Earth sciences Books

Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPART 1. GEOLOGY Exercise 1. The Study of Minerals Exercise 2. Rocks and the Rock Cycle Exercise 3. Plate Tectonics Exercise 4. Earthquakes and Earth's Interior Exercise 5. Volcanism and Volcanic Hazards Exercise 6. Geologic Maps, Block Diagrams, and Rock Structures Exercise 7. Aerial Photographs, Satellite Images, and Topographic Maps Exercise 8. Shaping Earth's Surface: Running Water and Groundwater Exercise 9. Shaping Earth's Surface: Arid and Glacial Landscapes Exercise 10. Geologic Time PART 2. OCEANOGRAPHY Exercise 11. Introduction to Oceanography Exercise 12. Waves, Currents, and Tides PART 3. METEOROLOGY Exercise 13. Earth-Sun Relationships Exercise 14. Heating the Atmosphere Exercise 15. Atmospheric Moisture, Pressure, and Wind Exercise 16. Air Masses, Midlatitude Cyclones, and Weather Maps Exercise 17. Global Climates PART 4. ASTRONOMY Exercise 18. Astronomical Observations Exercise 19. Patterns in the Solar System Exercise 20. Locating the Planets Exercise 21. Exercise A mining the Terrestrial Planets Exercise 22. Motions of the Earth-Moon System PART 5. EARTH SCIENCE SKILLS Exercise 23. Location and Distance on Earth Exercise 24. The Metric System, Measurements, and Scientific Inquiry

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Book SynopsisIntensive use of groundwater has resolved the demand for drinking water and, through irrigation, has contributed to the eradication of malnourishment in many developing countries. The spectacular worldwide increase in groundwater use in the last decades, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, has been a silent revolution carried out by millions of small farmers. In some instances, groundwater abstraction has caused problems of quality degradation, excessive drawdown of groundwater levels, land subsidence, reduction of spring and baseflows or degradation of groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Most of these problems could be anticipated, mitigated, or even avoided with more active water agencies, adequate regulations and usersâ participation in management. Groundwater Intensive Use contains a selection of papers presented at a symposium held in December 2002 in Valencia, Spain. It constitutes a step forward in creating a greater worldwide awareness of the relevance of groundwater in Table of ContentsForeword, M. R. LlamasETHICAL, ECONOMICAL, AND LEGAL ASPECTSCASE HISTORIESIMPACTSMANAGEMENTVALENCIA DECLARATION Subject Index

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Book SynopsisMathematics is a universal language. Differential equations, mathematical modeling, numerical methods and computation form the underlying infrastructure of engineering and the sciences. In this context mathematical modeling is a very powerful tool for studying engineering problems, natural systems and human society. This interdisciplinary book contains a comprehensive overview, including practical examples, of the progress achieved to date in the modeling of coupled phenomena, computational mathematics and mechanics, heat transfer, fluid-structure interactions, biomechanics, and the flow of mass and energy in porous media. Numerical subjects such as grid generation, optimization, finite elements, finite differences, spectral methods, boundary elements, finite volumes and meshless methods are also discussed in detail using real examples.The book provides a thorough presentation of the existing numerical techniques with specific applications to concrete, practical topics. The mTable of ContentsPREFACE - General Introduction to Coupled Phenomena. Karsten PruessPART 1. COMPUTATIONAL MATHEMATICS, MODELING AND NUMERICAL METHODS PART 2. COUPLED PROBLEMS IN FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTIONS AND IN HEAT TRANSFER PART 3. COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS OF FLUIDS AND SOLIDS, MULTIPHYSICS, BIOMECHANICS PART 4. FLOW OF MASS AND ENERGY IN POROUS MEDIA PART 5. BOUNDARY ELEMENTS, SPECTRAL AND MESHLESS METHODS. NUMERICAL OPTIMIZATION.

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Book SynopsisProviding an introduction, the scientific background, case studies and future perspectives of in-situ arsenic remediation technologies for soils, soil water and groundwater at geogenic and anthropogenic contaminated sites. The case studies present in-situ technologies about natural arsenic, specifically arsenate and arsenite, but also about organic arsenic compounds. This work covers geochemical, microbiological and plant ecological solutions for arsenic remediation.It will serve as a standard textbook for (post-)graduate students and researchers in the field of Environmental Sciences and Hydrogeochemistry as well as researchers, engineers, environmental scientists and chemists, toxicologists, medical scientists and even for general public seeking an in-depth view of arsenic which had been classed as a carcinogen. This book aims to stimulate awareness among administrators, policy makers and company executives of in-situ remediation technologies at sites contamined by arsenic Table of Contents1) Introduction to in-situ remediation SECTION I: FUNDAMENTALS AND BACKGROUND2) Background of in-situ remediation a. Geochemical background of in-situ remediation b. Microbial background of in-situ remediationc. Phytoremediation backgroundd. Engineering and technical background (e.g. monitoring & reactive zones/barriers)e. Numerical modelling3) Remediation technologiesa. Subterrean in-situ remediation (aquifer)b. Phytoremediation (soils)c. Electrokinetic remediation (soils)d. Reactive barriers SECTION II: CASE STUDIES4) Soils (unsaturated zone) a. Electrokinetic remediation of arsenic-contaminated soilsb. One more case study - phytoremediation5) Geogenic contaminated sitesa. Subsurface removal of iron and arsenic in Bangla Desh b. One more case study 6) Mining-related contaminated sites7) Anthropogenic contaminated sitesa. In situ remediation of arsenic at a highly contaminated siteb. One more case study (NN) / e.g. case study reactive barrierc. (Monitoring of) natural attenuation 8) Technical sustainability of in-situ remediation9) Ecological sustainability of in-situ remediation10) Economical sustainability of in-situ remediation 11) Modeling of in-situ remediation methods and prediction

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Book SynopsisResidual soils are found in many parts of the world and are used extensively as construction materials for roads, embankments and dams, and to support the foundations of buildings, bridges and load-bearing pavements. The characteristics and engineering properties of residual soils can differ significantly from those of the more familiar transported soils. The fact that residual soils occur often in areas with tropical and sub-tropical climates and (extensively) in semi-arid climates, adds another dimension to their engineering performance, that of unsaturation.Although there are many books that deal with the mechanics of soils, these are based mainly on the characteristics and behaviour of saturated transported soils. The first edition of this book was the first book to be written specifically about the mechanics of residual soils. The book was prepared by a panel of authors drawn from the Technical Committee on Tropical and Residual Soils of the International Society for SoiTable of Contents1. Origin and formation of residual soils 2. Microstructure, mineralogy and classification of residual soils 3. Describing the engineering properties of residual soils as observed in situ 4. The mechanics of compaction and compacted residual soil 5. Steady and unsteady flow of water and air through soils – permeability of saturated and unsaturated soils 6. Compressibility, settlement and heave of residual soils 7. Shear strength behaviour and the measurement of shear strength in residual soils 8. Case histories involving volume change and shear strength of residual soils

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive and critical assessment of selenium levels in both natural and man-made materials and systems is presented in this publication. The book begins with a treatment of the chemistry and analytical chemistry of the element and an important discussion of the status and reliability of analytical data together with the approach to be followed in extracting, managing and presenting the information. An in-depth treatment of selenium is arranged according to groupings of the different materials and systems. Each chapter discusses the occurrence of selenium in and distribution among components of the specified system. Additionally, easy reference compilations of concentration data based on critical assessment of the selenium literature are provided, along with a comprehensive listing of the pertinent literature. The book concludes with chapters on the biogeochemistry of selenium in natural systems. Throughout, consideration is given to both total selenium and its compounds.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Inorganic Analytical Chemistry of Selenium. Analytical Chemistry of Organic and Biochemical Selenium. The Literature of Selenium and the Status and Treatment of Analytical Data. Plants and Agricultural Materials. Foods. Animal Tissues. Human Tissues. Geological Materials and Soils. Fresh Water Systems. The Marine Environment. The Atmosphere. Global Cycling of Selenium. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisProceedings of the February 19-22, 1990, conference held at Newport Beach, California. ConferenceDirectors: PAUL T. KOSTECKI, EDWARD J. CALABRESE, and CHARLES E. BELL.Advisory Committee: RICHARD BOZEK, EEI; TERRY BRAZEL, SWRCB; MARK COUSINEAU, AG; SETH DAUGHERTY, Orange County; RALPH De La PARRA, SCE; JERRY HAGGY, Shell; JOHN HANBY, HAL; JOHN HILL, ICF; JOHN HILLS, City of Anaheim; DOROTHY KEECH, Chevron; BILL KUCHARSKI, WC; DAVID LEU, Mittel Hauser; MARY McLEARN, EPRI; PHIL OLWIN, Texaco; DENNIS PAUSTENBACH, MC; ART POPE, ARCO; LYNNE PRESLO, Weston; DON ROTHENBAUM, KA; KIM SAVAGE, EPA/OUST; CARL SHUBERT, IT; WENDELL SUYAMA, Lockheed; MICHAEL WANG, WSPA; JOHN WILLIAMS, TT; and WILLIAM WINTERS, AEM.Table of ContentsVOLUME I PERSPECTIVES AND EMERGING ISSUES. Underground Storage Tanks. Coal Gasification. Air Quality and Site Remediation. Petroleum Industry-Clean Fuels. Electric Utilities-Aboveground Storage Tanks. Banking. Real Estate. Insurance. Fire Departments. Council for Health and Environmental Safety of Soils-CHESS. State Approaches-A National Perspective. Round-Table Discussion. ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES AND SITE ASSESSMENT. Overview of Screening and Analytical Techniques for Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soils and Groundwater. Rapid Analytical Field Screening Techniques. Olfaction as a Field Screening Technique. Site Assessment Methodologies. Chemical Composition of Hydrocarbon Products. Round-Table Discussion. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND MODELING. Environmental Fate of Hydrocarbons in Soil and Groundwater. Utility of Environmental Modeling for Regulatory Agencies: A Case Study of SESOIL. REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGIES. Overview of Remedial Technologies for Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soils. Overview of Remedial Technologies for Hydrocarbon Contaminated Water. Vacuum Extraction. Bioremediation. Hot Asphalt Batching. Solidification. Land Treatment. Chemical Treatment. Low Temperature Thermal Destruction. In Situ Passive Remediation. Round-Table Discussion. RISK ASSESSMENT AND RISK MANAGEMENT. Determining Risks Associated with Hydrocarbon Contamination. Risk Assessment Models. Health-Based Indicator Compounds. Health Hazards. Exposure Assessments. Decision Tree Models for Risk Assessment. Round-Table Discussion.

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Book SynopsisIn May 12, 2008, the Wenchuan County earthquake caused devastating loss of human life and property. Applying all the remote sensing technology available, the Chinese Academy of Sciences immediately launched into action, making full use of its state-of-the-art facilities, remote sensing planes, and satellites to amass invaluable optical and radar data. This unprecedented use of comprehensive remote sensing techniques provided accurate, up to the minute information for disaster management and has left us with a visually stunning and beautiful record that is as much a scientific achievement as it is an artistic one.Based on the accumulated data and images collected by the Project Team of Remote Sensing Monitoring and Assessment of the Wenchuan Earthquake, Atlas of Remote Sensing of the Wenchuan Earthquake documents the events as they happened in real time. The book covers the disaster from six aspects: geological, barrier lakes, collapsed buildings, damagTable of ContentsRemote Sensing Data. Geological Disasters. Barrier Lakes. Collapsed Buildings and Houses. Damaged Roads. Destroyed Farmlands and Forests. Demolished Infrastructure. Continuing Civilization.

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Book SynopsisA 360-degree view of the response to flood riskAs major flooding events around the world show, the impact of flooding on the built environment can cause widespread chaos. These flood events form part of a wider pattern of increasing flood frequency coupled with increased vulnerability of the built environment to flood hazard. Flood risk can unite or divide communities and the responses to potential risk can range from denial to perfect adaptation. Drawing on the experience of communities and experts, Flood Hazards: Impacts and Responses for the Built Environment offers guidance on managing urban flooding and flood risk. It brings together a diversity of viewpoints and experiences on flood impacts and responses from leading academics, flood restoration specialists, emergency responders, architects, planning consultants, insurers, policymakers, and community representatives. By including the perspective of the community and the vieTrade Review"... a very valuable contribution to knowledge on the impact of floods, covering both practical and policy issues. With climate change leading to the possible threat of more extreme flood events, this work is opportune and matches the government’s aim of encouraging communities and individuals to take more responsibility for adapting to the risks that they face. The research group at the University of Wolverhampton are to be congratulated on a timely and important volume."—Edmund Penning-Rowsell, Middlesex and Oxford Universities"This volume will provide a comprehensive context of flooding with important emergency and other management issues related to flooding. This volume will be useful to emergency managers, planners, both private and public agencies involved in emergency response, preparation, and mitigation, researchers, and students."—Bimal Kanti Paul, Professor, Department of Geography, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA"... a very valuable contribution to knowledge on the impact of floods, covering both practical and policy issues. With climate change leading to the possible threat of more extreme flood events, this work is opportune and matches the government’s aim of encouraging communities and individuals to take more responsibility for adapting to the risks that they face. The research group at the University of Wolverhampton are to be congratulated on a timely and important volume."—Edmund Penning-Rowsell, Middlesex and Oxford Universities"This volume will provide a comprehensive context of flooding with important emergency and other management issues related to flooding. This volume will be useful to emergency managers, planners, both private and public agencies involved in emergency response, preparation, and mitigation, researchers, and students."—Bimal Kanti Paul, Professor, Department of Geography, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USATable of ContentsImpacts, Preparedness, and Emergency Response. Recovery, Repair, and Reconstruction. Mitigation and Adaptation to Flood Risk. The Community Perspective.

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Book SynopsisEdited by experts at the leading edge of the development of causal assessment methods for more than two decades, Ecological Causal Assessment gives insight and expert guidance on how to identify cause-effect relationships in environmental systems. The book discusses the importance of asking the fundamental question Why did this effect happen? before moving on to How can we fix it? The book provides a deeper understanding of different philosophical and analytical approaches, and of cognitive tendencies that can lead to errors. It describes formal processes for causal assessment that are particularly helpful when the situation is complex or contentious. It also describes how to approach the analysis of available data and to optimize collection efforts. The text then details a transparent process that helps others replicate results and can be used to convince skeptics that the true cause has been identified. Several detailed case studies show how to apply the proceTrade Review"… it is more than a reference book, it is also a handbook of how to establish causality. The range and depth of topics covered is astonishing and indicates that the authors have probably spent their careers putting this topic together. This book is now the bible for establishing causality."—Science of the Total Environment, 2015"Although originally developed primarily to support agencies charged with implementing the Clean Water Act’s mandate to identify and restore aquatic ecosystems impaired by pollutant discharges, the concepts and methods described in this book have much wider applicability. As evidenced by the kit fox case study, they are applicable to terrestrial as well as aquatic systems, and to impaired or threatened populations as well as to communities and ecosystems. This is an important book and I recommend it to anyone interested in the problem of diagnosing causes of ecological impairment."—Larry Barnthouse, LWB Environmental Sciences, in Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management"As a well-seasoned ecological risk assessor and ecotoxicologist concerned with ecosystem diagnosis and eco-epidemiology, it is my experience that it is generally not easy and straight forward to firstly detect and describe the exact ecological impact at a particular location, and secondly to attribute this impact to the underlying causation. This is mainly due to natural variability and the enormous diversity in potential stress factors that may all act in concert. In this respect, ecological causal assessment clearly resembles forensic science. This book, compiled and edited by my valued US EPA friends, covers both theory and practical application of causal assessment in cases of observed ecosystem deterioration or alteration. Although it is virtually impossible to compile universally applicable cookbook-style recipes, the multiple lines of thought and evidence that have to be followed are clearly sketched. The book is concisely written and provides the reader with lots of illustrative examples and real-life case study descriptions."—Dr. Dick de Zwart, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands"The Editors have drawn together colleagues from the U.S. and Canada to collaborate on a seminal work that provides guidance on causal assessment using available information from chemical, physical, and biological traits and indicators. No other book has reached to this level of using ecological evidence in a systematic process to sort out environmental problems. … a thorough treatise on causal assessment and should be a resource for higher academic studies in this subject matter."—Michael T. Barbour, Adjunct Scientist, Mote Marine Laboratory, Retired Director, Center for Ecological Sciences, Tetra Tech"This well-written and well-organized book will allow the next generation of water stewards to identify the causes of water quality degradation and lead to necessary action to restore rivers to a healthy state. … will train the next generation of water stewards to identify the causes of water quality degradation and what actions are needed to restore rivers to a healthy state. Although framed around fresh waters, Ecological Causal Assessment has lessons that apply to any ecosystem."—David Allan, University of Michigan, co-author of "Stream Ecology, Structure and Function of Running waters""… will be useful for students looking to enter this important field as well as to seasoned practitioners. I view this book as setting a foundation upon which the field can continue to develop and highly recommend cover to cover reading to any individual who aspires to be a causal analyst of environmental impairments and possible future outcomes."—Charlie Menzie, Exponent"At last! Norton, Cormier, and Suter provide a clear, sensible and comprehensive description of causal assessment, replete with real-world examples and a strong suite of authentic supporting case studies by highly qualified investigators. Well-organized and easy to read, this is an important how-to book in the area of environmental management. … It should be required reading by every corporate, municipal, state or federal employee who has any environmental management responsibilities."—Arthur J. Stewart, Ph.D., Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee"From the first sentence, ‘It was a mystery’, this book provides an engaging but thorough treatment of the otherwise dry discipline of ecological causal assessment. Drs. Norton, Cormier and Suter have been at the leading edge of the development and application of ecological causal assessment methods for almost two decades, and their experience, learnings, and solutions are neatly presented in this book. The clear writing, use of defined terms, well-structured chapters, and pertinent illustrative case studies all serve to greatly simplify explanation and understanding of the field for both new and experienced users. This book will become required reading for anybody attempting to identify cause-effect relationships in environmental systems, and beyond to any system where we cannot perform neat experiments, but still need to ask the fundamental question: Why did this happen?"—Angus Webb, The University of Melbourne"… it is more than a reference book, it is also a handbook of how to establish causality. The range and depth of topics covered is astonishing and indicates that the authors have probably spent their careers putting this topic together. This book is now the bible for establishing causality."—Science of the Total Environment, 2015"Although originally developed primarily to support agencies charged with implementing the Clean Water Act’s mandate to identify and restore aquatic ecosystems impaired by pollutant discharges, the concepts and methods described in this book have much wider applicability. As evidenced by the kit fox case study, they are applicable to terrestrial as well as aquatic systems, and to impaired or threatened populations as well as to communities and ecosystems. This is an important book and I recommend it to anyone interested in the problem of diagnosing causes of ecological impairment."—Larry Barnthouse, LWB Environmental Sciences, in Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management"As a well-seasoned ecological risk assessor and ecotoxicologist concerned with ecosystem diagnosis and eco-epidemiology, it is my experience that it is generally not easy and straight forward to firstly detect and describe the exact ecological impact at a particular location, and secondly to attribute this impact to the underlying causation. This is mainly due to natural variability and the enormous diversity in potential stress factors that may all act in concert. In this respect, ecological causal assessment clearly resembles forensic science. This book, compiled and edited by my valued US EPA friends, covers both theory and practical application of causal assessment in cases of observed ecosystem deterioration or alteration. Although it is virtually impossible to compile universally applicable cookbook-style recipes, the multiple lines of thought and evidence that have to be followed are clearly sketched. The book is concisely written and provides the reader with lots of illustrative examples and real-life case study descriptions."—Dr. Dick de Zwart, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands"The Editors have drawn together colleagues from the U.S. and Canada to collaborate on a seminal work that provides guidance on causal assessment using available information from chemical, physical, and biological traits and indicators. No other book has reached to this level of using ecological evidence in a systematic process to sort out environmental problems. … a thorough treatise on causal assessment and should be a resource for higher academic studies in this subject matter."—Michael T. Barbour, Adjunct Scientist, Mote Marine Laboratory, Retired Director, Center for Ecological Sciences, Tetra Tech"This well-written and well-organized book will allow the next generation of water stewards to identify the causes of water quality degradation and lead to necessary action to restore rivers to a healthy state. … will train the next generation of water stewards to identify the causes of water quality degradation and what actions are needed to restore rivers to a healthy state. Although framed around fresh waters, Ecological Causal Assessment has lessons that apply to any ecosystem."—David Allan, University of Michigan, co-author of "Stream Ecology, Structure and Function of Running waters""… will be useful for students looking to enter this important field as well as to seasoned practitioners. I view this book as setting a foundation upon which the field can continue to develop and highly recommend cover to cover reading to any individual who aspires to be a causal analyst of environmental impairments and possible future outcomes."—Charlie Menzie, Exponent"At last! Norton, Cormier, and Suter provide a clear, sensible and comprehensive description of causal assessment, replete with real-world examples and a strong suite of authentic supporting case studies by highly qualified investigators. Well-organized and easy to read, this is an important how-to book in the area of environmental management. … It should be required reading by every corporate, municipal, state or federal employee who has any environmental management responsibilities."—Arthur J. Stewart, Ph.D., Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee"From the first sentence, ‘It was a mystery’, this book provides an engaging but thorough treatment of the otherwise dry discipline of ecological causal assessment. Drs. Norton, Cormier and Suter have been at the leading edge of the development and application of ecological causal assessment methods for almost two decades, and their experience, learnings, and solutions are neatly presented in this book. The clear writing, use of defined terms, well-structured chapters, and pertinent illustrative case studies all serve to greatly simplify explanation and understanding of the field for both new and experienced users. This book will become required reading for anybody attempting to identify cause-effect relationships in environmental systems, and beyond to any system where we cannot perform neat experiments, but still need to ask the fundamental question: Why did this happen?"—Angus Webb, The University of MelbourneTable of ContentsPart 1: Introduction. Introduction. History of Causation and Causal Concepts. Causal Analysis and Human Cognition. Part 2: Conducting Causal Assessments. Framing Assessments. Conceptual Model Diagrams As a Structure for Information Organization and Analysis. Covariance and Confounding. Multiple Cases. Causal Arguments and Evidence. Sources of Evidence: Case-specific Observations. Sources of Evidence: Experiments and Manipulations. Source of Evidence: Observational Studies. Other Sources of Evidence. Forming Causal Conclusions. Presenting the Causal Case. Evaluating and Using the Results of Causal Assessments. Part 3: Case Studies. Stressor Identification/Aquatic (Long Creek). Stressor Identification/Terrestrial (Kit Fox). Stressor Identification/Aquatic (Northern Rivers). Case Vignettes.

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Book SynopsisFor long-term studies, the holological approach has special advantages, since the general patterns and tentative hypotheses that are first worked out help direct attention to the components of the system which need to be studied in greater detail.Table of ContentsEcosystem Structure and function.- 1. Ecology of Salt Marshes: An Introduction.- 1.1. Salt Marsh Ecology on Sapelo Island.- 1.2. Development of Salt Marshes.- 1.3. Ecological Processes in the Marsh.- 1.4. Carbon Mass Balance and Modeling.- 2. The Physical and Chemical Environment.- 2.1. Geomorphology.- 2.2. Physical Conditions.- 2.3. Water Chemistry.- 2.4. Hydrology and the Flux of Materials.- Salt Marsh Populations.- 3. Primary Production.- 3.1. The Community of Higher Plants.- 3.2. The Epibenthic Algal Community.- 3.3. Phytoplankton.- 3.4. Total Plant Production.- 4. Aquatic Macroconsumers.- 4.1. Foods and Feeding Categories.- 4.2. Impact of Macroconsumers on Salt Marsh Metabolism.- 4.3. Regulation of Salt Marsh Macroconsumers.- 5. Grazers on Spartina and Their Predators.- 5.1. Vertebrate Herbivory.- 5.2. Primary Production and Herbivory in Grasslands.- 5.3. Effects of Herbivory.- 5.4. Arthropod Primary Consumers.- 5.5. Vertebrate Predators.- 5.6. Arthropod Predators.- 5.7. Tidal Influences.- 5.8. Spatial and Seasonal Influences.- 6. Aerobic Microbes and Meiofauna.- 6.1. Microbial Standing Stocks.- 6.2. Aerobic Utilization of Organic Matter.- 6.3. Regulation of Microbial Communities.- 7. Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation.- 7.1. Processes.- 7.2. Controls and Interactions.- The Salt Marsh Ecosystem.- 8. The Cycles of Nitrogen and Phosphorus.- 8.1. Phosphorus.- 8.2. Nitrogen.- 8.3. Net Flux of Phosphorus and Nitrogen.- 9. A Model View of the Marsh.- 9.1. What is a Model?.- 9.2. The Salt Marsh Model.- 9.3. First Generation Models.- 9.4. A Man-Environment Model.- 9.5. A Successional Model.- 9.6. Future Directions.- 10. The Salt-Marsh Ecosystem: A Synthesis.- 10.1. Diversity and Stability.- 10.2. Transport of Materials.- 10.3. Assimilation of Wastes.- 10.4. Aesthetics.- References.

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Book SynopsisMany wetlands around the world act as sinks for pollutants, in particular for trace elements. In comparison to terrestrial environments, wetlands are still far less studied. A collaborative effort among world experts, this book brings the current knowledge concerning trace elements in temporary waterlogged soils and sediments together. It discusses factors controlling the dynamics and release kinetics of trace elements and their underlying biogeochemical processes. It also discusses current technologies for remediating sites contaminated with trace metals, and the role of bioavailability in risk assessment and regulatory decision making. This book is intended for professionals around the world in disciplines related to contaminant bioavailability in aquatic organisms, contaminant fate and transport, remediation technologies, and risk assessment of aquatic and wetland ecosystems.Trade Review"This book not only fills an important gap in advancing our understanding of the environmental behavior of trace elements in waterlogged soils and sediments, but also gives valuable advice for those applying this knowledge in risk assessment, remediation and management of contaminated wetlands and aquatic environments."— Rainer Schulin, ETH Zürich, Switzerland"In Trace Elements in Waterlogged Soils and Sediments, a recent offering from CRC Press, editors Rinklebe, Knox and Paller have assembled contributions from an impressive list of accomplished researchers actively working in the field of trace element biogeochemistry as it pertains to waterlogged environmental systems. The book is composed of eighteen chapters roughly divided into three sections focused on fundamental processes, bioavailability, and remediation options. While providing some specific case studies related to a diverse range of contaminated systems, the chapters also contain significant fundamental material that make it equally beneficial to students and more experienced practitioners with interest in this field of study."— John C. Seaman, University of Georgia, USAWetland and other water-logged soils are of special importance in providing particular ecosystem services such as hydrological buffering, organic carbon storage, habitat and biodiversity source. Sediments play a role of similar importance as components of the aquatic environment at the bottom of water bodies. Both have in common that they also act as sinks for recalcitrant chemicals and as such are increasingly loaded with trace elements of anthropogenic origin. Due to the dominance of anaerobic conditions, the fate of trace elements in water-logged soils and sediments is governed by very different processes and mechanisms in these environments as compared to well-aerated soils. Against this backdrop, it is all the more remarkable how little we still know about these processes and the factors driving them. This book thus is very timely. It is also very comprehensive. In eighteen chapters written by experts in the respective fields, it gives the latest findings and insights into physicochemical factors and reactions controlling the speciation and binding of heavy metals and metalloids in water-logged soils and sediments, their bioavailability and the assessment of associated risks for humans and other recipients, and also on established remediation technology. Several chapters have a focus on redox-sensitive metals and metalloids such as arsenic, selenium, chromium and uranium. Some deal with new contaminants such as rare earth elements, others with ‘usual suspects’ such as cadmium and zinc. While various contributions are devoted to more fundamental aspects such as the kinetics of sorption and desorption processes or the mechanisms governing the retention and mobility of nanoparticles in aquatic environments, others provide insight into the role of particular environments such as paddies and other temporary flooded soils for trace element behavior or present specific case studies, e.g. on the fate of subsurface chromium on the Hanford site. In summary, this book not only fills an important gap in advancing our understanding of the environmental behavior of trace elements in waterlogged soils and sediments, but also gives valuable advice for those applying this knowledge in risk assessment, remediation and management of contaminated wetlands and aquatic environments.--- Rainer Schulin, Professor for Soil Protection, ETH Zürich, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, SwitzerlandIn Trace Elements in Waterlogged Soils and Sediment, editors Rinklebe, Knox and Paller have assembled contributions from an impressive list of accomplished researchers actively working in the field of trace element biogeochemistry as it pertains to waterlogged environmental systems. The book is composed of eighteen chapters roughly divided into three sections focused on fundamental processes, bioavailability, and remediation options. While providing some specific case studies related to a diverse range of contaminated systems, the chapters also contain significant fundamental material that make it equally beneficial to students and more experienced practitioners with interest in this field of study.---- John C. Seaman - Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, The University of Georgia.Table of ContentsUnderstanding and Processes. Release Kinetics of Metals in Floodplain Soils. Physicochemical Factors Controlling Stability of Heavy Metal and Metalloids in Wetland Soils and Sediments. Adsorption-Desorption Of Metals in Waterlogged Soils and Sediments. Nanomaterials in Estuarine and Riverine Floodplain Soils and Sediments. Fate of Mercury in Sediments after In Situ Treatment or Capping. Rare Earth Elements in Waterlogged Soils and Sediments. Concomitant Reduction and Immobilization of Chromium In Relation To Its Bioavailability in Soils. Geochemical Controls of Uranium in Sediments. Examination of U Interactions with Co-Contaminants in Subsurface Sediments from Rifle, CO. Bioavailability & Remediation. Bioavailability of Metals in Dredge Sediments. Understanding the Relationship Between Metal Bioavailability In Contaminated Sediments And Biological Receptors. The Application Of Passive Sampler (DGT) Technology For Improved Understanding Of Metal Behavior And Contaminant Management At Marine Disposal Sites In The UK. Soil-Plant-Interactions Of Metals In Temporary Waterlogged Soils. Phytoremediation Of Trace Elements Of Waterlogged Soils And Sediments. Active Media For In-Situ Remediation Of Contaminated Sediments. Remediation And Management Of Contaminated Sediments.

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Book SynopsisHydraulic Fracturing Impacts and Technologies: A Multidisciplinary Perspective serves as an introduction to hydraulic fracturing and provides balanced coverage of its benefits and potential negative effects. Presenting a holistic assessment of hydraulic fracturing and its environmental impacts, this book chronicles the history and development of unconventional oil and gas production and describes the risks associated with the use of these technologies. More specifically, it addresses hydraulic fracturing's use and dependence on large amounts of water as a fracturing medium. It examines the limits of reusing flowback and produced water, explores cost-effective ways to clean or effectively dispose of water used in fracturing, and provides suggestions for the efficient use, discovery, and recycle potential of non-potable water. Utilizing a team of experts from industry and academia, the text provides readers with a multiple lens approachincorporating various perspectivTrade Review"… this book highlights the need to integrate analysis of technologies with environmental and societal impact considerations… for the professionals working within the industry, it also emphasizes what issues need to be addressed, and how those issues should be addressed, in order to potentially convince the public and policy makers that fracture stimulation can be used safely without risking environmental damage, public health issues and overuse/contamination of precious water resources."—Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 2016Table of ContentsOverview of Hydraulic Fracturing Operations and Technologies. Economic Impact of the Permian Basin’s Oil and Gas Industry. From Property Rights to Endangered Species: Legal Issues Surrounding Hydraulic Fracturing. Looking into the Crystal Ball: Potential New EPA Hydraulic Fracturing Rules Impacting Unconventional Oil and Gas Production from Shale Plays. Commentary on Health and Environmental Risks from Hydraulic Fracturing. Health and Environment Risks from Oil and Gas Development. Addressing Concerns about Impacts from Unconventional Drilling Using Advanced Analytical Chemistry. Water Availability in the Permian Basin Region of West Texas. Reuse and Recycling of Flowback and Produced Waters. Impact of Hydraulic Fracturing on Transportation Infrastructure. GIS-Based Assessment of Wastewater Disposal Impacts in Permian Basin, Texas. Challenges and Opportunities for Increasing Guar Production in the United States to Support Unconventional Oil and Gas Production. Characterization of the Properties of Guar Gum to Improve Hydraulic Fracturing Efficiencies. Communicating Fracturing Impacts and Technologies: Assessment, Public Understanding, and Theoretical Linkages. Multidisciplinary Teams as Mechanisms of Accountability: Neutralizing the Emotions and Politics of Hydraulic Fracturing Research.

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Book SynopsisWhile innovative technologies in remediation need to be developed, so do innovative ways of site assessment. This monograph describes the development, testing, and performance of a new laser-induced fluorescence soil probe. A screening tool for site characterization, this probe has the potential to provide an economical, rapid assessment of contaminated sites.Cone Penetrometer testing equipment advances the probe into the subsurface. The probe identifies hydrocarbon classes using a multi-channel excitation-emission matrix. This technique facilitates the collection of significant amounts of subsurface information - surpassing conventional data collection methods - that can be used to rapidly identify areas of concern beneath a site. The technology has significant application for the following:Rapid environmental site assessment Monitoring remediation programs Monitoring manufacturing processes and industrial waste water operationsSubsurface Contamination Monitoring Using Laser Fluorescence provides comprehensive reference material for researchers and engineers as well as engineering consultants interested in subsurface monitoring techniques or further development of this technology. It describes innovative technology that focuses on finding cost effective solutions for site assessment and remediation.Trade Review"...easily the best and most up-to-date book this reviewer has read on the subject... Given the reasonable price for this book, the quality and quantity of information contained, and its timeliness, it is highly recommended."-ChoiceTable of ContentsIntroduction. LIF-EEM Engineering Design. Summary of Technology Demonstration. Data Interpretation and Evaluation. Outlook. Applicability of the LIF-EEM Technology. Comparison with Other LIF Systems.REFERENCESAPPENDICESNTI/Sales Copy

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Book SynopsisAs debates over how relative risk can be used to shape landscape-scale environmental management intensify, Regional-Scale Risk Assessment demonstrates the capabilities of RRM using nine case studies in the Pacific Northwest, Pennsylvania, Brazil, and Tasmania. The authors use a process of ranking and filters to interrelate different kinds of risks and illustrates how these relative risks are defined, mapped, and analyzed to determine remediation and management priorities. This book provides detailed descriptions for each step of RRM-from the determination of assessment goals to documentation, evaluation, and communication with decision-makers-that can benefit practitioners in environmental risk assessment and related fields worldwide.Table of ContentsAs debates over how relative risk can be used to shape landscape-scale environmental management intensify, Regional-Scale Risk Assessment demonstrates the capabilities of RRM using nine case studies in the Pacific Northwest, Pennsylvania, Brazil, and Tasmania. The authors use a process of ranking and filters to interrelate different kinds of risks and illustrates how these relative risks are defined, mapped, and analyzed to determine remediation and management priorities. This book provides detailed descriptions for each step of RRM-from the determination of assessment goals to documentation, evaluation, and communication with decision-makers-that can benefit practitioners in environmental risk assessment and related fields worldwide.

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How did the atom bomb help save the elephant? Have we found the secret to eternal youth? Could a parasite be manipulating you right now? This dazzling collection of stories reveals the key recent breakthroughs in science, across all fields. Inside you will meet the killers lurking in Earth's ice, the super-coral that could save our seas and the neuroscientists hunting ghosts. You will travel beyond our galaxy to worlds where the sun sets twice, and beyond our time to a future where the Internet is unhackable and chickenosaurs roam the land. Divided into sections covering physics, space, humanity, the brain, plants and animals, and linking stories from different fields, Cutting-Edge Science offers a boundless journey of discovery for anyone with a passion for the world around them. Prepare to be shocked and amazed on every page.

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Book SynopsisThis new anthology is a comprehensive introduction to the field of risk theory. The introduction provides the ideal starting point for students and professionals new to risk studies and offers a concise refresher for researchers and practitioners. Coverage includes the origins of the 'concept of risk' and its often misunderstood cousin 'uncertainty,' before moving on to address risk perception, risk communication, the idea of trust and post trust as well as risk in policy and regulation with a close look at the Precautionary Principle. Following the introduction, the volume includes a selection of the most significant and influential works on risk in their entirety. These selections, organized thematically to cover the breadth and depth of the field, provide greater detail and elaborate on the key themes and major developments in risk studies. Together they comprise the essential literature necessary for a full understanding of risk theory and practice on any issue and in any context.Trade Review�The collection of papers selected for this volume provides an excellent and representative overview of risk research in philosophical, psychological and social perspectives. This reader combines, in a unique way, breadth, substance and relevance.� ORTWIN RENN, Professor and Chair of Environmental Sociology, Stuttgart State University, Germany �L�fstedt and Boholm show the complexity of risk decisions and the richness of risk research, with a collection ranging from seminal articles to current research. It will reward students, scholars, officials, and citizens trying to follow the action in risk controversies.� BARUCH FISCHHOFF, Howard Heinz University Professor, Carnegie Mellon University, and former President of the Society for Risk Analysis 'The Earthscan Reader on Risk is an excellent introduction for students, professionals, and even lay readers.' 'Especially recommended as a refresher text for researchers or practitioners in the field of risk management, as well as for college and university library collections' The Midwest Book Review, 2009.Table of ContentsPart I: The Concept of Risk * The Policy Implications of Differing Concepts of Risk * A Philosophical Perspective on Risk * Uncertain Times * The Notion of 'Risk' and the Development of Modernity * Part II: Risk Perception * Gender, Race, and Perceived Risk* How Safe is Safe Enough? A Psychometric Study of Attitudes towards Technological Risks and Benefits * Risk as Feelings * Part III: Communication about Risk * Accounting for the Social Context of Risk Communication * Risk Communication and Management in the 21st Century * Part IV: Trust and Post-Trust * Exploring the Dimensionality of Trust in Risk Regulation * Salient Value Similarity, Social Trust, and Risk/Benefit Perception * Part V: Policy and Regulation * Risk-based Decision Analysis in Support of Precautionary Policies * Risk Regulation Under Pressure: Problem Solving or Blame Shifting? * The Precautionary Principle and its Policy Implications * Uncertainty and Environmental Learning:* Index

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Book SynopsisOne of the major problems facing practitioners and scientists working with water management is how to integrate knowledge and experiences from scientific, policy and stakeholder perspectives. In this book this science-policy-stakeholder interface (SPSI) is examined both analytically and through the description of practical experiences from river basins in Europe, India and South-East Asia. These include the Tungabhadra (India), Sesan (Vietnam/Cambodia), Tagus (Spain/Portugal) and Glomma (Norway), which particularly highlight issues associated with pollution, severely altered river flows and transboundary conflicts. Following two chapters which lay the framework for the book the authors describe how SPSI was managed in the case study basins and how stakeholder participation and scenarios were used to integrate different perspectives, and to facilitate the communication of different forms of knowledge. Four important aspects of water management and SPSI are then discussed; these are water pollution, land and water interaction, environmental flow and transboundary water regimes. Short descriptions of the case study rivers are provided together with analyses of how SPSI was managed in water management in these basins and policy recommendations for the basins. The book concludes by providing a series of recommendations for improving the science-policy-stakeholder interface in water management. It represents a major step forward in our understanding of how to implement integrated water resources management. Trade Review'There is a fast growing field of interest around the coupling between scientific results and policy uptake. This highly updated book reflects upon these issues in the context water management. An important feature of the book is the discussion of science-policy interfacing needs with practical examples from four river large basins. The book will be a valuable reference for others engaging in research for sustainable development as well as policy-makers and stakeholders involved in IWRM implementation and development.' Philippe Quevauviller, DG Research, European Commission, and Dept. of Hydrology and Hydrological Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) 'Integrating different forms of experts' and local knowledge is increasingly needed to cope with the challenge of managing complex socio-ecological systems. This book, by a highly interdisciplinary, multinational team, describes and reflects upon sustainability challenges in the context of integrated water resource management (IWRM). The authors' analysis of these challenges, however, translates beyond the water context into useful insights for a much broader community of sustainability-oriented researchers and practitioners.' Carlo Sessa, Institute of Studies for the Integration of Systems. RomeTable of ContentsList of Contributors Acronyms Preface 1. Introduction: The Science-Policy-Stakeholder Interface (SPSI) 2. Putting the 'Integration' In Science-Policy-Stakeholders Interface 3. SPSI and Stakeholder Participation 4. The Science-Policy-Stakeholder Interface in Sustainable Water Management: Creating Interactive, Participatory Scenarios Together with Stakeholders 5. The Science-Policy-Stakeholders Interface in Water Pollution Assessment 6. The Science-Policy-Stakeholder-Interface (SPSI) in Land and Water Use Interactions 7. SPSI and Environmental Flow 8. The SPSI and Transboundary Water Regimes 9. SPSI in Water Management- Lessons Learnt and the Challenges Ahead Index

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Book SynopsisThe result, Planet Earth: A Beginner’s Guide, is an expedition into the origins, evolution, and workings of our home planet in which John Gribbin does what he does best: takes 4.5 billion years of geological history and digs out the essential bits, from the physics of Newton and the geology of Wegener to the environmentalism of Lovelock. Along the journey, he uses stories from history and more current events to bring the science to a human level. Gribbin's introductory guidebook — very much a first step into geology and geography for the uninitiated — is filled with his lively voice and unique view, as he takes on the subject of the Earth from an astronomer's perspective.

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Book SynopsisAs governments around the globe begin to wake up to the far reaching effects of changes in climate, the search for available options and instruments for addressing the issue becomes increasingly vital. This authoritative, step-by-step guide to the assessment of the impacts from, and potential adaptations to, changes of climate is based on the approach developed by the authors and other scientists for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). This approach has been widely adopted as 'best practice' by experienced researchers but has not, until now, been available in an accessible form. This illuminating account of the methods used by the IPCC scientists will be essential for all those involved in the study of climate impacts and adaptations, or designing and implementing policies for dealing with them. Written in non-technical language, this state-of-the-art guide is ideal for all people interested in the far-reaching implications of climate change and the greenhouse effect. The book contains numerous illustrations, including several worked examples, clearly presented in boxes and diagrams.Table of ContentsIntroduction * Understanding and Predicting Climate Change * Climate Impact Assessment: Developing the Method * The First Step: Defining the Problem * The Second Step: Selecting the Method * The Third Step: Testing the Method * The Fourth Step: Developing the Scenarios The Fifth step: Assessing the Impacts * The Sixth and Seventh Steps: Evaluating Adaptive Responses * Conclusions: Organizing the Research and Communicating Results * Appendix 1:Summary and Main Features of Integrated Assessment Models * Appendix 2: Some International Data Sources of Interest in Climate-Impact Assessment Studies * References and Notes * Index

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Book SynopsisEnvironmental hazards do not respect international boundaries. In this volume, distinguished international researchers make a significant contribution to the understanding and management of transboundary environmental risks. The transboundary risk topics addressed highlight the key political, economic, social and cultural issues of our times, such as how transboundary risks are constructed, how they are communicated within and between countries, how the authorities can build trust in political management processes, and what forms of democratic risk management institutions are appropriate. Useful practical lessons on the management of transboundary risk at the national and international levels are drawn from the case studies. The volume provides valuable evidence and analysis for those working on international environmental issues and all aspects of risk management.Trade Review'Valuable material for those working on international environmental issues and risk management.' Environment Business Magazine '[An] excellent introduction to basic principles.' Aslib Book Guide 'The book provides valuable insights into analysis and management of transboundary risks... It provides a solid introduction to the sociological complexities of transboundary risk management and highlights a problem much in need of attention. I recommend this book as a solid introduction to international environmental issues.' Risk Analysis 'Many important themes repeatedly surface in this volume... These themes are dealt with clearly and in reasonable depth. Through the case studies the book also offers consideration of a sample of transboundary issues.' Environmental Politics 'This volume offers many interesting insights and points out the challenges in managing transboundary risks. It is a welcome addition to the existing literature that will be relevant to anyone interested in risk management issues.' Journal of Risk ResearchTable of ContentsPreface * Foreword * Introduction * Swedish Aid and the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant * Genetically Modified Crops: What Transboundary Harmonization in Europe? * Transboundary Air Pollution: Lessons for Useful Analysis * Cultures of Uncertainty - Transboundary Risks and BSE in Europe A Transboundary Environmental Controversy on the Danube: The Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Dam System * Transboundary Risk Management in the South: A Nepelese Perspective on Himalayan Water Projects * Border Crossings * Public Participation Across Borders * International Negotiation and the Management of Transboundary Risks * Transboundary Environmental Risk Management in the New Millennium: Lessons for Theory and Practice * Address by Birgitta Dahl, Speaker of the Swedish Parliament * Index

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Book SynopsisEin schneller Einstieg in die Umweltchemie, fachlich fundiert und mit Praxisbezug? Die vorliegende Übersetzung des amerikanischen Bestsellers Elements of Environmental Chemistry macht es möglich. Hier werden die Schwerpunkte der Umweltchemie auf den Punkt gebracht: Welche Faktoren verursachen die Klimaerwärmung? Wo nützt Ozon und wo schadet es? Wie verhalten sich schwer abbaubare Substanzen, wenn sie in die Umwelt gelangen? Ergänzt um aktuelle Beispiele aus Deutschland und Europa vermittelt das einführende Lehrbuch Grundlagen und Anwendungen des chemischen Verhaltens von Stoffen in der Umwelt. Zahlreiche Beispielrechnungen trainieren den Umgang mit chemischen Größen. Den Bezug zur Praxis stellen die über 120 Übungsaufgaben her, und der Lernerfolg kann gleich im Lösungsteil überprüft werden. Ein Grundlagenbuch und ein Werkzeugkasten, der Bachelor-Studenten mit dem notwendigen Wissen ausrüstet. Das ideale Einsteigerbuch für Studierende aller Fachrichtungen.Trade Review"Das Buch bietet zahlreiche Übungen und Beispiele zu aktuellen Themen. Schwerpunkte wie z. B. Klimaerwärmung, Ozon und die Ökotoxikologie von schwer abbaubaren organischen Substanzen werden ausführlich behandelt und bilden die Grundlage für Übungen zur Vertiefung." Allgemeines Ministerialblatt der Bayerischen Staatsregierung (30.05.2018) "Ein schneller Einstieg in die Umweltchemie, fachlich fundiert und mit Praxisbezug? Dieser Band macht es möglich. Hier werden die Schwerpunkte der Umweltchemie auf den Punkt gebracht?" Metall - Fachzeitschrift für Metallurgie (04/2018) "Empfohlen für Studierende der Chemie im Haupt- und Nebenfach sowie in Auswahl auch für Schüler der Sekundarstufe II mit Chemie-Leistungskurs." Ekz.Bibliotheksservice (18.12.2017) "Das ansonsten um aktuelle Beispiele aus Deutschland und Europa ergänzte Lehrbuch ist ein Werkzeugkasten der Umweltchemie und ganz besonders geeignet für an ökologischer Nachhaltigkeit interessierte, sich in den Naturwissenschaften fortbildende Menschen, ein ideales Einsteigerbuch für Studierende aller Fachrichtungen. Sehr empfehlenswert!" Umwelt & Gesundheit (01.12.2017) "Erstmals seit Einführung der Bachelor/Master-Studiengänge steht damit ein modernes Lehrbuch der Umweltchemie zur Verfügung. Aktuelle Schwerpunkte der Umweltchemie wie Klimaerwärmung, Ozon und die Ökotoxikologie von schwer abbaubaren organischen Substanzen werden ausführlich behandelt und bilden die Grundlage für die Übungen, die das gerade gelernte vertiefen." altlastenSpektrum (01.10.2017) Table of ContentsVorwort zur englischen Originalausgabe ix Vorwort zur deutschen Ausgabe xi 1 Einfache Werkzeuge oder: Was man weiß – was man wissen sollte 1 1.1 Umrechnung von Einheiten 1 1.2 Schätzung 3 1.3 Das ideale Gasgesetz 5 1.4 Stöchiometrie 9 1.5 Übungsaufgaben 10 2 Massebilanz und chemische Kinetik 13 2.1 Quasistationäre Massebilanz 13 2.1.1 Durchsatz, Beladung und Verweilzeiten 13 2.1.2 Die Berücksichtigung mehrerer Flüsse 19 2.1.3 Fluss und Flussdichte 21 2.2 Massebilanz im nicht stationären Zustand 24 2.2.1 Die Produktbildung 25 2.2.2 Verbrauch der Edukte 28 2.2.3 Arbeiten mit realen Messdaten 30 2.3 Chemische Kinetik 35 2.3.1 Reaktionen erster Ordnung 35 2.3.2 Reaktionen zweiter Ordnung 36 2.3.3 Michaelis-Menten-Kinetik 38 2.4 Übungsaufgaben 41 Literatur 45 3 Chemie der Atmosphäre 47 3.1 Struktur und Aufbau der Atmosphäre 47 3.2 Licht und Fotochemie 49 3.3 Oxidantien in der Atmosphäre 53 3.4 Kinetik der Reaktionen in der Atmosphäre 54 3.4.1 Das Quasistationaritätsprinzip 54 3.4.2 Die Arrhenius-Gleichung 56 3.5 Ozon in der Stratosphäre 56 3.5.1 Bildung und Abbau von Ozon in der Atmosphäre 56 3.5.2 Der NO/NO2 -Zyklus 57 3.5.3 Der OH/OOH-Zyklus 58 3.5.4 Der Cl/OCl-Zyklus 58 3.5.5 Die Kinetik der Chapman-Reaktionen 61 3.6 Smog 64 3.7 Übungsaufgaben 69 Literatur 74 4 DerKlimawandel 75 4.1 Historischer Zusammenhang 75 4.2 Strahlung eines schwarzen Körpers und die Oberflächentemperatur der Erde 77 4.3 Absorption von Infrarotstrahlung 80 4.4 Treibhauseffekt 81 4.5 Strahlungsbilanz der Erde 82 4.5.1 Treibhausgase 82 4.5.2 Albedo 84 4.5.3 Solarkonstante 84 4.5.4 Kombinierte Wirkung 85 4.6 Aerosole und Wolken 85 4.7 Strahlungsantrieb 87 4.8 Treibhauspotenzial 88 4.9 Schlussbemerkung 90 4.10 Übungsaufgaben 91 Literatur 95 5 CO2 –Gleichgewichte 97 5.1 Reiner Regen 98 5.2 Verschmutzter Regen 101 5.3 Oberflächengewässer 106 5.4 Die Versauerung der Meere 109 5.5 Übungsaufgaben 113 Literatur 117 6 Pestizide, Quecksilber und Blei 119 6.1 Pestizide 120 6.1.1 Diphenylmethananaloga 121 6.1.2 Hexachlorcyclohexan 122 6.1.3 Hexachlorcyclopentadien (HCCPD) 123 6.1.4 Phosphorbasierte Insektizide 126 6.1.5 Carbamate 128 6.1.6 Analoga natürlicher Substanzen 129 6.1.7 Phenoxyessigsäuren 130 6.1.8 Nitroaniline 131 6.1.9 Triazine 132 6.1.10 Chloracetamide 133 6.1.11 Fungizide 134 6.2 Quecksilber 135 6.3 Blei 138 6.4 Übungsaufgaben 140 Literatur 144 7 Organische Verbindungen und ihr Abbau in der Umwelt 145 7.1 Dampfdruck 146 7.2 Wasserlöslichkeit 147 7.3 Henry-Konstante 148 7.4 Verteilungskoeffizienten 148 7.5 Lipophilie 149 7.6 Bioakkumulation 150 7.7 Adsorption 151 7.8 Phasenübergang Wasser-Luft 152 7.9 Reaktiver Abbau organischer Substanzen 156 7.10 Verteilung und Persistenz 157 7.11 Übungsaufgaben 160 Literatur 166 8 PCB, Dioxine und Flammschutzmittel 167 8.1 Polychlorierte Biphenyle (PCB) 167 8.1.1 Nomenklatur der PCBs 168 8.1.2 Herstellung und Verwendung 169 8.1.3 PCBs im Hudson River 170 8.1.4 PCBs in Bloomington, Indiana 173 8.1.5 Die Yushō- und Yu-Cheng-Krankheit 175 8.1.6 Der Envio-PCB-Skandal 177 8.1.7 Schlussfolgerungen 178 8.2 Polychlorierte Dibenzo-p-Dioxine und Dibenzofurane 179 8.2.1 Nomenklatur der Dioxine 179 8.2.2 Die Ödemkrankheit bei Hühnerküken 180 8.2.3 Agent Orange 181 8.2.4 Der Times Beach-Skandal in Missouri 183 8.2.5 Der Störfall von Seveso, Italien 185 8.2.6 Kieselrot 188 8.2.7 Verbrennungsprozesse als Quelle von Dioxinen 189 8.2.8 Dioxin – Neubeurteilung 191 8.2.9 Dioxin – Schlussfolgerungen 191 8.3 Bromierte Flammschutzmittel 192 8.3.1 Polybromierte Biphenyle 192 8.3.2 Polybromierte Diphenylether 194 8.4 Lehren 196 Literatur 197 Anhang A Eine kurze Einführung in die Struktur und Nomenklatur organischer Verbindungen 199 Anhang B Lösungen zu den Übungsaufgaben 213 Anhang C Periodensystem der Elemente 217 Stichwortverzeichnis 221

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisFor over 30 years I have been engaged as a parasitolo­ nitz, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, was arranged in the pres­ gist in research on endemic diseases in our land. However, ence of Professor Jusatz. lt was indeed a great honor for I have been somewhat dissatisfied within my heart of me, but I also felt a very heavy responsibility; how to set hearts from the point of view of a medical person. Most of up the scheme, how to collect the materials, how to di­ gest, analyze and compile them in accordance with the us, myself included, handle disease sectionally, not com­ prehensively. Clinicians pay more attention to finding ef­ original goals. I frankly confess to realizing how limited fective drugs, medical scientists concentrate more effort my knowledge was at the same time. Poor editing would on clarifying pathologic etiology, and public health work­ result in dishonor not only to myself, but to my country ers are more concerned with environmental sanitation. as well. Now at this juncture, the point of editing, I am filled Thus, most of us generally neglect to search out the with deep emotion. In spite of limited time and knowl­ causal relation of a certain disease. For a disease to be established various factors must be involved: agent, ecolo­ edge, this manuscript will be prepared for edition at all gy, hosts, carriers, transmitters, habits, geographic and events.Table of ContentsA. The Land and Its People.- B. Health Facilities, the Health Professions, and Public Health Services.- C. The Diseases of the Country.- D. Factors Affecting Health Problems.- References.- Illustrations.- Maps.- Figures.- Fig. 1. Monthly temperature in Seoul by means (1931–I960).- Fig. 2. Mean air temperature (°C) Annual.- Fig. 3. Mean air temperature (°C) January.- Fig. 4. Mean air temperature (°C) August.- Fig. 5. Amount of precipitation (mm) annual.- Fig. 6. Age distribution 1970.- Fig. 7. Age distribution 1975.- Fig. 8. Development of total population, population of 14 years and over and economically active population, employment by industry.- Fig. 9. Korean farm house type: Central Korean type (Gyeong-gi Do).- Fig. 10. Korean farm house type: Southern Korean type (Jeonra Nam Do).- Fig. 11. Anatomical chart in Ancient Korean Medicine.- Fig. 12. Prevalence of radiological active pulmonary tuberculosis by age (1965, 1970, 1975).- Fig. 13. Incidence curve of Korean hemorrhagic fever (1951–1971).- Fig. 14. Number of gonococcus positive specimens examined during the years 1969–1973 at Severance Hospital Laboratory.- Fig. 15. Quantitative levels of nutrition in Korea.- Fig. 16. Qualitative levels of nutrition in Korea.- Fig. 17. Korean recommended dietary allowances, energy (Cal/day/adult).- Fig. 18. Korean recommended dietary allowances, protein (g/day/adult).- Maps.- Map-Plate.- Map 1 Orography of Korea 1: 3 000 000 Map-Plate.- Map 2 Administration Republic of Korea 1: 1 500 000 Map-Plate.- Map 3 Distribution of Population, Republic of Korea.- Map 3 a Net Migration in and out of Seoul.- Map 3 b Net Migration in and out of Busan.- Map 3 c Invasion Routes of Cholera.- Map-Plate.- Map 4 Health Facilities, Republic of Korea.- Map 4 a Distribution of Leprosy Patients by Birth Place.- Map 4 b Morbidity Rate of Japanese Encephalitis Map 4 c Distribution of Microfilaria Positive Cases Map-Plate.- Map 5 Agrargeographical Survey.- Map 5a Example of Land Use: Alluvial Plain (Honom Plain Near Iri, Province Jeonra Bug Do).- Map 5 b Example of Land Use: Hilly Area (Near Jochiweon, Province Chungcheon Nam Do).- Map 5 c Example of Land Use: Mountainous Area (Taebaeg Mountains West of Mugho, Province Gang-weon Do).

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Table of Contents0. Einführung.- 0.1 Besondere Merkmale des Erddruckproblems.- 0.2 Klassifizierung der Erddruckprobleme.- 0.3 Methoden zur Bestimmung des Erddruckes.- Literatur.- 1. Spannungszustand im Boden.- 1.1 Wirksame und neutrale Spannungen.- 1.2 Berechnung des Spannungszustandes.- Literatur.- 2. Der Ruhedruck. Spannungszustand im Halbraum.- 2.1 Vertikale Spannungen im Halbraum.- 2.2 Waagerechte Spannungen im Ruhezustand.- Literatur.- 3. Die Scherfestigkeit von Böden.- 3.1 Bruchbedingungen.- 3.2 Die Gesetzmäßigkeiten der Scherfestigkeit von Böden.- 3.21 Allgemeine Bemerkungen.- 3.22 Scherfestigkeit im geschlossenen System.- 3.23 Scherfestigkeit im offenen System.- 3.3 Scherfestigkeit von Sanden.- 3.4 Scherfestigkeit von bindigen Böden.- 3.41 Kohäsion der Tonböden.- 3.42 Scherfestigkeit der Tonböden.- 3.5 Praktische Hinweise zur Bestimmung des maßgebenden Scherwiderstandes.- 3.6 Scherdeformationen; Rolle des Zeitfaktors.- 3.7 Das Raumgewicht der Böden.- Literatur.- 4. Die allgemeinen Gleichungen des Grenzgleichgewichtes.- 4.1 Gleitflächen und Gleitflächenscharen.- 4.2 Die statische Untersuchung der Gleitflächen.- 4.3 Die KÖtterschen Gleichungen.- 4.4 Randbedingungen.- 4.5 Lösungen der KÖtterschen Gleichung.- 4.6 Unstetigkeitslinie der Spannungen.- 4.7 Wandbewegung, Gleitflächenausbildung und Erddruck.- Literatur.- 5. Grenzgleichgewicht des schwerelosen Körpers.- 5.1 Gesetz der Scherspannung auf der Gleitfläche.- 5.2 Schneidefestigkeit des halbplastischen Körpers.- Literatur.- 6. Grenzgleichgewicht des vollplastischen (reibungsfreien) Körpers.- 6.1 Anwendungsbereich der ? = 0-Analyse.- 6.2 Theoretische Grundlagen.- 6.3 Bestimmung des Erddruckes und des Erdwiderstandes.- 6.4 Grenzhöhe einer freien Böschung.- 6.5 Tunnel im vollplastischen Halbraum.- Literatur.- 7. Plastische Grenzzustände des unendlichen Halbraumes.- 7.1 Gleichgewicht nichtbindiger Böden. Theorie von Rankine.- 7.2 Untersuchung des Halbraumes bei Annahme ebener Gleitflächen.- 7.3 Gleichgewicht eines Erdkeiles im Ruhezustand.- 7.4 Der Coulombsche Halbraum. Lösung von Jelinek.- 7.5 Gleitflächennetz im Coulombschen Halbraum.- 7.6 Grenzgleichgewicht von kömigen Massen, begrenzt durch gebrochene Ebenen.- Literatur.- 8. Bestimmung der Grenzwerte des Erddruckes und des Erd widerstandes (Extremalmethoden).- 8.1 Einleitung. Anwendungsbereich der Grenzwertmethoden.- 8.2 Die Coulombsche Erddrucktheorie.- 8.3 Bestimmung des Coulombschen Extremwertes bei belasteter Erdoberfläche.- 8.4 Erddruck bei Kohäsionsböden mit ebener Gleitfläche.- 8.5 Die Methode von Fellenius zur Untersuchung von Linienbrüchen.- 8.6 Die Methode von Renduli?.- Literatur.- 9. Allgemeine Lösungen auf Grund der Plastizitätstheorie.- 9.1 Theorie von Boussinesq-Résal-Caquot.- 9.2 Theorie von Sokolowski.- Literatur.- 10. Gleichgewichtsmethoden.- 10.1 Einführung.- 10.2 Randbedingungen.- 10.3 Spannungen an einer Kreisgleitfläche; Hilfsgrößen der Erddruckberechnung.- 10.4 Untersuchung eines Linienbruches.- 10.5 Untersuchung eines Flächenbruches.- 10.6 Bestimmung des Erddruckes bei beliebigem Drehmittelpunkt.- Literatur.- 11. Einige Sonderfälle des Erddruckes.- 11.1 Erddruck auf parallele lotrechte Wände.- 11.2 Erddruck auf Rohrleitungen.- 11.3 Silo-Aufgaben.- 11.4 Erddruck und Erdwiderstand auf eine kreiszylindrische Fläche.- 11.5 Verankerungen.- Literatur.- Referenzen.- Namenverzeichnis.

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Book SynopsisWenn die Verfasser im Gegensatz zu früheren Arbeiten über bodenmecha­ nische Voruntersuchungen die Messungen in den Vordergrund ihrer Betrachtungen gestellt haben, so deshalb, weil die Entwicklung der Bodenmechanik zu einem großen Teil eine Sache der Theorie gewesen ist und in Spezialarbeiten zu einem mathematischen Aufwand geführt hat, der oft über die Bedürfnisse der Praxis hinausgeht, aber trotz allem nicht zu zuverlässigen Ergebnissen geführt hat. Die Bodenmechanik befindet sich heute an einem Punkt, wo eher durch Messungen ein Fortschritt erwartet werden kann. Der bisherige Bestand muß an Hand der Beobachtungen beim Versuch oder am fertigen Bauwerk überprüft und eine Auslese unter den theoretischen Überlegungen getroffen werden, deren Wert heute noch unentschieden ist. Das bedingt, daß nicht nur gemessen wird, sondern auch, daß die Versuchs­ und Meßergebnisse nicht als totes Kapitel, das nur für einen eng begrenzten Zweck verwendet wird, betrachtet, sondern systematisch ausgewertet werden. Bei der Behandlung eines so umfangreichen Zahlenmaterials, wie es bei den Vorunter­ suchungen des Grundbaus anfällt, kommt man ohne statistische Forschungs­ verfahren nicht aus. Einer derartigen Bearbeitung stehen allerdings gerade beim Untergrund verschiedene Hindernisse entgegen, vor allem die Tatsache, daß sich die Zusammensetzung und Beschaffenheit des Bodens nicht durch eine einfache Zahl wiedergeben läßt, außerdem aber die Abhängigkeit der ermittelten Kenn­ ziffern von den verschiedensten Veränderlichen. Dadurch bleiben Versuchsergeb­ nisse, die mit verschiedenen Apparaten und auf verschiedenen Baustellen oder in verschiedenen Anstalten gewonnen wurden, unvergleichbar.Table of Contents1. Untersuchungen vor Baubeginn.- 2. Untersuchungen am fertigen Bauwerk.- Grundlegendes Schrifttum zum Thema des Buches.- 1. Normen und Richtlinien anderer Institutionen.- 2. Bücher über die Durchführung von Labor- und Feldversuchen.- 3. Veröffentlichungen der Institute der Verfasser nach Erscheinen der ersten Auflage dieses Buches.

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