Earth sciences Books

Book SynopsisThe book describes the structure, composition and evolution of the Earth, the main geological processes occurring on it, and how some crucial environmental matters that are amply debated in the media (e.g. pollution, greenhouse effect) can be fully understood by placing them in the holistic context of the system Earth as a whole. It provides basic information on a series of key geological issues, from the structure and composition of the Earth to the large-scale processes that characterize our planet, such as rock alteration and sedimentation, magmatism, geomagnetism, seismicity, plate tectonics, cyclical migration of chemical elements through various Earth reservoirs (Geochemical Cycles), and evolution of the planet from Hadean to present. It intends to reach a wide readership, which is interested in our planet and wish to have a general and comprehensive view of its origin, evolution and activity. Potential readership includes undergraduate and advanced undergraduate students in Geology and other scientific disciplines, and any moderately- to well-educated people interested in the surrounding world and eager to gain a basic knowledge of the Earth and to reach an integrated view of how our planet is working.Table of ContentsThe World Hidden Beneath Us - Structure and Composition of the Earth Air, Water, Earth - The Exogenic Geological Processes Fire - How Magmatism Shaped the EarthGeomagnetism - The Space Shield of the Planet EarthSeismicity - The Breath of a Restless EarthPlate Tectonics - The Great Unifying TheoryGeochemical Cycles - The Circulatory System of Planet EarthThe Geochemical Cycles and the Environment - How Man is Changing the EarthFrom Hadean to Anthropocene - The Endless Story of a Lucky PlanetEpilogue

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Book SynopsisThe ancient Greeks called it Gaia; the Romans Terra. We know it simply as Earth, the planet we call home. And what a planet it is.Formed around 4.6 billion years ago from the debris of the big bang and long-dead stars, at first it was nothing special, but somehow it evolved to become the most amazing place in the known Universe. The only living planet we know of, it also has a very unusual moon, a remarkably dynamic surface, a complex atmosphere and a deeply mysterious interior.This is Planet Earth is dedicated to the wonders of Planet Earth. Its past is long and dramatic and its future shrouded in mystery. Yet despite centuries of research, only now are we starting to understand Earth's complexity.ABOUT THE SERIESNew Scientist Instant Expert books are definitive and accessible entry points to the most important subjects in science; subjects that challenge, attract debate, invite controversy and engage the most enquiring minds. Designed for curious readers who want to know how things work and why, the Instant Expert series explores the topics that really matter and their impact on individuals, society, and the planet, translating the scientific complexities around us into language that's open to everyone, and putting new ideas and discoveries into perspective and context.

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Book SynopsisHave you ever wondered why your tap water tastes the way it does? The Taste of Water explores the increasing erasure of tastes from drinking water over the twentieth century. It asks how dramatic changes in municipal water treatment have altered consumers' awareness of the environment their water comes from. Through examining the development of sensory expertise in the United States and France, this unique history uncovers the foundational role of palatability in shaping Western water treatment processes. By focusing on the relationship between taste and the environment, Christy Spackman shows how efforts to erase unwanted tastes and smells have transformed water into a highly industrialized food product divorced from its origins. The Taste of Water invites readers to question their own assumptions about what water does and should naturally taste like while exposing them to the invisiblebut substantialsensory labor involved in creating tap water.Table of ContentsContents List of Illustrations Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations Introduction 1. Industrial Terroir 2. Making Flavor Molecular 3. Future Sensing Bodies 4. Theaters of Taste from the Boardroom to the Street 5. Erasing Place: Industrial Terroir in the Twenty-First Century Conclusion: Flavor Stories Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"This book and its associated materials provide an excellent pathway for developing a rigorous understanding of the challenges that human society is likely to face in coming decades."---I. D. Sasowsky, CHOICE

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Book SynopsisA groundbreaking look at Gaia theory’s intersections with neocybernetic systems theory Often seen as an outlier in science, Gaia has run a long and varied course since its formulation in the 1970s by atmospheric chemist James Lovelock and microbiologist Lynn Margulis. Gaian Systems is a pioneering exploration of the dynamic and complex evolution of Gaia’s many variants, with special attention to Margulis’s foundational role in these developments.Bruce Clarke assesses the different dialects of systems theory brought to bear on Gaia discourse. Focusing in particular on Margulis’s work—including multiple pieces of her unpublished Gaia correspondence—he shows how her research and that of Lovelock was concurrent and conceptually parallel with the new discourse of self-referential systems that emerged within neocybernetic systems theory. The recent Gaia writings of Donna Haraway, Isabelle Stengers, and Bruno Latour contest its cybernetic status. Clarke engages Latour on the issue of Gaia’s systems description and extends his own systems-theoretical synthesis under what he terms “metabiotic Gaia.” This study illuminates current issues in neighboring theoretical conversations—from biopolitics and the immunitary paradigm to NASA astrobiology and the Anthropocene. Along the way, he points to science fiction as a vehicle of Gaian thought. Delving into many issues not previously treated in accounts of Gaia, Gaian Systems describes the history of a theory that has the potential to help us survive an environmental crisis of our own making.Trade Review"Where William Blake found the world in a grain of sand, Gaia finds the planet in a bacterial cell. Bruce Clarke, eminent scholar of literature and science, leads us through the evolution and elaboration of the notion—where complex systems can easily get complicated and cybernetics loopy—with sustained precision and clarity. The necessity to understand is evident throughout."—Douglas Kahn, author of Earth Sound Earth Signal: Energies and Earth Magnitude in the Arts"Gaian Systems is a brilliant labor of love. Intellectual love for a major system of thought and for those who have built it, especially the towering figure of Lynn Margulis. But also profound love for our living planet as a whole, for the complexity and subtlety of the complex assemblages that compose it. Combining rigor with generosity, Bruce Clarke explores the genealogy, the key concepts, and the major implications of a symbiogenetic vision of our planetary system. Humble and yet visionary, this remarkable study instructs, illuminates, and gives us hope."—Rosi Braidotti, Utrecht UniversityTable of ContentsContentsIntroduction: An Epistemological TransitionPart I. Gaia Discourse1. A Paradigm Shift2. Thinkers of Gaia3. Neocybernetics of GaiaPart II. The Systems Counterculture4. The Whole Earth Network5. The Lindisfarne Connection6. Margulis and AutopoiesisPart III. Gaian Enquiries7. The Planetary Imaginary8. Planetary Immunity9. Astrobiology and the AnthropoceneAcknowledgmentsNotesBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsTable of Contents Preface About the Authors Chapter 1: A trip through time on planet Earth Malcolm Cresser & Paul Ayris Chapter 2: The global cycling and functions of water Malcolm Cresser & Paul Ayris Chapter 3: The origins of the atmosphere Nicola Carslaw Chapter 4: The natural carbon cycle Malcolm Cresser Chapter 5: The cycling of nitrogen and selected other elements Malcolm Cresser Chapter 6: Ecology and biodiversity on Earth Lesley Batty Chapter 7: The evolution and functions of soils Malcolm Cresser Chapter 8: Climate change Nicola Carslaw Chapter 9: Organic matter in rivers Malcolm Cresser Chapter 10: James Lovelock, Gaia, and beyond Malcolm Cresser Chapter 11: Man-made chemicals and the environment Alistair Boxall Chapter 12: The production of food & its environmental impacts Malcolm Cresser & Craig Adams Chapter 13: Wildlife disease: An emerging problem Piran White, Monika Böhm & Michael Hutchings Chapter 14: The use and abuse of water cycling Malcolm Cresser & Cumhur Aydinalp Chapter 15: Exploiting the sea for fish Julie Hawkins & Callum Roberts Chapter 16: Atmospheric pollution: Deposition and impacts Malcolm Cresser Chapter 17: How do we quantify biogeochemical cycles? Malcolm Cresser Chapter 18: Renewable and non-renewable energy Craig Adams Chapter 19: Soil pollution and abuse Malcolm Cresser, Sophie Green & Clare Wilson Chapter 20: Risk assessment and remediation of environmental contamination Ken Killham & Graeme Paton Chapter 21: Pollution swapping Keith Goulding Chapter 22: The trouble with man is…..or “what have you damaged today?” Elena Dawkins & Anne Owen Chapter 23: The nature and merits of green chemistry Andrew Hunt and James Clark Chapter 24: Doing environmental science at the right scale Dave Raffaelli Chapter 25: Biodiversity: Trends, significance, conservation and management Dave Raffaelli

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a critical update of the most recent and innovative developments of avalanche science. It aims at re-founding avalanche science on clear scientific bases, from field observations and experiments up to mathematical and physical analysis and modeling. In this respect, it stands in a still unoccupied but fundamental niche amidst the abundant avalanche literature.In the current context of a accelerated climate warming, the book also discusses possible evolutions of snow cover extent and stability. It also shows how the present analysis can be extended, in mountainous areas, to other gravitationally induced phenomena that are likely to take over from avalanches under specific circumstances.The text is supported by online links to field experiments and lectures on triggering mechanisms, risk management, and decision making.Trade ReviewProvides the best overall understanding of avalanche science in the most practical way. * Henry Schniewind, Director of Henry's Avalanche Talk (HAT), London and Val d'Isère *Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION SNOW, AN INTRIGUING, COMPLEX AND CHANGEABLE SOLID 2.1: From ice to snow 2.2: Snow crystals 2.3: From snowfalls to snow layers 2.4: Snow as a granular medium 2.5: Snow as a porous medium: the concept of percolation BASICS OF DEFORMATION, FRACTURE AND FRICTION PROCESSES 3.1: Deformation of solids 3.2: Fracture initiation and extension 3.3: Griffith's criterion 3.4: The brittle to ductile transition 3.5: Coulomb's law of friction SLAB AVALANCHE RELEASE: DATA AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS 4.1: Geometry and dynamical characteristics 4.2: Statistical aspects: scale invariance 4.3: The weak layer, starting point for slab avalanche release 4.4: Stability and Bridging indexes SLAB AVALANCHE MODELING 5.1: Old myths and beliefs to shoot down 5.2: Basis for modeling 5.3: Statistical approach: Playing with cellular 5.4: Sliding or sticking? 5.5: Slab avalanche release in four steps SUPERFICIAL AND FULL-DEPTH AVALANCHES 6.1: Loose snow avalanches 6.2: Full depth avalanches 6.3: Summary SNOW AND AVALANCHES IN A CLIMATE WARMING CONTEXT 7.1: Climate change 7.2: Possible consequences on avalanching SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION APPENDIX A COMPLEXITY AND CRITICAL PHENOMENA A1: From simple to complex systems A2: Scale invariance and self-organized criticality APPENDIX B MODELING A FLUID TO SOLID PHASE TRANSITION IN SNOW WEAK-LAYERS. B1: A fluid to solid phase transition in healable granular materials B2: Application to slab avalanche release APPENDIX C STABILITY OF A SINTERED WEAK LAYER DISK SURROUNDED BY A RING-SHAPED FLUID WEAK LAYER ZONE

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Book SynopsisThe Sourcebook on the Environment, produced in conjunction with the Association of American Geographers, provides a much-needed, objective, and comprehensive guide to environmental studies. Twenty-six specialists have compiled and critically annotated commentaries on the sources treating a broad spectrum of crucial issues, ranging from resource scarcity to the environmental impact of urbanization. Their syntheses of information encompass questions of both long-range value (Environment and the Quality of Life) and immediate utility (Solid Waste and Resource Recovery) as well as thoroughgoing state-of-the-art reviews (Energy and the Environment). Beginning with an introduction to various philosophies and perspectives, the Sourcebook examines major elements of the environment and selected case studies of human alteration of our surroundings. The essential references in each field are carefully presented, and directions are given for examining more advanced and specialized works. Appendixes on selected periodicals, the latest relevant federal legislation, and environmental organizations point to further areas of investigation. To maintain its value in this volatile area, this indispensable work will be periodically revised and updated.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsIntroduction Section 1 - General introduction on the use of UAS for environmental monitoring • Remote sensing of the environment using unmanned aerial systems • Protocols for UAS-based observation • Using structure-from-motion workflows for 3D mapping and remote sensing Section 2 - Vegetation monitoring • Vegetation mapping and monitoring by unmanned aerial systems (UAS)—current state and perspectives • Monitoring agricultural ecosystems Section 3 - Soil Mapping • Mapping soil properties for unmanned aerial system based environmental monitoring • Soil moisture monitoring using unmanned aerial system Section 4 - River Monitoring • Geometric correction and stabilization of images collected by UASs in river monitoring • River flow monitoring with unmanned aerial system • Monitoring river channel dynamics by Unmanned Aerial Systems Section 5 - Tools and datasets • Tools and datasets for unmanned aerial system applications

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Book SynopsisModern Well Design - Second Edition presents a unified approach to the well design process and drilling operations. Following an introduction to the field, the second chapter addresses drilling fluids, as well as optimal mud weight, hole cleaning, hydraulic optimization, and methods to handle circulation losses. A relatively large chapter on geomechanics follows, presenting methods for wellbore fracture and collapse modeling, including methods to interpret caliper logs. Contains a new generalized fracture model suitable for deep-water drillingThe start of any well design is to collect data and establish the design premises. To this end, Chapter Four presents well integrity issues, methods to select depths of casing seats, and also some important completion and production requirements. This encourages the design of a plan to last for the entire life of the well, defining loads that it may be subjected to at later stages.ChapTable of ContentsIntroduction to the well design process. Drilling design. Geomechanical evaluation. Well design premises. Casing design. Design of an HPHT well. Drilling operations and well issues. Appendix A: A system for experience transfer. Appendix B: Evaluation of ballooning in deep wells.

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Book SynopsisOne The Biosphere in the Cosmos.- The Biosphere in the Cosmic Medium.- The Biosphere as a Region of Transformation of Cosmic Energy.- The Empirical Generalization and the Hypothesis.- Living Matter in the Biosphere.- The Multiplication of Organisms and Geochemical Energy in Living Matter 6o.- Photosynthetic Living Matter.- Some Remarks on Living Matter in the Mechanism of the Biosphere.- Two The Domain of Life.- The Biosphere: An Envelope of the Earth.- Living Matter of the First and Second Orders in the Biosphere 103 The Limits of Life.- The Limits of Life in the Biosphere.- Life in the Hydrosphere.- Geochemical Cycles of the Living Concentrations and Films of the Hydrosphere.- Living Matter on Land.- The Relationship Between the Living Films and Concentrations of the Hydrosphere and Those of Land.- Appendix I: A Biographical Chronology.- Appendix II: Vernadsky's Publications in English.- Acknowledgments.Table of ContentsOne The Biosphere in the Cosmos.- The Biosphere in the Cosmic Medium.- The Biosphere as a Region of Transformation of Cosmic Energy.- The Empirical Generalization and the Hypothesis.- Living Matter in the Biosphere.- The Multiplication of Organisms and Geochemical Energy in Living Matter 6o.- Photosynthetic Living Matter.- Some Remarks on Living Matter in the Mechanism of the Biosphere.- Two The Domain of Life.- The Biosphere: An Envelope of the Earth.- Living Matter of the First and Second Orders in the Biosphere 103 The Limits of Life.- The Limits of Life in the Biosphere.- Life in the Hydrosphere.- Geochemical Cycles of the Living Concentrations and Films of the Hydrosphere.- Living Matter on Land.- The Relationship Between the Living Films and Concentrations of the Hydrosphere and Those of Land.- Appendix I: A Biographical Chronology.- Appendix II: Vernadsky’s Publications in English.- Acknowledgments.

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Book SynopsisMesoscale Meteorology in Mid-Latitudes presents the dynamics of mesoscale meteorological phenomena in a highly accessible student- friendly way, with mathematical treatments complemented by eye-catching photographs an illustrations. Topics include boundary layer convection, nocturnal low-level jets, air mass boundaries (e.g.Trade Review"In summary, I highly recommend this book for use in courses in mesoscale meteorology at the advanced undergraduate and graduate level. It will serve as an important reference for researchers, instructors, and practitioners, and I look forward to using it in even more depth in my future teaching." (Bulletin of the American Met Society, 2012) "Markowski and Richardson (both meteorology, Penn State U.) deliver a very accessible advanced text on the dynamics of mesoscale meteorological phenomena, including boundary layer mesoscale phenomena, orographic phenomena and deep convection . . . an eye-pleasing design and extensive use of color photographs and illustrations make this book especially usable as both an undergraduate text and as a reference for graduate students, researchers, and meteorologists." (Booknews, 1 April 2011)Table of ContentsSeries Foreward xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv List of Symbols xvii PART I General Principles 1 1 What is the Mesoscale? 3 1.1 Space and time scales 3 1.2 Dynamical distinctions between the mesoscale and synoptic scale 5 2 Basic Equations and Tools 11 2.1 Thermodynamics 11 2.2 Mass conservation 16 2.3 Momentum equations 17 2.4 Vorticity and circulation 21 2.5 Pressure perturbations 25 2.6 Thermodynamic diagrams 32 2.7 Hodographs 34 3 Mesoscale Instabilities 41 3.1 Static instability 41 3.2 Centrifugal instability 48 3.3 Inertial instability 49 3.4 Symmetric instability 53 3.5 Shear instability 58 PART II Lower Tropospheric Mesoscale Phenomena 71 4 The Boundary Layer 73 4.1 The nature of turbulent fluxes 73 4.2 Surface energy budget 82 4.3 Structure and evolution of the boundary layer 83 4.4 Boundary layer convection 88 4.5 Lake-effect convection 93 4.6 Urban boundary layers 103 4.7 The nocturnal low-level wind maximum 105 5 Air Mass Boundaries 115 5.1 Synoptic fronts 117 5.2 Drylines 132 5.3 Outflow boundaries 140 5.4 Mesoscale boundaries originating from differential surface heating 149 6 Mesoscale Gravity Waves 161 6.1 Basic wave conventions 161 6.2 Internal gravity wave dynamics 165 6.3 Wave reflection 170 6.4 Critical levels 172 6.5 Structure and environments of ducted mesoscale gravity waves 173 6.6 Bores 175 PART III Deep Moist Convection 181 7 Convection Initiation 183 7.1 Requisites for convection initiation and the role of larger scales 183 7.2 Mesoscale complexities of convection initiation 189 7.3 Moisture convergence 195 7.4 Elevated convection 197 8 Organization of Isolated Convection 201 8.1 Role of vertical wind shear 201 8.2 Single-cell convection 206 8.3 Multicellular convection 209 8.4 Supercellular convection 213 9 Mesoscale Convective Systems 245 9.1 General characteristics 245 9.2 Squall line structure 249 9.3 Squall line maintenance 253 9.4 Rear inflow and bow echoes 260 9.5 Mesoscale convective complexes 265 10 Hazards Associated with Deep Moist Convection 273 10.1 Tornadoes 273 10.2 Nontornadic, damaging straight-line winds 292 10.3 Hailstorms 306 10.4 Flash floods 309 PART IV Orographic Mesoscale Phenomena 315 11 Thermally Forced Winds in Mountainous Terrain 317 11.1 Slope winds 317 11.2 Valley winds 320 12 Mountain Waves and Downslope Windstorms 327 12.1 Internal gravity waves forced by two-dimensional terrain 327 12.2 Gravity waves forced by isolated peaks 332 12.3 Downslope windstorms 333 12.4 Rotors 342 13 Blocking of the Wind by Terrain 343 13.1 Factors that govern whether air flows over or around a terrain obstacle 343 13.2 Orographically trapped cold-air surges 346 13.3 Lee vortices 351 13.4 Gap flows 358 PART V Appendix 367 A Radar and Its Applications 369 A.1 Radar basics 369 A.2 Doppler radar principles 371 A.3 Applications 374 References 389 Index 399

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Book SynopsisThis book gives a coherent development of the current understanding of the fluid dynamics of the middle latitude atmosphere. It is primarily aimed at post-graduate and advanced undergraduate level students and does not assume any previous knowledge of fluid mechanics, meteorology or atmospheric science. The book will be an invaluable resource for any quantitative atmospheric scientist who wishes to increase their understanding of the subject. The importance of the rotation of the Earth and the stable stratification of its atmosphere, with their implications for the balance of larger-scale flows, is highlighted throughout.Clearly structured throughout, the first of three themes deals with the development of the basic equations for an atmosphere on a rotating, spherical planet and discusses scale analyses of these equations. The second theme explores the importance of rotation and introduces vorticity and potential vorticity, as well as turbulence. In the third theme, the conTable of ContentsSeries foreword ix Preface xi Select bibliography xv The authors xix 1 Observed flow in the Earth’s midlatitudes 1 1.1 Vertical structure 1 1.2 Horizontal structure 4 1.3 Transient activity 11 1.4 Scales of motion 14 1.5 The Norwegian frontal model of cyclones 15 Theme 1 Fluid dynamics of the midlatitude atmosphere 25 2 Fluid dynamics in an inertial frame of reference 27 2.1 Definition of fluid 27 2.2 Flow variables and the continuum hypothesis 29 2.3 Kinematics: characterizing fluid flow 30 2.4 Governing physical principles 35 2.5 Lagrangian and Eulerian perspectives 36 2.6 Mass conservation equation 38 2.7 First Law of Thermodynamics 40 2.8 Newton’s Second Law of Motion 41 2.9 Bernoulli’s Theorem 45 2.10 Heating and water vapour 47 3 Rotating frames of reference 53 3.1 Vectors in a rotating frame of reference 53 3.2 Velocity and Acceleration 55 3.3 The momentum equation in a rotating frame 56 3.4 The centrifugal pseudo-force 57 3.5 The Coriolis pseudo-force 59 3.6 The Taylor–Proudman theorem 61 4 The spherical Earth 65 4.1 Spherical polar coordinates 65 4.2 Scalar equations 67 4.3 The momentum equations 68 4.4 Energy and angular momentum 70 4.5 The shallow atmosphere approximation 73 4.6 The beta effect and the spherical Earth 74 5 Scale analysis and its applications 77 5.1 Principles of scaling methods 77 5.2 The use of a reference atmosphere 79 5.3 The horizontal momentum equations 81 5.4 Natural coordinates, geostrophic and gradient wind balance 83 5.5 Vertical motion 87 5.6 The vertical momentum equation 89 5.7 The mass continuity equation 91 5.8 The thermodynamic energy equation 92 5.9 Scalings for Rossby numbers that are not small 95 6 Alternative vertical coordinates 97 6.1 A general vertical coordinate 97 6.2 Isobaric coordinates 100 6.3 Other pressure-based vertical coordinates 103 6.4 Isentropic coordinates 106 7 Variations of density and the basic equations 109 7.1 Boussinesq approximation 109 7.2 Anelastic approximation 111 7.3 Stratification and gravity waves 113 7.4 Balance, gravity waves and Richardson number 115 7.5 Summary of the basic equation sets 121 7.6 The energy of atmospheric motions 122 Theme 2 Rotation in the atmosphere 125 8 Rotation in the atmosphere 127 8.1 The concept of vorticity 127 8.2 The vorticity equation 129 8.3 The vorticity equation for approximate sets of equations 131 8.4 The solenoidal term 132 8.5 The expansion/contraction term 134 8.6 The stretching and tilting terms 135 8.7 Friction and vorticity 138 8.8 The vorticity equation in alternative vertical coordinates 144 8.9 Circulation 145 9 Vorticity and the barotropic vorticity equation 149 9.1 The barotropic vorticity equation 149 9.2 Poisson’s equation and vortex interactions 151 9.3 Flow over a shallow hill 155 9.4 Ekman pumping 159 9.5 Rossby waves and the beta plane 160 9.6 Rossby group velocity 166 9.7 Rossby ray tracing 170 9.8 Inflexion point instability 172 10 Potential vorticity 177 10.1 Potential vorticity 177 10.2 Alternative derivations of Ertel’s theorem 180 10.3 The principle of invertibility 182 10.4 Shallow water equation potential vorticity 186 11 Turbulence and atmospheric flow 189 11.1 The Reynolds number 189 11.2 Three-dimensional flow at large Reynolds number 194 11.3 Two-dimensional flow at large Reynolds number 196 11.4 Vertical mixing in a stratified fluid 201 11.5 Reynolds stresses 203 Theme 3 Balance in atmospheric flow 209 12 Quasi-geostrophic flows 211 12.1 Wind and temperature in balanced flows 211 12.2 The quasi-geostrophic approximation 215 12.3 Quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity 219 12.4 Ertel and quasi-geostrophic potential vorticities 221 13 The omega equation 225 13.1 Vorticity and thermal advection form 225 13.2 Sutcliffe Form 231 13.3 Q-vector form 233 13.4 Ageostrophic flow and the maintenance of balance 238 13.5 Balance and initialization 240 14 Linear theories of baroclinic instability 245 14.1 Qualitative discussion 245 14.2 Stability analysis of a zonal flow 247 14.3 Rossby wave interpretation of the stability conditions 256 14.4 The Eady model 264 14.5 The Charney and other quasi-geostrophic models 271 14.6 More realistic basic states 275 14.7 Initial value problem 281 15 Frontogenesis 291 15.1 Frontal scales 291 15.2 Ageostrophic circulation 294 15.3 Description of frontal collapse 299 15.4 The semi-geostrophic Eady model 305 15.5 The confluence model 307 15.6 Upper-level frontogenesis 309 16 The nonlinear development of baroclinic waves 311 16.1 The nonlinear domain 311 16.2 Semi-geostrophic baroclinic waves 312 16.3 Nonlinear baroclinic waves on realistic jets on the sphere 320 16.4 Eddy transports and zonal mean flow changes 323 16.5 Energetics of baroclinic waves 332 17 The potential vorticity perspective 337 17.1 Setting the scene 337 17.2 Potential vorticity and vertical velocity 340 17.3 Life cycles of some baroclinic waves 342 17.4 Alternative perspectives 346 17.5 Midlatitude blocking 350 17.6 Frictional and heating effects 352 18 Rossby wave propagation and potential vorticity mixing 361 18.1 Rossby wave propagation 361 18.2 Propagation of Rossby waves into the stratosphere 363 18.3 Propagation through a slowly varying medium 365 18.4 The Eliassen–Palm flux and group velocity 370 18.5 Baroclinic life cycles and Rossby waves 372 18.6 Variations of amplitude 373 18.7 Rossby waves and potential vorticity steps 375 18.8 Potential vorticity steps and the Rhines scale 381 Appendices 389 Appendix A: Notation 389 Appendix B: Revision of vectors and vector calculus 393 B.1 Vectors and their algebra 393 B.2 Products of vectors 394 B.3 Scalar fields and the grad operator 396 B.4 The divergence and curl operators 397 B.5 Gauss’ and Stokes’ theorems 398 B.6 Some useful vector identities 401 Index 403

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Book SynopsisThis exciting text provides a mathematically rigorous yet accessible textbook that is primarily aimed at atmospheric science majors. Its accessibility is due to the texts emphasis on conceptual understanding. The first five chapters constitute a companion text to introductory courses covering the dynamics of the mid-latitude atmosphere.Trade Review"A student-friendly yet rigorous textbook that accomplishes what no other textbook has done before … I highly recommend this textbook." (Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society) "... I have personally used Mid-Latitude Atmospheric Dynamics … and found it to be a welcome addition to my reading lists." (Area, 2007)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. 1. Introduction and Review of Mathematical Tools. Objectives. 1.1 Fluids and the nature of fluid dynamics. 1.2 Review of useful mathematical tools. 1.2.1 Elements of vector calculus. 1.2.2 The Taylor series expansion. 1.2.3 Centred difference approximations to derivatives. 1.2.4 Temporal changes of a continuous variable. 1.3 Estimating with scale analysis. 1.4 Basic kinematics of fluids. 1.4.1 Pure vorticity. 1.4.2 Pure divergence. 1.4.3 Pure stretching deformation. 1.4.4 Pure shearing deformation. 1.5 Mensuration. Selected references. Problems. Solutions. 2. Fundamental and Apparent Forces. Objectives. 2.1 The fundamental forces. 2.1.1 The pressure gradient force. 2.1.2 The gravitational force. 2.1.3 The frictional force. 2.2 Apparent forces. 2.2.1 The centrifugal force. 2.2.2 The Coriolis force. Selected references. Problems. Solutions. 3. Mass, Momentum, and Energy: The Fundamental Quantities of the Physical World. Objectives. 3.1 Mass in the Atmosphere. 3.1.1 The hypsometric equation. 3.2 Conservation of momentum: The equations of motion. 3.2.1 The equations of motion in spherical coordinates. 3.2.2 Conservation of mass. 3.3 Conservation of energy: The energy equation. Selected references. Problems. Solutions. 4. Applications of the Equations of Motion. Objectives. 4.1 Pressure as a vertical coordinate. 4.2 Potential temperature as a vertical coordinate. 4.3 The thermal wind balance. 4.4 Natural coordinates and balanced flows. 4.4.1 Geostrophic flow. 4.4.2 Inertial flow. 4.4.3 Cyclostrophic flow. 4.4.4 Gradient flow. 4.5 The relationship between trajectories and streamlines. Selected references. Problems. Solutions. 5. Circulation, Vorticity, and Divergence. Objectives. 5.1 The Circulation theorem and its physical interpretation. 5.2 Vorticity and potential vorticity. 5.3 The relationship between vorticity and divergence. 5.4 The quasi-geostrophic system of equations. Selected references. Problems. Solutions. 6. The Diagnosis of Mid-Latitude Synoptic-Scale Vertical Motions. Objectives. 6.1 The nature of the ageostrophic wind: Isolating the acceleration vector. 6.1.1 Sutcliffe’s expression for net ageostrophic divergence in a column. 6.1.2 Another perspective on the ageostrophic wind. 6.2 The Sutcliffe development theorem. 6.3 The quasi-geostrophic omega equation. 6.4 The Q_-vector. 6.4.1 The geostrophic pradox and its resolution. 6.4.2 A natural coordinate version of the _Q-vector. 6.4.3 The along- and across-isentrope components of _Q. Selected references. Problems. Solutions. 7. The Vertical Circulation at Fronts. Objectives. 7.1 The structural and dynamical characteristics of mid-latitude fronts. 7.2 Frontogenesis and vertical motions. 7.3 The semi-geostrophic equations. 7.4 Upper-level frontogenesis. 7.5 Precipitation processes at fronts. Selected references. Problems. Solutions. 8. Dynamical Aspects of the Life Cycle of the Mid-Latitude Cyclone. Objectives. 8.1 Introduction: The polar front theory of cyclones. 8.2 Basic structural and energetic characteristics of the cyclone. 8.3 The cyclogenesis stage: The QG tendency equation perspective. 8.4 The cyclogenesis stage: The QG omega equation perspective. 8.5 The cyclogenetic influence of diabatic processes: Explosive cyclogenesis. 8.6 The post-mature stage: Characteristic thermal structure. 8.7 The post-mature stage: The QG dynamics of the occluded quadrant. 8.8 The Decay Stage. Selected references. Problems. Solutions. 9. Potential Vorticity and Applications to Mid-Latitude Weather Systems. Objectives. 9.1 Potential vorticity and isentropic divergence. 9.2 Characteristics of a positive PV anomaly. 9.3 Cyclogenesis from the PV perspective. 9.4 The influence of diabatic heating on PV. 9.5 Additional applications of the PV perspective. 9.5.1 Piecewise PV inversion and some applications. 9.5.2 A PV perspective on occlusion. 9.5.3 A PV perspective on leeside cyclogenesis. 9.5.4 The effects of PV superposition and attenuation. Selected references. Problems. Solutions. Appendix A: Virtual Temperature. Bibliography. Index.

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Book Synopsis* One of the first texts to provide a systematic introduction toHCI from a GIScience perspective. * A practical guide, directed at GIS developers and postgraduatestudents to help them understand how HCI and usability aspects canbe integrated into their projects.Table of ContentsPreface ix About the authors xi How to use this book xiii Acknowledgements xv Section I Theory 1 1 Human-computer interaction and geospatial technologies – context 3 Mordechai (Muki) Haklay and Artemis Skarlatidou 1.1 Human-computer interaction and usability engineering background 4 1.2 Geographic Information Systems and science history 9 1.3 Human-Computer Interaction and GIScience research 13 Summary 16 Further reading 16 Revision questions 18 2 Human understanding of space 19 Clare Davies, Chao (Lily) Li and Jochen Albrecht 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Spatial cognition: screen versus geography 19 2.3 Geographic spatial cognition – learning, understanding and recall 21 2.4 GIS in the outside environment: matching maps to geography 31 Summary 34 Further reading 34 Revision questions 35 3 Cartographic theory and principles 37 Catherine (Kate) Emma Jones 3.1 Principles of cartographic representation 37 3.2 Impact of projections on map design 49 3.3 Impact of cartographic scale on map design 54 3.4 Generalization 59 Summary 65 Further reading 65 Revision questions 65 4 Computer-mediated communication, collaboration and groupware 67 Mordechai (Muki) Haklay 4.1 Computer-mediated communication 68 4.2 Social dynamics and group decision-making issues 76 4.3 Computer Supported Collaborative Work and Groupware (CSCW) 78 4.4 Principles of collaborative GIS 80 Summary 86 Further reading 87 Revision questions 87 Section II Framework 89 5 User-centred design 91 Mordechai (Muki) Haklay and Annu-Maaria Nivala 5.1 Background 95 5.2 Principles 97 5.3 Applying user-centred design in geospatial technologies 101 5.4 Participatory design 103 Summary 105 Further reading 106 Revision questions 106 6 Usability engineering 107 Mordechai (Muki) Haklay, Artemis Skarlatidou and Carolina Tobón 6.1 Background 107 6.2 Usability engineering and product development process 109 6.3 Understanding user requirements and needs 111 6.4 Application development 113 6.5 Evaluation and deployment 114 6.6 Usability engineering in research 117 Summary 122 Further reading 122 Revision questions 123 Section III Practicalities and Technique 125 7 Application planning 127 Jochen Albrecht and Clare Davies 7.1 GIS interface complexity 128 7.2 Task analysis in GIS 128 7.3 Formalized analysis of GIS user interfaces 134 7.4 User experience considerations 134 7.5 Task analysis as the basis for workflow management 136 7.6 Geo-scientific workflows and process models 138 7.7 Ontologies in support of application planning for the semantic web 141 Summary 142 Further reading 142 Revision questions 143 8 Practical cartography 145 Catherine (Kate) Emma Jones 8.1 The role of symbology in map making 145 8.2 The role of colour in map making 146 8.3 Data classification – types of maps and thematic mapping 159 8.4 Mapping conventions – map elements and layout 171 Summary 177 Further reading 178 Revision questions 178 9 Principles of interaction 179 Jessica Wardlaw 9.1 Key elements of the theory of interaction for geospatial technologies 182 9.2 Basic elements of GUI 187 9.3 Some guidelines for designing a GIS interface 192 Summary 197 Revision questions 198 10 Evaluation and deployment 199 Stephanie Larissa Marsh and Mordechai (Muki) Haklay 10.1 Evaluation options – from usability laboratory to guerrilla usability 199 10.2 Evaluation techniques 201 10.3 Methodological consideration of usability techniques 218 Summary 220 Further reading 220 Revision questions 221 11 Single user environments: desktop to mobile 223 Mordechai (Muki) Haklay and (lily) Chao li 11.1 Technological considerations 223 11.2 Understanding the user context 229 11.3 Designing desktop applications 231 11.4 Mobile devices 240 Summary 242 Further reading 242 Revision questions 243 12 Web-mapping applications and HCI considerations for their design 245 Artemis Skarlatidou 12.1 Overview of Web-mapping 245 12.2 Web-mapping design and HCI considerations 250 Summary 263 Further reading 264 Revision questions 264 Bibliography 265 Index 289

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisAn understanding of sediment sources and pathways helps in solving environmental problems and maintaining biological diversity. This book brings together monitoring, single or multitracer measurements and the development of modelling strategies in aeolian, marine and fluvial environments.Trade Review"Foster should be congratulated for bringing to fruition a volume that will act as a springboard for future studies." (Progress in Physical Geography, Vol. 25. No.4 2001) "…essential reference material for any geomorphologist…I wish it had been around when I completed my PhD…" (Geological Journal, January/March 2003)Table of ContentsPreface Background and Recent Developments Atmospheric and Hydrological Tracers Tracers for investigating Soil Erosion and Hillslope Processes Tracing Fluvial Sediments Tracers for Coastal Transport Studies Tracers for Palaeoenvironmental Investigations

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThis new edition of Classical Mechanics in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics describes the motions of rigid bodies and shows how classical mechanics has important applications to geophysics, as in the precessions of the earth, oceanic tides, and the retreat of the moon from the earth owing to the tidal friction. Unlike the more general mechanics textbooks this gives a unique presentation of these applications. The coverage of geophysical fluid dynamics has been revised, with a new chapter on various kinds of gravity waves, a new section on geostrophic turbulence, and new material on the Euler angles, the precession and nutation of a Lagrange top, RayleighâBÃnard convection, and the Ekman flow.This textbook for senior undergraduate and graduate students outlines and provides links between classical mechanics and geophysical fluid dynamics. It is particularly suitable for geophysics, meteorology, and oceanography students on mechanics and fluid dynamics courses, as well as servTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. Kinematics 3. Force and Motion 4. Inertial Force 5. Work and Energy 6. Oscillatory Motion 7. Mechanics of Rigid Bodies 8. Momentum and Impulse 9. Angular Momentum Equation 10. Motion of Rigid Bodies 11. Orbital Motion of Planets 12. Introduction to Geophysical Fluid Dynamics 13. Phenomena in Geophysical Fluids: Part I 14. Phenomena in Geophysical Fluids: Part II 15. Phenomena in Geophysical Fluids: Part III Appendices A. Acceleration in Spherical Coordinates B. Vector Analysis C. Useful Constants and Parameters D. Answers to Problems E. Further Reading

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Book SynopsisDesigned for use on one- or two-semester courses, this is a comprehensive study of modern mineralogy, for undergraduate and graduate students in the fields of geology, materials science and environmental science. New online resources include laboratory exercises and PowerPoint slides, making this a sound investment for the next generation of mineralogists.Trade Review'Minerals: Their Constitution and Origin (second edition) by Wenk and Bulakh is an excellent treatment of classical mineralogy with a novel emphasis on mineral-forming environments. Its organization, straightforward tone, and copious figures, including color imagery, should be welcomed by students. Additional online resources permit extensive incorporation by lecturers should they desire these resources. Both make it a worthy candidate for adoption into coursework. Additionally, this is an excellent and affordable resource for professional mineralogists and amateur mineral enthusiasts who seek a comprehensive and modern overview of classical mineralogy with an emphasis on mineral genesis.' Jonathan D. Price, American Mineralogist'Minerals is my go-to text for teaching Earth and planetary materials. The updated chapters on analytical methods and applied mineralogy are especially valuable in teaching interdisciplinary students with a wide range of backgrounds and interests. This book captures the broadening scope of our field.' Steve Jacobsen, Northwestern University, Illinois'The new edition remains quantitative and scientifically rigorous and has been improved by reorganization and by addition of new material.' Timothy L. Grove, Massachusetts Institute of Technology'… an excellent book which is suitable for teaching both in undergraduate and graduate student education in mineralogy … From basic crystallography to applied mineralogy, Minerals contains it all, and the style of writing is conclusive and scientifically sound … I am very happy to see the new second edition.' Günther J. Redhammer, University of Salzburg'… this is a refreshing new mineral textbook and is a wonderful resource to freshen up an undergraduate course. Every lecturer who teaches mineralogy and every earth sciences library should get a copy … Very highly recommended.' Geological Magazine'I think this book represents a sound undergraduate investment - a textbook that an undergraduate could visit and revisit throughout their degree programme, to remind them of the basics and, by following up the references, to provide a deeper understanding of the subjects covered.' Chemistry World'… [this] book provides a good coverage of minerals, with clear diagrams and photographs to supplement the text … there is much of value … the text is clear, and deeper treatments can be skipped, while still gaining knowledge of the wider range of mineralogy.' OUGS Newsletter'Wenk and Bulakh's Minerals is both authoritative and accessible, providing a thorough grounding in many aspects of modern mineralogy in a first-rate text.' New ScientistTable of ContentsPart I. Minerals as Chemical Compounds: 1. Subject and history of mineralogy; 2. Elements, bonding, simple structures and ionic radii; 3. Isomorphism, solid solutions and polymorphism; 4. Chemical formulas of minerals; 5. Classification and names of minerals; 6. Mineral identification of hand specimens; Part II. Symmetry Expressed in Crystal Structures and Morphology: 7. The concept of a lattice and description of crystal structures; 8. Crystal symmetries: point groups and space groups; 9. Crystalline defects; 10. Crystal growth and aggregation; Part III. Physical Investigations and Properties of Minerals: 11. Experimental approaches to crystal structures: X-ray diffraction; 12. Physical properties; 13. Optical properties of crystals; 14. Mineral identification with the petrographic microscope; 15. Colour; 16. Advanced analytical methods; 17. Mechanical properties and deformation; Part IV. Mineral-Forming Processes: 18. Mineral genesis; 19. Considerations of thermodynamics; 20. Phase diagrams; Part V. A Systematic Look at Mineral Groups: 21. Important information about silica materials. Their occurrence in granite and pegmatite; 22. Simple compounds. Unusual mineral occurrences; 23. Halides. Evaporite deposits; 24. Carbonates and other minerals with triangular anion groups. Sedimentary origins; 25. Phosphates, sulfates and related minerals. Apatite as a biogenic material; 26. Sulfides. Hydrothermal processes; 27. Oxides and hydroxides. Review of ionic crystals; 28. Orthosilicates and ring silicates. Metamorphic mineral assemblages; 29. Sheet silicates. Weathering of silicate rocks; 30. Chain silicates. Discussion of some igneous and metamorphic processes; 31. Framework silicates. Zeolites and ion exchange properties of minerals; 32. Organic minerals; Part VI. Applied Mineralogy: 33. Metalliferous mineral deposits; 34. Gemstones; 35. Cement minerals; 36. Minerals and human health; 37. Mineral composition of the Solar System; 38. Mineral composition of the Earth; Appendix 1. Metallic, submetallic and nonmetallic luster, sorted according to hardness; Appendix 2. Minerals that display some distinctive physical properties; Appendix 3. Rock-forming minerals that are coloured in thin section; Glossary; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisAdvanced information technology infrastructure is being increasingly employed in the Earth sciences. Geoinformatics uses a series of case studies to provide a fascinating and accessible introduction to this emerging field and an invaluable reference for researchers interested in developing new cyberinfrastructure projects of their own.Trade Review"This advanced compilation provides an overview of geoinformatics....[It] may serve the reader by giving examples or strategies that they might employ in their own research." -I.D. Sasowsky, CHOICE"This volume has a place in a number of libraries: for university libraries, this is an excellent addition. For scientists wanting to rethink their use of computational resources..this is a good resource..." - Rob Harrap, GeomaticaTable of ContentsList of contributors; Preface; Introduction: 1. Science needs and challenges for geoinformatics G. Randy Keller; 2. Introduction to IT concepts and challenges Chaitanya Baru; Part I. Case Studies from Other Disciplines: 3. Semantic cyberinfrastructure: the virtual solar-terrestrial observatory Peter Fox and Deborah L. McGuinness; 4. Cyberinfrastructures for life sciences and biomedicine Sriram Krishnan and Ravi Madduri; Part II. Modeling Software and Community Codes: 5. Development, verification and maintenance of computational software in geodynamics Michael Gurnis, Walter Landry, Eh Tan, Luis Armendariz, Leif Strand and Michael Aivazis; 6. Parallel finite element modeling of multi-timescale faulting and lithospheric deformation in the western US Mian Liu, Youqing Yang, Qingsong Li, Gang Luo and Huai Zhang; 7. Next-generation plate-tectonic reconstructions using GPlates James A. Boyden, R. Dietmar Müller, Michael Gurnis, Trond H. Torsvik, James A. Clark, Mark Turner, Hamish Ivey-Law, Robin J. Watson and John S. Cannon; Part III. Visualization and Data Representation: 8. Visualization of seismic model data Amit Chourasia; 9. The UNAVCO GEON Integrated Data Viewer for exploration, analysis, and integration of geoscience data Stuart Wier and Charles Meertens; Part IV. Knowledge Management and Data Integration: 10. Data and tools for geologic timelines and timescales Peter Sadler and Cinzia Cervato; 11. Modeling geodynamic processes with ontologies Hassan Babaie; Part V. Web Services and Scientific Workflows: 12. Service orientation in the design of a community hydrologic information system Ilya Zaslavsky and David Maidment; 13. Web services for seismic data archives Robert Casey and Timothy Ahern; 14. Development of robust data system for gravity and magnetic anomaly data: a case study of a community-based effort for point data Raed Aldouri and G. Randy Keller; 15. Scientific workflows for the geosciences: an emerging approach to building integrated data analysis systems Ilkay Altintas, Daniel Crawl and Christopher Crosby; 16. Online access and processing of Lidar topography data Christopher Crosby, J. Ramon Arrowsmith, Viswanath Nandigam and Chaitanya Baru; 17. Use of abstraction to support geoscientists' understanding and production of scientific artifacts Ann Gates, Paulo Pinheiro da Silva, Leonardo Salayandia, Omar Ochoa, Aida Gandara and Nicholas Del Rio; Part VI. Emerging International and Other Efforts: 18. It's not your data, it's everyone's: the benefits of a corporate approach to scientific information Ian Jackson and Richard Hughes; 19. TOPO-EUROPE and cyberinfrastructure: quantifying coupled deep earth-surface processes in 4D Sierd Cloetingh and H. P. Bunge; 20. OneGeology – from concept to global project Ian Jackson; 21. Geoinformatics developments in Germany Jens Klump, Joachim Wächter, Peter Löwe, Ralf Bill and Matthias Lendholt; 22. iGEON: networking the Indian geosciences community through GEON K. V. Subbarao, Arun Agarwal, Rajeev Wankar and Chaitanya Baru; 23. Geoinformatics in the public service: building a cyberinfrastructure across the geological surveys M. Lee Allison, Linda C. Gundersen and Stephen M. Richard; 24. Application of the U.S. geoscience information network to deploying a national geothermal data system Stephen M. Richard, Ryan Clark and Wolfgang Grunberg; Index.

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Book SynopsisPliny''s World offers readers a translation of the Natural History''s opening books unprecedented for its completeness, accuracy and accessibility. Here, in quirky, often breathless style, Pliny lays the foundation of a hugely influential encyclopedia with coverage of the universe, stars, planets and moon, followed by earth''s climate and then its physical and human geography. From Rome as ruling centerpoint, Pliny surveys the known world and its countless peoples in a vast arc from the Atlantic to Sri Lanka, embracing the Danube, Euphrates and Nile lands, Atlas and Caucasus mountains, Germany, Africa, Arabia, India. Passages from later books further illustrating his geographical grasp are appended, on topics as varied as wine, water, trees, birds and fish. Throughout, Pliny''s frank expression of strong opinions about religion, distorted human values, abuse of the environment (and more) reveals uncannily modern preoccupations. His work remained an inspirational resource through the ReTable of ContentsIntroduction; Book 1 Pliny's detailed table of contents; Book 2 The Universe, astronomy, climate; Book 3 Europe: Spain to Italy; Book 4 Europe: East, North; Book 5 Africa, Levant, Asia Minor; Book 6 The East, India; Books 7-37 Notable geographical passages; Appendix 1 Titles and technical terms; Appendix 2 Units of measurement; Appendix 3 Latin editions translated (books 2 to 6).

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Book SynopsisThe cryosphere, that region of the world where water is temporarily or permanently frozen, plays a crucial role on our planet. Recent developments in remote sensing techniques, and the acquisition of new data sets, have resulted in significant advances in our understanding of all components of the cryosphere and its processes.Table of ContentsList of contributors xv Cryosphere Science: Series Preface xix Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxiii About the companion website xxiv 1 Remote sensing and the cryosphere 1 Marco Tedesco 2 Electromagnetic properties of components of the cryosphere 17 Marco Tedesco 3 Remote sensing of snow extent 31 Dorothy K. Hall, Allan Frei, and Stephen J. Déry 4 Remote sensing of snow albedo, grain size, and pollution from space 48 Alexander A. Khokanovsky 5 Remote sensing of snow depth and snow water equivalent 73 Marco Tedesco, Chris Derksen, Jeffrey S. Deems, and James L. Foster 6 Remote sensing of melting snow and ice 99 Marco Tedesco,Thomas Mote, Konrad Steffen, Dorothy K. Hall, and Waleed Abdalati 7 Remote sensing of glaciers 123 Bruce H. Raup, Liss M. Andreassen, Tobias Bolch, and Suzanne Bevan 8 Remote sensing of accumulation over the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets 157 Lora Koenig, Richard Forster, Ludovic Brucker, and Julie Miller 9 Remote sensing of ice thickness and surface velocity 187 Prasad Gogineni and Jie-Bang Yan 10 Gravimetry measurements from space 231 Scott B. Luthcke, D.D. Rowlands, T.J. Sabaka, B.D. Loomis, M. Horwath, and A.A. Arendt 11 Remote sensing of sea ice 248 Walter N. Meier and Thorsten Markus 12 Remote sensing of lake and river ice 273 Claude R. Duguay, Monique Bernier, Yves Gauthier, and Alexei Kouraev 13 Remote sensing of permafrost and frozen ground 307 Sebastian Westermann, Claude R. Duguay, Guido Grosse, and Andreas Kääb 14 Field measurements for remote sensing of the cryosphere 345 Hans-Peter Marshall, Robert L. Hawley, and Marco Tedesco 15 Remote sensing missions and the cryosphere 382 Marco Tedesco, Tommaso Parrinello, CharlesWebb, and Thorsten Markus Index 393

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Book SynopsisThis textbook provides an overview of the origin and preservation of carbonate sedimentary rocks. The focus is on limestones and dolostones and the sediments from which they are derived.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgements xv PART I: CARBONATE SEDIMENTOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW 1 1 CARBONATE ROCKS AND PLATFORMS 5 What are carbonate sedimentary rocks? 6 Why should we care about studying these rocks? 6 What is the scientific approach? 6 The carbonate continuum 7 How do carbonate sediments form? 9 Where are carbonates produced and where do they accumulate? 10 Tectonic settings and the nature of carbonate platforms 11 How do we study carbonate sediments and rocks? 14 Further reading 14 2 CARBONATE CHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY 15 Introduction 16 Chemistry 16 Carbonate precipitation and dissolution in the ocean 19 Further reading 21 3 THE CARBONATE FACTORY 22 Introduction 23 Sediment production 23 Component modification 28 Karst and carbonate spring precipitates 36 Further reading 37 4 MARINE CARBONATE FACTORIES AND ROCK CLASSIFICATIONS 38 Introduction 39 Environmental controls 39 Benthic marine factories 46 Pelagic marine factories 47 Limestone classification schemes 47 Further reading 50 5 THE CARBONATE FACTORY: MICROBES AND ALGAE 51 Introduction 52 Microbes and carbonates 52 Microbialites 52 Modern stromatolites 54 Calcimicrobes 60 Calcareous algae 60 Further reading 66 6 THE CARBONATE FACTORY: SINGLE CELLS AND SHELLS 67 Introduction 68 Single]cell microfossils 68 Macrofossils 71 Further reading 78 7 THE CARBONATE FACTORY: ECHINODERMS AND COLONIAL INVERTEBRATES 79 Introduction 80 Echinoderms 80 Sponges 82 Bryozoans 85 Corals 89 Further reading 93 Part II: CARBONATE DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW 95 8 LACUSTRINE CARBONATES 99 Introduction 100 Modern lakes: Zonation and classification 100 Controls on lake sedimentation 101 Lake sedimentation 103 Lacustrine microbialites 107 Classification of ancient lake deposits 108 Further reading 108 9 CARBONATE SPRINGS 110 Introduction 111 Spring systems 111 Classification of springs 112 Tufa, travertine, or sinter? 113 Biota of spring systems 114 Carbonate precipitation in spring systems 114 Spring architecture 115 Calcareous spring carbonate facies 117 Further reading 122 10 WARM]WATER NERITIC CARBONATE DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEMS 123 Introduction 124 The carbonate factory 124 Depositional systems 125 Further reading 134 11 THE COOL]WATER NERITIC REALM 135 Introduction 136 The Carbonate Factory 136 Depositional settings 139 Warm]temperate carbonates 141 Cool]temperate carbonates 144 Cold]water, polar carbonate systems 144 The rock record 145 Further reading 148 12 MUDDY PERITIDAL CARBONATES 150 Introduction 151 Andros Island: The Bahamas 152 Shark Bay: Western Australia 154 The United Arab Emirates: Persian Gulf 155 Stratigraphy 158 The shallowing]upward peritidal cycle 158 How do numerous peritidal cycles form? 158 Temporal variations on the peritidal cycle theme 162 Further reading 163 13 NERITIC CARBONATE TIDAL SAND BODIES 165 Introduction 166 Tides and tidal currents 166 Tidal sand bodies 167 Bahamian platform ooid sand bodies 169 Types of Bahamian platform sand bodies 170 Some examples of Bahamian sand bodies 171 Inter]island tidal ooid sand bodies (tidal deltas) 173 Platform interior Bahamian ooid sand bodies 174 Carbonate ramp tidal ooid sand bodies 175 Carbonate sand bodies in straits and seaways 175 Carbonate sands in flooded incised valleys 176 Carbonate sands in hypersaline basins 177 The rock record of tidal ooid sands 177 Ancient sand body geometries 178 Further reading 178 14 MODERN REEFS 179 Introduction 180 The reef mosaic 180 The coral reef growth window 182 Shallow]water reefs 184 Deep]water reefs 189 Further reading 191 15 ANCIENT REEFS 192 Introduction 193 The ancient reef factory 193 Microbes, calcimicrobes, and calcareous algae 194 Internal cavities 195 Lithification 195 Boring and bioerosion 196 Reef stratigraphic nomenclature 196 The spectrum of ancient reefs 198 Reefs 198 Reef mounds 199 Reef geohistory 202 Reef rock classification 206 Further reading 217 16 CARBONATE SLOPES 212 Introduction 213 Depositional bathymetry 213 The deposits 213 Contourites 217 Slope types 218 Temporal and spatial variability 220 Further reading 222 17 DEEP]WATER PELAGIC CARBONATES 223 Introduction 224 Universal controls 224 Depositional controls 225 Universal attributes 226 Old pelagic sediments 226 Young pelagic sediments 228 The pelagic factory 228 Chalk 229 Associated sediments 233 Ocean anoxia 233 Further reading 233 18 PRECAMBRIAN CARBONATES 234 Introduction 235 Precambrian carbonate systems 235 The carbonate factory 235 Reefs 242 Further reading 246 19 CARBONATE SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY 247 Introduction 248 Carbonate sequence stratigraphy 249 Shallow]water reef sequence stratigraphy 250 Photozoan rimmed platforms 252 Evaporites and siliciclastics 255 Heterozoan unrimmed carbonate platforms 255 Ramps 257 Higher]order cycles (parasequences) 259 Depositional cycles 259 Further reading 259 20 THE TIME MACHINE 261 Introduction 262 Carbonates and plate tectonics 262 Paleoclimate and paleoceanography 265 Carbonates and the evolving biosphere 268 Ocean acidification 271 Further reading 271 Part III: CARBONATE DIAGENESIS: AN OVERVIEW 273 21 THE PROCESSES AND ENVIRONMENTS OF DIAGENESIS 277 Introduction to the processes 278 Carbonate dissolution 278 Carbonate precipitation 278 The environments 281 Synsedimentary marine diagenetic environment 282 Meteoric diagenetic environment 282 Burial diagenetic environment 284 Dolomite and dolostone 285 Further reading 285 22 ANALYTICAL METHODS 286 Introduction 287 Petrography 288 X]ray diffraction analysis 291 Scanning electron microscopy 292 Electron microprobe analysis 294 Chemical analyses 294 Further reading 296 23 THE CHEMISTRY OF CARBONATE DIAGENESIS 297 Introduction 298 Trace elements and element ratios 298 Stable isotopes 301 Oxygen isotopes 301 Carbon isotopes 303 Stable isotope values for modern biogenic carbonates 304 Carbonate stable isotope values through geologic time 305 Strontium isotopes 307 Further reading 309 24 LIMESTONE: THE SYNSEDIMENTARY MARINE DIAGENETIC ENVIRONMENT 311 Introduction 312 The setting 312 Dissolution 312 Precipitation 313 Alteration 315 Synsedimentary limestone 316 Spatial distribution of early lithification 318 Strandline diagenesis 319 The rock record 323 Isotopic composition of ancient marine cements 324 Further reading 325 25 METEORIC DIAGENESIS OF YOUNG LIMESTONES 326 Introduction 327 Processes 327 Cements and cementation 330 Diagenesis of calcite sediments 333 Importance of grain size 333 Diagenesis in different meteoric settings 334 Importance of climate 335 How long does it take? 335 The ultimate product 336 Geochemistry 337 Further reading 339 26 KARST AND WATER]CONTROLLED DIAGENESIS 341 Introduction 342 Surficial processes and products 342 Surface karst facies 342 Calcrete facies 346 Subsurface karst facies 348 Surface and subsurface carbonate geochemistry 355 Further reading 356 27 BURIAL DIAGENESIS OF LIMESTONE 357 Introduction 358 The setting 358 Controlling factors 358 Processes and products 359 Burial cementation 362 Burial diagenetic models 365 Paragenesis via cement stratigraphy 368 Further reading 369 28 DOLOMITE AND DOLOMITIZATION 370 Introduction 371 Scientific approach 371 Dolomite: the mineral 371 Dolostone: the rock 373 The limestone to dolostone transition 376 Early diagenetic alteration of dolomite 376 Dolomite geochemistry 380 Further reading 382 29 DOLOMITIZATION PROCESSES AND SYNSEDIMENTARY DOLOMITE 383 Introduction 384 What limits dolomite formation? 384 How to form extensive dolomite 385 The different types of dolomite and dolostone 386 Synsedimentary (authigenic) dolomite 386 Further reading 390 30 SUBSURFACE DOLOMITIZATION AND DOLOSTONE PARAGENESIS 392 Introduction 393 Shallow]burial early]diagenetic dolomites 393 Deep]burial late]diagenetic dolomites 396 Synthesis 399 Dolomite paragenesis 399 Further reading 402 31 DIAGENESIS AND GEOHISTORY 403 Introduction 404 Eogenetic diagenesis 404 Approach 406 Lowstand systems tract 406 Transgressive systems tract 408 Highstand systems tract 410 Post]eogenetic diagenesis 411 Further reading 413 32 CARBONATE POROSITY 414 Introduction 415 Porosity 415 Porosity measurement 415 Permeability 416 Types of porosity 416 Porosity classification 421 Porosity evolution through time 422 Porosity and dolomitization 423 The evolution of porosity 423 Integration 425 Further reading 426 GLOSSARY 427 INDEX 000

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Book SynopsisApplications of remote sensing technology for monitoring and predicting water-related hazards Water-related hazards such as floods and droughts have serious impacts on society. Their incidence has increased in recent decades, a trend set to continue with ongoing climate change. Adaptation and mitigation measures require accurate detection, monitoring, and forecasting, much of which comes from remote sensing technologies. Remote Sensing of Water-Related Hazards takes an interdisciplinary approach, presenting recent advances in the available data, sensors, models, and indicators developed for monitoring and prediction. Volume highlights include: Progress in remote sensing of precipitation, storms, and tornados Different techniques for flood mapping, forecasting, and early warning Integrated approach for predicting flood and landslide cascading hazards Satellite monitoring of water cycle variation, water scarcity, and drought cTable of ContentsList of Contributors vii Preface xi 1. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Remote Sensing for Monitoring and Predicting Water-Related Hazards 1Ke Zhang, Yang Hong, and Amir AghaKouchak Part I Remote Sensing of Precipitation and Storms 2. Progress in Satellite Precipitation Products over the Past Two Decades: Evaluation and Application in Flash Flood Warning 13Guoqiang Tang, Tsechun Wang, Meihong Ma, Wentao Xiong, Feng Lyu, and Ziqiang Ma 3. Observations of Tornadoes and Their Parent Supercells Using Ground-Based, Mobile Doppler Radars 31Howard B. Bluestein Part II Remote Sensing of Floods and Associated Hazards 4. Remote Sensing Mapping and Modeling for Flood Hazards in Data-Scarce Areas: A Case Study in Nyaungdon Area, Myanmar 71Ke Zhang, Zaw Myo Khaing, and Zhijia Li 5. Multisensor Remote Sensing and the Multidimensional Modeling of Extreme Flood Events: A Case Study of Hurricane Harvey--Triggered Floods in Houston, Texas, USA 87Mengye Chen, Zhi Li, and Shang Gao 6. A Multisource, Data-Driven, Web-GIS-Based Hydrological Modeling Framework for Flood Forecasting and Prevention 105Zhanming Wan, Xianwu Xue, Ke Zhang, Yang Hong, Jonathan J. Gourley, and Humberto Vergara 7. An Ensemble-Based, Remote-Sensing-Driven, Flood-Landslide Early Warning System 123Ke Zhang, Guoding Chen, Yi Xia, and Sheng Wang 8. Detection of Hazard-Damaged Bridges Using Multitemporal High-Resolution SAR Imagery 135Wen Liu, Kazuki Inoue, and Fumio Yamazaki Part III Remote Sensing of Droughts and Associated Hazards 9. Drought Monitoring Based on Remote Sensing 151Xin Li, Ran Tao, and Ke Zhang 10. Remote Sensing of Vegetation Responses to Drought Disturbances Using Spaceborne Optical and Near-Infrared Sensors 169Ke Zhang, Linxin Liu, Yunping Li, and Ran Tao 11. Recent Advances in Physical Water Scarcity Assessment Using GRACE Satellite Data 187Emad Hasan and Aondover Tarhule 12. Study of Water Cycle Variation in the Yellow River Basin Based on Satellite Remote Sensing and Numerical Modeling 203Meixia Lv and Zhuguo Ma 13. Assessing the Impact of Climate Change-Induced Droughts on Soil Salinity Development in Agricultural Areas Using Ground and Satellite Sensors 223Dennis L. Corwin and Elia Scudiero Index 245

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisWhat in the world is going on up there? Look up! It's a bird; it's a plane; it's a Polar mesosphericcloud!When you look to the sky, do youwonder whythe Sun is so bright or why the clouds are whiteor whythe sky is blue?Then,WeatherForDummiesis yourresourcetofuel your curiosity about the weather. Ittakes you on anexciting journey through the Earth's atmosphereand theways it behaves. You'll get an overview ofrain,Sun, clouds,stormsandother phenomena. With helpfulphotographs and illustrations, you caneasily visualizedifferentweathertypesandrelatethem intothe world around you.The scientific words and phrases are explained in detail(what is barometric pressure?), your curious questions are answered (why do we have seasons?),andthe roots ofweather myths, proverbs, and sayings arerevealed(early thunder, early spring). Discover how weatherforecastsare made, and what constitutes a weather emergencyFind out what causes change in weather,such ashow air pressure drives windsLearn how climate changeis affecting today'sweatherDiscoverhow light plays tricks on our eyes to create effects like rainbows, sun dogs, and halosHave fun with at-home weather experiments, including setting up your own weather station Perfect for any weather amateur, you can have your head in the cloudswhileyour feetareon the ground.Next time you're outside, takeWeatherForDummiesalong with you, look at the sky, and discover something new about the environment you live in. Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 Part 1: What’s Going On Up There? 5 Chapter 1: What in the World Is Weather? 7 Chapter 2: Forecasts and Forecasting 13 Chapter 3: Behind the Air Wars 35 Chapter 4: Land, Sea, and Precipitation: Is This Any Way to Run a Planet? 59 Part 2: Braving the Elements 77 Chapter 5: Blowing in the Winds 79 Chapter 6: Getting Cirrus 101 Chapter 7: The Greatest Storms on Earth 123 Part 3: Some Seasonable Explanations 145 Chapter 8: The Ways of Winter 147 Chapter 9: Twists and Turns of Spring 177 Chapter 10: Extremely Summer 209 Chapter 11: Falling for Autumn 231 Part 4: The Long Run 239 Chapter 12: Climate Is What You Expect; Weather Is What You Get 241 Chapter 13: Weathering Our Changing Atmosphere 265 Chapter 14: Taking Care of the Air 277 Part 5: The Special Effects 293 Chapter 15: Up in the Sky! Look! 295 Chapter 16: Tools of the Trade 311 Chapter 17: Try This at Home 327 Part 6: The Part of Tens 337 Chapter 18: Ten (or So) Most Deadly World Weather Disasters 339 Chapter 19: Ten Weatherwise Critters 345 Chapter 20: Ten Grand Old Weather Proverbs 351 Appendix: Internet Resource Directory 357 Index 365

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