Earth sciences Books
Bloomsbury Publishing Plc Earth
Book SynopsisObject Lessons is a series of short, beautifully designed books about the hidden lives of ordinary things.In Earth, a planetary scientist and a literary humanist explore what happens when we think of the Earth as an object viewable from space. As a blue marble, a blue pale dot, or, as Chaucer described it, this litel spot of erthe, the solitary orb is a challenge to scale and to human self-importance. Beautiful and self-contained, the Earth turns out to be far less knowable than it at first appears: its vast interior an inferno of incandescent and yet solid rock and a reservoir of water vaster than the ocean, a world within the world. Viewing the Earth from space invites a dive into the abyss of scale: how can humans apprehend the distances, the temperatures, and the time scale on which planets are born, evolve, and die?Object Lessons is published in partnership with an essay series in The Atlantic.Trade Review[An] alchemy of unlikely ideas ... [The authors] reflect on the geological history of the earth and humanity's understanding of it over the millennia. * Sydney Morning Herald *Earth is a magical, unusual, curious book … Cohen and Elkins-Tanton describe it as a “little book about an impossibly large subject.” This subject is made even larger by Cohen and Elkins-Tanton’s forays into discussions of beauty, creativity, and imagination (including my favorite question in the book: “Can you die from an overactive imagination?”) and how they connect to science and ultimately this planet. This makes Earth a book that is, ultimately, a testament to what can be discovered if we are brave enough to combine the unexpected. * PopMatters *Learning from this volume as a reader means … not only to participate in a conversation between specialists from two disciplines, but also to do so across different modes of expression, and experimenting together with the two authors in an innovative and completely unique creative space. Different readers (and reviewers) will learn different things from this handsome (it just about fits in an adult’s hand) and beautifully designed volume … What surprised me was how ‘realistic’ the object lesson became for me as a scholar because of the multiple narrative modes and tones in which it is written. The fragmentary mix of subjective impressions and scientific factoids all of us sedulously collect before we force them into linear narratives are all discernible as patterns in a rich and open ended fabric. * Medievally Speaking *Earth is ambitious, thought-provoking and inspirational, conversationally written between two dissimilar but very complementary viewpoints. In this great age of exoplanetary discovery, it makes me wonder how unique our wonderful home planet really is. * Scott Parazynski, MD, University Explorer and Professor at Arizona State University, USA, and NASA Astronaut (retired) *As much as the mindsets of a distinguished planetary scientist and a medieval studies professor differ, it is what they share in common when thinking about that object so dear to all of us, the Earth, that is so fascinating. What this delightful and informative book ultimately demonstrates is that the humanity of science itself offers untold fuel for the humanities to ponder our existence. The Object of this book, the Earth, is at once more interesting and better off because both of these scholars chose to write about it. * Lawrence M. Krauss, theoretical physicist and author of A Universe from Nothing and The Greatest Story Ever Told—So Far *Gorgeous … The book’s words and images can’t quite banish scale’s disorienting shifts, but interweaving planet-sized ideas with human words and emotions opens doors … I’m struck not so much by the disparity of [the authors’] fields as their shared curiosity and commitment to generative and generous thinking. * The Bookfish *Table of Contents1. Prologue: Genesis 2. Orbit 3. Ground (Why Earth?) 4. Scale (Barriers to Understanding) 5. Radiance (Earth's beauty) 6. Gravity (Earth's Pull) 7. Interlude: A Hike Around Piestewa Peak 8. Imagination List of Illustrations Notes Index
£9.49
Hodder & Stoughton Dust
Book Synopsis''Superb'' Telegraph''Marvellous'' New York Review of Books ''Brilliant'' Sunday Times''Eye-opening . . . impressive'' Guardian''Powerful'' Nature __________Dust may seem inconsequential, so tiny and mundane as to slip below the threshold of thought. Yet within the next one hundred years, life on Earth will be profoundly changed by heat and drought - and that means dust. In this ground-breaking book, Jay Owens shows how the modern world is made through both the creation and expulsion of dust. From particle air pollution and burning fossil fuels to land degradation, desertification and nuclear fallout, we find out the immense challenges confronting people and the planet.With clarity and insight, Dust: The Modern World in a Trillion Particles helps us understand our legacy and discovers the biggest ideas can be found in the smallest particles.__________<
£11.69
Reaktion Books The Sea: Nature and Culture
Book SynopsisThis book explores the sea and its meanings from ancient myths to contemporary geopolitics, from Atlantis to the Mediterranean migrant crisis. Richard Hamblyn traces a cultural and geographical journey from estuary to abyss, beginning with the topographies of the shoreline and ending with the likely futures of our maritime environments. Along the way, the sea becomes a site of work and endurance, of story and song, of language, leisure and longing. By considering the sea as both a physical and a cultural presence, this book shines new light upon it, and its indelible place in the human imagination.Trade Review“A whirlwind tour of the world’s seas and oceans . . . from oceanography and marine biology to the specialist language of seafarers to the sea as it is represented in art, music, film, and literature, to a dire warning of the sea’s vulnerability to anthropogenic global warming, overfishing, and the eternal life of plastics tossed unthinkingly into the sea. . . . What makes The Sea rare is Hamblyn’s intellectual agility, his capacity to write freshly (and with extraordinary economy) about everything he touches on. He holds my interest and admiration throughout this gorgeously illustrated book.” -- Jonathan Raban, author of "Passage to Juneau: A Sea and Its Meanings" and editor of "The Oxford Book of the Sea"
£15.26
Reaktion Books Unearthing the Underworld: A Natural History of
Book SynopsisUnearthing the Underworld reveals the hidden world of rocks - the secret-keepers of past environments, of changing climates and the pulse of life over billions of years. Even the most seemingly ordinary stone can tell us much about the history of this planet, opening vistas of ancient worlds of ice, raging floods, strange, unbreathable atmospheres and prehistoric worlds teeming with life. Remarkably, many types of rock owe their existence to living organisms, from the remains of dead animals to rotting ancient forests, or even the activity of fungi, bacteria and viruses. Anything but dull and uninteresting, rocks are intriguing portals that illuminate the secret underworld upon which we live.
£16.20
Gwasg Carreg Gwalch Rivers of Wales
Book SynopsisRivers of Wales does exactly what it says on the tin - in this book Jim Perrin introduces and revels in the nature of our rivers, writing from diverse perspectives. He looks at the geography, mythology, social history and natural history which exist as a result of the flowing waters. This is a celebration of Wales'' rivers and appeals to a broad readership.
£17.58
Gwasg Carreg Gwalch River and the Rock, The - River Potholes of Wales
Book SynopsisWhere rivers flow over rock, the combined action of water and sediment can create intricate and beautiful natural sculptures. Some of the most striking forms are potholes: roughly circular depressions carved into the rocky beds of turbulent, upland rivers.
£20.90
Graffeg Limited Nature Book Series, The: The Fox Book
Book SynopsisThe Fox Book, with its stunning photography and fascinating facts, is a must-have for all fox lovers. Featuring details of the life cycle and the differences between the rural fox and the urban fox. Sections include the fox in art and literature, fox in myth and legend around the world, and the many types of fox found in nature.
£9.49
Biplob World Pvt Learn with Biplob Book 2
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£8.48
Springer A Journey in Antarctica: Exploring the Future of
Book Synopsis
£18.39
Columbia University Press The Story of the Earth in 25 Rocks
Book SynopsisEvery rock is a tangible trace of the earth’s past. This book tells the fascinating stories behind the discoveries that shook the foundations of geology. In twenty-five chapters—each about a particular rock, outcrop, or geologic phenomenon—Donald R. Prothero recounts the scientific detective work that shaped our understanding of geology.Trade ReviewA natural follow-up to the author’s The Story of Life in 25 Fossils . . . [A] useful introduction to geology. * Kirkus Reviews *In 25 short and enjoyable chapters, [Prothero] explores issues that have been at the center of geology since long before geology was a science... Prothero provides thought-provoking historical context for each subject and presents information about the individuals responsible for advancing geological knowledge—including James Hutton, Charles Lyell, and Alfred Wegener—while explaining the underlying science in an accessible manner. * Publishers Weekly *Geologist Donald Prothero has crafted a rock-solid premise for this delightful book. -- Barbara Kiser * Nature *I learned something and gained a deeper appreciation for the history of Earth science from reading The Story of the Earth in 25 Rocks. I recommend it to anyone interested in tales of scientific discovery and natural marvels. * Physics Today *Skillfully presents a vast array of facts that should appeal to readers newly acquainted with Earth science who are interested in learning a bit more. * Choice *The Story of the Earth in 25 Rocks provides twenty-five well-lit doorways into the sometimes dark and imposing edifice of the geologic past. Colorful characters welcome the reader in, revealing the very human nature of scientific inquiry and our long and complicated relationship with rocks. -- Marcia Bjornerud, author of Reading the Rocks: The Autobiography of EarthTable of ContentsPrefaceAcknowledgments 1. Volcanic Tuff: Vulcan’s Wrath: The Eruption of Vesuvius2. Native Copper: The Iceman and the Island of Copper3. Cassiterite: The “Isles of Tin” and the Bronze Age4. Angular Unconformity: “No Vestige of a Beginning”: The Immensity of Geologic Time5. Igneous Dikes: The “Earth’s Great Heat Engine”: The Origin of Magmas6. Coal: The Rock That Burns Fires the Industrial Revolution7. Jurassic World: The Map That Changed the World: William Smith and the Rocks of Britain8. Radioactive Uranium: Clocks in Rocks: Arthur Holmes and the Age of the Earth9. Chondritic Meteorites: Messengers From Space: The Origin of the Solar System10. Iron-Nickel Meteorites: The Cores of Other Planets 11. Moon Rocks: Green Cheese or Anorthosite: The Origin of the Moon12. Zircons: Early Oceans and Life? Evidence in a Grain of Sand13. Stromatolites: Microbial Condos: Cyanobacteria and the Oldest Life14. Banded Iron Formation: Mountains of Iron: The Earth’s Early Atmosphere15. Turbidites: Archean Sediments and Submarine Landslides16. Diamictites: Tropical Glaciers and the Snowball Earth17. Exotic Terranes: Paradox in Rocks: Wandering Fossils and Traveling Landmasses18. Jigsaw-Puzzle Bedrock: Alfred Wegener and Continental Drift19. Chalk: The Cretaceous Seaway and Greenhouse Planet20. The Iridium Layer: The Death of the Dinosaurs21. Lodestones: How Paleomagic Launched Plate Tectonics22. Blueschists: The Puzzle of Subduction Zones23. Transform Faults: Earthquake! The San Andreas Fault24. Messinian Evaporites: The Mediterranean Was a Desert25. Glacial Erraticts: A Poet, a Professor, a Politician, a Janitor, and the Discovery of the Ice AgesIndex
£19.00
Taylor & Francis Ltd The Astrophotography Manual
Book SynopsisThe Astrophotography Manual''s Third Edition is the most up to date and authoritative guide for enthusiasts who want to create beautiful images of nebulas, galaxies, clusters, and the stars with the latest professional tools and techniques.The book has been completely revised and, after a brief astronomy primer, it guides readers through the full astrophotography process, from choosing and using equipment to image capture, calibration, and processing. An extensive Assignment section at the end shows how several deep sky objects were captured and processed. Throughout the book, the Author's combination of technical background and hands-on approach brings the science down to earth, with practical methods to ensure success. This latest edition is packed full of fresh images and ideas, using the latest hardware and software tools.Given its breadth, depth, and online resources, this book is ideal for those who wish to take their astrophotography to the next le
£48.99
Polity Press Mining Why it8217s essential for a sustainable
Book Synopsis
£14.39
John Wiley & Sons Inc An Introduction to Applied and Environmental
Book Synopsis* Inclusion of new techniques: thermal imaging and radioactivity methods * New section on case histories of multi-method environmental geophysical investigations * Improved artwork quality and layout .Table of ContentsPreface to the 2nd Edition xi Acknowledgements xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What are ‘applied’ and ‘environmental’ geophysics? 1 1.2 Geophysical methods 3 1.3 Matching geophysical methods to applications 5 1.4 Planning a geophysical survey 5 1.5 Geophysical survey design 9 2 Gravity Methods 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Physical basis 19 2.3 Measurement of gravity 24 2.4 Gravity meters 26 2.5 Corrections to gravity observations 34 2.6 Interpretation methods 45 2.7 Applications and case histories 59 3 Geomagnetic Methods 83 3.1 Introduction 83 3.2 Basic concepts and units of geomagnetism 83 3.3 Magnetic properties of rocks 87 3.4 The Earth’s magnetic field 89 3.5 Magnetic instruments 95 3.6 Magnetic surveying 100 3.7 Qualitative interpretation 103 3.8 Quantitative interpretation 107 3.9 Applications and case histories 123 4 Applied Seismology: Introduction and Principles 143 4.1 Introduction 143 4.2 Seismic waves 144 4.3 Raypath geometry in layered ground 149 4.4 Loss of seismic energy 152 4.5 Seismic energy sources 154 4.6 Detection and recording of seismic waves 169 5 Seismic Refraction Surveying 179 5.1 Introduction 179 5.2 General principles of refraction surveying 179 5.3 Geometry of refracted raypaths 182 5.4 Interpretational methods 186 5.5 Applications and case histories 193 5.6 Shear wave methods 208 6 Seismic Reflection Surveying 217 6.1 Introduction 217 6.2 Reflection surveys 217 6.3 Reflection data processing 228 6.4 Correlating seismic data with borehole logs and cones 246 6.5 Interpretation 250 6.6 Applications 257 7 Electrical Resistivity Methods 289 7.1 Introduction 289 7.2 Basic principles 289 7.3 Electrode configurations and geometric factors 293 7.4 Modes of deployment 301 7.5 Interpretation methods 311 7.6 ERT applications and case histories 326 7.7 Mise-`a-la-masse (MALM) method 336 7.8 Leak detection through artificial membranes 346 8 Spontaneous (Self) Potential Methods 349 8.1 Introduction 349 8.2 Occurrence of self-potentials 349 8.3 Origin of self-potentials 349 8.4 Measurement of self-potentials 353 8.5 Corrections to SP data 354 8.6 Interpretation of self-potential anomalies 354 8.7 Applications and case histories 357 8.8 Electrokinetic (EK) surveying 371 9 Induced Polarisation 373 9.3 Measurement of induced polarisation 376 9.4 Applications and case histories 384 10 Electromagnetic Methods: Introduction and Principles 403 10.1 Introduction 403 10.2 Principles of EM surveying 407 10.3 Airborne EM surveying 411 10.4 Seaborne EM surveying 418 10.5 Borehole EM surveying 426 11 Electromagnetic Methods: Systems and Applications 431 11.1 Introduction 431 11.2 Continuous-wave (CW) systems 431 11.3 Pulse-transient (TEM) or time-domain (TDEM) EM systems 467 12 Electromagnetic Methods: Systems and Applications II 495 12.1 Very-low-frequency (VLF) methods 495 12.2 The telluric method 502 12.3 The magnetotelluric (MT) method 505 12.4 Magnetic Resonance Sounding (MRS) 519 13 Introduction to Ground-Penetrating Radar 535 13.1 Introduction 535 13.2 Principles of operation 537 13.3 Propagation of radiowaves 539 13.4 Dielectric properties of earth materials 546 13.5 Modes of data acquisition 552 13.6 Data processing 554 13.7 Interpretation techniques 560 14 Ground-Penetrating Radar: Applications and Case Histories 565 14.1 Geological mapping 565 14.2 Hydrogeology and groundwater contamination 571 14.3 Glaciological applications 578 14.4 Engineering applications on manmade structures 587 14.5 Voids within manmade structures 599 14.6 Archaeological investigations 603 14.7 Forensic uses of GPR 607 14.8 Wide-aperture radar mapping and migration processing 607 14.9 Borehole radar 609 14.10 UXO and landmine detection 617 14.11 Animals 618 15 Radiometrics 625 15.1 Introduction 625 15.2 Natural radiation 625 15.3 Radioactivity of rocks 628 15.4 Radiation detectors 628 15.5 Data correction methods 633 15.6 Radiometric data presentation 635 15.7 Case histories 636 Appendix 645 References 649 Index 681
£49.35
Princeton University Press Extinction
Book SynopsisSome 250 million years ago, the earth suffered the greatest biological crisis in its history. Around 95 percent of all living species died out--a global catastrophe far greater than the dinosaurs' demise 185 million years later. How this happened remains a mystery. But there are many competing theories. Some blame huge volcanic eruptions that coverTrade ReviewOne of Choice's Outstanding Academic Titles for 2006 "Theories and mysteries can be dispelled with good data from the geologic record, and Erwin (a paleobiologist at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History) offers an authoritative account of the search for these data and for the cause of the extinction... Extinction provides a great reference for researchers and the interested lay reader alike."--Andrew M. Bush, Science "Extinction is a very enjoyable read... It provides a thoroughly up-to-date account of the causes of the end-Permian event and the developments in the field since 1993 as seen through the eyes of one of the key players... Extinction leaves the reader with the (accurate) picture that here is a scientist whose work has significantly advanced our understanding of the greatest extinction event known to science... [A] readable and scholarly account."--Richard J. Twitchett, American Scientist "Douglas Erwin's geological mystery story is engrossing. It contains a tribute to the scientific method--and also the collaborations of research. The book ends with Erwin warning that the Earth is arguably entering another mass extinction period, this time unnatural and man-made. And this time the destruction may well be total."--Lucy Sussex, The Age (Sunday edition) "Douglas H. Erwin, a Smithsonian paleobiologist and one of the leading experts on the Permian extinction has meticulously sifted through the evidence... His accessible new book, Extinction--written, it seems, both to persuade his colleagues and to educate a lay audience--is told from the perspective of a forensic scientist trying to piece together a quarter-billion-year-old crime scene."--Joshua Foer, Washington Post Book World "Douglas Erwin describes how life on Earth was nearly destroyed at the end of the Permian period, 250 million years ago... The author ... explain[s] what this paleontological, as well as geological, evidence can tell scientists about the dramatic and deadly shift in the Earth's environment."--Science News "No one can tell this story better than Douglas Erwin. His book is a superbly written account of what we know about the Permian extinctions... More than a geological story, this book is an excellent model of how science addresses complicated questions."--Choice "This book does not justify a single, accepted causal sequence of events ... to account for the end-Permian extinction. Instead, Erwin dissects the evidence for and against each hypothesis, impartially weighing their strengths and weaknesses. Although this book may frustrate readers expecting to learn how life nearly ended 250 million years ago, it will reward them with a fascinating case study in scientific inference, a case that remains very much open."--John P. Hunter, Quarterly Review of Biology "Erwin's book is science writing for the general public at its best and most lucid. Entertaining, informative, and thought provoking."--Northeastern Naturalist "Erwin offers a thorough overview of one of the most interesting problems in earth history... Erwin takes the readers on an insider's journey that includes adventures in the field, tedious hours in the laboratory, and stimulating but sometimes contentious exchanges among colleagues at scientific meetings. He gives rigorous consideration to every reasonable hypothesis... Erwin's short course is a professional service for geologists (like me) who have read only some of the primary literature on the end-Permian extinction."--Stephen O. Moshier, Books & Culture "For scientists as well as general educated readers, this book enlightens its readers to the complexity of the largest biological crisis the earth has yet seen."--H.J.M. Meijer, PalArch's Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology "I recommend Extinction: How Life on Earth Nearly Ended 250 Million Years Ago to scientists and nonscientists alike. It provides a clear, comprehensive, and compelling introduction to the greatest catastrophe in the history of animal life and proposes a reasonable hypothesis for the cause of the extinction that will undoubtedly be tested vigorously with new data in the coming decade."--Jonathan L. Payne, ComplexityTable of ContentsAcknowledgments vii Preface to the New Paperback Edition ix CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1 CHAPTER 2: A Cacophony of Causes 17 CHAPTER 3: South China Interlude 59 CHAPTER 4: It's a Matter of Time 77 CHAPTER 5: Filter Feeding Fails 98 CHAPTER 6: South African Eden 124 CHAPTER 7: The Perils of Permian Seas 161 CHAPTER 8: Denouement 187 CHAPTER 9: Resurrection and Recovery 218 CHAPTER 10: The Paradox of the Permo-Triassic 245 Notes 263 References 275 Index 293
£15.29
Wiley-Blackwell Fundamentals of Physical Volcanology
Book Synopsis
£50.30
SteinerBooks, Inc The Mutual Evolution of Earth and Humanity:
Book SynopsisThis monumental work by Dankmar Bosse presents, for the first time, a comprehensive picture of the evolution of the earth and its natural kingdoms, based primarily on geology and paleontology, and with reference to the work of Rudolf Steiner.Bosse explores many core questions of natural science, such as the relationship of humanity to the evolution of the animal kingdom, the origin of deep crystalline rocks, and the shaping of present-day landscapes.This is a fascinating exposition of the development of our natural world, and human beings, lavishly illustrated in colour. It is essential reading for anyone interested in how life on earth, and the earth itself, got to this point.
£40.00
Oxford University Press The Fundamental Processes in Ecology
Book SynopsisThis thought-provoking book introduces a way to study ecosystems that is resonant with current thinking in the fields of earth system science, geobiology, and planetology. Instead of organizing the subject around a hierarchical series of entities (e.g. genes, individuals, populations, species, communities, and the biosphere), the book provides an alternative process-based approach and proposes a truly planetary view of ecological science. It demonstrates how the idea of fundamental ecological processes can be developed at the systems level, specifically their involvement in control and feedback mechanisms. This enables the reader to reconsider fundamental ecological processes such as energy flow, guilds, trade-offs, carbon cycling, and photosynthesis, and to put them in a global (and even planetary) context. In so doing, the book places a much stronger emphasis on microorganisms. Since publication of the first edition in 2006, ever growing societal concern about environmental sustainability has ensured that the earth system science/Gaian approach has steadily gained traction. Its integration with ecology is now more important than ever if ecological science is to effectively contribute to the massive problems and future challenges associated with global environmental change. The Fundamental Processes in Ecology is an accessible text for senior undergraduates, graduate student seminar courses, and researchers in the fields of ecology, environmental sustainability, earth system science, evolutionary biology, palaeontology, history of life, astrobiology, planetology, climatology, geology, and physical geography.Table of ContentsPreface Part I: Introduction 1: Introducing the Thought Experiment Part II: The Fundamental Processes 2: Energy Flow 3: Multiple Guilds 4: Trade-offs and Biodiversity 5: Dispersal 6: Ecological Hypercycles: Covering a Planet with Life 7: Merging of Organismal and Ecological Physiology 8: Photosynthesis 9: Carbon Sequestration Part III: Emerging Systems 10: Nutrient Cycling as an Emergent Property 11: Historical Contingency and the Development of Planetary Ecosystems 12: From Processes to Systems
£36.09
University of Chicago Press Terrestrial Ecosystems Through Time Evolutionary Paleoecology of Terrestrial Plants and Animals
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£127.30
The University of Chicago Press Earths Deep History
Book SynopsisEarth has been witness to mammoths and dinosaurs, global ice ages, continents colliding or splitting apart, and comets and asteroids crashing catastrophically to the surface, as well as the birth of humans who are curious to understand it. But how was all this discovered? How was the evidence for it collected and interpreted? And what kinds of people have sought to reconstruct this past that no human witnessed or recorded? In this sweeping and accessible book, Martin J. S. Rudwick, the premier historian of the Earth sciences, tells the gripping human story of the gradual realization that the Earth's history has not only been unimaginably long but also astonishingly eventful. Rudwick begins in the seventeenth century with Archbishop James Ussher, who famously dated the creation of the cosmos to 4004 BC. His narrative later turns to the crucial period of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, when inquisitive intellectuals, who came to call themselves geologists, began to in
£22.80
Yale University Press Saving a Rainforest and Losing the World
Book Synopsis
£38.00
National Academies Press Data and Management Strategies for Recreational Fisheries with Annual Catch Limits
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£34.85
National Academies Press A Vision for NSF Earth Sciences 20202030 Earth in Time
A Vision for NSF Earth Sciences 20202030 Earth in | BookCurl
£48.45
John Wiley & Sons Inc Basic Geological Mapping
Book SynopsisPart of The Geological Field Guide Series, Basic Geological Mapping, 5 th Edition is an essential basic guide to field techniques in mapping geology. Now completely revised and updated the book retains the concise clarity which has made it an indispensable instant reference in its previous editions.Trade Review“In summary, the book is written for geology students mapping in the U.K., as opposed to the professional geoscientist. At its best, the book conveys the advice of experienced geology instructors to novice field mapping students as they struggle to learn the fundamentals of geologic observation and interpretation.” (Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, 2 May 2013) “No field geoscientist should be without this handy, unparalleled guide. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals; two-year technical program students.” (Choice, 1 August 2012) "This is a "how to do it" book and excels in being a good straight-forward read, packed with detailed information and advice, spiced with a little humour here and there." (Geomatics World, 1 March 2012) Table of ContentsPreface to the Fourth Edition ix Preface to the Fifth Edition xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Outline and Approach 1 1.2 Safety 2 1.3 Field Behaviour 4 1.4 A Few Words of Comfort 5 2 Field Equipment 6 2.1 Hammers and Chisels 6 2.2 Compasses and Clinometers 8 2.3 Hand Lenses 13 2.4 Tapes 14 2.5 Map Cases 14 2.6 Field Notebooks 15 2.7 Scales 16 2.8 Protractors 16 2.9 Pencils, Erasers and Mapping Pens 17 2.10 Acid Bottles 18 2.11 Global Positioning System (GPS) and Mobile Phones 19 2.12 Other Instruments 23 2.13 Field Clothing 26 3 Topographic Base Maps 27 3.1 Types of Geological Map 27 3.2 Topographic Base Maps 29 3.3 Geographic Coordinates and Metric Grids 30 3.4 Grid Magnetic Angle 33 3.5 Position Finding on Maps 34 3.6 Use of Air Photography as a Mapping Tool 43 3.7 Suitability of Images for Geological Mapping 48 4 Methods of Geological Mapping 50 4.1 Strategy for the Mapping Programme 50 4.2 Mapping by Following Contacts 51 4.3 Traversing 52 4.4 Exposure Mapping 55 4.5 Mapping in Poorly Exposed Regions 57 4.6 Superficial Deposits 62 4.7 Drilling 66 4.8 Geophysical Aids to Mapping 67 4.9 Large-Scale Maps of Limited Areas 71 4.10 Underground Mapping 74 4.11 Photogeology 76 5 Technological Aids to Mapping 80 5.1 Digital Terrain Models 80 5.2 Topographic Surveying Techniques 86 6 Field Measurements and Techniques 95 6.1 Measuring Strike and Dip of Planar Structures 95 6.2 Plotting Strike and Dip 101 6.3 Recording Strike and Dip 101 6.4 Measuring Linear Features 102 6.5 Folds 105 6.6 Faults 110 6.7 Thrusts 112 6.8 Joints 112 6.9 Unconformities 114 6.10 Map Symbols 114 6.11 Specimen Collecting 116 6.12 Field Photography 118 6.13 Panning 124 7 Mappable Rock Units and Lithology 126 7.1 Lithostratigraphy and Sedimentary Rocks 126 7.2 Sedimentary Formations 127 7.3 Rock Descriptions 128 7.4 Identifying and Naming Rocks in the Field 129 7.5 Fossils 133 7.6 Phaneritic Igneous Rocks 134 7.7 Aphanitic Igneous Rocks 135 7.8 Veins and Pegmatites 135 7.9 Igneous Rocks in General 136 7.10 Pyroclastic Rocks 138 7.11 Metamorphic Rocks 138 7.12 Economic Geology 140 8 Field Maps and Field Notebooks 146 8.1 Field Maps 146 8.2 Field Notebooks 154 9 Fair Copy Maps and Other Illustrations 162 9.1 Fair Copy Maps 162 9.2 Transferring Topography 163 9.3 Transferring Geology 163 9.4 Lettering and Symbols 164 9.5 Formation Letters 165 9.6 Layout 165 9.7 Colouring 167 9.8 Stratigraphic Column 167 9.9 Overlays 168 9.10 Computer Drafting of the Fair Copy Map 169 10 Cross-Sections and 3D Illustrations 171 10.1 Cross-Sections 171 10.2 Method of Apparent Dips 175 10.3 Down-Plunge Projection Method 177 10.4 Balanced Cross-Sections 179 10.5 Columnar Sections 179 10.6 Block Diagrams 180 10.7 Models 183 11 Geological Reports 185 11.1 Preparation 186 11.2 Revising and Editing 186 11.3 Layout 186 11.4 The ‘Introduction’ 188 11.5 Main Body of the Report 188 11.6 The ‘Conclusions’ Section 191 11.7 Text Illustrations 191 11.8 References 192 11.9 Appendices 193 11.10 Some Final Thoughts 193 Appendix A: Adjustment of a Closed Compass Traverse 195 Appendix B: Field Equipment Checklist 197 Appendix C: Indicators of Stratigraphical Way-Up 202 Appendix D: Useful Chart and Tables 203 References 205 Index 209
£26.55
John Wiley & Sons Inc The Atmosphere and Ocean
Book SynopsisThe Atmosphere and Ocean is a fully revised and updated student friendly physical introduction to the atmosphere and ocean. Now in its Third Edition, the book continues to provide students with an accessible description of the atmosphere and ocean with emphasis on their physical properties and inter-dependence.Trade Review“This book is commendable for attempting such an approach to educate a new generation of scientists armed with a unifying view of the ocean and atmosphere. It is a unique book for those who seek knowledge of not only ocean or atmosphere but also their commonality, distinction, and interaction.” (Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 1 November 2012) "I highly recommend the comprehensive and readily understandable book The Atmosphere and Ocean: A Physical Introduction, 3rd Edition by Neil C. Wells, to any advanced undergraduate students in meteorology, climatology, oceanography, and earth sciences. The book is valuable as well as to any business leaders and public policy makers seeking an approachable book on the topic of the interdependency between the ocean and atmosphere. This book is an excellent and accessible textbook on the topic and should be given priority for anyone interested in learning and understanding the principles of the interrelationship between the planet's atmosphere and its ocean." (Blog Business World, 26 February 2012) Table of ContentsSeries Foreword ix Preface to the Third Edition xi 1 The Earth within the Solar System 1 1.1 The Sun and its constancy 1 1.2 Orbital variations in solar radiation 4 1.3 Radiative equilibrium temperature 8 1.4 Thermal inertia of the atmosphere 10 1.5 Albedo 14 1.6 The topography of the Earth’s surface 18 2 Composition and Physical Properties of the Ocean and Atmosphere 25 2.1 Evolution of the atmosphere and ocean 25 2.2 Present-day composition of sea water 29 2.3 Introduction to gases and liquids 31 2.4 Hydrostatic equilibrium 39 2.5 Adiabatic changes and potential temperature 41 2.6 Vertical stability of the ocean and atmosphere 46 3 Radiation, Temperature and Stability 53 3.1 Vertical variation of atmospheric constituents 53 3.2 The attenuation of solar radiation 58 3.3 Absorption of planetary radiation 65 3.4 Vertical temperature profile and its relation to radiation 67 3.5 The absorption of solar radiation in the ocean 75 3.6 Diurnal and seasonal temperature cycles in the ocean 78 4 Water in the Atmosphere 83 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 The moist atmosphere 84 4.3 Measurement and observation of water vapour 86 4.4 Stability in a moist atmosphere 88 4.5 Processes of precipitation and evaporation: The formation of clouds 94 4.6 Macroscopic processes in cloud formation 106 5 Global Budgets of Heat, Water and Salt 111 5.1 The measurement of heat budgets at the surface 111 5.2 Observations of surface heat fluxes and budgets 117 5.3 The measurement of the water budget 126 5.4 Observations of the water budget 127 5.5 The salt budget of the ocean 131 5.6 Temperature and salinity relationships in the ocean 134 5.7 Tracers in the ocean 141 6 Observations of Winds and Currents 147 6.1 Measurement of winds and currents 147 6.2 Scales of motion in the atmosphere and ocean 159 6.3 Time averaged circulation 164 6.4 Time-dependent motion 175 7 The Influence of the Earth’s Rotation on Fluid Motion 181 7.1 An introduction to the Earth’s rotation 181 7.2 Inertial motion 184 7.3 Pressure gradients and geostrophic motion 187 7.4 Vorticity and circulation 197 7.5 The atmosphere and ocean boundary layers 206 7.6 Equatorial winds and currents 210 8 Waves and Tides 219 8.1 The spectrum of surface waves 219 8.2 Wind waves and swell 223 8.3 Long waves 230 8.4 Internal waves 234 8.5 Ocean tides 237 8.6 Storm surges 244 8.7 Atmospheric waves and tides 249 9 Energy Transfer in the Ocean-Atmosphere System 253 9.1 Modes of energy in the ocean–atmosphere system 253 9.2 The kinetic energy of the atmosphere and ocean 259 9.3 Mechanisms of kinetic energy transfer 262 9.4 General circulation of the atmosphere 271 9.5 General circulation of the ocean 277 10 Mathematical Modelling of the Ocean and Atmosphere 283 10.1 Introduction 283 10.2 Scientific modelling: A simple model of the surface layer of the ocean 284 10.3 A dynamical model of the ocean surface layer 288 10.4 Numerical solutions of mathematical models 291 10.5 Numerical solutions for momentum on a rotating Earth 293 10.6 Atmospheric and climate general circulation models 295 10.7 Global ocean models 301 10.8 Observations of the ocean and atmosphere 305 11 Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction 315 11.1 Air-sea interaction: An introduction 315 11.2 Seasonal anomalies of the ocean-land-atmosphere system 322 11.3 Interannual fluctuations in the ocean-atmosphere system 326 11.4 Decadal variations in the ocean-atmosphere system 332 12 Climate Change 337 12.1 Past climate observations 337 12.2 Mechanisms of climate change 341 12.3 Current climate change 346 12.4 Understanding recent climate change 350 12.5 Predicting future climate 351 Problems 353 Glossary 369 General Reading 377 Further Reading and References 379 Figure Sources 385 Appendices A Standard International (SI) Units 391 B SI Unit Prefixes 391 Index 393
£52.20
Random House, India The Rumbling Earth
Book SynopsisThe renowned seismologists C.P. Rajendran and Kusala Rajendran offer a riveting story of the Indian earthquakes, their science, history and impact. Like all other natural phenomena, earthquakes are part of life-sustaining forcesthe creators of the mountains, valleys and springs or even deserts on Eartha theatre where the show never ends. The book takes the readers to some exciting parts of India to show how earthquakes change the topography where a sea existed not far in the pastnow a salt marsh, affecting the social life, trade and livelihood. The book discusses the likelihood of the next big earthquake in the Himalayas against the backdrop of the devastating earlier ones revealed by archaeology, history and geology. It probes the causes and aftermath of the devastating Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 and gives a glimpse of the past. The high-impact earthquakes will happen, but they need not always end up as human catastrophes. The authors have spent much of their professional lives stud
£22.79
University of Pittsburgh Press Reading the World
Book Synopsis
£58.54
Oneworld Publications Biodiversity
Book SynopsisReveals the roots of our biodiversity crisis, why we failed to meet targets set over a decade ago, and what we must do now to protect and preserve nature’s wondersTrade Review‘If you have any doubts about the meaning of the term biodiversity or its importance to the world, here is a book that explains it in an interesting and accessible way and challenges us to protect it better.’ -- Professor Sir Ghillean Prance FRS, FLS, FRSB, botanist and former director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew‘A stimulating, authoritative and deeply rewarding read that makes you think about the natural world in a novel way.’ -- Dr Ahmed Djoghlaf, former executive secretary of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity‘Spicer spells out the chilling message…the findings of which have been backed by respected scientists from the United Nations, Yale University and the Eden Project.’ * Herald *‘Will appeal to intelligent non-specialists and may provide the incentive to study the subject in greater depth.’ * Journal of Biological Education *‘This is science for the general reader at its very best – clear, committed, fascinating and laser-focused on the crisis we face.’ -- Randal Keynes, great-great-grandson of Charles Darwin and author of Creation: The True Story of Charles Darwin‘His gift for the telling analogy and his clear, lively writing make Biodiversity a pleasure to read.’ -- Stephen C. Stearns, Edward P. Bass Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale UniversityTable of Contents1 The pandemic of wounded biodiversity Biodiversity – what was that again? A long, leisurely trip to La Jolla Directions 2 Teeming boisterous life The big picture The volleyball on Mission Beach ‘A rose by any other name’…what’s a species? Morphological species Identifying species without ever seeing them Biological species Evolutionary species Naming species How many living species…and what are they? 1) To the nearest approximation (almost) every organism is an arthropod…? 2) Greenery: The Plantae 3) Fungi: Mushrooms, moulds and yeasts – The Fungi 4) Mollusca: Shell life 5) Chordata: Animals with backbones…mostly 6) Protozoa or Protista? 7) Nematoda: The roundworm that’s the fly in the ointment? 8) Bacteria and Archaea: Microbial life Remaining animal groupings Viruses: All the world’s a phage… or nearly New species Planting and growing the ‘tree of life’ The great chain of being Linnaeus’s hierarchical classification Influence of evolutionary ideas Chatton’s two-domain idea Whittaker’s five-kingdom approach Woese and the three-domain model A new twist to the three-domain model …and when is a tree a bush? Designs on life The phylum and the Bauplan Most phyla are not very species rich An unequal distribution of life 3 Where on Earth is biodiversity? From Berkeley, south to the Sea of Cortez More is more Back to Bird Rock The species–area relationship Those who go down to the sea in ships Hotspots: A tale of two definitions Big-scale biodiversity: Biogeographical and political regions On land Sea Biodiversity by country Latitude for life? The land The sea Genetic diversity and latitude Why is there a latitudinal gradient? Altitude Lessons from the tops of Scottish mountains Biodiversity takes the hump with altitude Mountains as islands? Aerial plankton and organisms in flight Depth The short-lived azoic theory Out of our depth A journey to the centre of the Earth Staying close to home Congruence: The holy grail of diversity? 4 A world that was old when we came into it: Diversity, deep time and extinction One every twenty minutes? A life in the year of… Precambrian – before life? A schoolgirl changes our understanding of life before life – but no one believes her The garden of Ediacara A world of chemical energy, not driven by sunlight? How familiar is the Ediacaran fauna? Explosive Cambrian Cambrian forms Archaeocyatha: The only extinct phylum? Why diversify now? Cambrian explosion or short fuse? Cambrian biodiversity: Good designs… or just lucky? How a small quarry in British Columbia changed our understanding of biodiversity ‘It’s a Wonderful Life’ To conclude Post-Cambrian: Tinkering with successful designs? Palaeozoic – ‘first life’ Middle and modern life The present – not set in stone Beginnings of evolution: The origin of species End of evolution: Extinction The ‘big five’ Causes of extinction Extinctions as routine events in the history of life Early humans and biodiversity Extinctions post-1600s Proving extinction? The Red Data Book Other takes on extinction To conclude 5 Swept away and changed Threatening behaviour Living beyond our means Top five direct (or proximate) causes of biodiversity loss 1) Habitat loss and degradation 2) Direct exploitation Home economics Food, glorious food Industrial materials Medicine sans frontiers Ecotourism Controlling the natural world 3) Climate change 4) Introduced species The domino effect: Extinction cascades Some light relief: Complete elimination of biodiversity by extraterrestrial means The ultimate cause of biodiversity loss: You and me Once upon a time there were two people…now look how many Not just population size but where people live Not just population size but what people do It’s the poor that do the suffering To conclude 6 Are the most beautiful things the most useless? ‘…and for everything else there’s Mastercard’ Costing a small planet Use now, pay when? What bees do for free is expensive Costing the Earth – literally How Biosphere 1 works – as one Earth, the Goldilocks planet – just right Lovelock’s Gaia hypothesis Critiques of Gaia How bits of Biosphere 1 work Build your own biosphere: Not-so-silent running The home marine aquarium Mysteries and hazards Valuable for what, and to whom? Keeping options open Bequest and bequeathal Full-on philosophers and laid-back religion? Value bestowed, not intrinsic Intrinsic value Valued as an object of worship or through kinship A creator gives biodiversity value To conclude 7 Our greatest hazard and our only hope? Saving private land Antecedents Oh, Rio Large brushstrokes Louder than words Arks in parks Out of place – but alive Buzzword for the twenty-first century Responses to Rio Millennium Assessment Aichi (2010) and ‘Pathway for Humanity’ (2015) Strategic plan for biodiversity and Aichi biodiversity targets ‘Pathway for Humanity’: UN Sustainable Development Goals (2015) Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (2019) Aichi Target 11: Increasing protected areas Goal 16: Nagoya protocol in force Sustainability goals No room for the individual? Epilogue 8 No one is too small to make a difference Going further: Suggestions for wider reading Index
£8.99
John Wiley & Sons Inc Sea Salt Aerosol Production
Book SynopsisPublished by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 152.Sea salt aerosol (SSA) exerts a major influence over a broad reach of geophysics. It is important to the physics and chemistry of the marine atmosphere and to marine geochemistry and biogeochemistry generally. It affects visibility, remote sensing, atmospheric chemistry, and air quality. Sea salt aerosol particles interact with other atmospheric gaseous and aerosol constituents by acting as sinks for condensable gases and suppressing new particle formation, thus influencing the size distribution of these other aerosols and more broadly influencing the geochemical cycles of substances with which they interact. As the key aerosol constituent over much of Earth''s surface at present, and all the more so in pre-industrial times, SSA is central to description of Earth''s aerosol burden.Table of ContentsPreface ix 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Sea Salt Aerosol (SSA) and its Importance 1 1.2. Methods of Determining Size-Dependent SSA Production Fluxes 5 1.3. Scope of This Work 5 2. Fundamentals 9 2.1. Description of SSA Particle Sizes, Concentrations, and Fluxes 9 2.2. Major SSA Production Mechanisms 35 2.3. Factors Affecting SSA Production, Entrainment, Transport, and Removal 37 2.4. Structure of the Atmosphere Over the Ocean 44 2.5. Chemical and Physical Properties of Seawater and SSA Particles 47 2.6. Kinematics and Dynamics of SSA Particles 63 2.7. Mechanisms for Removal of SSA Particles From the Atmosphere 71 2.8. Transport of SSA in the Marine Boundary Layer 77 2.9. Vertical Distribution of SSA Particles 82 3. Methods of Determining Size-Dependent Sea Salt Aerosol Production Fluxes 101 3.1 Steady State Dry Deposition Method 101 3.2. Whitecap Method 105 3.3. Concentration Buildup Method 107 3.4. Bubble Method 109 3.5. Micrometeorological Methods 110 3.6. Along-Wind Flux Method 113 3.7. Direct Observation Method 11 6 3.8. Vertical Impaction Method 11 6 3.9. Statistical Wet Deposition Method 117 3.10. Summary of Methods for Flux Determination 117 4. Measurements and Models of Quantities Required to Evaluate Sea Salt Aerosol Production Fluxes 119 4.1. Sea Salt Aerosol Concentrations 120 4.2 Near Surface Field Measurements Pertinent to SSA Production 183 4.3. Laboratory Studies Pertinent to SSA Production 187 4.4. Bubbles in the Oceans 235 4.5. Oceanic Whitecaps 256 4.6. Dry Deposition 2 73 4.7. Minor SSA Production Mechanisms 289 5. Sea Salt Aerosol Production Fluxes: Estimates and Critical Analysis 299 5.1. General Considerations 299 5.2. Steady State Dry Deposition Method 303 5.3. Whitecap Method 314 5.4. Concentration Buildup Method 320 5.5. Bubble Method 322 5.6. Micrometeorological Methods 329 5.7. Along-Wind Flux Method 332 5.8. Direct Observation Method 337 5.9. Vertical Impaction Method 338 5.10. Statistical Wet Deposition Method 338 5.11. Comparison of Flux Estimates 339 6. Applications and Implications 345 6.1. The Climate Connection 345 6.2. Representation of SSA Production Flux in Chemical Transport Models 346 6.3. Status and Prospect 349 Principal Symbols 353 List of Figures 357 List of Tables 358 References 359 Index 409
£75.56
Cambridge University Press Radical Adaptation
Book SynopsisThe book is for city dwellers, urban planners, and students interested in how climate change is unfolding in cities. It is the first book to explore the range and extent of adaptive transformations required to manage growing climate-related shocks that are only beginning to play out in large cities worldwide.Trade Review'Radical Adaptation brings a global perspective to our engagement with the reality of climate change in everyday life. In this insightful and carefully researched book Stone explores a series of emerging intersections between climate, infrastructure, and contemporary cities.' Matthew Gandy, University of Cambridge'Professor Stone has written a magnificently clear text outlining the most critical current impacts of climate change on cities (heat, drought, sea level rise, and flooding) and plausible solutions. With expert synthesis, he presents complex scientific information in understandable, jargon-less language, providing brilliant insight into current conditions, future threats, and adaptation options. This book is a must-read for anyone engaged in urban infrastructure and planning and climate adaptation and anyone interested in how climate change is altering our lives.' Peter J. Marcotullio, Director, CUNY Center for Sustainable Cities, Hunter College'This book describes the many ways the climate crisis impacts on us now in our homes, neighbourhoods and livelihoods and the most effective do-able measures to address these. What makes it special is the interweaving of detailed city case studies with a general text (also detailed) and historic examples.' David Satterthwaite, International Institute for Environment and Development and Visiting Professor, University College, London'Cities are in a constant state of becoming, and now climate change is forcing societies to even more dramatically reimagine how cities are built, and how people live in them. In response, Radical Adaptation provides a compelling eye-level and planning-based narrative on the pathways and possibilities that lie ahead for urban spaces and residents. As a solutions-focused book, it details the story of how positive transformative change is within our own grasp, and that the cumulative impact of small and discrete steps, even against rising challenges, can become the rebuilding that is needed to create more resilient, sustainable and equitable communities.' William D. Solecki, Hunter College, City University of New York'Cities are at the forefront of climate change. Professor Stone provides a compelling account of how past infrastructure choices in cities interact with extreme weather and climate events being increasingly fueled by climate change to affect the health and well-being of residents. Focusing on high ambient temperature and water (too much or too little), Professor Stone provides interesting, illustrative, and evidence-based stories of current impacts in cities associated with changing weather patterns; and demonstrates how timely, practical, and urgent investments in re-engineering infrastructure would increase resilience to additional climate change.' Kristie L. Ebi, University of WashingtonTable of Contents1. Heat; 2. Water (Too Much); 3. Water (Too Little); 4. Retreat Postscript: Vine City References; References; Index.
£28.49
Cambridge University Press Earth History
Book Synopsis
£52.24
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Global Environmental Careers
Book SynopsisGlobal Environmental Careers Global Environmental Careers The Worldwide Green Jobs Resource This book is the ideal guide to equipping you with the tools and know-how to develop an environmental career. It is filled with practical advice, case studies, personal profiles and top tips across the global environment sector. An essential resource for anyone, from school students to those who are already in work but dreaming of a more meaningful career. This new book comes at exactly the right moment. There has never been a more critical time for effective, international action on our common ecological crisis, and success in that work requires a new generation of 21st Century environmental professionals.'Kevin Doyle, Executive Director, Office of Career and Professional Development, Yale School of the Environment As an experienced green career coach, the top questions I hear from green job seekers are, What are the green jobs out there, which ones would be a good match, how do I get my foot in the door, and where do I find these jobs? Taberham's book answers all of these in a refreshingly approachable way.'Lisa Yee-Litzenberg, President, Green Career Advisor LLC One of the biggest challenges environmental career seekers face is understanding and muddling through the opportunities available to them based on their experience, education, and interest. Taberham's book is a great resource to help people navigate their options and grab some tips for the career journey.'Laura Thorne, The Environmental Career Coach A fantastic book for those who are interested in pursuing a role in sustainability. Jam-packed with helpful resources, career insights, and real-life case studies this is a go-to resource for professionals who are launching their careers.'Sharmila Singh, New Lens Consulting Justin Taberham provides an impressive global overview of a multifaceted, ever-changing sector that continues to evolve rapidly due to advances in technology and knowledge, changes in funding and incentives, and shifts in priorities and laws.'Carol L. McClelland, PhD, Author of Green Careers for DummiesTable of ContentsAcknowledgements ix 1 Introduction 1 2 Environmental Consultancy 51 3 Integrated Water Resources Management 80 4 Environmental Law 100 5 Environmental Policy, Legislation and Regulation 121 6 Conservation and Ecology 129 7 Greening Companies, Corporate Sustainability 154 8 Air Quality 176 9 Fisheries Management 189 10 Marine Science and Conservation 207 11 Protected Area Planning and Management 219 12 Waste and Resource Management and Contaminated Land 232 13 Renewables and Energy 246 14 Journalism and Writing/Blogging 264 15 Emerging and Other Sectors 276 16 Contributors 282 Index 000
£25.60
John Wiley and Sons Ltd The Periglacial Environment
Book SynopsisThe Periglacial Environment, Fourth Edition, is an authoritative overview of the world s cold, non-glacial environments. First published in 1976 and subsequently revised in 1996 and 2007, the text has been the international standard for nearly 40 years.Table of ContentsPreface to Fourth Edition xv Preface to Third Edition xvii Preface to Second Edition xix Preface to First Edition xxi Acknowledgments xxiii Part I The Periglacial Domain 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 The Periglacial Concept 3 1.2 Diagnostic Criteria 4 1.3 Periglacial Environments 5 1.4 The Periglacial Domain 6 1.5 The Periglacial Domain and the Cryosphere 9 1.6 Disciplinary Considerations 10 1.6.1 The Growth of Geocryology 10 1.6.2 The Challenge of Quaternary Science 11 1.6.3 Periglacial Geomorphology or Cold-Region Geomorphology? 12 1.7 Societal Considerations 12 1.8 The Growth of Periglacial Knowledge 13 2 Periglacial Climates 17 2.1 Boundary Conditions 17 2.2 Cold Deserts 17 2.3 Regional Climates 19 2.3.1 High Arctic Climates 22 2.3.2 Continental Climates 24 2.3.3 Alpine Climates 24 2.3.4 Montane Climates 25 2.3.5 Climates of Low Annual Temperature Range 25 2.3.6 Antarctica: A Special Case 26 2.4 Snow and Ice 26 2.5 Wind 28 2.6 Ground Climates 28 2.6.1 The ‘n’-Factor 28 2.6.2 TheThermal Offset 29 2.6.3 The Ground Temperature Regime 31 2.7 Periglacial Climates and Global Climate Change 35 2.7.1 Basic Facts 37 2.7.2 Why Climate–Cryosphere Interactions Accelerate ClimateWarming 38 3 Periglacial Ecosystems 41 3.1 General Statement 41 3.2 Biogeographic Zonation and Major Vegetation Types 41 3.3 Adaptations to Cold, Snow,Wind and Aridity 44 3.4 The Effect of Vegetation 44 3.5 The Polar Deserts 47 3.5.1 High Polar Deserts 47 3.5.2 The Polar Semi-Deserts 47 3.6 The Polar Desert–Tundra Transition 49 3.7 The Low-Arctic Tundra 49 3.8 The Forest–Tundra Bioclimatic Boundary (The Tree Line) 53 3.9 The Boreal Forest 56 3.10 The Alpine and Montane Ecosystems 58 3.11 Antarctica – A Special Case 60 3.12 Periglacial Ecosystems and Climate Change 61 Part II Frozen Ground and Permafrost 63 4 Ground Freezing, Permafrost and the Active Layer 65 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 Ground Freezing 65 4.2.1 Basic Concepts 65 4.2.2 Ice Segregation 67 4.2.3 ‘The Frozen Fringe’ 69 4.2.4 Frost Heave 69 4.3 Perennially-Frozen Ground (Permafrost) 70 4.4 Moisture and IceWithin Permafrost 72 4.5 Thermal and Physical Properties 73 4.5.1 The Geothermal Regime 73 4.5.2 The TTOP Model 76 4.5.3 Physical Properties 77 4.5.4 Thermal Properties 78 4.6 Permafrost Hydrology 78 4.6.1 Aquifers 79 4.6.2 Hydrochemistry 80 4.6.3 Groundwater Icings 81 4.7 The Active Layer 82 4.7.1 Terminology 82 4.7.2 The Active-LayerThermal Regime 83 4.7.3 The Transient Layer 83 4.7.4 The Stefan Equation 84 5 Permafrost Distribution and Stability 87 5.1 Introduction 87 5.2 Controls over Permafrost Distribution 87 5.2.1 Relief and Aspect 87 5.2.2 Rock Type 88 5.2.3 Vegetation 90 5.2.4 Snow Cover 90 5.2.5 Fire 92 5.2.6 Lakes and SurfaceWater Bodies 92 5.3 Spatial Extent of Permafrost and Frozen Ground 93 5.3.1 Latitudinal Permafrost 93 5.3.2 Alpine (Mountain) Permafrost 95 5.3.3 Montane Permafrost 98 5.3.4 Seasonally-Frozen Ground 100 5.4 Sub-Sea and Relict Permafrost 101 5.4.1 Sub-Sea Permafrost 101 5.4.2 Relict (Terrestrial) Permafrost 101 5.5 Permafrost and Ecosystems 102 5.6 Permafrost Monitoring and Mapping 104 5.6.1 CALM and GTN-P (TSP) 104 5.6.2 BTS and Mountain Permafrost Probability Mapping 106 5.7 ClimateWarming and Permafrost 106 5.7.1 Evidence forWarming Permafrost 107 5.7.2 Evidence for Thawing Permafrost 109 6 Ground Ice and Cryostratigraphy 111 6.1 Introduction 111 6.2 Quantitative Parameters 111 6.3 Epigenetic, Syngenetic and Polygenetic Permafrost 112 6.4 Classification 113 6.4.1 The Russian Approach 113 6.4.2 The North American Approach 114 6.5 Main Ground Ice Types 115 6.5.1 Pore Ice 115 6.5.2 Segregated Ice 116 6.5.3 Intrusive Ice 117 6.5.4 Vein Ice 118 6.5.5 Other Types of Ice 118 6.6 Ice Distribution 118 6.6.1 Amounts 118 6.6.2 Distribution with Depth 120 6.6.3 Ice in Bedrock 120 6.6.4 Ice in Poorly-Lithified Sediments 121 6.7 Cryostratigraphy and Cryolithology 124 6.7.1 Cryostructural Analysis 125 6.7.2 Cryostructures of Epigenetic and Syngenetic Permafrost 128 6.7.3 Thaw Unconformities 129 6.7.4 Aggradational Ice 131 6.7.5 Icy Bodies and Ice, Sand and Soil Pseudomorphs 131 6.8 Ice Crystallography 132 6.9 Ice Geochemistry 133 6.10 Massive Ice and Massive-Icy Bodies 133 6.10.1 Nature and Extent 134 6.10.2 Intra-Sedimental Ice 135 6.10.3 Buried Glacier Ice 136 6.11 Cryostratigraphy and Past Environments 136 7 Aggradational Permafrost Landforms 139 7.1 Introduction 139 7.2 How Does Permafrost Aggrade? 139 7.2.1 The Illisarvik Drained-Lake Experiment 139 7.3 Thermal-Contraction-Crack Polygons 141 7.3.1 Coefficients ofThermal Expansion and Contraction 141 7.3.2 Ice, Sand and Soil (‘Ground’)Wedges 144 7.3.3 Development of the Polygon Net 144 7.3.4 Polygon Morphology 145 7.3.5 Controls over Cracking 147 7.3.6 Climatic Significance 150 7.4 Ice and SandWedges 151 7.4.1 EpigeneticWedges 154 7.4.2 SyngeneticWedges 154 7.4.3 Anti-SyngeneticWedges 156 7.4.4 Growth and Deformation ofWedges 156 7.5 Organic Terrain 156 7.5.1 Palsas 157 7.5.2 Peat Plateaus 158 7.6 Frost Mounds 158 7.6.1 Perennial-FrostMounds 158 7.6.2 Hydraulic (Open) System Pingos 159 7.6.3 Hydrostatic (Closed) System Pingos 161 7.6.4 Other Perennial-FrostMounds 165 7.6.5 Seasonal-Frost Mounds 165 7.6.6 Hydrolaccoliths and Other Frost-Induced Mounds 165 8 Thermokarst Processes and Landforms 169 8.1 Introduction 169 8.2 Thawing Ground 169 8.2.1 Thaw Strain andThaw Settlement 169 8.2.2 Potential Depths of Soil Freezing andThawing 170 8.2.3 The Development of Thermokarst 170 8.3 Causes ofThermokarst 171 8.3.1 General Comments 172 8.3.2 Specific Causes 174 8.4 Thaw-Related Processes 176 8.4.1 Thermokarst Subsidence (Thaw Settlement) 176 8.4.2 Thermal Erosion 176 8.4.3 Other Processes 176 8.5 Thermokarst Sediments and Structures 177 8.5.1 Involuted Sediments 177 8.5.2 Retrogressive-Thaw-Slumps and Debris-Flow Deposits 178 8.5.3 Ice-Wedge Pseudomorphs and Composite-Wedge Casts 179 8.5.4 Ice, Silt, Sand and Gravel Pseudomorphs 180 8.6 Thermokarst Landscapes 181 8.6.1 The Alas-Thermokarst Relief of Central Yakutia 182 8.6.2 TheWestern North American Arctic 185 8.6.3 The Ice-Fee Areas of Continental Antarctica 185 8.7 Ice-Wedge Thermokarst Relief 186 8.7.1 Low-Centred Polygons 186 8.7.2 High-Centred Polygons 186 8.7.3 BadlandThermokarst Relief 186 8.8 Thaw Lakes and Depressions 187 8.8.1 Lakes and Táliks 189 8.8.2 Morphology 189 8.8.3 Growth and Drainage 189 8.8.4 OrientedThaw Lakes 191 Part III Periglacial Geomorphology 193 9 Cold-ClimateWeathering 195 9.1 Introduction 195 9.2 GeneralWeathering Facts 195 9.3 Freezing and Thawing Indices 196 9.4 Rock (Frost?) Shattering 197 9.4.1 Frost Action and Ice Segregation 197 9.4.2 Insolation and Thermal Shock 200 9.4.3 Perspective 202 9.5 ChemicalWeathering 204 9.5.1 Karkevagge 204 9.5.2 Solution and Karstification 205 9.5.3 SaltWeathering 208 9.6 CryogenicWeathering 208 9.6.1 Cryogenic Disintegration 210 9.6.2 The Coefficient of Cryogenic Contrast 210 9.6.3 Physico-Chemical Changes 212 9.6.4 Problematic Phenomena 212 9.7 CryobiologicalWeathering 213 9.8 Rates of Cold-Climate BedrockWeathering 214 9.9 Cryosols and Cryopedology 215 9.9.1 Cryosols 215 9.9.2 Classification 216 9.9.3 Cryosolic Micromorphology 216 10 Mass-Wasting Processes and Active-Layer Phenomena 219 10.1 Introduction 219 10.2 Slow Mass-Wasting Processes 219 10.2.1 Solifluction 219 10.2.2 Frost Creep 221 10.2.3 Gelifluction 223 10.2.4 Solifluction Deposits and Phenomena 223 10.3 Rapid Mass-Wasting Processes 226 10.3.1 Active-Layer-Detachment Slides 226 10.3.2 Debris Flows, Slush Flows and Avalanches 226 10.3.3 Rockfall 230 10.4 Snow Hydrology and Slopewash Processes 232 10.4.1 Snow Hydrology and Snowbanks 233 10.4.2 Surface and SubsurfaceWash 233 10.5 Active-Layer Phenomena 235 10.5.1 Frost Heaving 235 10.5.2 Bedrock Heave 235 10.5.3 Upward Heaving of Stones and Objects 235 10.5.4 Stone Tilting 237 10.5.5 Needle Ice 239 10.5.6 Frost Sorting 239 10.5.7 Cryoturbation 240 10.6 Patterned Ground 240 10.6.1 Sorted and Non-Sorted Circles 240 10.6.2 Mud Boils 243 10.6.3 Nets and Stripes 246 11 Azonal Processes and Landforms 247 11.1 Introduction 247 11.2 Fluvial Processes and Landforms 247 11.2.1 Major Rivers 248 11.2.2 Freeze-Up and Break-Up 251 11.2.3 Basin Hydrology 252 11.2.4 Sediment Flow, Surface Transport and Denudation 255 11.2.5 Channel Morphology 256 11.3 Lakes and Lake Ice 259 11.3.1 Lake Ice and Climate Change 259 11.3.2 Perennially-Frozen Lakes 260 11.4 Coastal Processes and Landforms 260 11.4.1 Sea Ice 260 11.4.2 Sea Ice,Wave Generation and Sediment Transport 261 11.4.3 Ice on the Beach and the Near-Shore 262 11.4.4 The Influence of Permafrost 264 11.4.5 Cold-Climate Deltas 266 11.5 Aeolian Processes, Sediments and Landforms 267 11.5.1 Wind Abrasion 268 11.5.2 Wind Deflation 271 11.5.3 Sand Dunes and Sand Sheets 271 11.5.4 Niveo-Aeolian Sediments 273 11.5.5 Loess-Like Silt 274 12 Slope Development and Landscape Evolution 275 12.1 Introduction 275 12.2 Slope Morphology 275 12.2.1 The Free-Face Slope 275 12.2.2 Rectilinear Debris-Mantled Slopes 278 12.2.3 Convexo-Concavo Debris-Mantled Slopes 278 12.2.4 Pediment-Like Slopes and Inselberg-Like Hills 280 12.2.5 Stepped Profiles 281 12.3 Slope and Valley Development 284 12.3.1 Slope Asymmetry 284 12.4 Frozen and Thawing Slopes 287 12.4.1 Frozen Ground (Permafrost) Creep 287 12.4.2 Rock Glaciers 288 12.4.3 Thaw Consolidation and the Stability of Thawing Slopes 290 12.5 Periglacial Slope Evolution 293 12.5.1 The Davisian (Peltier)Model 293 12.5.2 Cryoplanation 295 12.5.3 Richter Denudation Slopes 295 12.6 Landscape Inheritance 296 12.6.1 The Uplands of Northern Interior Yukon 296 12.6.2 A Perspective 298 Part IV Pleistocene Periglacial Environments 299 13 The Pleistocene Periglacial Domain 301 13.1 Introduction 301 13.2 The Time Scale and Climatic Fluctuations 301 13.3 Global (Eustatic) Considerations 304 13.3.1 Sea-Level Changes 304 13.3.2 Uplift of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau 304 13.4 Past Glaciations, Permafrost and Frozen Ground 305 13.4.1 Extent of Past Glaciations 305 13.4.2 Relict Permafrost 306 13.5 Pleistocene Periglacial Environments 307 13.5.1 General Considerations 307 13.5.2 Problems of Palaeo-Environmental Reconstruction 308 13.5.3 Ice Age Mammals and Ecosystems 309 13.6 The Pleistocene Periglacial Domain in the Northern Hemisphere 312 13.6.1 Extent of LPM Permafrost 313 13.6.2 Western, Central and Southern Europe 313 13.6.3 Eastern Europe and Kazakhstan 315 13.6.4 Southern, Central and Northern Siberia 317 13.6.5 Western and North-Eastern China 317 13.6.6 North America 319 13.7 The Pleistocene Periglacial Domain in the Southern Circumpolar Region 321 14 Previously-Frozen Ground 323 14.1 Introduction 323 14.2 Past Permafrost Aggradation 323 14.2.1 The Palaeo-Active Layer and AssociatedWeathering Characteristics 323 14.2.2 Fragipans and the Palaeo-Permafrost Table 326 14.2.3 Secondary Precipitates and Clay Minerals 326 14.3 Frost-Fissure Pseudomorphs and Casts 327 14.3.1 Terminology Relevant to Pleistocene-Age Structures in Unfrozen Sediments 327 14.3.2 Ice-Wedge Pseudomorphs 329 14.3.3 Sand Veins, Sand-Wedge Casts and Composite-Wedge Casts 331 14.3.4 Frost Cracking: Seasonal or Perennial? 332 14.4 Frost-Mound Remnants 333 14.5 Past Permafrost Degradation 335 14.5.1 Thermokarst Depressions 335 14.5.2 Thermokarst Involutions and ‘Sediment-Filled Pots’ 336 14.5.3 Large-Scale Soft-Sediment Deformations 338 14.5.4 Non-Diastrophic Structures in Bedrock 339 14.6 Summary 341 15 Pleistocene Periglaciation 343 15.1 Introduction 343 15.2 Intense Frost Action 343 15.2.1 Frost-Disturbed Bedrock 343 15.2.2 Mountain-Top Detritus (‘Blockfields’) 344 15.2.3 Tors 347 15.2.4 Stratified Slope Deposits 347 15.2.5 Frost-Disturbed Soils, Periglacial Involutions and Patterned Ground 347 15.3 MassWasting and Aeolian-Linked Sediment Deposition 351 15.3.1 Geological ‘Time Travellers’ 351 15.3.2 Head or Solifluction Deposits 353 15.3.3 ‘Yedoma’ and ‘Muck’ deposits 353 15.3.4 Loess and Aeolian Silt 355 15.4 Wind Abrasion and Aeolian Sediment Transport 358 15.4.1 Wind-Abraded Rocks 359 15.4.2 Aeolian Sand Deposition 360 15.5 DrainageModification 360 15.5.1 Ice-Marginal Drainage 361 15.5.2 River and Valley Incision in Ice-Free Areas 362 15.5.3 Enlargement of the Drainage Network 364 15.5.4 Asymmetrical Valley Development 364 15.6 Planation and Cryopedimentation 366 15.7 A Perspective on Periglaciation 366 15.7.1 The Example of Central and Southern England 367 15.7.2 General Conclusions 369 Part V Human Occupance and The Periglacial Environment 371 16 Urban and Social Infrastructure 373 16.1 Introduction 373 16.2 Human Occupance 373 16.3 Human-Induced Thermokarst 375 16.3.1 Early Siberian and North American Experience 375 16.3.2 The Rapidity of Change 376 16.4 Cold-Regions Engineering 378 16.4.1 General Principles 378 16.4.2 General Solutions 379 16.5 Provision of Municipal Infrastructure in Northern Canada 384 16.5.1 Inuvik, NWT 384 16.5.2 Dawson City, Yukon Territory 384 16.5.3 Yellowknife, NWT 387 16.5.4 Thompson, Northern Manitoba 390 16.6 The Alaskan Experience: The Example of Fairbanks 390 16.7 Water-Supply Problems 392 16.8 Urban Infrastructure and Climate Change 392 16.8.1 The Russian North 392 16.8.2 Other Areas 394 16.8.3 Related Socio-Economic Changes 396 17 Transportation and Resource Development 399 17.1 Introduction 399 17.2 Rivers as Highways 399 17.3 Roads and Highways 401 17.3.1 Winter Roads 401 17.3.2 All-Season Roads 401 17.4 Railways 405 17.4.1 The Hudson Bay Railway, Canada 405 17.4.2 The Qinghai-Tibet Railway (QTR), China 406 17.5 Bridge Construction 406 17.6 Runways and Airstrips 410 17.7 Oil and Gas Development 411 17.7.1 Exploration Problems 411 17.7.2 Exploratory Drilling andWaste-Drilling-Fluid Disposal Problems 414 17.7.3 Pipelines and Permafrost 415 17.8 Mining Activities 419 17.8.1 Placer Gold Mining Operations 419 17.8.2 Opencast Mining 420 17.8.3 Containment andWaste Disposal 420 References 423 Index 503
£60.26
John Wiley & Sons Salt in the Earth Sciences Evaporite Rocks and Sa lt Deposition
£143.45
John Wiley & Sons Inc Aerosol Technology
Book SynopsisAEROSOL TECHNOLOGY An in-depth and accessible treatment of aerosol theory and its applications The Third Edition of Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles delivers a thorough and authoritative exploration of modern aerosol theory and its applications. The book offers readers a working knowledge of the topic that reflects the numerous advances that have been made across a broad spectrum of aerosol-related application areas. New updates to the popular text include treatments of nanoparticles, the health effects of atmospheric aerosols, remote sensing, bioaerosols, and low-cost sensors. Additionally, readers will benefit from insightful new discussions of modern instruments. The authors maintain a strong focus on the fundamentals of the discipline, while providing a robust overview of real-world applications of aerosol theory. New exercise problems and examples populate the book, which also includes:Table of ContentsPreface to the First Edition xi Preface to the Second Edition xiii Preface to the Third Edition xv List of Principal Symbols xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Definitions 2 1.2 Particle Size, Shape, and Density 5 1.3 Aerosol Concentration 8 Problems 11 References 12 2 Properties of Gases 15 2.1 Kinetic Theory of Gases 15 2.2 Molecular Velocity 18 2.3 Mean Free Path 20 2.4 Other Properties 21 2.5 Reynolds Number 24 2.6 Measurement of Velocity, Flow Rate, and Pressure 27 Problems 35 References 36 3 Uniform Particle Motion 37 3.1 Newton’s Resistance Law 37 3.2 Stokes’s Law 39 3.3 Settling Velocity and Mechanical Mobility 40 3.4 Slip Correction Factor 42 3.5 Nonspherical Particles 44 3.6 Aerodynamic Diameter 46 3.7 Settling at High Reynolds Numbers 47 3.8 Stirred Settling 54 3.9 Instruments that Rely on Settling Velocity 56 3.10 Appendix: Derivation of Stokes’s Law 58 Problems 60 References 63 4 Particle Size Statistics 65 4.1 Properties of Size Distributions 65 4.2 Moment Averages 71 4.3 Moment Distributions 72 4.4 The Lognormal Distribution 77 4.5 Log-Probability Graphs 80 4.6 The Hatch-Choate Conversion Equations 84 4.7 Statistical Accuracy 88 4.8 Appendix 1: Distributions Applied to Particle Size 89 4.9 Appendix 2: Theoretical Basis for Aerosol Particle Size Distributions 90 4.10 Appendix 3: Derivation of the Hatch-Choate Equations 90 Problems 92 References 94 5 Straight-Line Acceleration and Curvilinear Particle Motion 97 5.1 Relaxation Time 97 5.2 Straight-Line Particle Acceleration 98 5.3 Stopping Distance 101 5.4 Curvilinear Motion and Stokes Number 104 5.5 Inertial Impaction 105 5.6 Cascade Impactors 110 5.7 Virtual Impactors 115 5.8 Time-of-Flight Instruments 117 Problems 119 References 120 6 Adhesion of Particles 121 6.1 Adhesive Forces 121 6.2 Detachment of Particles 123 6.3 Resuspension 124 6.4 Particle Bounce 126 Problems 127 References 127 7 Brownian Motion and Diffusion 129 7.1 Diffusion Coefficient 129 7.2 Particle Mean Free Path 132 7.3 Brownian Displacement 134 7.4 Deposition by Diffusion 137 7.5 Diffusion Batteries 141 Problems 144 References 145 8 Thermal and Radiometric Forces 147 8.1 Thermophoresis 147 8.2 Thermal Precipitators 151 8.3 Radiometric and Concentration Gradient Forces 153 Problems 155 References 155 9 Filtration 157 9.1 Macroscopic Properties of Filters 157 9.2 Single-Fiber Efficiency 163 9.3 Deposition Mechanisms 165 9.4 Filter Efficiency 169 9.5 Pressure Drop 174 9.6 Membrane Filters 174 Problems 176 References 176 10 Sampling and Measurement of Concentration 179 10.1 Isokinetic Sampling 179 10.2 Sampling from Still Air 185 10.3 Transport Losses 188 10.4 Measurement of Mass Concentration 189 10.5 Direct-Reading Instruments 192 10.6 Measurement of Number Concentration 195 10.7 Sampling Pumps 197 Problems 199 References 200 11 Respiratory Deposition 203 11.1 The Respiratory System 203 11.2 Deposition 206 11.3 Deposition Models 210 11.4 Inhalability of Particles 213 11.5 Respirable and Other Size-Selective Sampling 215 Problems 223 References 224 12 Coagulation 227 12.1 Simple Monodisperse Coagulation 227 12.2 Polydisperse Coagulation 233 12.3 Kinematic Coagulation 238 Problems 240 References 241 13 Condensation and Evaporation 243 13.1 Definitions 243 13.2 Kelvin Effect 246 13.3 Homogeneous Nucleation 247 13.4 Growth by Condensation 248 13.5 Nucleated Condensation 251 13.6 Condensation Particle Counters 255 13.7 Evaporation 257 Problems 261 References 263 14 Atmospheric Aerosols 265 14.1 Natural Background Aerosol 265 14.2 Urban Aerosol 269 14.3 Global Effects 274 Problems 275 References 275 15 Electrical Properties 277 15.1 Units 277 15.2 Electric Fields 278 15.3 Electrical Mobility 280 15.4 Charging Mechanisms 283 15.5 Corona Discharge 289 15.6 Charge Limits 291 15.7 Equilibrium Charge Distribution 292 15.8 Electrostatic Precipitators 294 15.9 Electrical Measurement of Aerosols 297 Problems 301 References 302 16 Optical Properties 305 16.1 Definitions 306 16.2 Extinction 307 16.3 Scattering 313 16.4 Visibility 317 16.5 Optical Measurement of Aerosols 322 Problems 329 References 330 17 Bulk Motion of Aerosols 333 Problems 338 References 338 18 Dust Explosions 339 Problems 344 References 344 19 Bioaerosols 345 19.1 Characteristics 345 19.2 Sampling 347 Problems 350 References 351 20 Microscopic Measurement of Particle Size 353 20.1 Equivalent Sizes of Irregular Particles 353 20.2 Fractal Dimension of Particles 358 20.3 Optical Microscopy 362 20.4 Electron Microscopy 365 20.5 Asbestos Counting 369 20.6 Automatic Sizing Methods 371 Problems 371 References 372 21 Production of Test Aerosols 375 21.1 Atomization of Liquids 375 21.2 Atomization of Monodisperse Particles in Liquid Suspensions 380 21.3 Dispersion of Powders 382 21.4 Condensation Methods 387 Problems 388 References 389 Appendices 391 Appendix A1. Useful Constants and Conversion Factors 391 Appendix A2. Some Basic Physical Laws 393 Appendix A3. Relative Density of Common Aerosol Materials (Multiply Values by 1000 for Density in kg/m 3 and by 1.0 for Density in g/cm 3) 394 Appendix A4. Standard Sieve Sizes 394 Appendix A5. Properties of Gases and Vapors at 293 K [20 ∘ C] and 101 kPa [1 atm] 395 Appendix A6. Viscosity and Density of Air versus Temperature 395 Appendix A7. Pressure (a), Temperature (b), Density (c), and Mean Free Path (d) of air versus altitude 396 Appendix A8. Properties of Water Vapor 397 Appendix A9. Properties of Water 398 Appendix A10. Particle Size Range of Aerosol Properties and Measurement Instruments: (a) Application Range for Aerosol Size Measuring Instruments and (b) Size Range of Aerosol Properties (See Also Fig. 1.6) 398 Appendix A11. (a) Properties of Airborne Particles at Standard Conditions (SI Units) 400 Appendix A12. Slip Correction Factor for Standard and Nonstandard Conditions: (a) Slip Correction Factor Minus One versus Particle Diameter and Standard Conditions; (b) Slip Correction Factor versus Particle Diameter Times Pressure (per atm) for Temperatures from 233 to 893K [–40 to 600 ∘ C] 402 Appendix A13. Properties of Selected Low-Vapor-Pressure Liquids 403 Appendix A14. Reference Values for Atmospheric Properties at Sea Level and 293.15 Ki20 ∘ C] 404 Appendix A15. Greek Symbols Used in This Book 405 Appendix A16. SI Prefixes 405 References 405 Index 407
£105.26
John Wiley & Sons Inc Oceans For Dummies
Book SynopsisDive deep to explore the ocean From how most of our oxygen is created by phytoplankton, to how currents control our climate, to the marine food chain and the importance of coral, this is the holy grail of ocean books that's easy for everyone to digest. It features fun facts about some of the most incredible, bizarre, and fascinating creatures in the ocean, from mantis shrimp that can strike things with the speed of a .22 caliber bullet to fish with clear heads that can see out of the top of their skulls. The ocean is full of wonders and there is still so much left to explore and understand. How our oceans workWhat creatures live in the oceanFind out how the ocean regulates our climate and weather patternsHow growing pollution threatens our ocean and its inhabitants Oceans For Dummies is perfect for anyone with an interest in the ocean, including kids, adults, students, ocean lovers, surfers, fishermen, conservationists, sailors, and everyone in between.Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 About This Book 2 Foolish Assumptions 3 Icons Used in This Book 3 Beyond the Book 4 Where to Go from Here 4 Part 1: Getting Started with Your Ocean Voyage 5 Chapter 1: Brushing Up on Ocean Fundamentals 7 Taking a Nickel Tour of the Ocean(s) 8 Dividing the ocean into oceans or not 8 Recognizing the ocean zones 9 Dropping in on the different ecosystems 10 Going with the Flow: The Physical Properties of the Ocean 10 Getting up to speed on the water cycle 11 Checking out what’s at the bottom of the ocean (and below) 13 Riding waves, tides, and currents 13 Recognizing the ocean’s role in climate control and weather 14 Meeting the Ocean’s Inhabitants 14 Recognizing strength in numbers: Marine microorganisms 15 Going green with marine plants and plant-like organisms 15 Grouping the ocean’s animals 16 Exploring the Complex and Evolving Human-Ocean Relationship 17 Chapter 2: Appreciating the Ocean’s Many Gifts 19 Supplying Over Half of the World’s Oxygen 20 Playing a Key Role in Regulating Climate and Weather 20 Producing Protein for Billions of People 22 Contributing Trillions to the Global Economy 23 Serving as a Source of Mystery and Wonder 24 Stimulating our imaginations 25 Increasing our knowledge of the world around us 26 Getting in touch with our emotional connection to the sea 27 Chapter 3: Looking Back at the Ocean’s History (and Prehistory) 29 Discovering How the Ocean Got Its Start 30 The wet planet theory 30 The water delivery truck theory 31 Tracing the Evolution of Ocean Life 31 Getting the evolutionary ball rolling 32 Going cellular 32 And now for a word about metabolism 33 All together now: Multicellular organisms 34 Taking evolution to the next level in the Paleozoic era 35 Gaining momentum in the Mesozoic era 41 Increasing sophistication in the Cenozoic era 44 Taking the Earth’s Present Evolutionary Pulse 48 Looking Ahead: What’s in Store for the Ocean’s Future? 51 Part 2: Finding Your Way Around 55 Chapter 4: Mapping the Ocean by Zones 57 Dividing the Ocean into Three Horizontal Zones 58 Where land meets sea: The intertidal zone 58 Wading through the neritic zone 60 Heading out to sea: The oceanic zone 61 Exploring the Five Vertical Zones of the Water Column 62 Skimming the surface: The epipelagic zone 62 Dimming the lights in the mesopelagic zone 63 Taking a deeper, darker dive into the bathypelagic zone 65 Delving into the abyss: The abyssopelagic zone 67 How low can you go? The hadalpelagic zone 69 Acknowledging the Existence of Other Zones 71 From light to dark: The photic and aphotic zones 71 From top to bottom: The pelagic and benthic zone 72 Chapter 5: Checking Out the Neighborhoods: The Ocean’s Ecosystems 73 Hugging the Shore 74 Digging life in the sand 74 Living life on the rocks 75 Mixing it up in the estuaries 77 Muddling through the mudflats 78 Settling down in salt marshes 80 Meandering through the mangroves 81 Swimming through Kelp Forests 83 Swirling in Sargasso: A Sea without Borders 85 Grazing in the Seagrass Meadows 87 Building Their Own Communities: Reefs 88 Coral reefs 88 Oyster reefs 92 Chilling Out at the Poles 92 Living Under Extreme Conditions: Deep Ocean Ecosystems 95 Hydrothermal vents 95 Deep-sea coral reefs 95 Cold seeps 97 Whale falls 97 Moving Out and About: Migratory Species 98 Chapter 6: Taking a Deeper Dive: Beneath the Ocean 99 Grasping the Basics of Plate Tectonics 99 Tracing the Contours of the Seafloor 102 Creating the first map of the seafloor 104 Fine-tuning seafloor maps with better technology 105 Chipping Away at Ocean Rock and Sediment 106 Checking Out Deep-Sea Cores 106 Part 3: Sampling the Vast Diversity of Sea Life 109 Chapter 7: Getting to Know the Mighty Microbes 111 Meeting the Marine Microbes 112 Bacteria 112 Archaea 114 Viruses 114 Protists 115 Fungi 115 Recognizing the Importance of Microbes 116 Feeding the ocean’s living organisms 117 Anchoring food chains and webs 118 Cleaning up our messes 122 Looking at the Relationship between Microbes and Plankton 123 Phytoplankton 123 Zooplankton 123 Distinguishing lifers from juvies 124 Chapter 8: Sorting Out Algae, Seaweed, and Other Aquatic Vegetation 127 All You Need to Know about Algae, and Then Some 128 Go big or go home: Macroalgae (a.k.a seaweed) 128 Small, but just about everywhere the sun shines: Microalgae 132 Understanding the threats posed by harmful algae blooms (HABs) 134 Shoring Up the Shoreline with Mangroves 137 Not Your Typical Lawn: Seagrass 138 Checking Out What’s Growing in the Salt Marshes 139 Chapter 9: Getting the Lowdown on Simple Invertebrates 141 Sponges and Other Holy Creatures: The Porifera 142 Calcarea 143 Demospongiae 143 Hexactinellida 145 Homoscleromorpha 145 Jellyfish, Anemones, and Other Notable Cnidarians 146 Scyphozoans 147 Hydrozoans 148 Anthozoans 149 Cubozoans 150 Ctenophora (Comb Jellies) 150 Starfish, Urchins, and Other Famous Echinoderms 151 Asteroidea (sea stars) 151 Ophiuroidea (brittle stars) 152 Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars) 153 Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars) 154 Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) 155 Squirmy Wormies: The Annelids 156 Polychaetes 156 Oligochaetes 158 Hirudinea 158 Chapter 10: Getting Mushy over Mollusks 159 Meet the Mother of All Mollusks 160 Gastropods: Putting Their One Foot Forward 161 Snails 161 Sea slugs and sea hares 165 Bivalves: Parts One and Two 167 Clams 167 Oysters 168 Mussels 169 Scallops 169 Cephalopods: Head and Tentacles Above the Rest 170 Octopi 171 Squid 172 Cuttlefish 174 Nautilus 175 Chapter 11: Wearing Their Skeletons on the Outside: Crustaceans 177 What Makes a Crustacean a Crustacean? 178 The Shrimpy Crustaceans: Branchiopoda 178 Real Softies: Malacostraca (Soft-Shell Crustaceans) 180 Phyllocarida 180 Hoplocarida 181 Eumalacostraca 182 A New Twist on Putting Your Foot in Your Mouth: Maxillopoda 190 Copepods 190 Barnacles 191 Fish lice 191 Crustacean Cave Dwellers: The Remipedia 192 Ostracoda 192 What about Horseshoe Crabs? 193 Chapter 12: Getting Chummy with Fish: Bony and Otherwise 195 Look Ma, No Jaw! Agnatha 196 Lampreys 196 Hagfish 197 Look Pa, No Bones! Chondrichthyes 198 Elasmobranchii: The fish with a PR problem 199 Holocephali: Chimaera 208 Check Out the Bones! Osteichthyes 209 Ray-finned 211 Lobe-finned 215 Chapter 13: Meeting a Few Marine Reptiles 217 Everybody’s Favorite: Sea Turtles 218 Meet the family 219 Making babies 223 A seriously threatened animal 224 Will the Real Sea Serpent Please Slither Forward? 225 The Only Lizard to Make the Cut: Marine Iguanas 227 Saltwater Crocodiles 228 Chapter 14: Bird Watching in and Near the Ocean 231 Knowing What Makes a Bird a Shorebird or a Seabird 232 Shorebirds 232 Seabirds 233 Flying Way Below the Radar: Penguins 234 Going Loony 236 Courting Grebes 237 Tubular, Dude! Albatross, Petrels, Shearwaters, and Fulmars 238 Soaring with the albatross 238 Skimming the surface with shearwaters 239 Fluttering above the surface with petrels 240 Pelicans and Other Pelecaniformes 241 Pelicans 242 Frigate birds 243 Boobies and gannets 243 Cormorants and shags 245 Phaethontidae — Tropicbirds 246 Sea Ducks and Geese: The Saltwater Variety 246 A Curious Mix: The Charadriiformes 247 Gulls, terns, skimmers, and friends 247 Auks, puffins, and other Alcids 249 Shorebirds and waders 251 Ospreys, Herons, Flamingos, and Other Seaside Attractions 253 Osprey 254 Eagles 255 Herons 255 Flamingos 256 Chapter 15: Getting Warm and Fuzzy with Marine Mammals 257 What Makes Marine Mammals So Special? 258 Staying toasty 258 Breathing easy 259 Adapting to their food source 259 Adapting to salt water 263 Exhibiting special sensory adaptations 263 Getting Acquainted with the Cetaceans: Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises 265 Sizing up baleen whales 266 Sinking your teeth into the toothed whales 270 Swimming with the Sirenians: Manatees and Dugongs 276 Seals, Walruses, and Other Pinnipeds 277 Earless (true) seals 278 Eared seals 279 Walruses 280 Stepping Out with the Marine Fissipeds 281 The ever-popular polar bears 281 Otters you “oughter” know 283 Part 4: Grasping Basic Ocean Physics 285 Chapter 16: Following the Ocean in Motion 287 Meeting the World’s Largest Wave Machine 288 Plain ol’ surface waves 288 Tsunamis: So-called tidal waves 289 Rising and falling with the tides 291 Going unnoticed: Internal waves 294 Upwelling and Downwelling in the Water Column 295 Riding the Currents: The Ocean’s Global Conveyor Belt 296 Knowing Where the Winds Blow 298 Going Round and Round with Gyres 301 Following the Ups and Downs of Sea Levels 303 Chapter 17: Driving Climate and Weather 307 Understanding the Ocean’s Role in Climate and Weather 307 Differentiating climate and weather 308 Looking at how the ocean impacts climate and weather 308 Letting Off Some Steam 309 Hurricanes, cyclones, and typhoons 309 Monsoons 312 El Niño and La Niña 312 Understanding Climate Change and Global Warming 314 Part 5: Understanding the Human-Ocean Connection 319 Chapter 18: Taking a Quick Dip into the History of Underwater Exploration 321 Getting to the Bottom of Things 322 Diving bells 322 Hard-hat diving helmets and suits 324 The self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) 324 Submersibles 328 Setting Up Shop in Underwater Research Stations 333 Conshelf 333 SeaLabs 334 Aquarius 335 Checking Out Other Ocean Monitoring Gadgets and Technologies 335 Buoys (moored and drifting) 335 Coring, dredging, and trawling tools 337 Water column samplers 337 Sonar and lidar 338 The Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) 338 Chapter 19: Tapping the Ocean’s Resources: The Blue Economy 341 Supplying the World’s Seafood Diet 342 Harvesting plant life, too 343 Growing our own supplies: Aquaculture and mariculture 344 Tapping the Sea as a Source for Fresh water 344 Shipping Goods ‘Round the World 345 Digging Up Gold, Diamonds, and Other Valuables: Deep-Sea Mining 345 Harnessing the Ocean’s Energy Resources 346 Discovering New Medications 348 Capitalizing on Tourism and Recreation 349 Accounting for a Few Ancillary Ocean Benefits 349 Carbon storage (a.k.a blue carbon) 349 Coastal protection 351 Cultural value 351 Biodiversity 352 Chapter 20: Governing the Ocean: Treaties, Laws, Agreements, and Enforcement 353 Recognizing the Two Systems of Law That Govern the Seas 354 Admiralty Law 354 The Law of the Sea 355 Establishing Sovereign and International Jurisdictions 357 Understanding sovereign jurisdiction 357 Ruling the high seas: International jurisdiction 359 Policing the Ocean and Enforcing the Laws 360 Preventing illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing 361 Combating piracy on the high seas 361 Chapter 21: Taking Care of the Ocean That Takes Care of Us 363 Keeping Tabs on Ocean Health 364 Zeroing in on the Problems 365 Pollution 366 Overfishing 372 Acidification 373 Habitat destruction 374 Invasive species 374 Warming sea temperatures 374 Coming Up with Solutions 377 Improving socio-economic conditions 377 Building marine sanctuaries 378 Cutting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions 380 Restoring and conserving coastal and ocean habitats 381 Reducing the impact of plastics and other trash 382 Preventing and recovering from overfishing 382 Engaging youth 383 Get involved! 384 Part 6: The Part of Tens 385 Chapter 22: Ten Deadly Ocean Creatures 387 Saltwater Crocodiles 388 Fugu Fish 388 Killer Whales 389 Blue-Ringed Octopus 389 Sea Snake 390 Stone Fish 390 Sharks (But Not All of Them) 391 Cone Snails 392 Box Jellyfish 393 Humans 393 Chapter 23: Ten Ocean Myths Busted 395 Melting Sea Ice Increases Sea Levels 395 Sharks Must Swim Constantly to Survive 396 Some Penguins Can Fly 397 Salt Water Kills Bacteria 397 Seawater is Just Salty Water 398 Waterspouts Are Tornadoes Over Water 398 The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a Solid Mat of Plastic 399 All Jellies Can Sting Humans 399 The Ocean is Blue Because It Reflects the Color of the Sky 400 Nothing Lives in the Middle of the Ocean 400 Chapter 24: Ten Ways You Can Help Preserve the Ocean 401 Reduce Your Carbon Footprint 402 Steer Clear of Plastics 403 Make Sustainable Seafood Choices 403 Use Ocean-Friendly Sunscreen 404 Don’t Buy Products That Exploit Marine Life 405 Vote for the Ocean with an Environmental Conscience 405 Defend Your Drain: Use Natural Products 406 Protect Your Local Watershed 406 Make It a Family Affair 407 Join and Support Ocean Conservation Organizations 408 Index 411
£15.99
John Wiley & Sons Inc Polluted Earth
Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPart I Planet Earth Chapter 1 Humans and the EnvironmentChapter 2 Environmental JusticeChapter 3 Architecture of the Earth and Atmosphere Chapter 4 Climate Change Chapter 5 Natural Pollution Chapter 6 Environmental Perspective on Rocks and MineralsChapter 7 Natural Hazards and Pollution Part II Pollution of the Earth Chapter 8 Pollution of GroundwaterChapter 9 Pollution of Rivers and Surface Waters Chapter 10 Pollution of SoilChapter 11 Ecosystem PollutionChapter 12 Ocean PollutionChapter 13 Air Pollution and Weather Part III Development and Resource Usage Chapter 14 Mining and Earth ResourcesChapter 15 Military and PollutionChapter 16 Agricultural Pollution Chapter 17 Nuclear Energy and Dangers Part IV Remediation of the Environment Chapter 18 Waste Disposal Chapter 19 Environmental Industry and Clean upChapter 20 Is It Too Late?
£68.85
CRC Press Preparing NEPA Environmental Assessments
Book SynopsisAlthough upwards of 50,000 environmental assessments (EAs) are prepared annuallycompared to some 500 environmental impact statements (EISs)the focus of U.S. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) regulations is on defining requirements for preparing EISs. Written by Charles Eccleston and J. Peyton Doub, who have established themselves among the top environmental experts in the world, Preparing NEPA Environmental Assessments: A User's Guide to Best Professional Practices fills the need for an authoritative and comprehensive guide on how to prepare EAs.Bridging the regulatory gap, this book identifies relevant EIS regulatory requirements that can be logically interpreted to also apply to EAs. It compiles and synthesizes information scattered throughout NEPA's regulations, executive orders, and guidance documents, and incorporates case law to provide additional clarification. The authors also draw on the professional experiences and best profeTrade ReviewPraise for the previous book, Effective Environmental Assessments: How to Manage and Write NEPA Assessments (CRC Press, 2001):"Mr. Eccleston has written a most thorough guide to managing and preparing EAs that puts NEPA back into its original perspective—a planning and decision-making tool … comprehensively covers the EA process … provides practical guidance for effectively preparing an analysis …"—Mr. Russell W. Peterson, Former Governor of Delaware and Former Chairman of the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)"NEPA is the cornerstone of our environmental statutory structure and provides a strategic look for long-range planning. By explaining the environmental assessment process in a scholarly, yet easily understandable way, Charles Eccleston has performed an enormous service for all who care about the protection of our country's—and indeed the world's—environment."—Michael R. Deland, Former Chairman, Council on Environmental Quality"Charles Eccleston has performed a real service in authoring Effective Environmental Assessments: How to Manage and Write NEPA Assessments. The book fills a void and concentrates on environmental assessments, a critical but underemphasized part of the NEPA process. It is, furthermore, both useful and user-friendly."—Nicholas C. Yost, Sonnenschein Nath & Rosenthal, former General Counsel of the CEQ charged with responsibility for writing the 1978 CEQ NEPA RegulationsTable of ContentsThe NEPA Environmental Assessment Process: Overview and Historical Development of NEPA. General Concepts and Requirements. NEPA and Environmental Impact Analysis. The Threshold Question: Determining Whether an EA or an EIS is Required. The Environmental Assessment Process. The Environmental Impact Assessment. Writing the Environmental Assessment. Assessing Significance. The Finding of No Significant Impacts. NEPA Case Law and Non-NEPA Environmental Assessment Documents: An Overview of NEPA Law and Litigation. Specialized Non-NEPA Environmental Assessment Documents. Summary. Index.
£58.99
WW Norton & Co Meet the Neighbors
Book Synopsis
£22.79
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Fundamentals of Geobiology
Book SynopsisThis book is the first to set out a coherent set of principles that underpin geobiology, and will act as a foundational text that will speed the intellectual dissemination of those principles.Trade Review“In summary, Fundamentals of Geobiology would be a welcome addition to any geoscientist’s bookshelf, especially those interested in sedimentary geology, palaeobiology or Earth history.” (The Geological Journal, 1 January 2013) “It would be this reviewer’s “stranded on a desert island” selection. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals.” (Choice, 1 January 2013) PROSE Awards 2012: Honorable Mention in the Earth Sciences Category. Table of ContentsContributors, xi 1. What is Geobiology?, 1 Andrew H. Knoll, Donald E. Canfield, and Kurt O. Konhauser 1.1 Introduction, 1 1.2 Life interacting with the Earth, 2 1.3 Pattern and process in geobiology, 2 1.4 New horizons in geobiology, 3 2. The Global Carbon Cycle: Biological Processes, 5 Paul G. Falkowski 2.1 Introduction, 5 2.2 A brief primer on redox reactions, 5 2.3 Carbon as a substrate for biological reactions, 5 2.4 The evolution of photosynthesis, 8 2.5 The evolution of oxygenic phototrophs, 11 2.6 Net primary production, 13 2.7 What limits NPP on land and in the ocean?, 15 2.8 Is NPP in balance with respiration?, 16 2.9 Conclusions and extensions, 17 3. The Global Carbon Cycle: Geological Processes, 20 Klaus Wallmann and Giovanni Aloisi 3.1 Introduction, 20 3.2 Organic carbon cycling, 20 3.3 Carbonate cycling, 22 3.4 Mantle degassing, 23 3.5 Metamorphism, 24 3.6 Silicate weathering, 24 3.7 Feedbacks, 25 3.8 Balancing the geological carbon cycle, 26 3.9 Evolution of the geological carbon cycle through Earth's history: proxies and models, 27 3.10 The geological C cycle through time, 30 3.11 Limitations and perspectives, 32 4. The Global Nitrogen Cycle, 36 Bess Ward 4.1 Introduction, 36 4.2 Geological nitrogen cycle, 36 4.3 Components of the global nitrogen cycle, 38 4.4 Nitrogen redox chemistry, 40 4.5 Biological reactions of the nitrogen cycle, 40 4.6 Atmospheric nitrogen chemistry, 45 4.7 Summary and areas for future research, 46 5. The Global Sulfur Cycle, 49 Donald E. Canfield and James Farquhar 5.1 Introduction, 49 5.2 The global sulfur cycle from two perspectives, 49 5.3 The evolution of S metabolisms, 53 5.4 The interaction of S with other biogeochemical cycles, 55 5.5 The evolution of the S cycle, 59 5.6 Closing remarks, 61 6. The Global Iron Cycle, 65 Brian Kendall, Ariel D. Anbar, Andreas Kappler and Kurt O. Konhauser 6.1 Overview, 65 6.2 The inorganic geochemistry of iron: redox and reservoirs, 65 6.3 Iron in modern biology and biogeochemical cycles, 69 6.4 Iron through time, 73 6.5 Summary, 83 7. The Global Oxygen Cycle, 93 James F. Kasting and Donald E. Canfield 7.1 Introduction, 93 7.2 The chemistry and biochemistry of oxygen, 93 7.3 The concept of redox balance, 94 7.4 The modern O2 cycle, 94 7.5 Cycling of O2 and H2 on the early Earth, 98 7.6 Synthesis: speculations about the timing and cause of the rise of atmospheric O2, 102 8. Bacterial Biomineralization, 105 Kurt Konhauser and Robert Riding 8.1 Introduction, 105 8.2 Mineral nucleation and growth, 105 8.3 How bacteria facilitate biomineralization, 106 8.4 Iron oxyhydroxides, 111 8.5 Calcium carbonates, 116 9. Mineral–Organic–Microbe Interfacial Chemistry, 131 David J. Vaughan and Jonathan R. Lloyd 9.1 Introduction, 131 9.2 The mineral surface (and mineral–bio interface) and techniques for its study, 131 9.3 Mineral-organic-microbe interfacial processes: some key examples, 140 10. Eukaryotic Skeletal Formation, 150 Adam F. Wallace, Dongbo Wang, Laura M. Hamm, Andrew H. Knoll and Patricia M. Dove 10.1 Introduction, 150 10.2 Mineralization by unicellular organisms, 151 10.3 Mineralization by multicellular organisms, 164 10.4 A brief history of skeletons, 173 10.5 Summary, 175 11. Plants and Animals as Geobiological Agents, 188 David J. Beerling and Nicholas J. Butterfield 11.1 Introduction, 188 11.2 Land plants as geobiological agents, 188 11.3 Animals as geobiological agents, 195 11.4 Conclusions, 200 12. A Geobiological View of Weathering and Erosion, 205 Susan L. Brantley, Marina Lebedeva and Elisabeth M. Hausrath 12.1 Introduction, 205 12.2 Effects of biota on weathering, 207 12.3 Effects of organic molecules on weathering, 209 12.4 Organomarkers in weathering solutions, 211 12.5 Elemental profiles in regolith, 213 12.6 Time evolution of profile development, 217 12.7 Investigating chemical, physical, and biological weathering with simple models, 218 12.8 Conclusions, 222 13. Molecular Biology’s Contributions to Geobiology, 228 Dianne K. Newman, Victoria J. Orphan and Anna-Louise Reysenbach 13.1 Introduction, 228 13.2 Molecular approaches used in geobiology, 229 13.3 Case study: anaerobic oxidation of methane, 238 13.4 Challenges and opportunities for the next generation, 242 14. Stable Isotope Geobiology, 250 D.T. Johnston and W.W. Fischer 14.1 Introduction, 250 14.2 Isotopic notation and the biogeochemical elements, 253 14.3 Tracking fractionation in a system, 255 14.4 Applications, 258 14.5 Using isotopes to ask a geobiological question in deep time, 261 14.6 Conclusions, 265 15. Biomarkers: Informative Molecules for Studies in Geobiology, 269 Roger E. Summons and Sara A. Lincoln 15.1 Introduction, 269 15.2 Origins of biomarkers, 269 15.3 Diagenesis, 269 15.4 Isotopic compositions, 270 15.5 Stereochemical considerations, 272 15.6 Lipid biosynthetic pathways, 273 15.7 Classification of lipids, 273 15.8 Lipids diagnostic of Archaea, 277 15.9 Lipids diagnostic of Bacteria, 280 15.10 Lipids of Eukarya, 283 15.11 Preservable cores, 283 15.12 Outlook, 287 16. The Fossil Record of Microbial Life, 297 Andrew H. Knoll 16.1 Introduction, 297 16.2 The nature of Earth’s early microbial record, 297 16.3 Paleobiological inferences from microfossil morphology, 299 16.4 Inferences from microfossil chemistry and ultrastructure (new technologies), 302 16.5 Inferences from microbialites, 306 16.6 A brief history, with questions, 308 16.7 Conclusions, 311 17. Geochemical Origins of Life, 315 Robert M. Hazen 17.1 Introduction, 315 17.2 Emergence as a unifying concept in origins research, 315 17.3 The emergence of biomolecules, 317 17.4 The emergence of macromolecules, 320 17.5 The emergence of self-replicating systems, 323 17.6 The emergence of natural selection, 326 17.7 Three scenarios for the origins of life, 327 18. Mineralogical Co-evolution of the Geosphere and Biosphere, 333 Robert M. Hazen and Dominic Papineau 18.1 Introduction, 333 18.2 Prebiotic mineral evolution I – evidence from meteorites, 334 18.3 Prebiotic mineral evolution II – crust and mantle reworking, 335 18.4 The anoxic Archean biosphere, 336 18.5 The Great Oxidation Event, 340 18.6 A billion years of stasis, 341 18.7 The snowball Earth, 341 18.8 The rise of skeletal mineralization, 342 18.9 Summary, 343 19. Geobiology of the Archean Eon, 351 Roger Buick 19.1 Introduction, 351 19.2 Carbon cycle, 351 19.3 Sulfur cycle, 354 19.4 Iron cycle, 355 19.5 Oxygen cycle, 357 19.6 Nitrogen cycle, 359 19.7 Phosphorus cycle, 360 19.8 Bioaccretion of sediment, 360 19.9 Bioalteration, 365 19.10 Conclusions, 366 20. Geobiology of the Proterozoic Eon, 371 Timothy W. Lyons, Christopher T. Reinhard, Gordon D. Love and Shuhai Xiao 20.1 Introduction, 371 20.2 The Great Oxidation Event, 371 20.3 The early Proterozoic: Era geobiology in the wake of the GOE, 372 20.4 The mid-Proterozoic: a last gasp of iron formations, deep ocean anoxia, the 'boring' billion, and a mid-life crisis, 375 20.5 The history of Proterozoic life: biomarker records, 381 20.6 The history of Proterozoic life: mid-Proterozoic fossil record, 383 20.7 The late Proterozoic: a supercontinent, oxygen, ice, and the emergence of animals, 384 20.8 Summary, 392 21. Geobiology of the Phanerozoic, 403 Steven M. Stanley 21.1 The beginning of the Phanerozoic Eon, 403 21.2 Cambrian mass extinctions, 405 21.3 The terminal Ordovician mass extinction, 405 21.4 The impact of early land plants, 406 21.5 Silurian biotic crises, 406 21.6 Devonian mass extinctions, 406 21.7 Major changes of the global ecosystem in Carboniferous time, 406 21.8 Low-elevation glaciation near the equator, 407 21.9 Drying of climates, 408 21.10 A double mass extinction in the Permian, 408 21.11 The absence of recovery in the early Triassic, 409 21.12 The terminal Triassic crisis, 409 21.13 The rise of atmospheric oxygen since early in Triassic time, 410 21.14 The Toarcian anoxic event, 410 21.15 Phytoplankton, planktonic foraminifera, and the carbon cycle, 411 21.16 Diatoms and the silica cycle, 411 21.17 Cretaceous climates, 411 21.18 The sudden Paleocene–Eocene climatic shift, 414 21.19 The cause of the Eocene–Oligocene climatic shift, 415 21.20 The re-expansion of reefs during Oligocene time, 416 21.21 Drier climates and cascading evolutionary radiations on the land, 416 22. Geobiology of the Anthropocene, 425 Daniel P. Schrag 22.1 Introduction, 425 22.2 The Anthropocene, 425 22.3 When did the Anthropocene begin?, 426 22.4 Geobiology and human population, 427 22.5 Human appropriation of the Earth, 428 22.6 The carbon cycle and climate of the Anthropocene, 430 22.7 The future of geobiology, 433 Acknowledgements, 434 References, 435 Index, 437 Colour plate pages fall between pp. 228 and 229
£49.35
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Geological History of Britain and Ireland
Book Synopsis* New edition reflects numerous advances in understanding of geological history of UK in last decade. * New material on paleontological history * New Chapter on effects of Geology on human settlement, land use , industry and so on * Hot topic boxes to show impact of global events (ie.Trade Review“Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates, graduate students, and researchers/faculty.” (Choice, 1 January 2013)Table of ContentsPreface to the 1st Edition vii Preface to the 2nd Edition viii List of Contributors ix Part 1 Introduction 1 1 Regional Geological History: Why and How? 3 N. H. Woodcock and R. A. Strachan 2 Geological Framework of Britain and Ireland 19 R. E. Holdsworth, N. H. Woodcock and R. A. Strachan Part 2 The Northern Margin of The Iapetus Ocean 41 3 Early Earth History and Development of the Archaean Crust 43 R. A. Strachan, C. D. Storey and A. R. Prave 4 Proterozoic Sedimentation Orogenesis and Magmatism on the Laurentian Craton (2500–750 Ma) 54 R. A. Strachan, R. E. Holdsworth and A. R. Prave 5 Middle Neoproterozoic (<750 Ma) to Early Ordovician Sedimentation along the Laurentian Margin of Iapetus 76 R. A. Strachan, A. R. Prave and R. E. Holdsworth 6 The Grampian Orogeny: Mid-Ordovician Arc–Continent Collision along the Laurentian Margin of Iapetus 91 R. A. Strachan 7 Mid-Ordovician to Silurian Subduction and Collision: Closure of the Iapetus Ocean 110 R. A. Strachan Part 3 The Southern Margin of The Iapetus Ocean 133 8 Late Neoproterozoic to Cambrian Accretionary History of Eastern Avalonia and Armorica on the Active Margin of Gondwana 135 R. A. Strachan 9 The Cambrian and Earliest Ordovician Quiescent Margin of Gondwana 150 N. H. Woodcock 10 Ordovician Volcanism and Sedimentation on Eastern Avalonia 162 N. H. Woodcock 11 Late Ordovician to Silurian Evolution of Eastern Avalonia during Iapetus Closure 177 N. H. Woodcock Part 4 The End of the Iapetus Ocean 193 12 Early Devonian Sedimentary and Magmatic Interlude after Iapetus Closure 195 N. H. Woodcock 13 The Acadian Orogeny and its Mid–Late Devonian Depositional Aftermath 210 N. H. Woodcock Part 5 The Variscan Cycle: Consolidation of Pangaea 231 14 Carboniferous Sedimentation and Volcanism on the Laurussian Margin 233 S. J. Davies, P. D. Guion and P. Gutteridge 15 The Variscan Orogeny: the Welding of Pangaea 274 L. N. Warr Part 6 Post-variscan Intraplate Setting 299 16 Permian to Late Triassic Post-orogenic Collapse and Rifting Arid Deserts Evaporating Seas and Mass Extinctions 301 M. W. Hounslow, T. McKie and A. H. Ruffell 17 Triassic–Jurassic Boundary and Jurassic: Disintegrating Pangaea 322 S. P. Hesselbo 18 Early Cretaceous: Rifting and Sedimentation before the Flood 347 A. S. Gale 19 Late Cretaceous to Early Palaeogene Pelagic Deposits: Deposition on Greenhouse Earth 365 A. S. Gale Part 7 The Thulean Plume and Its Aftermath 385 20 Palaeogene and Neogene Events: the North Atlantic Plume and Alpine Pulses 387 A. S. Gale, R. Anderton and R. A. Strachan 21 The Quaternary: History of an Ice Age 409 P. L. Gibbard and N. H. Woodcock Index 429
£46.50
Hodder & Stoughton Firmament: The Hidden Science of Weather, Climate
Book SynopsisCompelling . . . Clark's enthusiasm shines through on every page' Sunday Times'An engaging and lively history' Financial Times__________A thin, invisible layer of air surrounds the Earth, sustaining all known life on the planet and creating the unique climates and weather patterns that make each part of the world different.In Firmament, atmospheric scientist and science communicator Simon Clark offers a rare and accessible tour of the ins and outs of the atmosphere and how we know what we know about it. From the workings of its different layers to why carbon dioxide is special, from pioneers like Pascal to the unsung heroes working in the field to help us understand climate change, Firmament introduces us to an oft-overlooked area of science and not only lays the ground work for us to better understand the debates surrounding the climate today, but also provides a glimpse of the future that is possible with this knowledge in hand.__________Trade ReviewAn engaging account of something essential to life on Earth yet barely understood by most people: the atmosphere. If you don't know your stratosphere from your troposphere, you will after reading this lively history... all the more powerful thanks to a final chapter that explains how this complex system is changing, and what that means for the future of humanity. -- Financial TimesThe author's enthusiasm shines through every page of this captivating guide to our unpredictable weather... He serves up high drama in balloons, deep ice drilling in the Antarctic, and through it all draws out the patterns in our seemingly chaotic weather - and the science behind them - with clarity and verve. - Sunday Times Simon Clark writes with a lightness and enthusiasm that ensures that what goes on above us doesn't go over our heads. - Irish Independent
£10.44
ESRI Press Prepare Respond Renew
Book SynopsisDiscover a geographic approach to resilience strategies for wildland fire. Wildfires claim lives, destroy structures, and devastate communities and landscapes. The increasing areas where development meets natureand more days of hot and dry weather have magnified the impact of wildfires from Canada to Australia and around the world. The response to and recovery from increasingly complex firestorms stress budgets, economies, communities, and environments. Increasingly, responders use the latest tools of geographic information systems (GIS) to analyze wildfires through data that can be modeled to visualize threats in real time. Prepa
£17.09
Rocky Mountain Books A Season on Vancouver Island
Book SynopsisA beautiful collection of images and short travel essays highlighting the fun, eclectic, and unique nature of Vancouver Island and the attraction it has for travellers and tourists from across Canada and around the world.Join intrepid travel writer Bill Arnott as he escapes the confines of life in Vancouver for an epic and quirky road trip around Vancouver Island and to some of the surrounding smaller islands. Hitting all of the high points and chatting with locals along the way, Bill discovers why Vancouver Island has become one of western North America's top tourist destinations. From great food to wonderful wine, stunning natural habitats and memorable encounters with wildlife, Bill paints a charming picture of life on Canada's West Coast.Featuring original colour artwork throughout, A Season on Vancouver Island is a unique gift for anyone who has ever spent time on Vancouver Island.
£14.24
Y Lolfa Wales - 100 Remarkable Vistas
Book SynopsisA richly-illustrated full colour volume, which takes readers on a journey around 100 of the most remarkable scenic locations in Wales, with an explanatory text by experienced author and leader of guided walks Dyfed Elis-Gruffydd.
£18.95
Graffeg Limited Frog Book, The
Book SynopsisFrom frogspawn to tadpoles and finally into frogs, frogs have an incredibly unique and fascinating life-cycle. In this new book on the frog we take a look at this alongside many other fascinating frog facts and photography.
£9.49
BookLife Publishing When Its Wet
Book SynopsisWhat is the weather like outside? Do you need sunglasses or an umbrella? The weather is an important part of nature and has a big impact on our lives. By watching the weather, you can make sure you are ready for anything!
£5.99
BookLife Publishing When Its Hot
Book SynopsisWhat is the weather like outside? Do you need sunglasses or an umbrella? The weather is an important part of nature and has a big impact on our lives. By watching the weather, you can make sure you are ready for anything!
£5.99
BookLife Publishing When Its Cold
Book SynopsisWhat is the weather like outside? Do you need sunglasses or an umbrella? The weather is an important part of nature and has a big impact on our lives. By watching the weather, you can make sure you are ready for anything!
£5.99
