Earth sciences Books

Book SynopsisThis book covers forest mensuration--the process of counting, measuring, and estimating the economic value of a stand of trees. This process also involves measuring non-timber, landscape values such as soils, wildlife habitat, and hydrology.Table of ContentsCONTEXT. Landscape Components. ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENT. Geology. Soil. Climate. Hydrology. BIOTIC RESOURCES. Vegetative Community. Forest Overstory. Wildlife Resources. SOCIAL CONTEXT. Legal and Regulatory Environment. Recreation and Aesthetics. Prehistoric and Historic Land Use. INTEGRATION AND SYNTHESIS. Geographic Information Systems. Integrated Environmental Assessment. SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION. Basic Statistical Sampling Methods. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisSolving the pulp and paper industries'' environmental problems is essential to maintaining the forest industry and accommodating the changing economic needs of forest communities. This book explores the construction of new mills--operating on new technology that does not produce pollutants--which are vital to the pulp and paper industry.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: The Need for New Technologies in the Pulp and Paper Industry (M.Akhtar & R. Young) CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS TO PULP AND PAPERPROCESSING. Developments in Organosolv Pulping--An Overview (H. Hergert). Catalyzed Alcohol Organosolv Pulping (L. Paszner). Steam Explosion Pulping (B. Kokta & A. Ahmed). BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS TO PULP AND PAPER PROCESSING. Taxonomy of Industrially Important White-Rot Fungi (H.Burdsall). Engineering, Scale-Up, and Economic Aspects of Fungal Pretreatmentof Wood Chips (G. Scott, et al.). Fungal Pretreatment for Organosolv Pulping Dissolving PulpProduction (A. Ferraz, et al.). Biological Approach for Pulping and Bleaching of Nonwoody Plants(H. Sabharwal). Bleaching Kraft Pulps with White-Rot Fungi (I. Reid). Fungal Treatment of Wood Chips to Remove Extractives (C. Breuil, etal.). Index.

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Book SynopsisIdentifying trees and shrubs by their scientific name is an essential component of the professional skills of foresters and other types of environmental scientists. This book is an ideal guide for learning procedures as well as a reference book for field use.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction to Taxonomy. 2. Introduction to Forest Ecology. Part I: Taxonomic Concepts and Methodology. 3. Plant Classification. 4. Nomenclature. 5. Collecting and Preserving Specimens. 6. Key Construction and Use. Part II: Gymnosperms (Division Pinophyta). 7. The Gymnosperms: An Overview. 8. Gymnosperm Vegetative and Reproductive Structures. 9. Order: Pinales I: Pinaceae: Pinus. 10. Order: Pinales II: Pinaceae: Larix, Picea, Abies, Tsuga, Pseudotsuga. 11. Order: Pinales III: Cupressaceae. 12. Order: Taxales, Ginkgoales, and Cycadales. Part III Woody Angiosperms (Division Magnoliophyta)13. The Woody Angiosperms: An Overview. 14. The Woody Angiosperm Leaf. 15. The Woody Angiosperm Twig. 16. Angiosperm Flower and Fruit Structures. 17. Class: Magnoliopsida; Subclass: Magnoliidae. Magnoliaceae, Annonaceae, Lauraceae, Calycanthaceae, Aristolochiaceae,Illiciaceae, Schisandraceae, Ranunculaceae, Berberidaceae, Menispermaceae. 18. Class: Magnoliopsida; Subclass: Hamamelidae I. Platanaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Ulmaceae, Moraceae, Juglandaceae,Myricaceae, Casuarinaceae. 19. Class: Magnoliopsida; Subclass: Hamamelidae II. Fagaceae, Betulaceae. 20. Class: Magnoliopsida; Subclass: Dilleniidae. Tiliaceae, Salicaceae, Ericaceae, Clethraceae, Cyrillaceae, Sapotaceae,Ebenaceae, Styracaceae, Symplocaceae, Clusiaceae. 21. Class: Magnoliopsida; Subclass: Rosidae IRosaceae, Fabaceae, Elaeagnaceae, Thymelaeaceae, Hydrangeaceae,Grossulariaceae, Iteaceae, Cornaceae, Garryaceae, Nyssaceae,Aquifoliaceae, Celastraceae, Rhamnaceae, Vitaceae, Araliaceae. 22. Class: Magnoliopsida; Subclass Rosidae IIAceraceae, Sapindaceae, Anacardiaceae, Hippocastanaceae,Staphyleaceae, Rutaceae, Simaroubaceae. 23. Class: Magnoliopsida; Subclass: AsteridaeOleaceae, Bignoniaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Rubiaceae,Caprifoliaceae, Adoxaceae. 24. Class: Liliopsida (Monocotyledoneae)Arecaceae, Poaceae, SmilacaceaePart IV: Forest Community Ecology: Combining Species into Communities. 25. Introduction to Forest Ecology and Classification. 26. Forest Environment and Cover Types Regions 1 and 2: Northern Conifer-Hardwoodand Northern Hardwood-Conifer Forests. 27. Forest Environment and Cover Types Region 3: Central Hardwood Forest. 28. Forest Environment and Cover Types Region 4: Southern Pine-Hardwood Forest. 29. Forest Environment and Cover Types Regions 5 and 6: Rocky Mountain Conifer Forests. 30. Forest Environment and Cover Types Region 7: Northern and Southern Coastal Conifer Forests. Glossary of Technical Terms. Glossary of Genus and Species Names. References. Index of Species. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive exploration of the effects of fires--in forests and other environments--on soils, watersheds, vegetation, air and cultural resources.Table of ContentsFIRE DYNAMICS. Combustion Processes and Heat Transfer. Fuels and Fire Behavior. SOIL REPONSES. Soil Resource. Physical Soil System. Chemical Soil System. Biological Soil System. RESPONSES OF OTHER RESOURCES. Water. Vegetation. Wetlands and Riparian Ecosystems. Air. Cultural Resources. MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS. Economic Considerations. Fire in Ecosystem Management. Index.

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Book SynopsisThoroughly revised and updated, this new edition of the text that helped define the field continues to present important methods in the quantitative analysis of geologic data, while showing students how statistics and computing can be applied to commonly encountered problems in the earth sciences.Table of ContentsPreface v 1 Introduction 1 2 Elementary Statistics 11 3 Matrix Algebra 123 4 Analysis of Sequences of Data 159 5 Spatial Analysis 293 6 Analysis of Multivariate Data 461 Appendix 601 Index 621

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Book SynopsisEarth science is one of the most popular science fair project subjects. The 30 Earth science experiments featured in this latest volume of the bestselling Janice VanCleave's A+ Science Fair Projects were specially designed to help junior high and high school students develop their own ideas for blue-ribbon science fair projects.Table of ContentsMAPPING THE EARTH. Maps and Globes: Terrestrial Guides. Topography: Highs and Lows of the Earth's Surface. THE EARTH AND SPACE. Rotation: The Spinning of the Earth on Its Axis. Heliocentric: The Earth's Solar System. Night Light: The Structure and Movement of the Earth's Moon. Mobile Stars: The Apparent Movement of Stars. Time: Day Lengths and Time Zones. Early Methods: Ancient Techniques of Determining the Earth's Sizeand Shape. PHYSICAL COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH. Elements: The Earth's Building Blocks. The Earth's Layers: Chemical and Physical Properties of theEarth. THE EARTH'S LITHOSPHERE. Minerals: Distinguishing Physical Characteristics ofMinerals. Crystals: Distinguishing Physical Characteristics ofCrystals. The Rock Cycle: Processes That Change One Rock Type intoAnother. Erosion: The Breakdown and Movement of Crustal Material. Rock Sandwiches: Layering of Regolith Particles. Soil Texture: Effects of Regolith Size. Crustal Bending: Deformation of the Earth's Crust. Faulting: The Earth's Crustal Breaking Point. Plate Tectonics: Floating Crustal Sections. THE EARTH'S HYDROSPHERE. Soundings: Mapping a Profile of the Ocean Floor. Water Waves: Surface Disturbances Due to Energy Transfer. Percolating Water: The Movement of Water Beneath the Earth'sSurface. The Hydrologic Cycle: The Movement of Water from Place toPlace. THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE. Atmospheric Energy: Unequal Heating by the Earth's Surface. The Greenhouse Effect: Heat Transfer in the Atmosphere. Convection: Air in Motion. Fronts: Moving Air Masses. Barometric Changes: The Cause and Measurement of AirPressure. Hygrometers: Ways to Measure the Atmosphere's Water Content. Precipitation: Phases of Atmospheric Water. Appendices. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisAn active approach to learning the basics of geosystems Geosystems Today: An Interactive Casebook provides a comprehensive introduction to the field using a more engaging format that promotes active learning. This six-volume set includes an additional 650 new and updated peer-reviewed articles that complement the original text, providing insight into the latest advances while suggesting directions for future work. Expert instruction coupled with engaging narrative and challenging scenarios makes this set an invaluable tool for mastering GeoSystems fundamentals.

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Book SynopsisFeaturing completely updated chapters, additional authors, and an increased emphasis on alternatives to traditional pesticides, the second edition of Ecological Entomology is the field''s leading reference on the role of insects in ecosystems. The authors cover insect growth and development, what they eat, how they reproduce, and how they move in various environments. The book also examines how insects interact with the plant community and how to control insect populations naturally.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Ecological Entromology (C. Huffaker, et al.). The Concept of the Ecosystem (P. Price). BASIC BIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS, PROPERTIES, BEHAVIORS,AND PROCESSES. Growth and Development of Insects (H. Gordon). The Food of Insects (R. Barbehenn, et al.). Reproduction in Insects (F. Engelmann). Adaptations to Hazardous Seasonal Conditions: Dormancy, Migration,and Polyphenism (J. Nechols, et al.). Adaptations of Insects to Modes of Life (L. Caltagirone). Biogeography and Evolutionary History: Wide-Scale and Long-TermPatterns in Insects (S. Peck & E. Munroe). NATURAL CONTROL OF INSECT POPULATIONS. Dynamics and Regulation of Insect Populations (C. Huffaker, etal.). Weather and Insects (W. Wellington, et al.). Interspecific Competition in Insects (N. Mills). Dynamics of Insect Predator-Prey Interactions (A. Berryman & A.Gutierrez). Insect Invasions and Community Assembly (S. Schreiber & A.Gutierrez). Migration and Movement (P. Turchin & K. Omland). Mathematical Models for Age-Structured Population Dynamics (G. DiCola, et al.). ROLES OR EFFECTS OF INSECTS IN ECOSYSTEMS. Insect Diversity and the Trophic Complexity of Communities (J.Thompson & D. Althoff). Insects on Flowers (P. Kevan & H. Baker). The Influence of Insects on Plant Populations and Communities (R.Nowierski, et al.). APPLICATION OF ECOLOGY TO INSECT POPULATION MANAGEMENT. Modeling Tritrophic Field Populations (A. Gutierrez). Applications of Ecology for Integrated Pest Management (M. Kogan,et al.). Index.

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Book SynopsisThis volume is part of a set presenting descriptions of all major rivers and estuaries found in the USA. The hydrology, chemistry and biology of each river system is described. This volume focuses on the biological productivity of estuaries.Table of ContentsPhysical Characteristics of Estuaries. Northern New England Estuaries. Southern New England Estuaries. Middle Atlantic Estuaries. Southeastern Estuaries. South Florida Seagrasses. Mangrove Estuaries: South Florida, Gulf of Mexico. Gulf of Mexico Estuaries: Florida, Louisiana. Southern California Estuaries. Puget Sound. Species Index.

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Book SynopsisPart of a series that provides an integrated treatment of all the major rivers and estuaries of the contiguous United States. Both the physical and biological characteristics of pristine river environments are presented in detail. This volume covers the Colorado River.Table of ContentsGeneral Description of the Colorado River. Tributaries of the Colorado River. Tributaries in the Gila River System. Water Quality Problems. Management of Water Quality Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisA volume for studying water related issues of the region. It includes information on the impact of pollution and development on the health of rivers, and how conservation and reclamation efforts can repair past damage.Table of ContentsPreface vii Acknowledgments ix Chapter 1 Sabine River 1 Chapter 2 Guadalupe River 61 Chapter 3 Rio Grande 102 Chapter 4 Pecos Riverine System 172 Index 237

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Book SynopsisThis new revision reflects the many changes and approaches to forestry that have occurred in the field of forestry over the last decade. This book is intended to provide students with a comprehensive introduction to the important aspects of the field of forestry. Treatment is comprehensive and more advanced than other forestry textbooks, featuring a new section on Forests and Society to reflect the increasing human influences on forestry.Table of Contents* Forest Policy Development in the United States * Forestry: The Profession and Career Opportunities * Forest Biomes of the World * Forest Ecophysiology * Forest Soils * Forest Ecosystem Ecology * Landscape Ecology * Forest Trees: Disease and Insect Interactions * Forest Management and Stewardship * Non-industrial Private Forests * Measuring and Monitoring Forest * Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems for Natural Resource Management * Silviculture and Ecosystem Management * Forest Wildlife Management * Rangeland Management * Watershed Management: A Regional to Global Perspective * Managing Recreation Behavior * Behavior and Management of Forest Fires * Timber Harvesting * Wood Products * Economics and the Management of Forests for Wood and Amenity Values * Urban Forestry * Social Forestry: Community Management of Natural Resources

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Book SynopsisThis is a lively, narrative history of the world's great weather tragedies - the greatest storms in history - and the epic quest by pioneering scientists to figure out how to accurately predict the weather. It tells the story of the development of meterology from the time of Aristotle up to current-day breakthroughs in weather prediction.Trade Review"A fascinating volume in which John D. Cox looks at both thescience and the personalities of the men who made modernmeteorology." (The Associated Press) "...a fascinating volume in which John D. Cox looks both atthe science and personality of the men who made modernmeteorology..." (The Associated Press, 14 October 2002) "...This lively, inspiring account reveals thecourage and bravery of the early weather pioneers..."(Firstscience.com, 15 May 2003)Table of ContentsIntroduction. PART I: A Newborn Babe. 1. Benjamin Franklin: Chasing the Wind. 2. Luke Howard: Naming the Clouds. 3. James Glaisher: Taking to the Air. PART II: American Storms. 4. William C. Redfield: Walking the Path of Destruction. 5. James P. Espy: "The Storm Breeder". 6. Elias Loomis: Mapping the Storm. 7. Joseph Henry: Setting the Stage. 8. Matthew Fontaine Maury: A Storm of Controversy. 9. William Ferrel: A Shy Genius. PART III: The Main Artery. 10. Robert FitzRoy: Prophet Without Honor. 11. Urbain J. J. Le Verrier: Clouds over Crimea. 12. Cleveland Abbe: "Ol' Probabilities". 13. John P. Finley: Down Tornado Alley. 14. Mark W. Harrington: Civilian Casualty. 15. Isaac Monroe Cline: Taking Galveston by Storm. 16. Gilbert Walker: The Southern Oscillation. 17. C. LeRoy Meisinger: Death by Daring. PART IV: Together at the Front. 18. Vilhelm Bjerknes: The Bergen Schoolmaster. 19. Lewis Fry Richardson: The Forecasting Factory. 20. Jacob Bjerknes: From Polar Front to El Ni?o. 21. Tor Bergeron: A Gifted Vision. 22. Carl-Gustaf Rossby: Conquering the Weather Bureau. 23. Sverre Petterssen: Forecasting for D-Day. PART V: Suddenly New Science. 24. Jule Gregory Charney: Mastering the Math. 25. Jerome Namias: The Long Ranger. 26. Edward N. Lorenz: Calculating Chaos. 27. Tetsuya Theodore Fujita: Divining the Downburst. 28. Ants Leetmaa: Out on a Limb. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisCovering radiogenic, radioactive, and stable isotopes, this comprehensive text contains five sections that present fundamentals of atomic physics; dating methods for terrestrial and extraterrestrial rocks by means of radiogenic isotopes; geochemistry of radiogenic isotopes; dating by means of U, Th-series and cosmogenic radionuclides; and the fractionation of the stable isotopes of H, C, N, O, and S, as well as Li, B, Si, and Cl. Additionally, this edition provides: Expanded coverage of the U-Pb methods the most accurate available dating technique Applications to the petrogenesis of igneous rocks Summaries of the use of isotopic data for study of the oceans New examples from the fields of archeology and anthropology Radiation-damage methods of dating including fission tracks, thermoluminescence, and electron spin resonance (ESR) Information on the dispersal of fission-product radionuclides and the disposal of radioactive waste Table of ContentsPreface xxv Part I Principles of Atomic Physics 1 1 Nuclear Systematics 3 1.1 Discovery of Radioactivity 3 1.2 Internal Structure of Atoms 4 1.3 Origin of the Elements 12 1.4 Summary 14 References 14 2 Decay Modes of Radionuclides 15 2.1 Beta-Decay 15 2.2 Alpha-Decay 24 2.3 Spontaneous and Induced Fission 28 2.4 Summary 33 References 33 3 Radioactive Decay 34 3.1 Law of Radioactivity 34 3.2 Radiation Detectors 37 3.3 Growth of Radioactive Daughters 39 3.4 Units of Radioactivity and Dosage 42 3.5 Medical Effects of Ionizing Radiation 43 3.6 Sources of Environmental Radioactivity 46 3.7 Nuclear Reactions 47 3.8 Neutron Activation Analysis 47 3.9 Summary 53 References 53 4 Geochronometry 55 4.1 Growth of Radiogenic Daughters 55 4.2 Assumptions for Dating 57 4.3 Fitting of Isochrons 60 4.4 Mass Spectrometry and Isotope Dilution 64 4.5 Summary 71 References 71 Part II Radiogenic Isotope Geochronometers 73 5 The Rb–Sr Method 75 5.1 Geochemistry of Rb and Sr 75 5.2 Principles of Dating 76 5.3 Rb–Sr Isochrons 80 5.4 Dating Metamorphic Rocks 89 5.5 Dating Sedimentary Rocks 95 5.6 Summary 106 References 107 6 The K–Ar Method 113 6.1 Principles and Methodology 113 6.2 Retention of 40Ar by Minerals 115 6.3 K–Ar Isochrons 120 6.4 Volcanic Rocks of Tertiary Age 121 6.5 Dating Sedimentary Rocks 126 6.6 Metamorphic Veil 132 6.7 Precambrian Timescales 134 6.8 Summary 138 References 138 7 The 40Ar*/ 39Ar Method 144 7.1 Principles and Methodology 144 7.2 Incremental Heating Technique 147 7.3 Excess 40Ar 151 7.4 Argon Isotope Correlation Diagram 153 7.5 Laser Ablation 157 7.6 Sedimentary Rocks 159 7.7 Metasedimentary Rocks 162 7.8 Metamorphic Rocks: Broken Hill, N.S.W., Australia 166 7.9 Thermochronometry: Haliburton Highlands, Ontario, Canada 1 7.10 Summary 171 References 172 8 The K–Ca Method 180 8.1 Principles and Methodology 180 8.2 Isotope Geochemistry of Calcium 183 8.3 Summary 190 References 191 9 The Sm–Nd Method 194 9.1 Geochemistry of Sm and Nd 194 9.2 Principles and Methodology 197 9.3 Dating by the Sm–Nd Method 202 9.4 Meteorites and Martian Rocks 207 9.5 Lunar Rocks 209 9.6 Summary 211 References 211 10 The U–Pb, Th–Pb, and Pb–Pb Methods 214 10.1 Geochemistry of U and Th 214 10.2 Decay of U and Th Isotopes 215 10.3 Principles and Methodology 218 10.4 U,Th–Pb Dates, Boulder Creek Batholith, Colorado 221 10.5 Wetherill’s Concordia 223 10.6 Alternative Pb Loss Models 227 10.7 Refinements in Analytical Methods 230 10.8 Dating Detrital Zircon Grains 233 10.9 Tera–Wasserburg Concordia 236 10.10 U–Pb, Th–Pb, and Pb–Pb Isochrons (Granite Mountains, Wyoming) 240 10.11 Pb–Pb Dating of Carbonate Rocks 242 10.12 U–Pb and Th–Pb Isochrons of Carbonate Rocks 245 10.13 Summary 249 References 250 11 The Common-Lead Method 256 11.1 The Holmes–Houtermans Model 256 11.2 Dating Common Lead 261 11.3 Dating K-Feldspar 268 11.4 Anomalous Leads in Galena 270 11.5 Lead–Zinc Deposits, Southeastern Missouri 274 11.6 Multistage Leads 279 11.7 Summary 280 References 281 12 The Lu–Hf Method 284 12.1 Geochemistry of Lu and Hf 284 12.2 Principles and Methodology 286 12.3 CHUR and Epsilon 288 12.4 Model Hf Dates Derived from CHUR 289 12.5 Applications of Lu–Hf Dating 290 12.6 Summary 294 References 294 13 The Re–Os Method 297 13.1 Rhenium and Osmium in Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Rocks 297 13.2 Principles and Methodology 301 13.3 Molybdenite and 187Re–187Os Isochrons 302 13.4 Meteorites and CHUR-Os 305 13.5 The Cu–Ni Sulfide Ores, Noril’sk, Siberia 310 13.6 Origin of Other Sulfide Ore Deposits 312 13.7 Metallic PGE Minerals 313 13.8 Gold Deposits of the Witwatersrand, South Africa 314 13.9 The Pt–Os Method 316 13.10 Summary 317 References 317 14 The La–Ce Method 322 14.1 Geochemistry of La and Ce 323 14.2 Principles and Methodology 324 14.3 La–Ce Isochrons 327 14.4 Meteorites and CHUR-Ce 329 14.5 Volcanic Rocks 331 14.6 Cerium in the Oceans 332 14.7 Summary 337 References 338 15 The La–Ba Method 340 15.1 Geochemistry of La and Ba 340 15.2 Principles and Methodology 341 15.3 Amitsoq Gneiss, West Greenland 342 15.4 Mustikkamaki Pegmatite, Finland 343 15.5 Summary 343 References 343 Part III Geochemistry of Radiogenic Isotopes 345 16 Mixing Theory 347 16.1 Chemical Compositions of Mixtures 347 16.2 Isotopic Mixtures of Sr 350 16.3 Isotopic Mixtures of Sr and Nd 352 16.4 Three-Component Isotopic Mixtures 355 16.5 Applications 356 16.6 Summary 361 References 361 17 Origin of Igneous Rocks 363 17.1 The Plume Theory 363 17.2 Magma Sources in the Mantle 364 17.3 Midocean Ridge Basalt 365 17.4 Basalt and Rhyolite of Iceland 369 17.5 The Hawaiian Islands 375 17.6 HIMU Magma Sources of Polynesia 380 17.7 Subduction Zones 382 17.8 Continental Flood Basalt 389 17.9 Alkali-Rich Lavas 394 17.10 Origin of Granite 399 17.11 Summary 405 References 406 18 Water and Sediment 412 18.1 Strontium in Streams 412 18.2 Sediment in Streams 419 18.3 Zaire and Amazon Rivers 426 18.4 Summary 433 References 433 19 The Oceans 436 19.1 Strontium in the Phanerozoic Oceans 436 19.2 Strontium in the Precambrian Oceans 447 19.3 Neodymium in the Oceans 451 19.4 Lead in the Oceans 463 19.5 Osmium in Continental Runoff 470 19.6 Osmium in the Oceans 475 19.7 Hafnium in the Oceans 480 19.8 Summary 486 References 487 Part IV Short-Lived Radionuclides 495 20 Uranium/Thorium-Series Disequilibria 497 20.1 238U/234U–230Th-Series Geochronometers 498 20.2 Radium 508 20.3 Protactinium 516 20.4 Lead-210 521 20.5 Archeology and Anthropology 527 20.6 Volcanic Rocks 531 20.7 Magma Formation 535 20.8 Summary 539 References 540 21 Helium and Tritium 546 21.1 U–Th/He Method of Dating 546 21.2 Thermochronometry 551 21.3 He Dating of Iron-Ore Deposits 554 21.4 Tritium–3He Dating 555 21.5 Meteorites and Oceanic Basalt 560 21.6 Continental Crust 566 21.7 Summary 571 References 572 22 Radiation-Damage Methods 577 22.1 Alpha-Decay 577 22.2 Fission Tracks 580 22.3 Applications of Fission-Track Dates 592 22.4 Thermoluminescence 595 22.5 Electron-Spin Resonance 603 22.6 Summary 606 References 608 23 Cosmogenic Radionuclides 613 23.1 Carbon-14 (Radiocarbon) 614 23.2 Beryllium-10 and Aluminum-26 (Atmospheric) 625 23.3 Exposure Dating (10Be and 26Al) 633 23.4 Cosmogenic and Thermonuclear 36Cl 639 23.5 Meteorites 641 23.6 Other Long-Lived Cosmogenic Radionuclides 646 23.7 Summary 646 References 647 24 Extinct Radionuclides 654 24.1 The Pd–Ag Chronometer 655 24.2 The Al–Mg Chronometer 657 24.3 The Hf–W Chronometer 659 24.4 FUN in the Solar Nebula 662 24.5 Summary 663 References 664 25 Thermonuclear Radionuclides 667 25.1 Fission Products and Transuranium Elements 667 25.2 Strontium-90 in the Environment 672 25.3 Cesium-137 in the Environment 678 25.4 Arctic Ocean: 90Sr/137Cs, 239,240Pu, and 241Am 682 25.5 Summary 686 References 687 Part V Fractionation of Stable Isotopes 691 26 Hydrogen and Oxygen 693 26.1 Atomic Properties 693 26.2 Mathematical Relations 695 26.3 Meteoric Precipitation 697 26.4 Paleothermometry (Carbonates) 704 26.5 Silicate Minerals and Rocks 709 26.6 Water–Rock Interactions (Rocks) 714 26.7 Water–Rock Interactions (Water) 718 26.8 Clay Minerals 725 26.9 Marine Carbonates 727 26.10 Marine Phosphates 730 26.11 Biogenic Silica and Hydroxides of Fe and Al 735 26.12 Chert (Phanerozoic and Precambrian) 736 26.13 Extraterrestrial Rocks 738 26.14 Summary 743 References 744 27 Carbon 753 27.1 Biosphere 754 27.2 Life in the Precambrian Oceans 757 27.3 Fossil Fuel 761 27.4 Carbon-Isotope Stratigraphy (Phanerozoic) 763 27.5 Precambrian Carbonates 768 27.6 Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks 774 27.7 Extraterrestrial Carbon 785 27.8 Search for Life on Mars 790 27.9 Summary 792 References 793 28 Nitrogen 803 28.1 Geochemistry 803 28.2 Isotope Fractionation 805 28.3 Nitrogen on the Surface of the Earth 806 28.4 Fossil Fuels 808 28.5 Igneous Rocks and the Mantle 811 28.6 Ultramafic Xenoliths 812 28.7 Diamonds 813 28.8 Meteorites 815 28.9 Moon 817 28.10 Mars 818 28.11 Summary 820 References 820 29 Sulfur 824 29.1 Isotope Geochemistry 824 29.2 Biogenic Isotope Fractionation 825 29.3 Sulfur in Recent Sediment 827 29.4 Fossil Fuels 828 29.5 Native Sulfur Deposits 830 29.6 Sedimentary Rocks of Precambrian Age 831 29.7 Isotopic Evolution of Marine Sulfate 833 29.8 Igneous Rocks 835 29.9 Sulfide Ore Deposits 840 29.10 Sulfur in the Environment 843 29.11 Mass-Independent Isotope Fractionation 846 29.12 Summary 847 References 849 30 Boron and Other Elements 854 30.1 Boron 855 30.2 Lithium 859 30.3 Silicon 863 30.4 Chlorine 868 30.5 Postscript 870 References 870 Index 875 International Geological Timescale (2002) 897

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Book SynopsisThis comprehensive book provides a thorough scientific foundation on the growth and care of plants common to all horticultural commodities. Continuing in the tradition of the first edition, it incorporates the principles behind the techniques described in other ``how-to'''' horticulture texts. By providing readers with a thorough grounding in the science of horticulture, it successfully prepares them for more specialized studies in nursery management, floriculture, landscaping, vegetable and fruit science.Table of ContentsPART 1 HORTICULTURAL BIOLOGY 1 1 INTRODUCTION 3 Horticulture Defined 4 History of Horticulture 6 2 PLANT CLASSIFICATION 13 Early Classification Systems 13 Botanical Classification/Taxonomy 14 Horticultural Classification 18 References 22 3 PLANT STRUCTURE 23 The Cell 23 Organs 30 Flowers 49 Fruits 57 References 63 4 PLANT GENOTYPE 65 Genetic Improvements 66 Genetic Terminology 67 Fertilization 74 Heritability 74 Cloning Plants 77 Plant Breeding 79 Molecular Biology 81 Cross-Fertilization 83 Mutations 86 Pest Resistance 91 Summary 93 References 93 PART II THE AMBIENT ENVIRONMENT 95 5 LIGHT 97 Photosynthesis 99 Spacing and Orienting Plants for Light Interception 103 Etiolation 109 Effect of Pigments 113 Photoperiodism 120 Light Quantity and Plant Growth 127 Light Sources and Their Use 133 Systems for Measuring Light 136 Summary 139 References 139 6 TEMPERATURE 141 Temperature and Plant Growth 142 Sugar and Starch Conversions 147 Soil Temperature 149 Temperature Monitoring and Control 154 Cooling Controlled Environments 155 Heating and Energy Conservation in Controlled Environments 160 Temperature and Site Selection 166 Vernalization 168 Dormancy 169 Temperature Stress 172 Low-Temperature Effects 172 High-Temperature Effects 183 Temperature Fluctuations 185 Summary 186 References 186 PART III THE RHIZOSPHERE (ROOT ZONE) 187 7 WATER 189 Properties of Water 190 Horticultural Applications and Water Management 198 Irrigation 204 Timing and Amount of Water 218 Soil Moisture Measurement 220 Summary 226 References 226 8 SOILS AND SOIL MANAGEMENT 229 Characteristics of Soil 230 Aeration and Drainage 239 References 249 9 MINERAL NUTRITION 251 Early Knowledge of Essential Elements 251 Mineral Nutrient Uptake 252 Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen 256 Macronutrients 257 Micronutrients 259 Fertilizer Practices 261 Fertilizer Sources 266 Inorganic Fertilizers 270 Fertilizer Application Methods 273 References 279 10 MULCHES 281 Advantages of Mulches 282 Use of Organic Mulches 282 Winter Mulching 284 Nonorganic Mulches 285 Limitations of Mulching 290 Summary 291 References 291 PART IV PLANT GROWTH SUBSTANCES 293 11 PLANT HORMONES 295 Major Plant Hormones 297 Growth-Promoting Hormones 297 Wounding and Stress Hormones 297 Growth-Promoting Hormones: Auxins 298 Gibberellins 304 Cytokinins 307 Brassinosteroids 311 Wounding and Stress Hormones: Ethylene 311 Abscisic Acid 315 Jasmonates 316 Other Plant Growth Substances 317 References 317 12 CHEMICAL CONTROL OF PLANT GROWTH 319 Dormancy 320 Apical Dominance 322 Apical Dominance 323 Growth Retardation 324 Vegetative Growth Promotion 326 Flowering 326 Sex Expression 328 Fruiting 329 Abscission and Harvest Aids 332 Summary 334 References 334 PART V HORTICULTURAL PRACTICES 335 13 PRUNING 337 Pruning 337 Summary 345 References 345 14 PLANT PROPAGATION 347 Vegetative Propagation 349 Cutting Propagation 349 Cutting Types 356 Layering 359 Specialized Plant Structures 360 Grafting and Budding 361 Micropropagation 364 Seed Propagation 368 Hardening-Off 376 Summary 377 References 377 15 POSTHARVEST HANDLING 379 Quality and Maturity 380 Biological Factors Involved in Deterioration 385 Environmental Factors Influencing Deterioration 387 Food Safety 389 Harvesting 390 Preparation for Market 391 Storage 397 Keys to Successful Handling of Horticultural Crops 403 References 405 Internet Resources 407 PART VI PLANT PROBLEMS 409 16 PLANT PESTS AND OTHER PROBLEMS 411 Plant Diseases 413 Fungi and Fungal-Like Organisms 416 Deuteromycetes or Fungi Imperfecti 425 Bacteria 425 Mollicutes (Phytoplasmas and Spiroplasmas) 427 Viruses and Viroids 427 Parasitic Higher Plants 430 Nematodes 431 Horticultural Practices and Plant Disease 432 Insects 432 Types of Insect Damage to Plants 437 Mites 445 Snails and Slugs 446 Vertebrate Pests 447 Weeds 450 Organic Approaches to Pest Management 453 Safety in the Use of Pesticides 454 Summary 455 References 455 APPENDIX 457 SCHEDULE A Field-Grown Processing Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) 458 SCHEDULE B Greenhouse-Grown Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) 460 SCHEDULE C Balled and Burlapped Spreading Yew (Taxus cuspidata) 464 SCHEDULE D Apple, a Temperate Tree Fruit (Malus pumila) 466 SCHEDULE E Orange, a Subtropical Tree Fruit (Citrus sinensis) 470 SCHEDULE F Kentucky Bluegrass Sod (Poa pratensis) 474 Glossary 477 Index 493

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Book SynopsisAn Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics, 2nd Edition, describes the rapidly developing field of near-surface geophysics. The book covers a range of applications including mineral, hydrocarbon and groundwater exploration, and emphasises the use of geophysics in civil engineering and in environmental investigations. Following on from the international popularity of the first edition, this new, revised, and much expanded edition contains additional case histories, and descriptions of geophysical techniques not previously included in such textbooks. The level of mathematics and physics is deliberately kept to a minimum but is described qualitatively within the text. Relevant mathematical expressions are separated into boxes to supplement the text. The book is profusely illustrated with many figures, photographs and line drawings, many never previously published. Key source literature is provided in an extensive reference section; a list ofTrade Review"A course using it will provide as much geophysics as many want or need, he says, but can also establish a foundation for more advanced courses. It discusses some topics rarely covered in introductory texts, such as geophysical survey design and line optimization techniques, image processing of potential field data, recent developments in high-resolution seismic reflection profiling, and electrical resistivity sub-surface imaging." (Book News, 1 August 2011) Table of ContentsPreface to the 2nd Edition xi Acknowledgements xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What are ‘applied’ and ‘environmental’ geophysics? 1 1.2 Geophysical methods 3 1.3 Matching geophysical methods to applications 5 1.4 Planning a geophysical survey 5 1.5 Geophysical survey design 9 2 Gravity Methods 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Physical basis 19 2.3 Measurement of gravity 24 2.4 Gravity meters 26 2.5 Corrections to gravity observations 34 2.6 Interpretation methods 45 2.7 Applications and case histories 59 3 Geomagnetic Methods 83 3.1 Introduction 83 3.2 Basic concepts and units of geomagnetism 83 3.3 Magnetic properties of rocks 87 3.4 The Earth’s magnetic field 89 3.5 Magnetic instruments 95 3.6 Magnetic surveying 100 3.7 Qualitative interpretation 103 3.8 Quantitative interpretation 107 3.9 Applications and case histories 123 4 Applied Seismology: Introduction and Principles 143 4.1 Introduction 143 4.2 Seismic waves 144 4.3 Raypath geometry in layered ground 149 4.4 Loss of seismic energy 152 4.5 Seismic energy sources 154 4.6 Detection and recording of seismic waves 169 5 Seismic Refraction Surveying 179 5.1 Introduction 179 5.2 General principles of refraction surveying 179 5.3 Geometry of refracted raypaths 182 5.4 Interpretational methods 186 5.5 Applications and case histories 193 5.6 Shear wave methods 208 6 Seismic Reflection Surveying 217 6.1 Introduction 217 6.2 Reflection surveys 217 6.3 Reflection data processing 228 6.4 Correlating seismic data with borehole logs and cones 246 6.5 Interpretation 250 6.6 Applications 257 7 Electrical Resistivity Methods 289 7.1 Introduction 289 7.2 Basic principles 289 7.3 Electrode configurations and geometric factors 293 7.4 Modes of deployment 301 7.5 Interpretation methods 311 7.6 ERT applications and case histories 326 7.7 Mise-`a-la-masse (MALM) method 336 7.8 Leak detection through artificial membranes 346 8 Spontaneous (Self) Potential Methods 349 8.1 Introduction 349 8.2 Occurrence of self-potentials 349 8.3 Origin of self-potentials 349 8.4 Measurement of self-potentials 353 8.5 Corrections to SP data 354 8.6 Interpretation of self-potential anomalies 354 8.7 Applications and case histories 357 8.8 Electrokinetic (EK) surveying 371 9 Induced Polarisation 373 9.3 Measurement of induced polarisation 376 9.4 Applications and case histories 384 10 Electromagnetic Methods: Introduction and Principles 403 10.1 Introduction 403 10.2 Principles of EM surveying 407 10.3 Airborne EM surveying 411 10.4 Seaborne EM surveying 418 10.5 Borehole EM surveying 426 11 Electromagnetic Methods: Systems and Applications 431 11.1 Introduction 431 11.2 Continuous-wave (CW) systems 431 11.3 Pulse-transient (TEM) or time-domain (TDEM) EM systems 467 12 Electromagnetic Methods: Systems and Applications II 495 12.1 Very-low-frequency (VLF) methods 495 12.2 The telluric method 502 12.3 The magnetotelluric (MT) method 505 12.4 Magnetic Resonance Sounding (MRS) 519 13 Introduction to Ground-Penetrating Radar 535 13.1 Introduction 535 13.2 Principles of operation 537 13.3 Propagation of radiowaves 539 13.4 Dielectric properties of earth materials 546 13.5 Modes of data acquisition 552 13.6 Data processing 554 13.7 Interpretation techniques 560 14 Ground-Penetrating Radar: Applications and Case Histories 565 14.1 Geological mapping 565 14.2 Hydrogeology and groundwater contamination 571 14.3 Glaciological applications 578 14.4 Engineering applications on manmade structures 587 14.5 Voids within manmade structures 599 14.6 Archaeological investigations 603 14.7 Forensic uses of GPR 607 14.8 Wide-aperture radar mapping and migration processing 607 14.9 Borehole radar 609 14.10 UXO and landmine detection 617 14.11 Animals 618 15 Radiometrics 625 15.1 Introduction 625 15.2 Natural radiation 625 15.3 Radioactivity of rocks 628 15.4 Radiation detectors 628 15.5 Data correction methods 633 15.6 Radiometric data presentation 635 15.7 Case histories 636 Appendix 645 References 649 Index 681

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Book SynopsisBiophysics is a field that encompasses physics, biology and medicine. It is an exciting, applied area of physics and one where there is significant research activity. The authors view of biophysics is "simple biology studied by those who have a background in physics.Trade Review"...quite useful...review thoroughly enjoyed reading...it would be quite satisfactory for an introductory course..." (Health Physics, Vol. 84, No. 5, May 2003) "...essential reading for anyone putting a biophysics course together...the book brings together essential material usually omitted from the undergraduate physics curriculum..." (American Journal of Physics, November 2003)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 2. Chemical Binding. 3. Energies, Forces and Bonds. 4. Rates of Reaction. 5. Transport Processes. 6. Some Techniques and Methods. 7. Biological Polymers. 8. Biological Membranes. 9. Biological Energy. 10. Movement of Organisms. 11. Excitable Membranes. 12. Nerve Signals. 13. Memory. 14. Control of Movement. Appendix A: Elements of Quantum Mechanics. Appendix B: The Hydrogen Atom. Appendix C: Thermal Motion. Appendix D: Probability Distributions. Appendix E: Differential Equations. Name Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisDemography in Ecotoxicology focuses on the interface between toxicology, life history and demographic theory. This comprehensive book examines the different ways of adequately assessing the potential impact of toxic stress on populations and discusses how to obtain an insight into the underlying physiological and genetic mechanisms.Trade Review"this book will be valuable to ecotoxicologists, ecologists and wildlife conservationists..." --Water 21, February 2001Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Series Foreword Preface Introduction Demographic Approaches in Ecotoxicology: State of the Art (J. Kammenga R. Laskowski) The Toxicologists' and Ecologists' Point of View-Unification through a Demographic Approach (J. Stark J. Banks) Demographic Changes Dynamic Effects of Compounds on Animal Energetics and Their Population Consequences (B. Kooijman J. Bedaux) Life Table Response Experiments in Ecotoxicology (H. Caswell) Stochastic and Density-dependent Models in Ecotoxicology (R. Laskowski) Effects of Heavy Metals on the Badger Meles meles: Interaction between Habitat Quality and Fragmentation (C. Klok, et al.) Cadmium and Zinc Accumulation and Its Demographic Effects in Invertebrates (P. Kramarz) Small Mammal Response at Population and Community Level to Heavy Metal Pollution (Pb, Cd, Tl) (K. Dmowski, et al.) Evolution in Polluted Environments Evolution in Toxic Environments: Quantitative Versus Major Gene Approaches (R. Woods A. Hoffmann) Review of Experimental Evidence for Physiological Costs of Tolerance to Toxicants (N. van Straalen A. Hoffmann) Multi-generation Effects at the Population Level: Fitness Maximisation and Optimal Allocation in a Nematode (J. Kammenga, et al.) Optimal Allocation, Life History and Heavy Metal Accumulation: a Dynamic Programming Model (M. Janczur, et al.) Preadapted Populations in Metal-polluted Environments (A. Rozen) Relationships between Enzymatic Response and Animal Population Demography in Polluted Environments (P. Migula) Tissue Changes in Animals and Their Population Effects (R. wiergosz) Open Problems and Recommendations for Risk Assessment Demographic Approaches in Ecotoxicology-Open Problems (J. Kammenga R. Laskowski) Implications for Ecological Risk Assessment: The Risk Quotient Life-cycle Approach (J. Kammenga) Index

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Book SynopsisProvides a comprehensive overview of direct and indirect effects of air pollutants on plant life. This book covers both physiological and biochemical impacts as well as effects at the whole plant/ecological level.Trade Review"...should be studied by many, whose interest lies in the preservation of air quality..." (International Journal of Environment Studies, Vol.60, No.2, 2003) "...Bell and Treshow have produced what I suspect will be a classic. (Times Higher Educational Supplement, 30 May 2003)Table of ContentsIntroduction (Nigel Bell & Michael Treshaw) Historical Perspective (Michael Treshaw & Nigel Bell) Emissions, Dispersion, Atmospheric Transformation (Roy Colville) Deposition and Uptake by Vegetation (David Fowler) Effects of Oxidants at the Biochemical, Cell and Physiological Levels with Particular Reference to Ozone (Stephen Long and Shawna Naidu) Effects of Oxidants at the Whole Plant and Community level (Michael Ashmore) Nitrogen Oxides: Old Problems and new Challenges (Terry Mansfield) Effects of Sulphur Dioxide (Allan Legge & Sagar Krupa) Effects of Fluorides (Len Weinstein & Del McCune) Effects of Volatile Organic Compounds (Christopher Collins & Nigel Bell) Effects of Particulates (Andrew Farmer) Effects of Increased Nitrogen Deposition (Roland Bobbink & Leon Laners) Effects of Wet Deposited Acidity (Trevor Ashenden) Effects of Pollutant Mixtures (Andreas Fangmeier, Juergen Bender, Hans-Joachim Weigel & Hans-Juergen Jager) Forest Decline and Air Pollution: An Assessment of "Forest Health" in the Forests of Europe, the Northeastern United States and Southeastern Canada (John Innes & John Skelly) Effects of Acidic Deposition on Aquatic Ecosystems (Ronald Harriman, Richard Batterbee & Don Monteith) Effects on Bryophytes and Lichens (Jeffrey Bates) Modification of Plant Response by Environmental Conditions (Gina Mills) Air Pollutant - Abiotic Stress Interactions (Alan Davison & Jeremy Barnes) Effects of Air pollutants on Biotic Stresses (Walter Fluckiger, Sabine Braun & Erika Hiltbrunner) Effects of Air Pollutants in Developing Countries (Fiona Marshall) Air Quality Guidelines and their Role in Pollution Control Policy (Michael Ashmore) Air Pollution and Climate Change (Victor Runeckles) Future Research Priorities and Directions (Nigel Bell)

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Book SynopsisProvides a comprehensive overview of the direct and indirect effects of air pollutants on plant life. This book also covers both physiological and biochemical impacts as well as larger-scale effects at the whole plant/ecological level. It is useful for students in Environmental Science, and Biological Science and Agriculture.Trade Review"...should be studied by many, whose interest lies in the preservation of air quality..." (International Journal of Environment Studies, Vol.60, No.2, 2003) "...Bell and Treshow have produced what I suspect will be a classic. (Times Higher Educational Supplement, 30 May 2003)Table of ContentsIntroduction (Nigel Bell & Michael Treshaw) Historical Perspectives (Michael Treshaw & Nigel Bell) Emissions, Dispersion and Atmospheric Transformation (Roy Colville) Deposition and Uptake by Vegetation (David Fowler) Effects of Oxidants at the Biochemical, Cell and Physiological Levels with Particular Reference to Ozone (Stephen Long and Shawna Naidu) Effects of Oxidants at the Whole Plant and Community Level (Michael Ashmore) Nitrogen Oxides: Old Problems and New Challenges (Terry Mansfield) Effects of Sulphur Dioxide (Allan Legge & Sagar Krupa) Effects of Fluorides (Len Weinstein & Del McCune) Effects of Volatile Organic Compounds (Christopher Collins & Nigel Bell) Effects of Particulates (Andrew Farmer) Effects of Increased Nitrogen Deposition (Roland Bobbink & Leon Laners) Effects of Wet Deposited Acidity (Trevor Ashenden) Effects of Pollutant mixtures (Andreas Fangmeier, Juergen Bender, Hand-Joachim Weigel & Hans-Juergen Jager) Forest Decline and Air Pollution: An Assessment of "Forest Health" in the Forests of Europe, the Northeastern United States and Southeastern Canada (John Innes & John Skelly) Effects of Acidic Deposition on Aquatic Ecosystems (Ronald Harriman, Ricahrd Battarbee & Don Monteith) Effects on Bryophytes and Lichens (Jeffrey Bates) Modifications of Plant Response by Environmental Conditions (Gina Mills) Air Pollutant - Abiotic Stress Interactions (Alan Davison & Jeremy Barnes) Effects of Air Pollutants on Biotic Stresses (Walter Fluckiger, Sabine Braun & Erika Hiltbrunner) Effects of Air Pollutants in Developing Countries (Fiona Marshall) Air Quality Guidelines and their Role in Pollution Control Policy (Michael Ashmore) Air Pollution and Climate Change (Victor Runeckles) Future Research Priorities and Directions (Nigel Bell)

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Book SynopsisVegetation Description and Data Analysis: A PracticalApproach, Second Edition is a fully revised and up-datededition of this key text. The book takes account of recent advancesin the field whilst retaining the original reader-friendly approachto the coverage of vegetation description and multivariate analysisin the context of vegetation data and plant ecology. Since the publication of the hugely popular first edition therehave been significant developments in computer hardware andsoftware, new key journals have been established in the field andscope and application of vegetation description and analysis hasbecome a truly global field. This new edition includes fullcoverage of new developments and technologies. This contemporary and comprehensive edition of this well-known andrespected textbook will prove invaluable to undergraduate andgraduate students in biological sciences, environmental science,geography, botany, agriculture, forestry and biologicalconservation. * FTable of ContentsPreface to the second edition ix Acknowledgements xi Safety in the field xiii Chapter 1 The nature of quantitative plant ecology andvegetation science 1 Chapter 2 Environmental gradients, plant communities andvegetation dynamics 23 Chapter 3 The description of vegetation in the field 49 Chapter 4 The nature and properties of vegetation data 101 Chapter 5 Basic statistical methods for understandingmultivariate analysis 139 Chapter 6 Ordination methods 171 Chapter 7 Phytosociology and the Z¨urich-Montpellier(Braun-Blanquet) School of subjective classification 273 Chapter 8 Numerical classification, cluster analysis andphytosociology 307 Chapter 9 Computer software for the analysis of vegetation andenvironmental/biotic data 359 Chapter 10 Future developments in vegetation science andquantitative plant ecology 369 References 371 Index 403

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Book SynopsisExamines the processes operating in the headwaters and main channels of ephemeral rivers in semi--arid environments and includes coverage of current fieldwork investigations, modeling approaches, and management issues.Table of ContentsPart I An Overview of Dryland Rivers Dryland River Characteristics and Concepts (L.J. Bull and M.J. Kirkby) A Global Perspective on Dryland Rivers: Perceptions, Misconceptions and Distinctions (G.C. Nanson et al) Part II Process in Dryland Catchments Runoff Generation in Semi-Arid Areas (K. Beven) Sediment Dynamics of Ephemeral Channels (I. Reid) Modelling Event-Based Fluxes in Ephemeral Streams (J. Shannon et al) Morpho-Dynamics of Ephemeral Streams (J. Hooke and J. Mant) The Relationship between Alluvial Fans and Fan Channels with Mediterranean Mountain Fluvial Systems (A.M. Harvey) Part III Channel Network Expansion Gully Erosion in Dryland Environments (J. Poesen et al) Channel Heads and Channel Extension (L.J. Bull and M.J. Kirkby) Badland Systems in the Mediterranean (F. Gallart et al) Part IV Flooding in Ephemeral Channels Floods: Magnitude and Frequency in Ephemeral Streams of the Spanish Mediterranean Region (F. Lopez-Bermudez et al) Synoptic Conditions Producing Extreme Rainfall Events along the Mediterranean Coast of the Iberian Peninsula (F. Alonso-Sarria et al) Index

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Book SynopsisThe Key to Earth History introduces students to the basic tools used by geologists to reconstruct the Eartha s history, and shows how these tools can be used to chart the pattern of global environmental change since the formation of the Earth some 4600 million years ago.Table of ContentsPreface. Illustrations. Introduction: What is Stratigraphy? PRINCIPLES. Uniformitarianism or Actualism. Establishing the Sequence of Events. Geological Time. Interpreting the Stratigraphical Record. The Evolution and Closure of Sedimentary Basins: The Role of Plate Tectonics. The Stratigraphical Tool Kit: Case Studies. Summary of Part One: The Stratigraphical Tool Kit. THE PATTERN OF EARTH HISTORY. Introduction to Part Two. The Stratigraphical Record and Global Rhythm. The North Atlantic Region: A Journey Through Time. The Precambrian: Peering into Deep Time. Pangaea: Birth of a Giant. Pangaea and the Opening of the Atlantic. Summary of Part Two: The Pattern of Earth History. Lexicon of Stratigraphical Terms. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis text tackles the economic, social, and political issues that electronic commerce raises from interdisciplinary and international perspectives. It presents information for those wanting the background of e-commerce, and gives case studies related to specific services making use of e-commerce.Table of ContentsList of Contributors vii Preface and Acknowledgements ix Introduction E-Commerce Definition, Dimensions and Constraints xiThomas R. Leinbach and Stanley D. Brunn Part 1 E-commerce: Meaning, Theory, and Impacts Chapter 1 Emergence of the Digital Economy and E-Commerce 3Thomas R. Leinbach Chapter 2 Towards an Economics of the Internet and E-Commerce 27Kenneth Button and Samantha Taylor Chapter 3 Beyond Transaction Costs: E-Commerce and the Power of the Internet Dataspace 45Martin Kenney and James Curry Chapter 4 Towards a Location Theory of Distributed Computing and E-Commerce 67Michael F. Goodchild Chapter 5 Maybe the Death of Distance, but not the End of Geography: the Internet as a Network 87Edward J. Malecki and Sean P. Gorman Part II E-Commerce in Firm, Regional, and International Context Chapter 6 The Information Society, Japanese Style: Corner Stores as Hubs for E-Commerce Access 109Yuko Aoyama Chapter 7 Internet Economics and the Outline Recruiting Industry 129Sharon Cobb Chapter 8 Grounding Global Flows: Constructing an E-Commerce Hub in Singapore 145Neil M. Coe and Henry Wai-chung Yeung Chapter 9 Finding the Source of Amazon.com: Examining the Store with the ‘Earth’s Biggest Selection’Martin Dodge Chapter 10 Electronic Banking and the City System in the Netherlands 181Marina van Geenhuizen and Peter Nijkamp Chapter 11 Global Electronic Spaces: Singapore’s Role in the Foreign Exchange Market in the Asia Pacific Region 203John Langdale Part III E-commerce: Financial, Legal, and State Dimensions Chapter 12 The Currency of Currency: Speed, Sovereignty, and Electronic Finance 223Barney Warf and Darren Purcell Chapter 13 Information and Communication Technologies and the Integration of European Derivatives Markets 241Dominic Power Chapter 14 ‘Dry Counties’ in Cyberspace: Governance and Enforcement without Geographic Borders 257Priscilla M. Regan Chapter 15 Dot com Development: Are IT Lines Better than Tractors? 277Mark I. Wilson Chapter 16 Corporate Nations: The Emergence of New sovereignties 293Thomas M. Edwards References 315 Index 345

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Book SynopsisThis innovative book exemplifies the importance of sophisticated and intelligent spatial analysis techniques in dealing with the range of location, distribution and channel management issues which face todaya s retail and service businesses.Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION TRENDS IN RETAILING Introduction Demand-Side Changes Trends in Distribution and Retail Supply The Regulatory Environment Conclusion RETAIL LOCATIONS AND DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS:PAST,PRESENT AND FUTURE Introduction The High Street or Town Centre The Superstore and Hypermarket The Discount Store The Shopping Centre or Mall The Retail Warehouse and Retail Park New Retail Locations New Retail Formats and Distribution Channels The Old versus the New Conclusion SPATIAL RETAIL GROWTH STRATEGIES Introduction Organic Growth Mergers and Acquisitions Franchising Joint Ventures and Strategic Alliances Warehouse LocationConclusion SPATIAL RETAIL GROWTH STRATEGIES Introduction What is E-Commerce/Internet Retailing? Who Makes Money from the Internet? Understanding Consumer Preferences Examples of Internet Retailing in Different Sectors Geography,the Internet and E-Commerce Conclusion TERRITORY PLANNING Introduction Territory Management Balanced Workloads Ef .cient Organization Conclusion METHODS FOR SITE SELECTION Introduction An Inductive Approach to Site Selection A Deductive Approach to Site Selection Applied Location Modelling The Simplicity Spectrum SPATIAL INTERACTION MODELS FOR RETAIL SITE ASSESSMENT The Model and its Development Estimating the Small Area Demands for Products and Services The Supply Side Customer Flows and Store Revenues Providing a Decision-Support Capability The Development of a Cross Channel Management Planfor the City of Vienna for a Major Automotive Manufacturer Conclusion NETWORK REPRESENTATION PLANNING Introduction Case Study 1:Automotive Network Optimization Case Study 2:Financial Services Network Optimization Post-merger Network Optimization Retail network optimization Conclusion DIRECT MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL MANAGEMENT Introduction Geodemographics Enhancement of Geodemographics Lifestyle Databases Other Micro-Modelling Strategies A Financial Services Channel Simulation Model MEASURING THE BENEFITS OF SPATIAL MODELLING Introduction Returns on Capital Operational Ef .ciency Improved Competitiveness Strategic Value Applications to Market RegulationConclusion CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Book SynopsisThis text uses stratigraphy, geomorphology and hydrology to explain the distribution and development of soil on a landscape. The approach is three-dimensional, considering the surface geology, geomorphology and hydrology and their combined influence on soil properties and distribution.Table of ContentsStratigraphy. Textural Characteristics of Soil Materials. Fluvial Systems. Hillslope Sediments. Transitional Environments and Terrigenous Marine ShelfSediments. Volcanic Materials. Saprolite. Geomorphology. How Landscapes Evolve. Rates of Denudation. Streams. Hillslope Processes and Mass Movement. Time and Soil Formation. Hydrology. Index.

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Book SynopsisDesigned to aid readers in gathering the most reliable quantitative information on forests for the least cost.Table of ContentsFocus, Fundamental Concepts, and Theory. Probabilistic Sampling Strategies. Forest Sampling--Single Level. Multi-Information Sources for Sampling. Model-Based Inference. Mensurational Aspects of Forest Inventory. Related Sampling Topics. Related Estimation Topics. Future Directions in Multiresource Sampling in Forestry. References. Answers to the Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisEmphasizing the key principles of conservation biology and showing how these principles can be applied to the management of biological resources, this text simplifies many difficult concepts. Each chapter summarizes a specific theme in the field and contains suggestions for further reading.Table of ContentsConservation History. Environmental Trends. Environmental Ethics. Ecological Economics. Policies for Conservation. Management of Natural Resources. Preservation of Biodiversity. Culture. Conclusion. References. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisThis reference work on rock mass classification contains previously unpublished material and authoritative case studies. It includes the fundamental concepts of classification schemes and critically appraises their practical applications in industrial projects such as mining.Table of ContentsRole of Rock Mass Classifications in Site Characterization andEngineering Design. Early Rock Mass Classifications. Geomechanics Classification (Rock Mass Rating System). Q-System. Other Classifications. Applications in Tunneling. Applications in Mining. Other Applications. Case Histories Data Base. Appendix. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisDescribes and analyzes global causes, effects and dynamics of floods and includes methods for related environmental management. Reviews recent advances in the interdisciplinary study of floods and their effects on landforms, sediments, human works, and populations.Table of ContentsPreface. Overview. External Controls and Geomorphic Measurements. Flood Processes. Floods, Climate, Landscape. Palefloods. Environmental Management.

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Book SynopsisBioremediation and Natural Attenuation: Process Fundamentals and Mathematical Models provides, under one cover, the current methodology needed by groundwater scientists and engineers in their efforts to evaluate contamination problems, to estimate risk to human health and ecosystems, and to design and formulate remediation strategies.Trade Review"…does a very good job of bringing together material form disparate sources…readers new to the field will be well served by it." (Ground Water, March-April 2007) "The topic is important; both theory and state-of-the-art are well discussed…this is an excellent book." (Journal of Hazardous Materials, September 1, 2006) “… a reference book for practitioners, regulators, and researchers dealing with contaminant hydrogeology and correction action.” (Environmental Geology, December 2006)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction to Bioremediation. 2. Geochemical Attenuation Mechanisms. 3. Biodegradation Principles. 4. Fundamentals of Ground Water Flow and Contaminant Transport Processes. 5. Fate and Transport Equations and Analytical Models for Natural Attenuation. 6. Numerical Modeling of Contaminant Transport, Transformation, and Degradation Processes. 7. Field and Laboratory Techniques to Determine Site-Specific Parameters for Modeling the Fate and Transport of Groundwater Pollutants. 8. Bioremediation Technologies. 9. Performance Assessment and Demonstration of Bioremediation and Natural Attenuation. Appendix A: Chemical Properties of Various Compounds. Appendix B: Free Energy and Thermodynamic Feasibility of Chemical and Biochemical Reactions. Appendix C: Commonly Used Numerical Groundwater Flow and Solute Transport Codes (Modified after Wiedemeier et al., 1999). Appendix D: Nonparametric Statistical Tests for Determining the Effectiveness of Natural Attenuation (after Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources). Appendix E: Critical Values of the Student t-Distribution. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisPlant Breeding Reviews presents state-of-the-art reviews on plant genetics and the breeding of all types of crops by both traditional means and molecular methods. Many of the crops widely grown today stem from a very narrow genetic base. Understanding and preserving crop genetic resources is vital to the security of food systems worldwide.Table of ContentsList of Contributors. 1. Dedication: Stanley J. Peloquin. Potato Geneticist and Cytogeneticist (Rodomiro Ortiz, Luigi Frusciante, and Domenico Carputo). 2. Politics of Plant Breeding (Cary Fowler and Richard L. Lower). I. Introduction. II. Germplasm, Plant Breeding, and the Fight for Rights. III. The Debate Over Biotechnology. IV. Plant Breeders’ Choices. Literature Cited. 3. Doubled Haploids in Genetics and Plant Breeding (Brian P. Forster and William T. B. Thomas). I. Introduction. II. Doubled Haploid Technology. III. Doubled Haploid Populations in Genetics. IV. Doubled Haploids in Breeding. V. Prospects. Literature Cited. 4. Biochemistry and Genetics of Flower Color (R. J. Griesbach). I. Introduction. II. Flavonoid Chemistry. III. Anthocyanin Biosynthesis. IV. Mendelian Inheritance. V. Transgene Technology. Literature Cited. 5. The Influence of Mitochondrial Genetics on Crop Breeding Strategies (Sally A. Mackenzie). I. Introduction. II. Structure of the Mitochondrial Genome in Plants. III. Cytoplasmic Male Sterility. IV. Occurrence and Developmental Implications of Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Incompatibility. V. Some Implications of Cytoplasmic Genetics for the Plant Breeder. Literature Cited. 6. Genetic and Cytoplasmic-Nuclear Male Sterility in Sorghum (Belum V. S. Reddy, S. Ramesh, and Rodomiro Ortiz). I. Introduction. II. Genetic Male Sterility (GMS). III. Cytoplasmic-Nuclear Male Sterility (CMS). IV. Molecular Characterization of Cytoplasms. V. DNA Polymorphism and Mapping Restorer Genes. VI. Factors Influencing CMS Systems Use. VII. Diversification of CMS Systems. VIII. Heterosis and Hybrid Development. IX. Conclusion. Literature Cited. 7. Improving Drought Tolerance in Maize (T. Barker, H. Campos, M. Cooper, D. Dolan, G. Edmeades, J. Habben, J. Schussler, D. Wright, and C. Zinselmeier). I. Introduction. II. Physiology of the Response of Maize Under Drought. III. Experimental Methods. IV. Applied Breeding Methods. V. Molecular Breeding. VI. Conclusions. Literature Cited. 8. The Origins of Fruits, Fruit Growing, and Fruit Breeding (Jules Janick). I. Introduction. II. The Horticultural Arts. III. Origin, Domestication, and Early Culture of Fruit Crops. IV. Genetic Changes and Cultural Factors in Domestication. Literature Cited. Subject Index. Cumulative Subject Index. Cumulative Contributor Index.

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Book SynopsisThe classic reference on weeds and invasive plants has been revised and updated. The Third Edition of this authoritative reference provides an in-depth understanding of how weeds and invasive plants develop and interact in the environment so you can manage and control them more effectively.Trade Review"Overall, the changes make the third edition a worthwhile purchase even for those who already own the second. . . If one is looking for a book that covers the basics of weed science from a traditional perspective this is a fine selection: well-written and remarkably concise for a complicated topic." (Economic Botany, 2010) Table of ContentsPreface. Burdock (Charles Goodrich) Introduction. Chapter 1. Weeds and Invasive Plants. Chapter 2. Principles. Chapter 3. Invasibility of Agricultural and Natural Ecosystems. Chapter 4. Evolution of Weeds and Invasive Plants. Chapter 5. Weed Demography and Population Dynamics. Chapter 6. Plant-Plant Associations. Chapter 7. Weed and Invasive Plant Management Approaches, Methods and Tools. Chapter 8. Herbicides. Chapter 9. Systems Approaches for Weed and Invasive Plant Management. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe most complete text and reference on contemporary beef cattle production available. New edition merges current production technology with management and flexible marketing. Text organization reflects the industry: cow-calf (including purebred herds), stocker or growing phase, and the feedlot or finishing phase. Explains scientific basis of beef production. Describes proven management techniques for efficient production.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: The Commercial Cow-Calf Program. Beef Cattle Selection and Crossbreeding. Matching Cow Productivity and Resources. The Purebred Program. Pregnancy, Parturition, and Care of the Calf. Principles of Feeding Beef Cattle. Forage and Roughage Utilization. Managing the Cow Herd for Reproduction. Management of Nursing Calves. Operation of the Stocker Program. Receiving Programs for Stressed Stocker and Feeder Cattle. The Cattle Finishing Program, History, Present Situation, andFuture Trends. The Importance of Age and Sex in Growing and Finishing. The Importance of Feeder Grade to Growing and Finishing. Nutrition and Management of Finishing Program. Index.

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Book SynopsisPrinciples of forestry are introduced with emphasis on actual field practices, both traditional and modern. The fourth edition includes expanded treatments of small private forest owners, reflecting changing patterns in ownership; more informtion on new advances in timber volumes, growth, cut, and management; updated coverage of forest instruments; and more on pollution damage, reflecting current problems. Each significant field practice is illustrated with photos, drawings, and tables for easier comprehension.Table of ContentsThe Forestry Challenge. Forestry: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow. Characteristics and Growth Requirements of Forest Trees. The Composition and Distribution of Forests. Applying Silvicultural Systems. Measuring the Forest. Forest Management and Timber Production Finance. Logging and Measuring Forest products. Protecting Forests from Fire, Insects, and Diseases. Processing and Marketing Forest Products. Managing Forest Lands for other Purposes. Organization and Administration of Forestry Programs. Appendixes. Index.

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Book SynopsisDescribes the techniques and fundamental concepts underlying the production and marketing of vegetable crops, particularly those crops that contribute to the commercial vitality of the vegetable industry in the western hemisphere. Covers resources -- natural, biological and economic -- that are fundamental to successful crop production, as well as the vegetable management systems that integrate these resources. Also includes specific information on each of the major vegetable crops, such as history, botanical characteristics, production techniques, pests, harvesting, and marketing. In addition, it provides discussions of social conflicts and problems that arise from water and land use practices, pesticide application, and conservation.Table of ContentsThe Vegetable Industry. Labor, Mechanization, and Production Efficiency. The Plant and Its Environment. Modifying Plant Environment. Tillage and Crop Establishment. Pest Management. Alternative Production Systems. Quality Control and Marketing. Classification of Vegetables. Perennial Crops. Potherbs or Greens. Cole Crops. Leafy Salad Crops. Root Crops. Alliums. Tuber and Tuberous Rooted Crops. Solanaceous Crops. Legumes. Cucurbits. Sweet Corn. Miscellaneous Vegetables. Glossary. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisDesigned to work effectively both as a manual for the logging industry and as a textbook for timber harvesting courses. The sequence of the chapters on logging and associated activities coincides with the consecutive steps in logging--from acquiring the timber through its final transport. This Second Edition emphasizes environmental considerations--such as the increasing need to reduce excessive soil movement and subsequent siltation.Table of ContentsTimber Acquisition. Logging Planning. Forest Road Engineering. Forest Road Construction. Timber Production Management. Tree Processing. Skidding and Forwarding. Cable Yarding. Loading and Unloading. Final Transport. Logging Cost Analysis. References. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisIntroduces geophysical methods used to explore for natural resources and to survey earth structure for purposes of geological and engineering knowledge. These methods include seismic refraction and reflection surveying, gravity and magnetic field surveying, electrical resistivity and electromagnetic field surveying, and geophysical well logging.Table of ContentsChapter 1 The Search 1 Chapter 2 Seismic Waves 15 Chapter 3 Refracted Seismic Waves and Earth Structure 39 Chapter 4 Reflected Seismic Waves and Earth Structure 81 Chapter 5 Seismic Surveying 117 Chapter 6 Seismic Reflection Data Processing and Interpretation 163 Chapter 7 Gravity on the Earth 221 Chapter 8 Gravity Surveying 249 Chapter 9 Bouguer Gravity and Geology 281 Chapter 10 Earth Magnetism 333 Chapter 11 Surveying the Anomalous Magnetic Field 375 Chapter 12 Magnetic Anomalies and Their Geologic Sources 401 Chapter 13 Geoelectrical Surveying 445 Chapter 14 Geophysical Well Logging 501 Index 543

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Book SynopsisAddresses reservoirs as unique ecological systems and presents research indicating that reservoirs fall into two or three highly concatenated, interactive ecological systems ranging from riverine to lacustrine or hybrid systems. Includes some controversial concepts about the limnology of reservoirs, which make for interesting reading.Table of ContentsPerspectives on Reservoir Limnology (K. Thornton). Reservoir Transport Processes (D. Ford). Sedimentary Processes (K. Thornton). Dissolved Oxygen Dynamics (T. Cole & H. Hannan). Reservoir Nutrient Dynamics (R. Kennedy & W. Walker). Reservoir Primary Production (B. Kimmel, et al.). Reservoirs as Environments for Zooplankton (G. Marzolf). Perspectives on Fish in Reservoir Ecosystems (W. O'Brien). Reservoir Ecosystems: Conclusions and Speculations (R.Wetzel). Index.

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Book SynopsisThe purpose of this book is to demonstrate that the land-based geomorphological evidence of environmental change from late Pleistocene, Holocene, historical and contemporary time periods remain central to the understanding of environmental change both at the global and regional scale.Trade Review"...a useful introduction to the topic..." (Aslib Book Guide, August 2000) "...an excellent source of information...gives an excellent insight into the ways in which human activity can affect the geomorphic process..." (Civil Engineering Surveyor, January 2001) "...the book is a well written demonstration that modern geomorphology has indeed a high potential to contribute to the study of global environmental change..." (Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie) "...There is plenty here to stimulate thought..." (The Geographical Journal, March 2002)Table of ContentsList of Contributors Preface and Acknowledgements Section A Introduction 1. Global Environmental Change: The Global Agenda (by Olav Slaymaker) Section B Tectonics, Sea Level and Climate Forcing Introduction 2. Glacial Landforms in Taiwan and a Reinterpretation of the Last Glacial Snowline Depression (by Margot Böse) 3. The Effects of Relative Sea Level Changes on the Coastal Morphology of Southern Apulia (Italy) during the Holocene (by Michela Dini, Giuseppe Mastronuzzi and Paolo Sansò) 4. Estimating Pleistocene Tectonic Uplift Rates in the Southeastern Apennines (Italy) from Erosional Land Surfaces and Marine Terraces (by Annalisa Amato) Section C Regional Hydrologic and Lacustrine Impacts of Global Environmental Change Introduction 5. Slope-Channel Linkage as a Control on Geomorphic Sensitivity in Alpine Basins, Cascade Mountains, British Columbia (by Martin Evans) 6. A Holocene Debris-Flow Chronology for an Alpine Catchment, Colorado Front Range (by Brian Menounos) 7. Holocene Paleoenvironments in Central Spain Reconstructed by Sedimentological Investigation of Playa Lake Systems (by Brigitta Schütt) 8. Rainfall Increase, Land Use and Morphodynamic Changes in Northwestern Argentina as Indicators of the Effects of Future Climatic Changes (by J.M. Sayago and M. Toledo) 9. Some Considerations Regarding Climatic Change and Specific Erosion in Central Italy (by Walter Dragoni and Daniela Valigi) Section D Human Activity and Global Environmental Change Introduction 10. Sensitivity of Fluvial Systems to Climate Change and Human Impact: A Case Study from Central Europe (by Monika Igl, Roland Mäusbacher, Heike Schneider and Jussi Baade) 11. Geomorphological Change on the Tsengwen Coastal Plain in Southwestern Taiwan (by Jul-Chin Chang) 12. Environmental Impact of Land Use Change in the Inner Alentejo (Portugal) in the 20th century (by Denise de Brum Ferreira) 13. Classification of Spatial and Temporal Changes to a Developed Barrier Island, Seven Mile Beach, New Jersey, USA (by Nancy L. Jackson, Karl F. Nordstrom, Michael S. Bruno and Valerie L. Spalding) 14. Impact of Human Activities on Geomorphic Processes in the Almora Region, Central Himalaya, India (by J.S. Rawat, Geeta Rawat and S.P. Rai) Section E Conclusion 15. Reflections on the Actual and Potential Role of Geomorphology in Global Environmental Change Research (by Olav Slaymaker) Index

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Book SynopsisThis text brings together in one single comprehensive reference, the fundamentals of radioactivity. It is timely and invaluable as the studies of environmental processes and the awareness of the impact of human activity on our environment are increasing.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY. 2. NATURE OF RADIOACTIVITY. 3. INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER. 4. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION AND RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION. 5. MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE. 6. NUCLEAR POWER. 7. RELEASES OF RADIONUCLIDES FROM NON-NUCLEAR POWER INDUSTRIES. 8. INSTRUMENTATION FOR RADIATION DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT. 9. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES. 10. SAMPLING AND SAMPLE PREPARATION. 11. STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF RADIOACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS. 12. RADIOACTIVE SURVEYING AND REMOTE SENSING. 13. MODELLING THE DISPERSION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN THE ENVIRONMENT: AN INTRODUCTION TO MODELLING CONCEPTS. 14. MODELLING DISPERSION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN THE ATMOSPHERE. 15. MODELLING DISPERSION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS. 16. ASSESSMENT OF RADIATION DOSES. APPENDIX 1. Acronyms Used in the Text. APPENDIX 2. Units, Terms and Conversion Factors for Radiation, Radioactivity and Related Areas. APPENDIX 3. Data for the Most Important Environmental Radionuclides. Bibliography. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis text brings together in one single comprehensive reference, the fundamentals of radioactivity. It is timely and invaluable as the studies of environmental processes and the awareness of the impact of human activity on our environment are increasing.Trade Review"…will also serve as a handbook for workers in the fields of radiochemical analysis and environmental modelling and for scientists, consultants and environmental health and pollution officers…" (International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Vol.84, No.14 – 15, 10 – 20 December 2004)Table of Contents1 INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY. 2 NATURE OF RADIOACTIVITY. 3 INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER. 4 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION AND RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION. 5 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE. 6 NUCLEAR POWER. 7 RELEASES OF RADIONUCLIDES FROM NON-NUCLEAR POWER INDUSTRIES. 8 INSTRUMENTATION FOR RADIATION DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT. 9 MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES. 10 SAMPLING AND SAMPLE PREPARATION. 11 STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF RADIOACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS. 12 RADIOACTIVE SURVEYING AND REMOTE SENSING. 13 MODELLING THE DISPERSION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN THE ENVIRONMENT: AN INTRODUCTION TO MODELLING CONCEPTS. 14 MODELLING DISPERSION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN THE ATMOSPHERE. 15 MODELLING DISPERSION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN THE AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS. 16 ASSESSMENT OF RADIATION DOSES. APPENDIX 1 List of Acronyms used in the Text. APPENDIX 2 Units, Terms and Conversion Factors for Radiation, Radioactivity and Related Areas. APPENDIX 3 Data for the most important environmental radionuclides. References. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisWritten with the view of geography as spatial information technology, this text is intended for undergraduate students of geography who are interested in computer applications. Following an introduction to computers, it covers uses in cartography, remote sensing and data manipulation.Table of ContentsComputers and Geographical Data. Statistical Methods. Computers in Cartography. Remote Sensing. Simulation. Geographical Information Systems. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsIntroduction. Background. Mapping metamorphic rocks. Banding. Minerals, rock-types, compositions and grades. Textures, fabrics, cleavage and schistosity. Scattered entities: pods, boudins, augen, pseudomorphs, veins andpegmatites. Contacts and reaction zones. Faults, mylonites and cataclasites. Reference tables and checklists. Index.

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Book SynopsisComputerised Environmental Modelling A Practical Introduction Using Excel J. Hardisty, D. M. Taylor and S. E. Metcalfe The University of Hull, UK The study of the environment is currently developing into a rigorous and demanding analytical science that requires the use of sophisticated environmental models. The increasing demand for graduates trained to deal with complex environmental issues gives rise to the problem of how environmental modelling should be taught. Computerised Environmental Modelling, which is based upon an existing undergraduate course, addresses this problem by presenting a readable (and tested) introduction to the subject through an easy to use software environment. Simple numerical models taught through widely available spreadsheets do away with the need for language-specific training. Students now no longer need to program before they can model. Divided into three sections, the book first deals with the general principles of environmental systems modelling, then Table of ContentsENVIRONMENTAL MODELING. Environmental Systems. Introduction to Modeling. A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO COMPUTER MODELING. Making a Paper Model. Making a Computer Model. Environmental Models. Presenting the Results. Process-Response Modeling. Stochastic Modeling. Feedback Modeling. Validation. EXAMPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MODELS. An Ocean Temperature Model. Chaos. Daisy World. Faunal Extinction on an Isolated Island. Acid Deposition. Hydrological Response of Lake Basins. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook aims to clarify the links between statistics and computerized data analysis when applying the scientific method of enquiry to geography. It explains basic statistical techniques and demonstrates their application in geographical data analysis.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: The Nature of Geographical Data. Inputting Geographical Data on to the Computer. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS I. Descriptive Statistics. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS II. An Introduction to Hypothesis Testing. An Overview of Probability Distributions. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS III. Spatial Statistics. Appendices. References and Selected Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisMetamorphic Crystallization investigates the upper regions of the crystalline Earth, where countless solid-state chemical changes have taken place during the long history of the planet. The exploration proceeds in five stages.Table of ContentsThe Geological Background. Mineral Thermodynamics. Phase Equilibrium. Chemical Kinetics. Granular Microstructures and Crystallization Mechanisms. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisWhile not all metals in Soil--plant systems are inherently toxic, particularly in low concentrations, there is an increasing incidence of metal pollution from aerial fallout, spoils, wastes and agricultural amendments including sewage sludge. Toxic Metals in Soil--Plant Systems discusses the processes of trace-metal cycling in contaminated ecosystems under conditions where their concentrations become toxic through high loading rates, long-term exposure or altered environmental conditions. Other environmental and pedological concentration mechanisms are discussed, including cation exchange and anion adsorption onto different soil materials. The book is divided into two sections; the first part discusses the sources and fates of metals in ecosystems, with an up-to-date review of the processes which control metal speciation in soils, metal uptake mechanisms, and plant responses to toxic metal concentrations in soils. A clear understanding of these processes and their interactions in soil Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: THEORY AND PROCESSES. Sources and Forms of Potentially Toxic Metals in Soil-Plant Systems(S. Ross). Retention, Transformation and Mobility of Toxic Metals in Soils (S.Ross). Toxic Metals: Fate and Distribution in Contaminated Ecosystems (S.Ross). CASE STUDIES. Mechanisms of Ecosystem Recovery Following 11 Years of NutrientEnrichment in an Old-Field Community (S. Brewer, et al.). The Impact and Fate of Heavy Metals in an Oak Woodland Ecosystem(M. Martin & R. Bullock). Caesium Cycling in Heather Moorland Ecosystems (A. Horrill & G.Clint). A Metal Budget for a Monsoonal Wetland in Northern Australia (C.Finlayson). Index.

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