Ecological science, the Biosphere Books

Book SynopsisAlthough traditionally defined as areas where natural vegetation is exploited for grazing by domestic and native herbivores, rangelands are used by many different people, for a host of purposes. As well as livestock products, rangelands provide fuels, minerals and water and are used for ecotourism, recreation, nature conservation and as carbon sinks. More than half of the earth's land surface is rangeland and millions of people, both within and outside the rangelands, depend on them. This book addresses the important issues confronting the rangelands and presents new concepts and approaches for the management of rangeland resources. It is relevant to the people who live in or depend on the rangelands, and to the institutions and organisations that support them.Table of Contents1: Challenges for Rangeland People, 2: Future Shocks to People and Rangelands, 3: Indigenous People in Rangelands, 4: Rangelands: People, Perceptions and Perspectives, 5: Desertification and Soil Processes in Rangelands, 6: Understanding and Managing Rangeland Plant Communities, 7: Range Management and Plant Functional Types, 8: People and Plant Invasions of the Rangelands, 9: People and Rangeland Biodiversity, 10: Managing Grazing, 11: Rehabilitation of Mined Surfaces, 12: Accounting for Rangeland Resources, 13: Building on History, Sending Agents into the Future - Rangeland Modelling, Retrospect and Prospect, 14: Integrating Management of Land and Water Resources: the Social, Economic and Environmental Consequences of Tree Management in Rangelands, 15: Land and Water Management: Lessons from a Project on Desertification in the Middle East, 16: International Perspectives on the Rangelands, 17: Policies, Planning and Institutions for Sustainable Resource Use: a Participatory Approach, 18: Economics and Ecology: Working Together for Better Policy, 19: Building the Future: Practical Challenges, 20: Rangeland Livelihoods in the 21st Century, 21: Building the Future: a Human Development Perspective, 22: Synthesis: New Visions and Prospects for Rangelands,

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Book SynopsisPolicy-makers within international agencies and governments, academics and students in the fields of geography, economics, science policy, forestry, development studies as well as carbon market participants and forest developers in the private sector will find it especially useful.Trade Review'The importance of this book lies in being one of the first comprehensive attempts to summarise major findings in the field of carbon sinks and climate change. . . The book also deals comprehensively with the present and future role of forests in climate change policy and practice. . . This timely book is essential reading for policy decision-makers and foresters alike.' -- Wasantha Athukorala, Economic Analysis and PolicyTable of ContentsContents: Foreword Preface Introduction 1. The Making of Markets for Carbon and the Potential of Forestry Offsets 2. Forestry in the Kyoto Protocol 3. Forestry in Voluntary Carbon Markets 4. Biodiversity Benefits of Reforestation and Avoiding Deforestation 5. Measuring the Carbon in Forest Sinks 6. Forests as a Source of Biofuels 7. Forestry in the Climate Change Policies of Selected Developed Countries 8. Policies for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) Index

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Book SynopsisThe International Handbook of Political Ecology features chapters by leading scholars from around the world in a unique collection exploring the multi-disciplinary field of political ecology.Trade ReviewThe International Handbook of Political Ecology is an impressive and scholarly collection. Its list of authors reads like a who's who of political ecology, and its theoretical and geographical scope (in both empirical focus and the origin of authors) provides a powerful synthesis of where political ecology has come from, what it offers to scholars, policy makers and activists, and why it is important.' --(Bill Adams, University of Cambridge, UK)'This outstanding collection achieves, like no other book I know in any social science field, the elusive goal of crafting a vision that is genuinely transnational, inter-epistemic, and multidisciplinary. It is a powerful demonstration of why political ecology is such a vibrant, and likely the most relevant, field to enlighten us on how to transform the destructive pattern of a globalized civilization based on flawed models of economic growth and ecological modernization. With this Handbook, Raymond Bryant has accomplished a feat reserved to senior scholars with an untarnished reputation for work that is cutting edge and profoundly honest and ethical at the same time. Few scholars could have gathered such a diverse and impressive ensemble of prominent voices in the field. A great service to an academy that takes seriously the notion that knowledge should be placed at the service of life.' --(Arturo Escobar, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, US)'A capacious, wide-ranging and state-of-the-art compendium, The International Handbook of Political Ecology offers a magnificent tour d'horizon of the field of political ecology drawing upon an impressive and thoroughly internationalised group of its most able practitioners. Any scholar interested in the origins of the field, its conceptual, methodological and theoretical toolkits, and future avenues of research will find the Handbook to be an indispensable text.' --(Michael Watts, University of California, Berkeley, US)Table of ContentsContents: PART I INTRODUCTION 1. Political Ecology: Handbook Topics and Themes Raymond L. Bryant 2. Reflecting on Political Ecology Raymond L. Bryant PART II ISSUES AND APPROACHES 3. Doing Political Ecology Inside and Outside the Academy Simon Batterbury 4. Encountering Political Ecology: Epistemology and Emancipation Enrique Leff 5. Connecting Political Ecology and French Geography: On Tropicality and Radical Thought Denis Gautier and Baptiste Hautdidier 6. Roots, Rhizomes, Networks and Territories: Reimagining Pattern and Power in Political Ecologies Dianne Rocheleau 7. A Time for Gramsci Alex Loftus 8. Integrating Science and Politics in Political Ecology Tim Forsyth 9. Postcoloniality and the North-South Binary Revisited: The Case of India’s Climate Politics Shangrila Joshi 10. Depoliticized Environments and the Promises of the Anthropocene Erik Swyngedouw PART III GOVERNANCE AND POWER 11. Mining in Latin America: Coloniality and Degradation Héctor Alimonda 12. Political Forests Peter Vandergeest and Nancy Lee Peluso 13. Resources, Wars and Violence Philippe Le Billon 14. Benefit Sharing in Environmental Governance: Beyond Hydropower in the Mekong River Basin Seungho Lee 15. Gender, Group Behaviour and Community Forestry in South Asia Bina Agarwal 16. Political Ecologies of Religious Pilgrimage Shanti Nair 17. Governing People in De-Populated Areas Raymond L. Bryant, Ángel Paniagua and Thanasis Kizos 18. Political Participation and Environmental Movements in China Lei Xie 19. Understanding Fukushima: Nuclear Impacts, Risk Perceptions and Organic Farming in Feminist Political Ecology Perspective Aya H. Kimura 20. Mind the Gap: Global Truths, Local Complexities in Emergent Green Initiatives Adeniyi Asiyanbi PART IV KNOWLEDGE AND DISCOURSE 21. Disaster, Degradation, Dystopia C. Anne Claus, Sarah Osterhoudt, Lauren Baker, Luisa Cortesi, Chris Hebdon, Amy Zhang and Michael R. Dove 22. Contesting Hunger Discourses Lucy Jarosz 23. Green Governmentality Ting-Jieh Wang 24. Whose Good Living? Post Neo-Liberalism, The Green State and Subverted Alternatives to Development in Ecuador Elizabeth Bravo and Melissa Moreano 25. Assessing South Korea’s Green Growth Strategy Sanghun Lee 26. Naturetm Inc.: Nature as Neoliberal Capitalist Imaginary Robert Fletcher, Wolfram Dressler and Bram Büscher 27. The Cultural Politics of Waterscapes Amitangshu Acharya 28. Greening The Job: Trade Unions, Climate Change and the Political Ecology of Labour Stefania Barca 29. Eco-Cities and the Promise of Socio-Environmental Justice Harvey Neo and C.P. Pow PART V METHOD AND SCALE 30. Useful Outsiders: Building Environmental Policy Reform Dossiers Piers Blaikie and Joshua Muldavin 31. Neoliberalism, Scientism and Earth Systems Governance Ariel Salleh 32. From 'Participation' to 'Negotiation': Suppressing Dissent in Environmental Conflict Resolution in Brazil Andréa Zhouri 33. The Political Ecology of Colonias on the US-Mexico Border: Ethnography for Hidden and Hard-to-reach Communities Guillermina Gina Núñez 34. Political Ecology of Scale Roderick P. Neumann 35. The Political Ecology of Weeds: A Scalar Approach to Landscape Transformations Christian A. Kull and Haripriya Rangan 36. Bordering and Scalar Thickening in Nature Conservation Maano Ramutsindela and Christine Noe 37. The Best of Many Worlds: Methodological Pluralism in Political Ecology Amity Doolittle 38. Integrating Politics and Ecology through Mixed Methods Matthew D. Turner PART VI CONNECTIONS AND TRANSFORMATIONS 39. Globalising French Écologie Politique: A Political Necessity Denis Chartier and Estienne Rodary 40. Jahát Jatítotòdom: Toward an Indigenous Political Ecology Beth Rose Middleton 41. From Ecological Modernization to Socially Sustainable Economic Degrowth: Lessons from Ecological Economics Hali Healy, Joan Martinez-Alier and Giorgos Kallis 42. Urban Political Ecology ‘Beyond the West’: Engaging with South Asian Urban Studies Anna Zimmer 43. Towards a Lusophone Political Ecology: Assessing ‘Para Inglês Ver’ Environments Tiago Ávila Martins Freitas and Augusto Cesar Salomão Mozine 44. Political Ecology in and of China Emily T. Yeh 45. Emotional Political Ecology Farhana Sultana 46. Thermodynamics Revisited: The Political Ecology of Energy Systems in Historical Perspective Gustav Cederlöf 47. Political Ecology of the Body: A Visceral Approach Allison and Jessica Hayes-Conroy Index

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Book SynopsisEcology of Coastal Waters with Implications for Management, Second Edition is the most up-to-date book available on coastal marine ecosystems. Students will easily relate to the content of the book as subjects are divided by the environment and scientific principles are applied to steps in the management and the decision making process.Trade ReviewPraise from Reviewers: "Ecology of Coastal Waters: With Implications for Management, Second Edition is a thorough synthesis that describes the processing of materials in nearshore ecosystems, with an emphasis on the importance of this information for policy issues. The book will be useful as a text for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students interest in coastal marine ecology and resource management. Ken Mann's style is easy to read and informative. --Merryl Alber, PhD, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia "I found few books that give a broad introduction to this subject. Mann's book appears to fill this gap, and I will very likely adopt it as a text when it is published." --Chris Tanner, PhD, Department of Biology, St. Mary's College of MarylandTable of ContentsPreface. 1. The Subject and the Approach. Part One: Estuarine Ecosystems and their Components. 2. Estuaries: their Physical Properties in Relation to their Biological Functioning. 3. Salt-Marshes. 4. Mangroves. 5. Seagrass Systems. 6. The Fate of Macrophyte Detritus. 7. Estuarine Planktonic Systems. 8. Estuarine Benthic Systems. 9. Fish and Shellfish in Estuaries. 10. The Integrated Functioning of Estuaries. Part Two: Coastal Systems: Rocky Shortes and Beaches. 11. Intertidal Rocky Shores. 12. Subtidal Rocky Shores. 13. Sandy Beaches. Part Three: Shelf Ecosystems. 14. Planktonic Systems on the Continental Shelves. 15. Coastal Upwelling Ecosystems. 16. Coral Reefs. 17. Fish Production on the Continental Shelves. Part Four: Synthesis. 18. The Whole-Ecosystem Approach to Managing Coastal Waters: Questions for the Future. References. Suggestions for Further Reading: recent Developments and More. Advanced Topics. Index.

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Book SynopsisIntended for graduate and upper level undergraduate courses in behavioural ecology where students are already familiar with the basic ideas, this book continues to define the subject. A completely new set of contributions has been brought together once more to take account of the many exciting new developments in the field.Trade Review"Usually we do not publish reviews of second and subsequent edition books, but for this we make an exception. This textbook continues to define the subject of behavioural ecology and manages to combine this with being eminently accessible and readable. Once again updated and partially rewritten. Essential to students, scientists and layman alike with an interest in behavioural ecology. Even if you have a copy of the third edition you should still get this one." Bird Study Table of ContentsPart I: Introduction:. The Evolution of Behavioural Ecology: John R Krebs and Nicholas B Davies. Part II: Mechanisms and Individual Behaviour:. Introduction. Sensory Systems and Behaviour: Rüdiger Wehner. The Ecology of Information Use: Luc-Alain Giraldeau. Recognition Systems: Paul W Sherman, Hudson K Reeve and David W Pfennig. Managing Time and Energy: Innes C Cuthill and Alasdair I Houston. Sperm Competition and Mating Systems: Timothy R Birkhead & Geoffrey A Parker. Part III: From Individual Behaviour to Social Systems:. Introduction. The Evolution of Animal Signals: Rufus A Johnstone. Sexual Selection and Mate Choice: Michael J Ryan. Sociality and Kin Selection in Insects: Andrew F G Bourke. Predicting Family Dynamics in Social Vertebrates: Stephen T Emlen. The Ecology of Relationships: Anne E Pusey and Craig Packer. The Social Gene: David Haig. Part IV: Life Histories, Phylogenies and Populations:. Introduction. Adaptation of Life Histories: Serge Daan and Joost M Tinbergen. The Phylogenetic Foundations of Behavioural Ecology: Paul H Harvey and Sean Nee. Causes and Consequences of Population Structure: Godfrey M Hewitt and Roger K Butlin. Individual Behaviour, Populations and Conservation: John D Goss-Custard and William J Sutherland. References. Index

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Book SynopsisEcological economics is an exciting interdisciplinary field of study that combines insights from the natural sciences, economics, philosophy and other fields to develop innovative approaches to environmental problems. It draws on a wide range of analytical perspectives, some radical others more conventional, to build a more complete understanding of human-ecosystem interactions. Current research in the field includes work on nature conservation, land use planning, pollution control, natural resource management, and environmental impact assessment/evaluation. Ecological Economics provides a comprehensive introduction to the core themes, presented in a clearly structured style, with chapters tailored specifically to readers without any economic or philosophical training. There is an emphasis throughout on the complementary roles of economics, ethics and ecology in environmental decision-making processes. The book reviews the evolution of important ideas in the field, explTrade Review"The book is very well produced, and each chapter has its own short reading list as well as a longer set of collective references. As an introductory textbook to the field, or as a resource for professionals and scientists to broaden their knowledge of methods and approaches, this book can be strongly recommended." Philip Thornton, Agricultural Systems 72, 2002 Table of ContentsPreface. Part I: Foundations for Ecological Economics:. 1. Introduction. 2. A Brief History of Ecological Economic Thought. 3. Economic Principles for Non-economists. 4. Ethics and Environmental Philosophy. Part II: Value and Valuation Tools:. 5. The Concept of Value. 6. The Economic Approach to Environmental Valuation. 7. The Ecological Approach to Environmental Evaluation. Part III: Frameworks for Decision-Making:. 8. Cost Benefit Analysis. 9. Environmental Impact Assessment. 10. Multicriteria Appraisal. 11. National Income Accounting. Part IV: Applications: Theory and Practice:. 12. Resource Harvesting. 13. Nature Conservation. 14. Pollution and Waste. References. Index

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Book SynopsisThis volume looks at a collection of the latest techniques used to quantify the genome-by-environment-by-management (GxExM) interactions in a variety of model and plant crops. The chapters in this book are organized into five parts. Part One discusses high-throughput plant phenotyping (HTPP) protocols for plants growing under controlled conditions. Part Two present novel algorithms for extracting data from seed images, color analysis from fruits, and other digital readouts from 2D objects. Part Three covers molecular imaging protocols using PET and X-ray approaches, and Part Four presents a collection of HTPP techniques for crops growing under field conditions. The last part focuses on molecular analysis, metabolomics, network analysis, and statistical methods for the quantitative genetic analysis of HTP data. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reageTable of ContentsPreface…Table of Contents…Contributors…Part I HTP Protocols for Plants Growing Under Controlled Conditions1. High Throughput Screening to Examine the Dynamic of Stay Green by an Imaging System Daniel Padilla-Chacón and Cecilia B. Peña Valdivia2. An Automated High-Throughput Phenotyping System for Marchantia polymorphaKarina Medina-Jimenez, Mario A. Arteaga-Vazquez, and Argelia Lorence3. A Novel High-Throughput Phenotyping Hydroponic System for Nitrogen Deficiency Studies in Arabidopsis thalianaLucia M. Acosta-Gamboa, Zachary C. Campbell, Fei Gao, Benjamin Babst, and Argelia Lorence4. Camelina sativa High-Throughput Phenotyping Under Normal and Salt Conditions Using a Plant Phenomics PlatformEmilio Vello, John Aguirre, Yang Shao, and Thomas Bureau5. A Straightforward High-Throughput Aboveground Phenotyping Platform for Small to Medium-Sized PlantsDenise Caldwell and Anjali S. Iyer-Pascuzzi6. Wireless Fixed Camera Network for Greenhouse-Based Plant PhenotypingNadia Shakoor and Todd C. Mockler7. Experimental Design for Controlled Environment High-Throughput Plant PhenotypingJennifer L. Clarke, Yumou Qiu, and James C. SchnablePart II Novel Algorithms for HTP8. High-Throughput Extraction of Seed Traits Using Image Acquisition and AnalysisChongyuan Zhang and Sindhuja Sankaran9. ColorQuant: A High-Throughput Technique to Extract and Quantify Color Phenotypes from Plant ImagesMao Li, Margaret H. Frank, and Zoë Migicovsky10. Using Cameras for Precise Measurement of Two-Dimensional Plant Features: CASS Amy Tabb, Germán A. Holguín, and Rachel NaegelePart III Molecular Plant Imaging11. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) for Molecular Plant Imaging Sergey Komarov and Yuan-Chuan Tai 12. Phenotyping Complex Plant Structures with a Large Format Industrial Scale High Resolution X-Ray Tomography InstrumentKeith E. Duncan and Christopher N. ToppPart IV HTP Protocols for Plants Growing Under Field Conditions13. Challenges for a Massive Implementation of Phenomics in Plant Breeding ProgramsGustavo A. Lobos, Félix Estrada, Alejandro del Pozo, Sebastián Romero-Bravo, Cesar A. Astudillo, and Freddy Mora-Poblete14. Designing Experiments for Physiological PhenomicsAddie Thompson, Michael Kantar, and Katy Rainey15. Design Considerations for In-Field Measurement of Plant Architecture Traits Using Ground-Based PlatformsPiyush Pandey and Sierra Young16. Design and Construction of Unmanned Ground Vehicles for Sub-Canopy Plant PhenotypingAdam Stager, Herbert G. Tanner, and Erin Sparks17. Nighttime Chlorophyll Fluorescence Imaging of Dark-Adapted Plants Using a Robotic Field Phenotyping PlatformMaria Newcomb and Nadia ShakoorPart V Molecular, Metabolomics, Network Analysis, and Quantitative Genetic Analysis of HTP Data18. A Method for Rapid and Reliable Molecular Detection of Drought-Response Genes in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench Roots Juan B. Fontanet-Manzaneque, David Blasco-Escámez, Damiano Martignago, Andrés Rico-Medina, and Ana I. Caño-Delgado19. High-Throughput Profiling of Metabolic Phenotypes Using High-Resolution GC-MSNishikant Wase, Nathan Abshire, and Toshihiro Obata20. Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis and Linking Modules to Phenotyping Response in PlantsQian Du, Malachy Campbell, Huihui Yu, Kan Liu, Harkamal Walia, Qi Zhang, and Chi Zhang21. Statistical Methods for the Quantitative Genetic Analysis of High-Throughput Phenotyping DataGota Morota, Diego Jarquin, Malachy T. Campbell, and Hiroyoshi IwataSubject Index List…

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Book SynopsisLand conversion, climate change and species invasions are contributing to the widespread emergence of novel ecosystems, which demand a shift in how we think about traditional approaches to conservation, restoration and environmental management. They are novel because they exist without historical precedents and are self-sustaining. Traditional approaches emphasizing native species and historical continuity are challenged by novel ecosystems that deliver critical ecosystems services or are simply immune to practical restorative efforts. Some fear that, by raising the issue of novel ecosystems, we are simply paving the way for a more laissez-faire attitude to conservation and restoration. Regardless of the range of views and perceptions about novel ecosystems, their existence is becoming ever more obvious and prevalent in today's rapidly changing world. In this first comprehensive volume to look at the ecological, social, cultural, ethical and policy dimensions of novel ecosystTrade Review“The convergence of popular and technical literature reinforces the impression that a paradigm shift in conservation/restoration is underway. Novel Ecosystems provides an entry to this novel world view.” (Ecological Management & Restoration, 17 September 2014) “Overall, this is a timely book that thoroughly addresses a critical issue in the management of ecosystems in a dynamically changing world. Its strength lies in its treatment of decision making processes and its real?]world illustrations through case studies.” (Frontiers of Biogeography, 1 November 2013) “In conclusion, I recommend this book to all researchers and practitioners working on man-made ecosystems.” (Basic and Applied Ecology, 1 October 2013) “If this dialogue takes place, with the inclusion of ‘‘classic,’’ ‘‘traditional,’’ and ‘‘orthodox’’ restoration ecology, at least with regards historical knowledge (a paradigm change rather than a paradigm shift), as well as the issues concerning novel ecosystems, then this provocative book will remain an interesting and stimulating standard work for a long time.” (Restoration Ecology, 1 July 2013) “Summing Up: Recommended. All academic and professional audiences.” (Choice, 1 October 2013) “Although the authors’ new terminology does not seem a step forward, Novel Ecosystemsprovides relevant and stimulating ideas for discussion and integration into conservation and restoration methods, strategies, and goals.” (Science, 2 August 2013)Table of ContentsContributors, ix Acknowledgements, xi PART I INTRODUCTION, 1 1 Introduction: Why novel ecosystems?, 3 RICHARD J. HOBBS, ERIC S. HIGGS AND CAROL M. HALL PART II WHAT ARE NOVEL ECOSYSTEMS?, 9 2 Case Study: Hole-in-the-donut, everglades, 11 JOHN J. EWEL 3 Towards a conceptual framework for novel ecosystems, 16 LAUREN M. HALLETT, RACHEL J. STANDISH, KRISTIN B. HULVEY, MARK R. GARDENER, KATHARINE N. SUDING, BRIAN M. STARZOMSKI, STEPHEN D. MURPHY AND JAMES A. HARRIS 4 Islands: Where novelty is the norm, 29 JOHN J. EWEL, JOSEPH MASCARO, CHRISTOPH KUEFFER, ARIEL E. LUGO, LORI LACH AND MARK R. GARDENER 5 Origins of the novel ecosystems concept, 45 JOSEPH MASCARO, JAMES A. HARRIS, LORI LACH, ALLEN THOMPSON, MICHAEL P. PERRING, DAVID M. RICHARDSON AND ERLE C. ELLIS 6 Defining novel ecosystems, 58 RICHARD J. HOBBS, ERIC S. HIGGS AND CAROL M. HALL PART III WHAT WE KNOW (AND DON’T KNOW) ABOUT NOVEL ECOSYSTEMS, 61 7 Perspective: Ecological novelty is not new, 63 STEPHEN T. JACKSON 8 The extent of novel ecosystems: Long in time and broad in space, 66 MICHAEL P. PERRING AND ERLE C. ELLIS 9 Case study: Geographic distribution and level of novelty of Puerto Rican Forests, 81 SEBASTIÁN MARTINUZZI, ARIEL E. LUGO, THOMAS J. BRANDEIS AND EILEEN H. HELMER 10 Novel ecosystems and climate change, 88 BRIAN M. STARZOMSKI 11 Plant invasions as builders and shapers of novel ecosystems, 102 DAVID M. RICHARDSON AND MIRIJAM GAERTNER 12 Infectious disease and novel ecosystems, 114 LAITH YAKOB Infectious disease and the novel Caribbean coral reef, 118 LAITH YAKOB AND PETER J. MUMBY 13 Case study: Do feedbacks from the soil biota secure novelty in ecosystems?, 124 JAMES A. HARRIS 14 Fauna and novel ecosystems, 127 PATRICIA L. KENNEDY, LORI LACH, ARIEL E. LUGO AND RICHARD J. HOBBS 15 Case study: Ecosystem transformations along the Colorado Front Range: Prairie dog interactions with multiple components of global environmental change, 142 TIMOTHY R. SEASTEDT, LAUREL M. HARTLEY AND JESSE B. NIPPERT 16 Perspective: Plus ça change, plus c’est la meme chose, 150 STEPHEN D. MURPHY PART IV WHEN AND HOW TO INTERVENE, 153 17 Perspective: From rivets to rivers, 155 JOSEPH MASCARO 18 Incorporating novel ecosystems into management frameworks, 157 KRISTIN B. HULVEY, RACHEL J. STANDISH, LAUREN M. HALLETT, BRIAN M. STARZOMSKI, STEPHEN D. MURPHY, CARA R. NELSON, MARK R. GARDENER, PATRICIA L. KENNEDY, TIMOTHY R. SEASTEDT AND KATHARINE N. SUDING 19 The management framework in practice – making decisions in AtlanticCanadian Meadows: Chasing the elusive reference state, 172 STEPHEN D. MURPHY 20 The management framework in practice – prairie dogs at the urban interface: Conservation solutions when ecosystem change drivers are beyond the scope of management actions, 176 TIMOTHY R. SEASTEDT 21 The management framework in practice – how social barriers contribute to novel ecosystem maintenance: Managing reindeer populations on St George Island, Pribilof Islands, Alaska, 180 KRISTIN B. HULVEY 22 The management framework in practice – can’t see the wood for the trees: The changing management of the novel Miconia–Cinchona ecosystem in the humid highlands of Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos, 185 MARK R. GARDENER 23 The management framework in practice – designer wetlands as novel ecosystems, 189 STEPHEN D. MURPHY 24 Characterizing novel ecosystems: Challenges for measurement, 192 JAMES A. HARRIS, STEPHEN D. MURPHY, CARA R. NELSON, MICHAEL P. PERRING AND PEDRO M. TOGNETTI 25 Case study: Novelty measurement in pampean grasslands, 205 PEDRO M. TOGNETTI 26 Plant materials for novel ecosystems, 212 THOMAS A. JONES 27 Case study: Management of novel ecosystems in the Seychelles, 228 CHRISTOPH KUEFFER, KATY BEAVER AND JAMES MOUGAL 28 Perspective: Moving to the dark side, 239 PATRICIA L. KENNEDY PART V HOW DO WE APPRECIATE NOVEL ECOSYSTEMS?, 243 29 Perspective: Coming of age in a trash forest, 245 EMMA MARRIS 30 Engaging the public in novel ecosystems, 247 LAURIE YUNG, STEVE SCHWARZE, WYLIE CARR, F. STUART CHAPIN III AND EMMA MARRIS 31 Valuing novel ecosystems, 257 ANDREW LIGHT, ALLEN THOMPSON AND ERIC S. HIGGS 32 Case study: A rocky novel ecosystem: Industrial origins to conservation concern, 269 MICHAEL P. PERRING 33 The policy context: Building laws and rules that embrace novelty, 272 PETER BRIDGEWATER AND LAURIE YUNG 34 Perspective: Lake Burley Griffin, 284 PETER BRIDGEWATER 35 Case study: Shale bings in central Scotland: From ugly blots on the landscape to cultural and biological heritage, 286 BARBRA A. HARVIE AND RICHARD J. HOBBS PART VI WHAT’S NEXT?, 291 36 Perspective: A tale of two natures, 293 ERIC S. HIGGS 37 Concerns about novel ecosystems, 296 RACHEL J. STANDISH, ALLEN THOMPSON, ERIC S. HIGGS AND STEPHEN D. MURPHY 38 Novel urban ecosystems and ecosystem services, 310 MICHAEL P. PERRING, PETE MANNING, RICHARD J. HOBBS, ARIEL E. LUGO, CRISTINA E. RAMALHO AND RACHEL J. STANDISH 39 Ecosystem stewardship as a framework for conservation in a directionally changing world, 326 TIMOTHY R. SEASTEDT, KATHARINE N. SUDING AND F. STUART CHAPIN III 40 Case study: Novel socio-ecological systems in the North: Potential pathways toward ecological and societal resilience, 334 F. STUART CHAPIN III, MARTIN D. ROBARDS, JILL F. JOHNSTONE, TREVOR C. LANTZ AND STEVEN V. KOKELJ 41 Perspective: Is Everything a novel ecosystem? If so, do we need the concept?, 345 EMMA MARRIS, JOSEPH MASCARO AND ERLE C. ELLIS PART VII SYNTHESIS AND CONCLUSIONS, 351 42 What do we know about, and what do we do about, novel ecosystems?, 353 RICHARD J. HOBBS, ERIC S. HIGGS AND CAROL M. HALL Index, 361

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Book SynopsisWritten by a team of leading international specialists, this book comprehensively covers current knowledge of the chemical ecology of insect parasitoids. Chapters are organized in order to present the most significant discoveries of the last few decades, and on their potential application in pest control strategies.Trade Review“This volume will contribute to future syntheses and help integrate insect parasitoids within chemical and community ecology and, hopefully, eventual strategic applications in pest management programs. Summing Up: Recommended. Graduate students, researchers/faculty, and professionals.” (Choice, 1 January 2014) Table of ContentsContributors xi 1 Chemical ecology of insect parasitoids: towards a new era 1 Stefano Colazza and Eric Wajnberg Abstract 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Integrating behavioural ecology and chemical ecology in insect parasitoids 3 1.3 The use of chemical ecology to improve the efficacy of insect parasitoids in biological control programmes 4 1.4 Overview 5 1.5 Conclusions 6 Acknowledgements 6 References 7 Part 1 Basic concepts 9 2 Plant defences and parasitoid chemical ecology 11 Paul J. Ode Abstract 11 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Plant defences against a diversity of attackers 13 2.2.1 Plant defence signalling pathways 13 2.2.2 Plant volatiles and parasitoids 16 2.2.3 Plant toxins and parasitoids 18 2.2.4 Cross-talk between plant defence pathways 21 2.3 Above-ground–below-ground interactions and parasitoids 24 2.4 Climate change and parasitoid chemical ecology 25 2.5 Conclusions 28 Acknowledgements 28 References 28 3 Foraging strategies of parasitoids in complex chemical environments 37 Nicole Wäschke, Torsten Meiners and Michael Rostás Abstract 37 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Chemical complexity 40 3.2.1 Plant species diversity and habitat location 40 3.2.2 Variability in host plant traits and their effects on parasitoid host location 42 3.3 Foraging strategies of parasitoids in chemically complex environments 48 3.3.1 Behavioural responses to chemical complexity 48 3.3.2 Learning, sensory fi lters and neural constraints affecting strategies for dealing with complexity 50 3.3.3 Infl uences of life history traits on foraging strategy 51 3.4 Conclusions 53 References 54 4 Chemical ecology of insect parasitoids in a multitrophic above- and below-ground context 64 Roxina Soler, T. Martijn Bezemer and Jeffrey A. Harvey Abstract 64 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 Influence of root feeders on above-ground insect herbivores 67 4.3 Influence of soil-borne symbionts on above-ground insect herbivores 69 4.4 Plant-mediated effects of root feeders and soil-borne symbionts on growth and development of parasitoids 70 4.5 Effects of root-feeding insects on HIPVs and host location of parasitoids 74 4.6 Expanding an above–below-ground bitrophic reductionist perspective 76 Acknowledgement 79 References 79 5 A hitch-hiker’s guide to parasitism: the chemical ecology of phoretic insect parasitoids 86 Martinus E. Huigens and Nina E. Fatouros Abstract 86 5.1 Phoresy 87 5.2 Prevalence of phoretic parasitoids 87 5.3 Important parasitoid and host traits 90 5.3.1 Parasitoid traits 90 5.3.2 Host traits 92 5.4 Chemical espionage on host pheromones 93 5.4.1 Espionage on male aggregation pheromone 93 5.4.2 Espionage on sex pheromones 98 5.4.3 Espionage on anti-sex pheromones 99 5.5 Coevolution between phoretic spies and hosts 100 5.6 Biological control 103 5.7 Future perspectives 103 Acknowledgements 104 References 105 6 Novel insights into pheromone-mediated communication in parasitic hymenopterans 112 Joachim Ruther Abstract 112 6.1 Introduction 113 6.2 Pheromones and sexual behaviour 119 6.2.1 Volatile sex attractants 119 6.2.2 Female-derived courtship pheromones 124 6.2.3 Male-derived courtship pheromones 127 6.3 Other pheromones 128 6.3.1 Marking pheromones 128 6.3.2 Putative alarm and appeasement pheromones 129 6.3.3 Aggregation pheromones 130 6.3.4 Anti-aggregation pheromones 130 6.4 Variability in pheromone-mediated sexual behaviour 131 6.4.1 Innate plasticity of pheromone behaviour 131 6.4.2 Learnt plasticity of pheromone behaviour 131 6.4.3 Plasticity of pheromone behaviour caused by abiotic factors 132 6.5 Pheromone biosynthesis 132 6.6 Evolution of parasitoid sex pheromones 133 6.7 Conclusions and outlook 135 References 136 7 Chemical ecology of tachinid parasitoids 145 Satoshi Nakamura, Ryoko T. Ichiki and Yooichi Kainoh Abstract 145 7.1 Introduction 146 7.2 Long-range orientation 155 7.2.1 Long-range orientation by direct type parasitoids 155 7.2.2 Long-range orientation by indirect type parasitoids 157 7.2.3 Host pheromones used by direct type parasitoids 158 7.3 Short-range orientation 159 7.3.1 Short-range orientation by direct type parasitoids 159 7.3.2 Short-range orientation by indirect type parasitoids 161 7.4 Conclusions 163 Acknowledgements 163 References 164 8 Climate change and its effects on the chemical ecology of insect parasitoids 168 Jarmo K. Holopainen, Sari J. Himanen and Guy M. Poppy Abstract 168 8.1 On climate change and chemical ecology 169 8.2 Direct climate change impacts on parasitoids 171 8.3 Climate change and bottom-up impacts on parasitoids: herbivore host and plant host quality 172 8.4 Impacts of climate change-related abiotic stresses on parasitoid ecology and behaviour 175 8.4.1 Impacts of elevated temperature 175 8.4.2 Precipitation and drought 176 8.4.3 Gaseous reactive air pollutants 177 8.4.4 Atmospheric CO2 concentration 179 8.4.5 Parasitoid response to combined abiotic stresses 180 8.5 Climate change impacts on biological control 181 8.6 Ecosystem services provided by parasitoids: impact of changing climate 182 8.7 Future research directions and conclusions 184 References 185 Part 2 Applied concepts 191 9 Chemical ecology of insect parasitoids: essential elements for developing effective biological control programmes 193 Torsten Meiners and Ezio Peri Abstract 193 9.1 Introduction 194 9.2 Essential elements in parasitoid chemical ecology 196 9.3 Manipulation of the population levels of natural enemies by semiochemicals 201 9.4 Limits and perspectives of behavioural manipulation of parasitoids by applying semiochemicals 204 9.5 Cautionary example: interspecifi c competitive interactions in parasitoids 210 9.6 Conclusions 212 References 213 10 The application of chemical cues in arthropod pest management for arable crops 225 Maria Carolina Blassioli-Moraes, Miguel Borges and Raul Alberto Laumann Abstract 225 10.1 Arable crops: characteristics of the systems and trophic interactions mediated by chemical cues 226 10.2 Methodologies for using chemical cues to attract and retain parasitoids in arable crops 227 10.2.1 Direct application of semiochemicals 228 10.2.2 Environmental manipulation 236 10.3 Final considerations 237 Acknowledgements 239 References 239 11 Application of chemical cues in arthropod pest management for orchards and vineyards 245 Stefano Colazza, Ezio Peri and Antonino Cusumano Abstract 245 11.1 Introduction 246 11.2 Pheromone-based tactics in orchards and vineyards 247 11.2.1 Host sex pheromones 247 11.2.2 Parasitoid pheromones 248 11.3 Allelochemical-based manipulation in orchards and vineyards 249 11.3.1 Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) 249 11.3.2 Host-associated volatiles (HAVs) 257 11.4 Conclusions 260 Acknowledgement 261 References 261 12 Application of chemical cues in arthropod pest management for organic crops 266 Marja Simpson, Donna M.Y. Read and Geoff M. Gurr Abstract 266 12.1 Introduction: organic farming and compatibility of chemical cues 267 12.2 Overview of plant defences involving plant volatiles 268 12.3 The use of synthetic HIPVs in pest management 269 12.4 Arthropod pest management strategies used in organic farming 273 12.5 Potential for extending chemical cue use in organic systems 275 12.6 Conclusions 277 References 277 13 Application of chemical cues in arthropod pest management for forest trees 282 Timothy D. Paine Abstract 282 13.1 Forest insect herbivores and natural enemy host/prey finding 283 13.2 Introduction to forest systems 285 13.3 Examples from North America 287 13.3.1 Native bark beetles in plantation and unmanaged forests 287 13.3.2 Introduced defoliator in urban and unmanaged forests 288 13.3.3 Introduced wood borer in plantation and urban environments 289 13.4 Conclusions 290 References 291 Index 296

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Book SynopsisProfessor Gerald Esch has already published two books in what is becoming an informal series of essays exploring the way that discoveries about the biology of parasites have influenced ecological and evolutionary theories over a career that has spanned nearly 50 years. This book will be the third set of essays and will focus on key moments of discovery and explore how these achievements were due to collaboration, mentoring, and community building within the field of ecological parasitology. The book will not only describe case studies, pure science and biology but also act as a career guide for early-career ecologists emphasizing the importance of collaboration in the advancement of science.Table of ContentsPreface viii Acknowledgments xi The Players xii 1 The Beginning 1 2 The End of the Beginning 18 3 Gull Lake and the W.K. Kellogg Biological Station 28 4 Gull Lake and the Connection with the Savannah River Ecology Laboratory 40 5 Development of Some Conceptual Notions 52 6 The Pond: Part I 62 7 The Pond: Part II 79 8 The Big Lake 92 9 The Strigeids 104 10 Some Small Streams and Small Ponds 112 11 Red Sore Disease 121 12 The End, Almost 131 13 The Catastrophic Collapse of the Larval Trematode Component Community in Charlie’s Pond (North Carolina) 144 14 An Epilogue: What’s Involved with Graduate School? 155

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Book SynopsisNow updated and expanded, People and Nature is a lively, accessible introduction to environmental anthropology that focuses on the interactions between people, culture, and nature around the world. Written by a respected scholar in environmental anthropology with a multi-disciplinary focus that also draws from geography, ecology, and environmental studies Addresses new issues of importance, including climate change, population change, the rise of the slow food and farm-to-table movements, and consumer-driven shifts in sustainability Explains key theoretical issues in the field, as well as the most important research, at a level appropriate for readers coming to the topic for the first time Discusses the challenges in ensuring a livable future for generations to come and explores solutions for correcting the damage already done to the environment Offers a powerful, hopeful future vision for improved relations between humaTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition x Acknowledgments xiii 1 Human Agency and the State of the Earth 1 Introduction 1 Can One Conceive of Ecosystems Without Human Agents? 11 Human Agency: Individuals Making a Difference 14 Overwhelming Evidence for Concern with the Condition of the Earth System 17 Looking Back and Looking Forward 26 Additional Resources 27 References 28 2 A Reminder: How Things Were… 33 The Study of Human Ecological Relations 33 The Contemporary Study of Environmental Issues: The Rise of Cross-Disciplinary Team-Based Approaches 39 The Evolution of Human–Environment Interactions 47 Hunter-Gatherers: Setting Our Preferences 52 How Did We Decide to Become Farmers? 56 Herding and Farming: An Uneasy Relationship 59 More Food for the Masses 61 Additional Resources 64 References 64 3 The Great Forgetting 75 Earth Transformations in Prehistory 75 The Archeology of Environmental Change 83 The Urban–Industrial Revolution and the Unleashing of Prometheus 86 The Contemporary Situation: Human-Dominated Ecosystems 89 Additional Resources 91 References 92 4 The Web of Life: Are We in it? 96 The Web of Life and Trophic Relations: Thinking Ecologically 96 Ecosystem Productivity and Net Primary Production 103 Land Use and Long-Term Disturbance 105 Additional Resources 117 References 117 5 What Makes People Do That? 122 Learning, Adaptation, and Information 122 Mitigation and the Cautionary Principle 135 Transforming the Face of the Earth: Making Better Decisions 136 Additional Resources 139 References 140 6 Population and Environment 145 Theories about Population 146 The Demographic Transition 147 Aging and International Flows of Labor 150 Addressing the Needs of 10 Billion People 153 Changing the Population and Environment Nexus 159 Additional Resources 162 References 163 7 Rebuilding Communities and Institutions 166 Community in Human Evolution 166 What is Sacred in Human Evolution? 169 Tragedies of the Commons 172 Institutions and Self]Organization 176 Bioregionalism, Deep Ecology, and Embedding People in Nature 180 Additional Resources 182 References 183 8 Can We Learn When We Have Enough? 188 Material Boys and Material Girls 188 Patterns of Consumption in Developed Countries 189 Patterns of Consumption in Developing Countries 196 A Feeding Frenzy and a Crisis in Public Health 200 Burning Fossil Fuels instead of Calories 202 Do We Have Enough Material Goods Now? 205 Additional Resources 207 References 208 9 Quality of Life: When Less is More 210 Resource Abundance versus Resource Scarcity 210 When Less is More 220 The Scale of the Problem and the Scale of the Solution 229 Restoring Our Balance: Valuing Community and Trust 233 Are We Happier When We Have More? 238 References 241 Index 244

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Book SynopsisAn authoritative overview of the ecological activities of microbes in the biosphere Environmental Microbiology and Microbial Ecologypresents a broad overview of microbial activity and microbes' interactions with their environments and communities. Adopting an integrative approach, this text covers both conventional ecological issues as well as cross-disciplinary investigations that combine facets of microbiology, ecology, environmental science and engineering, molecular biology, and biochemistry. Focusing primarily on single-cell forms of prokaryotes and cellular forms of algae, fungi, and protozoans this book enables readers to gain insight into the fundamental methodologies for the characterization of microorganisms in the biosphere. The authors draw from decades of experience to examine the environmental processes mediated by microorganisms and explore the interactions between microorganisms and higher life forms. Highly relevant to modern readers, this book examines topics incTable of ContentsPreface xv 1 Introduction to Microorganisms and Their Activities 1 1.1 Central Themes of Environmental Microbiology and Microbial Ecology 1 1.2 Are the Terms Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes Relevant? 1 1.2.1 Intracellular Membranes in Prokaryotes 2 1.2.2 Compartmentalized Heterotrophic Bacterial Cells 3 1.2.3 The Universal Tree of Life: Rooted or Unrooted 4 1.2.4 What About the Giant Viruses? 4 1.3 Major Approach to Study Microorganisms 5 1.3.1 Application of Genomics, Metagenomics, and Proteomics 6 1.3.2 Biochemical and Physiological Analysis 7 1.4 The Impact of Horizontal Gene Transfer Between Microorganisms 7 1.4.1 Genetic Islands 9 1.4.2 Risks from Genetically Modified Organisms 10 1.4.3 Microbial Viruses and Gene Transfer Agents 10 1.5 What Determines Which Microorganisms are Present? 12 1.5.1 Metabolism as a Basis of Selection 13 1.5.2 Is Persistence of Microorganisms Dependent Only on Spore Production? 14 1.6 Is the Size and Shape of a Prokaryotic Cell Important? 19 1.6.1 Nanobacteria 19 1.6.2 Ultramicroscopic Bacteria 21 1.6.3 Very Large Bacteria 21 1.6.4 Influence of Diffusion on Bacterial Cell Form 22 1.6.5 Features of a Specific Cell Form 22 1.6.5.1 Coccus Form 22 1.6.5.2 Rod Form 22 1.6.5.3 Curved Rod or Spirochete Form 23 1.6.5.4 Unusual Forms 23 1.7 Microbial Predation 23 1.7.1 Bacteria as Prey 23 1.7.2 Bacteria as Trackers and Predators 24 1.8 Summary 25 Discussion Questions 25 References 26 Further Reading 31 2 Microbes in the Biosphere: Examination, Cultivation, and Communities 33 2.1 Overview and Focus 33 2.2 Microscopy to Study Environmental Microbes 33 2.2.1 Light Supported Microscopy 34 2.2.2 Fluorescence Microscopy 35 2.2.3 Scanning Confocal Laser Microscopy 37 2.2.4 High Resolution by Electron Microscopy 37 2.3 Internal Structures in Prokaryotes 41 2.3.1 Gas Vacuoles 41 2.3.2 Sulfur Globules 41 2.3.3 Polymeric Carbon Reserves 42 2.3.4 Polyphosphate Granules 43 2.3.5 Metallic Nanoparticles 43 2.4 Strategies for Culturing Microorganisms 44 2.4.1 Overview 44 2.4.2 Approaches for Isolation of Microorganisms 45 2.4.3 Establishing Microbial Communities 45 2.4.4 The iChip and Growing Uncultured Bacteria 46 2.5 Molecular Detection 49 2.5.1 Characterization of Microorganisms Using Genomics and Metagenomics 49 2.5.2 Physiological Analysis Using Metatranscriptomics and Metaproteomics 53 2.5.3 Lipid Biomarker Profiles 54 2.6 Examining Bacteria that Do Not Grow as Pure Cultures in the Laboratory 56 2.6.1 Host‐dependent Microorganisms 56 2.6.1.1 Bacteria as Obligate Pathogens 56 2.6.1.2 Bacteria as Endosymbionts 57 2.6.1.3 The Nanoarchaeum–Ignicoccus Relationship 58 2.6.2 Molecular Analysis of Uncultivable Bacteria 58 2.7 Microbial Community Structures 59 2.7.1 Primary Production and Microbial Communities 59 2.7.2 Biofilms 62 2.7.3 Role of Quorum Sensing 64 2.8 Summary 67 Discussion Questions 68 References 68 Further Reading 75 3 Terrestrial Systems: Soil and Subsurface Environments 77 3.1 Overview and Focus 77 3.2 Soil: An Environment for Microorganisms 77 3.2.1 Soil Horizons 78 3.2.2 Soil Organic Matter (SOM) 78 3.3 Soil Microbiology 80 3.3.1 Soil Prokaryotes 80 3.3.2 Soil Fungi 82 3.3.3 Soil Crusts 83 3.3.4 Soil Invertebrates and Burrowing Animals 83 3.3.5 The Rhizosphere and Associated Bacteria 83 3.4 Understanding Soil Ecosystems 85 3.4.1 The Carbon : Nitrogen Ratio 85 3.4.2 The Fungi : Bacteria Ratio 85 3.4.3 SOM and Soil Food Webs 86 3.4.4 Influence of Agricultural Management on the Soil Microbe Community 89 3.4.5 Impact of Viruses on the Soil Microbiota 90 3.5 Subsurface Microbiology 90 3.5.1 Groundwater 90 3.5.2 Cave Water 92 3.5.3 Deep Subsurface Aquifers 92 3.5.3.1 Aquifer in a Coal‐bearing Basin 92 3.5.3.2 Deep Granitic Aquifer 93 3.5.3.3 Anaerobic, Alkaline Aquifer 94 3.5.3.4 Saline Hydrothermal Aquifer 94 3.6 Deep Subsurface Microbiology 95 3.6.1 Marine Sediment Microbiology 96 3.6.2 Deep Mines and Boreholes 97 3.6.3 Deep Subsea Floor 98 3.6.4 Deep Subsurface Storage Sites 98 3.6.4.1 Storage of Nuclear Fuel Waste 98 3.6.4.2 Underground Storage for H 2 and CH 4 100 3.6.4.3 Underground Storage for CO 2 101 3.6.4.4 Geothermal Energy Production 102 3.6.5 Endolithic Microorganisms 102 3.7 Life in Deep Subsurfaces 103 3.7.1 Adjusting to a Subsurface Diet 103 3.7.2 Energy Sources in the Deep Biosphere 103 3.7.3 The Benefit of Living Together 105 3.8 Geomicrobiology 106 3.8.1 Rock and Mineral Weathering 106 3.8.2 Mineral Transformations 107 3.8.3 Microbial Metal Binding 109 3.8.4 Microbiota of Subsurface Crystals 109 3.9 Summary 110 Discussion Questions 111 References 111 Further Reading 116 4 Aquatic Surface Environments: Freshwater, Marine, and Wastewater 117 4.1 Overview and Focus 117 4.2 Water as Relevant to Microbial Growth 117 4.2.1 Water Activity 118 4.3 Marine Environments and Associated Microbiomes 119 4.3.1 Marine Primary Productivity 120 4.3.2 Marine Heterotrophs 122 4.3.3 Bacterial Symbionts and Marine Hosts 123 4.3.4 Microbial EPSs, Marine Snow, and Marine Gel Particles 125 4.3.5 Brackish Water and Intertidal Zones 127 4.3.6 Coral Reefs 128 4.4 Freshwater Environments and Associated Microbiomes 131 4.4.1 Lakes and Rivers 132 4.4.2 Wetlands 137 4.4.3 The Snow and Glacier Ice Ecosystems 139 4.4.4 Microbiota of Cold and Hot Springs 140 4.4.5 Microbial Mats 142 4.5 Maintaining Populations in Low Nutrient Environments 144 4.6 Aquaculture Wastewater 148 4.7 Hormone Degradation in Fresh Water 149 4.8 Human Activities and Influence on Microbial Ecology 150 4.9 Drinking Water 151 4.10 Municipal Water Treatment 151 4.11 Wastewater Treatment Systems 152 4.11.1 Septic Tanks 152 4.11.2 Municipal Wastewater Treatment 152 4.11.2.1 Primary Treatment 153 4.11.2.2 Secondary Treatment 153 4.12 Alternative Approaches for Wastewater Treatment 154 4.13 Coliforms and Other Indicator Organisms 155 4.14 Viruses in Aquatic Environments: Diversity and Activity 156 4.15 Summary 158 Discussion Questions 159 References 159 Further Reading 166 5 Life in Extreme Environments 167 5.1 Overview 167 5.2 Sampling in Extreme Environments 168 5.3 Extreme Temperature Environments 173 5.3.1 Psychrophiles 174 5.3.2 Thermophiles 176 5.3.2.1 Alpine Environment – Yellowstone National Park 176 5.3.2.2 Hydrothermal Vent Communities 179 5.3.2.3 The Guaymas Basin 180 5.4 Xerophiles 180 5.5 Piezophiles 182 5.6 Acidophiles 183 5.7 Alkaliphiles 187 5.8 Halophiles and Chaophiles 189 5.9 Radioresistant Microorganisms 194 5.10 Membrane Adaptations to Extreme Conditions 195 5.10.1 Low Temperatures 195 5.10.2 High Temperatures 196 5.10.3 pH Extremes: Low and High 196 5.11 Astrobiology 197 5.12 Nutrient Limited Environments 198 5.13 Volcanic Surfaces 200 5.14 Summary 202 Discussion Questions 202 References 202 Further Reading 209 6 Mutualism: Microorganisms and Terrestrial Plants 211 6.1 Overview and Focus 211 6.2 Cyanobacteria and the Chloroplast Ancestor 211 6.3 Lichens: Cyanobacteria/Algae–Fungi Mutualism 217 6.3.1 Distribution and Organization 217 6.3.2 Natural Products of Lichens 219 6.4 Mutualisms with Cyanobacteria as Intracellular or Epiphytic Organisms 220 6.4.1 Bryophytes 220 6.4.2 Mosses 221 6.4.3 Azolla 221 6.4.4 Gunnera 222 6.4.5 Cycads 222 6.4.6 Geosiphon 222 6.4.7 Diatoms 224 6.5 Rhizobia–Legume Symbiosis 224 6.5.1 Bacterial Species Involved 224 6.5.2 Rhizospheric Rhizobia 225 6.5.3 The Root Nodulation Process 226 6.5.4 Nodules on Plant Stems 230 6.6 Frankia and the Non‐legume Nitrogen‐fixing Nodule 231 6.7 Mycorrhizae 233 6.7.1 Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (AM) 235 6.7.2 Ectomycorrhiza (EcM) 236 6.8 Patterns of Regulation for Plant–Microbe Mutualism 237 6.9 Bacterial‐Fungal Interactions 238 6.9.1 Direct Effects 238 6.9.2 Plant Growth‐promoting Bacteria 239 6.9.3 Systemic Induction of Plant Immunity 239 6.10 Endophytic Microorganisms 240 6.11 Microbiology of the Phyllosphere 241 6.12 Summary 242 Discussion Questions 243 References 243 Further Reading 247 7 Mutualism: Microorganisms and Animals 249 7.1 Overview and Focus 249 7.2 Building a Microbial Community – The Role of the Host 249 7.2.1 Microbiology and Innate Immunity 249 7.2.2 Microbiology and Adaptive Immunity 250 7.3 Host Models to Study Parasite Relationships 251 7.3.1 Germ‐free Animals 251 7.3.2 Caenorhabditis elegans 251 7.3.3 Drosophila melanogaster 252 7.3.4 Galleria mellonella 252 7.4 Digestive Tract Environment 252 7.4.1 Omnivores 253 7.4.2 Carnivores 254 7.4.3 Herbivores 255 7.4.3.1 Bacteria and Archaea 257 7.4.3.2 Anaerobic Protozoa 257 7.4.3.3 Anaerobic Fungi 258 7.4.3.4 Probiotics and Methane Mitigation Strategies 260 7.5 The Human Microbiome 260 7.5.1 Skin 260 7.5.2 Oral Microorganisms 261 7.5.3 Intestinal Microbiome 263 7.5.3.1 Establishment of Intestinal Flora 263 7.5.3.2 The Healthy Gut 264 7.5.3.3 Influence of the Intestine on Human Health 265 7.5.3.4 Obesity, Diabetes, and Health Issues 266 7.5.3.5 Probiotics 269 7.6 Gut Microbiota across the Animal World 269 7.6.1 Systems of Maternal Transmission 270 7.6.2 Microbiota of Ruminates and Hindgut Fermenters 270 7.6.3 Gut Microbiota of Bears 275 7.6.4 Microbiota of Birds 275 7.6.5 Intestinal Bacteria of Fish 278 7.7 Insect–Fungus Symbiosis 279 7.7.1 Scale Insects and Septobasidium 279 7.7.2 Attine Ant–Fungus Symbiosis 279 7.7.3 Woodwasp–Fungus Symbiosis 280 7.7.4 Ambrosia Beetles–Fungus 281 7.7.5 Termite–Fungus 281 7.8 Mutualisms Involving Insects and Bacteria 282 7.8.1 Aphids–Buchnera and Endosymbionts 282 7.8.2 Wolbachia–Insects 283 7.8.3 Mealybug–Bacteria 283 7.8.4 Termite Gut–Bacteria 284 7.9 Mutualisms Involving Invertebrates 285 7.9.1 Microbiome of Marine Worms 285 7.9.2 Squid (Euprymna)–Vibrio fischeri Symbiosis 286 7.9.3 Medicinal Leech–Aeromonas sp. and Rikenella‐like Bacteria 287 7.9.4 Nematode–Bacteria 288 7.10 Summary 288 Discussion Questions 289 References 290 Further Reading 295 8 Microbes Driving the Nutrient Cycles 297 8.1 Overview and Focus 297 8.2 Nutrient Cycles and What Drives Them 297 8.3 The Aerobic Environment 299 8.3.1 The “Great Oxidation Event” 299 8.3.2 Oxygen Cycle 300 8.3.3 Hydrogen Peroxide and ROS 303 8.4 Carbon – A Renewable Resource 304 8.4.1 Carbon Dioxide Fixation and Carbonate Reduction 305 8.4.2 Methanogenesis, Methanotrophy, and Methylotrophy 306 8.4.3 Mineralization of Carbon Compounds 308 8.4.4 Production and Utilization of CO 311 8.4.5 Production and Utilization of Hydrogen Cyanide 312 8.5 Nitrogen for Biosynthesis and Energy 312 8.5.1 Nitrification 314 8.5.2 Denitrification 314 8.5.3 Nitrate Reduction 315 8.5.4 Nitrite Reductase 316 8.5.5 Metabolism of NO and N 2 O 316 8.5.6 Production of NO by NOS 317 8.5.7 Respiratory Ammonification 317 8.5.8 Anammox Reaction 318 8.5.9 Assimilation of Nitrogen 318 8.5.10 Dinitrogen Fixation 318 8.6 Sulfur Cycling 319 8.6.1 Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide 320 8.6.2 Oxidation of Elemental Sulfur 321 8.6.3 Dissimilative S 0 Reduction 321 8.6.4 Dissimilative Sulfate Reduction 322 8.6.5 Assimilatory Sulfate Reduction 322 8.6.6 Production of H 2 S and Dimethyl Sulfide 322 8.6.6.1 Hydrogen Sulfide 322 8.6.6.2 Dimethyl Sulfide 323 8.7 Cycling of Trace Elements 324 8.7.1 Iron 324 8.7.2 Manganese 326 8.8 Phosphorus Cycling 328 8.9 Selenium Cycling 330 8.10 Cycling Toxic Elements 331 8.10.1 Mercury 331 8.10.2 Arsenic 332 8.11 Summary 335 Discussion Questions 335 References 336 Further Reading 340 9 Bioremediation Using Microorganisms 341 9.1 Overview and Focus 341 9.2 Microbial Bioremediation: Strategies and Applications 341 9.2.1 Biostimulation 343 9.2.2 Bioaugmentation 344 9.2.2.1 Indigenous Bacteria 344 9.2.2.2 Genetically Modified Organisms 344 9.2.3 Intrinsic Bioremediation 345 9.2.4 Microbial Consortium 345 9.2.5 Co‐metabolism 346 9.3 Organic Compounds and Xenobiotics Degraded 347 9.3.1 Pesticides 347 9.3.2 Chlorinated Organic Compounds 348 9.3.2.1 Chloroethylenes 349 9.3.2.2 Chloromethanes 350 9.3.2.3 Polychlorinated Biphenyl Compounds 351 9.3.3 Population Dynamics in Degradation of Hydrocarbons 352 9.3.3.1 Oil Spills 352 9.3.3.2 Fuel Hydrocarbons 353 9.3.3.3 Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons 355 9.3.3.4 Azo Dyes 357 9.3.4 Explosives 357 9.3.4.1 Trinitrotoluene 357 9.3.4.2 RDX and HMX 359 9.3.4.3 Perchlorate 359 9.3.5 Bioremediation and Detoxification of Metal(loid)s 359 9.3.5.1 Dissimilatory Metal(loid) Reduction 360 9.3.5.2 Methylation Reactions 361 9.4 Design of Systems for Bioremediation 362 9.4.1 In Situ vs Ex Situ 362 9.4.2 Bioreactors 363 9.4.3 Biofarming 363 9.4.4 Permeable Reactive Barriers 363 9.4.5 Groundwater and Lagoon Treatment 363 9.4.6 Bioventing 364 9.5 Summary 364 Discussion Questions 364 References 365 Further Reading 370 10 Biocorrosion and Geomicrobiology 371 10.1 Overview and Focus 371 10.2 Microbially Influenced Corrosion (MIC) of Ferrous Metals 371 10.2.1 Current Theories of Biocorrosion 371 10.2.1.1 Emic 373 10.2.1.2 Cmic 374 10.2.1.3 Iron Sulfide Crusts 374 10.2.1.4 Biofilms and Extracellular Matrix 374 10.2.2 Biocorrosion of Nonferrous Materials 375 10.2.3 Control of Biocorrosion 376 10.3 Bioalteration of Rocks, Monuments, and Other Surfaces 376 10.3.1 Biofilms on Rocks and Buildings 376 10.3.2 Biodegradation of Art Objects 377 10.3.2.1 Marble Statues in Italy 377 10.3.2.2 Paintings in the Lascaux Cave in France 377 10.3.2.3 Mogao Grottoes in China 378 10.3.2.4 Damage to Frescoes 378 10.3.3 Biotechnology for Restoration of Artworks and Historic Stones 378 10.4 Biodeterioration of Concrete 380 10.5 Mineral Interaction and Biomineralization 382 10.5.1 Iron Hydroxides 382 10.5.2 Magnetic Mineral Crystals 383 10.5.3 Manganese Oxides 383 10.5.4 Carbonates 384 10.5.5 Phosphates 384 10.5.6 Sulfates 385 10.5.7 Sulfides 385 10.5.8 Clays 385 10.5.9 Uranium Precipitate and Crystals 386 10.5.10 Gold Grains 386 10.6 Interactions with Transition and Rare Earth Elements 387 10.6.1 Transition Elements 387 10.6.2 Rare Earth Elements 388 10.7 Toxic Elements 389 10.7.1 Mercury 389 10.7.2 Chromium 389 10.7.3 Arsenic 390 10.7.4 Selenium 390 10.8 Metallic and Metalloid Nanoparticles of Microbial Origin 391 10.9 Summary 393 Discussion Questions 393 References 394 Further Reading 398 11 Microbial Communities and Metabolic Networks 399 11.1 Overview and Focus 399 11.2 Examples of Succession of Populations 399 11.2.1 Development of Coral Black Band Disease 400 11.2.2 Population Succession in Production of Dairy Products 400 11.2.3 Population Dynamics in Fermentation of Non‐dairy Foods 401 11.2.3.1 Kimchi 401 11.2.3.2 Coffee 401 11.2.3.3 Cocoa 402 11.2.3.4 Chinese Soy Sauce 402 11.2.4 Composting Plant Material 403 11.3 Impact of Climate Change on Microorganisms 403 11.3.1 Marine Environment 403 11.3.2 Soil Environment 404 11.4 Syntrophy and Co‐metabolism 406 11.5 Ecosystem Created by Hydraulic Fracturing in Shale 408 11.6 Extracellular Electron Transport 408 11.6.1 Membrane‐bound Proteins 409 11.6.2 Electron Shuttling 409 11.6.3 Nanowires 410 11.6.4 Extracellular Electron Movement in Biofilms 410 11.7 Cross‐talk: Interkingdom Signaling 410 11.7.1 Microbial Endocrinology 411 11.7.2 Cross‐signaling in Nonhuman Systems 412 11.8 Evolving Systems of Interest 412 11.8.1 Polyploidy in Bacteria 412 11.8.2 Impact of Viruses and CRISPR‐cas Systems 414 11.8.3 Impact of Outer Membrane Vesicles 416 11.8.4 Atmospheric Microbiology 420 11.8.5 Long‐distance Electron Transfer 423 11.9 Summary 424 Discussion Questions 425 References 425 Further Reading 433 Index 435

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Book SynopsisThrough eight successful editions, and over nearly 40 years, Biogeography: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach has provided a thorough and comprehensive exploration of the varied scientific disciplines and research that are essential to understanding the subject. The text has been praised for its solid background in historical biogeography and basic biology, that is enhanced and illuminated by discussions of current research. This new edition incorporates the exciting changes of the recent years, and presents a thoughtful exploration of the research and controversies that have transformed our understanding of the biogeography of the world. It also clearly identifies the three quite different arenas of biogeographical research: continental biogeography, island biogeography and marine biogeography. It is the only current textbook with full coverage of marine biogeography. It reveals how the patterns of life that we see today have been created by the twoTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xiii 1 The History of Biogeography 1 Lessons from the Past 1 Ecological versus Historical Biogeography, and Plants versus Animals 3 Biogeography and Creation 4 The Distribution of Life Today 5 Evolution – a Flawed and Dangerous Idea! 7 Enter Darwin – and Wallace 8 World Maps: Biogeographical Regions of Plants and Animals 10 Getting around the World 12 The Origins of Modern Historical Biogeography 16 The Development of Ecological Biogeography 19 Living Together 20 Marine Biogeography 23 Island Biogeography 24 Biogeography Today 26 SECTION I: The Challenge of Existing 31 2 Patterns of Distribution: Finding a Home 33 Limits of Distribution 37 The Niche 38 Overcoming the Barriers 39 Climatic Limits: The Palms 41 A Successful Family: The Daisies (Asteraceae) 42 Patterns among Plovers 46 Magnolias: Evolutionary Relicts 49 The Strange Case of the Testate Amoeba 50 Climatic Relicts 52 Topographical Limits and Endemism 59 Physical Limits 60 Species Interaction: A Case of the Blues 66 Competition 69 Reducing Competition 71 Predators and Prey, Parasites and Hosts 73 Migration 76 Invasion 79 3 Communities and Ecosystems: Living Together 89 The Community 89 The Ecosystem 92 Ecosystems and Species Diversity 95 Biotic Assemblages on a Global Scale 98 Mountain Biomes 103 Global Patterns of Climate 106 Climate Diagrams 109 Modelling Biomes and Climate 112 4 Patterns of Biodiversity 117 How Many Species are There? 118 Latitudinal Gradients of Diversity 123 Is Evolution Faster in the Tropics? 131 The Legacy of Glaciation 132 Latitude and Species Ranges 133 Diversity and Altitude 134 Biodiversity Hotspots 136 Diversity in Space and Time 139 Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis 141 Dynamic Biodiversity and Neutral Theory 142 SECTION II: THE ENGINES OF THE PLANET 147 5 Plate Tectonics 149 The Evidence for Plate Tectonics 149 Changing Patterns of Continents 154 How Plate Tectonics affects the Living World, Part I: Events on Land 154 How Plate Tectonics affects the Living World, Part II: Events in the Oceans 156 Islands and Plate Tectonics 162 Terranes 164 6 Evolution, the Source of Novelty 169 The Mechanism of Evolution: The Genetic System 172 From Populations to Species 173 Sympatry versus Allopatry 176 Defining the Species 179 A Case Study: Darwin’s Finches 180 Controversies and Evolution 183 Charting the Course of Evolution 188 SECTION III: ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY 193 7 Life, Death and Evolution on Islands 195 Types of Island 196 Getting There: The Challenges of Arriving 196 Dying There: Problems of Survival 197 Adapting and Evolving 199 The Hawaiian Islands 201 Integrating the Data: The Theory of Island Biogeography 208 Modifying the Theory 212 The General Dynamic Model for Oceanic Island Biogeography 214 Nestedness 216 Living Together: Incidence and Assembly Rules 216 Building an Ecosystem: The History of Rakata 218 SECTION IV: PATTERNS OF LIFE 229 8 From Evolution to Patterns of Life 231 Dispersal, Vicariance and Endemism 231 Methods of Analysis 232 Event]Based Biogeography 236 Reticulate Patterns 239 The Molecular Approach to Historical Biogeography 245 Molecules and the More Distant Past 250 9 Patterns in the Oceans 255 Zones in the Ocean and on the Seafloor 257 Basic Biogeography of the Seas 260 The Open]Sea Environment 261 The Ocean Floor 268 The Shallow]Sea Environment 273 10 Patterns in the Past 291 Early Land Life on the Moving Continents 292 One World – for a While 295 Biogeography of the Earliest Mammals 298 Early History of the Flowering Plants 303 Reconstructing Early Biomes 305 11 Setting the Scene for Today 315 The Biogeographical Regions Today 315 The Basis of Mammal Biogeography 317 Patterns of Distribution Today, I: The Mammals 319 Patterns of Distribution Today, II: The Flowering Plants 322 History of Today’s Biogeographical Regions 323 The Old World Tropics: Africa, India and South]East Asia 324 Australia 331 New Caledonia 334 New Zealand 335 The West Indies 336 South America 341 The Northern Hemisphere: Holarctic Mammals and Boreal Plants 346 12 Ice and Change 353 Climatic Wiggles 354 Interglacials and Interstadials 356 Biological Changes in the Pleistocene 358 The Last Glacial 361 Causes of Glaciation 370 The Current Interglacial: A False Start 375 Forests on the Move 377 The Dry Lands 381 Changing Sea Levels 383 A Time of Warmth 384 Climatic Cooling 386 Recorded History 388 Atmosphere and Oceans: Short]Term Climate Change 388 The Future 390 SECTION V: PEOPLE AND PROBLEMS 397 13 The Human Intrusion 399 The Emergence of Humans 399 Modern Humans and the Megafaunal Extinctions 406 Plant Domestication and Agriculture 409 Animal Domestication 414 Diversification of Homo sapiens 415 The Biogeography of Human Parasitic Diseases 417 Environmental Impact of Early Human Cultures 420 14 Conservation Biogeography 425 Welcome to the Anthropocene 425 Less, and Less Interesting 429 What is behind the Biodiversity Crisis? 430 Crisis Management: Responding to Biodiversity Loss 435 The Birth of Conservation Biogeography 437 The Scope of Conservation Biogeography 438 Conservation Biogeography in Action 443 The Future is Digital 446 Conclusions 449 Glossary 455 Index 469 Colour plates between pages 146 and 147

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Book SynopsisThrough eight successful editions, and over nearly 40 years, Biogeography: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach has provided a thorough and comprehensive exploration of the varied scientific disciplines and research that are essential to understanding the subject.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xiii 1 The History of Biogeography 1 Lessons from the Past 1 Ecological versus Historical Biogeography, and Plants versus Animals 3 Biogeography and Creation 4 The Distribution of Life Today 5 Evolution – a Flawed and Dangerous Idea! 7 Enter Darwin – and Wallace 8 World Maps: Biogeographical Regions of Plants and Animals 10 Getting around the World 12 The Origins of Modern Historical Biogeography 16 The Development of Ecological Biogeography 19 Living Together 20 Marine Biogeography 23 Island Biogeography 24 Biogeography Today 26 SECTION I: THE CHALLENGE OF EXISTING 31 2 Patterns of Distribution: Finding a Home 33 Limits of Distribution 37 The Niche 38 Overcoming the Barriers 39 Climatic Limits: The Palms 41 A Successful Family: The Daisies (Asteraceae) 42 Patterns among Plovers 46 Magnolias: Evolutionary Relicts 49 The Strange Case of the Testate Amoeba 50 Climatic Relicts 52 Topographical Limits and Endemism 59 Physical Limits 60 Species Interaction: A Case of the Blues 66 Competition 69 Reducing Competition 71 Predators and Prey, Parasites and Hosts 73 Migration 76 Invasion 79 3 Communities and Ecosystems: Living Together 89 The Community 89 The Ecosystem 92 Ecosystems and Species Diversity 95 Biotic Assemblages on a Global Scale 98 Mountain Biomes 103 Global Patterns of Climate 106 Climate Diagrams 109 Modelling Biomes and Climate 112 4 Patterns of Biodiversity 117 How Many Species are There? 118 Latitudinal Gradients of Diversity 123 Is Evolution Faster in the Tropics? 131 The Legacy of Glaciation 132 Latitude and Species Ranges 133 Diversity and Altitude 134 Biodiversity Hotspots 136 Diversity in Space and Time 139 Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis 141 Dynamic Biodiversity and Neutral Theory 142 SECTION II: THE ENGINES OF THE PLANET 147 5 Plate Tectonics 149 The Evidence for Plate Tectonics 149 Changing Patterns of Continents 154 How Plate Tectonics affects the Living World, Part I: Events on Land 154 How Plate Tectonics affects the Living World, Part II: Events in the Oceans 156 Islands and Plate Tectonics 162 Terranes 164 6 Evolution, the Source of Novelty 169 The Mechanism of Evolution: The Genetic System 172 From Populations to Species 173 Sympatry versus Allopatry 176 Defining the Species 179 A Case Study: Darwin’s Finches 180 Controversies and Evolution 183 Charting the Course of Evolution 188 SECTION III: ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY 193 7 Life, Death and Evolution on Islands 195 Types of Island 196 Getting There: The Challenges of Arriving 196 Dying There: Problems of Survival 197 Adapting and Evolving 199 The Hawaiian Islands 201 Integrating the Data: The Theory of Island Biogeography 208 Modifying the Theory 212 The General Dynamic Model for Oceanic Island Biogeography 214 Nestedness 216 Living Together: Incidence and Assembly Rules 216 Building an Ecosystem: The History of Rakata 218 SECTION IV: PATTERNS OF LIFE 229 8 From Evolution to Patterns of Life 231 Dispersal, Vicariance and Endemism 231 Methods of Analysis 232 Event‐Based Biogeography 236 Reticulate Patterns 239 The Molecular Approach to Historical Biogeography 245 Molecules and the More Distant Past 250 9 Patterns in the Oceans 255 Zones in the Ocean and on the Seafloor 257 Basic Biogeography of the Seas 260 The Open‐Sea Environment 261 The Ocean Floor 268 The Shallow‐Sea Environment 273 10 Patterns in the Past 291 Early Land Life on the Moving Continents 292 One World – for a While 295 Biogeography of the Earliest Mammals 298 Early History of the Flowering Plants 303 Reconstructing Early Biomes 305 11 Setting the Scene for Today 315 The Biogeographical Regions Today 315 The Basis of Mammal Biogeography 317 Patterns of Distribution Today, I: The Mammals 319 Patterns of Distribution Today, II: The Flowering Plants 322 History of Today’s Biogeographical Regions 323 The Old World Tropics: Africa, India and South‐East Asia 324 Australia 331 New Caledonia 334 New Zealand 335 The West Indies 336 South America 341 The Northern Hemisphere: Holarctic Mammals and Boreal Plants 346 12 Ice and Change 353 Climatic Wiggles 354 Interglacials and Interstadials 356 Biological Changes in the Pleistocene 358 The Last Glacial 361 Causes of Glaciation 370 The Current Interglacial: A False Start 375 Forests on the Move 377 The Dry Lands 381 Changing Sea Levels 383 A Time of Warmth 384 Climatic Cooling 386 Recorded History 388 Atmosphere and Oceans: Short‐Term Climate Change 388 The Future 390 SECTION V: PEOPLE AND PROBLEMS 397 13 The Human Intrusion 399 The Emergence of Humans 399 Modern Humans and the Megafaunal Extinctions 406 Plant Domestication and Agriculture 409 Animal Domestication 414 Diversification of Homo sapiens 415 The Biogeography of Human Parasitic Diseases 417 Environmental Impact of Early Human Cultures 420 14 Conservation Biogeography 425 Welcome to the Anthropocene 425 Less, and Less Interesting 429 What is behind the Biodiversity Crisis? 430 Crisis Management: Responding to Biodiversity Loss 435 The Birth of Conservation Biogeography 437 The Scope of Conservation Biogeography 438 Conservation Biogeography in Action 443 The Future is Digital 446 Conclusions 449 Glossary 455 Index 469 Colour plates between pages 146 and 147

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Book SynopsisMountains, Climate and Biodiversity: A comprehensive and up-to-date synthesis for students and researchers Mountains are topographically complex formations that play a fundamental role in regional and continental-scale climates. They are also cradles to all major river systems and home to unique, and often highly biodiverse and threatened, ecosystems. But how do all these processes tie together to form the patterns of diversity we see today? Written by leading researchers in the fields of geology, biology, climate, and geography, this book explores the relationship between mountain building and climate change, and how these processes shape biodiversity through time and space. In the first two sections, you will learn about the processes, theory, and methods connecting mountain building and biodiversity In the third section, you will read compelling examples from around the world exploring the links between mountains, climate and biodiversity Throughout the 31 peer-reviewed chapters,Table of ContentsList of Contributors xi Acknowledgments xvii Foreword by Peter Raven xix Biography of Editors xxiii Glossary xxv About the Companion Website xxxv 1 Mountains, Climate and Biodiversity: An Introduction 1 Carina Hoorn, Allison Perrigo and Alexandre Antonelli Part I Mountains, Relief and Climate 15 2 Simple Concepts Underlying the Structure, Support and Growth of Mountain Ranges, High Plateaus and Other High Terrain 17 Peter Molnar 3 An Overview of Dynamic Topography: The Influence of Mantle Circulation on Surface Topography and Landscape 37 Caroline M. Eakin and Carolina Lithgow‐Bertelloni 4 Mountain Relief, Climate and Surface Processes 51 Peter van der Beek 5 Dating Mountain Building: Exhumation and Surface Uplift 69 Matthias Bernet, Verónica Torres Acosta and Mauricio A. Bermúdez 6 Stable Isotope Paleoaltimetry: Paleotopography as a Key Element in the Evolution of Landscapes and Life 81 Andreas Mulch and C. Page Chamberlain 7 Phytopaleoaltimetry: Using Plant Fossils to Measure Past Land Surface Elevation 95 Robert A. Spicer 8 Cenozoic Mountain Building and Climate Evolution 111 Phoebe G. Aron and Christopher J. Poulsen 9 Paleoclimate 123 Hemmo A. Abels and Martin Ziegler Part II When Biology Meets Mountain Building 135 10 Mountain Geodiversity: Characteristics, Values and Climate Change 137 John E. Gordon 11 Geodiversity Mapping in Alpine Areas 155 Arie C. Seijmonsbergen, Matheus G.G. De Jong, Babs Hagendoorn, Johannes G.B. Oostermeijer and Kenneth F. Rijsdijk 12 Historical Connectivity and Mountain Biodiversity 171 Suzette G.A. Flantua and Henry Hooghiemstra 13 The Environmental Heterogeneity of Mountains at a Fine Scale in a Changing World 187 Andrés J. Cortés and Julia A. Wheeler 14 Mountains, Climate and Mammals 201 Catherine Badgley, Tara M. Smiley and Rachel Cable 15 Inferring Macroevolutionary Dynamics in Mountain Systems from Fossils 217 Daniele Silvestro and Jan Schnitzler 16 The Interplay between Geological History and Ecology in Mountains 231 Catherine H. Graham, Mauricio Parra, Andrés Mora and Camilo Higuera 17 Mountains and the Diversity of Birds 245 Jon Fjeldså 18 Teasing Apart Mountain Uplift, Climate Change and Biotic Drivers of Species Diversification 257 Fabien L. Condamine, Alexandre Antonelli, Laura P. Lagomarsino, Carina Hoorn and Lee Hsiang Liow 19 Upland and Lowland Fishes: A Test of the River Capture Hypothesis 273 James S. Albert, Jack M. Craig, Victor A. Tagliacollo and Paulo Petry 20 Different Ways of Defining Diversity, and How to Apply Them in Montane Systems 295 Hanna Tuomisto 21 A Modeling Framework to Estimate and Project Species Distributions in Space and Time 309 Niels Raes and Jesús Aguirre‐Gutiérrez Part III Mountains and Biota of the World 321 22 Evolution of the Isthmus of Panama: Biological, Paleoceanographic and Paleoclimatological Implications 323 Carlos Jaramillo 23 The Tepuis of the Guiana Highlands 339 Otto Huber, Ghillean T. Prance, Salomon B. Kroonenberg and Alexandre Antonelli 24 Ice‐Bound Antarctica: Biotic Consequences of the Shift from a Temperate to a Polar Climate 355 Peter Convey, Vanessa C. Bowman, Steven L. Chown, Jane E. Francis, Ceridwen Fraser, John L. Smellie, Bryan Storey and Aleks Terauds 25 The Biogeography, Origin and Characteristics of the Vascular Plant Flora and Vegetation of the New Zealand Mountains 375 Matt S. McGlone, Peter Heenan, Timothy Millar and Ellen Cieraad 26 The East African Rift System: Tectonics, Climate and Biodiversity 391 Uwe Ring, Christian Albrecht and Friedemann Schrenk 27 The Alps: A Geological, Climatic and Human Perspective on Vegetation History and Modern Plant Diversity 413 Séverine Fauquette, Jean‐Pierre Suc, Frédéric Médail, Serge D. Muller, Gonzalo Jiménez‐Moreno, Adele Bertini, Edoardo Martinetto, Speranta‐Maria Popescu, Zhuo Zheng and Jacques‐Louis de Beaulieu 28 Cenozoic Evolution of Geobiodiversity in the Tibeto‐Himalayan Region 429 Volker Mosbrugger, Adrien Favre, Alexandra N. Muellner‐Riehl, Martin Päckert and Andreas Mulch 29 Neogene Paleoenvironmental Changes and their Role in Plant Diversity in Yunnan, South‐Western China 449 Zhe‐Kun Zhou, Tao Su and Yong‐Jiang Huang 30 Influence of Mountain Formation on Floral Diversification in Japan, Based on Macrofossil Evidence 459 Arata Momohara 31 The Complex History of Mountain Building and the Establishment of Mountain Biota in Southeast Asia and Eastern Indonesia 475 Robert J. Morley Index 495

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive, clear, and detailed guide to procedures for conducting marine ecological field studies Marine Ecological Field Methods is a comprehensive resource that offers the most relevant sampling methodologies for quantitative and qualitative studies of mesopelagic, demersal, littoral, and soft-bottom organisms, as well as relevant physical parameters. The authors describe how various sampling gears work, how to operate them, their limitations, guides on sorting and measuring collected organisms, and how to deal with subsamples of large catches. The text also explains how to use acoustic equipment for monitoring aggregations of organisms, for example fish shoals, as well as the use of sensors for registering environmental variables such as salinity, temperature, oxygen, and light. The text contains cutting-edge research techniques that are in their final stages of development for use in research surveys. Marine Ecological Field Methods is deTable of ContentsList of Contributors xi Foreword xiii Acknowledgements xv 1 The Marine Environment 1Jon Thomassen Hestetun*, Kjersti Sjøtun*, Dag L. Aksnes, Lars Asplin, Jennifer Devine, Tone Falkenhaug, Henrik Glenner, Knut Helge Jensen and Anne Gro Vea Salvanes* Lead authors; co-authors in alphabetical order 1.1 Marine Habitats 4 1.1.1 The Pelagic and Benthic Realms 4 1.2 The Coastal and Fjord Biotopes 5 1.2.1 The Littoral and Sublittoral Habitats 6 1.2.2 The Continental Shelf and Slope 8 1.2.3 The Deep Ocean 9 1.3 Physical Characteristics of the Pelagic System 10 1.3.1 The Light Environment 15 1.3.1.1 Inherent Optical Properties: Scattering and Absorption Coefficients 15 1.3.1.2 Visibility, Sighting Distance, and the Beam Attenuation Coefficient 16 1.3.1.3 Light Penetration and the Attenuation Coefficient of Diffuse Light 16 1.3.1.4 Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) 17 1.4 Temperate Marine Communities – Environment and Organisms 18 1.4.1 Littoral Organisms 18 1.4.1.1 Species, Zonation, and Communities 18 1.4.2 Sublittoral Organisms 20 1.4.3 Demersal and Benthic Organisms 21 1.4.3.1 Bottom]associated Organisms 21 1.4.3.2 Continental Shelf and Slope Benthos 22 1.4.3.3 Benthic Fish of the Continental Shelf and Slope 23 1.4.3.4 Deep Bottom Fish of Fjords and the Norwegian Deeps 24 1.4.4 Pelagic Organisms 24 1.4.4.1 Plankton and Micronekton 24 1.4.4.2 Pelagic Fish 28 1.4.4.3 Mesopelagic Organisms 29 1.4.4.4 Deep]pelagic Fish 30 References 30 2 Planning Marine Field Studies 33Jennifer Devine*, Keno Ferter, Henrik Glenner, Jon Thomassen Hestetun, Knut Helge Jensen, Leif Nøttestad, Michael Pennington, David John Rees, Anne Gro Vea Salvanes, Kjersti Sjøtun and Arved Staby * Lead author; co-authors in alphabetical order 2.1 Survey and Sampling Design 33 2.1.1 Survey Design 35 2.1.2 Sampling at a Station 36 2.2 Littoral Survey Design 38 2.2.1 Sampling Methods 40 2.3 Benthos Survey Design 40 2.3.1 Mapping the Biodiversity of Sognefjord – An Example of a Multi]sampling Approach 42 2.3.1.1 The Objectives of the Project 43 2.3.1.2 Sampling Strategy and Sampling Design 43 2.3.1.3 Methods and Sampling Activities 44 2.4 Oceanic Survey Design 44 2.4.1 Pelagic Trawl Survey for Abundance Estimation of Mackerel 45 2.4.1.1 Background 45 2.4.1.2 Primary Objectives 45 2.4.1.3 Survey Design 46 2.4.1.4 Equipment 47 2.4.1.5 Sampling 47 2.4.1.6 Assumptions 47 2.4.1.7 Computations 47 2.4.1.8 Results 48 2.4.1.9 Potential Uncertainties and Bias 48 2.4.1.10 What are the Data Used for? 48 2.4.2 Bottom Trawl Surveys to Monitor Demersal Fish 49 2.4.2.1 Background 49 2.4.2.2 Primary Objectives 49 2.4.2.3 Survey Design 50 2.4.2.4 Equipment 51 2.4.2.5 Assumptions 52 2.4.2.6 Computations 53 2.4.2.7 What are the Data Used for? 53 2.5 Ecological Process Studies 54 2.5.1 Studying Diel Vertical Migration (DVM) of Mesopelagic Organisms Using Acoustics 54 2.5.1.1 Background 54 2.5.1.2 Primary Objectives 55 2.5.1.3 Survey Design 56 2.5.1.4 Equipment 56 2.5.1.5 Sampling 57 2.5.1.6 Assumptions 58 2.5.1.7 Computations 59 2.5.1.8 Results 61 2.5.1.9 Potential Uncertainties and Bias 61 2.5.1.10 What are the Data Used for? 63 2.5.2 Studying Barotrauma Impacts in Physoclistous Fish Species 63 2.5.2.1 Background 63 2.5.2.2 Primary Objectives 64 2.5.2.3 Survey Design 64 2.5.2.4 Equipment 66 2.5.2.5 Assumptions 66 2.5.2.6 Computations 66 2.5.2.7 Results 66 2.5.2.8 What are the Data Used for? 67 References 69 Further Reading 73 3 Sampling Gears and Equipment 75Anne Gro Vea Salvanes*, Henrik Glenner*, Dag L. Aksnes, Lars Asplin, Martin Dahl, Jennifer Devine, Arill Engås, Svein Rune Erga, Tone Falkenhaug, Keno Ferter, Jon Thomassen Hestetun, Knut Helge Jensen, Egil Ona, Shale Rosen and Kjersti Sjøtun * Lead authors; co-authors in alphabetical order 3.1 Sampling Organisms 75 3.1.1 Direct Observations 75 3.1.1.1 Littoral Zone Methods 75 3.1.1.2 ROV Sampling 78 3.1.1.3 Video/image]based Methods 79 3.1.1.4 Manned Submersibles 79 3.1.1.5 Scuba Diving 79 3.1.2 Active Gears 79 3.1.2.1 Sampling Trawls (Midwater and Bottom) 79 3.1.2.2 Beach Seine 85 3.1.2.3 Plankton Nets 86 3.1.2.4 Multiple Nets 89 3.1.2.5 Sledges and Dredges 91 3.1.2.6 Grabs and Corers 94 3.1.2.7 Water Samplers 95 3.1.3 Passive Gears 98 3.1.3.1 Gillnets and Entangling Nets 98 3.1.3.2 Pots 99 3.1.3.3 Fyke Nets 100 3.1.3.4 Hook]and]line 101 3.1.4 Remote Sensing 101 3.1.4.1 Acoustics 101 3.1.4.2 AUVs 107 3.1.4.3 Satellite or Infrared Light 107 3.2 Sampling the Physical Environment 110 3.2.1 Conductivity, Salinity, Temperature, Oxygen 110 3.2.1.1 CTD 110 3.2.1.2 Weather Station 111 3.2.2 Light 111 3.2.2.1 Secchi Disc 111 3.2.2.2 Transmission Meters 112 3.2.2.3 PAR Sensors 112 3.2.2.4 Spectroradiometers 113 3.2.3 Currents (Direction, Speed) 113 3.2.3.1 ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) 113 3.2.3.2 LADCP (Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) 116 3.2.3.3 Small Handheld ADCPs 116 3.2.3.4 Moorings with ADCPs 117 3.2.4 Sediment 117 3.3 Suitability of Equipment in Given Habitat Types 118 References 118 4 Sorting Specimens and Preserving Materials 121Anne Gro Vea Salvanes*, Henrik Glenner*, Jennifer Devine, Jon Thomassen Hestetun, Mette Hordnes, Knut Helge Jensen, Frank Midtøy and Kjersti Sjøtun * Lead authors; co-authors in alphabetical order 4.1 Sampling Diary 121 4.2 Sorting and Preserving Littoral Collections 121 4.3 Sorting Zooplankton 122 4.3.1 Procedure for Processing Small Zooplankton Samples for Total Biomass 124 4.4 Sieving and Sorting Benthic Samples 125 4.5 Fish and Nekton 126 4.5.1 Trawl Samples 126 4.5.1.1 Sorting a Codend Sample and Subsampling 129 4.5.2 Sorting Hook]and]Line Samples 137 4.6 Data Records 137 4.6.1 Station Records and Species Composition 138 4.6.2 Detailed Individual Measurements 142 4.6.3 Information Transfer to Data Files 142 4.7 Samples for Storage 144 4.7.1 Fixatives 145 4.7.2 Health and Security When Using Fixatives 147 References 149 5 Data Analysis 151Knut Helge Jensen*, Jennifer Devine, Henrik Glenner, Jon Thomassen Hestetun, Anne Gro Vea Salvanes and Kjersti Sjøtun * Lead authors; co-authors in alphabetical order 5.1 Scripts 151 5.2 Setting the Working Directory 152 5.3 Importing Data 153 5.4 Working with Data 155 5.4.1 Error Checking 155 5.4.2 Saving Data 159 5.5 Data Exploration and Statistical Testing 160 5.5.1 Analysis of Marine Communities 160 5.5.1.1 The Bray]Curtis Dissimilarity Index 163 5.5.2 Physical Environment 167 5.5.3 Zooplankton Samples 170 5.5.4 Fish and Nekton 175 5.5.4.1 Hook]and]line 175 5.5.4.2 Trawls 175 5.5.5 Mapping 200 5.5.5.1 Making Maps with R 200 References 206 Index 209

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Book SynopsisEstuarine Ecology A detailed and accessible exploration of the fundamentals and the latest advances in estuarine ecology In the newly revised third edition of Estuarine Ecology, a team of distinguished ecologists presents the current knowledge in estuarine ecology with particular emphasis on recent trends and advances. The book is accessible to undergraduate students while also providing a welcome summary of up-to-date content for a more advanced readership. This latest edition is optimized for classroom use, with a more intuitive mode of presentation that takes into account feedback from the previous edition's readers. Review questions and exercises have been added to assist in the learning and retention of complex concepts. Estuarine Ecology remains the gold standard for the discipline by taking stock of the manifold scientific breakthroughs made in the field since the last edition was written. It also offers: Thorough introductions toTable of Contents1. Introduction to Estuarine Ecology 2.Estuarine Geomorphology, Circulation, and Mixing 3. Estuarine Chemistry 4. Estuarine Phytoplankton 5. Estuarine Seagrasses 6. Coastal Marshes 7. Mangrove Wetlands 8. Estuarine Benthic Algae 9. Estuarine Microbial Ecology 10. Estuarine Zooplankton 11. Estuarine Benthos 12. Estuarine Nekton 13. Estuarine Wildlife 14. Estuarine Ecosystem Metabolism 15. Estuarine Food Webs 16. Estuarine Ecological Modeling 17. Estuarine Fisheries and Aquaculture 18. Global Climate Change and Estuarine Systems

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Book SynopsisNo realm onEarth elicits thoughts of paradise more than the tropics.The tropical marine realm is special in myriad ways and for many reasons from seas of higher latitude, in housing iconic habitats such as coral reefs, snow white beaches, crystal clear waters, mangrove forests, extensive and rich seagrass meadows and expansive river deltas, such as the exemplar, the Amazon.But the tropics also hasan even morecomplexside: tropical waters give rise to cyclones, hurricanes and typhoons, andunique oceanographic phenomena including the El Niño- Southern Oscillation which affects global climate patterns. Tropical Marine Ecologydocumentsthe structure and function of tropical marine populations, communities, and ecosystems in relation to environmental factors including climate patterns and climate change, and patterns of oceanographic phenomena such as tides and currents and major oceanographic features, as well as chemical and geological drivers. The book focuses on estuarine, coastal,continTable of ContentsPreface ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Definition of the Tropics 1 1.2 What Makes the Tropics Different? 2 References 6 Part 1 Physical Environment 7 2 Weather and Climate 9 2.1 Tropical Heat Engine 9 2.2 Tropical Winds and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) 11 2.3 Tropical Rainfall and Temperature Patterns 13 2.4 Monsoons 15 2.4.1 The Asian Monsoon 16 2.4.2 The Indo- Australian Monsoon 18 2.4.3 The African Monsoons 18 2.4.4 The South American Monsoon 20 2.5 Tropical Weather Systems 21 2.6 The El Niño- Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), the Madden- Julian Oscillation (MJO), and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) 24 2.7 Climate Change: Physical Aspects 28 2.7.1 Rising Atmospheric CO 2 29 2.7.2 Ocean Acidification 30 2.7.3 Rising Temperatures, Increased Storms, Extreme Weather Events, and Changes in Precipitation 32 2.7.4 Changes in Ocean Circulation 33 2.7.5 Sea- Level Rise (SLR) 34 References 36 3 Tropical Marine Hydrosphere 40 3.1 Introduction 40 3.2 Large- Scale Circulation Patterns 40 3.3 Coastal Circulation 44 3.4 Estuarine Circulation 47 3.5 Coral Reef Hydrodynamics 52 3.6 Fluid Mechanics in Seagrass Meadows 54 3.7 Tides 56 References 57 4 Tropical Marine Geosphere 62 4.1 Major Sedimentary Patterns 62 4.2 Distribution of Major Habitat Types 66 4.3 Nutrients 74 4.4 Tropical River Loads, Plumes, and Shelf Margins 75 References 84 Part 2 Structure 87 5 Biogeography and Origins 89 5.1 Tropical Biogeography 89 5.2 The Coral Triangle 93 5.3 Origins Explained 97 5.4 Marine Ecoregions and Provinces 102 5.5 The Latitudinal Diversity Gradient 102 References 106 6 Populations and Communities 109 6.1 Introduction 109 6.2 Density Independence, Density Dependence, and Intraspecific Competition 110 6.3 Populations with Age Structure 114 6.4 Meta- populations 117 6.5 Interspecific Competition 120 6.6 Mutualism 130 6.7 Commensalism 135 6.8 Parasitism 136 6.9 Predation 138 6.10 Plant–Herbivore Interactions 150 6.11 Trophic Cascades 155 6.12 Facilitation Cascades 158 References 161 7 Ecosystems 175 7.1 Introduction 175 7.2 Rocky Shores 175 7.3 Sandy Beaches and Tidal Flats 178 7.4 Coastal Lagoons 186 7.5 Mangrove Forests 190 7.6 Seagrass Meadows 196 7.7 Coral Reefs 201 7.8 Continental Shelves 203 7.9 Open Ocean 216 References 227 Part 3 Function 237 8 Primary Production 239 8.1 Introduction 239 8.2 Sandy Beaches and Tidal Flats 240 8.3 Mangrove Forests 240 8.4 Seagrasses 251 8.5 Coral Reefs 260 8.6 Coastal Lagoons, Estuaries, and Tidal Waterways 267 8.7 Shelf Seas 273 8.8 Open Ocean 280 References 285 9 Secondary Production 298 9.1 Introduction 298 9.2 Heterotrophic Bacterioplankton 298 9.3 Zooplankton 301 9.4 Benthos 309 9.5 Fisheries 317 References 321 10 Food Webs and Carbon Fluxes 331 10.1 Introduction 331 10.2 Sandy Beaches and Tidal Flats 333 10.3 Rocky Intertidal Shores 340 10.4 Seagrass Meadows 343 10.5 Mangrove Forests 352 10.6 Coral Reefs 365 10.7 Estuaries and Coastal Lagoons 373 10.7.1 Food Webs 373 10.7.2 Carbon Dynamics 381 10.8 Coastal Bays and Continental Shelves 387 10.8.1 Trophic Dynamics 387 10.8.2 Carbon Cycling 390 10.9 Open Ocean 399 References 409 11 Nutrient Biogeochemistry 429 11.1 Introduction 429 11.2 Sandy Beaches, Tidal Flats, and Rocky Intertidal Shores 431 11.3 Seagrass Meadows 433 11.4 Mangrove Forests 437 11.4.1 N Cycling 437 11.4.2 P Cycling 446 11.5 Coral Reefs 448 11.6 Estuaries and Coastal Lagoons 460 11.7 Coastal Bays and Continental Shelves 464 11.8 Open Ocean 470 References 474 Part 4 Human Impacts 487 12 Pollution 489 12.1 Introduction 489 12.2 Hydrocarbons 490 12.3 Metals 496 12.4 Eutrophication 507 12.5 Pesticides and Industrial Organic Chemicals 518 12.6 Plastics and Other Marine Debris 529 12.7 Biological Pollution 538 12.7.1 Sewage and Microbial Diseases 538 12.7.2 Invasive Species 546 References 549 13 Climate Change 566 13.1 Introduction 566 13.2 Rising Temperatures, Increased Storms, Extreme Weather Events, and Changes in Precipitation 567 13.3 Sea- level Rise (SLR) 580 13.4 Rising Atmospheric CO 2 586 13.5 Ocean Acidification 588 13.6 Increasing Hypoxia 604 13.7 Impacts on Shelf and Oceanic Ecosystems and Fisheries 607 References 617 14 Habitat Destruction and Degradation 630 14.1 Introduction 630 14.2 Coral Reefs 630 14.3 Seagrass Meadows 635 14.4 Mangrove Forests 638 References 645 15 Epilogue 648 Index 659

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Book SynopsisWhile a good grasp of the many separate aspects of agriculture is important, it is equally essential for all those involved in agriculture to understand the functioning of the farming system as a whole and how it can be best managed.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“The book contains the latest information on the subject area and is produced by experts in the field. … Well-written and indexed, the abstracts and/or conclusions for each … chapters provide a rapid way of assimilating the presented information. … a unique reference book for anyone involved in this form of water-limited agriculture. It is particularly suited to undergraduate and postgraduate students and deserves a place in most university and research institute libraries as well as on farmers’ shelves. In summary, an excellent book.” (Davey Jones, Experimental Agriculture, Vol. 48 (3), 2012)Table of ContentsPreface; ForewordPART IChapter 1. Principles of a Systems Approach to Agriculture; Philip Tow, Ian Cooper, Ian Partridge, Colin Birch and Larry Harrington.Chapter 2. Types of Rainfed Farming Systems Around the World; Larry Harrington and Philip Tow.Chapter 3. A Systems Approach to Climate Risk in Rainfed Farming Systems; Peter Hayman, Jason Crean and Canesio Predo.Chapter 4. Water Availability and Use in Rainfed Farming Systems; G.J. O’Leary, S. Walker, N.L. Joshi and J.W. White.Chapter 5. Plant Nutrient Management in Rainfed Farming Systems; John Ryan.Chapter 6. Principles and Management of Soil Biological Factors for Sustainable Rainfed Farming Systems; V.V.S.R. Gupta, A.D. Rovira and D.K. Roget.Chapter 7. Technological Change in Rainfed Farming Systems; Colin Birch and Ian Cooper.Chapter 8. Weed Management in Rainfed Agricultural Systems; Colin Birch, Ian Cooper, Gurjeet Gill, Stephen Adkins and Madan Gupta.Chapter 9. Principles and Methods for Sustainable Disease Management in Rainfed Agricultural Systems; David Backhouse and Thinlay.Chapter 10. Sustainable Pest Management in Rainfed Farming Systems; T.J. Ridsdill-Smith, H.C. Sharma and H. Spafford.Chapter 11. Interactions Between Crop and Livestock Activities in Rainfed Farming Systems; E.C. Wolfe.Chapter 12. Economic and Social Influences on the Nature, Functioning and Sustainability of Rainfed Farming Systems; Ian Cooper.Chapter 13. Farming Systems Design; Craig Pearson.Chapter 14. Soil Organic Carbon – Role in Rainfed Farming Systems; F.C. Hoyle, J.A. Baldock and D.V. Murphy.PART IIChapter 15. Rainfed Farming Systems in the West Asia-North Africa (WANA) Region; John Ryan.Chapter 16. Rainfed Farming Systems in South Africa; Mark Hardy, Luthando Dziba, Willem Kilian and John Tolmay.Chapter 17. Farming Systems, Emerging Farmers and Land Reform in the Limpopo Province of South Africa; Anthony Whitbread, Neil MacLeod, Cam McDonald, Bruce Pengelly, Kingsley Ayisi and Jeffery Mkhari.Chapter 18. Modernisation of Eritrean Rainfed Farming Systems Through a Conservation Farming Systems Approach; Jay Cummins and David Coventry.Chapter 19. Rainfed Farming Systems on the Canadian Prairies; Guy P. Lafond, Stewart A. Brandt, George W. Clayton, R. Byron Irvine and William E. May.Chapter 20. Rainfed Farming Systems in the USA; Alan Franzluebbers, Jean Steiner, Doug Karlen, Tim Griffin, Jeremy Singer and Don Tanaka.Chapter 21. Rainfed Agroecosystems in South America; Gloria Rótolo, Charles Francis and Sergio Ulgiati.Chapter 22. Important Rainfed Farming Systems of South Asia; Peter R. Hobbs and Mahmood Osmanzai.Chapter 23. Rainfed Farming Systems in the Loess Plateau of China; Gaobao Huang, Wen Chen and Fengrui Li.Chapter 24. Farming Systems in the Valleys of Central Tibet; Nicholas Paltridge, Jin Tao, John Wilkins, Nyima Tashi and David Coventry.Chapter 25. Rainfed Farming Systems of North-Eastern Australia; C.J. Birth and L.W. Bell.Chapter 26. Diversity and Evolution of Rainfed Farming Systems in Southern Australia; J.A. Kirkegaard, M.B. Peoples, J.F. Angus and M.J. Unkovich.PART IIIChapter 27. Using Monitoring and Evaluation for Continuous Improvement of Rainfed Farming Sytems; Eloise Seymour and Roger Wickes.Chapter 28. More from Less – Improvements in Precipitation Use Efficiency in Western Australian Wheat Production; Neil C. Turner.Chapter 29. Transforming Farming Systems: Expanding the Production of Soybeans in Ontario; David J. Hume and Craig J. Pearson.Chapter 30. The Social Dimensions of Mixed Farming Systems; Nigel McGuckian and Lauren Rickards.Chapter 31. A Study in the Development of a Farm System on the Canadian Prairies; Scott Day.Chapter 32. Improving Traditional Crop-Pasture Farming Systems with Lucerne South Eastern Australia; Kieran Ransom and Lindsay Trapnell.Chapter 33. Use of Conservation Agriculture to Improve Farming Systems in Developing Countries; Kan Sayre and Bram Govaerts.Chapter 34. Using Conservation Agriculture and Precision Agriculture to Improve a Farming System; Mark Branson.Chapter 35. Risk Management Strategies and Decision Support Systems in Agriculture; Nam Cao Nguyen, Malcolm Wegener and Iean Russell.PART IVChapter 36. The Emergence of ‘Farming Systems’ Approaches to Grains Research, Development and Extension; David Lawrence.Chapter 37. Farmer Decision-Making in Rainfed Farming Systems; Bill Long and Ian Cooper.Chapter 38. When Culture and Science Meet, the Tension Can Mount; Brian Polkinghorne.Chapter 39. Advances in No-Till Farming Technologies and Soil Compaction Management in Rainfed Farming Systems; Rohan Rainbow and Rolf Derpsch.Chapter 40. No-Tillage Agriculture in West Asia & North Africa; Rachid Mrabet.PART VChapter 41. A Comparison of Three Farms in South Australia; Mike Krause and Ian Cooper.Chapter 42. Ruradene, South Australia; Ian and John Rohde.Chapter 43. Lindene; Dean Wormald.Chapter 44. Developments in a Mixed Farming System in Southern New South Wales, Australia; Derek Ingold.Chapter 45. The Development and Operation of No-Till Farming in Northern New South Wales (NSW), Australia; Jeff Esdaile.Chapter 46. Farming System Development in North-Central Victoria; Kieran Ransom.Chapter 47. The Jochinke Farm; David Jochinke.Chapter 48. The Halford Farm; Jim Halford.Chapter 49. Four Farms in the USA; Alan Franzluebbers.Chapter 50. Summing Up; Philip Tow, Ian Cooper and Ian Partridge.Glossary, Index

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Book SynopsisEcological Genetics addresses the fundamental problems of which of the many molecular markers should be used and how the resulting data should be analysed in clear, accessible language, suitable for upper--level undergraduates through to research--level professionals.Trade ReviewMolecular ecologists finally have a text-book that deals with their discipline. Ecological Genetics fills the market-gap between general accounts of evolutionary biology and specialist texts focusing on individual research topics. The authors have brought together a useful mix of theory, practical approaches, conceptual issues, and individual case studies to provide a balanced and accessible overview of the field. Peter Hollingsworth, Royal Botanic Garden "This book is a pleasure to read: it is clearly written, well organized and leaves no ambiguity." Andre A Dhondt, Cornell University, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, August 2004 "This book is a well-written, comprehensive overview of the essential techniques underlying ecological genetics. I would certainly recommend it to any new student undertaking postgraduate study in the field of molecular ecology." Dr. Jim Provan, Queen's University BelfastTable of ContentsPreface vii Abbreviations x 1 Ecological genetics 1 Summary 1 1.1 What is ecological genetics? 1 1.2 Why study ecological genetics? 3 References 4 2 Markers and sampling in ecological genetics 6 Summary 6 2.1 Introduction 6 2.2 Methods of data generation 7 2.3 Principles of sampling 15 2.4Practice 20 2.5 Within-population sampling 22 2.6 Among-population sampling 34 2.7 Power analysis 34 2.8 Further reading 35 Essential methods information 36 References 45 3 Genetic diversity and differentiation 52 Summary 52 3.1 Introduction 52 3.2 Factors influencing diversity and differentiation 53 3.3 The Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium 58 3.4Genetic diversity 62 3.5 Genetic differentiation 69 3.6 Genetic distance 81 3.7 Statistical approaches 86 3.8 Use of genetic diversity statistics 89 3.9 Concluding remarks 100 3.10 Further reading 100 References 100 4 Gene flow and mating system 106 Summary 106 4.1 Introduction 106 4.2 Factors governing gene flow 107 4.3 Considerations for measuring gene flow 115 4.4 Measuring gene flow – indirect estimates 122 4.5 Measuring gene flow – direct estimates 134 4.6 The importance of biological and environmental factors on gene flow 143 References 145 5 Intraspecific phylogenies and phylogeography 150 Summary 150 5.1 Introduction 150 5.2 Homology, gene trees, and species trees 157 5.3 Tree form and building 159 5.4Tree interpretation 170 5.5 Organelle versus nuclear intraspecific phylogenies 179 5.6 Further reading 180 Essential methods information 181 References 185 6 Speciation and hybridization 189 Summary 189 6.1 Introduction 189 6.2 Species 190 6.3 Speciation 194 6.4 Hybridization 204 6.5 Analysis of speciation and hybridization 206 6.6 Future developments 233 6.7 Further reading 233 References 233 7 Case studies in ecological genetics: Lycaenid butterflies, ragworts, bears, and oaks 243 Summary 243 7.1 Introduction 244 7.2 Lycaenid butterflies 244 7.3 European ragworts 257 7.4Brown bears 265 7.5 European oaks 274 References 292 Appendix A: Data analysis software 300 Appendix B: Which distance algorithm should be used and when? 306 Glossary 313 Index 320

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Book Synopsis* Written by an international renowned team of authors. * Addresses key contemporary issues in conservation biology and looks at the realities and problems of applied conservation. * Emphasizes the three key themes in conservation biology: principles, policy and practice.Trade Review'This is probably one of the best recent books on this area of work. It deserves the widest readership and should be a 'must-buy' text for the library both institutional and personal.' British Ecological Society “The book is well edited…I highly recommend this well-written volume…it provides diverse essays that address conservation topics in a refreshing manner…good companion textbook.” Quarterly Review of Biology "[T]he result is an authoritative yet accessible work, which should attract a diverse readership." Biologist "An excellent textbook describing various aspects of conservation science and practice … .Greatly recommended." Folia GeobotanicaTable of ContentsPreface. List of Contributors. List of Boxes. 1. The Pathology of Biodiversity Loss: the Practice of Conservation: Chris R. Dickman (University of Sydney), Stuart L. Pimm (Duke University) and Marcel Cardillo (Imperial College London). 2. Prioritizing Choices in Conservation: Georgina M. Mace (Zoological Society of London), Hugh P. Possingham (University of Queensland) and Nigel Leader-Williams (University of Kent). 3. What is Biodiversity Worth? Economics as a Problem and a Solution: David Pearce (deceased), Susanna Hecht (University of California at Los Angeles) and Frank Vorhies (Consultant Sustainability Economist). 4. Impacts of Modern Molecular Genetic Techniques on Conservation Biology: Eli Geffen (Tel Aviv University), Gordon Luikart (University of Montana)and Robin S. Waples (NOAA). 5. The Role of Metapopulations in Conservation: H. Resit Akçakaya (Applied Biomathematics), Gus Mills (University of Pretoria) and C. Patrick Doncaster (University of Southampton). 6. Managing Biodiversity in the Light of Climate Change: Current Biological Effects and Future Impacts: Terry L. Root (Stanford University), Diana Liverman (University of Oxford) and Chris Newman (University of Oxford). 7. Technology in Conservation: a Boon but with Small Print: Stephen A. Ellwood (University of Oxford), Rory P. Wilson (University of Wales Swansea) and Alonzo C. Addison (Virtual Heritage Network). 8. Animal Welfare and Conservation: Measuring Stress in the Wild: Graeme McLaren (UK Environment Agency), Christian Bonacic (University of Oxford) and Andrew Rowan. 9. Does Modelling have a Role in Conservation?: Mark S. Boyce (University of Alberta), Steve P. Rushton (University of Newcastle) and Tim Lynam (CSIRO). 10. Conservation in the Tropics: Evolving Roles for Governments, International Donors and Non-governement Organizations: Steve Cobb (Environment and Development Group), Joshua Ginsberg (Columbia University) and Jorgen Thomsen (Conservation International). 11. Do Parasites Matter? Infectious Diseases and the Conservation of Host Populations: Philip Riordan (University of Oxford), Peter Hudson (Penn State University) and Steve Albon (Macaulay Institute). 12. The Nature of the Beast: Using Biological Processes in Vertebrate Pest Management: Sandra Baker (University of Oxford), Grant Singleton and Rob Smith (University of Huddersfield). 13. Introduced Species and the Line between Biodiversity Conservation and Naturalistic Eugenics: David W. Macdonald (University of Oxford), Carolyn M. King (University of Waikato) and Robert Strachan (Environment Agency Wales). 14. Bushmeat: the Challenge of Balancing Human and Wildlife Needs in African Moist Tropical Forests: John E. Fa (Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust), Lise Albrechtsen (Food and Agriculture Organization) and David Brown (Overseas Development Institute). 15. Does Sport Hunting Benefit Conservation?: Andrew K. Loveridge (University of Oxford), J.C. Reynolds (The Game Conservancy Trust) and E.J. Milner-Gulland (Imperial College London). 16. Can Farming and Wildlife Coexist?: Ruth E. Feber (University of Oxford), Elizabeth J. Asteraki (CAB International) and Les G. Firbank (Centre for Ecology and Hydrology). 17. Living with Wildlife: the Roots of Conflict and the Solutions: Claudio Sillero-Zubiri (University of Oxford), Raman Sukumar (Indian Institute of Science) and Adrian Treves (Makerere University). 18. Principles, Practice and Priorities: the Quest for Alignment: David W. Macdonald (University of Oxford), N. Mark Collins (Commonwealth Foundation) and Richard Wrangham (Harvard University). Index

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Book SynopsisThis book highlights new and emerging uses of stable isotope analysis in a variety of ecological disciplines. While the use of natural abundance isotopes in ecological research is now relatively standard, new techniques and ways of interpreting patterns are developing rapidly. The second edition of this book provides a thorough, up-to-date examination of these methods of research. As part of the Ecological Methods and Concepts series which provides the latest information on experimental techniques in ecology, this book looks at a wide range of techniques that use natural abundance isotopes to: follow whole ecosystem element cycling understand processes of soil organic matter formation follow the movement of water in whole watersheds understand the effects of pollution in both terrestrial and aquatic environments study extreme systems such as hydrothermal vents follow migrating organisms In each case, the Table of ContentsContributors, x Abbreviations, xiii Introduction, xvii 1 Stable isotope chemistry and measurement: a primer, 1 Elizabeth W. Sulzman Introduction, 1 What isotopes are, what makes them distinct, 1 Properties of ecologically useful stable isotopes, 11 Technological advances and current trends in the ecological use of isotopes, 14 Acknowledgments, 18 References, 18 2 Sources of variation in the stable isotopic composition of plants, 22 John D. Marshall, J. Renée Brooks, and Kate Lajtha Introduction, 22 Carbon isotopes, 22 Nitrogen isotopes, 35 Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes, 39 Conclusions, 49 References, 50 3 Natural 15N- and 13C-abundance as indicators of forest nitrogen status and soil carbon dynamics, 61 Charles T. Garten, Jr, Paul J. Hanson, Donald E. Todd, Jr, Bonnie B. Lu, and Deanne J. Brice Introduction, 61 Significance of 15N-abundance to soil carbon sequestration, 63 Vertical changes in soil 13C-abundance and soil carbon dynamics, 69 Conclusions, 77 Acknowledgments, 77 References, 77 4 Soil nitrogen isotope composition, 83 R. Dave Evans Introduction, 83 Sources of variation in soil δ15N, 83 Patterns of soil nitrogen isotope composition, 91 Conclusions, 94 References, 95 5 Isotopic study of the biology of modern and fossil vertebrates, 99 Paul L. Koch Introduction, 99 Vertebrate tissues in the fossil record, 100 Controls on the isotopic composition of vertebrate tissues, 105 Preservation of biogenic isotope compositions by vertebrate fossils, 119 Paleobiological applications, 123 Conclusions, 138 A post-script on workshops and literature resources, 138 References, 139 6 Isotopic tracking of migrant wildlife, 155 Keith A. Hobson Introduction, 155 Basic principles, 156 Marine systems, 159 Terrestrial systems (excluding deuterium), 161 Using deuterium patterns in precipitation, 163 Conclusions, 169 References, 170 7 Natural abundance of 15N in marine planktonic ecosystems, 176 Joseph P. Montoya Introduction, 176 Background, 177 Isotopic variation in marine nitrogen, 178 Source delineation and isotope budgets, 186 Animal fractionation and food web processes, 187 Isotopic transients in marine systems, 189 Compound-specific nitrogen isotope analyses, 191 Conclusions, 193 Acknowledgment, 194 References, 194 8 Stable isotope studies in marine chemoautotrophically based ecosystems: An update, 202 Cindy Lee Van Dover Introduction, 202 Isotopic tracing of carbon at methane seeps, 209 Whale falls, 219 Hydrothermal vents, 221 Conclusions, 226 References, 230 9 Stable isotope ratios as tracers in marine food webs: An update, 238 Robert H. Michener and Les Kaufman Introduction, 238 Methods of assessing food webs, 238 Phytoplankton and particulate organic carbon, 246 Phytoplankton and particulate organic nitrogen, 248 Marine food webs, 252 Stable isotopes in marine conservation biology, 261 Conclusions, 269 Acknowledgments, 270 References, 270 10 Stable isotope tracing of temporal and spatial variability in organic matter sources to freshwater ecosystems, 283 Jacques C. Finlay and Carol Kendall Introduction, 283 Overview of river food webs and stable isotope approaches, 284 Stable isotope ratios of organic matter sources in stream ecosystems, 289 C, N, and S isotopic variability and its applications in river ecology, 308 Conclusions, 323 Acknowledgments, 324 References, 324 11 Stable isotope tracers in watershed hydrology, 334 Kevin McGuire and Jeff McDonnell Introduction, 334 Basic concepts in watershed hydrology, 334 Why are stable isotopes needed?, 342 General concepts in isotope hydrology, 342 Applications of isotope hydrology in watershed and ecosystem studies, 356 Conclusions, 364 Acknowledgments, 365 References, 365 12 Tracing anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen to ecosystems, 375 Carol Kendall, Emily M. Elliott, and Scott D. Wankel Introduction, 375 Isotopic compositions of major N sources to ecosystems, 380 Processes affecting the isotopic composition of DIN, 393 Separating mixing of sources from the effects of cycling, 407 Applications to different environmental settings, 413 What sources of agricultural and urban sources of nitrate can be distinguished using isotopes?, 422 Other tools for tracing anthropogenic contaminants, 427 Conclusions, 433 References, 435 13 Modeling the dynamics of stable-isotope ratios for ecosystem biogeochemistry, 450 William S. Currie Introduction, 450 Designing consistent model–data linkages and comparisons, 454 Principles and techniques of stable isotope modeling, 461 Conclusions, 474 Acknowledgments, 476 References, 476 14 Compound-specific stable isotope analysis in ecology and paleoecology, 480 Richard P. Evershed, Ian D. Bull, Lorna T. Corr, Zoe M. Crossman, Bart E. van Dongen, Claire J. Evans, Susan Jim, Hazel R. Mottram, Anna J. Mukherjee, and Richard D. Pancost Introduction, 480 Why use compound-specific stable isotopes?, 481 Analytical considerations in compound-specific stable isotope analysis, 482 Applications of compound-specific stable isotope approaches in ecology and paleoecology, 498 Conclusions, 524 References, 526 Index, 541

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Book SynopsisThis introductory textbook examines diminishing terrestrial and aquatic habitats in the tropics, covering a broad range of topics including the fate of the coral reefs; the impact of agriculture, urbanization, and logging on habitat depletion; and the effects of fire on plants and animal survival.Trade Review"This is by far the best introduction to conservation biology in the broadest sense that I have yet encountered." (Biodivers Conserv, 2011) "It is simply a good, detailed, and up-to-date book that belongs on the shelves of scholars in tropical biology, ecology, conservation biology, and the environmental sciences.” (Ecology, April 2009) "This is the most up-to-date and informative reference on the wrongs of conservation of biodiversity in the tropics." (Environmental Conservation, December 2008)Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgements xii 1 Diminishing Habitats in Regions of High Biodiversity 1 1.1 Loss of native habitats 2 1.2 Drivers of habitat loss 16 1.3 Biodiversity hotspots 27 1.4 Summary 31 1.5 Further reading 32 2 Invaluable Losses 33 2.1 Environmental filters 33 2.2 Precipitation and temperature regulation 37 2.3 Water purification 37 2.4 Protecting catchments and soils 38 2.5 Forests and floods 38 2.6 Nitrogen flux 39 2.7 Eutrophication 40 2.8 Nature’s pharmacy and goods 41 2.9 Human health and nature 41 2.10 Ecosystem services from nature 43 2.11 The direct economic value of nature 47 2.12 The role of nature in human culture 49 2.13 Loss of knowledge 49 2.14 Summary 52 2.15 Further reading 52 3 Broken Homes: Tropical Biotas in Fragmented Landscapes 53 3.1 Theoretical premises of fragmentation 53 3.2 Abiotic and geometric components of fragmentation 56 3.3 Biotic effects of fragmentation 56 3.4 Long-term fate of fragments 62 3.5 Edge effects 63 3.6 Vulnerability to fragmentation 66 3.7 Importance of matrix 69 3.8 Increasing fragment connectivity 69 3.9 Summary 71 3.10 Further reading 71 4 Burning Down the House 72 4.1 Forest fires 72 4.2 Burning savannas 82 4.3 Tropical fires in the global context 85 4.4 Fire modelling and mitigation 86 4.5 Summary 88 4.6 Further reading 88 5 Alien Invaders 89 5.1 What are invasive species? 89 5.2 Invasive species in tropical realms 94 5.3 Managing and controlling invasive species 104 5.4 Summary 110 5.5 Further reading 110 6 Human Uses and Abuses of Tropical Biodiversity 111 6.1 Bush meat crisis 111 6.2 Captivity trade 129 6.3 Medicinal and other uses 133 6.4 Commercial exploitation 137 6.5 Nuisance control 144 6.6 Summary 145 6.7 Further reading 145 7 Threats in Three Dimensions: Tropical Aquatic Conservation 146 7.1 Tropical fisheries exploitation 146 7.2 Coral reefs in peril 155 7.3 Marine reserves 164 7.4 Megafauna 169 7.5 Tropical freshwater ecosystems – water for life 175 7.6 Where marine and freshwater habitats merge: coasts and estuaries 183 7.7 Summary 185 7.8 Further reading 185 8 Climate Change: Feeling the Tropical Heat 187 8.1 Overwhelming evidence for human-mediated climate change 187 8.2 Past evidence for climate change effects on tropical biodiversity 189 8.3 Effects of recent and projected anthropogenic climate change on tropical biotas 190 8.4 Fighting climate change 205 8.5 Summary 206 8.6 Further reading 207 9 Lost Without a Trace: the Tropical Extinction Crisis 208 9.1 Defining ‘extinction’ 208 9.2 Historic extinctions 209 9.3 Extinction rates 209 9.4 Case studies of tropical extinctions 212 9.5 Extinction lags 213 9.6 Extinction drivers 214 9.7 Extinction proneness 219 9.8 Extinction and the perturbation of ecological processes 228 9.9 Biotic resilience 232 9.10 The future of tropical biodiversity 237 9.11 Summary 238 9.12 Further reading 238 10 Lights at the End of the Tunnel: Conservation Options and Challenges 239 10.1 Protected areas are critical for tropical conservation 239 10.2 Poor governance as a threat to tropical biodiversity 249 10.3 Improving logging practices 252 10.4 Livelihoods and conservation 255 10.5 Conservation education and advocacy 256 10.6 Better technologies 260 10.7 Good examples of tropical conservation 260 10.8 Organizations assisting with tropical conservation 261 10.9 Restoration, reintroductions and urban management 262 10.10 Role of sound biological science in tropical conservation 265 10.11 Summary 266 10.12 Further reading 267 References 268 Index 319

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Book SynopsisThis set of exercises has been created expressly for students and teachers of conservation biology and wildlife management who want to have an impact beyond the classroom. The book presents a set of 32 exercises that are primarily new and greatly revised versions from the book''s successful first edition. These exercises span a wide range of conservation issues: genetic analysis, population biology and management, taxonomy, ecosystem management, land use planning, the public policy process and more. All exercises discuss how to take what has been learned and apply it to practical, real-world issues. Accompanied by a detailed instructor's manual and a student website with software and support materials, the book is ideal for use in the field, lab, or classroom. Also available: Fundamentals of Conservation Biology, 3rd edition (2007) by Malcolm L Hunter Jr and James Gibbs, ISBN 9781405135450 Saving the Earth as a Career: Advice on BecomTrade Review“Much of this book is presented in term of timely and realistic questions or problems that many conservation biologists and wildlife managers face. Readers are given manageable data and the appropriate tools to address those questions.” (The Quarterly Review of Biology, March 2009)Table of ContentsPreface vii Acknowledgments x Part 1 Introduction 1 1. What is Biodiversity? Spiders as Exemplars of the Biodiversity Concept 3 2. What is Conservation Biology? An Analysis of the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund’s Strategies and Funding Priorities 13 3. Why is Biodiversity Important? Why Is It Threatened? An Exploration with the IUCN ‘‘Red List’’ of Threatened Species 21 Part 2 Genes 29 4. Population Genetics: Diversity Within Versus Diversity Among Populations 31 5. Genetic Drift: Establishing Population Management Targets to Limit Loss of Genetic Diversity 36 6. Pedigree Management: Controlling the Effects of Inbreeding as Indicated by Fluctuating Asymmetry 42 7. Landscape Genetics: Identifying Movement Corridors 48 Part 3 Populations 57 8. Life Table Analysis: Balancing Commercial Fisheries with Sea Bird ‘‘By-Catch’’ 59 9. Population Viability Analysis: El Niño Frequency and Penguin Population Persistence 66 10. Habitat Loss and Fragmentation: Ecological Traps, Connectivity, and Issues of Scale 74 11. Diagnosing Declining Populations: Assessing Monitoring Data to Better Understand Causes of Rarity in an Endangered Cactus 83 12. Estimating Population Size with Line Transects and DISTANCE 88 13. Analyzing Camera Trap Data with PRESENCE 105 14. Estimating Population Size with Mark-recapture Data and MARK 125 Part 4 Species 139 15. Estimating ‘‘Biodiversity’’: Indices, Effort, and Inference 141 16. Designing a Zoo: Ex Situ Centers for Conservation, Research, and Education 156 17. Plant Reintroductions: Reestablishing Extirpated Populations 174 18. Edge Effects: Designing a Nest Predation Experiment 179 Part 5 Ecosystems and Landscapes 185 19. Ecosystem Fragmentation: Patterns and Consequences for Biodiversity 187 20. Forest Harvesting: Balancing Timber Production and Parrot Habitat 196 21. Protected Areas: A Systematic Conservation Planning Approach for Ecoregions 201 22. Island Biogeography: How Park Size and Condition Affect the Number of Species Protected 213 23. GIS for Conservation: Mapping and Analyzing Distributions of Wild Potato Species for Reserve Design 221 24. Global Change: Will a Cold-Adapted Frog Survive in a Warmer World? 233 25. Climate Envelope Modeling: Inferring the Ranges of Species to Facilitate Biological Exploration, Conservation Planning, and Threat Analysis 244 Part 6 Policy and Organizations 255 26. Population, Consumption, or Governance: Which Drives Species Imperilment Most in Africa and Europe? 257 27 Overconsumption: Who’s Smarter Students or their Professors? 264 28. Conservation Values: Assessing Public Attitudes 269 29. Priority Setting: Where Around the Globe Should We Invest Our Conservation Efforts? 279 30. An International Debate: Commercial Fishing in Galápagos National Park 289 31. Conservation Law: Should the Polar Bear be Listed as a Threatened Species? 296 32. Conservation Policy: Shaping Your Government 304 Literature Cited 310 Index 317

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Book SynopsisThe distinctive relationships between landscape change, habitat fragmentation, and biodiversity conservation are highlighted in this original and useful guide to the theory and practice of ecological landscape design. Using original, ecologically based landscape design principles, the text underscores current thinking in landscape management and conservation. It offers a blend of theoretical and practical information that is illustrated with case studies drawn from across the globe. Key insights by some of the world's leading experts in landscape ecology and conservation biology make Managing and Designing Landscapes for Conservation an essential volume for anyone involved in landscape management, natural resource planning, or biodiversity conservation.Table of ContentsForeword: Landscapes in Peril. 1. Introduction. David B. Lindenmayer and Richard J. Hobbs. Section 1: Classification of Landscapes and Terminology. 2. The Whole Elephant: Classification and Terminology as Tools for Achieving Generality in Landscape Ecology. S. Mcintyre. 3.Enacting Landscape Design: from Specific Cases to General Principles. Yrjo Haila. 4. Landscape Models for Use in Studies of Landscape Change and Habitat Fragmentation. David B. Lindenmayer and J. Fischer. 5. Synthesis: Landscape Classification. David. B. Lindenmayer and Richard J. Hobbs. Section 2: Habitat, Habitat Loss, and Patch Sizes. 6. Remnant Geometry, Landscape Morphology, and Principles and Procedures for Landscape Design. Ralph Macnally. 7. Estimating Minimum Habitat for Population Persistence. Lenore Fahrig. 8. Habitat and Landscape Design: Concepts, Constraints, and Opportunities. James R. Miller. 9. Synthesis: Habitat, Habitat Loss, and Patch Sizes. David B. Lindenmayer and Richard J. Hobbs. Section 3: Structure, Degradation, and Condition. 10. Nature’s Infinite Variety: Conservation Choice and Management for Dynamic Ecological Systems. J.C.Z. Woinarski. 11. The Diverse Impacts of Grazing, Fire, and Weeds: How Ecological Theory Can Inform Conservation Management. Don A. Driscoll. 12. Forest Landscape Structure, Degradation, and Condition: Some Commentary and Fundamental Principles. Jerry F. Franklin and Mark E. Swanson. 13. Synthesis: Structure, Degradation, and Condition. David B. Lindenmayer and Richard J. Hobbs. Section 4: Edge Effects. 14. Incorporating Edges Effects into Landscape Design and Management. Thomas D. Sisk. 15. Edge Effects. David B. Lindenmayer and J. Fischer. 16. Edges: Where Landscape Elements Meet. Gary W. Luck. 17. Synthesis: Edge Effects. David B. Lindenmayer and Richard J. Hobbs. Section 5: Total Vegetation Cover, Pattern, Patch Content. 18. Emergent Properties of Land Mosaics: Implications for Land Management and Biodiversity Conservation. Andrew F. Bennett and James Q. Radford. 19. Assessing the Biodiversity Value of Stands and Patches in a Landscape Context. Philip Gibbons, S.V. Briggs, Andre Zerger, Danielle Ayers, Julian Seddon, and Stuart Doyle. 20. Avoiding Irreversible Change: Considerations for Vegetation Cover, Vegetation Structure, and Species Composition. Joern Fischer and David B. Lindenmayer. 21. Synthesis: Total Vegetation Cover, Pattern, and Patch Content. David. B. Lindenmayer and Richard J. Hobbs. Section 6: Connectivity, Corridors, Stepping Stones. 22. Corridors, Connectivity, and Biological Conservation. F.K.A. Schmiegelow. 23. Focal Species for Determining Connectivity Requirements in Conservation Planning. Reed F. Noss. 24. Connectivity, Corridors, and Stepping Stones. Denis A. Saunders. 25. Synthesis: Corridors, Connectivity, and Stepping Stones. David B. Lindenmayer and Richard J. Hobbs. Section 7: Individual Species Management - Threatened Taxa and Invasive Species. 26. Individual Species Management: Threatened Taxa and Invasive Species. Daniel Simberloff. 27. Managing Landscapes for Vulnerable, Invasive, and Disease Species. Erika Zavaleta and Jae Ryan Pasari. 28. Tools for Conserving Individual Plant Species in Dynamic Landscapes. Mark Burgman, Jane Elith, Emma Gorrod, and Bonnie Wintle. 29. Synthesis: Individual Species Management – Threatened Taxa and Invasive Species. David B. Lindenmayer and Richard J. Hobbs. Section 8: Ecosystems and Ecosystem Processes. 30. Ecosystems, Ecosystem Processes, and Global Change: Implications for Landscape Design. Adrian D. Manning. 31. The Costs of Losing and Restoring Ecosystem Services. H.A. Mooney. 32. Managing Disturbance Across Scales: An Essential Consideration for Landscape Management and Design. Viki A. Cramer. 33. Synthesis: Ecosystems and Ecosystem Processes. David B. Lindenmayer and Richard J. Hobbs. Section 9: Disturbance, Resilience, and Recovery. 34. Disturbance, Resilience, and Recovery: A Resilience Perspective On Landscape Dynamics. Brian Walker. 35. Core Principles for Using Natural Disturbance Regimes to Inform Landscape Management. Malcolm L. Hunter Jr. 36. Synthesis: Disturbance, Resilience, and Recover. David B. Lindenmayer and Richard J. Hobbs. Section 10: Aquatic Ecosystems and Integrity. 37. Principles for Conserving Wetlands in Managed Landscapes. Aram J.K. Calhoun. 38. Flowing Waters in the Landscape. P.S. Lake. 39. Water in the Landscape: the Coupling of Aquatic Ecosystems and their Catchments. Peter Cullen. 40. Synthesis: Aquatic Ecosystems and Integrity. David B. Lindenmayer and Richard J. Hobbs. Section 11: Bringing It All Together. 41. Does Conservation Need Landscape Ecology? A Perspective from Both Sides of the Divide. John A. Wiens. 42. What are We Conserving? Establishing Multiscale Conservation Goals and Objectives in the Face of Global Threats. J. Michael Scott and Timothy H. Tear. 43. Goals, Targets, and Priorities for Landscape-Scale Restoration. Richard J. Hobbs. 44. A Contribution to the Development of a Conceptual Framework for Landscape Management: A Landscape State and Transition Model. Peter Cale. 45. Principles of Landscape Design that Emerge from a Formal Problem-Solving Approach. Hugh P. Possingham and Emily Nicholson. 46. From Perspective to Principles: Where to from Here? Richard J. Hobbs and David B. Lindenmayer. Index

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Book SynopsisEcological Modeling:A Commonsense Approach to Theory and Practice explores how simulation modeling and its new ecological applications can offer solutions to complex natural resource management problems. This is a practical guide for students, teachers, and professional ecologists. Examines four phases of the modeling process: conceptual model formulation, quantitative model specification, model evaluation, and model use Provides useful building blocks for constructing systems simulation models Includes a format for reporting the development and use of simulation models Offers an integrated systems perspective for students, faculty, and professionals Features helpful insights from the author, gained over 30 years of university teaching I can strongly recommend the book as textbook for all courses in population dynamic modeling particularly when the course is planned for the second or third year of a bachelor study in ecTrade Review"In addition, it has the advantage that it is draws heavily on the knowledge of one of the world's most experienced ecological modellers, Bill Grant, a former President of the International Society for Ecological Modeling, and an editor of the journal Ecological Modelling." (Biodivers Conserv, 2011) Grant and Swannack are to be commended for their attempt to strip ecological modelling of its complexities and present the bare bones for beginners.... I found the book to be very well written, clear and inclusive of all basic theory for deterministic ecological modelling. The book is admirably concise, which will appeal to many." (Austral Ecology, May 2009) "This is an excellent textbook in population dynamic modeling. The very core of the system approach and system thinking is explained very clearly and in a way that encourages the readers to go modeling." (Ecological Modelling, January 2009) "This book is valuable for its listing of 39 common pitfalls of model development; the 60 citations dividing into four categories of models that can serve as the starting point for most ecological modeling approaches; and the fractal beauty of it all." (CHOICE, January 2009) "A key feature of the book is the use of case studies which are based on straightforward ecological questions with a practical interest." (Environmental Conservation, September 2008)Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Common-sense solutions: three exercises 1 1.2 Modeling theory 2 1.3 Modeling practice 2 1.4 Theory, practice, and common sense 3 1.5 Intended use of this book 3 Part 1 Common-sense solutions: three exercises 2 Common-sense solutions 5 2.1 Three problems 6 2.1.1 Harvesting food for the winter 6 2.1.2 Estimating the probability of population extinction 12 2.1.3 Managing the Commons 20 2.2 The systems approach to problem solving 49 2.2.1 The conceptual model (Phase I) 50 2.2.2 The quantitative model (Phase II) 51 2.2.3 Model evaluation (Phase III) 51 2.2.4 Model application (Phase IV) 51 2.3 The three problems revisited: the systems approach in theory and practice 51 Part 2 Modeling theory 3 Theory I: the conceptual model 53 3.1 State the model objectives (Ia) 54 3.2 Bound the system-of-interest (Ib) 55 3.3 Categorize the components within the system-of-interest (Ic) 57 3.3.1 State variables 57 3.3.2 Material transfers 59 3.3.3 Sources and sinks 61 3.3.4 Information transfers 61 3.3.5 Driving variables 62 3.3.6 Constants 62 3.3.7 Auxiliary variables 62 3.4 Identify the relationships among the components that are of interest (Id) 63 3.4.1 Submodels 63 3.5 Represent the conceptual model (Ie) 65 3.5.1 Conceptual-model diagrams 65 3.6 Describe the expected patterns of model behavior (If) 66 4 Theory II: the quantitative model 67 4.1 Select the general quantitative structure for the model (IIa) 68 4.2 Choose the basic time unit for the simulations (IIb) 72 4.3 Identify the functional forms of the model equations (IIc) 72 4.3.1 Information on which to base the choice of functional forms 73 4.3.2 Selecting types of equations to represent the chosen functional forms 73 4.4 Estimate the parameters of the model equations (IId) 75 4.4.1 Statistical analyses within the context of simulation model parameterization 75 4.4.2 Quantifying qualitative information 76 4.4.3 Deterministic- versus stochastic-model parameterization 76 4.5 Execute the baseline simulation (IIe) 77 4.5.1 Baseline simulations for stochastic models 78 5 Theory III: model evaluation 79 5.1 Assess the reasonableness of the model structure and the interpretability of functional relationships within the model (IIIa) 81 5.2 Evaluate the correspondence between model behavior and the expected patterns of model behavior (IIIb) 82 5.3 Examine the correspondence between model projections and the data from the real system (IIIc) 84 5.3.1 Quantitative versus qualitative model evaluation 86 5.4 Determine the sensitivity of model projections to changes in the values of important parameters (IIId) 86 5.4.1 Interpreting sensitivity analysis within a model evaluation framework 87 6 Theory IV: model application 89 6.1 Develop and execute the experimental design for the simulations (IVa) 89 6.2 Analyze and interpret the simulation results (IVb) 91 6.3 Communicate the simulation results (IVc) 91 Part 3 Modeling practice 7 Some common pitfalls 93 7.1 Phase I pitfalls: the conceptual model 93 7.2 Phase II pitfalls: the quantitative model 97 7.3 Phase III pitfalls: model evaluation 100 7.4 Phase IV pitfalls: model application 102 8 The modeling process in practice 105 8.1 Preliminary conceptual model (CM) 106 8.1.1 How to begin 106 8.1.2 Adding new components to the model 108 8.1.3 Describing expected patterns 108 8.1.4 Describing the plan of attack 108 8.2 Intermediate developmental models (IDMi) 109 8.2.1 Evaluate–adjust cycle for each developmental model 110 8.2.2 Sensitivity analysis of the last developmental model 112 8.3 Final model (FM) 112 Part 4 Theory, practice, and common sense 9 The common-sense problems revisted 115 9.1 Harvesting food for the winter 115 9.1.1 The preliminary conceptual model (CM) 115 9.1.2 The last (only) intermediate development model (IDMlast) 116 9.1.3 The final model (FM) 117 9.2 Estimating the probability of population extinction 117 9.2.1 The preliminary conceptual model (CM) 117 9.2.2 The intermediate development models (IDMi) 118 9.2.3 The final model (FM) 118 9.3 Managing the Commons 118 9.3.1 The preliminary conceptual model (CM) 118 9.3.2 The intermediate development models (IDMi) 120 9.3.3 The final model (FM) 121 10 Reflections 123 10.1 The systems approach as a complement to other methods of problem solving 123 10.2 Ecological modeling as a problem-solving process 126 10.3 Expectations for ecological models 127 10.4 A final thought 129 References 131 Appendix A: Introduction to the ecological modeling literature 133 Appendix B: Scientific reports for the examples in Chapter 2 139 B.1 Effect of deforestation on rate of food harvest 139 B.2 Effect of hurricane frequency on probability of population extinction 141 B.3 Effect of stocking rate on forage and animal production 143 Index 149

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Book SynopsisThis book explores the links between bushmeat and livelihoods in Africa and other parts of the world, with a focus on the human dimension of the debate.Trade Review"Through touching on a wide range of issues in the different case studies, this little volume provides much pertinent background material for reflection by those having to reconcile issues of bushmeat usage and conservation." (Biodivers Conserv, 2011) Table of ContentsContributors. Preface. Introduction (David Brown and Glyn Davies). Part 1. Bushmeat: Markets and Households (Glyn Davies and John G. Robinson). 1. Hunting and trapping in Gola forests, south-eastern Sierra Leone: Bushmeat from farm, fallow and forest (Glyn Davies, Björn Schulte-Herbrüggen, Noëlle F. Kümpel, and Samantha Mendelson). 2. Livelihoods and sustainability in a bushmeat commodity chain in Ghana (Guy Cowlishaw, Samantha Mendelson, and J. Marcus Rowcliffe). 3. Bushmeat markets – white elephants or red herrings? (John E. Fa). 4. Cameroon: from free gift to valued commodity. The bushmeat commodity chain around the Dja Reserve (Hilary Solly). 5. Determinants of bushmeat consumption and trade in continental Equatorial Guinea: an urban-rural comparison (Noëlle F. Kümpel, Tamsyn East, Nick Keylock, J. Marcus Rowcliffe, Guy Cowlinshaw, and E.J. Milner-Gulland). 6. Livelihoods, hunting and the game meat trade in northern Zambia (Taylor Brown and Stuart A. Marks). Part 2: Institutional contexts (E.J. Milner-Gulland). 7. Is the best the enemy of the good? Institutional and livelihoods perspectives on bushmeat harvesting and trade – some issues and challenges (David Brown). 8. Bushmeat, wildlife management, and good governance: rights and institutional arrangements in Namibia’s community based natural resources management programme (Christopher Vaughan and Andrew Long). 9. Wildlife management in a logging concession in Northern Congo: can livelihoods be maintained through sustainable hunting? (John R. Poulsen, Connie J. Clark, and Germain A. Mavah). 10. Institutional challenges to sustainable bushmeat management in Central Africa (Andrew Hurst). Part 3. Extra-Sectoral Influences and Models (Jo Elliott). 11. Can wildlife and agriculture coexist outside protected areas in Africa? A hopeful model and a case study in Zambia (Dale M. Lewis). 12. Food for thought for the bushmeat trade: lessons from the commercialisation of plant NTFPs (Elaine Marshall, Kathrin Schreckenberg, Adrian Newton, Dirk Willem te Velde, Jonathan Rushton, Fabrice Edouard, Catarina Illsley, and Eric Arancibia). 13. Bushmeat, forestry and livelihoods: exploring the coverage in PRSPs (Neil M. Bird and Chris S. Dickson). 14. The Beverly and Qamanirjuaq Caribou Management Board (BQCMB): blending knowledge, people and practice for barren-ground caribou conservation in Northern Canada (Ross C. Thompson). Part 4: Regional perspectives (Glyn Davies and Ruth Whitten). 15. Hunting, wildlife trade and wildlife consumption patterns in Asia (Elizabeth L. Bennett). References. Index.

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Book SynopsisRangeland ecosystems which include unimproved grasslands, shrublands, savannas and semi-deserts, support half of the world's livestock, while also providing habitats for some of the most charismatic of wildlife species. This book examines the pressures on rangeland ecosystems worldwide from human land use, over-hunting, and subsistence and commercial farming of livestock and crops. Leading experts have pooled their experiences from all continents to cover the ecological, sociological, political, veterinary, and economic aspects of rangeland management today. Thisbook provides practitioners and students of rangeland management and wildland conservation with a diversity of perspectives on a central question: can rangelands be wildlands? The first book to examine rangelands from a conservation perspective Emphasizes the balance between the needs of people and livestock, and wildlife Written by an international team of experts covering all geographicaTrade Review"That said, ‘Wild rangelands' provides an extensive and up-to-date treatment of challenges and issues for rangeland conservation, and the plight of those who rely on livestock for livelihoods is strongly drawn into both the case studies and the more conceptual chapters. Hence, ‘Wild rangelands' will provide an informative and useful volume from a variety of perspectives." (Pastoralism: Research, Policy & Practice, 2011) "In conclusion, Wild Rangelands is a must-read for researchers, conservationists and ranchers alike and should be included in university wildlife biology teaching curricula to facilitate a stronger grounding of biology graduates in the broader social issues affecting conservation today." (African Journal of Range and Forage Science, 2011) Table of ContentsContributors vii Preface xv Foreword by Anthony R.E. Sinclair and George B. Schaller xix 1. Introduction: A Review of Rangeland Conservation Issues in an Uncertain Future 1 Monica L. Wrobel and Kent H. Redford Part I Thematic Reviews 13 2. Riding the Rangelands Piggyback: A Resilience Approach to Conservation Management 15 Brian Walker 3. Addressing the Mismatches between Livestock Production and Wildlife Conservation across Spatio-temporal Scales and Institutional Levels 30 Johan T. du Toit 4. Rangeland Conservation and Shrub Encroachment: New Perspectives on an Old Problem 53 Steven R. Archer 5. Health and Disease in Wild Rangelands 98 Richard Kock, Mike Kock, Sarah Cleaveland and Gavin Thomson 6. Contemporary Views of Human–Carnivore Conflicts on Wild Rangelands 129 Alexandra Zimmermann, Nick Baker, Chloe Inskip, John D.C. Linnell, Silvio Marchini, John Odden, Gregory Rasmussen and Adrian Treves 7. Financial Incentives for Rangeland Conservation: Addressing the ‘Show-Us-the-Money’ Challenge 152 Ray Victurine and Charles Curtin Part II Case Studies 189 8. Biodiversity Conservation in Australian Tropical Rangelands 191 Stephen T. Garnett, John C.Z. Woinarski, Gabriel M. Crowley and Alex S. Kutt 9. Livestock Grazing and Wildlife Conservation in the American West: Historical, Policy and Conservation Biology Perspectives 235 Thomas L. Fleischner 10. Guanaco Management in Patagonian Rangelands: A Conservation Opportunity on the Brink of Collapse 266 Ricardo Baldi, Andrés Novaro, Martín Funes, Susan Walker, Pablo Ferrando, Mauricio Failla and Pablo Carmanchahi 11. Multiple Use of Trans-Himalayan Rangelands: Reconciling Human Livelihoods with Wildlife Conservation 291 Charudutt Mishra, Sumanta Bagchi, Tsewang Namgail and Yash Veer Bhatnagar 12. Herders and Hunters in a Transitional Economy: The Challenge of Wildlife and Rangeland Management in Post-socialist Mongolia 312 Katie M. Scharf, María E. Fernández-Giménez, Batjav Batbuyan and Sumiya Enkhbold 13. Social and Economic Challenges for Conservation in East African Rangelands: Land use, Livelihoods and Wildlife Change in Maasailand 340 Katherine Homewood and D. Michael Thompson 14. The Future for Wildlife on Kenya’s Rangelands: An Economic Perspective 367 Michael Norton-Griffiths and Mohammed Y. Said 15. Synthesis: Local and Global Solutions to the Challenge of Keeping Rangelands Wild 393 James C. Deutsch Index 403

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Book SynopsisThis is a major new introductory textbook on mathematical ecology bridging the subdisciplines of population ecology and ecosystem ecology. The book is ideal for beginning graduate and advanced undergraduate students, with some background in basic calculus, linear algebra, and basic ecology.Trade Review"Nevertheless, it is an excellent summary which will sweep away the cobwebs from the mind of someone who has learnt this stuff at some time in the past. . . It would be ideal as a text for a course taught in a mathematics department, to convince mathematics students that their skills in differential equations can be applied to ecological problems." (Austral Ecology, 2011) "Its best feature a the scientific soundness t hat permeates the whole book, founded on a robust mathematical treatment of most of the arguments." (Ecoscience, June 2010)"Pastor (Univ. of Minnesota, Duluth) does an admirable job of bridging the gap, providing a work that should quickly become a popular choice for upper-level undergraduate or graduate courses in both disciplines." (CHOICE, January 2009)Table of ContentsPrologue. Preface. Acknowledgments. Part I: Preliminaries. 1. What is Mathematical Ecology and Why Should We Do It?. 2. Mathematical Toolbox. Part II: Populations. 3. Homogeneous Populations: Exponential and Geometric Growth and Decay. 4. Age- and Stage-structured Linear Models: Relaxing The Assumption Of Population Homogeneity. 5. Nonlinear Models of Single Populations: The Continuous Time Logistic Model. 6. Discrete Logistic Growth, Oscillations, and Chaos. 7. Harvesting and the Logistic Model. 8. Predators and their Prey. 9. Competition between Two Species, Mutualism, and Species Invasions. 10. Multispecies Community and Food Web Models. Part III: Ecosystems. 11. Inorganic Resources, Mass Balance, Resource Uptake, and Resource Use Efficiency. 12. Litter Return, Nutrient Cycling, and Ecosystem Stability. 13. Consumer Regulation of Nutrient Cycling. 14. Stoichiometry and Linked Element Cycles. Part IV: Populations and Ecosystems in Space and Time. 15. Transitions between Populations and States in Landscapes. 16. Diffusion, Advection, the Spread of Populations and Resources, and the Emergence of Spatial Patterns. Appendix: MatLab Commands for Equilibrium and Stability Analysis of Multi-compartment Models by Solving the Jacobian and its Eigenvalues. References. Index

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Book SynopsisThis text examines the impact of climate change on freshwater ecosystems, past, present and future.Trade Review“In conclusion, the volume is excellent supplementary reading for graduate students and professionals, and individual chapters would do well as core readings on any course that looks at climate change in a freshwater context.” (Landscape Ecology, 1 May 2013) “Overall, the book is a valuable stand-alone publication on the subject of climate change and freshwater ecosystems.” (Austral Ecology, 1 November 2012) “This book makes an excellent contribution to summarizing the current state of knowledge and deserves a place on the bookshelves of natural scientists and decision makers alike.” (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2011) “Overall, I think that this volume will be of great interest to a broad audience in aquatic biology, mainly within the limnetic community, but also to terrestrial scientists because lakes integrate changes in the terrestrial landscape.” (The Quarterly Review of Biology, 1 March 2012) "Summing Up: Recommended. Graduate students and above." (Choice, 1 August 2011) "Whether you agree with the interpretation or not, this is a fun approach to science that makes the book all the more enjoyable." (Frontiers of Biogeography, 1 June 2011) Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. Contributors. 1 Introduction (Brian Moss, Richard W. Battarbee and Martin Kernan). 2 Aquatic Ecosystem Variability and Climate Change – A Palaeoecological Perspective (Richard W. Battarbee). 3 Direct Impacts of Climate Change on Freshwater Ecosystems (Ulrike Nickus, Kevin Bishop, Martin Erlandsson, Chris D. Evans, Martin Forsius, Hjalmar Laudon, David M. Livingstone, Don Monteith and Hansjörg Thies). 4 Climate Change and the Hydrology and Morphology of Freshwater Ecosystems (Piet F.M. Verdonschot, Daniel Hering, John Murphy, Sonja C. Jähnig, Neil L. Rose, Wolfram Graf, Karel Brabec and Leonard Sandin). 5 Monitoring the Responses of Freshwater Ecosystems to Climate Change (Daniel Hering, Alexandra Haidekker, Astrid Schmidt-Kloiber, Tom Barker, Laetitia Buisson, Wolfram Graf, Gäel Grenouillet, Armin Lorenz, Leonard Sandin and Sonja Stendera). 6 Interaction of Climate Change and Eutrophication (Erik Jeppesen, Brian Moss, Helen Bennion, Laurence Carvalho, Luc DeMeester, Heidrun Feuchtmayr, Nikolai Friberg, Mark O. Gessner, Mariet Hefting, Torben L. Lauridsen, Lone Liboriussen, Hilmar J. Malmquist, Linda May, Mariana Meerhoff, Jon S. Olafsson, Merel B. Soons and Jos T.A. Verhoeven). 7 Interaction of Climate Change and Acid Deposition (Richard F. Wright, Julian Aherne, Kevin Bishop, Peter J. Dillon, Martin Erlandsson, Chris D. Evans, Martin Forsius, David W. Hardekopf, Rachel C. Helliwell, Jakub Hruška, Mike Hutchins, Øyvind Kaste, Jirí Kopácek, Pavel Krám, Hjalmar Laudon, Filip Moldan, Michela Rogora, Anne Merete S. Sjøeng and Heleen A. de Wit). 8 Distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Mercury in Freshwater Ecosystems Under Changing Climate Conditions (Joan O. Grimalt, Jordi Catalan, Pilar Fernandez, Benjami Piña and John Munthe). 9 Climate Change: Defining Reference Conditions and Restoring Freshwater Ecosystems (Richard K. Johnson, Richard W. Battarbee, Helen Bennion, Daniel Hering, Merel B. Soons and Jos T.A. Verhoeven). 10 Modelling Catchment-Scale Responses to Climate Change (Richard A. Skeffington, Andrew J. Wade, Paul G. Whitehead, Dan Butterfield, Øyvind Kaste, Hans Estrup Andersen, Katri Rankinen and Gaël Grenouillet). 11 Tools for Better Decision Making: Bridges from Science to Policy (Conor Linstead, Edward Maltby, Helle Ørsted Nielsen, Thomas Horlitz, Phoebe Koundouri, Ekin Birol, Kyriaki Remoundou, Ron Janssen and Philip J. Jones). 12 What of the Future? (Brian Moss). Index.

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Book SynopsisThe conservation of vertebrate populations is a large component of many conservation projects and courses. This book offers a readable and comprehensive guide to conservation study techniques including the use of computer models, data analysis and study design, population monitoring, and decision making.Trade Review"Overall, this would be a plausible book for an upper-division course in which students would learn, rather painlessly, the necessary combination of observation and mathematics necessary to make important conservation decisions." (CHOICE, December 2009) Table of ContentsPreface vii Acknowledgements ix Companion website and CD-ROM x 1 Introduction: the role of science in conservation 1 Part I Basic concepts in scientific investigations for conservation 7 2 Using models in conservation biology 9 3 Models of population dynamics 15 4 Applying population models to conservation 32 5 Basics of study design and analysis 47 Part II Conservation studies and monitoring programs 71 6 General principles of estimation 73 7 Occupancy (presence–absence) analysis 81 8 Sample counts for abundance estimation 101 9 Distance sampling for estimating density and abundance 115 10 Capture–mark–recapture studies for estimating abundance and density 135 11 Estimation of survival from radiotelemetry, nesting success studies, and age distributions 160 12 Mark–recapture for estimating survival, recruitment, abundance, and movement rates 189 13 Analysis of habitat 219 14 Estimation of species richness and other community parameters 230 Part III Integrating modeling and monitoring for conservation 251 15 Elements of conservation decision making 253 16 Accounting for uncertainty in conservation decisions 265 17 Learning and adaptive management 274 18 Case study: decision modeling and adaptive management for declining grassland birds in the southeastern USA 289 19 Summary and recommendations 303 Literature cited 307 Glossary 314 Appendix A: Statistical and modeling programs available on the worldwide web 324 Appendix B: Other internet resources 326 Appendix C: Modeling and statistical notation 328 Appendix D: Key to abundance and parameter estimation 331 Index 337

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Book SynopsisThis book aims to further advance the field of reintroduction biology beyond the considerable progress made since the formation of the IUCN/SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group. Using an issue-based framework that purposely avoids a structure based on case studies the book''s central theme is advocating a strategic approach to reintroduction where all actions are guided by explicit theoretical frameworks based on clearly defined objectives. Issues covered include husbandry and intensive management, monitoring, and genetic and health management. Although taxonomically neutral there is a recognised dominance of bird and mammal studies that reflects the published research in this field. The structure and content are designed for use by people wanting to bridge the research-management gap, such as conservation managers wanting to expand their thinking about reintroduction-related decisions, or researchers who seek to make useful applied contributions to reintroduction.Trade Review“I believe Reintroduction Biology would appeal to a wider audience and I would highly recommend this book to students (including undergraduates.” (Austral Ecology, 8 December 2015) “Overall though, Reintroduction biology: integrating science and management is well worth reading. As the authors intended, it will be a very useful reference for those actually engaged in, or in the process of planning, a wildlife translocation or reintroduction. It would also make an excellent book to organize a graduate student seminar course around, as it touches on a variety of contemporary applied and theoretical aspects of ecology. I would highly encourage colleagues to read this book for themselves. ” (Ecology, 1 September 2013) “Given the font size (same as Notornis) and with line spacing of 1.5 (1.0 in Notornis), the text format is well suited to the eyesight of the majority of the Ornithological Society of New Zealand membership! I’m sure the OSNZ library copy will get frequently borrowed and well read.” (Notornis: Journal of the Ornithological Society of New Zealand, 1 May 2013) "Provide(s) a timely review of the science of species reintroductions, examining techniques and best practices to ensure long-term survival of species returned to the wild." (British Ecological Society Bulletin, June 13) “The book is rounded off with a concise summary chapter to outline what the intentions of the book are and to challenge the readers to improve and develop the concepts and principles presented in the book so that the overall success rate of reintroduction programmes can be improved.” (Fauna & Flora International, 1 January 2013) Table of ContentsContributors vii Memorium of Don Merton xi Foreword xix Preface xxiii 1. Animal Translocations: What Are They and Why Do We Do Them? 1 Philip J. Seddon, W. Maartin Strauss and John Innes 2. A Tale of Two Islands: The Rescue and Recovery of Endemic Birds in New Zealand and Mauritius 33 Carl G. Jones and Don V. Merton 3. Selecting Suitable Habitats for Reintroductions: Variation, Change and the Role of Species Distribution Modelling 73 Patrick E. Osborne and Philip J. Seddon 4. The Theory and Practice of Catching, Holding, Moving and Releasing Animals 105 Kevin A. Parker, Molly J. Dickens, Rohan H. Clarke and Tim G. Lovegrove 5. Dispersal and Habitat Selection: Behavioural and Spatial Constraints for Animal Translocations 138 Pascaline Le Gouar, Jean-Baptiste Mihoub and François Sarrazin 6. Modelling Reintroduced Populations: The State of the Art and Future Directions 165 Doug P. Armstrong and Michelle H. Reynolds 7. Monitoring for Reintroductions 223 James D. Nichols and Doug P. Armstrong 8. Adaptive Management of Reintroduction 256 Michael A. McCarthy, Doug P. Armstrong and Michael C. Runge 9. Empirical Consideration of Parasites and Health in Reintroduction 290 John G. Ewen, Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse, Maurice R. Alley, Claudia Carraro, Anthony W. Sainsbury, Kirsty Swinnerton and Rosie Woodroffe 10. Methods of Disease Risk Analysis for Reintroduction Programmes 336 Anthony W. Sainsbury, Doug P. Armstrong and John G. Ewen 11. The Genetics of Reintroductions: Inbreeding and Genetic Drift 360 Lukas F. Keller, Iris Biebach, Steven R. Ewing and Paquita E.A. Hoeck 12. Genetic Consequences of Reintroductions and Insights from Population History 395 Jim J. Groombridge, Claire Raisin, Rachel Bristol and David S. Richardson 13. Managing Genetic Issues in Reintroduction Biology 441 Ian G. Jamieson and Robert C. Lacy 14. Summary 476 Philip J. Seddon, Doug P. Armstrong, Kevin A. Parker and John G. Ewen Index 483

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Book SynopsisWetlands - swamp, marsh, bayou, tundra and bog - are places that are rarely visited and often misunderstood but they have, in fact, conspicuous roles in the physical, biological and cultural geography of the world. They are intrinsically beautiful environments where one may see the natural and essential values in the interaction of water, soil, vegetation, wildlife, and humans. Wetlands occur at the confluence of unique terrestrial, hydrological and climatic conditions that give rise to some of the most biodiverse regions of the world. They also play vital roles in the cycling and storage of key nutrients, materials and energy through the Earth?s system. A complete study of wetland environments requires the assessment of their physical and biological attributes, properties and functions of these ecosystems, and the economic, political and social aspects that mediate their use globally. A systems approach is taken throughout this book which emphasizes the interactions between Trade Review“Overall, this is an excellent course resource for advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students, as well as professionals who wish to deepen their understanding of these complex ecosystems. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and above.” (Choice, 1 August 2013) Table of ContentsPreface: Why wetlands? xi Acknowledgements xiv Part I 1 Wetland overview 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 How much and where 4 1.3 Wetland trends 8 1.4 Wetland preservation and protection 10 1.5 Wetland science 11 1.6 Book approach and outline 13 1.7 Summary 13 2 Wetland criteria 15 2.1 Definitions 15 2.2 Water 16 2.3 Soil 18 2.4 Vegetation 20 2.5 Wetland classification 22 2.6 Peatland 24 2.7 Anthropogenic dimensions of wetlands 27 2.8 Summary 28 3 Methods in wetland research 30 3.1 Introduction 30 3.2 Remote sensing 31 3.2.1 Image resolution and interpretability 32 3.2.2 Wetland image interpretation 35 3.2.3 Macro-level systems 37 3.2.4 Meso-level systems 41 3.2.5 Micro-level systems 42 3.3 Maps and geographic information systems 46 3.4 Physical ground-based methods 48 3.4.1 Surface methods 48 3.4.2 Subsurface methods 51 3.5 Flora, fauna and ecological monitoring and survey methods 53 3.6 Social science methods and techniques 56 3.7 Summary 57 Part II 4 Wetland hydrology 58 4.1 Introduction 58 4.2 Surface and ground water 61 4.3 Floods and flooding 64 4.4 Hydrologic functions of streams and wetlands 65 4.5 Hydrochemistry 68 4.6 Summary 70 5 Wetland soil 72 5.1 Introduction 72 5.2 Brief history and soil classification 73 5.3 Hydric soil criteria 78 5.4 Mineral and organic hydric soils 79 5.5 Submerged wetland substrates 81 5.6 Summary 82 6 Wetland vegetation 86 6.1 Plant adaptations 86 6.1.1 Structural adaptations 86 6.1.2 Biochemical adaptations 88 6.2 Ecological categories 89 6.2.1 Shoreline plants 90 6.2.2 Emergent plants 92 6.2.3 Floating plants 94 6.2.4 Submerged plants 96 6.2.5 Plant zonation 97 6.3 Indicator categories 99 6.4 Plant hardiness zones 101 6.5 Invasive plant species 102 6.6 Summary 105 7 Wetland wildlife 107 7.1 Introduction 107 7.2 Wetland invertebrates 108 7.2.1 Insects 108 7.2.2 Mosquitos 110 7.2.3 Corals 111 7.3 Wetland vertebrates 113 7.3.1 Amphibians 113 7.3.2 Reptiles 115 7.3.3 Birds 117 7.3.4 Mammals 125 7.4 Invasive animal species 130 7.5 Summary 132 Part III 8 Wetland change 135 8.1 Introduction 135 8.2 Hydroseral succession 136 8.3 Sea-level change and crustal movements 139 8.3.1 Glacial eustasy 139 8.3.2 Glacial isostasy 141 8.3.3 Complicated responses 141 8.3.4 Modern sea-level rise 143 8.4 Climate change 147 8.4.1 Climate basics 147 8.4.2 Climate and wetlands 150 8.5 Fire 152 8.6 Summary 154 9 Wetlands through time 156 9.1 Introduction 156 9.2 Coal 157 9.2.1 Paleozoic coal 157 9.2.2 Cretaceous–Tertiary coal and lignite 158 9.3 Amber 160 9.4 Pleistocene and Holocene wetlands 163 9.4.1 Nordic region 164 9.4.2 North America 167 9.4.3 Tropics and Antarctica 171 9.4.4 Holocene climate and early man 171 9.5 Summary 173 10 Environmental cycles and feedback 175 10.1 Biogeochemical cycles 175 10.1.1 Wetland elements 175 10.1.2 Nitrogen 175 10.1.3 Phosphorus, potassium and sulfur 177 10.2 Carbon cycle 179 10.2.1 Carbon reservoirs 179 10.2.2 Carbon balance 179 10.2.3 Carbon gases and climatic feedback 180 10.3 Fossil fuels 181 10.3.1 Fossil-fuel consumption 181 10.3.2 Coal mining and acid rain 183 10.3.3 Estonian oil shale 184 10.4 Human experiment 185 10.5 Summary 187 Part IV 11 Wetland services, resources and valuation 190 11.1 Human use of wetland ecosystems 190 11.2 Ecosystem services 191 11.2.1 Habitats 191 11.2.2 Wetlands and biogeochemical cycles 194 11.2.3 Storm surge and coastal flood protection 195 11.3 Hydrological services 196 11.3.1 Flood abatement 196 11.3.2 Water quality 196 11.3.3 Water storage and diversion 197 11.4 Economic services 199 11.4.1 Extractive industries 199 11.4.2 Pearl production 204 11.4.3 Services industries 207 11.5 Wetland valuations 211 11.5.1 Why value wetlands? 212 11.5.2 Property regimes and externalities in wetland use and valuations 212 11.5.3 How to value wetlands? 215 11.6 Summary 216 12 Conservation and management: Wetland planning and practices 218 12.1 The conservation movement 218 12.2 Wetland resource management 220 12.3 Wetland management plans 221 12.4 Wetland management practices 223 12.4.1 Terrestrial and hydrologic-based strategies 223 12.4.2 Biological and chemical strategies 226 12.4.3 Socio-economic strategies 227 12.5 Summary 229 13 Wetland restoration, enhancement and creation 231 13.1 Introduction 231 13.2 Terminology 232 13.3 Wetland restoration, enhancement and creation design principles 235 13.4 Restoration and enhancement considerations 238 13.5 Approaches to wetland restoration and enhancement 240 13.5.1 Active approaches 240 13.5.2 Passive and hybrid approaches 242 13.6 Artifi cial treatment wetlands 244 13.7 Contaminated mine-water treatment 246 13.8 Summary 249 14 Wetlands governance and public policy 251 14.1 Wetlands governance and policy 251 14.2 International wetland policy 251 14.3 Wetland policy in the developed world 252 14.3.1 United States 253 14.3.2 Canada 255 14.3.3 Western Europe 255 14.3.4 Central Europe 257 14.3.5 Commonwealth of Independent States 260 14.3.6 Australia, New Zealand and Antarctica 262 14.4 National wetland policy in the developing world 264 14.5 Shared wetlands 264 14.6 Summary 266 Part V 15 Low-latitude wetland case studies 268 15.1 Introduction 268 15.2 Sundarbans of South Asia 269 15.3 Okavango Delta of southern Africa 274 15.4 Pantanal of South America 276 15.5 Gulf of Mexico, United States 279 15.5.1 Florida Everglades 281 15.5.2 Mississippi River delta 285 15.5.3 Padre Island and Laguna Madre 291 15.6 Summary 297 16 Middle-latitude wetland case studies 299 16.1 Introduction 299 16.2 Great Plains of North America 299 16.2.1 Upper Arkansas River valley, Colorado and Kansas 300 16.2.2 Biocontrol of saltcedar along the upper Arkansas River valley 305 16.2.3 Cheyenne Bottoms, Kansas 309 16.2.4 Nebraska Sand Hills 314 16.2.5 Missouri Coteau, southern Saskatchewan 318 16.3 Coastal wetlands of Maine and Massachusetts, United States 323 16.3.1 Wells Reserve, southeastern Maine 325 16.3.2 Plum Island Ecosystem, northeastern Massachusetts 326 16.4 Estonia, eastern Baltic region 328 16.5 Summary 333 17 High-latitude and high-altitude wetland case studies 336 17.1 Introduction 336 17.2 Andes Mountains, Venezuela 336 17.3 Southern Colorado, United States 340 17.3.1 Culebra Range 341 17.3.2 San Luis Valley 345 17.4 The Arctic 350 17.4.1 Arctic Coastal Plain, Alaska 351 17.4.2 Yukon Delta, Alaska 353 17.4.3 Lena River delta, Russia 354 17.5 Summary 357 18 Sustainability for wetlands 358 18.1 Introduction 358 18.2 Key risks to wetlands 359 18.3 Key opportunities in wetland conservation 362 18.4 Future directions 363 Glossary of wetland types and terms 364 References 372 Index 401 Color Plates are between pages 210 and 211 COMPANION WEBSITE This book has a companion website: www.wiley.com/go/aber/wetland with Figures and Tables from the book

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Book SynopsisEdited by three leading experts in wildlife management, this book explores the interface of humans with wildlife and their sometimes complementary, often conflicting, interests. It contains well-researched chapters which address conservation, wildlife use, and the psychological and philosophical underpinnings of wildlife management.Trade ReviewAny college-level collection strong in conservation and resource management as well as wildlife issues will find this an important work. Midwest Book Review We recognize, thank and praise the outstanding unique and innovative work of the three editors... who planned this book, organized the contributors' material, and presented it skillfully in this major research effort. -- Deekay Daulat Biz India Magazine Though the focus is wildlife, this lucid and comprehensive work on 'human dimensions' would be a handy reference for any land or natural resources manager. ChoiceTable of ContentsPrefaceAcknowledgmentsList of ContributorsPart I: Overview of Fundamental Concepts1. Human Dimensions of Wildlife Management2. Governance of Wildlife Resources3. Stakeholders as Beneficiaries of Wildlife ManagementPart II: Social Science Considerations4. Social Psychological Considerations in Wildlife Management5. Sociological Considerations in Wildlife Management6. Economic Considerations in Wildlife ManagementPart III: The Management Process7. Wildlife Management as a Process within a System8. Decision Making in Wildlife ManagementPart IV: Human Dimensions Methods and Skills9. Planning a Human Dimensions Inquiry10. Methods of Human Dimensions Inquiry11. Stakeholder Engagement in Wildlife Management12. Communication for Effective Wildlife ManagementPart V: Human Dimensions Applications13. Human Dimensions of Abundant Wildlife Management14. Human Dimensions of Scarce Wildlife Management15. Human Dimensions of Wildlife Use ManagementPart VI: Professional Considerations for the Future16. Environmental Ethics for Wildlife Management17. Continuing Your Education in Human Dimensions18. Adaptive Value of Human Dimensions for Wildlife ManagementAppendix: Scientific NamesGlossaryBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisO. WilsonTrade ReviewHighly recommended for any college-level collection strong in wildlife management. Midwest Book Review Essential Readings in Wildlife Management and Conservation is sure to become a common text among wildlife students and professionals. With a fantastic list of core literature, supplemented by related reading lists and article introductions, the editors certainly achieved their goal of developing a text referencing the core literature of wildlife conservation and management. -- Raymond B. Iglay Journal of Wildlife ManagementTable of ContentsIntroduction Chapter 1. Our Philosophical RootsChapter 2. Animals, Ecology & PopulationsChapter 3. HabitatChapter 4. Human DimensionsAuthor Index

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Book SynopsisWaits, John A. WiensTrade ReviewA timely volume... A useful book for those interested in natural resources. Choice ...an excellent contribution to the understanding of what habitat is and how to conserve it. Conservation Biology In this very worthwhile book, the editors and chapter authors have accomplished the important task of setting forth a path to guide habitat management and conservation. Great Plains Research The editors of this volume accomplished their goal of reaching a broad audience and providing this audience with an understanding of the factors affecting wildlife and their habitats. The book will be most useful for wildlife students, but will also have immense utility for managers seeking to understand and address emerging habitat threats, and for researchers aiming to broaden their perspectives on the variety of factors influencing habitat. Landscape Ecologist Taken as a whole, this collection of chapters will provide a benchmark for understanding how we are to understand the global consequences of human consumption. Quarterly Review of BiologyTable of ContentsContributorsPrefaceAcknowledgementsPart I: Foundation1. The Misunderstanding of Habitat2. Exploration and Critique of Habitat and Habitat Quality3. Demographic Consequences of Habitat4. Managing Habitats in a Changing WorldPart II: Habitats in Peril5. Habitat Loss and Degradation: Understanding Anthropogenic Stressors and Their Impacts on Individuals, Populations and Communitie6. Population Genetics and Wildlife Habitat7. Habitat Fragmentation and Corridors8. The Impact of Invasive Species on Wildlife HabitatPart III: Research and Conservation9. Thoughts on Models and Prediction10. Manage Habitat Monitor Species11. The Effects of Disturbance and Succession on Wildlife Habitat and Animal Communities12. Wildlife Habitat Restoration13. Synthesis for Advancing Useful Knowledge of Habitat: Unifying Themes or Many Directions?

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Book SynopsisFenolio's rich and vibrant images shed new light on the world's fascinating creatures of darkness.Trade ReviewA well illustrated introduction to [deep sea] creatures! The Birdbooker Report In this intriguing text, Dante Fenolio takes readers on a remarkable tour of some of the most unique and extreme environments on Earth. From the abyssal depths of the deep ocean to the subterranean worlds of caves, this impressive collection of photographic essays provides a celebration of biodiversity in realms that exist in perpetual darkness. Underground Movement ... mesmerizing... Publishers Weekly ... amazing and full of detail... a must read MonsterFish Keepers.com If Edgar Allan Poe had been a nature photographer, he might have written a story with the following title: Life in the Dark... Fenolio's photography will capture anyone's attention. The writing is also excellent, with a conservation thread that runs throughout the book. -- Whit Gibbons Tuscaloosa News Life in the Dark is a coffee-table-book-sized hardcover that immediately entrances and sucks you in like an addictive thriller. The design features glossy black pages that help give a sense of the dark depths of the oceans of our planet. The pictures and photography are spectacular, with incredible detail and color. The book is also packed with information on different fish and watery wildlife from below, showing just how complicated and fascinating nature can get in an ecosystem of darkness with a pressure level that would squash an ordinary person as flat as a pancake. Manhattan Book Review With more than 200 first-class photographs accompanied by informative texts this author portrays the large diversity of these organisms living in lightless settings as well as pictures of these environments... Fenolio is a rare combination of someone with a doctorate in biology but who happens to be one of the best wildlife photographers around. Environmental Biology of Fishes ... I devoured this book; I read it like a novel while I marveled at the images. Marveled at the magnificent diversity of life on earth. Marveled at the beauty of evolution. If you're a naturalist, if you consider yourself in biodiversity's fan club, even if you just like a good photograph: buy this book. You will not be disappointed. It will open your eyes to a part of the planet that you likely have never seen or even pondered. Nature - Cool Green Science Fenolio's book showcases these rarely seen creatures in all their glory. From bioluminescent sea-life to creatures with refined senses to help them survive sans sunlight, Life in the Dark highlights these unbelievable creatures like never before. The Weather Channel Dante Fenolio's Life in the Dark: Illuminating Biodiversity in the Shadowy Haunts of Planet Earth reads like an unlikely cross between a deeply informative - yet easily digested - textbook and a slick coffee table book of obscure wildlife photography... Through crystal-clear visions of creatures clad in both flamboyant neon skins and prehistoric-looking camouflage getups, biodiversity takes center stage in dramatic fashion. The San Antonio Current ... to say that the photography of such a difficult and diverse subject is utterly stunning is to give poor credit... Think of Life in the Dark as a picture-rich, inspiring and personal journey by a naturalist through the world's more unusual forms of nature, accompanied by readable text and comment designed to draw you into learning more... If you have the slightest interest in nature, let alone caves, this book will captivate you. Descent Life In The Dark: Illuminating Biodiversity in the Shadowy Haunts of Planet Earth takes readers on a spectacular photographic tour of the places that our eyes alone could never show us: the unfathomable pitch black darkness of the deep ocean and caves and rivers far below the earth's surface... If there's one lesson [it] teaches, it's that the complexity and diversity of life is far greater than most of us could possibly imagine. Eastern Surf Highly recommended. Choice I can't imagine anyone not liking Life in the Dark. There is something for everyone here. The sheer number of beautiful and unique images is enough to make most ASIH members swoon. But there is a lot more here to draw inspiration from too. Buy this book! American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Fenolio has done the impossible- he has produced a scientific coffee table book. This large format volume contains more than 200 stunning color photographs and an excellent text that includes references for those who want to know more. Although written to be accessible by the general public, the references and glossary make this a book that will appeal to a very wide rang of readers interested in natural history. SPNHC Connection ... full of fabulous pictures of weird and wonderful creatures... [ Life in the Dark is] loaded with information and carrys a strong conservation message. Conservation BiologyTable of ContentsNote to the ReaderAcknowledgments1. An Introduction to Life in the Dark2. The Deep SeaZooplanktonInvertebratesVertebratesThe Sea FloorNear-Shore Deepwater Wildlife3. Dark Freshwater Habitats4. Fossorial WildlifeFossorial BiodiversityTermite Mound Wildlife5. Subterranean LifeCavefishesOther VertebratesInvertebrates6. The Parasites Within7. ConservationAppendix Amphibian Skin Secretions and Potential Use by HumansGlossaryLiterature CitedIn AppreciationIndex

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Book SynopsisGet outside! A hands-on lab manual for instructors incorporating fieldwork into their courses on mammalogy. Mammals inhabit nearly every continent and every sea. They have adapted to life underground, in the frozen Arctic, the hottest deserts, and every habitat in-between. In Mammalogy Techniques Lab Manualthe only field manual devoted to training the next generation of mammalogistsbiologist and educator James M. Ryan details the modern research techniques today's professionals use to study mammals wherever they are found. Ideal for any mammalogy or wildlife biology course, this clear and practical guide aids students by getting them outside to study mammals in their natural environments. Twenty comprehensive chapters cover skull and tooth identification, radio and satellite GPS tracking, phylogeny construction, mark and recapture techniques, camera trapping, museum specimen preparation, optimal foraging, and DNA extraction, among other topics. Each chapter includes several exercisTrade ReviewThe content makes for a book of such a range of mammal study methods it is difficult to think all that can be in just 179 pages.—Pat Sang MRSB, The BiologistA student contemplating mammalian field research would be well-served utilizing this lab manual.—Robert E. Hoopes, Wildlife Activist[Mammalogy Techniques Lab Manual] will surely inspire a new generation of mammalogists . . . A strength of the book is that it is self-contained. Supplementary materials specific to this book, public online resources, and smart practical suggestions enable the reader to perform most of the exercises from anywhere in the world . . . [Mammalogy Techniques Lab Manual] will be a great addition for introductory courses . . . Instructors should ask their libraries to purchase some copies. This book will lead new generations of students to say "When I grow up I want to be a mammalogist!"—Andrea Ravignani, Vrije Universiteit, Journal of MammalogyThis book can be recommended to anyone working (or those who wish to work) with mammals in the field and is a must have for students of mammalogy (including researchers) as well as any biology department covering mammalogy.—Carsten Schradin, CNRS, Quarterly Review of BiologyTable of ContentsAcknowledgments Chapter 1. Introduction Background How to Use This Manual R Statistical Environment Chapter 2. Mammal Skulls Background Bones and Features of the Skull Variation in Mammalian Skulls Zygomatic Morphology in Rodents Telescoping in Cetaceans Skull Measurements Exercise 1: The Nuts and Bolts Exercise 2: Dichotomous Keys of Skulls Exercise 3: Mystery Mammal Skull Appendix Chapter 3. Mammalian Teeth Background Internal Structure Kinds of Teeth Occlusal Patterns and Cusps Types of Teeth and Diet Tooth Replacement Dental Formulas Exercise 1: Dental Terminology Exercise 2: Dental Key to North American Mammals Chapter 4. Phylogeny Reconstruction Background How Do We Construct Phylogenetic Trees? Exercise 1: Manual Sequence Alignment Exercise 2: Sequence Alignment Using Computers Exercise 3: Exploring the Open Tree of Life Chapter 5. Keeping a Field Notebook Background Why Keep a Field Notebook? Elements of a Field Journal Two-Part Field Notes Grinnell Method Exercise 1: Locality Information Using Topo Maps Exercise 2: Taking Field Notes Chapter 6. Livetrapping Small Mammals Background Live Traps Exercise 1: Setting up a Livetrapping Grid Exercise 2: Checking Traps and Collecting Capture Data Handling Captured Mammals Marking Mammals Sexing and Aging Small Mammals Measuring Small Mammals Exercise 3: Data Collection and Analysis Appendix Chapter 7. Specimen Preparation Why Collect Specimens? Documenting Specimens Exercise 1: Taking Standard Measurements Recording Reproductive Data Preparing Museum Specimens Exercise 2: Preparing a Museum Study Skin Exercise 3: Preparing Skulls Exercise 4: Preparing Skeletons Chapter 8. Field Collecting and Preserving Mammalian Parasites Background Exercise 1: Making a Blood Smear Exercise 2: Collecting Ectoparasites Exercise 3: Collecting Endoparasites Exercise 4: Preliminary Ectoparasite Identification Exercise 5: Ectoparasite Population Ecology Chapter 9. Mark-Recapture Studies Background Lincoln-Petersen Method Schnabel Model Jolly-Seber Model Exercise 1: Single Mark-Recapture (Lincoln-Petersen Method) Exercise 2: The Schnabel Method Exercise 3: The Jolly-Seber Model Using Excel Appendix Chapter 10. Using Software for Mark-Recapture Data Background Capture Probability and Encounter Histories Capture Models Exercise 1: Using the Program CAPTURE Exercise 2: Tigers in India Exercise 3: Mark-Recapture Sampling Using Rcapture Appendix A Appendix B Chapter 11. Transects: Using Distance Sampling Background Indirect Data Field Procedures Indirect Transect Surveys Exercise 1: Conducting Deer Pellet Transect Surveys Exercise 2: Dung Counts Using PELLET Exercise 3: Data Analysis Using Rdistance in RStudio Chapter 12. Camera Trapping Background Camera Selection Survey Design Exercise 1: A Camera-Trap Field Study Data Analysis Exercise 2: Data Analysis from Camera-Trap Studies Exercise 3: Using camtrapR to Analyze Camera-Trap Data Chapter 13. Radio Tracking Background Types of Radio-Telemetry Studies Radio-Telemetry Equipment Locating Animals Exercise 1: Locating Animals by Homing Exercise 2: Locating Animals via Triangulation Exercise 3: Data Analysis: The Minimum Convex Polygon Exercise 4: Data Analysis Using sigloc in RStudio Exercise 5: Using adehabitatHR in RStudio Chapter 14. GPS Tracking Using GPSVisualizer and MoveBank Background Exercise 1: Tracking Grizzly Bears with GPSVisualizer Exercise 2: Exploring MoveBank Data Chapter 15. Recording and Analyzing Mammal Sounds Background Equipment for Recording Sounds Software for Analyzing Sounds Interpreting a Sonogram Exercise 1: Field Recording Exercise 2: Sound Analysis Using Audacity Exercise 3: Playback Experiments Using Alarm Calls Chapter 16. Quantifying Mammalian Behavior Background Avoiding Common Problems Exercise 1: Building an Ethogram Exercise 2: Sampling Behaviors Exercise 3: Creating a Time Budget Exercise 4: Creating a Transition Diagram Exercise 5: Creating a Dominance Hierarchy Exercise 6: Dominance Hierarchy Analysis Exercise 7: Social Network Analysis Using igraph Chapter 17. Optimal Foraging Behavior Background Foraging in Patches Exercise 1: Profitability and Prey Choice Exercise 2: Foraging in Patches Exercise 3: Foraging with Risk Appendix Chapter 18. Field Karyotyping Background What Is a Karyotype? How Are Karyotypes Produced? Exercise 1: Field Karyotyping Exercise 2: G-banding Chromosomes with Trypsin Exercise 3: Analyzing the Karyotype Manually Exercise 4: Measuring Chromosomes with ImageJ Software Appendix A Appendix B Chapter 19. Non-invasive Hair Sampling Background Hair Morphology Exercise 1: Field Methods for Collecting Hairs Exercise 2: Creating a Hair Reference Collection Exercise 3: Quantifying Hair Structure Using ImageJ Software Exercise 4: Extracting DNA from Hair Samples Instructor Resources General Field Equipment Sources Mammalian Skulls and Skeletons Biotelemetry Resources Camera Traps Sound Recording Ultrasound Recording Equipment (Bat Detectors) Glossary Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThe fascinating story of the urban honeybee garden on the roof of the legendary Waldorf Astoria hotel. The tale of Honeybee Hotel begins over one hundred years ago, with the Astor family and the birth of the iconic Manhattan landmark, the magnificent Waldorf Astoria. In those early days the posh art deco masterpiece had its own rooftop garden for guests to enjoy. Fast-forward to the turn of the twenty-first century, and we meet executive chef David Garcelon, the creative genius behind the idea of restoring the celebrated rooftop garden. His vision included six hives containing some 300,000 honeybees, which would provide a unique flavor for his restaurant's culinary masterpieces. Yet Garcelon's dream was much grander than simply creating a private chefs' garden: he wanted the honeybee garden to serve as a bond among people. Soon the staff of the hotel, the guests, local horticulturists, and beekeeping experts formed a community around the bees and the garden, which not only raised vegTrade ReviewAn inside story that will be loved by history buffs, gardening fans, and bee lovers alike.—Chicago Botanic Garden "One Book One Garden" Program[Day] weaves details of the bees' lifecycle with accounts of charity events, interviews with chefs and several pages of Waldorf recipes . . . Honeybee Hotel is absorbing and readable.—Sara Hudston, Times Literary SupplementTable of ContentsPreface Chapter 1. Welcome to the Waldorf Chapter 2. The First American Tycoon: John Jacob Astor in New York CityChapter 3. Before the Empire State Building, the Waldorf Astoria Stood HereChapter 4. Life of the Honeybee: From Egg to AdultChapter 5. A Good Chef Is Like a Musician: David Garcelon’s JourneyChapter 6. Life of the Female Honeybee: Janitor, Forager, and Everything In-BetweenChapter 7. An Idea Blossoms: Chef Garcelon’s First Hotel Garden and ApiaryChapter 8. Life of the Male Honeybee: The DroneChapter 9. Twenty Stories High: A Vision of the Waldorf’s Honeybee GardenChapter 10. Life of the Queen: Mother of Them AllChapter 11. Bringing Bees and a Garden to the WaldorfChapter 12. Beekeeping through the AgesChapter 13. A Match Made in Heaven: St. Bartholomew’s Episcopal Church and the Waldorf Astoria HotelChapter 14. In the Dark of the Hive: The Sensory World of the HoneybeeChapter 15. Across the Street, but Worlds Apart: Feeding the Hungry at St. Bart’sChapter 16. Apples, Lavender, Tomatoes, and Tarragon—Exploring the Waldorf’s Garden with Chef Betz Chapter 17. Wings!Chapter 18. Fare Share Friday: New York City Hotels Give BackChapter 19. Epilogue. Saving the Treasures at the WaldorfWaldorf Astoria Kitchen and Peacock Alley Bar Recipes Using HoneyAcknowledgmentsBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisTrade ReviewThis collection of 18 scholarly papers makes a detailed summary of the terrapin's natural history, threats to the population, ongoing conservation efforts and the value of the terrapin as an indicator of the quality of an estuarine system . . . This book should provide lots of technical and public support for efforts to improve the outlook for terrapins as natural treasures for future generations.—Warren Lee Brown, Bay WeeklyA broad and rich overview on the biology of this turtle . . . In many cases, the specific details around Diamond-back terrapin threats or issues are relevant to other turtle species, making this a highly recommended book for anyone working in turtle biology or conservation.—David Seburn, Canadian Field NaturalistThis is a very readable and informative text on a fascinating terrapin.—Christine Tilley, Testudo – The Journal of the British Chelonia GroupTable of ContentsPreface 1. Introduction and History J. Whitfield GibbonsPart I. Biology and Ecology2. Capture, Measurement, and Field Techniques Willem M. Roosenburg and Russell L. Burke3. Evolutionary History and Paleontological Record Dana J. Ehret and Benjamin K. Atkinson4. Taxonomy: A History of Controversy and Uncertainty Jeffrey E. Lovich and Kristen M. Hart 5. Molecular Ecology and Phylogeography Paul E. Converse and Shawn R. Kuchta 6. Life History with Emphasis on Geographic Variation Jeffrey E. Lovich, J. Whitfield Gibbons, and Kathryn M. Greene7. Reproductive Behavior and Ecology Joseph A. Butler, Russell L. Burke, and Willem M. Roosenburg 8. Hatchling Behavior and Overwintering Patrick J. Baker, Ralph E. J. Boerner, and Roger C. Wood9. Osmoregulation Leigh Anne Harden and Amanda Southwood Williard 10. Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination Thane Wibbels, Taylor Roberge, and Allen R. Place11. Foraging Ecology and Habitat Choice Anton D. Tucker, Russell L. Burke, and Diane C. Tulipani12. Environmental Toxicology Dawn K. Holliday, Rusty D. Day, and David OwensPart II. Fisheries and Conservation Challenges13. History of Commercial Fisheries and Artificial Propagation Victor S. Kennedy14. Conservation in Terrestrial Habitats: Mitigating Habitat Loss, Road Mortality, and Subsidized Predators John C. Maerz, Richard A. Seigel, and Brian A. Crawford15. Interactions with Motorboats Lori A. Lester, Harold W. Avery, Andrew S. Harrison, and Edward A. Standora 16. Bycatch in Blue Crab Fisheries Randolph M. Chambers and John C. Maerz17. Conservation through Environmental Education George L. Heinrich, Timothy J. Walsh, and Will Williams18. Habitat Restoration and Head-starting Willem M. Roosenburg19. The Future for Diamond-backed Terrapins Joseph A. Butler and Willem M. RoosenburgContributors Index

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Book SynopsisThis environmental history of America's largest estuary provides insight into how and why its former productivity and abundant fisheries have declined. The concept of shifting baselineschanges in historical reference points used in environmental assessmentsilluminates a foundational challenge when evaluating the health of ecosystems and seeking to restore degraded wildlife populations. In this important book, Victor S. Kennedy examines the problem of shifting baselines for one of the most productive aquatic resources in the world: the Chesapeake Bay. Kennedy explains that since the 1800s, when the Bay area was celebrated for its aquatic bounty, harvest baselines have shifted downward precipitously. Over the centuries, fishers and hunters, supported by an extensive infrastructure of boats, gear, and processing facilities, overexploited the region's fish, crustaceans, terrapin, and waterfowl, squandering a profound resource. Beginning with the colonial period and continuing through tTrade ReviewKennedy has examined the Bay's past abundances of seafood . . . sifting through anecdotal evidence and early surveys to arrive at a sense of just how full of life the Chesapeake was as Europeans began to settle it. His book also pulls together an accounting of how thoroughly we squandered the 'immense protein factory' praised by journalist H. L. Mencken.—Bay JournalTable of ContentsPreface Acknowledgments Units and Terms Used in the Text A Note on Anecdotal and Quantitative Harvest Statistics Chapter 1. Shifting Baselines in the Chesapeake Bay, the Immense Protein Factory Chapter 2. Why the Chesapeake Bay Was So Productive and What's Changed Chapter 3. The Spring Fishery for Shad and River Herring: A Hectic Scramble Chapter 4. The World's Greatest Oyster Fishery: An Expansion, Then a Crash Chapter 5. Diamond-backed Terrapins: From Pig Food to Gourmet Delight to Protected Species Chapter 6. Uncontrolled Market Hunting of Waterfowl: A Mass Slaughter Chapter 7. Sturgeon: A Prehistoric High Jumper Fell from Memory Chapter 8. Blue Crabs Hung On Chapter 9. Have Diminished Animal Abundances Remodeled the Bay's Food Webs? AfterwordAppendix. Fishing Gear and Methods Further Reading Notes References Index

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Book SynopsisTake an enchanting journey through the shifting seasons in a wildlife sanctuary home to wetland, forest, and grassland and supporting an incredible diversity of plants and animals. Flocks of waterfowl exploding into steely skies above frozen marshland, salamanders creeping across the forest floor to vernal pools, chorusing frogs peeping their ecstasy while warblers crowd budding trees, turtles sunning on floating logs, the ecological engineering of beaversthese are but a few of the sights and sounds marking a year at Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary and its neighboring landscapes in Southern Maryland. In an absorbing account of a year in the life of this sanctuary, naturalist Colin Rees invites us to join him as he explores the secrets and wonders of the changing natural world. Alongside the author, we witness spring's avian migrations, quickening of aquatic vegetation, burgeoning of myriad invertebrates, and the assaults of extreme weather conditions. We revel in summertime's proliferatioTrade ReviewBirds led Colin Rees — a former environmental advisor for the World Bank — to Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary. There he discovered a wider love, of the natural world, so strong it led to his latest book, Nature's Calendar: A Year in the Life of a Wildlife Sanctuary . . . In Jug Bay, Rees documented an ecological year from a variety of viewpoints. His weekly visits to the park coincided with citizen science projects, sampling and surveys with volunteers or researchers. During active times in the sanctuary, he visited as often as three times a week to make his observations, which take the form of a diary of sorts, much in the style of Sand County Almanac.—Kathy Knotts, Bay WeeklyWritten in exquisite prose, Nature's Calendar: A Year in the Life of a Willife Sanctuary is a year-long ramble through southern Arundal County's Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary. Colin Rees entwines the delight of an explorer, the awareness of a lifelong naturalist, the scope of an historian, and the insight of a professional conservationist . . . Any nature enthusiast will appreciate the care and breadth of this book—its celebration of Jug Bay's exceptional wildlife, the esteem of its custodians and students, and an unflinching look at threats to its integrity, including climate change, invasive species, and human activity. Nature's Calendar will surprise, educate, and inspire. It's a book to be savored, studied and re-read.—Barbara Johnson, Outlook by the BayRees captures, in painterly prose, an entire year of nature in all of its changing beauty, fragility, brutality, and complexity . . . Filled as it is with a lifetime of knowledge and skilled observation, we can still hear in Rees's writing the infectious wonder of a young boy in Wales who fell in love with birds and went on to devote his life to the natural world. Readers should need no further convincing to go vicariously with him on this meditative yearlong excursion.—Lucie Lehmann, Wilson Journal of OrnithologyTable of ContentsForeword, by Rick AnthonyAcknowledgmentsPrologueThe SettingThe Seasons by Month January: The Big Cold MoonFebruary: The Snow or Hunger Moon March: The Wakening or Crow Moon April: The Grass Moon May: The Planting Moon June: The Rose Moon July: The Thunder Moon August: The Corn Moon September: The Hunting Moon October: The Leaf-Falling Moon November: The Mad Moon December: The Long Night's Moon EpilogueAppendix A. Animals Mentioned in the Text Appendix B. Plants Mentioned in the Text Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisA beautifully illustrated guide to the diverse and numerous freshwater fish species in Virginia. In Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes of Virginia, the foremost experts on Commonwealth fishes bring their decades of field experience to readers, offering a complete reference to the fishes of the entire state of Virginia. Gathering information that until now could only be found scattered across numerous reference works and online databases, this book provides everything you need to know to identify fish families and species in the Virginia region. Covering how to collect, handle, observe, conserve, and protect these unique fishes, the book's key features include more than 175 vibrant, full-color illustrations, set side by side with descriptions of each fish helpful line drawings that depict the most reliable diagnostic characteristics for field identifications (e.g., snout shape, pigment patterns, mouth morphology) descriptions of Virginia's freshwater habitats examples of incredible fiTrade ReviewThe Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes of Virginia is one of the best fish field guides I've encountered. It covers all the fish in detail, but is small enough to easily fit in a pack or carry-on bag. The illustrations are beautiful and the text focuses on information most helpful for field identification.—Matthew L. Miller, The Nature Conservancy, Cool Green ScienceThe new Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes of Virginia takes on the daunting challenge of covering the 226 species of freshwater fishes found in the state in the abbreviated format of a true field guide. The authors succeed in this task, producing a book that is both informative and portable. The book's format makes it useful to a wide range of potential users, including fishers, professional biologists, and those interested in keeping native species in aquaria . . . I highly recommend the book.—Bruce W. Stallsmith, FisheriesTable of ContentsAcknowlegmentsIntroduction How to Use This Guide Virginia's Freshwater Fishes Fish Watching, Photographing, and Keeping Management and Conservation Fish Anatomy Key to FamiliesSpecies AccountsGlossarySelect BibliographyScientific Name IndexCommon Name IndexCreditsAbout the Authors

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Book SynopsisThe highly anticipated second volume of Freshwater Fishes of North America, a monumental, fully illustrated reference that provides comprehensive details on the freshwater fishes of the United States, Canada, and Mexico. When the first volume of Freshwater Fishes of North America was published, it was immediately hailed as the definitive reference in the field. Readers have been fervently awaiting the next volume in this encompassing three-book set ever since. Now complete, volume 2, covering families Characidae to Poeciliidae, is the result of decades of analysis by leading fish experts from universities and research laboratories across North America. Each volume in this authoritative synthesis covers the ecology, morphology, reproduction, distribution, behavior, taxonomy, conservation, and the fossil record of the included North American fish families. The encyclopedic reviews of each family are accompanied by color photographs (nearly 250 in this volume alone), range maps, and aTrade ReviewIt is enough to keep a fish nerd occupied for a very, very long time . . . I think of this as the encyclopedic complement to the field guide.—Matthew L. Miller, Nature - Cool Green ScienceTable of ContentsList of ContributorsPreface Melvin L. Warren, Jr., and Brooks M. BurrAcknowledgmentsChapter 14 Characidae: Characins Norman Mercado-Silva, Claudia P. Ornelas-García, Juan Jacobo Schmitter-Soto, Nicholas J. Gidmark, and Andrew M. SimonsChapter 15 Ictaluridae: North American Catfishes Brooks M. Burr, Melvin L. Warren, Jr., and Micah G. BennettChapter 16 Ariidae: Sea Catfishes Matthew R. Thomas and Ricardo Betancur-R.Chapter 17 Heptapteridae: Seven-finned Catfishes Matthew R. Thomas and Mark Henry SabajChapter 18 Osmeridae: Smelts Robert L. Hopkins II and Melvin L. Warren, Jr.Chapter 19 Esociformes: Esocidae, Pikes, and Umbridae (Mudminnows) Frank H. McCormick, Terry Grande, Cheryl Theile, Melvin L. Warren, Jr., J. Andrés López, Mark V. H. Wilson, Roger A. Tabor, Julian D. Olden, and Lauren M. KuehneChapter 20 Percopsidae: Trout-perches Brooks M. Burr and Melvin L. Warren, Jr.Chapter 21 Amblyopsidae: Cavefishes Ginny L. Adams, Brooks M. Burr, and Melvin L. Warren, Jr.Chapter 22 Aphredoderidae: Pirate Perches Brooks M. Burr and Melvin L. Warren, Jr.Chapter 23 Gadidae (Gadinae and Lotinae): Cods and Cuskfishes Peter B. BerendzenChapter 24 Mugilidae: Mullets Steven L. PowersChapter 25 Atherinopsidae: New World Silversides Kyle R. Piller and Clyde D. BarbourChapter 26 Beloniformes: Belonidae (Needlefishes) and Hemiramphidae (Halfbeaks) Bruce B. Collette and Stephen J. WalshChapter 27 Rivulidae: New World Rivulines Ann M. Uzee O'Connell, Martin T. O'Connell, and Anthony A. EchelleChapter 28 Profundulidae: Middle American Killifishes Mollie F. Cashner and Anthony A. EchelleChapter 29 Goodeidae: Goodeids Shane A. WebbChapter 30 Fundulidae: Topminnows Robert C. Cashner, Jacob Schaefer, Melvin L. Warren, Jr., Anthony A. Echelle, Fernando Galvez, and Michael J. GhedottiChapter 31 Cyprinodontidae: Pupfishes Anthony A. Echelle and Alice F. EchelleChapter 32 Poeciliidae: Livebearers Michael J. Ghedotti, Matthew P. Davis, and Anthony A. EchelleLiterature CitedIndex of Scientific NamesGeneral Index

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