers to consider Sarawak's contribution to globalization through telegraphy and, therefore, to the contributions Sarawak and its people made to technological innovation and advancement. The care with Godfrey seeks to delineate both the material and the cultural of imagined factors involved in the gutta trade, and their intersection, provides a rare and welcome example of the cultural content and context of economic development being recognized. Intelligently illustrated, with informative diagrams and charts, Submarine Telegraphy and the Hunt for Gutta Percha makes a original and important contribution to our understanding of Sarawak history and, indeed, to Sarawak's contribution to World history. J.H. Walker (Honorary Visiting Fellow, School of Social Sciences, University of Western Australia), in: Borneo Research Bulletin, Volume 49, pp 313-316.Table of ContentsList of Illustrations Abbreviations Currency Values, Weights and Measurements Glossary Introduction Part 1: Submarine Telegraphy: The Forces of Science and Commerce 1 The Significance of Gutta Percha and the Rise of Submarine Telegraphy   Gutta Percha and its Significance   The Development and Significance of Submarine Telegraphy 2 Gutta Percha and the Challenge of Submarine Telegraphy   Gutta Percha and Submarine Telegraphy – The Early Years   Growth Years of Submarine Telegraphy and its Dependence upon Gutta Percha 3 The Rise and Challenges of the Gutta Percha Trade   The Lands of Plenty: Southeast Asia and Regional Trade   The European Hunt for Gutta Percha 4 Factory to Forest: Opportunity at the Periphery   Singapore and the Development of the Gutta Percha Trade   The Trade Comes to Sarawak via Singapore Part 2: Power, Profit and the Periphery 5 The Gutta Percha Trade of Sarawak   Sarawak, its People and the Brooke Administrations   Significance and Growth of the Gutta Percha Trade in Sarawak 6 Operation of the Gutta Percha Trade in Sarawak   The Trade Network   Overland Trade Paths   Trade Venues: Bazaars and Outports   Credit and Barter 7 Impact of the Gutta Percha Trade – Opportunity   Interaction with the External Market   The Changing Nature of Sarawak Imports   Prestige Goods or Pusaka 8 Impact of the Gutta Percha Trade – Change and Challenge   Monetization   Changing Social Relations and the Gutta Percha ‘Wars’ 9 Conclusions Appendix 1 Gutta Percha Appendix 2 Statistical Material References Index

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Book SynopsisThe monograph Actors of Globalization portrays a group of New York businessmen engaged in global trade from 1784 to 1812. It follows their businesses around the world and shows how through wit, flexibility, and the help of a worldwide net of business partners the merchants were able to quickly rise to global entrepreneurs speculating on wars, food crises and slave revolts. The ramifications of their commerce were felt at home, where the merchants invested in land and city development, established new financial institutions and contributed to a rising consumer culture. This book brings together global and local history, arguing that private actors played an important role in the economic and social development of the young United States.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements List of Illustrations Merchant Biographies Introduction   Globalization in History   The Merchants of the Study   Global History   Synopsis 1 A Global Merchant Class   Self-Made Businessmen   Merchant Networks 2 Global Entrepreneurs   The East Indies Trade   Indian Ocean Trade Networks   Commodities   Spanning a Net of Trade around the World—The Routes of the Ships Washington, America, and Sampson   Trade with Europe   The West Indies Trade   The Haitian Revolution   Commercial Politics 3 Local Spaces   New York City after Independence   Land Development   Finance and Industry   Community Leadership   Commercialization   A World of Goods Conclusion Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisIn this volume Guo Yongqin provides an overview of the most important taxes, land and labor tax, in Imperial Qing China (1644-1912). The previously unpublished fiscal sources presented in this volume give a tremendous amount of information about Qing society and economy, like the bureaucratic system, political institutions, economic inequality, and environmental conditions. The data is accompanied by a detailed introduction, offering a valuable resource for further research on how the standardized tax system performed and affected the Qing regime.Table of ContentsList of Figures and Tables Emperors of the Qing Dynasty Chinese Terms Introduction 1 The Land and Labor Tax in Qing China  1 Research Significance  2 Evolution and Reforms  3 The Financial Mechanisms and Economic Relevance  4 The Impact of Official Assessment on Land and Labor Tax 2 Spatial Features: Linking Geography to Economy Development  1 The Spatial Distribution Pattern of Land and Labor Tax  2 Social-Agro Systems  3 Land and Labor Tax per Capita  4 Prefectual Statistics Figures  5 Economic Inequality  6 Conclusion 3 Source Data  1 Country  2 Province  3 Prefecture  4 County  5 Actual Collecting Data Appendix 1: Terminology Description Appendix 2: Conversion Unit: Between the Land, Labor and Tax Appendix 3: Tax Annual Assessment Implementation Appendix 4: Tax Data Checking for the Actual Tax Levied Appendix 5: Disaster Report, Remit Levies and Credit Investigation References

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Book SynopsisThe Chinese work point system was a series of labor organization rules and regulations used for the calculation of the amount and quality of labor and for determining the form of labor organization. The history of the work point system is thus the history of China’s agricultural collectivization. In this book we analyse how these work points were allotted, how they provided, or impaired, labor incentives, and if they leave open the possibility for income mobility.Table of ContentsList of Figures and Tables Chinese Terms Introduction  0.1 The Work Point System Was Not a Formal Institution  0.2 The Work Point System Was a Pioneering Project Created by the Chinese People  0.3 The Meaning of the Work Point System Enriched Much in the People’s Commune Period  0.4 The Work Point System Was Generally Similar around the Nation  0.5 The Work Point System Combined the Hard Work and Wisdom of Commune Members  0.6 The Work Point System Reflected the Role of Labor Incentives  0.7 The Work Point System Made a Significant Contribution to the Industrialization of China  0.8 Research on the Work Point System Must Look Outside the Box of the Rural  0.9 The Research Characteristic of This Book Is Distinctive 1 Basic Work Point Assessment  1.1 Data and Background  1.2 Determinants of Basic Work Points  1.3 Summary 2 Agrarian Assignment  2.1 Background and Data  2.2 Empirical Results  2.3 Summary 3 Jidonggong Work Points  3.1 Equalizing Brigade Work: The Principle of Jidonggong Secondment  3.2 Productive and Non-Productive: The Types of Jidonggong  3.3 Welfare and Incentive: The Influence of Jidonggong  3.4 Summary and Discussion 4 Work Point Income Mobility  4.1 Income Distribution System of People’s Communes  4.2 Data Sources and Description  4.3 Methodology  4.4 Household Income Mobility in the People’s Commune Period  4.5 Factors Influencing Income Mobility  4.6 Summary 5 Work Point Distribution and Labor Incentives  5.1 Background and Hypothesis  5.2 Data  5.3 Empirical Analysis and Results  5.4 Robustness Test  5.5 Mechanism Analysis  5.6 Summary Appendix A: Work Point System Dataset Specification of Variables Appendix B: Dataset Hegou-Jiangsu Appendix C: Dataset Langqiao-Shangdong Appendix D: Dataset Dongbeili−Shanxi Appendix E: Energy Distribution References Index

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Book SynopsisThis volume brings together nine chapters by specialist legal historians that address the topic of the scale and size of companies, in both legal and economic history. The bundled texts cover different periods, from the Middle Ages, the Early Modern Period, to the nineteenth century. They analyse the historical development of basic features of present-day corporations and of other company types, among them the general and limited partnership. These features include limited liability and legal personality. A detailed overview is offered of how legal concepts and mercantile practice interacted, leading up to the corporate characteristics that are so important today. Contributors are: Anja Amend-Traut, Luisa Brunori, Dave De ruysscher, Stefania Gialdroni, Ulla Kypta, Bart Lambert, Annamaria Monti, Carlos Petit, and Bram Van Hofstraeten.Trade Review''Overall, this collection shows the value of discussing concepts explicitly. It creates some much-needed clarity, and this is perhaps the best way of establishing differences and similarities for comparative legal and historical research.The volume’s contributions show the way that legal study, through its demand for precision in language and its definition and meaning, can inform business and economic history;it is a fruitful example of how legal history can be combined with business and economic history''. Victoria Barnes, in Legal History , 27 (2019), pp.322-324.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments List of Figures and Tables Introduction  Dave De ruysscher, Albrecht Cordes, Serge Dauchy and Heikki Pihlajamäki 1 What is a Small Firm? Some Indications from the Business Organization of Late Medieval German Merchants  Ulla Kypta 2 Making Size Matter Less: Italian Firms and Merchant Guilds in Late Medieval Bruges  Bart Lambert 3 Late Scholasticism and Commercial Partnership: Persons and Capitals in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries  Luisa Brunori 4 Legal Structure of Early Enterprises—from Commenda-like Arrangements to Chartered Joint-Stock Companies (Early Modern Period)  Anja Amend-Traut 5 Delving for Diversity in Early Modern Company Law: Mining Companies in Seventeenth-Century Liège  Bram Van Hofstraeten 6 Incorporation and Limited Liability in Seventeenth-Century England: The Case of the East India Company  Stefania Gialdroni 7 From Commercial Guilds to Commercial Law: Spanish Company Regulations (1737–1848)  Carlos Petit 8 Partnerships as Flexible and Open-Purpose Entities: Legal and Commercial Practice in Nineteenth-Century Antwerp (c. 1830–c. 1850)  Dave De ruysscher 9 Form, Size, “Governance”: Remarks on Italian Late Nineteenth-Century Companies  Annamaria Monti Index

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Book SynopsisHistorically, entrepreneurs have always played a central role in the development of nation states. Aside from rentier states, which depend extensively on the availability of mineral resource rents, most economically prosperous nations in the world have strong, innovative and competitive business enterprises and entrepreneurs as the bedrock of their economic development and prosperity. It was arguably because of the above historical fact that the World Bank in 1989 declared that entrepreneurs will play a central role in transforming African economies. Chapters in this book contribute to our understanding of the theory, structure and practice of entrepreneurship in diverse African countries. Case studies examined include: African multinational banks and businesses, female entrepreneurs, culture and entrepreneurship, finance and entrepreneurship and SMEs. Contributors include: Akinyinka Akinyoade, Kenneth Amaeshi, Crescence Marie France Okah Atenga, Ton Dietz, Françoise Okah Efogo, Emiel L. Eijdenberg, Abel Ezeoha, Yagoub Ali Gangi, Miguel Heilbron, Uwafiokun Idemudia, Nsubili Isaga, Afam Ituma, Jane N. O. Khayesi, Rebecca I. Kiconco, Jerry Kolo, Peter Knorringa, Addisu Lashitew, André Leliveld, Marta Lindvert, Nnamdi Madichie, Hesham E. Mohamed, Knowledge C. Mpofu, Albogast Kilangi Musabila, Ayodeji Olukoju, Eunice Abam Quaye, Miriam Siun, Arthur Sserwanga, Rob van Tulder, Chibuike Uche and Jaap Voeten.Table of ContentsList of Illustrations Notes on Contributors 1 Introduction  Akinyinka Akinyoade, Ton Dietz and Chibuike Uche Part 1: Examination of Related Theories and Innovations 2 Methodological Challenges of Entrepreneurship Research in the Least Developed East African Countries  Emiel L. Eijdenberg 3 Africapitalism: A Management Idea for Business in Africa?  Kenneth Amaeshi and Uwafiokun Idemudia 4 Inclusive Business in Africa: Priorities, Strategies and Challenges  Addisu A. Lashitew and Rob van Tulder 5 Innovation as a Key to Success? Case Studies of Innovative Start-ups in Kenya and Nigeria  Miguel Heilbron, André Leliveld and Peter Knorringa 6 Innovation in Manufacturing smes in Kenya, Ghana and Tanzania: A Grounded View on the Research and Policy Issues  Jaap Voeten Part 2: Entrepreneurship Development, Country Studies 7 An Institutional Analysis of Entrepreneurship Development in Nigeria  Abel Ezeoha and Afam Ituma 8 Entrepreneurship Development in Africa: Insights from Nigeria’s and Zimbabwe’s Telecoms  Nnamdi O. Madichie, Knowledge Mpofu and Jerry Kolo 9 The Development of Entrepreneurship in Sudan 209  Yagoub Ali Gangi and Hesham E. Mohammed 10 Challenges to Entrepreneurship Development in Tanzania  Nsubili Isaga and Albogast Musabila 11 Institutional and Contextual Factors Effects on Entrepreneurship in Cameroon: The Case of the Transport Sector  Françoise Okah-Efogo and Crescence Marie-France Okah-Atenga Part 3: Entrepreneurship and Sectoral Considerations or Determinants 12 Dangote Cement: The Challenges of Pan-African Expansion  Akinyinka Akinyoade and Chibuike Uche 13 Culture as a Facilitator and a Barrier to Entrepreneurship Development in Uganda  Jane N.O. Khayesi, Arthur Sserwanga and Rebecca Kiconco 14 African Women Large-Scale Entrepreneurs: Cases from Angola, Nigeria and Ghana  Miriam Siun, Akinyinka Akinyoade and Ewurabena Quaye 15 Financial Barriers and How to Overcome Them: The Case of Women Entrepreneurs in Tanzania  Marta Lindvert 16 Gentlemanly Capitalism and Entrepreneurial Management: Formation and Rise of Nigeria’s Guaranty Trust Bank, 1990–2002  Ayodeji Olukoju 17 Indigenous Banking Enterprises: The Rise of Nigerian Multinational Banks  Chibuike Uche

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Book SynopsisIn Agricultural Development in Qing China: A Quantitative Study, 1661-1911 SHI Zhihong offers for the first time an overview of agricultural development in Qing China in the English language. Being by far the largest sector in one of the largest economies in the world, understanding its development is crucial not only for agricultural studies, but also to advance economic debates such as on the Great Divergence. Combining the recent quantitative paradigm with the more traditional scholarly approach, this book uses a great number of primary sources to arrive at new and revised estimates of crucial indicators such as land acreage, crop yield, pasture, and total output. Its main conclusion is that a serious economic and social problem occurred since the mid-Qing, where agriculture was increasingly less able to feed a growing population, which was a major factor contributing to the growing crisis in the rule of the dynasty.Table of ContentsContents List of Figures and Tables Emperors of the Qing Dynasty Chinese Terms Weights and Measures Used during the Qing Dynasty Maps of China 0 Introduction  0.1 Origins of this Book  0.2 Historical Data Used  0.3 Research Approach  0.4 Previous Studies 1 Cultivated Land Area  1.1 Why Official Qing Records are Not Accurate  1.2 Actual Area of Land Cultivated during the Qing Dynasty 2 Grain Production: Per Unit Yield and Total Output  2.1 Average Yield of Grain Crops  2.2 Total Output of Grain 3 Grain Output Value  3.1 Grain Price Data Used in this Study  3.2 Value of Grain Output in Various Periods of the Qing Dynasty  3.3 Production Cost and Value Added from Grain Production 4 Non-Grain Output Values and Total Agricultural Value  4.1 Cash-Crop Output Value  4.2 Output Value of Non-Crop-Based Agricultural Production and Gross Added Values of Overall Agriculture in the Qing Dynasty 5 Development and Underdevelopment of Agriculture in the Qing Dynasty  5.1 The Zenith of Traditional Agriculture in China  5.2 Limitations of Agricultural Development in the Qing Dynasty Appendix A: Population Appendix B: Cultivated Area Appendix C: Yield Per Unit Area Appendix D: Agrarian Structure, Rural Actors and Their Interaction in the System of Agricultural Production During the Qing Dynasty: Land Ownership, Peasants, Landlords and the State References Index

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Book SynopsisThe Roman Empire has long held pride of place in the collective memory of scholars, politicians, and the general public in the western world. In Money, Culture, and Well-Being in Rome's Economic Development, 0-275 CE, Daniel Hoyer offers a new approach to explain Rome's remarkable development. Hoyer surveys a broad selection of material to see how this diverse body of evidence can be reconciled to produce a single, coherent picture of the Roman economy. Engaging with social scientific and economic theory, Hoyer highlights key issues in economic history, placing the Roman Empire in its rightful place as a special—but not wholly unique—example of a successful preindustrial state.Trade Review"Daniel Hoyer’s, Money, Culture, and Well-Being in Rome's Economic Development, 0-275 CE offers an even-handed appraisal of current debates in Roman economic history as well as novel interpretations derived from numismatic and epigraphic sources. (...) this book manages to tell a cohesive and compelling story through an intensive study of a limited body of evidence and a flexible although occasionally frustrating methodological framework.(...) His book ultimately presents a credible picture that deserves attention." Colin P. Elliott in BMCR 2018.11.40Table of ContentsAcknowledgements List of Illustrations List of Roman Emperors 1 Introduction: Approaching the Imperial Roman Economy  1 Central Aims of the Book  2 Who Will Read This? Target Audiences  3 Lingering Questions about Imperial Rome  4 The Many Faces of Roman Economic History  5 From Fine-Grained to ‘Big Picture’: Methods and Treatment of the Evidence  6 The Contribution of Modern Thinking to Ancient Problems  7 Book Organization  8 Terms and Definitions 2 The Gift That Kept on Giving: Perpetual Endowments and the Role of Prosociality in Rome’s Economic Development  1 The Evolution of Prosocial Traits from the Early Days of Rome  2 Prosociality, Charity, and Social Capital: How Elite Benefaction Came to Be  3 Perpetual Foundations: The Gift That Kept on Giving  4 What Lies under the Epiphenomena? 3 Investing in the Roman Economy: Material Evidence for Economic Development  1 Benefactions as Wealth Generators  2 Investment Opportunities in the Roman Economy  3 Money in the Roman Economy: The Numismatic Evidence  4 Supplying the Demand: Coinage, Monetization, and Market Development 4 Aligning Public and Private Interests: Public Building, Private Money, and Urban Development  1 Public Needs and Private Incentives  2 Rome: A World of Cities  3 Public Building in the Cities of Roman Africa: A Case Study  4 Urbanization and the Development of the Non-Agrarian Sectors  5 The Surprisingly Short Reach of the Roman State  6 The Public Deeds of Private Citizens  7 Aligning Interests 5 Measuring Economic Performance beyond GDP: Economic Growth, Income Inequality, and Roman Living Standards  1 Real Growth in the Pre-Modern World? Debates, Controversies, and Confusion in Roman Economic History  2 Proxy Evidence: Extrapolation or Hypothesis Testing?  3 Rome’s 99 %: Economic Capacity and the Distribution of Wealth  4 Sharing the Spoils of Success: Increasing Living Standards with Public Goods  5 Collective Action and Prosociality in the Creation of Public Goods 6 From Prosociality to Civil Strife: Conflict, Stagnation, and Growing Regional Divides in the Third Century CE  1 An Overview of the ‘Crises’ of the Third Century  2 What Really Happened after 235 CE?  3 Money, Investment, and Markets  4 Production and Exchange  5 The End of Roman Prosociality? Conclusion: Rome’s Place in a Global History of Development Appendix 1: List of Inscriptions from the Western Empire Recording Interest being Drawn Appendix 2: List of Building Inscriptions from the North African Provinces Recording the Sponsor Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisEarly modern trade and shipping through the Danish Sound has attracted the interest of many historians since a long time. A prominent reason for this is that the route via the Sound connected Europe’s main economies with the economically important Baltic Sea region. The other reason why trade and shipping through the Sound attracted the attention of so many scholars is the fact that they are so very well documented by the Sound Toll Registers (STR): the records of the toll levied by the king of Denmark on the passage of ships through the Sound. Although the Sound Toll Registers have always been widely known as crucial, their sheer volume and detail make them virtually impossible to handle. To make the STR fully and quickly accessible to researchers, the online database Sound Toll Registers Online (STRO) has been called into existence. Since 2010, STRO has been becoming gradually available. The articles collected in this volume are examples of the kind of research that can be done with STRO, how it boosts the writing of the history of European maritime transport and trade, and how its use contributes to our knowledge of that history. Contributors are: Loïc Charles, Ana Crespo Solana, Guillaume Daudin, Maarten Draper, Jari Eloranta, Katerina Galani, Lauri Karvonen, Yuta Kikuchi, Sven Lilja, Maria Cristina Moreira, Jari Ojala, Pierrick Pourchasse, Magnus Ressel, Klas Rönnbäck, Werner Scheltjens, Siem van der Woude, Jerem van Duijl, and Jan Willem Veluwenkamp.Trade Review"[...] es sich um einen gelungenen Band, der zeigt, wie fruchtbar die Überführung serieller Quellenbestände in Datenbanken für die Wirtschaftsgeschichte ist, zugleich aber auch demonstriert, wie sehr die Arbeit mit solchen Ressourcen der quellenkritischen Einordnung und einer durchdachten und durchaus auch kreativen Methodik bedarf." - Patrick Schmidt, in: Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung

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Book SynopsisReading Medieval Sources is an exciting new series which leads scholars and students into some of the most challenging and rewarding sources from the European Middle Ages, and introduces the most important approaches to understanding them. Written by an international team of twelve leading scholars, this volume Money and Coinage in the Middle Ages presents a set of fresh and insightful perspectives that demonstrate the rich potential of this source material to all scholars of medieval history and culture. It includes coverage of major developments in monetary history, set into their economic and political context, as well as innovative and interdisciplinary perspectives that address money and coinage in relation to archaeology, anthropology and medieval literature. Contributors are Nanouschka Myrberg Burström, Elizabeth Edwards, Gaspar Feliu, Anna Gannon, Richard Kelleher, Bill Maurer, Nick Mayhew, Rory Naismith, Philipp Robinson Rössner, Alessia Rovelli, Lucia Travaini, and Andrew Woods.

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Book SynopsisIn Navigating History: Economy, Society, Knowledge, and Nature the contributors present new research that touches on the core themes developed in Karel Davids’s work. Major themes include resources of knowledge, cultures of learning, and humans and their natural environment. Together, these fourteen essays provide a fascinating panorama of social, economic, and environmental history of the past millennium.Table of ContentsPreface  Pepijn Brandon, Sabine Go, and Wybren Verstegen List of Illustrations List of Contributors Introduction: Davids and Goliath: How Books Helped to Combat Historians’ Adversaries  Marjolein Hart’t and Jan Lucassen Section 1: Resources of Knowledge, Cultures of Learning 1 Religion, Culture and the Great Enrichment  Joel Mokyr 2 Wandering about the Learning Market: Early Modern Apprenticeship in Antwerp Gold- and Silversmith Ateliers  Bert De Munck and Raoul De Kerf 3 Educating World Citizens: The Rise of International Education in the Twenty-first Century  Pál Nyiri Section 2: Institutions for a Global Economy 4 A Changing Landscape: Institutions and Institutional Change in the Dutch Economy  Jeroen Touwen 5 Social Partnership in the Northern Netherlands (1985-?)  Marijn Molema Section 3: Chasing Whales, Crossing Oceans 5 Zaanse Jonas: Zaan Whaling and Shipbuilding in the Seventeenth Century  Victor Enthoven 7 Keeping Risk at Bay: Risk Management and Insurance in Eighteenth-century Dutch Whaling  Sabine Go and Jaap Bruijn 8 Figuring Out Global and Local Relations: Cantonese Face-makers and their Sitters in the 18th Century  Joost C.A. Schokkenbroek Section 4: Chains of Profit, Chains of Labour 9 Chasing the Delfland: Slave Revolts, Enslavement, and (Private) voc Networks in Early Modern Asia  Matthias van Rossum 10 “With the Power of Language and the Force of Reason”: An Amsterdam Banker’s Fight for Slave Owners’ Compensation  Pepijn Brandon and Karin Lurvink 11 Up and Down the Chain: Sugar Refiners’ Responses to Changing Food Regimes  Ulbe Bosma Section 5: Humans and their Natural Environment 12 Enlightened Ideas in Commemoration Books of the 1825 Zuiderzee Flood in the Netherlands  Petra J.E.M. van Dam and Harm Pieters 13 Secret and Stillborn: A Dutch Fiscal Bill from 1947 to Protect Both Nature and Monuments on Dutch Estates  Wybren Verstegen 14 Birds in Texel in 1910 and the Shifting Baseline Syndrome  Jan Luiten van Zanden List of Publications of Karel Davids 1973–2017 List of Doctoral Theses Supervised by Karel Davids (1997-May 2018) Index of Names and Geographic Locations

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Book SynopsisHailian Chen’s pioneering study presents the first comprehensive history of Chinese zinc—an essential base metal used to produce brass and coin and a global commodity—over the long eighteenth century. Zinc, she argues, played a far greater role in the Qing economy and in integrating China into an emerging global economy, than has previously been recognized. Using commodity chain analysis and exploring over 5,800 items of archival documents, Chen demonstrates how this metal was produced, transported, traded, and consumed by human agents. Situating the zinc story within the human-environment framework, this book covers a broad and interdisciplinary range of political economy, material culture, environment, technology, and society, which casts new light on our understanding of early modern China.

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Book SynopsisWinner of the 2019 Michael Mitterauer-Prize for best monograph The Peasant Production of Opium in Nineteenth-Century India is a pioneering work about the more than one million peasants who produced opium for the colonial state in nineteenth-century India. Based on a profound empirical analysis, Rolf Bauer not only shows that the peasants cultivated poppy against a substantial loss but he also reveals how they were coerced into the production of this drug. By dissecting the economic and social power relations on a local level, this study explains how a triangle of debt, the colonial state’s power and social dependencies in the village formed the coercive mechanisms that transformed the peasants into opium producers. The result is a book that adds to our understanding of peasant economies in a colonial context.Trade ReviewRead more about this book in the BBC News article 'How Britain's opium trade impoverished Indians' by Soutik Biswas, 5 September 2019. Read the article on the website of Austria’s radio channel number 1 (Ö1) here. A short radio feature can be found here.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements List of Illustrations and Tables Glossary Units of Measurement  1 Introduction  2 The Creation of a System  2.1 A Chronology of the British Opium Monopoly in India  2.2 A Further Note on Bengal and Malwa: Two Opium Economies Intermingled  2.3 Keystone of Empire  2.4 Opium and China  2.5 Auctions  2.6 The Sudder Factories  3 The Functioning of a System  3.1 The Opium Department: A Centralised Bureaucratic Structure  3.2 The Settlement  3.3 Laws and Fines  3.4 Local Collaboration  4 A Local-Level Analysis of an Opium District: Saran  4.1 Topography and General Aspects Related to Agriculture  4.2 The People of Saran  4.3 Distribution of Land Proprietorship and Tenancy  4.4 Crops  5 The Costs and Benefits of Poppy Cultivation  5.1 Poppy within Bihar’s Agriculture  5.2 Agricultural Operations of Poppy Cultivation  5.3 Who Cultivated Poppies?  5.4 Costs and Benefits: An Assessment  6 The Mechanics of a System: Incentives, Coercion and Dependence  6.1 The System of Advance Payments  6.2 Sarkar—By Order of the Government  6.3 Zamindar—Triadic Relations  7 Conclusion  Appendix  Bibliography  Index

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Book SynopsisRecently there has been a welcome revival of scholarly interest in the economy of classical Greece. In the face of increasingly compelling arguments for the existence of a market economy in classical Athens, the Finleyan orthodoxy is finally relinquishing its long dominion. In this book, Barry O’Halloran seeks to contribute to this renewed debate by re-interrogating the ancient evidence using more recent economic interpretative frameworks. The aim is to re-evaluate accepted orthodoxies and present the economic history of this emblematic city-state in a new light. More specifically, it analyses the economic foundations of Athens through the prism of its navy. Its macroeconomic approach utilises an employment-demand model through which enormous naval defence expenditures created an exceptional period of demand-led economic growth.Trade Review"Barry O’Halloran has written an important book on the Athenian naval economy that deserves the attention of ancient historians. (...) this is the first to explore the Athenian navy from a political-economic perspective, making it a welcome addition to the recent flurry of work on ancient Greek economic history. (...) O’Halloran is equally comfortable navigating macroeconomic terminology as he is Thucydides’ text. He shows convincingly that the Athenians considered decisions about the navy to be economic decisions. (...) Overall, O’Halloran’s book is compellingly argued, nicely articulated, and well researched. (...) The original watercolors he commissioned to brighten his pages, especially those in Chapter 9 of triremes, shipsheds and Piraeus, are a unique treat and a beautiful touch. (...) O’Halloran’s book is, and will remain, an indispensable resource and reference for anyone interested in Athenian naval or economic history." - Tim Sorg, in: BMCR 2019.09.48Table of ContentsPreface Figures, Tables and Graphs Introduction 1 Primitive Positions—the Oikos Debate  1 The Defining Quartet—Marx, Weber, Polanyi and Finley  2 The Ancient Economy Post-Finley 2 New Perspectives  1 Institutions—the Engines of History  2 Materialist Man and His Motivations  3 The Only Constant is Change  4 Commerce, Conquest and Colonisation  5 The Malthusian Trap and Economic Efflorescences 3 Warfare States  1 Path Dependence  2 The Political Economies of Athens and Sparta: a Comparative Analysis  3 The Spartan Naval Mirage 4 War, Strategy and the Transition to Triremes  1 The Gift of Ares and Athenian Conquest Strategy  2 Emerging Patterns of War  3 Strategy  4 Early Athenian Expansionism  5 The Transition to Triremes  6 Private to Polis Navies 5 The Late Archaic Transition—the Naval Evidence  1 Athens’ ‘Turn to the Sea’  2 Casus Belli  3 The Athenian Naval Revolution  4 Themistocles’ Naval Expansion 6 Money, Markets and Naval Procurement  1 Coinage, Silver and Money Supply  2 Trireme Costs and Lifespan  3 Trireme Timber and Naval Procurement  4 Provisioning the Fleet—a Network of Markets 7 Naval Institutions—Trierarchy  1 The Rules of the Game  2 Liturgy—Delivering Public Goods  3 Trierarchy—Delivering the Fleet  4 Trierarchy in Theory and Practice  5 Trierarchy—Institutional Evolution  6 Cleruchy—Further Institutional Adaptation 8 Naval Innovation  1 The Archaic Fleet and Athenian Defence Strategy  2 Naval Technological Innovation—the Ram  3 Greek Innovation in Nautical Design 9 Naval Defence Infrastructure  1 Shipsheds  2 The Athenian Circuit Walls  3 The Piraeus  4 The Long Walls  5 Estimating the Costs 10 Soldiers, Sailors, Citizens  1 Hoplite Ideology and Its Persistence  2 Schools of Democracy  3 Athenian Trireme Crews  4 Mercenaries, Metics and Slaves  5 The Trireme School of Democracy 11 The Ancient Athenian Naval Economy  1 Economic Growth  2 Instrumental Behaviour, Self-Interest and Markets  3 The Athenian Labour Market  4 The Naval Economy  5 Size Matters 12 The Wealth of Naval Athens  1 The Versatile Trireme  2 Counting the Cost of Naval Deployments  3 The Business of Empire  4 Costs of War  5 Ancient Athenian Keynesians Conclusions Appendix: Sources and Numbers Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisSnow in the Tropics by Thomas Taro Lennerfors and Peter Birch offers the first comprehensive history of the independent reefer operators. These shipping companies, such as Lauritzen, Salén, Seatrade, Star Reefers, and NYK Reefer, developed the dedicated transport of refrigerated products like meat, fish, and fruit by ship, from the early 20th century to the present. Snow in the Tropics describes how the history of the reefer operators has been formed in relation to shippers, such as Dole and Chiquita, in a constant struggle with the liner companies, such as Maersk, and in relation to global economic and political trends. It also covers how the industry is discursively constructed and the psychological drivers of the business decisions in it.Table of ContentsContents Acknowledgements List of Illustrations List of Respondents Part 1: Introduction 1 Tropics in the Snow: an Introduction  1 The Cold Chain  2 Maritime Reefer Shipping  3 Aim, Preliminary Research Question, and Potential Contributions  4 Independent Reefer Operators and Their Customers and Suppliers  5 Implications of the Industrial Landscape for the Study of Strategy  6 Three Theoretical Dimensions of Business Activity  7 The Structure of the Book 2 The Reefer Industry in a Historical Context  1 The Beginnings: Meat, Bananas and Fish  2 1920s, 1930s, and into the 1940s  3 The 1950s and 1960s  4 The 1970s and 1980s  5 1990s to the Present  6 Summary Part 2: The Independent Reefer Operators 3 Salénrederierna  1 A Fruitful Relationship  2 The Transatlantic Trade  3 The Route to Global Leadership  4 Salén Reefer Services on the Top of the World  5 A Market Downturn and Some New Players on the Reefer Scene  6 Palletisation and Maximal Flexibility  7 Summary 4 Cool Carriers  1 Perfresh  2 Bilspedition as Owner: Ship Investments and the Golden 90s that Never Came  3 Höegh and the Others: Broadened Market Presence with Limited Investments  4 Summary 5 J. Lauritzen  1 Mediterranean Adventures  2 Worldwide Growth  3 Rebuilding the Fleet after the Second World War  4 Lauritzen Peninsular Reefers 1970-1983: the Shark’s Teeth  5 From Beautiful to Economical Ships: the Entry of the ULRCs  6 The Family Class and the Weak 1990s  7 LauritzenCool: Two Market Leaders Become One  8 Armada’s New Reefer Venture  9 Summary 6 Seatrade  1 The Management Buy-Out  2 Argentina and the Atlantic Fish Trade  3 The Newbuilding Programme  4 The Seatrade Pool  5 Dammers & Van der Heide  6 Integrating Dammers into Seatrade  7 Internationalizing the Operations  8 In the Turbulent Market of the New Millennium  9 New Partnerships: GreenSea Chartering and Joint Ventures  10 Newbuildings and Reefer-Containerships  11 Green Reefers  12 Summary 7 Japanese Specialized Reefer Companies  1 Japanese Fisheries  2 The Japanese Shipping Companies: NYK and the Others  3 Summary 8 From Blue Star Line to Star Reefers  1 Entry into Specialized Reefers  2 Swan Reefer  3 Star Reefers  4 Summary 9 Laskaridis and the Hamburg Reefer Cluster  1 Hamburg Sud and the Hamburg Reefer Cluster  2 Summary Part 3: Container Lines and Shippers 10 The Traditional Liner Companies and the Container Lines  1 Maersk  2 Summary 11 Fruit Companies and Marketing Boards  1 Chiquita  2 Dole  3 Del Monte  4 Marketing Boards  5 Summary Part 4: Analysis and Conclusions 12 The Independent Reefer Operators from Material, Discursive, and Subjective Perspectives  1 1950s: the Wild Reefers  2 1960s: Rationalizations and Explosive Growth  3 1970s: the Others  4 1980s: Striving for Efficiency  5 1990s: We are Conventional!  6 2000s: Decline and Consolidations 13 Snow in the Tropics: Conclusions  1 The Material Dimension  2 The Discursive Dimension  3 The Subjective Dimension Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisRisky Markets explores a crucial moment in the history of insurance, when tools designed to tackle sea risks were in their first making. Renaissance Florence is the setting for one of the first attempts to develop a market specialized in protecting maritime trade. Drawing on a unique collection of sources, the book provides a wide ranging account about the players, institutions, business practices and organizations of the insurance business, shedding light on the forecasting techniques underwriters used. Ceccarelli shows that the market was a small club where trust relations and shared codes of conduct prevail over competition. In a world without probability this was the way by which a business community managed transforming uncertainty into a calculable risk.

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Book SynopsisOver 8,200 large city fires broke out between 1000 and 1939 CE in Central Europe. Prometheus Tamed inquires into the long-term history of that fire ecology, its local and regional frequencies, its relationship to climate history. It asks for the visual and narrative representation of that threat in every-day life. Institutional forms of fire insurance emerged in the form of private joint stock companies (the British model, starting in 1681) or in the form of cameralist fire insurances (the German model, starting in 1676). They contributed to shape and change society, transforming old communities of charitable solidarity into risk communities, finally supplemented by networks of cosmopolite aid. After 1830, insurance agencies expanded tremendously quickly all over the globe: Cultural clashes of Western and native perceptions of fire risk and of what is insurance can be studied as part of a critical archaeology of world risk society and the plurality of modernities.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements List of Figures and Tables 1 Introduction 2 Spaces, Value, Presentism: Premodern Insurance  1 The Commercial Communication System around 1400  2 Insurance as an Accounting Trick between the World of Nature and the World of Values  3 Premiums of Presentism: Hidden Forces within the History of Law  4 International Trade Law and Insurance as an Achievement of the Moderni  5 Summary 3 The Danger between Nature and Culture: The Quotidian Threat of Urban Fires in the Premodern Era  1 The “Reality” of the Danger: Fire Cycles, Fire Frequencies   1.1 The “Fire Gap”   1.2 8,200 Fires in Germany and Austria   1.3 Trends in Fire Frequencies According to Fire Insurance Statistics   1.4 War and Fire Trends   1.5 Climate and Fire Trends   1.6 The Fire Ecology of Hamburg   1.7 Summary  2 The Perception of Danger   2.1 The Theology of Divine Punishment and the Fire Events of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Security Losses, Security Gains   2.2 Visualization and Affect    2.2.1 The Modernity of City Fire Images and Their Dutch Provenance    2.2.2 A Discrepancy: Mythological/Biblical City Fire Paintings vs. the Low Number/Quality of Paintings of “Real” City Fires    2.2.3 Early Modern Image Theory and Disaster Images    2.2.4 Temporalization, Eventfulness and Affect Control    2.2.5 Threat Perception, Security Requirements, and Emotionalization   2.3 Ground Zeros: Visualization and Time Horizons  3 Developmental Trends of “Real-Assecuration”: Fire Policey, Construction   3.1 The Security Regimes between the Late Middle Ages and the Enlightenment and between the City and the Territories   3.1.1 Cologne: An Important Medieval Imperial City   3.1.2 The German Center of Security Innovations: Hamburg   3.1.3 The State’s “Images” of the City Collective: An Approach to Disaster Memory and to Learning from Disaster (e.g., Prussia)   3.2 Panaceas: from “Local Knowledge” to Science and Back Again to Popular Enlightenment  4 Summary 4 The Epochal Threshold of the Security Regimes 1680–1700  1 Laboratories of Innovation: Hamburg and Berlin---1680–1700   1.1 London: Nicholas Barbon    1.1.1 Protostatistics, Protoprobabilistic Reasoning, and the Conflict between State and Private Economies    1.1.2 Nicholas Barbon: Building Speculator and Growth Theorist    1.1.3 Insurance Innovation and the “Financial Revolution”   1.2 Hamburg and Leibniz    1.2.1 The Hamburg General Fire Fund: Innovation without an Inventor    1.2.2 Transformation into an Element of Economic Provisioning: Leibniz     1.2.2.1 Before Leibniz: The Rulership Contract and Disaster Insurance around 1600     1.2.2.2 Leibniz and the Territorial Institutionalization of Insurance     1.2.2.3 “Real-Assecuration”: The Founding of the Berlin Academy and Fire Association   1.3 Summary: The Power of Analogies  2 Religious Culture and “Insurance”   2.1 Max Weber, the Protestant Ethic, Calvin(ism), and Economics   2.2 A Historiographical Gap: Insuring and Religious Denominations   2.3 Insurance History and Protestantism: The Search for Evidence 5 The Emergence of the Normal Secure Society  1 Insurance and Social Structures   1.1 Collective Solidarity: from Risk Communities to Cosmopolitical Aid in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries   1.2 Insurance as Emerging from Notions of Social Contract and Moral Duty  2 State and Society in the Code of Numbers  3 Time Instead of Space: Sustainability and Insurance 6 The Globalization of Safety Regimes: The Return of Space  1 Hamburg  2 Istanbul  3 Bombay/Calcutta  4 China  5 USA/New York  6 Comparative Analysis 7 Conclusion Appendix 1 Academic Legal Treatises and Dissertations on the Assecuratio (in Chronological Order) Appendix 2 Chronological List of Cameralist Fire Insurance Foundations in Germany Appendix 3 Cameralist Treatises of Brandkassen and Insurances Sources and Literature Index Locorum Index Nominum Index Rerum

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Book SynopsisIn the early modern period women played a prominent role in crime. At times they even made up half of all defendants. Female criminality was a typically urban phenomenon. Why do we find so many women before the Dutch criminal courts? In Prosecuting Women Ariadne Schmidt analyses the relation between female crime and the urban context by comparing prosecution patterns in various Dutch cities. Prosecuting Women looks beyond the bare figures, examines the personal circumstances of criminal women and shows how women's illegal activities were linked to the socio-economic context of the locality and varied over time. The local interplay between crime and the responses of the authorities gave every city a specific dynamic in its pattern of prosecuted crime.

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Book SynopsisThis book investigates perceptions, modes, and techniques of Venetian rule in the early modern Eastern Mediterranean (1400–1700) between colonial empire, negotiated and pragmatic rule; between soft touch and exploitation; in contexts of former and continuous imperial belongings; and with a focus on representations and modes of rule as well as on colonial daily realities and connectivities.Table of Contents  Preface   List of Figures   Benjamin Arbel: A Biographical Sketch    Georg Christ, Renard Gluzman   Bibliography Benjamin Arbel   Notes on Contributors  1 Introduction    Georg Christ, Franz-Julius Morche Part 1: Building Empire  2 Venetian Empire in Oratory and Print in the Later Fifteenth Century    Monique O’Connell  3 The Old, the Antique, and the Venerable in Venetian Renaissance Architecture    Deborah Howard  4 The Letters of Others: The Correspondence of Marino Morosini and his Curious Newssheet on the Battle of Maclodio (1427)    Franz-Julius Morche Part 2: Managing Empire  5 Venetian Citizenship and Venetian Identity in the Eastern Mediterranean, Twelfth to Fifteenth Century    David Jacoby (z’’l)  6 “Nobili scaduti”? The Return of Cretan Patricians to Venice in the Seventeenth Century    Dorit Raines Part 3: Living Empire  7 Cittadin e mercadante de lì: The Early Sixteenth-Century Sopracomito in Armata, Jacomo Siguro    Marianna Kolyvà  8 The Greeks in the Maritime Trade of Venice during the Sixteenth Century: The Case of the Verghis Family    Gerassimos D. Pagratis  9 Music as Aristocratic Pastime in the Stato da Mar: The Cypriot Madrigals of Giandomenico Martoretta    Tassos Papacostas  10 Latins and Greeks in the Venetian Colonies of the Eastern Mediterranean    Nicholas S. Davidson Part 4: Connecting Empire  11 A Device for Signalling the Height of the Tide at the Port of Venice around 1500    Reinhold C. Mueller  12 What Made a Ship Venetian? (Thirteenth to Sixteenth Centuries)    Renard Gluzman  13 Jewish Medicine in Venetian Crete (Late Thirteenth to Early Sixteenth Centuries): Physicians, Surgeons, and Manuscripts    Giacomo Corazzol Part 5: Donating Empire  14 From the Far North to the Near East: Venice as an Intermediary in the Supply of Gyrfalcons to the Mamluks    Housni Alkhateeb Shehada  15 The Interpreter Michele Membrè’s Life in Venice    Maria Pia Pedani (†)  16 Accounting for Gifts: The Poetics and Pragmatics of Material Circulations in Venetian-Ottoman Diplomacy    E. Natalie Rothman   Index

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Book SynopsisPeasants, Lords and State: Comparing Peasant Conditions in Scandinavia and the Eastern Alpine Region, 1000-1750 challenges the once widespread view, rooted in the historical thinking of the nineteenth century, that Scandinavian and especially Norwegian peasants enjoyed a particular “peasant freedom” compared to their Continental counterparts. Markers of this supposed freedom were believed to be peasants’ widespread ownership of land, extensive control over land and resources, and comprehensive judicial influence through the institution of the thing. The existence of slaves and unfree people was furthermore considered a marginal phenomenon. The contributors compare Scandinavia with the eastern Alpine region, two regions comprising fertile plains as well as rugged mountainous areas. This offers an opportunity to analyse the effect of topographical factors without neglecting the influence of manorial and territorial power structures over the long time-span of c.1000 to 1750. With contributions by Markus Cerman, Tore Iversen, Michael Mitterauer, John Ragnar Myking, Josef Riedmann, Werner Rösener, Helge Salvesen, and Stefan Sonderegger.Table of Contents  Preface   Acknowledgements   List of Figures   Notes on Contributors Part 1: Introduction 1 Historiographical and Methodological Reflections    Tore Iversen and John Ragnar Myking Part 2: Comparing Scandinavia and the Eastern Alpine Region 2 Slavery and Unfreedom from the Middle Ages to the Beginning of the Early Modern Period    Tore Iversen 3 Leasehold and Freehold c. 1200–1750    John Ragnar Myking 4 Peasant Participation in Thing and Local Assemblies c. 1000–1750    Tore Iversen and John Ragnar Myking 5 Summary and Conclusion    Tore Iversen and John Ragnar Myking Part 3: The Portrayal of Peasants in National Historiography 6 The Historian as Architect of Nations: A Historiographical Analysis of the Norwegian Peasantry as Carrier of National Ideology and Identity in the Medieval and Early Modern Period    Helge Salvesen 7 The Participation of the Tyrolean Peasantry in the Government of the Country: Theory – Reality – Ideology    Josef Riedmann 8 Peasant Ideology in German Historiography    Werner Rösener 9 Switzerland – A ‘Peasant State’?    Stefan Sonderegger Part 4: Appendix The Sub-peasant Strata in the Late Medieval and Early Modern Eastern Alpine Region    Markus Cerman and Michael Mitterauer Active Manorial Lords and Peasant Farmers in the Economic Life of the Late Middle Ages: Results from New Swiss and German Research    Stefan Sonderegger   Glossary   Bibliography   Index

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Book SynopsisCrossing Cultural Boundaries in East Asia and Beyond explores the personal complexities and ambiguities, and the successes and failures, of crossing borders and boundaries. While the focus is on East Asia, it universalizes cultural anxieties with comparative cases in Russia and the United States. The authors primarily engage the individual experiences of border-crossing, rather than more typically those of political or social groups located at territorial boundaries. Drawing on those individual experiences, this volume presents an array of attempts to negotiate the discomforts of crossing personal borders, and attends to the intimate experiences of border crossers, whether they are traveling to an unfamiliar cultural location or encountering the “other” in local settings such as the classroom or the coffee shop.

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Book SynopsisIn Education in China, ca. 1840–present Meimei Wang, Bas van Leeuwen and Jieli Li offer a description of the transformation of the Chinese education system from the traditional Confucian teaching system to a modern mode. In doing so, they touch on various debates about education such as the speed of the educational modernization around 1900, the role of female education, and the economic efficiency of education. This description is combined with relevant data stretching from the second half of 19th century to present collected mainly from statistical archives and contemporary investigations.Table of ContentsList of Figures and Tables Reigns of Emperors in the Late Qing Dynasty Chinese Terms 1 Developments in China’s Education System  1.1 Introduction  1.2 The Education System during the Qing  1.3 Modernization of Education  1.4 The Education System of New China 2 Quantifying the Enrolment in Education  2.1 Literacy and Attainment  2.2 Enrolment during the Qing Dynasty  2.3 The Modern Education System 3 Curriculum and Teaching  3.1 Traditional Education  3.2 Modernizing Education  3.3 Educational Curriculums in New China 4 Female Education  4.1 Female Education in Qing China up to the 1860s  4.2 Modernization of Education and Female Participation from the 1860s to the 1920s  4.3 Solidification of Female Education after the 1910s  4.4 Continuing Expansion of Female Education in New China 5 Education and Social Status  5.1 Traditional Education in China  5.2 Changing Social Backgrounds of Students in Modern Education  5.3 Changes in Social Backgrounds of Students in New China 6 Effect of Education on the Chinese Economy  6.1 Economic Theories on Education  6.2 Chinese Experiences under the Traditional Education System  6.3 The Limited Effect of Modern Education on the Chinese Economy during the Early Stage of Educational Modernization  6.4 Regional Differences of the Effect of Modern Education on Economic Development  6.5 Educational Change in New China and Its Effect on Chinese Economy Appendices  Appendix A: Educational Attainment by County, ca. 1930–1950  Appendix B: Enrollment Ratio by County and Sex, ca. 1870–1930  Appendix C: Enrollment Ratio in Primary Education (excluding Sishu) in Zhejiang 1927, Anhui 1932, Jiangxi 1932, Guangdong 1934, Taiwan 1946, and Zhili 1928  Appendix D: Share Girls in Total Students in Modern (excluding Sishu) Primary Schools in Zhejiang 1927, Jiangxi 1932, Guangdong 1934, Fujian 1930, and Zhili 1928  Appendix E: Duration of Education ca. 1930–1950  Appendix F: Family Background Students  Appendix G: Education by Occupation  Appendix H: Age Difference in Marriage by Level of Education  Appendix I: Literacy by Age Class ca 1940  Appendix J: Attainment versus Literacy  Appendix K: Literacy versus Various Indicators  Appendix L: Teacher Wages  Appendix M: Teacher Wages by County, ca. 1930  Appendix N: Subjective Income Quantile by Level of Education, 1995–2013  Appendix O: Number of Teachers by Selected Counties ca. 1920  Appendix P: The Number of Students by Province and Education Level in 1930  Appendix Q: Ratio of Girls Enrollment in Modern (excluding Sishu) Education, ca. 1930  Appendix R: The Number of Students by Province and Year in New China, 1950–2010  Appendix S: Female Students by Level of Education, Province and Year in New China, 1985–2010  Appendix T: Main Changes in Provincial Boundaries Changes since 1920  Appendix U: Central Government Expenses on Education, 1936–2010  Appendix V: Average Years of Modern Education in the Population aged 15 Years and Older by Province, 1922–2009 Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThis book contains a systematic study of economic institutions during the Spanish Enlightenment in the areas of print culture (the press, merchants’ handbooks, teaching materials), education (university chairs in political economy and commerce) and the organisation of financial matters at state level (economic societies, trade consulates and the official statistics agency). A Unifying Enlightenment is a fresh interpretation of political economy’s contribution to the development of the European Enlightenment. Jesús Astigarraga shows that, far from being a straightforward intellectual phenomenon, this new science played a crucial role in both the circulating and institutionalisation of Enlightenment culture and the process of political unification and articulation undergone by the Spanish monarchy, which culminated in a constitutional culture.Table of ContentsPreliminary Note Introduction 1 Merchants’ Handbooks (1699–1759): Educate, Inform, Reform  1 Introduction  2 From Pérez de Moya to Corachán  3 From Corachán to Bordázar  4 The Financiers’ Revolt  5 Other Channels of Mercantile Information  6 Final Remarks 2 Graef’s Discursos Mercuriales (1752–1756) and the Origins of the Economics Press in Spain  1 Introduction: Graef and the Discursos Mercuriales  2 The 1755 Discurso Preliminar  3 The Chief Source of the Discursos: The Journal Oeconomique  4 Oikonomia in the Discursos Mercuriales  5 From Oikonomia to the “Science of Commerce:” The Discourse on Commerce in General (1755–1756)  6 Final Remarks 3 Political Economy in the Spectators Era of the Spanish Press (1758–1771)  1 Introduction  2 Nifo and the Estafeta de Londres (1762)  3 Nifo and the Correo General de Europa (1763)  4 The Miscelánea Política (1763) by Barberi  5 The Saura´s Semanario Económico (1765–1767)  6 Final Remarks 4 Decentralising the Ilustración, Disseminating the Political Economy  1 Introduction  2 The Trade Consulates and Economic Societies  3 The Memorias of the Economic Societies  4 Going beyond the Memorias of the Economic Societies  5 Economic Societies and the Promotion of the Economic Press  6 Final Remarks 5 Commerce and Political Economy Dictionaries  1 Introduction  2 Oikonomia and Commerce in the Encyclopaedic Literature of Eighteenth Century Europe  3 A Commerce Dictionary in Spain: The Project Phase  4 A Commerce Dictionary in Spain: The Creation Phase  5 Encyclopaedic Literature: The Encyclopédies Compiled by Diderot and D’Alembert and Panckoucke  6 Final Remarks 6 In Support of the Enligthened Reforms: The Memorial Literario (1784–1808)  1 Introduction: The Press in the “Golden Age”  2 Political Economy in the Press: Diverse Channels  3 The Memorial Literario  3.1 The Memorial Literario in Spain’s Territorial Pluralism  3.2 The Journalism Power of Controversies  3.3 Agriculture, Industry and Trade 4 Final Remarks 7 The Critical Press and Public Opinion: El Correo de Madrid (1786–1791) and the Espíritu de Los Mejores Diarios (1787–1791)  1 Introduction  2 El Correo de Madrid o de los ciegos (1786–1791)  3 The Espíritu de los Mejores Diarios (1787–1791)  4 Final Remarks 8 Training the New Bureaucrats: The Political Economy Chairs (1784–1808)  1 Introduction  2 Maturing the Projects, Shaping “Opinion”  3 The Saragossa Chair: An Official and Experimental Experience  4 The Forgotten Natural Law and Moral Philosophy Chairs  5 Beyond Saragossa: Madrid, Majorca and Salamanca  6 The Counter-Enlightenment Reaction  7 Final Remarks 9 Merchants’ Handbooks (1760–1808): From Office Desks to Chairs of Commerce  1 Introduction: An Overview (1699–1808)  2 The Strengthening of Local Genealogies (1760–1790)  3 Bails and Enlightened Reformism Handbooks  4 The Correo Mercantil and the Modernisation of Trading Culture  5 The Purpose of Drafting a Code of Commerce  6 The Chairs of Commerce and Their Handbooks 7 Final Remarks 10 The Specialised Economics Press: The Correo Mercantil (1792–1808) and the Semanario de Agricultura (1797–1808)  1 Introduction: Board of Trade and the Official Statistics Agency  2 The Correo Mercantil de España y sus Indias (1792–1808)  3 The Semanario de Agricultura y Artes dirigido a los párrocos (1797–1808)  4 Final Remarks Epilogue Appendix Bibliography, Sources and Abbreviations Index

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Book SynopsisIn The Danish Slave Trade and Its Abolition, Erik Gøbel offers an account of the well-documented Danish transatlantic slave trade. Denmark was the seventh-largest slave-trading nation with forts and factories on the Gold Coast and a colony in the Virgin Islands. The comprehensive Danish archival material provides the basis for Gøbel’s descriptions of the volume and composition of the slave trade and trade cargoes, as well as the shipping and conditions on board along the Middle Passage. Attention is also paid to the 1791 Danish Slave Trade Commission report and the final decision to abolish the slave trade altogether.Table of ContentsTable of Contents List of Illustrations List of Diagrams List of Tables Preface Part One: The Danish Slave Trade 1. Introduction 2. Volume and Composition of the Slave Trade and the Trade Cargoes 3. Transatlantic Slave Trade Shipping 4. Slave Trade in the Danish West Indies and in Asia Part Two: Abolition of the Atlantic Slave Trade 5. Prelude in Denmark prior to 1792 6. Ernst Schimmelmann 7. The Slave Trade Commission and its Report, 1791 8. The Abolition Edict, 1792 9. Transitional Period, 1792–1802 10. Developments after 1803 11. Conclusion Part Three: Sources The Slave Trade Commission’s Report, 1791 The Abolition Edict, 1792 Bibliography Abbreviations Index

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Book SynopsisIn A Dissimulated Trade, Germán Jiménez-Montes sheds light on the role of foreigners in the Spanish empire. Making use of the rich collection of notarial deeds available at the Archivo Histórico Provincial de Sevilla, this book examines how a group of Dutch, Flemish and German merchants came to dominate the supply of timber in Seville. With this microhistory, Germán Jiménez-Montes offers a new account on the trade between Andalusia and northern Europe at the end of the sixteenth century, focusing on a resource that was essential for Seville’s economy and Spain’s imperial aspirations.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements Abbreviation of Archives and Digital Sources List of Illustrations, Figures and Tables Note on Terminology Introduction 1 War and Trade in Andalusia  1 Philip ii’s Embargoes: More than Commercial War  2 Subversion of the Market  2.1 Claiming for Compensations  2.2 The Seville-Sanlúcar Axis  3 State’s Collaboration with the Market  3.1 Royal Licence to Nicolás de Melemburque  4 Seville’s Opposition to the Embargoes  4.1 The Embargoes of 1585 and 1595  4.2 Enemies of the Monarchy? Foreigners as Well as Natives  5 Conclusion 2 Atarazanas Merchants Migration and Social Capital  1 Flemish Migration to Seville  1.1 Migration before the War  1.2 Migration During the War  2 Collaboration with Seville and Social Capital  2.1 Control and Conversion of the Reales Atarazanas  2.2 The Encabezamiento  2.3 The Nation  3 Conclusion 3 Casa y Servicio  1 Marriage Practices  1.1 Flemish Women in the Atarazanas  2 Cooperation between In-laws  2.1 Dowry Promises  3 Servicio  3.1 Domestic Workers  3.2 Workers of the Firm  4 Conclusion 4 Cooperation in Long-Distance Trade  1 Partnerships  1.1 Equity Partnerships  1.2 Silent Equity Partnerships  1.3 Commission Partnerships  1.4 Notarisation of Partnerships  2 Agency  2.1 A Financial Tool  2.2 A Global Tool  3 Conclusion 5 Timber Trade and Andalusian Exports  1 Access to Supply Markets  1.1 The Amsterdam-Seville Connection  1.2 Two Shipping Networks  2 The Andalusian Port System and the North-European Shipping Networks  3 Andalusian Salt, Other Exports and Imported Grain  3.1 Other Exports  3.2 Wheat from the Sea  4 Conclusion 6 Supply to the Carrera de Indias and to the Royal Navy  1 Regulation of the Carrera de Indias  1.1 Preparation of the American fleets  1.2 Access to American Silver  1.3 Demand of Imported Naval Provisions  2 Supply to the Royal Navy  2.1 Demand of Imported Naval Provisions  2.2 An Incipient Naval Bureaucracy in Andalusia  3 Conclusion Conclusion Annexes  A List of Atarazanas Merchants  B Glossary of Timber Products and Other Naval Provisions  C Units  D Archival References of Testaments  E Archival References of Dowry Promises  F Archival References of Partnership Contracts  G Archival References of Finiquitos  H Archival References of Slave Sales Digital Resources Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisFor over a century now, historians have debated the causes of the lagged industrialization of the Dutch economy during the nineteenth century. To this debate, Trials of Convergence brings the analytical perspective of prices, factor costs and the functioning of markets. Its critical insight is that only an approach based on the integrated incentive structure of the economy allows us to delimit the role of alternative explanations. Using statistical reconstruction and microdata, it shows that the retarded transition resulted from a confluence of forces. These ranged from open economy effects and natural endowments to the resilient influence of the institutions of the former Dutch Republic and the fiscal policy adopted in response to Belgian secession. At the height of the British Industrial Revolution the Dutch economy slowed, triggering a return to the problems of eighteenth-century stagnation. All this meant that the transition to 'modern economic growth' after 1860 came about only in a changed international context and after a period of politico-economic reform.Table of ContentsPreface List of Figures and Tables Outline Chronology Note on Methodology and the Database 1 Introduction  1 Accounting for Dutch Nineteenth Century Development  2 The Debate: from Backwardness to Balanced Growth  3 Prices, Markets and Industrialization  4 The Structure of This Book 2 Dutch Prices and Growth Across Industrialization  1 The Post-Napoleonic Perspective  2 The Legacy of the Republic  3 A Broad View of Nineteenth Century Prices  4 Prices as Deflators: The Chronology of Growth and Trade  5 Structural Change and the Pattern of Development 3 Prices and Structural Response in Agriculture  1 The Issues: Agriculture and Industrialization  2 The Context: The Historiography of Agricultural Development  3 Prices as Deflators: The Outline of Agricultural Growth  4 Factor Inputs and Productivity Growth  5 Agricultural Output Prices Reconsidered  6 Input Prices and Factor Costs  7 Composite Costs and Structural Response   Annex 3 Supplementing agricultural labor force estimates 4 Prices and Industrial Development  1 Shifting Perceptions of Industrial Growth  2 Capturing the Debate  3 Prices as Deflators: The Outline of Industrial Growth  4 A Sectoral View of Industrial Development   4.1 1813–1830: Postwar Recovery   4.2 1830–1860: Stimulation and Slowdown 4.3 1860–1913: Three Phases of Growth  5 Sources of Industrial Growth  6 Output Prices and Input Costs   6.1 Output Prices   6.2 Input Costs  7 Factor Costs and the Dualistic Transition   Annex 4 Supplementing nonagricultural labor force estimates 5 Comparative Costs and Domestic Integration  1 The Comparative Cost Hypothesis  2 Domestic Integration and Retarded Growth  3 How Wide Were International Price Gaps?  4 Industrial Inputs and Domestic Integration 6 Wage Gaps and the Labor Market Equilibrium  1 The Labor Market Debate: Data and Issues  2 Regional and Comparative Wage Gaps  3 Dualism and the Labor Market Equilibrium   3.1 Measuring Shifts in Labor Demand   3.2 Natural Increase and Disamenities: Urban and Rural Demographics   3.3 Migration and the Dynamics of Labor Supply  4 Wage Gaps, Poor Relief and the Urban Crisis 7 Prices, Markets and Fiscal Policy  1 The Dutch Debt Overhang and Economic Retardation  2 The Post-Napoleonic Sustainability Trap  3 Capital Markets: Public Debt and Crowding-out   3.1 Openness and Early Intermediation   3.2 Rates of Interest and the Public Debt   3.3 Searching for Crowding-out Effects  4 Taxation and Consumer Demand  5 Industrialization and the Fuel Excise  6 Regulation, Market Integration and Production  7 Dutch Retardation as a Confluence of Forces   Annex 7.1 The Effective Excise on Coal and Peat   Annex 7.2 The Estimated Consumption Function for Coal 8 The Mechanisms of Post-1860 Growth  1 Faster Growth in a Changing World  2 Macroeconomic Development  3 Sectoral Dynamics   3.1 Growth and Spillovers in Services   3.2 Industrial Slowdown and Resurgence  4 Structural Change in Investment   4.1 Outcomes: the Growth and Structure of Investment   4.2 Finance and the Evolution of the Capital Market   4.3 Accounting for Nonresidential Investment  5 The Role of Foreign Trade  6 Real Wages and Household Consumption   6.1 Real Wages and Living Standards   6.2 Household Expenditure and Propensities of Demand  7 From Industrial Catch-up to Diversified Growth Conclusion Sources and References Index

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