Ecological science, the Biosphere Books

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Book SynopsisThis volume continues the retrospective analyses of Volumes I and II, but goes beyond that in an attempt to understand how phenolic acids are partitioned in seedling-solution and seedling-microbe-soil-sand culture systems and how phenolic acid effects on seedlings may be related to the actual and/or conditional physicochemical properties (e.g., solubility, hydrophobicity, pKa, molecular structure and soil sorption/desorption) of simple phenolic acids. Specifically, it explores the quantitative partitioning (i.e., source-sink relationships) of benzoic and cinnamic acids in cucumber seedling-solution and cucumber seedling-microbe-soil-sand systems and how that partitioning may influence phenolic acid effects on cucumber seedlings. Regressions, correlations and conceptual and hypothetical models are used to achieve these objectives. Cucumber seedlings are used as a surrogate for phenolic acid sensitive herbaceous dicotyledonous weed seedlings. This volume was written specifically for researchers and their students interested in understanding how a range of simple phenolic acids and potentially other putative allelopathic compounds released from living plants and their litter and residues may modify soil chemistry, soil and rhizosphere microbial biology, seedling physiology and seedling growth. In addition, this volume describes the potential relationships, where they may exist, for direct transfer of organic compounds between plants, plant communication and plant-plant allelopathic interactions and addresses the following questions: Can physicochemical properties of phenolic acids be used as tools to help understand the complex behavior of phenolic acids and the ultimate effects of phenolic acids on sensitive seedlings? What insights do laboratory bioassays and the conceptual and hypothetical models of laboratory systems provide us concerning the potential behavior and effects of phenolic acids in field systems? What potential role may phenolic acids play in broadleaf-weed seedling emergence in wheat debris cover crop no-till systems? Table of Contents1 Reflections Regarding Plant-Plant Interactions, Plant-Plant Communications and Plant-Plant Allelopathic Interactions with an Emphasis on Plant-Plant Allelopathic Interactions 1.1 Plant-Plant Interactions 1.1.1 Direct Transfer between Plants 1.1.2 Plant-Plant Communications 1.1.3 Plant-Plant Allelopathic Interactions 1.1.4 Relationships 1.2 Defining the Boundaries of Plant-Plant Allelopathic Interactions 1.2.1 Plant-Plant Allelopathic Interactions and the Biotic and Physicochemical Environment 1.2.2 Boundaries for Plant-Plant Allelopathic Interactions 1.2.3 Terminology 1.3 Approaches 1.4 References 2 General Background for Plant-Plant Allelopathic Interactions 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Sources of Available (Free) Organic Compounds in the Field Environment 2.2.1 Living Plants 2.2.2 Litter, Residues, and Organic Matter 2.2.3 Residual Available Organic Compounds and Recalcitrant Organic Matter 2.2.4 Formation of Available Secondary, Tertiary, etc. Organic Compounds 2.3 Sinks for Available Organic Compounds 2.4 Sources (Input)-Sink Relationships for Available Organic Compounds 2.4.1 Sources (Inputs)-Sink Relationships 2.4.2 Turnover Rates of Available Organic Compounds 2.5 When is an Organic Compounds an Allelopathic Compound? 2.6 Identified Putative allelopathic (IPA) Compounds 2.6.1 Effects for Identified Putative Allelopathic (IPA) Compounds 2.6.2 Modifying Elements for the Effects of IPA Compounds 2.6.3 Time Frame for the Effects of IPA Compounds 2.6.4 Mobility and Distribution of IPA Compounds in the Environment 2.6.5 Fractions of IPA Compounds 2.6.6 Available/Active Fractions, Uptake, Depletion, Turnover Rates and Residual Concentrations 2.7 Modeling 2.8 References 3 Conceptual Models for Soil Systems and Physicochemical Properties of Organic Compounds 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Sources (Inputs) and Transport 3.2.1 Hydrophilic Organic Molecules (All Non-Gaseous Water-Soluble Molecules No Matter their Classification) 3.2.2 Hydrophobic Organic Molecules (All Non-Gaseous Water-Insoluble Molecules No Matter their Classification) 3.2.3 Volatile Organic Molecules (All Gaseous Molecules No Matter their Classification) 3.3 Sinks 3.3.1 Hydrophilic Organic Molecules (All Non-Gaseous Water-Soluble Molecules No Matter their Classification) 3.3.2 Hydrophobic Organic Molecules (All Non-Gaseous Water-Insoluble Molecules No Matter their Classification) 3.3.3 Volatile Organic Molecules (All Gaseous Molecules No Matter their Classification) 3.4 Conceptual Models for Source (Potential Inputs)-Sink Relationships 3.5 Physicochemical Properties for Individual Organic compounds 3.6 Linkages between Physicochemical Properties of Organic compounds 3.7 References 4 Simple Phenolic Acids in Solution Culture I: pH and pKa 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Simple Phenolic Acids 4.3 Physicochemical Properties of Phenolic Acids in Solution Cultures 4.4 pKa Values of Phenolic Acids 4.5 Calculating Neutral and Negative Fractions 4.6 Depletion (Uptake) of Neutral and Negative Fractions of Individual Phenolic Acids 4.7 Effects of Neutral Fractions of Individual Phenolic Acids on Growth 4.8 Neutral Fractions and Mixtures of Phenolic Acids 4.9 The Neutral fraction vs the Negative fraction as Causative Agents 4.10 Final Comments 4.11 References 5 Simple Phenolic Acids in Solution Culture II: Log P, Log D and Molecular structure 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Log P 5.3 Log D (i.e., pH adjusted Log P) 5.4 Potential Roles of Log P and Log D 5.4.1 Log P and Individual Phenolic Acids 5.4.2 Outliers 5.4.3 Log D and Individual Phenolic Acids 5.4.4 Log P and Concentrations of the Neutral Molecules 5.4.5 Mixture of Phenolic Acids 5.5 Molecular Structure 5.6 Roles of Microorganisms 5.7 Final Comments 5.8 References 6 Simple Phenolic Acids in Soil Culture I: Sorption, Kd and KOC 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Sorption and Sorption Coefficients 6.2.1 Definitions 6.2.2 Sorption of Phenolic Acids in Soil Systems 6.2.3 Soil-Water (Kd) and Soil Organic Carbon-Content (Koc) Coefficients 6.3 Soil Sorption of Phenolic Acids Based on Batch Equilibrium-Desorption Techniques and Water and Neutral EDTA Extractions 6.3.1 Percent Sorption, Kd and Koc of Phenolic Acids in Cecil and Portsmouth Soils 6.3.2 Percent E-Sorption 6.4 Final Comments 6.5 References 7 Simple Phenolic Acids in Soil Culture II: Biological Processes in Soil 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Utilization and Responses of Microorganisms to Phenolic Acids 7.2.1 Soil-Non-Mycorrhizal Root Systems 7.2.2 Mycorrhizosphere, Rhizoplane and Endorhizosphere of Mycorrhizal Roots 7.2.3 Nodulation 7.2.4 Field vs Laboratory Systems: Microbial Populations Based on Colony-Forming Units 7.3 Uptake of Phenolic Acids by Roots and Mycorrhizae 7.3.1 Root Uptake 7.3.2 Mycorrhizal Uptake 7.4 References 8 Hypothetical Solution-Culture System Sub-Models 8.1 Introduction 8.2 General Background 8.2.1 Features of the Nutrient-Culture System 8.2.2 The Conceptual Model 8.2.3 Physicochemical Properties of Phenolic Acids and Phenolic Acid Effects 8.3 Hypothetical Models: Exploring the Source (Input)-Sink Relationships and Effects of Phenolic acids by Means of the Conceptual Model 8.3.1 Depletion of Ferulic Acid, p-Coumaric Acid, and Vanillic Acid and Their Effects on Net Phosphorous Uptake (see Lyu et al. 1990) 8.3.2 Depletion of ferulic Acid, vanillic Acid and an Equal-Molar Mixtures of Ferulic Acid and Vanillic Acid and Their Effects on Net Phosphorous Uptake (see Lyu et al. 1990) 8.3.3 Depletion of Ferulic Acid from Treatment Solutions and Effects of Ferulic Acid on Absolute Rates of Leaf Expansion as Modified by pH over a 48-hr Treatment Period (see Blum et al. 1985b) 8.4 Final Comments 8.5 References 9 Hypothetical Soil-Culture System Sub-Models 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Features of Soil and Soil-Sand Cultures 9.2.1 Basic Systems 9.2.2 Media, Roots, Microorganisms, Treatment Solutions and Effects 9.3 Measurements, Coefficients, and Relationships 9.3.1 Determining Depletion, Sorption and Residual Concentrations of Phenolic Acids in Soil and Soil-Sand Systems 9.3.2 Sorption, Kd, Kf and Koc Coefficients 9.3.3 pKa, Log P and Log D 9.3.4 Colony-Forming Units (CFU) of Microorganisms 9.3.5 Seedling Effects 9.3.6 Cause and Effect Relationships 9.4 Hypothetical Models: Fundamentals of Cecil and Portsmouth Soil Systems 9.4.1 Phenolic Acid Input 9.4.2 Processes that Determine Available and Unavailable Phenolic Acids 9.4.3 Available (Free and Reversibly Sorbed) and Unavailable Phenolic Acids 9.4.4 Seedling Effects and Some Modifying Factors 9.5 Final Comments 9.6 References 10 Quantitative Hypothetical System Models for Cecil Soil-Sand Systems 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Systems and their Hypothetical Models 10.2.1 Continuous-Input Column Open Systems 10.2.2 Single and Multiple Input Closed Systems 10.3 References 11 Quantitative Hypothetical System Model for Portsmouth Soil-Sand System and Potential Modifying Factors 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Quantitative Data Available for Portsmouth Soil and Soil-Sand Systems 11.2.1 Physicochemical Processes in Soil 11.2.2 Physicochemical Processes and Microbial Populations and Utilization in Soil-Sand Systems 11.2.3 Rhizosphere Microbial Populations and Utilization in Cucumber Seedling-Soil-Sand Systems 11.2.4 Seedling Inhibition 11.3 Hypothetical Model for Portsmouth Soil-Sand Systems 11.3.1 Systems 11.3.2 Potential Modifiers of Black Box Values 11.4 References 12 Epilog: Assumptions, Models, Hypotheses and Conclusions 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Physicochemical Properties of Phenolic Acids 12.2.1 Solubility and vapor Pressure 12.2.2 pKa 12.2.3 Log P 12.2.4 Molecular Structure 12.2.5 Sorption Coefficients (Kd, Kf and Koc) 12.2.6 Can Physicochemical Properties of Phenolic Acids be Used as Tools to Help Understand the Complex Behavior of Phenolic Acids and the Ultimate Effects of Phenolic Acids on Sensitive Seedlings? 12.3 Other Tools 12.3.1 Soil Extractions 12.3.2 Plate-Dilution Frequency technique 12.3.3 Leaf Area and Leaf Area Expansion 12.3.4 Water Utilization, Evapotranspiration and µM and mM of Phenolic acids in Soil 12.4 Assumptions for Model Systems 12.4.1 Nutrient Culture Systems 12.4.2 Continuous-Input Systems 12.4.3 Single and Multiple Input Closed Systems 12.5 Summary of Observations for Seedling-Microbe-Soil Systems 12.5.1 Physicochemical Processes 12.5.2 Root Uptake and Microbial Utilization 12.5.3 Seedling Effects 12.5.4 Partitioning of Phenolic Acids 12.6 What insights do the laboratory bioassays and the conceptual and hypothetical models of laboratory systems tell us about the potential behavior and effects of phenolic acids in field systems? 12.6.1 Similarities for Laboratory and Field Systems 12.6.2 Differences for Laboratory and Field Systems 12.6.3 Conclusions 12.7 References

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Book SynopsisThis open access book synthesizes leading-edge science and management information about forest and rangeland soils of the United States. It offers ways to better understand changing conditions and their impacts on soils, and explores directions that positively affect the future of forest and rangeland soil health. This book outlines soil processes and identifies the research needed to manage forest and rangeland soils in the United States. Chapters give an overview of the state of forest and rangeland soils research in the Nation, including multi-decadal programs (chapter 1), then summarizes various human-caused and natural impacts and their effects on soil carbon, hydrology, biogeochemistry, and biological diversity (chapters 2–5). Other chapters look at the effects of changing conditions on forest soils in wetland and urban settings (chapters 6–7). Impacts include: climate change, severe wildfires, invasive species, pests and diseases, pollution, and land use change. Chapter 8 considers approaches to maintaining or regaining forest and rangeland soil health in the face of these varied impacts. Mapping, monitoring, and data sharing are discussed in chapter 9 as ways to leverage scientific and human resources to address soil health at scales from the landscape to the individual parcel (monitoring networks, data sharing Web sites, and educational soils-centered programs are tabulated in appendix B). Chapter 10 highlights opportunities for deepening our understanding of soils and for sustaining long-term ecosystem health and appendix C summarizes research needs. Nine regional summaries (appendix A) offer a more detailed look at forest and rangeland soils in the United States and its Affiliates.Table of ContentsExecutive Summary.- Overview and Purposes.- Key Message.- Chapter 1. State Of Forest And Rangeland Soils Research In The United States (Dan Binkley, Daniel D. Richter, Richard V. Pouyat, and Linda Geiser).- Chapter 2. Soil Carbon (Erin Berryman, Jeff Hatten, Deborah S. Page-Dumroese, Kate Heckman, David D’Amore, Jennifer Puttere, Michael SanClements, Stephanie Connolly, Charles H. (Hobie) Perry, and Grant Domke).- Chapter 3. Soils And Water (Mary Beth Adams, Vince Archer, Scott Bailey, Kevin McGuire, Chelcy Miniat, Dan Neary, Toby O’Geen, Pete Robichaud, and Mike Strobel).- Chapter 4. Biogeochemical Cycling In Forest And Rangeland Soils Of The United States (Lindsey E. Rustad, Jennifer Knoepp, Daniel D. Richter, and Andrew Scott).- Chapter 5. Forest And Rangeland Soil Biodiversity (Stephanie A. Yarwood, Elizabeth Bach, Matt Busse, Jane E. Smith, Mac A. Callaham, Jr., Chih-Han Chang, Taniya Roy Chowdhury, and Steven D. Warren).- Chapter 6. Wetland And Hydric Soils (Carl Trettin, Randall Kolka, Anne Marsh, Sheel Bansal, Eric Lilleskov, Patrick Megonigal, Marla Stelk, Graeme Lockaby, David D’Amore, Richard MacKenzie, Brian Tangen, Rodney Chimner, and James Gries).- Chapter 7. Urban Soils (Richard Pouyat, Susan Day, Sally Brown, Kirsten Schwarz, Richard Shaw, Katalin Szlavecz, Tara Trammell, and Ian Yesilonis).- Chapter 8. Soil Management And Restoration (Mary Williams, Cara Farr, Deborah Page-Dumroese, Stephanie Connolly, and Eunice Padley).- Chapter 9. Soil Mapping, Monitoring, And Assessment (Mark J. Kimsey, Larry E. Laing, Sarah Anderson, Jeff Bruggink, Steve Campbell, David Diamond, Grant Domke, James Gries, Scott Holub, Greg Nowacki, Deborah Page-Dumroese, Charles H. (Hobie) Perry, Lindsey Rustad, Kyle Stephens, and Robert Vaughan).- Chapter 10. Challenges And Opportunities (Linda Geiser, Toral Patel-Weynand, Anne Marsh, Korena Mafune, and Daniel Vogt).- Appendix A: Regional Summaries.- Appendix B: Soils Networks And Resources.- Appendix C: Summary Of Research Questions.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides updated information on this intriguing and exciting group of insects: Neotropical Social Wasps. These insects have a particular biology and their colonies are formed by a few cooperative females living in either small or massive, structured nests where stinging individuals organize their activities and defend their offspring. Topics include evolutionary aspects, biogeography, post-embryonic development, community behavior and ecology, economic importance, and research methods. Table of ContentsA Brief Review Of Studies On Social Wasps In Brazil.- The Evolution of Swarm Founding in the Wasps: Possible Scenarios.- The foraging behaviour of neotropical social wasps.- The choice of sexual partner in social wasps.- Nesting Habits of Neotropical Social Wasps.- Castes and polymorphisms in neotropical social wasps.- The biology of swarm-founding epiponine wasp, Polybia paulsita.- Causes and consequences of reproductive conflicts in wasp societies.- Post-embryonic Development in Brazilian Social Wasps.- Evolution and adaptation of the wings and mandibles of neotropical social wasps.- Cuticular hydrocarbon studies in Neotropical Social Wasps.- Biogeographic hypotheses for the Neotropical Social Wasps.- Chromosome diversity and evolution in Neotropical social wasps.- Phylogeny and classification of the Neotropical social wasps.- List of species of social wasps from Brazil.- The Old-World versus New-World social wasps: Similarities, differences and threats.- Key to the genera of social wasps (Polistinae) occurring in Brazil.- Research techniques used in the study of social wasps.- Community ecology of social wasps in Brazil: Forty years of studies.- lnteractions between wasps and other animals: associations and natural enemies.- Interactions of social wasps with microorganisms.- Artificial Environments for Studying Eusocial Wasps.- Economic importance of Neotropical Social Wasps.

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Book SynopsisThis open access book focuses on an issue only marginally tackled by this literature: the still existing gap between adaptation science and modelling and the possibility to effectively access and exploit the information produced by policy making at different levels, international, national and local. To do so, the book presents the proceedings of a high-level expert workshop on adaptation modelling, integrated with main results from the “Study on Adaptation Modelling” (SAM-PS) commissioned by the European Commission's Directorate-General for Climate Action (DG CLIMA) and implemented by the CMCC Foundation – Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change, in collaboration with the Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), Deltares, and Paul Watkiss Associates (PWA).What is the latest development in adaptation modelling? Which tools and information are available for adaptation assessment? How much are they practically usable by the policy community? How their uptake by practitioners can be improved? What are the major research gaps in adaptation modelling that needs to be covered in the next future? How? This book addresses these questions presenting the results of a study on adaptation modelling commissioned by the European Commission's Directorate-General for Climate Action (DG CLIMA) enriched by the outcomes of a high-level expert workshop on adaptation also part of the research. This book aspires to provide a useful support to academics, policy makers and practitioners in the field of adaptation to orient them in the expanding adaptation modelling assessment literature and suggest practical ways for its application. This book, mainly addressed to academics, policy makers and practitioners in the field of adaptation, aims to providing orientation in the large and expanding methodological/quantitative literature, presenting novelties, guiding in the practical application of adaptation assessments and suggesting lines for future research. This open access book focuses on an issue only marginally tackled by this literature: the still existing gap between adaptation science and modelling and the possibility to effectively access and exploit the information produced by policy making at different levels, international, national and local. To do so, the book presents the proceedings of a high-level expert workshop on adaptation modelling, integrated with main results from the “Study on Adaptation Modelling” (SAM-PS) commissioned by the European Commission's Directorate-General for Climate Action (DG CLIMA) and implemented by the CMCC Foundation – Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change, in collaboration with the Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), Deltares, and Paul Watkiss Associates (PWA). Table of ContentsPreface Introduction from DG-CLIMA Introduction from the Editors Chapter 1 – Challenges for adaptation modelling Chapter 2 – Hazard, exposure and vulnerability modelling for adaptation Chapter 3 – Sectoral models for impact and adaptation assessment Chapter 4 – Adaptation modelling and policy action Conclusions

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Book SynopsisThis edited work presents a multi-faceted view on the causes and consequences of disturbance in ecosystems. Vegetation can be affected by a variety of different disturbances such as wind, floods, fire, and insect attack, leading to an abrupt change in live biomass. Disturbance is a motor of vegetation dynamics, but also sensitive to climate change and poses a challenge for ecosystem management. Readers will discover the global distribution of disturbance regimes and learn about the importance of disturbances for biodiversity and the evolution of plant and animal life. The book provides a Central European perspective on disturbance ecology, and addresses important disturbance agents such as fire, wind, avalanches, tree diseases, insect defoliators, bark beetles and large herbivores in dedicated chapters. It furthermore includes chapters on anthropogenic disturbances in forests and grasslands. The impact of climate change on disturbance regimes and approaches to address disturbance risks in ecosystem management are discussed in concluding chapters. Within the 18 chapters 14 textboxes highlight current topics of disturbance ecology and provide deeper methodological insights into the field. Disturbances strongly shape our landscapes and maintain our biodiversity. A better understanding of their ecology is thus fundamental for contextualizing the dynamic changes in our environment. This book is a valuable resource for students and practitioners interested in disturbances and their management.Table of Contents1 Disturbance ecology: a guideline 2 Definitions and quantifications 3 Concepts 4 Abiotic disturbances 5 Biotic disturbances 6 Anthropogenic disturbances 7 Disturbances in global change 8 Disturbances and management

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Book SynopsisThis edited open access volume explores the role of forest bioeconomy in addressing climate change. The authors put a particular focus on planetary boundaries and how the linear, growth-oriented economy, is coupled with climate change and environmental degradation. Biobased products and sustainable production paths have been developed, but how can they be scaled in order to lead to an economic paradigm shift? This and other questions are discussed throughout the volume.Since science indicates that climate change will continue this century, the authors also analyse how forests can be adapted to increasing forest disturbances that changing climate are expected to cause. The authors propose climate-smart forestry as useful approach for climate mitigation and adaptation of forests to climate change, as wells as sustainable increase of economic well-being based on forestry. The book illustrates the application of climate-smart forestry in the Czech Republic, Finland, Germany and Spain, i.e., in EU countries with quite different forests and forest sectors. This proactive and inspiring volume is an essential resource for Forest Management professionals, decision makers, scientists, and forestry students. Table of ContentsChapter 1. The Role of the Forest-Based Sector in the Bioeconomy and Climate Change (Hetemäki and Kangas).- Chapter 2. Planetary Boundaries and the Role of the Forest-Based Sector (Hetemäki and Seppälä).- Chapter 3. Climate Change, Impacts, Adaptation and Risk Management in Forests (Venäläinen et al.).- Chapter 4. Outlook for a Forest-Based Bioeconomy (Hurmekoski et al.).- Chapter 5. Forest Biomass Availability (Anttila and Verkerk).- Chapter 6. Carbon Sequestration and Storage in the Forests of the European Union (Kilpeläinen and Peltola).- Chapter 7. Contribution of Wood-Based Products to Climate Change Mitigation (Hurmekoski et al.).- Chapter 8. Synthesis: Climate-Change Mitigation in the Forest-Based Sector (Hurmekoski et al.).- Chapter 9. Climate-Smart Forestry Approach (Hetemäki and Verkerk).- Chapter 10. Climate-Smart Forestry Case Study: Czech Republic (Emil Cienciala).- Chapter 11. Climate-Smart Forestry Case Study: Finland (Peltola et al.).- Chapter 12. Climate-Smart Forestry Case Study: Germany (Hanewinkel et al.).- Chapter 13. Climate-Smart Forestry Case Study: Spain (Trasobares et al).- Chapter 14. The Way Forward: Management and Policy Actions (Hetemäki et al.)

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Book Synopsis1 The Ecology and Biodiversity of Tropical Cities Are as Important as Unknown.- 2 Could cities be an object of study for Ecology.- 3 Green Forest Gray Cities in the Amazon.- 4 Growing cities and shrinking fish Potential urbanization effects on fish and fisheries in tropical rivers.- 5 Latin America Where urbanization and poverty peak together with biodiversity.- 6 Vale Encantado Park Popular mobilization for a conservation area in a metropolitan environment.- 7 People animals and waste form systemic links within tropical cities Case of an urban raptor in Delhi India.- 8 Urban Green Spaces in Neotropical Cities Biodiversity Conservation and Menaces.- 9 Green and gray grids urban network natural resources and the construction of a sustainable landscape in northern Paraná state Brazil.- 10 Loss of seaweed biodiversity in marine tropical regions caused by unplanned coastal urbanization.- 11 Urban biological evolution in tropical cities.- 12 Exploring urban greenspace and biodiversity in tropical Africa.- 13 Urban Forestry and Forest City Agglomeration in the Pearl River Delta Southern China.- 14 Tree diversity in an urban industrial area implications for urban greening and conservation.- 15 Composition And Structure Of Urban Tree Communities In Brazilian Cities.- 16 Opposing Urban Ecology The Restrictions Of Morphology And Architectural Typology To Urban Forestry.- 17 Urban Biodiversity Hotspots Harnessing the Conservation Potential of Yards in Brazilian Tropical Cities.- 18 Agrobiodiversity conservation in the urban context and the role of indigenous peoples and local communities.- 19 Urbanites backyard Garden interaction and species preferences impound local biodiversity in an Afro tropical metropolitan.- 20 Urban Agriculture Issues and Challenges in Iran.- 21 Bats in tropical cities the ecology in of and for cities.- 22 Ecological dynamics of frogs in tropical cities Uncovering bias using a systematic literature review.

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Book SynopsisChapter 1: Nepal: An Introduction.- Chapter 2: Flora and Phytogeography of Nepal.- Chapter 3: Vegetation and forest in Nepal.- Chapter 4: An overview of the Middle Miocene to Early Pleistocene Flora of the Siwalik sediments in Nepal.- Chapter 5: A Comprehensive Review of Algal Exploration in Nepal.- Chapter 6: Fungi of Nepal.- Chapter 7: Bryophyta Plant Diversity in Nepal.- Chapter 8: Lichens of Nepal.- Chapter 9: Fern and fern-allies of Nepal.- Chapter 10: Gymnosperms of Nepal: diversity, distribution, economic importance and future perspectives.- Chapter 11: Angiosperm diversity in Nepal.- Chapter 12: Economically important plants in Nepal.- Chapter 13: Plant invasions in Nepal: What we do not know?.- Chapter 14: Impact of climate change on plants in the Nepal Himalayas.- Chapter 15: Plant Biodiversity Conservation in Nepal Himalaya: Status, Policies, and Legislative Frameworks.

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Book SynopsisChapter 1 BRAZILIAN ROCKY SHORES: GEOMORPHOLOGY AND PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT.- Chapter 2 BIOGEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS OF BRAZILIAN ROCKY REEF FAUNA.- Chapter 3 BENTHIC-PELAGIC COUPLING.- Chapter 4 REGULATORY PROCESSES OF BIOLOGICAL ZONATION ON ROCKY SHORES.- Chapter 5 ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ASPECTS OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN ROCKY SHORES.- Chapter 6 ANTHROPOGENIC STRESSORS ON SHALLOW COASTAL ROCKY REEFS.- Chapter 7 RESEARCH ON ROCKY SHORES IN BRAZIL: ADVANCES AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO INTERNATIONAL FORA.- Chapter 8 BRAZILIAN ROCKY SHORES: PERSPECTIVES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH, MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION.

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Book SynopsisChapter 1. Aquatic Animal Nutrition: Plant Preparations ? Ever Tried. Ever Failed. Try again.'.- Chapter 2. Medicinal Plant Survey ? Good for Humans, Good for Fishes!.- Chapter 3. Individual Medicinal Plants ? Good for Humans, Good for Fishes!'.- Chapter 4. Food and Spice Plants Good for Humans, Good for Fishes ? Revisited.- Chapter 5. Fruits and Essential Oils Good for Humans, Good for Fishes ? Revisited.- Chapter 6. Fermentation Residues and Miscellanies What Else to Offer?.- Chapter 7. Macroalgae, Macrophytes, Filamentous Algae Not to Everyone's Taste'.

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Book SynopsisChapter 1 Introduction.- Chapter 2 Anatomy and dynamics of the Patagonia shelf-break front.- Chapter 3 The phytoplankton of the Patagonian shelf-break front.- Chapter 4 Zooplanktonic crustacea and ichthyoplankton of the Patagonian shelf-break sront.- Chapter 5 Nekton: fishes and squids.- Chapter 6 Benthic assemblages and biodiversity patterns of the shelf-break front.- Chapter 7 Fisheries in the shelf-break front.- Chapter 8 Seabirds in the argentine continental shelf and shelf-break.- Chapter 9 Patagonian shelf-break front: the ecosystem services hot-spot of the South West Atlantic Ocean.- Chapter 10 Species-dependent conservation in a South West Atlantic ecosystem.- Chapter 11 Food web topology associated with the Patagonian shelf-break front.

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Book Synopsis1 Sampling Designs for Landscapes.- 2 Species Distribution Modeling.- 3 Landscape scale Ecological Data.- 4 Ordination.- 5 Classification.- 6 Inferences on Spatial Data.- 7 Structural Equation Models.- 8 Site Prioritization.- 9 Landscape Change.- 10 Ecological Assessment.

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Book SynopsisSulphidogenic Bioprocesses for Acid Mine Water Treatment and Selective Recovery of Arsenic and Metals.- Biological iron recovery from waste waters.- Aluminium recovery from waste streams.- Precious Metal Recovery from Wastewater Using Bio-Based Techniques.- Microalgae: A Biological Tool for Removal and Recovery of Potentially Toxic Elements in Wastewater Treatment Photobioreactors.- Phytoextraction options.

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Book SynopsisChapter 1 The Andean Flanks: Montane Cloud Forests' Untold BioCultural Heritage and Ecological Legacies.- Chapter 2 Cloud forests in the Venezuelan Andes: A review of functional characteristics at ecosystem and plant scale.- Chapter 3 Litterfall dynamics along a successional gradient in a global hotspot of biodiversity in the tropical Andes.- Chapter 4 The significance of successional forests in human-modified Andean forests landscape.- Chapter 5 Effects of Urban Growth and Local Disturbances on Extent and composition of High Andean Forests.- Chapter 6 A multi-scale ecological approach for the conservation and restoration of Venezuelan Andean cloud forests.- Chapter 7 Forest biomass and species diversity for conservation status assessment in subtropical Andean forests.- Chapter 8 Forest connectivity loss surpasses deforestation in the Colombian Andean forests.- Chapter 9 Phenology and potential primary productivity response to climate change in the Andean Mediterranean forests: a remote sensing analysis.- Chapter 10 Non-native plants in the Andes ecoregions: current patterns and future perspectives.- Chapter 11 The role of environmental instruments in the conservation of Andean Forests in Ecuador.

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Book SynopsisChapter 1. A Primer for Eastern Pacific Coral Reefs.- Chapter 2. Coral Reef Discoveries.- Chapter 3. Origin of the Eastern Pacific Coral Reef Province.- Chapter 4. Physical Environmental Challenges. - Chapter 5. El Niño Southern Oscillation.- Chapter 6. Coral_Reproduction and Recruitment.- Chapter 7. Corallivores and Reef-dwelling Predators.- Chapter 8. Megafauna.- Chapter 9. Bioerosion.- Chapter 10. Biodiversity: The Seen and Unseen Biota.- Chapter 11. Symbiosis: Microorganisms to the Megafauna.- Chapter 12. Retirement: A Subtropical Research Addendum.- Chapter 13. Uncharted Waters, the Fate of Eastern Pacific Coral Reef Ecosystems.

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Book SynopsisChapter 1. Introduction to Urban-Rural Dialogue in Green City Design.- Chapter 2. Rural-Urban Dialogue as Experience: The Role of Urban Hiking Trails and Architecture and Landscape Architecture Hybrid Typologies.- Chapter 3. Strategies, Actions, and Methodology for the Development of Inner Urban Areas.- Chapter 4. The Decarbonization of Urban Districts by 2025 in the Mediterranean Area: Green and Grey Solutions.- Chapter 5. Ecological and Landscape Networks as Strategic and Structural Components of Intermunicipal Planning.- Chapter 6. Cultivating Public Space – Method and Procedures for Inclusive Urban Reappropriation Practices.- Chapter 7. Urban Regeneration with Nature-Based Solutions: Human and Nature Perspectives.- Chapter 8. Regenerative Foodscapes as a Holistic and Integrated Approach for Ecological Transition in the Alpine Territories.- Chapter 9. Growing Urban Health – Questioning the Role of Urban Gardening in Distressed Urban Areas.- Chapter 10. Cultivating Cities: Urban Gardening’s Impacts and Challenges.- Chapter 11. Constructed Wetlands as Green Infrastructure to Improve Quality of Life.

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Book SynopsisThe Brazilian continental shelf: patterns and processes.- Physical oceanography on the Brazilian shelf.- Soft bottom habitats,- Rhodolith beds.- Coral reefs on the Brazilian continental shelf.- Amazon plume reefs.- Fisheries.- Threats to the continental shelf ecosystems.- Conservation and sustainable use of the Brazilian shelf.

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Book SynopsisWild Cattle Species and Their Ecology.- Wild Cattle and their Carnivores.- Cattle Ancestry, Domestication and Carnivores.- Cattle Ancestry and Ancient Carnivores.- Predators of Cattle in Europe.- Predators of Cattle in Africa.- Predators of Cattle in North America.- Predators of Cattle in South America.- Conclusions.

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Book SynopsisTropospheric Ozone and Crop Production.- The role of nitric oxides in alleviating effects of high ozone conditions on crop yield.- Plant Responses Under Combined Effect of Atmospheric Hydrogen Sulphide And Tropospheric Ozone.- Synergistic Effects of Heavy Metal Induced Stress and High Tropospheric Ozone Concentration on Plant Productivity. 

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Book SynopsisClimate-resilient strategies for sustainable management of water resources and agriculture.- Soil Health and Carbon Sequestration in Agricultural Systems Under Changing Climate.- Addressing Wheat Yellow Rust in a Changing Climate.- Biochar-Soil-Plant interactions: A cross talk for sustainable agriculture under changing climate.- Microbial Activity Involved in Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Soil.- Emerging plant Disease prediction through forewarning model and artificial Intelligence (AI) under climate change scenario.- Enhancing Climate Resilience in Sugarcane: A Review of Physiological and Molecular Responses to Water Stress.- Mitigating and adapting to climate change through climate-smart agriculture.- Ensuring biodiversity maintenance and food security through sustainable intensification: an environment-friendly approach.- Next-Gen Agriculture: How AI-Driven 3D Farming Builds Resilience Against Global Food Crises.- The Role of Digital Agriculture in Mitigating Climate Change and Ensuring Food Security: An Overview.- Harnessing Digital Agriculture to Combat Climate Change and Feed the Future.- Heavy Metals Pollution and Role of Soil PGPR: A Mitigation Approach.- Climate Resilient Floriculture: Adapting Cut Flower and Foliage Production to a Changing Climate.- Integrated Desert Farming.- Ripple Effect: The Role of Climate Change Anxiety, Nature Connectedness, and Pro-Environmental Behavior in Building Climate Resilience and Mitigating Psychological Distress Among Flood-Affected and Non-Affected Youth.- Connecting Climate-Resilient Farming Practices with Regenerative Agriculture for Enhancing Productivity, Profitability, and Environmental Security.- Climate change, Extension services and the viability of smallholder agriculture: Voices of Communal Farmers in Lupane, Zimbabwe.

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Book SynopsisChapter 1: Biological Agents As Potential Resources Of Biotechnological Production.- Chapter 2: Biotechnological Production Process.- Chapter 3: Basic Methods And Approaches In Industrial Biotechnology.- Chapter 4: Products Based On The Live Or Inactivated Microbial Biomass.- Chapter 5: Technological Bioenergy. Bioproduction Of Renewable Energy Source.- Chapter 6: Production Of Microbial Synthesis Products.- Chapter 7: Immobilized Biological Agents.- Chapter 8: Evaluating The Effectiveness Of Biotechnological Production.- Chapter 9: Biological Safety In Microbiological Production.

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Book SynopsisChapter 1: Agroecology and the New Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse.- Chapter 2: The ‘what’, ‘how’ and ‘why’ of agriculture and agroecology.- Chapter 3: Agroecosystems and their services.- Chapter 4: Agricultural Biodiversity and Food Security.- Chapter 5: Agroecology and agri-food system transformation.- Chapter 6: Integrating rural landscape sustainability into Agroecology.- Chapter 7: New challenges for education in agroecology.- Chapter 8: Systematic and participatory action research in agroecology.- Chapter 9: Agroecology for food sovereignty: a science, a practice and a social movement.- Chapter 10: Eco-agriculture: adapting to global climate change by applying agroecology.

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Book SynopsisChapter 1. Drivers of Ploidy State in Freshwater Macrophyte Communities at World Scale.- Chapter 2. Species Details, Distribution Maps and Images.

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Book SynopsisTwo events have recently improved the prospects of protecting fish and their environment in Switzerland: the acceptance of a new Federal Water Protection Law in the plebiscite of May 17th 1992, and the new Federal Legislation on Fisheries, in force since January 1st 1994. With this legal framework, the possibilities for protection of nature and landscape have now considerably improved in Switzerland. The most important aims of the Federal Law on Water Protection are to safeguard the natural habitats of the native flora and fauna and water as the habitat of aquatic organisms. This includes not only the preservation or restoration of water quality in lakes and rivers, but also, in rivers used for hydroelectricity, irrigation or as industrial or other water supplies, the maintenance of sufficient water to fulfill the minimal requirements for fish. However, good quality water in sufficient quan­ tities alone is not enough to guarantee the survival of fish. Intact fish habitats comprise various phYsical structures including plenty of hiding places, hunting grounds, reproduction and nursery areas within suitable distances from each other. This third aspect of conservation and restoration of aquatic habitats is a central point in the new Federal Law on Fisheries. Whereas the former versions of this law were more concerned with fishery regulations, the recent legislation defines new areas of responsibility for the federal and the cantonal governments.Table of ContentsGeneral considerations regarding the decline of species.- Red lists.- Threatened freshwater fishes of Great Britain.- Scottish natural heritage and fish conservation in Scotland.- Endangered freshwater fish in Ireland.- Endangered freshwater fish: The situation in France.- Endangered freshwater fish of Spain.- The Red Data List of the freshwater lampreys (Cyclostomata) and fishes (Pisces) of Slovenia.- Threatened freshwater fish in Hungary.- Vanishing freshwater fish species of Slovakia.- The status of the fish fauna in the Czech Republic.- Endangered fishes of the River Morava (Czech Republic).- Species conservation: Ecology, taxonomy and genetics.- Long-term changes in the fish community of Neusiedler See (Burgenland, Austria).- Natural regeneration of endangered fish populations in the Pilica drainage basin after reducing human impacts.- Fish conservation in Switzerland - three case-studies.- The decline of the European sturgeon Acipenser sturio in the Baltic and North Sea.- Occurrence and distribution of twaite shad (Alosa fallax Lacépède) in the lower Elbe River, Germany.- Rehabilitation of salmon (Salmo salar L.) in Denmark; state, objectives and methods.- The role of natural and artificial propagation on the genetic diversity of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) of the upper Rhône drainage.- Cellulose acetate electrophoresis for screening transferrin polymorphism in brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) populations.- Decline and conservation of migrating brown trout (Salmo trutta f. lacustris L.) of Lake Constance.- The conservation ecology of Coregonus albula and C. lavaretus in England and Wales, UK.- Gonadal abnormalities in Coregonus peled Gmel. × Coregonus lavaretus L. hybrids, introduced into natural waters.- Threatened populations and conservation of the European grayling, Thymallus thymallus (L., 1758).- Reproduction and habitat preference of the threatened spirlin (Alburnoides bipunctatus Bloch) and soufie (Leuciscus souffia Risso) under laboratory conditions (Teleostei: Cyprinidae).- Distribution of YOY-barbel Barbus barbus (L.) in the River Sieg/Germany.- Drift, habitat choice and growth of the nase (Chondrostoma nasus, Cyprinidae) during early life stages.- Chondrostoma nasus - its reproduction strategy and possible reasons for a widely observed population decline - a review.- Contribution to the knowledge of the distribution and spawning grounds of Chondrostoma nasus and Chondrostoma toxostoma (Pisces, Cyprinidae) in Switzerland.- Spawning grounds of Chondrostoma soetta Bonaparte, 1840 (Cyprinidae) in Southern Switzerland.- The artificial propagation and culture of young weatherfish (Misgurnus fossilis L.).- Description of Knipowitschia punctatissima croatica, (Pisces: Gobiidae), a new freshwater goby from Dalmatia, Croatia.- The sculpin of the Lez spring (South France), Cottus petiti (Bacescu and Bacescu - Mester, 1964), one of the most threatened fish species in Europe.- Conservation of samaruc, Valencia hispanica (Valenciennes, 1846), (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae), an endemic and endangered species, in the community of Valencia (east Spain).- Workshop reports.- Workshop I: Faunistic surveys and vulnerability assessments.- Workshop II: Conservation of European mudminnow, Umbra krameri.- Workshop III: Management and rehabilitation of habitat of endangered fishes.

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Book SynopsisThis text coherently links biochemical fundamentals and mechanisms with economic and societal problems of environmental pollution. It addresses interdisciplinary topics such as regulatory problems, sampling and pollutant quantifi cation, model organisms and provides a philosophical perspective on the toxin load on a variety of organisms, including humans in the environment in the Anthropocene. Case studies and exercises illustrate current issues and discuss future aspects.

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Book SynopsisRock surfaces provide a challenging habitat for a broad diversity of micro- or small-sized organisms. They interact with each other forming complex communities as well with their substrate causing biodeterioration of rock. Extreme fluctuation in light, temperature and hydration are the main factors that determine the rock surface habitats. The habitat includes epilithic organisms which thrive on the surface without penetrating the rock, endolithic organisms which live just beneath the surface using a thin layer of the rock surface for protection against adverse conditions of the environment (e.g. light protection, storage of water) and chasmo-endolithic organisms which use fractures of the rock surface for a more habitable environment. The book will provide an overview of the various organismal groups, from prokaryotes to vascular plants and arthropods, as well as survey organism-mediated interactions with the rock surface. The latter include biogenic weathering (biogeochemistry, state-of-the art imaging methods), photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation at and inside the rock surface.

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the scientific principles that are used throughout the world to ensure the rapid, healthy growth of forest plantations. As the population of the world increases so does the amount of wood people use. Large areas of natural forests are being cleared every year and converted to other uses. Almost as large an area of plantation forests is being established annually to replace those lost natural forests. Eventually, plantations will produce a large proportion of the wood used around the world for firewood, building, the manufacture of paper and bioenergy. Forest plantations can also provide various environmental benefits including carbon storage, rehabilitation of degraded land, serving as disposal sites for various forms of industrial or agricultural waste and enhancing biodiversity in regions that have been largely cleared for agriculture. Whatever their motivation, plantation forest growers want their plantations to be healthy and grow rapidly to achieve their purpose as soon as possible. This book discusses how this is done. It is written for a worldwide audience, from forestry professionals and scientists through to small plantation growers, and describes how plantations may be grown responsibly and profitably.Table of ContentsPlantation Forests.- Biology of Plantation Growth.- Growth Rates and Wood Quality.- Choosing the Species and Site.- Establishment.- Nutrient Management.- Stand Density and Initial Spacing.- Thinning.- Pruning.- Pests.- Diseases.- Tree Breeding.- 13 Mixed-Species Plantations.- Silviculture and Sustainability.

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Book SynopsisThis book will help readers learn the basic skills needed to study microfossils especially those without a formal background in paleontology. It details key principles, explains how to identify different groups of microfossils, and provides insight into their potential applications in solving geologic problems. Basic principles are addressed with examples that explore the strengths and limitations of microfossils and their geological records. This overview provides an understanding of taphonomy and quality of the fossil records, biomineralization and biogeochemistry, taxonomy, concepts of species, and basic concepts of ecology. Readers learn about the major groups of microfossils, including their morphology, ecology, and geologic history.Coverage includes: foraminifera, ostracoda, coccolithophores, pteropods, radiolaria, diatoms, silicoflagellates, conodonts, dinoflagellates, acritarch, and spores and pollens. In this coverage, marine microfossils, and particularly foraminifera, are discussed in more detail compared with the other groups as they continue to play a major role in most scientific investigations. Among the various tracers of earth history, microfossils provide the most diverse kinds of information to earth scientists. This richly illustrated volume will help students and professionals understand microfossils, and provide insight on how to work with them to better understand evolution of life, and age and the paleoenvironment of sedimentary strata.Table of ContentsPart I: Principles.- Introduction.- Taphonomy and Quality of the Fossil Record.- Microfossil Biomineralization and Biogeochemistry.- Morphology, Taxonomy and Concepts of Species.- Basic Concepts of Ecology.- Part II: An Overview of Microfossils.- Calcareous-Walled Microfossils.- Siliceous-Walled Microfossils.- Phosphatic Microfossils.- Organic-Walled Microfossils.- Part III: Applications.- Biostratigraphy.- Paleoenvironment and Paleoclimate.- Basin Analysis and Hydrocarbon Exploration.- Paleoceanography.

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Book SynopsisProbably the best-studied stream on earth. The result of unmatched long-term data taken by the Max-Planck outstation in Schlitz from the nearby Breitenbach stream since 1949, the special focus in this handbook and ready reference is on animal and microorganism occurrence and variation, as well as chemical and physical parameters. An invaluable data basis for modeling purposes for anyone dealing with stream ecology. Trade Review“Particularly, the long-term data going back for more than 50 years are unique and are valuable resource for everyone in the world dealing with stream ecology.” (Acta Botanica Hungarica, 1 October 2012)Table of ContentsIntroduction The Breitenbach and its Catchment Environmental Characteristics Detrital Energy Sources Primary Producers Bacteria and Fungi The Fauna of the Breitenbach Ecosystem Breitenbach Summary

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Book SynopsisAll those who think that bivalves are boring are in the best company. Karl von Frisch is reported to have turned the pages more quickly in texts where bivalves were treated because, according to him, they literally lack any behaviour. The fact that they can filtrate huge amounts of water, burrow into the sedi­ ment, actively swim, drill holes into rocks and boats or detect shadows with the aid of pretty blue eyes located on the rim of their mantle obviously left v. Frisch unimpressed. Why, then, a book on the large freshwater mussels (Naiads or Unionoida), which on first sight are much less spectacular than the marine ones? The main reason is that they are keepers of secrets which they reveal only on close and careful inspection. This is not only true for the pearls some species produce and which over centuries have contributed to the treasures of bishops and kings, but particularly for their ecology: their life cycles are linked with those of fishes, some can occur in incredible densities and some can live for more than 100 years. Thus, the presence or absence of naiads in a lake or stream has manifold implications.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews "... Hier wird eine aktuelle Synopse des Wissens über die Biologie der großen Süßwassermuscheln = Najaden verfügbar gemacht, wie sie in dieser Vollständigkeit bislang nicht bekannt war. Dafür ist den Autoren zu danken. Der Band sollte in keiner wissenschaftlichen Bibliothek fehlen, ebenso nicht in der von Najadenforschern und Malakozoologen sowie der Nautrschutzverwaltung." (Mainzer Naturwissenschaftliches Archiv Vol. 39, 2001)Table of ContentsI Systematics and Distribution.- 1 Characterization of the Unionoida (= Naiads).- 2 Freshwater Mussels (Hyriidae) of Australasia.- 3 Systematics and Distribution of the Recent Margaritiferidae.- 4 Population Genetics and Systematics of European Unionoidea.- II Life-History Strategies.- 5 Life-History Variation on Different Taxonomic Levels of Naiads.- 6 Larval Types and Early Postlarval Biology in Naiads (Unionoida).- 7 Plasticity of Life-History Traits in Unio crassus.- 8 Life-History Data on the Virtually Unknown Margaritifera auricularia.- III Populations and Communities.- 9 Factors Affecting Naiad Occurrence and Abundance.- 10 Effect of Muskrat Predation on Naiads.- 11 Glochidial Mortality in Freshwater Mussels.- 12 Macrohabitat Factors Influencing the Distribution of Naiads in the St. Croix River, Minnesota and Wisconsin, USA.- IV Evolutionary Biology.- 13 Framework and Driving Forces for the Evolution of Naiad Life Histories.- 14 A Phylogenetic Perspective on the Evolution of Morphological and Reproductive Characteristics in the Unionoida.- 15 The Evolution of the Unionacea in North America, and Its Implications for the Worldwide Fauna.- V Mussels and Environment.- 16 Environmental Relationships of Naiads: Threats, Impact on the Ecosystem, Indicator Function.- 17 Filtration and Respiration Rates of Two Unionid Species and Their Impact on the Water Quality of a Lowland River.- 18 Effects of Eutrophication on Unionids.- 19 The Extent of, and Causes for, the Decline of a Highly Threatened Naiad: Margaritifera margaritifera.- 20 The Pearl Mussel-Salmon Community in the Varzuga River, Northwest Russia: Problems of Environmental Impacts.- 21 How Environmental Information Can Be Obtained from Naiad Shells.- VI Synopsis.- 22 Ecology and Evolution of the Naiads.

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