Earth sciences Books

Book SynopsisSustainable Development in Practice: Case Studies for Engineers and Scientists, Second Edition explores the concept of sustainable development and its implications for science and engineering. It looks at how sustainability criteria can be combined with traditional scientific and engineering considerations to design and operate industrial systems in a more sustainable manner. Taking a life cycle approach to addressing economic, environmental and social issues, the book presents a series of new practical case studies drawn from a range of sectors, including mining, energy, food, buildings, transport, waste, and health. Written in an accessible style, the book opens with a general introduction to the concept of sustainable development and explores its practical implications for technical experts. Recognising that practical application of sustainable development depends on the context, the second part of the book is devoted to case studies. The case studies explore scientific aTable of ContentsAbout the Editors ix List of Contributors xi Preface xiii Part 1 1 The Concept of Sustainable Development and its Practical Implications 3 Slobodan Perdan 2 Measuring Sustainable Development: An Overview 26 Slobodan Perdan and Adisa Azapagic 3 Assessing Environmental Sustainability: Life Cycle Thinking and Life Cycle Assessment 56 Adisa Azapagic Part 2 4 Translating the Principles of Sustainable Development into Business Practice: An Application in the Mining and Minerals Sector 83 Adisa Azapagic and Slobodan Perdan 5 Climate Change and Policy: The Case of Germany 117 Wolfram Krewitt and Hans Mu¨ller-Steinhagen 6 Sustainability Assessment of Biofuels 142 Adisa Azapagic and Heinz Stichnothe 7 Scenario Building and Uncertainties: Options for Energy Sources 170 Richard Darton 8 Fuel Cells in Stationary Applications: Energy for the Future? 189 Martin Pehnt 9 Sustainability of Nuclear Power 211 Adisa Azapagic and Slobodan Perdan 10 Municipal Solid Waste Management: Recovering Energy from Waste 261 Adisa Azapagic 11 Sustainability Issues in Food Provisioning Systems 326 Adisa Azapagic, Heinz Stichnothe and Namy Espinoza-Orias 12 Providing Sustainable Sanitation 348 Richard Fenner and Amparo Flores 13 Sustainable Process Design: The Case of Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM) 374 Adisa Azapagic 14 Urban Sustainability: The Case of Transport 420 Slobodan Perdan and Adisa Azapagic 15 Aviation and its Response to Environmental Pressure 449 Alice Bows and Kevin Anderson 16 Health Impact Assessment of Urban Pollution 467 Zaid Chalabi and Tony Fletcher 17 Social and Ethical Dimensions of Sustainable Development: Mining in Kakadu National Park 483 Slobodan Perdan Index 511

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Book SynopsisFirst book focusing on tidal stream power systems Reviews the tidal resources around the world Complete analysis of tidal stream power systems Includes historical information on tidal science and biographical information on major figures Concentrates on engineering physical geography rather than engineering specifics.Table of ContentsPreface. Website contents. Origin of online images. Copyright acknowledgements. Symbols. Part I Theory. 1 History of tidal and turbine science. 1.1 Introduction. Part 1 Tidal science. 1.2 Antiquity: Aristotle and Ptolemy. 1.3 Middle Ages: Copernicus to Galileo. 1.4 Isaac Newton and the equilibrium theory. 1.5 Measurement after Moray. 1.6 Eighteenth and nineteenth centuries: Laplace to Kelvin. 1.7 Tide-predicting machines. 1.8 Tidal currents. Part 2 Turbine science. 1.9 Antiquity: the Romans and Chinese. 1.10 Middle Ages: the Syrians and Agricola. 1.11 Eighteenth and nineteenth centuries: Smeaton to Kaplan. 1.12 Modern turbines. 1.13 Summary. 1.14 Bibliography. 2 Tidal hydraulics. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Elementary fluid flow. 2.3 Hydraulic power. 2.4 Turbulence and the Reynolds number. 2.5 Critical flow and the Froude number. 2.6 Bernoulli’s equation. 2.7 von Kármán’s equation. 2.8 Properties of the Airy wave. 2.9 Tides in estuaries. 2.10 Harmonic prediction of tidal currents. 2.11 Turbulent characteristics of tidal currents. 2.12 Redundancy and intermittency. 2.13 Summary. 2.14 Bibliography. 3 Principles of tidal power devices. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Tidal wheels, mills, and barrages. 3.3 Efficiency, capacity factor, and solidity ratio. 3.4 Hydraulic processes, Part I: Tidal stream power. 3.5 Hydraulic processes, Part II: Ducts and diffusers. 3.6 Turbine processes, Part I: Drag and lift forces. 3.7 Turbine processes, Part II: Shaft power. 3.8 Electrical processes, Part I: Overview and generators. 3.9 Electrical processes, Part II: Cabling and grid connection. 3.10 Categories of turbines. 3.11 Horizontal-axis devices. 3.12 Vertical-axis devices (crossflow turbines). 3.13 Summary. 3.14 Bibliography. 4 Tidal power technologies. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Blue Energy. 4.3 Clean Current. 4.4 Engineering Business. 4.5 Gorlov helical turbine. 4.6 Hammerfest Strøm. 4.7 Lunar Energy. 4.8 Marine Current Turbines. 4.9 Neptune Renewable Energy. 4.10 OpenHydro. 4.11 Ponte di Archimede (Kobold). 4.12 Pulse Generation. 4.13 SeaPower. 4.14 SMD Hydrovision. 4.15 Underwater electric kite. 4.16 Verdant Power. 4.17 Other proposals. 4.18 Early-stage proposals. 4.19 Bibliography. 5 Modelling tidal stream power. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Global tidal streams. 5.3 Tidal datum and tidal heights. 5.4 British Admiralty tidal diamonds. 5.5 Harmonic decomposition. 5.6 STEM display screen. 5.7 Running STEM. 5.8 Case study at Flat Holm in the Bristol Channel. 5.9 Case study at Hull St Andrews in the Humber Estuary. 5.10 Summary. 5.11 Bibliography. Part II Practice. 6 Economics and finance. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 The Renewable Energy Business. 6.3 Costs. 6.4 Revenue. 6.5 Economic result. 6.6 Conclusions. 6.7 Bibliography. 7 North-west Europe. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Geography of north-west Europe. 7.3 Oceanography of north-west Europe. 7.4 Mediterranean. 7.5 Spain and Portugal. 7.6 France. 7.7 Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany. 7.8 Denmark and Norway. 7.9 United Kingdom. 7.10 The estuaries. 7.11 Bibliography. 7.12 Appendix: STEM outputs for north-west Europe. 8 North America. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Geography of North America. 8.3 Oceanography of North America. 8.4 East coast of Canada. 8.5 East coast of the United States. 8.6 West coast of Canada. 8.7 West coast of the United States. 8.8 Bibliography. 8.9 Appendix. 9 Australia and New Zealand. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Timor Sea. 9.3 Arafura Sea. 9.4 Coral Sea. 9.5 Bass Strait. 9.6 New Zealand. 9.7 Bibliography. 9.8 Appendix: STEM outputs for Australia and New Zealand. 10 Rest of the world. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Barents Sea. 10.3 Western South Atlantic. 10.4 Western Indian Ocean. 10.5 East Arabian Sea. 10.6 Indonesia and the Java Sea. 10.7 East China and Yellow Seas. 10.8 Bibliography. 10.9 Appendix. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisWritten at a practical level, suited to the business audience, this exceptional book explores the business environment of making GIS successful. It applies academic rigor to practical and commercial implementation issues and offers viewpoints from all parties involved in GIS implementation.Table of ContentsPreface vii Acknowledgements ix 1 Introduction 1 2 The Spatial Information Industry 7 2.1 Background to the Survey 8 2.2 Value of the SI Industry 9 2.3 GIS Product Usage 13 2.4 Spatial Applications 17 2.5 Training 19 2.6 Spatial Data 21 2.7 Imagery 26 2.8 Mobile Computing 28 2.9 Regional SI Initiatives 29 2.10 Summary 30 3 Introducing the Elements of a GIS Strategy 33 3.1 The Traditional IT Strategy Approach 34 3.2 The SI Strategy Approach 36 3.3 Influences of Disruptive and Distractive Technology 37 4 Developing the Business Focus 41 5 Developing the Data/Information Focus 47 5.1 Introduction 48 5.2 Metadata 48 5.3 Data/System Architectures 49 5.4 Defining the ‘Data Gap’ 53 5.5 GIS Data Standards and Related Issues 59 5.6 GIS Data Interoperability 61 5.7 Summary – Data Interoperability 64 5.8 Summary – the Data/Information Focus 64 6 Developing the Organisational Focus 65 6.1 Introduction 65 6.2 Impact of Organisational Structure on GIS 66 6.3 Achieving an Organisational Focus for GIS 67 6.4 Business Process Mapping and Re-engineering 69 6.5 Training and Support Issues 71 6.6 SWOT Analysis 72 6.7 Summary – Organisational Focus 73 7 Developing the Application and Technology Focus 75 7.1 GIS Issues 75 7.2 IT Issues 83 7.3 System/Data Integration Issues 85 7.4 Developing the Functional Requirements Specification 87 8 Developing a GIS Strategy 91 8.1 Functional Requirements Specification (FRS) 91 8.2 Correlating against the CSFs 92 8.3 Developing the GIS Strategy 93 8.4 Summary 93 9 Cost/Benefit Analysis/Return on Investment 95 9.1 Broad Costs 97 9.2 Broad Benefits 107 9.3 Broad Cost/Benefit Summary 113 9.4 Business Case 117 9.5 Conclusion 117 10 Selecting a GIS 119 10.1 Introduction 119 10.2 Selecting a GIS using a Tendering Process 121 10.3 The Final Stage of the Selection Process 136 11 Implementing GIS 139 11.1 Staff Training 139 11.2 Data Capture and/or Conversion 141 11.3 Defining the KPIs (Goalposts) for Successful Implementation 143 11.4 Implementing and ‘Setting to Work’ of the GIS 143 11.5 Undertaking a Post Implementation Review 144 11.6 Benchmarking 144 11.7 Summary 145 12 The Best and the Worst 147 12.1 And the Best is . . . Google Earth 147 12.2 And the Best is (also) . . . Web 2.0 148 12.3 And the Worst is . . . 149 13 Closing Remarks 151 Glossary 153 Index 155

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Book SynopsisThermal Physics of the Atmosphere offers a concise andthorough introduction on how basic thermodynamics naturally leadson to advanced topics in atmospheric physics. The book starts by covering the basics of thermodynamics and itsapplications in atmospheric science.Table of ContentsPreface ix Useful data xi 1 Ideal gases 1 1.1 Thermodynamic variables 1 1.2 Microscopic viewpoint 6 1.3 Ideal gas mixtures 10 Problems 14 2 The first and second laws 17 2.1 Work 17 2.2 Energy conservation: the first law 21 2.3 Entropy and the second law 23 2.4 Boltzmann entropy 27 2.5 Entropy and probability: a macroscopic example 30 2.6 Entropy and probability: a stochastic example 34 Problems 36 3 General applications 39 3.1 Thermodynamic potentials 39 3.2 Heat capacity 44 3.3 Properties of ideal gases 47 3.4 van der Waals’ gases 50 3.5 Open systems: enthalpy flux 53 3.6 Latent heat 55 3.7 Turbulent energy fluxes 57 3.8 Potential temperature 60 Problems 63 4 The atmosphere under gravity 67 4.1 Geopotential 67 4.2 Hydrostatic balance 69 4.3 Adiabatic lapse rate 74 4.4 Buoyancy 77 4.5 Dry static energy and Bernoulli function 81 4.6 Statistical mechanics 84 Problems 89 5 Water in the atmosphere 93 5.1 The Clausius–Clapeyron equation 94 5.2 Calculation of saturated vapour pressure 97 5.3 Humidity variables 100 5.4 Moist static energy 104 Problems 106 6 Vertical structure of the moist atmosphere 109 6.1 Adiabatic lapse rate for moist air 109 6.2 Entropy budget for saturated air 112 6.3 Finite amplitude instabilities 115 6.4 Vertical structure in thermodynamic diagrams 117 6.5 Convective available potential energy 121 7 Cloud drops 125 7.1 Homogeneous nucleation: the Kelvin effect 125 7.2 Heterogeneous nucleation: the Raoult effect 131 7.3 K¨ohler theory 132 7.4 Charge-enhanced nucleation 137 7.5 Droplet growth 141 Problems 151 8 Mixtures and solutions 153 8.1 Chemical potentials 153 8.2 Ideal gas mixtures and ideal solutions 155 8.3 Raoult’s law revisited 158 8.4 Boiling and freezing of solutions 159 Problems 162 9 Thermal radiation 165 9.1 Thermal radiation and Kirchhoff’s law 165 9.2 The Stefan–Boltzmann and Wien displacement laws 168 9.3 Global energy budget and the greenhouse effect 170 9.4 Horizontal variations 175 9.5 Radiative intensity 177 9.6 Radiative transfer 180 9.7 Radiative-convective equilibrium 185 9.8 Thermodynamics of a photon gas 191 9.9 Derivation of the Planck law 195 Problems 200 10 Non-equilibrium processes 203 10.1 Energetics of motion 203 10.2 Diabatic effects and the second law 208 10.3 Thermodynamics of forced dissipative systems 213 10.4 Climate thermodynamics 215 Problems 220 Appendix A Functions of several variables 221 Appendix B Exergy and thermodynamic stability 223 Appendix C Thermodynamic diagrams 227 Appendix D Relationship between energy density and energy flux 233 Index 235

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Book SynopsisSimulation models are an established method used to investigate processes and solve practical problems in a wide variety of disciplines. Central to the concept of this second edition is the idea that environmental systems are complex, open systems.Trade Review“Those caveats aside, this book will provide an interesting and stimulating read for scientists with some familiarity with modelling who want to extend their understanding and to see how modelling has been usefully applied across a very wide range of problems in environmental science.” (European Journal of Soil Science, 1 December 2013) “Summing Up: Recommended. Graduate students, researchers/faculty, and professionals/practitioners.” (Choice, 1 January 2014) “To conclude, the book offers important information on how to use models to develop our understanding of the processes that form the environment around us.” (Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 1 April 2013)Table of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xiii Preface to the First Edition xv List of Contributors xvii Part I Model Building 1 1 Introduction 3John Wainwright and Mark Mulligan 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Why model the environment? 3 1.3 Why simplicity and complexity? 3 1.4 How to use this book 5 1.5 The book’s web site 6 References 6 2 Modelling and Model Building 7Mark Mulligan and John Wainwright 2.1 The role of modelling in environmental research 7 2.2 Approaches to model building: chickens, eggs, models and parameters? 12 2.3 Testing models 16 2.4 Sensitivity analysis and its role 18 2.5 Errors and uncertainty 20 2.6 Conclusions 23 References 24 3 Time Series: Analysis and Modelling 27Bruce D. Malamud and Donald L. Turcotte 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 Examples of environmental time series 28 3.3 Frequency-size distribution of values in a time series 30 3.4 White noises and Brownian motions 32 3.5 Persistence 34 3.6 Other time-series models 41 3.7 Discussion and summary 41 References 42 4 Non-Linear Dynamics Self-Organization and Cellular Automata Models 45David Favis-Mortlock 4.1 Introduction 45 4.2 Self-organization in complex systems 47 4.3 Cellular automaton models 53 4.4 Case study: modelling rill initiation and growth 56 4.5 Summary and conclusions 61 4.6 Acknowledgements 63 References 63 5 Spatial Modelling and Scaling Issues 69Xiaoyang Zhang Nick A. Drake and John Wainwright 5.1 Introduction 69 5.2 Scale and scaling 70 5.3 Causes of scaling problems 71 5.4 Scaling issues of input parameters and possible solutions 72 5.5 Methodology for scaling physically based models 76 5.6 Scaling land-surface parameters for a soil-erosion model: a case study 82 5.7 Conclusion 84 References 87 6 Environmental Applications of Computational Fluid Dynamics 91N.G. Wright and D.M. Hargreaves 6.1 Introduction 91 6.2 CFD fundamentals 92 6.3 Applications of CFD in environmental modelling 97 6.4 Conclusions 104 References 106 7 Data-Based Mechanistic Modelling and the Emulation of Large Environmental System Models 111Peter C. Young and David Leedal 7.1 Introduction 111 7.2 Philosophies of science and modelling 113 7.3 Statistical identification, estimation and validation 113 7.4 Data-based mechanistic (DBM) modelling 115 7.5 The statistical tools of DBM modelling 117 7.6 Practical example 117 7.7 The reduced-order modelling of large computer-simulation models 122 7.8 The dynamic emulation of large computer-simulation models 123 7.9 Conclusions 128 References 129 8 Stochastic versus Deterministic Approaches 133Philippe Renard, Andres Alcolea and David Ginsbourger 8.1 Introduction 133 8.2 A philosophical perspective 135 8.3 Tools and methods 137 8.4 A practical illustration in Oman 143 8.5 Discussion 146 References 148 Part II The State of The Art in Environmental Modelling 151 9 Climate and Climate-System Modelling 153L.D. Danny Harvey 9.1 The complexity 153 9.2 Finding the simplicity 154 9.3 The research frontier 159 9.4 Online material 160 References 163 10 Soil and Hillslope (Eco)Hydrology 165Andrew J. Baird 10.1 Hillslope e-c-o-hydrology? 165 10.2 Tyger tyger. . . 169 10.3 Nobody loves me everybody hates me. . . 172 10.4 Memories 176 10.5 I’ll avoid you as long as I can? 178 10.6 Acknowledgements 179 References 180 11 Modelling Catchment and Fluvial Processes and their Interactions 183Mark Mulligan and John Wainwright 11.1 Introduction: connectivity in hydrology 183 11.2 The complexity 184 11.3 The simplicity 196 11.4 Concluding remarks 201 References 201 12 Modelling Plant Ecology 207Rosie A. Fisher 12.1 The complexity 207 12.2 Finding the simplicity 209 12.3 The research frontier 212 12.4 Case study 213 12.5 Conclusions 217 12.6 Acknowledgements 217 References 218 13 Spatial Population Models for Animals 221George L.W. Perry and Nick R. Bond 13.1 The complexity: introduction 221 13.2 Finding the simplicity: thoughts on modelling spatial ecological systems 222 13.3 The research frontier: marrying theory and practice 227 13.4 Case study: dispersal dynamics in stream ecosystems 228 13.5 Conclusions 230 13.6 Acknowledgements 232 References 232 14 Vegetation and Disturbance 235Stefano Mazzoleni, Francisco Rego, Francesco Giannino Christian Ernest Vincenot, Gian Boris Pezzatti and Colin Legg 14.1 The system complexity: effects of disturbance on vegetation dynamics 235 14.2 The model simplification: simulation of plant growth under grazing and after fire 237 14.3 New developments in ecological modelling 240 14.4 Interactions of fire and grazing on plant competition: field experiment and modelling applications 242 14.5 Conclusions 247 14.6 Acknowledgements 248 References 248 15 Erosion and Sediment Transport: Finding Simplicity in a Complicated Erosion Model 253Richard E. Brazier 15.1 The complexity 253 15.2 Finding the simplicity 253 15.3 WEPP – The Water Erosion Prediction Project 254 15.4 MIRSED – a Minimum Information Requirement version of WEPP 256 15.5 Data requirements 258 15.6 Observed data describing erosion rates 259 15.7 Mapping predicted erosion rates 259 15.8 Comparison with published data 262 15.9 Conclusions 264 References 264 16 Landslides Rockfalls and Sandpiles 267Stefan Hergarten References 275 17 Finding Simplicity in Complexity in Biogeochemical Modelling 277Hördur V. Haraldsson and Harald Sverdrup 17.1 Introduction to models 277 17.2 The basic classification of models 278 17.3 A ‘good’ and a ‘bad’ model 278 17.4 Dare to simplify 279 17.5 Sorting 280 17.6 The basic path 282 17.7 The process 283 17.8 Biogeochemical models 283 17.9 Conclusion 288 References 288 18 Representing Human Decision-Making in Environmental Modelling 291James D.A. Millington, John Wainwright and Mark Mulligan 18.1 Introduction 291 18.2 Scenario approaches 294 18.3 Economic modelling 297 18.4 Agent-based modelling 300 18.5 Discussion 304 References 305 19 Modelling Landscape Evolution 309Peter van der Beek 19.1 Introduction 309 19.2 Model setup and philosophy 310 19.3 Geomorphic processes and model algorithms 313 19.4 Model testing and calibration 318 19.5 Coupling of models 321 19.6 Model application: some examples 321 19.7 Conclusions and outlook 324 References 327 Part III Models for Management 333 20 Models Supporting Decision-Making and Policy Evaluation 335Mark Mulligan 20.1 The complexity: making decisions and implementing policy in the real world 335 20.2 The simplicity: state-of-the-art policy-support systems 341 20.3 Addressing the remaining barriers 345 20.4 Conclusions 347 20.5 Acknowledgements 347 References 347 21 Models in Policy Formulation and Assessment: The WadBOS Decision-Support System 349Guy Engelen 21.1 Introduction 349 21.2 Functions of WadBOS 350 21.3 Decision-support systems 351 21.4 Building the integrated model 351 21.5 The integrated WadBOS model 354 21.6 The toolbase 359 21.7 The database 359 21.8 The user-interface 360 21.9 Discussion and conclusions 362 21.10 Acknowledgments 363 References 363 22 Soil Erosion and Conservation 365Mark A. Nearing 22.1 The problem 365 22.2 The approaches 367 22.3 The contributions of modelling 369 22.4 Lessons and implications 375 22.5 Acknowledgements 376 References 376 23 Forest-Management Modelling 379Mark J. Twery and Aaron R. Weiskittel 23.1 The issue 379 23.2 The approaches 379 23.3 Components of empirical models 383 23.4 Implementation and use 386 23.5 Example model 390 23.6 Lessons and implications 390 References 391 24 Stability and Instability in the Management of Mediterranean Desertification 399John B. Thornes 24.1 Introduction 399 24.2 Basic propositions 400 24.3 Complex interactions 403 24.4 Climate gradient and climate change 408 24.5 Implications 409 24.6 Plants 410 24.7 Lessons and implications 411 References 411 25 Operational European Flood Forecasting 415Hannah Cloke, Florian Pappenberger, Jutta Thielen and Vera Thiemig 25.1 The problem: providing early flood warning at the European scale 415 25.2 Flood forecasting at the European scale: the approaches 416 25.3 The European Flood Alert System (EFAS) 422 25.4 Lessons and implications 429 References 430 26 Assessing Model Adequacy 435Michael Goldstein Allan Seheult and Ian Vernon 26.1 Introduction 435 26.2 General issues in assessing model adequacy 435 26.3 Assessing model adequacy for a fast rainfall-runoff model 438 26.4 Slow computer models 446 26.5 Acknowledgements 449 References 449 Part IV Current and Future Developments 451 27 Pointers for the Future 453John Wainwright and Mark Mulligan 27.1 What have we learned? 453 27.2 Research directions 459 27.3 Technological directions 459 27.4 Is it possible to find simplicity in complexity? 463 References 463 Index 465

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Book SynopsisThis handy pocket-sized field guide provides practical information and assistance to anyone engaged in small-scale surveys on the ground. Fully revised and updated throughout, the Fourth Edition includes comprehensive updates on the use of GPS and new sections on surface wave seismics, borehole geophysics and towed array systems.Trade Review“Overall, Field Geophysics—one of several published by Wiley-Blackwell in their Geological Field Guide Series—is a good practical introductory reference book for a geophysical technician beginning their career or a quick refresher for someone using an instrument they haven’t picked up for many years.” (Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, 2 May 2013) Table of ContentsPreface to the First Edition ix Preface to the Second Edition x Preface to the Third Edition xii Preface to the Fourth Edition xiv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What Geophysics Measures 1 1.2 Fields 1 1.3 Geophysical Survey Design 9 1.4 Geophysical Fieldwork 14 1.5 Geophysical Data 19 1.6 Bases and Base Networks 29 1.7 Real-Time Profiling 32 2 Gravity Method 39 2.1 Physical Basis of the Gravity Method 39 2.2 Gravity Meters 41 2.3 Gravity Reductions 49 2.4 Gravity Surveys 52 2.5 Field Interpretation 61 3 Magnetic Method 65 3.1 Magnetic Properties 65 3.2 The Magnetic Field of the Earth 67 3.3 Magnetic Instruments 72 3.4 Magnetic Surveys 75 3.5 Simple Magnetic Interpretation 81 4 Radiometric Surveys 85 4.1 Natural Radiation 85 4.2 Radiation Detectors 90 4.3 Radiometric Surveys 92 5 Electric Current Methods: General Considerations 97 5.1 Resistivity and Conductivity 97 5.2 Varying Currents 102 6 Resistivity Methods 109 6.1 DC Survey Fundamentals 109 6.2 DC Practicalities 117 6.3 Resistivity Profiling 122 6.4 Resistivity Depth-Sounding 125 6.5 Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) 128 6.6 Capacitive Coupling 133 7 SP and IP 137 7.1 SP Surveys 137 7.2 Polarisation Fundamentals 140 7.3 Time-Domain IP Surveys 143 7.4 Frequency-Domain Surveys 144 7.5 IP Data 146 8 Electromagnetic Methods 149 8.1 Two-Coil CW Systems 149 8.2 CWEM Conductivity Mapping 158 8.3 Fixed-Source Methods 161 8.4 Transient Electromagnetics 165 9 Remote-Source Electromagnetics 171 9.1 Natural Electromagnetic Radiation 171 9.2 Controlled-Source Audio-Magnetotellurics (CSAMT) 180 10 Ground Penetrating Radar 185 10.1 Radar Fundamentals 185 10.2 GPR Surveys 199 10.3 Data Processing 205 11 Siesmic Methods: General Considerations 211 11.1 Seismic Waves 211 11.2 Seismic Sources 216 11.3 Detection of Seismic Waves 222 11.4 Recording Seismic Signals 226 12 Seismic Reflection 229 12.1 Reflection Theory 229 12.2 Reflection Surveys 233 13 Seismic Refraction 241 13.1 Refraction Surveys 241 13.2 Interpretation 247 13.3 Limitations of the Refraction Method 257 14 Seismic Surface Wave Methods 261 14.1 Surface Wave Surveys 261 14.2 Data Processing 266 14.3 Limitations of the Method 270 15 Maps, Mapping and GPS 273 15.1 Maps and Mapping 273 15.2 Satellite Navigation 276 Appendix: Terrain Corrections for Hammer Zones B to m 281 Index 283

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Book SynopsisBiological Diversity takes a fresh, innovative approach to the teaching of biodiversity. Rather than detailing and cataloguing the major taxa and their evolutionary relationships, the authors have selected 18 groups of organisms and used these as a framework in which to discuss the species and their interactions with man and each other. There is a strong narrative theme throughout the exploited and the exploiters - and, in many cases, there is emphasis on the historical context. A wide range of organisms are covered, from the unicellular to birds and mammals and with an equal consideration of plants and animals. Species have been chosen for their ability to best illustrate particular biological principles, and for their strong interaction with other species. After an introduction the book is divided into two parts: ''Exploited'' and ''Exploiters''. Each of the chapters, although linked to each other, forms a stand-alone essay. They are scientifically rigorous, up-to-dTrade Review“Overall, this is a collection of papers that are realistic yet optimistic about the future and proposes positive solutions to the many problems of current fisheries.” (The Quarterly Review of Biology, 1 March2013) "In conclusion, this sizeable book is worth every page. It demands slow, steady reading. The writing style is very easy for even a non-science student to read and understand, especially those concerned with environmental conservation and protection. The figures are helpful with caricatures drawn to make the reading more fun. And the best thing about the book is that it satisfies all the related queries one may have about the topic, from its history to politics to biology to physics." (International Journal of Environmental Studies, 21 February 2012) "I cannot imagine anyone being disappointed by it, and feel it should find a place in the non-fiction best-seller lists." (Biodivers Conserv, 2011) "Paul Hatcher and Nick Battey have clearly taken the significance of this role to heart, putting a great deal of thought into how to engage their target audience; namely under-graduates wishing to learn about their topic." (Taylor & Francis, 24 November 2011) "This title is appropriate for undergraduate students in many disciplines, including biology. It will also be useful for readers interested in the ways human interact with other species. Summing Up: Recommended. All readership levels." (Choice, 1 November 2011)Table of ContentsAcknowledgements. Chapter 1 Introduction. PART 1 EXPLOITED. Chapter 2 Sargassum and the Sargasso Sea. Chapter 3 Cephalopods. Chapter 4 The Honey Bee. Chapter 5 Sericulture: Silkworms and Mulberries. Chapter 6 Sugar Cane. Chapter 7 Legumes. Chapter 8 The Grapevine. Chapter 9 The Salmon. Chapter 10 Oak. Chapter 11 The Rabbit. PART 2 EXPLOITERS. Chapter 12 Malaria. Chapter 13 Biofouling and the Barnacle. Chapter 14 Bracken. Chapter 15 The Locust. Chapter 16 Plague. Chapter 17 The Red Kite. Chapter 18 Parasitic Plants: Mistletoes. Chapter 19 The Wolf. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book gives a coherent development of the current understanding of the fluid dynamics of the middle latitude atmosphere. It is primarily aimed at post-graduate and advanced undergraduate level students and does not assume any previous knowledge of fluid mechanics, meteorology or atmospheric science. The book will be an invaluable resource for any quantitative atmospheric scientist who wishes to increase their understanding of the subject. The importance of the rotation of the Earth and the stable stratification of its atmosphere, with their implications for the balance of larger-scale flows, is highlighted throughout.Clearly structured throughout, the first of three themes deals with the development of the basic equations for an atmosphere on a rotating, spherical planet and discusses scale analyses of these equations. The second theme explores the importance of rotation and introduces vorticity and potential vorticity, as well as turbulence. In the third theme, the conTable of ContentsSeries foreword ix Preface xi Select bibliography xv The Authors xix 1 Observed flow in the Earth’s midlatitudes 1 1.1 Vertical structure 1 1.2 Horizontal structure 4 1.3 Transient activity 11 1.4 Scales of motion 14 1.5 The Norwegian frontal model of cyclones 15 Theme 1 Fluid dynamics of the midlatitude atmosphere 25 2 Fluid dynamics in an inertial frame of reference 27 2.1 Definition of fluid 27 2.2 Flow variables and the continuum hypothesis 29 2.3 Kinematics: characterizing fluid flow 30 2.4 Governing physical principles 35 2.5 Lagrangian and Eulerian perspectives 36 2.6 Mass conservation equation 38 2.7 First Law of Thermodynamics 40 2.8 Newton’s Second Law of Motion 41 2.9 Bernoulli’s Theorem 45 2.10 Heating and water vapour 47 3 Rotating frames of reference 53 3.1 Vectors in a rotating frame of reference 53 3.2 Velocity and Acceleration 55 3.3 The momentum equation in a rotating frame 56 3.4 The centrifugal pseudo-force 57 3.5 The Coriolis pseudo-force 59 3.6 The Taylor–Proudman theorem 61 4 The spherical Earth 65 4.1 Spherical polar coordinates 65 4.2 Scalar equations 67 4.3 The momentum equations 68 4.4 Energy and angular momentum 70 4.5 The shallow atmosphere approximation 73 4.6 The beta effect and the spherical Earth 74 5 Scale analysis and its applications 77 5.1 Principles of scaling methods 77 5.2 The use of a reference atmosphere 79 5.3 The horizontal momentum equations 81 5.4 Natural coordinates, geostrophic and gradient wind balance 83 5.5 Vertical motion 87 5.6 The vertical momentum equation 89 5.7 The mass continuity equation 91 5.8 The thermodynamic energy equation 92 5.9 Scalings for Rossby numbers that are not small 95 6 Alternative vertical coordinates 97 6.1 A general vertical coordinate 97 6.2 Isobaric coordinates 100 6.3 Other pressure-based vertical coordinates 103 6.4 Isentropic coordinates 106 7 Variations of density and the basic equations 109 7.1 Boussinesq approximation 109 7.2 Anelastic approximation 111 7.3 Stratification and gravity waves 113 7.4 Balance, gravity waves and Richardson number 115 7.5 Summary of the basic equation sets 121 7.6 The energy of atmospheric motions 122 Theme 2 Rotation in the atmosphere 125 8 Rotation in the atmosphere 127 8.1 The concept of vorticity 127 8.2 The vorticity equation 129 8.3 The vorticity equation for approximate sets of equations 131 8.4 The solenoidal term 132 8.5 The expansion/contraction term 134 8.6 The stretching and tilting terms 135 8.7 Friction and vorticity 138 8.8 The vorticity equation in alternative vertical coordinates 144 8.9 Circulation 145 9 Vorticity and the barotropic vorticity equation 149 9.1 The barotropic vorticity equation 149 9.2 Poisson’s equation and vortex interactions 151 9.3 Flow over a shallow hill 155 9.4 Ekman pumping 159 9.5 Rossby waves and the beta plane 160 9.6 Rossby group velocity 166 9.7 Rossby ray tracing 170 9.8 Inflexion point instability 172 10 Potential vorticity 177 10.1 Potential vorticity 177 10.2 Alternative derivations of Ertel’s theorem 180 10.3 The principle of invertibility 182 10.4 Shallow water equation potential vorticity 186 11 Turbulence and atmospheric flow 189 11.1 The Reynolds number 189 11.2 Three-dimensional flow at large Reynolds number 194 11.3 Two-dimensional flow at large Reynolds number 196 11.4 Vertical mixing in a stratified fluid 201 11.5 Reynolds stresses 203 Theme 3 Balance in atmospheric flow 209 12 Quasi-geostrophic flows 211 12.1 Wind and temperature in balanced flows 211 12.2 The quasi-geostrophic approximation 215 12.3 Quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity 219 12.4 Ertel and quasi-geostrophic potential vorticities 221 13 The omega equation 225 13.1 Vorticity and thermal advection form 225 13.2 Sutcliffe Form 231 13.3 Q-vector form 233 13.4 Ageostrophic flow and the maintenance of balance 238 13.5 Balance and initialization 240 14 Linear theories of baroclinic instability 245 14.1 Qualitative discussion 245 14.2 Stability analysis of a zonal flow 247 14.3 Rossby wave interpretation of the stability conditions 256 14.4 The Eady model 264 14.5 The Charney and other quasi-geostrophic models 271 14.6 More realistic basic states 275 14.7 Initial value problem 281 15 Frontogenesis291 15.1 Frontal scales 291 15.2 Ageostrophic circulation 294 15.3 Description of frontal collapse 299 15.4 The semi-geostrophic Eady model 305 15.5 The confluence model 307 15.6 Upper-level frontogenesis 309 16 The nonlinear development of baroclinic waves 311 16.1 The nonlinear domain 311 16.2 Semi-geostrophic baroclinic waves 312 16.3 Nonlinear baroclinic waves on realistic jets on the sphere 320 16.4 Eddy transports and zonal mean flow changes 323 16.5 Energetics of baroclinic waves 332 17 The potential vorticity perspective 337 17.1 Setting the scene 337 17.2 Potential vorticity and vertical velocity 340 17.3 Life cycles of some baroclinic waves 342 17.4 Alternative perspectives 346 17.5 Midlatitude blocking 350 17.6 Frictional and heating effects 352 18 Rossby wave propagation and potential vorticity mixing 361 18.1 Rossby wave propagation 361 18.2 Propagation of Rossby waves into the stratosphere 363 18.3 Propagation through a slowly varying medium 365 18.4 The Eliassen–Palm flux and group velocity 370 18.5 Baroclinic life cycles and Rossby waves 372 18.6 Variations of amplitude 373 18.7 Rossby waves and potential vorticity steps 375 18.8 Potential vorticity steps and the Rhines scale 381 Appendices 389 Appendix A: Notation 389 Appendix B: Revision of vectors and vector calculus 393 B.1 Vectors and their algebra 393 B.2 Products of vectors 394 B.3 Scalar fields and the grad operator 396 B.4 The divergence and curl operators 397 B.5 Gauss’ and Stokes’ theorems 398 B.6 Some useful vector identities 401 Index 403

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Book SynopsisGeosimulation is hailed as 'the next big thing' in geographic modelling for urban studies. This book presents readers with an overview of field by introducing the spatial modelling environment and describing the research and development using cellular automata and multi agent systems. It also covers urban geosimulation.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. Foreword. 1. Introduction to urban Geosimulation. 1.1 A new wave of urban geographic models is coming. 1.2 Defining urban Geosimulation. 1.3 Automata as a basis of Geosimulation. 1.4 High-resolution GIS as a driving force of Geosimulation. 1.5 The origins of support for Geosimulation. 1.6 Geosimulation of complex adaptive systems. 1.7 Book layout. 2. Formalizing Geosimulation with Geographic Automata Systems (GAS). 2.1 Cellular Automata and Multi-Agent Systems – Unite! 2.2 Geographic Automata Systems (GAS). 2.3 GAS as a tool for modelling Complex Adaptive Systems. 2.4 From Gas to software environment for urban modelling. 2.5 Object Based Environment for Urban Simulation (OBEUS) – a minimal implementation of GAS. 2.6 Universality of GAS. 2.7 Verifying GAS models. 3. System Theory, Geography, and Urban Modelling. 3.1 The basic notions of system theory. 3.2 The 1960s, geography meets system theory. 3.3 ‘Stocks and flows’ urban modelling. 3.4 Critics of comprehensive modelling. 3.5 What next? Geosimulation of collective dynamics! 4. Modelling urban land usage with cellular automata. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Cellular Automata as a framework for modelling complex spatial systems. 4.3 Urban Cellular Automata. 4.4 From Markov models to urban Cellular Automata. 4.5 Integration of the CA and Markov approaches at a regional level. 4.6 Conclusions. 5. Modelling Urban Dynamics with Multi-Agent Systems. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 MAS as a tool for modelling complex human-driven systems. 5.3 Interpreting agency. 5.4 Urban agents, urban agency, and multi-agent cities. 5.5 Agent behaviour in urban environments. 5.6 General models of agents’ collectives in urban interpretation. 5.7 Abstract MAS models of urban phenomena. 5.8 Real-world agent-based simulations of urban phenomena. 5.9 MAS models as planning and assessment tools. 5.10 Conclusions. 6. Finale: Epistemology of Geosimulation. 6.1 Universal questions. 6.2 The future of Geosimulation. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisOffers information on sampling, field techniques, stream analysis, the hydrodynamics of moving water, channel form, sediment transport and commonly used statistical methods such as flow duration and flood frequency analysis. This book includes sections on environmental flows, rehabilitation, measuring stream health and stream classification.Table of ContentsPreface for the Second Edition Preface for the First Edition. 1. Introducing the Medium. 1.1 Water as a fluid. 1.2 The physics of fluids. 1.3 Physical properties of water. 2. How to Study a Stream. 2.1 Focusing on physical habitat. 2.2 The planning process. 2.3 Strategic sampling. 2.4 Know your limitations. 2.5 Examples of how and how not to conduct a study. 3. Potential Sources of Data (How to Avoid Reinventing the Weir). 3.1 Data types. 3.2 Physical data sources, format, and quality. 3.3 Maps: finding those spatial places. 3.4 Photographs and other remotely sensed data. 4. Getting to Know Your Stream. 4.1 General character. 4.2 Catchment characteristics. 4.3 Streamflow hydrographs. 4.4 How does this stream measure up? 5. How to Have a Field Day and Still Collect Some Useful Information. 5.1 Venturing into the field. 5.2 Surveying: a brief introduction. 5.3 Methods of measuring areal extent. 5.4 Surveying streams. 5.5 Measurement of water level or stage. 5.6 Measurement of discharge (streamflow). 5.7 Substrates and sediments: sampling and monitoring methods. 5.8 Substrates and sediments: analysis of physical properties. 5.9 Water quality. 6. Water at Rest and in Motion. 6.1 General. 6.2 Hydrostatics: the restful nature of water. 6.3 Studying the flow of fluids. 6.4 Narrowing the focus: flow of a viscous fluid. 6.5 The microenvironment: flow near solid surfaces. 6.6 Open-channel hydraulics: the macro-environment. 7. It's Sedimentary, Watson! 7.1 Introduction to stream channels, streambeds and transported materials. 7.2 Stream-shaping processes. 7.3 The ins and outs of channel topography. 7.4 Sediment motion. 7.5 Sediment yield from a catchment. 8. Dissecting Data with a Statistical Scope. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Streamflow frequency analysis. 8.3 Flow-duration curves. 8.4 Flow-spell analysis. 8.5 Extrapolating from the known to the unknown. 8.6 Numerical taxonomy: multivariate analysis techniques. Appendix 1: Basic Statistics. References.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a common language for improving communication between researchers, biologists, environmental engineers and others managing or studying riverine environments. It summarises stream classification, stream rehabilitation and methods for determining instream flow requirements.Table of ContentsPreface for the Second Edition. Preface for the First Edition. 1. Introducing the Medium. 1.1 Water as a Fluid. 1.2 The Physics of Fluids. 1.3 Physical Properties of Water. 2. How to Study a Stream. 2.1 Focusing on Physical Habitat. 2.2 The Planning Process. 2.3 Strategic Sampling. 2.4 Know Your Limitations. 2.5 Examples of How and How not to Conduct a Study (by M. Keough). 3. Potential Sources of Data (How to Avoid Reinventing the Weir). 3.1 Data types. 3.2 Physical Data Sources, Format, and Quality. 3.3 Maps: Finding those Spatial Places. 3.4 Photographs and other remotely sensed data. 4. Getting to Know Your Stream. 4.1 Gene ral character. 4.2 Catchment Characteristics. 4.3 Streamflow Hydrographs. 4.4 How Does This Stream Measure Up? 5. How to Have a Field Day and Still Collect Some Useful Information. 5.1 Venturing into the Field. 5.2 Surveying: A Brief Introduction. 5.3 Methods of Measuring Areal Extent. 5.4 Surveying Streams. 5.5 Measurement of Water Level or Stage. 5.6 Measurement of Discharge (Streamflow). 5.7 Substrates and Sediments: Sampling and Monitoring Methods. 5.8 Substrates and Sediments: Analysis of Physical Properties. 5.9 Water Quality. 6. Water at Rest and in Motion. 6.1 General. 6.2 Hydrostatics: The Restful Nature of Water. 6.3 Studying the Flow of Fluids. 6.4 Narrowing the Focus: Flow of a Viscous Fluid. 6.5 The Microenvironment: Flow Near Solid Surfaces. 6.6 Open-channel Hydraulics: The Macro-environment. 7. It’s Sedimentary, Watson! 7.1 Introduction to Stream Channels, Streambeds and Transported Materials. 7.2 Stream-shaping Processes. 7.3 The Ins and Outs of Channel Topography. 7.4 Sediment Motion. 7.5 Sediment Yield from a Catchment. 8. Dissecting Data with a Statistical Scope. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Streamflow Frequency Analysis. 8.3 Flow-duration Curves. 8.4 Flow-Spell Analysis. 8.5 Extrapolating from the Known to the Unknown. 8.6 Numerical Taxonomy: Multivariate Analysis Techniques. 9. "Putting It All Together": Assessing Stream Health, stream Classification, Environmental Flows and Rehabilitation. 9.1 Putting Theories into Practice. 9.2 understanding Stream Values. 9.3 Assessing Streamn Health. 9.4 The Use of Steam Classification in Management. 9.5 Assessing Instream Environmental Flows. 9.6 Steam Rehabilitation. Appendix: Basic Statistics. References. Index. Appendix 1 Basic Statistics. References.

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Book SynopsisPublic and private sector organisations look towards spatial analysis and what it can do for their business or organisation. This book, structured in two complementary parts to convey this public private focus, provides readers with various global applications from business and local/national government.Trade Review"...essential reading...highly recommended...valuable reference for those engaged in using GIS..." (GEO Connexion, June 2004) "…the text and monochrome figures are clear and very well edited…a highly readable resource across a number of disciplines..." (Environment & Planning B: Planning and Design, Vol.31, No.6, 2004)Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Acknowledgements. 1. Introduction (Graham Clarke and John Stillwell). PART 1: GEOBUSINESS 2. Retail Applications of Spatial Modelling (Ken Jones and Tony Hernandez). 3. Using Spatial Models to Solve Difficult Retail Location Problems (Mark Birkin, Graham Clarke, Martin Clarke and Richard Culf). 4. Location-based Services for WAP Phone Users in a Shopping Centre (António Câmara and António Eduardo Dias. 5. Mass Appraisal and Noise: the use of Lifestyle Segmentation Profiles to Define Neighbourhoods for Hedonic Housing Price Mass Appraisal Models (Steve Laposa and Grant Thrall.. PART 2: SOCIAL DEPRIVATION 6. Target Clusters of Deprivation within Cities (Richard Harris and Paul Longley). 7. Assessing Deprivation in English Inner City Areas: Making the Case for EC Funding for Leeds City (Paul Boyle and Seraphim Alvanides). 8. GIS for Joined-up Government: the Case Study of the Sheffield Children Service Plan (Massimo Craglia and Paola Signoretta). 9. The Application of New Spatial Statistical Methods to the Detection of Geographical Patterns of Crime (Peter Rogerson). PART 3: TRANSPORT AND LOCATION 10. Modelling and Assessment of Demand-Responsive Passenger Transport Services (Mark Horn). 11. The South and West Yorkshire Strategic Land-use/Transportation Model (David Simmonds and Andy Skinner). 12. The Relocation of Ambulance Facilities in Central Rotterdam (Stan Geertman, Tom de Jong, Coen Wessels and Jan Bleeker). 13. A probability-based GIS Model for Identifying Focal Species Linkage Zones across Highways in the Canadian Rocky Mountains (Shelley Alexander, Nigel Waters and Paul Paquet. PART 4: NATIONAL SPATIAL PLANNING 14. Modelling Migration for Policy Analysis (Philip Rees, A. Stewart Fotheringham and Tony Champion). 15. Modelling Regional Economic Growth by Means of Carrying Capacity (Leo van Wissen). 16. Planning a Network of Sites for the Delivery of a New Public Service in England and Wales (Mike Coombes and Simon Raybould). 17. New Methods of Assessing Service Provision in Rural England (Martin Frost and John Shepherd). 18. Forecasting River Stage with Artificial Neural Networks (Pauline Kneale and Linda See). 19. Undertaking Applied GIS and Spatial Analysis Research in an Academic Context (Robin Flowerdew and John Stillwell). Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisConsidering peatlands as a whole ecosystem, Peatland Systems and Environmental Change provides a unique, timely look at the consequences of the functioning of peatlands to the paleoenvironmental record, carbon cycling, and conservation issues.Trade Review"...an ideal introduction to peatlands..." (Journal of Soils &Sediments, Vol.2, No.3, 2002) "...a welcome and timely addition..." (Land Degradation andDevelopment, November/December 2002) "...a comprehensive summary of peatland science...it willbroaden specialists' and students' knowledge..." (InternationalJournal of Environment Studies, Vol.60, No.2, 2003) "...certainly a book that should be on the shelves of allpeatland researchers..." (Environmental Conservation, Vol.30,No.1, 2003) ...."Overall, this is an outstanding book. Peatlands and Environmental Change is very highlyrecommended both for personal and library use, and should be on arange of reading lists...." (The Holocene,July 2003) ..."All in all this is a very good and well produced book.... and will become a widely cited reference text ..." (EarthSurface Processes & Landforms, Spetember 2003)Table of ContentsPreface and acknowledgements ix Part 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Peat and Peatlands 3 1.1 Introduction: wetlands and peatlands 3 1.2 Peat and peatland definitions and terminology 3 1.3 Scientific classification systems 5 1.4 Fens and bogs: a key concept 6 1.5 Hydromorphological peatland classification 7 1.6 Mire distribution 15 1.7 Summary 23 Chapter 2 Peat Landforms and Structure 24 2.1 Introduction: peat landforms 24 2.2 Landform development: form, process and time 24 2.3 Description of peat landforms 26 2.4 Landform survey techniques 28 2.5 Peat landform survey: an example from Scotland 32 2.6 Hydrology and peat landforms: the groundwater mound hypothesis 35 2.7 Summary 38 Part 2 Peat land Processes 39 Chapter 3 Peatland Hydrology and Ecology 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Hydrology and water balance 41 3.3 Water movement within peatlands 43 3.4 Outflows 44 3.5 Hydrochemistry 51 3.6 Chemical processes within peatlands 53 3.7 Ecology and ecohydrology 57 3.8 Limiting factors for plants and animals 57 3.9 Environmental gradients 60 3.10 Summary 72 Chapter 4 Origins and PeatInitiation 73 4.1 Introduction: time and peat growth 73 4.2 Frameworks for peat growth 73 4.3 Pathways to peal growth: terrestrialisation and paludification 74 4.4 Evidence for the origins of peatlands 74 4.5 Examples of peat initiation 80 4.6 Blanket mire initiation in the British Isles 80 4.7 Causes of paludification in other mires 84 4.8 Human impact as a cause of peat growth in other peatlands 86 4.9 Tropical peat initiation 87 4.10 Beavers and peat initiation 90 4.11 Summary 91 Chapter 5 Peat Accumulation 92 5.1 Introduction 92 5.2 Peatland cycles one peat accumulation 92 5.3 Productivity 94 5.4 Decay 100 5.5 Models of peat accumulation 104 5.6 Variability in long-term accumulation rates 110 5.7 Summary 113 Part 3 Changes in Peat lands 115 Chapter 6 The Peatland Archive Palaeoenvironmental Evidence 117 6.1 Introduction 117 6.2 The range of evidence and some general principles 117 6.3 Reasons for Palaeoenvironmental studies on peatlands 120 6.4 Measuring time peatland chronologies 121 6.5 Survey and stratigraphy 129 6.6 Biological evidence of past changes 130 6.7 Physical and chemical characteristics 137 6.8 Multi-proxy approaches 141 6.9 Summary 141 Chapter 7 Autogenic Change 143 7.1 Introduction: long-term change 143 7.2 Autogenic anti allogenic causes of change 143 7.3 Hydroseral succession 145 7.4 Reversals and other successions 149 7.5 Processes of terrestrialisation and the transition to bog peat 150 7.6 Lateral expansion and the development of peal land landscapes 153 7.7 ‘Mature’ peatlands and erosion 155 7.8 Cyclic regeneration 156 7.9 Pattern development 156 7.10 Plant-mediated changes 161 7.11 Physical processes in cold climate peatlands 164 7.12 Summary 165 Chapter 8 Allogenic Change 166 8.1 Introduction 166 8.2 Climate 166 8.3 Fire 169 8.4 Hydrological factors 173 8.5 Volcanic influences 175 8.6 Climate reconstruction from peat 176 8.7 Summary 133 Chapter 9 Peatland-Environment Feedbacks 184 9.1 Introduction 184 9.2 Catchment hydrology 184 9.3 Water quality 186 9.4 Peatlands and global climate 192 9.5 Carbon budgets and gas exchange 194 9.6 Impacts of management and climate change on carbon cycling 198 9.7 Summary 203 Part 4 Resource Management 205 Chapter 10 Values Exploitation and Human Impacts 207 10.1 Introduction: peatland values 207 10.2 Economic values mid exploitation 207 10.3 Wildlife conservation values 209 10.4 Functional values 210 10.5 Value to society 210 10.6 Conservation and ‘wise use’ of peatlands 210 10.7 Impacts of recent human disturbance: drainage as a key process 212 10.8 Peat extraction 214 10.9 Forestry 219 10.10 Agricultural reclamation 225 10.11 Effects of fragmentation 225 10.12 Pollution 227 10.13 Recreation and other disturbance 229 10.14 Long-term anthropogenic disturbance 229 10.15 Summary 230 Chapter 11 Conservation Management and Restoration 231 11.1 Introduction 231 11.2 Naturalness disturbance and conservation 231 11.3 Management options for disturbed peatlands 233 11.4 Semi-natural peatlands habitat management 234 11.5 Restoration and rehabilitation 242 11.6 Restoration of cutover ombrotrophic mires 244 11.7 Restoring other damaged systems 253 11.8 The future for peatlands in the twenty-first century 255 References 258 Index 289

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Book SynopsisA fascinating and vital area of research, the geography of information describes the role of information as both economic and commercial product and its distribution and movement across boundaries of cyberspace and conventional geography. Written by a pioneer in telecommunications geography research, this prize winning title (AAG award 2003) applies information geography to the world of high-tech, examining the latest wrinkles in the Internet, Silicon Valley, mobile telephony, and other key areas. the first book to provide both a context for the geography of information and a critical overview of recent research. Includes location-specific references and case studies. Examines the information society, information economy, telecommunications and its geographical impact. Trade Review"...an excellent textbook...provides very rich descriptions...should be congratulated for presenting 'hot-button' issues..." (New Media & Society, Vol 6(3), June 2004) "...a useful book that synthesises a great deal of contemporary literature..." (Environment & Planning B: Planning and Design, Vo. 31, No.3 2004) "Its collection and subsequent organization of references, as well as the clarity of its presentation, should make it highly appealing to a wide audience." (Urban Studies, July 2005)Table of ContentsContexts Information and Knowledge The Information Society The Information Economy Information Politics Information Law Conclusion Basics The Scope of Information Geography Space Place Conclusion Technology Information and Technology Technology and Flows Knowledge Innovation Technology Information Technology Regions Conclusion Information Volumes and Origins The Internet: Evolution and Structure A Conceptual Framework for Information Production Ranking Urban Centers of Information Production Global Centers: New York and Los Angeles IT R&D Information Production Conclusion Contents Content Demand and Location Capital as Information E-Commerce and Location Geographic Language Conclusion Transmission The Internet Backbones Flows US Leadership in Telecommunications Conclusion Media Leading Nations The Digital Divide Conclusion Consumption Social Uses of the Internet Internet Consumption in Cities Use and Location Broadband Conclusion Beyond Challenges Geography of Information

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Book SynopsisA one-stop resource for quantitative environmental science methodology, this guide walks readers through their research project from the initial stages of choosing a suitable topic, conducting the relevant experiments, and interpreting the data through an effective presentation of the results.Table of ContentsPreface Acknowledgement 1. General strategies for completing your research project successfully. 1.1 Introduction – why is this book necessary? 1.2 What on earth am I going to do for my research project? 1.3 Fundamentals of scientific research, the generation and testing of hypotheses (see also Chapter 3). 1.4 What constitutes research? Distinguishing between monitoring and research 1.5 Project planning 1.6 Conducting your project safely 1.7 How to conduct a literature review (see also chapter 7) 1.8 How to be a research student 1.9 How to manage your supervisor 1.10 Summary 2. Gathering your data. 2.1 Different types of data 2.2 Designing an experimental research project 2.3 How reliable are your data? 3. How to summarise your data. 3.1 Descriptive statistics 3.2 Probabilities and data distributions 3.3 Choosing the appropriate statistical test 4. Testing hypotheses. 4.1 Coincidence or causality? 4.2 Relationships and differences 4.3 Testing for differences 5. Spotting relationships. 5.1 Linear regression – to what extent does one factor influence another? 5.2 Multiple linear regression – to what extent is a given variable influenced by a range of other variables? 5.3 Non-linear regression 5.4 Pattern recognition 6. Making sense of past, present and future systems – mathematical modelling. 6.1 What is a model? 6.2 Functions of models 6.3 Which type of model should I use? 6.4 How do I build a model? 6.5 Steps in developing a model 6.6 Illustrative case study 7. Presenting your work. 7.1 Getting started – strategies for successful writing 7.2 How to write your dissertation 7.3 How to represent graphically your data 7.4 How to cite references 7.5 How to defend your work in an oral exam 7.6 How to make effective oral presentations 7.7 Summary Index

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a coherent introduction to intermediate and advanced methods for environmental data analysis and is based on a course which the author has taught for many years. It prepares students for careers in environmental analysis centered on statistics and allied quantitative methods of evaluation.Trade Review"This book covers an impressive range of topics . . . The book can be used as a basis for courses of different levels." (Stat Papers, 2010) "Some of the unique aspects of Piegorsch and Bailer’s treatment are benchmark dose estimation for toxicants, statistical issues in risk assessment, the assessment of trend and step changes in temporal data, and the discussion of sampling." (Journal of the American Statistical Association, June 2008) "I enjoyed reading this book and I recommend it to those readers interested in the field of environmental statistics." (Journal of Applied Statistics, January 2009) "This highly recommended book will provide the background for the proper application of statistical methods. These will make an invaluable contribution to the realistic assessment of the damage to the environment to be expected as a result of global warming. The subject and author indexes are both excellent." (Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, August 2006) "This highly recommended book will provide the background for the proper application of statistical methods. These will make an invaluable contribution to the realistic assessment of the damage to the environment to be expected as a result of global warming. The subject and author indexes are both excellent." (Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Aug 2008) "...This is a substantial and thorough book...a handy reference book for any statistician's bookshelf..." (International Statistical Institute, January 2006)Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Linear regression. 1.1 Simple linear regression. 1.2 Multiple linear regression. 1.3 Qualitative predictors: ANOVA and ANCOVA models. 1.4 Random-effects models. 1.5 Polynomial regression. Exercises. 2 Nonlinear regression. 2.1 Estimation and testing. 2.2 Piecewise regression models. 2.3 Exponential regression models. 2.4 Growth curves. 2.5 Rational polynomials. 2.6 Multiple nonlinear regression. Exercises. 3 Generalized linear models. 3.1 Generalizing the classical linear model. 3.2 Theory of generalized linear models. 3.3 Specific forms of generalized linear models. Exercises. 4 Quantitative risk assessment with stimulus-response data. 4.1 Potency estimation for stimulus-response data. 4.2 Risk estimation. 4.3 Benchmark analysis. 4.4 Uncertainty analysis. 4.5 Sensitivity analysis. 4.6 Additional topics. Exercises. 5 Temporal data and autoregressive modeling. 5.1 Time series. 5.2 Harmonic regression. 5.3 Autocorrelation. 5.4 Autocorrelated regression models. 5.5 Simple trend and intervention analysis. 5.6 Growth curves revisited. Exercises. 6 Spatially correlated data. 6.1 Spatial correlation. 6.2 Spatial point patterns and complete spatial randomness. 6.3 Spatial measurement. 6.4 Spatial prediction. Exercises. 7 Combining environmental information. 7.1 Combining P-values. 7.2 Effect size estimation. 7.3 Meta-analysis. 7.4 Historical control information. Exercises. 8 Fundamentals of environmental sampling. 8.1 Sampling populations – simple random sampling. 8.2 Designs to extend simple random sampling. 8.3 Specialized techniques for environmental sampling. Exercises. A Review of probability and statistical inference. A.1 Probability functions. A.2 Families of distributions. A.3 Random sampling. A.4 Parameter estimation. A.5 Statistical inference. A.6 The delta method. B Tables. References. Author index. Subject index.

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Book SynopsisEnvironmental understandings and actions are complex. Environmental responses include both our responses to environmental change and responses of environments induced by human actions, and cover technical measures and tools of evaluation, environmental policy and regulation, and environmental politics.Trade Review"...very inviting and user friendly...primarily for Open University students...highly attractive to a far wider readership..." (RoSPA Occupational Safety & Health Jnl, 1 March 2004) “…an informative, richly illustrated and accessible reader, which develops a number of environmental themes…” (Geography, 2004) Table of ContentsSeries Preface. Introduction (Andrew Blowers and Steve Hinchliffe). Chapter One: Environmental responses: radioactive risks and uncertainty (Steve Hinchliffe, Andrew Blowers). Chapter Two: Design for urban environments (Rod Barratt). Chapter Three: Economic Analysis and environmental responses (Paul Anand). Chapter Four: Environmental politics: society's capacity for political response (Pieter Leroy, Karin Verhagen). Chapter Five: Climate change: global responses under uncertainty (Stephen Peake). Chapter Six: Sustainable environmental futures: opportunities and constraints (Steve Hinchliffe, Andrew Blowers, Joanna Freeland). Epilogue: environmental futures (Andrew Blowers, Steve Hinchliffe). Acknowledgements. Index.

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Book SynopsisSpatial information users and providers are increasingly concerned about the legal implications relating to the use and dissemination of geographic information for which there are no right or wrong methods of practice, and no one source of information. This book fills the gap by addressing key issues in contract law, intellectual property law, rights and responsabilities and liability as they relate to the GI community. The first book to interpret the law relating to GI Science and outline its implications to a general readership Provides a comprehensive discourse in law and GI Science irrespective of jurisdiction Offers a global perspective throughout with case materials coming from the UK, North America, the EU and Australasia Table of ContentsTable of Cases. Table of Statutes. Acknowledgements. Introduction. 1. Geographic Information Science: Legal and Policy Issues. 2. Sharing Geographic Information and Data. 3. Geographic Information and Intellectual Property Rights. 4. Geographic Information and Privacy. 5. Geographic Information and Contract Law. 6. Geographic Information and Liability Standards. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe Downstream volume of this definitive reference, provides the most authoritative and up-to-date review of the latest technology used within the downstream side of the international petroleum industry. It looks at refining the raw material, and producing and supplying the end product ie from ref ineries, road tankers to service stations.Table of ContentsContributors. Volume Editor's Foreword. Introduction (P. Jones). The Oil Refinery: Types, Structure and Configuration (J. Robinson and R. Faulkner). Crude Oil (J. Davies). Crude Oil Processing (Y. Hori). Catalytic Cracking (T. Johnson). Hydrocracking: Hydrogen Processing (A. Bridge). Thermal Cracking, Visbreaking and Coking (M. McGrath). Solvent Deasphalting (H. Sloan). Gasification by Non-Catalytic Partial Oxidation of Refinery Residues (W. Liebner). Gasoline Processes (A. Cluer). Kerosine and Gasoil Manufacture (G. Heinrich and D. Duee). Base Oil Processes (R. Savory). Bitumen Manufacture (G. van Gooswilligen). The Petrochemical Interface (D. Glass). Etherification (H. Jarvelin). Refinery Utilities (D. North). Control and Optimization (A. Ogden-Swift). Environmental Protection (E. Martin). An Introduction to Fuels Technology (D. Blackmore). Gasoline and Related Fuels (D. Blackmore). Automotive Gas Oil (J. Eyre). Distillates and Residual Fuels for Heating and Engines (J. Charlot and G. Claus). Aviation Turbine Fuels (P. Wolveridge). Liquefied Petroleum Gas (T. Ritter). General Elements of Lubricant Technology (R. Landells). Base Oil Quality (B. Deane). Gasoline Engine Lubricants (R. Mortier). Diesel Engine Oils (M. Dowling, et al.). Industrial Lubricants (J. Bolard). Gas Engine Lubricants (J. Bolard). White Mineral Oil (A. Banaszewski and J. Blythe). Grease (H. Mead). Bitumen (G. van Gooswilligen). Wax (F. Richter). Marketing Operations: Storage and Distribution (J. Richardson and C. Ward). Standards, Specifications, Test Methods and Codes of Practice (C. Bartlett). Index.

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Book SynopsisCovers the international standards that need to be implemented by companies to operate an efficient and effective environmental management system (EMS).Table of ContentsDedication Preface. 1. Introduction. 2. Design and Implementation of ISO 14001 Environmental Management Systems. 3. Measurement Systems in Environmental Management. 4. Measurement System Errors. 5. Measurement Signal Conversion, Processing, Transmission and Recording. 6. Quantification and Effects of Air Pollution. 7. Quantification and Effects of Water Pollution. 8. Control of Air and Water Pollution. 9. Noise, Vibration and Shock Pollution. 10. Waste Management. 11. System Reliability and Risk Assessment for Environmental Protection. 12. Statistical Process Control. 13. Monitoring Process Parameter Values to Minimise Pollution Risk. Appendix 1: Summary of ISO 14000 Series Standards. Appendix 2: Typical Structure of an Environmental Management System Manual. Index.

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Book SynopsisIn Geography and GIS, surfaces can be analysed and visualised through various data structures, and topological data structures describe surfaces in the form of a relationship between certain surface-specific features. Drawn from many disciplines with a strong applied aspect, this is a research-led, interdisciplinary approach to the creation, analysis and visualisation of surfaces, focussing on topological data structures. Topological Data Structures for Surfaces: an introduction for Geographical Information Science describes the concepts and applications of these data structures. The book focuses on how these data structures can be used to analyse and visualise surface datasets from a range of disciplines such as human geography, computer graphics, metrology, and physical geography. Divided into two Parts, Part I defines the topological surface data structures and explains the various automated methods used for their generation. Part II demonstrates a number of applications Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Foreword. Preface. INTRODUCTION. 1. Introduction (Sanjay Rana). PART I CONCEPTS AND IMPLEMENTATIONS. 2. Topographic Surfaces and Surface Networks (Gert W. Wolf). 3. Algorithms for Extracting Surface Topology from Digital Elevation Models (Shigeo Takahashi). 4. Construction of Metric Surface Networks from Raster-Based DEMs (Bernhard Schneider and Jo Wood). 5. Contour Trees and Small Seed Sets for Isosurface Generation (Marc van Kreveld, Ren´e van Oostrum, Chandrajit Bajaj, Valerio Pascucci and Dan Schikore). 6. Surface Shape Understanding Based on Extended Reeb Graphs (Silvia Biasotti, Bianca Falcidieno and Michela Spagnuolo). PART II: APPLICATIONS. 7. A Method for Measuring Structural Similarity among Activity Surfaces and its Application to the Analysis of Urban Population Surfaces in Japan (Atsuyuki Okabe and Atsushi Masuyama). 8. Topology Diagram of Scalar Fields in Scientific Visualisation (Valerio Pascucci). 9. Topology-Guided Downsampling and Volume Visualisation (Martin Kraus and Thomas Ertl). 10. Application of Surface Networks for Augmenting the Visualisation of Dynamic Geographic Surfaces (Sanjay Rana and Jason Dykes). 11 An Application of Surface Networks in Surface Texture (Paul J. Scott). 12. Application of Surface Networks for Fast Approximation of Visibility Dominance in Mountainous Terrains (Sanjay Rana and Jeremy Morley). CONCLUSION. 13. Issues and Future Directions (Sanjay Rana). References. Index.

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Book SynopsisAgricultural policy is undergoing a dramatic change the world over. Governmental bodies and agencies are moving away from traditional forms of intervention in agriculture and creating new policies. Essential to policy--makers in the middle of this revolution is a reference that distills the lessons of international research and experience.Table of ContentsForeword ix Acknowledgements xi Introduction 1 1 Agriculture and Economic Development: Basic Considerations 3 1.1 Beginnings 3 1.2 The Agricultural Sector and Economic Growth 4 1.3 Agricultural Growth and Poverty Reduction 9 Discussion Points for Chapter 1 12 2 Strategies and the Agricultural Policy Framework 15 2.1 Strategies and Policies 15 2.2 The Nature of Agricultural Policy Instruments 19 2.3 Objectives of Agricultural Policy 22 2.4 The Role of Government 25 2.5 Implementation of Strategies and Policies 30 Discussion Points for Chapter 2 32 3 Broad Issues of Agricultural Policy 35 3.1 Agricultural Policy and the Macroeconomic Framework 35 3.2 Fiscal Expenditures and Subsidies 37 3.3 Improving the Incomes of the Rural Poor 44 3.4 Gender and Agricultural Development 46 3.5 Selected Issues in Privatization 48 3.6 Principal Aspects of the Legal Framework 51 Discussion Points for Chapter 3 53 4 Policies that Influence Producer Incentives 55 4.1 The Setting 55 4.2 Agricultural Prices and Their Determinants 56 4.3 Trade Policy 58 4.4 Exchange Rate Policy 74 4.5 Fiscal Policy and Agricultural Prices 80 4.6 Macroeconomic Policy Options for Agriculture 82 4.7 Sectoral Policies that Influence Agricultural Prices 86 4.8 Food Security, Agricultural Prices and the Rural Poor 98 4.9 Observations on Price Stabilization and Agricultural Development 103 Discussion Points for Chapter 4 104 5 Land Tenure Policies 109 5.1 Introduction 109 5.2 The Importance of Land Tenure 110 5.3 Objectives of Land Tenure Policies 111 5.4 Overview of Issues and Trends concerning Land Tenure 116 5.5 The Nature of Land Rights 121 5.6 Communal, Collective and Individual Rights to Land 130 5.7 Experiences with Land Reform 142 5.8 Policies for Land Markets 149 5.9 Improving Access to Land for the Poor and for Women 176 Discussion Points for Chapter 5 191 6 Water Management Policies in Agriculture 197 6.1 Introduction 197 6.2 Policy Objectives for the Irrigation Sector 203 6.3 Strategic Planning for Irrigation as Part of Water Resource Management 207 6.4 Strategic Issues in Irrigation Development 211 6.5 Principal Policy Issues in the Irrigation Sector 223 6.6 Institutional and Process Issues in Water Management 248 6.7 Irrigation as a Tool of Rural Development 269 Discussion Points for Chapter 6 271 7 Policies for Agricultural and Rural Finance 277 7.1 The Role of Finance in Agricultural Development 277 7.2 Policy Objectives for Rural Finance 287 7.3 Keys to the Sustainability and Efficiency of Financial Intermediation 295 7.4 The Regulatory Framework for Rural Finance 300 7.5 Structural Considerations for Rural Financial Institutions 317 7.6 Approaches to Managing Rural Financial Institutions 330 7.7 Macroeconomic Policy to Support Rural Financial Intermediation 340 7.8 Elements of a Strategy for Developing Rural Finance 346 Discussion Points for Chapter 7 351 8 Policies for Agricultural Technology 357 8.1 Introduction: The Role and Context of Agricultural Technology 357 8.2 Issues in Agricultural Research 363 8.3 Issues in Agricultural Extension 375 8.4 New Directions in Agricultural Research 390 8.5 New Approaches to Agricultural Extension 404 Discussion Points for Chapter 8 420 9 Agricultural Development Strategies: Process and Structure 425 9.1 The Roles of an Agricultural Strategy 425 9.2 Participatory Processes for Developing Strategies 428 9.3 Structure and Consistency in a Strategy 442 9.4 Substantive Orientations of an Agricultural Strategy 450 9.5 Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation 460 9.6 Implementation of a Strategy 474 9.7 Concluding Observations 475 Discussion Points for Chapter 9 476 Annex: National Economic Policies and Irrigation in Yemen 483 1 Water in Yemen’s Development Process 483 2 Demand Management vs. Water Supply Options 484 3 The Origins of the Water Crisis 485 4 Principal Policy Instruments Available for Water Demand Management 486 5 Bearing the Costs of Change 487 6 Schematic Presentation of Policy Options 488 7 Fiscal and Strategic Issues 488 8 Summary 490 Index 493

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Book SynopsisPart of the Mastering GIS series, this invaluable one-stop reference work explores the tremendous potential that lies along the interface between GIS and remote sensing for activating seamless databases and instigating information interchange.Table of ContentsSeries Foreword. Preface. List of Contributors. 1. GIS and remote sensing integration: in search of a definition (Victor Mesev and Alexandra Walrath). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 In search of a definition. 1.2.1 Evolutionary integration. 1.2.2 Methodological integration. 1.3 Outline of the book. 1.4 Conclusions. 2. Integration taxonomy and uncertainty (Manfred Ehlers). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Taxonomy issues. 2.2.1 Taxonomy of GIS operators. 2.2.2 Taxonomy of image analysis operators in remote sensing. 2.2.3 An integrated taxonomy. 2.3 Uncertainty issues. 2.3.1 Uncertainty in geographic information. 2.3.2 Uncertainty in the integration of GIS and remote sensing. 2.4 Modelling positional and thematic error in the integration of remote sensing and GIS. 2.4.1 Positional and thematic uncertainties. 2.4.2 Problem formulation. 2.4.3 Modelling positional uncertainty. 2.4.3.1 Line errors. 2.4.3.2 Confidence region for line segments. 2.4.3.3 Positional uncertainty of boundary line features. 2.4.3.4 Positional uncertainty of area objects. 2.4.4 Thematic uncertainties of a classified image. 2.4.5 Modelling the combined positional and thematic uncertainties. 2.5 Conclusions. 3. Data fusion related to GIS and remote sensing (Paolo Gamba and Fabio Dell'Acqua). 3.1 Introduction . 3.2 Why do we need GIS–remote sensing fusion? 3.2.1 Remote sensing output to GIS. 3.2.2 GIS input to remote sensing interpretation algorithms. 3.2.3 Example: urban planning check and update. 3.3 Problems in GIS–remote sensing data fusion. 3.3.1 Lack of consistent standards. 3.3.2 Inconsistency of GIS–remote sensing accuracy, legends and scales. 3.3.3 Different nature of the two sources. 3.3.4 Need for information rather than data fusion. 3.3.5 Example: population mapping through remote sensing. 3.4 Present and future solutions. 3.4.1 Multiscale analysis. 3.4.2 Fusion techniques. 3.4.2.1 Fuzzy-based framework retaining accuracy information. 3.4.2.2 Non-parametric approaches. 3.4.2.3 Knowledge-based approaches. 3.5 Conclusions. 3.5.1 Integration of remote sensing and GIS into a change detection module 4. The importance of scale in remote sensing and GIS and its implications for data integration (Peter M. Atkinson). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Data models and scales of measurement. 4.2.1 Raster imagery. 4.2.1.1 Raster imagery and the RF model. 4.2.1.2 Scales of measurement in remotely sensed imagery. 4.2.2 Vector data. 4.2.2.1 Vector data and the object-based model. 4.2.2.2 Scales of measurement. 4.3 Scales of spatial variation. 4.3.1 Spatial variation in raster data. 4.3.1.1 Characterizing scales of spatial variation. 4.3.1.2 Characterizing error. 4.3.1.3 Upscaling and downscaling. 4.3.2 Scales of variation in vector data. 4.3.3 Processes in the environment. 4.3.3.1 Processes and forms. 4.3.3.2 Process modelling. 4.3.3.3 Scales of representation. 4.4 Remote sensing and GIS data integration. 4.4.1 Overlay and regression. 4.4.1.1 Scales of measurement. 4.4.1.2 Transformation. 4.4.1.3 Geometric error. 4.4.2 Remote sensing classification of land cover. 4.4.1.1 Per-field classification. 4.4.1.2 Soft classification and subpixel allocation. 4.4.1.3 A note on downscaling and super-resolution mapping. 4.5 Conclusion. 5. Of patterns and processes: spatial metrics and geostatistics in urban analysis (XiaoHang Liu and Martin Herold). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Geostatistics. 5.3 Spatial metrics. 5.4 Examples. 5.4.1. Data preparation. 5.4.2 Linkage from land cover to land use. 5.4.2.1 Land use classification based on geostatistics. 5.4.2.2 Land use classification based on spatial metrics. 5.4.2.3 Land-use classification based on combined information. 5.4.3 Linking urban form to population density. 5.4.5 Linking characteristics of spatial patterns and processes. 5.5 Conclusion. 6. Using remote sensing and GIS integration to identify spatial characteristics of sprawl at the building-unit level (John Hasse). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Sprawl in the remote sensing and GIS literature. 6.2.1 Definitions of sprawl. 6.2.2 Spatial characteristics of sprawl at a metropolitan level. 6.2.3 Spatial characteristics of sprawl at a submetropolitan level. 6.3 Integrating remote sensing and GIS for sprawl research. 6.4 Spatial characteristics of sprawl at a building-unit level. 6.5 A practical building-unit level model for analysing sprawl. 6.5.1 Urban density. 6.5.2 Leapfrog. 6.5.3 Segregated land use. 6.5.4 Highway strip. 6.5.5 Community node inaccessibility. 6.5.6 Normalizing municipal sprawl indicator measures. 6.6. Future benefits of integrating remote sensing and gis in sprawl research. 7. Remote sensing applications in urban socio-economic analysis (Chiangshan Wu). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Principles of urban socio-economic studies using remote sensing technologies. 7.3 Socio-economic information estimation. 7.3.1 Population estimation. 7.3.2 Employment estimation. 7.3.3 GDP estimation. 7.3.4 Electrical power consumption estimation. 7.4 Socio-economic activity modelling. 7.4.1 Population interpolation. 7.4.2 Socio-economic index generation . 7.4.3 Understanding and modelling socio-economic phenomena. 7.4.3.1 Population segregation analysis. 7.4.3.2 Housing price modelling. 7.5 Advantages and limitations of remote sensing technologies in socio-economic applications. 7.5.1 Socio-economic information estimation. 7.5.2 Socio-economic information modelling. 7.6 Conclusions. 8. Integrating remote sensing, GIS and spatial modelling for sustainable urban growth management (Xiaojun Yang). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Research methodology. 8.2.1 Study area. 8.2.2 Data acquisition and collection. 8.2.3 Satellite image processing. 8.2.4 Change analysis. 8.2.5 Spatial statistical analysis. 8.2.6 Dynamic spatial modelling. 8.3 Results and discussion. 8.3.1 Urban growth. 8.3.2 Driving force. 8.3.2.1 High-density urban use. 8.3.2.2 Low-density urban use. 8.3.3 Future growth scenario simulation. 8.4 Conclusions. 9. An integrative GIS and remote sensing model for place-based urban vulnerability analysis (Tarek Rashed, John Weeks, Helen Couclelis and Martin Herold). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Analysis of urban vulnerability: what is it all about? 9.3 A conceptual framework for place-based analysis of urban vulnerability. 9.4 Integrating GIS and remote sensing into vulnerability analysis. 9.5 A GIS–remote sensing place-based model for urban vulnerability analysis. 9.6 An illustrative example of model application. 9.6.1 Study area. 9.6.2 Data. 9.6.3 Identifying vulnerability hot spots. 9.6.4 Deriving remote sensing measures of urban morphology in Los Angeles. 9.6.4.1 MESMA. 9.6.5 Deriving an index of wealth for Los Angeles County. 9.6.6 Spatial filtering of variables. 9.6.7 Generating place-based knowledge of urban vulnerability in Los Angeles. 9.6.7.1 Statistical models. 9.6.7.2 Results of correlation between vulnerability and wealth. 9.6.7.2 Results of regression models. 9.6.8 To what extent do model results conform to universal knowledge of vulnerability? 9.7 Conclusions. 10. Using GIS and remote sensing for ecological mapping and monitoring (Jennifer Miller and John Rogan). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Integration of GIS and remote sensing in ecological research. 10.3 GIS data used in ecological applications. 10.3.1 Gradient analysis. 10.3.2 Climate. 10.3.3 Topography. 10.4 Remotely sensed data for ecological applications. 10.4.1 Spectral enhancements. 10.4.2 Land cover. 10.4.3 Habitat structure. 10.4.4 Biophysical processes. 10.5 Species distribution models. 10.5.1 Biodiversity mapping. 10.6 Change detection. 10.6.1 Case study: using GIS and remote sensing for large-area change detection and efficient map updating. 10.6.1.1 Study area. 10.6.1.2 Data and methods. 10.6.1.3 Results. 10.6.1.4 Case study discussion. 10.7 Conclusions. 11. Remote sensing and GIS for ephemeral wetland monitoring and sustainability in southern Mauritania (Tara Shine and Victor Mesev). 11.1 Introduction. 11.1.1 Ephemeral wetlands. 11.1.2 Remote sensing of ephemeral wetlands. 11.2 Ephemeral wetlands in Mauritania. 11.2.1 Data and processing. 11.2.2 Results. 11.2.3 Implications for management. 11.3 Conclusions. Index.

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Book SynopsisGeodemographics: neighbourhood targeting and GIS provides both an introduction to and overview of the methods, theory and classification techniques that provide the foundation of neighbourhood analysis and commercial geodemographic products. Particular focus is given to the presentation and use of neighbourhood classification in GIS.Trade Review"... a book that is unique both in its approach and it s content ... a valuable contribution to this area of research..." (GIS Professional, March 2006)Table of ContentsList of Case Study Contributors xi Preface xiii 1 Introducing Geodemographics 1 Learning Objectives 1 Introduction 2 1.1 The use of geodemographics 3 1.2 A simple application: opening a coffee shop in Atlantic City 5 1.3 Another application: guiding neighbourhood regeneration funding 10 1.4 Using geodemographics for retail targeting 12 1.5 How it works: a short theory of geodemographics 14 Case study: modelling price sensitivity and geodemographic categories in the restaurant market 19 Case study: using geodemographics in the public sector 21 1.6 Where next? An overview of the following chapters 24 1.7 Conclusion 26 Summary 26 Further Reading 27 2 London to Chicago and Back Again! The Origins of Geodemographics 29 Learning Objectives 29 Introduction 30 2.1 The life and labours of an early neighbourhood analyst 30 2.2 From London to Chicago and beyond! 37 2.3 A note on measuring deprivation 42 Case study: Charles Booth – yesterday once more? 45 2.4 Conclusion 49 Summary 50 Further Reading 51 3 The Evolution of Geodemographics and the Market Today 53 Learning Objectives 53 Introduction 54 3.1 From census to commerce 55 3.2 Geodemographics today 61 Case study: the US market for geodemographics 67 3.3 The role of market research linkages 70 3.4 Use of non-census data 70 3.5 Conclusion 73 Summary 75 Further Reading 75 4 Geodemographics and GIS 77 Learning Objectives 77 Introduction 78 4.1 Principles of GIS 79 4.2 Mapping geodemographic information with GIS 88 4.3 An interesting pattern? 92 4.4 Confounded by choropleths! 95 Case study: Using GIS for neighbourhood analysis and targeting – a commercial perspective 99 4.5 Spatial interaction models 103 4.6 Conclusion 106 Summary 107 Further Reading 108 5 Geodemographic Information Systems and Analysis 109 Learning Objectives 109 Introduction 110 5.1 Data collection and input 111 5.2 Data analysis 115 5.3 Data visualization and output 137 Case study: Different neighbourhoods, different policing styles 141 5.4 Conclusion 143 Summary 144 Further Reading 145 6 How Geodemographic Classifications are Built 147 Learning Objectives 147 Introduction 148 6.1 Data input – sources of data for neighbourhood classification 148 6.2 Preparing the data for classification 150 6.3 Evaluation of input variables 152 6.4 Selecting weights 159 6.5 Clustering 160 6.6 Optimization process and manual intervention 166 6.7 Forming a cluster hierarchy 168 6.8 Labels, portraits and visualization tools 171 6.9 A worked example of clustering 173 6.10 Conclusion 181 Summary 182 Further Reading 183 7 Geodemographics Around the World 185 Learning Objectives 185 Introduction 186 7.1 The internationalization of geodemographics 187 Case study: a brief comparison of selected censuses from across the world 189 7.2 Census data sources – some differences in what is asked and where 193 7.3 Differences in the availability of non-census data sources 195 7.4 Variations in the detail of the postal delivery system 196 7.5 Geographies of neighbourhood worldwide 196 7.6 Conclusion 204 Summary 205 Further Reading 206 8 ‘But Does It Work?’ Geodemographics in the Dock 207 Learning Objectives 207 Introduction 208 8.1 The case for the prosecution 209 8.2 The case for the defence 225 ‘Witness’ 1: Example of the Nottingham Youth Justice Board 228 ‘Witness’ 2: Example of Shotton Paper Company plc 230 ‘Witness’ 3: Example of The University of Central Lancashire 231 ‘Witness’ 4: Example of Camelot Group plc 233 Validating geodemographics – the Luton case study 236 8.3 Conclusion 239 Summary 240 Further Reading 241 9 New Data, New Approaches: from Geodemographics to Geolifestyles 243 Learning Objectives 243 Introduction 244 Case study: Lifestyles analysis and new approaches 246 9.1 Using GIS to map lifestyle data 249 9.2 Looking for ‘hot spots’ 257 9.3 From revelation to explanation 261 9.4 Data-handling issues 263 9.5 Conclusion 271 Summary 271 Further Reading 272 10 Postscript: There are three Is in geodemographics! 273 References 279 Index 289

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Book SynopsisPresented in a clear and straightforward manner with the minimum of technical detail, this introductory textbook introduces the basics of dating, the range of techniques available and the strengths and limitations of each of the principal methods.Trade Review"This book is a must for any Quaternary scientist." (South African Geographical Journal, September 2006) "…very well organized, clearly and straightforwardly written and provides a good overview on the wide field of Quaternary dating methods…"(Journal of Quaternary Science, January 2007)Table of ContentsPreface xv 1 Dating Methods and the Quaternary 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Development of Quaternary Dating 2 1.3 Precision and Accuracy in Dating 5 1.4 Atomic Structure, Radioactivity and Radiometric Dating 7 1.5 The Quaternary: Stratigraphic Framework and Terminology 9 1.6 The Scope and Content of the Book 12 Notes 15 2 Radiometric Dating 1: Radiocarbon Dating 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Basic Principles 18 2.3 Radiocarbon Measurement 19 2.3.1 Beta Counting 20 2.3.2 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry 20 2.3.3 Extending the Radiocarbon Timescale 23 2.3.4 Laboratory Intercomparisons 24 2.4 Sources of Error in Radiocarbon Dating 24 2.4.1 Contamination 24 2.4.2 Isotopic Fractionation 25 2.4.3 Marine Reservoir Effects 26 2.4.4 Long-Term Variations in 14C Production 27 2.5 Some Problematic Dating Materials 29 2.5.1 Lake Sediments 29 2.5.2 Shell 30 2.5.3 Bone 31 2.5.4 Soil 31 2.6 Calibration of the Radiocarbon Timescale 32 2.6.1 Dendrochronological Calibration 32 2.6.2 The INTCAL Calibration 32 2.6.3 Extending the Radiocarbon Calibration Curve 34 2.6.4 Bayesian Analysis and Radiocarbon Calibration 35 2.6.5 Wiggle-Match Dating 37 2.7 Applications of Radiocarbon Dating 37 2.7.1 Radiocarbon Dating: Some Routine Applications 37 2.7.1.1 Dating of plant macrofossils: Lateglacial cereal cultivation in the valley of the Euphrates 38 2.7.1.2 Dating of charcoal: a Holocene palaeoenvironmental record from western Germany 38 2.7.1.3 Dating of peat: a Holocene palaeoclimatic record from northern England 41 2.7.1.4 Dating of organic lake mud: a multi-proxy palaeoenvironmental record from Lake Rutundu, East Africa 41 2.7.1.5 Dating of marine micropalaeontological records: an example of a problem from the North Atlantic 43 2.7.1.6 Dating of marine shell: a Holocene aeolianite from Mexico 45 2.7.1.7 Dating of bone: the earliest humans in the Americas 47 2.7.2 Radiocarbon Dating of Other Materials 47 2.7.2.1 Dating of textiles: the ‘Shroud of Turin’ 48 2.7.2.2 Dating of old documents: the Vinland Map 49 2.7.2.3 Dating of lime mortar: medieval churches in Finland 51 2.7.2.4 Dating of hair: radiocarbon dates and DNA from individual animal hairs 51 2.7.2.5 Dating of iron artefacts: the Himeji nail and the Damascus sword 52 2.7.2.6 Dating of pottery: the earliest pottery in Japan 52 2.7.2.7 Dating of rock art: Palaeolithic cave paintings in Spain and France 53 Notes 54 3 Radiometric Dating 2: Dating Using Long-Lived and Short-Lived Radioactive Isotopes 57 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Argon-Isotope Dating 58 3.2.1 Principles of Potassium–Argon Dating 58 3.2.2 Principles of Argon–Argon Dating 59 3.2.3 Some Assumptions and Problems Associated with Potassium–Argon and Argon–Argon Dating 59 3.2.4 Some Applications of Potassium–Argon and Argon–Argon Dating 61 3.2.4.1 Potassium–argon and argon–argon dating of the dispersal of Early Pleistocene hominids 62 3.2.4.2 40Ar/39Ar dating of anatomically modern Homo sapiens from Ethiopia 62 3.2.4.3 40Ar/39Ar dating of historical materials: the eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79 65 3.2.4.4 40Ar/39Ar dating and geological provenancing of a stone axe from Stonehenge, England 66 3.3 Uranium-Series Dating 66 3.3.1 Principles of U-Series Dating 67 3.3.2 Some Problems Associated with U-Series Dating 69 3.3.3 Some Applications of U-Series Dating 71 3.3.3.1 Dating the Last Interglacial high sea-level stand in Hawaii 71 3.3.3.2 Dating of early hominid remains from China 72 3.3.3.3 Dating of a speleothem from northern Norway 74 3.3.3.4 Dating of fluvial terraces in Wyoming, USA 74 3.4 Cosmogenic Nuclide Dating 77 3.4.1 Principles of Cosmogenic Nuclide (CN) Dating 77 3.4.2 Sources of Error in CN Dating 79 3.4.3 Some Applications of CN Dating 80 3.4.3.1 Cosmogenic dating of two Late Pleistocene glacial advances in Alaska 80 3.4.3.2 Cosmogenic dating of the Salpausselkä I formation in Finland 82 3.4.3.3 Cosmogenic dating of Holocene landsliding, The Storr, Isle of Skye, Scotland 82 3.4.3.4 Cosmogenic dating of alluvial deposits, Ajo Mountains, southern Arizona, USA 84 3.5 Dating Using Short-Lived Isotopes 84 3.5.1 Lead-210 (210Pb) 85 3.5.2 Caesium-137 (137Cs) 86 3.5.3 Silicon-32 (32Si) 86 3.5.4 Some Problems in Using Short-Lived Isotopes 87 3.5.5 Some Dating Applications Using Short-Lived Isotopes 87 3.5.5.1 Dating a record of human impact in a lake sequence in northern England 88 3.5.5.2 Dating a 500-year lake sediment/temperature record from Baffin Island, Canada 88 3.5.5.3 32Si dating of marine sediments from Bangladesh 91 Notes 92 4 Radiometric Dating 3: Radiation Exposure Dating 93 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 Luminescence Dating 94 4.2.1 Thermoluminescence (TL) 94 4.2.2 Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) 96 4.2.3 Sources of Error in Luminescence Dating 99 4.2.4 Some Applications of Luminescence Dating 100 4.2.4.1 TL dating of Early Iron Age iron smelting in Ghana 100 4.2.4.2 TL and AMS radiocarbon dating of pottery from the Russian Far East 101 4.2.4.3 TL dating of burnt flint from a cave site in France 102 4.2.4.4 TL dating of the first humans in South America 103 4.2.4.5 OSL dating of young coastal dunes in the northern Netherlands 104 4.2.4.6 OSL dating of dune sands from Blombos Cave, South Africa: single and multiple grain data 104 4.2.4.7 OSL dating of fluvial deposits in the lower Mississippi Valley, USA 107 4.2.4.8 OSL dating of marine deposits in Denmark 108 4.3 Electron Spin Resonance Dating 109 4.3.1 Principles of ESR Dating 109 4.3.2 Sources of Error in ESR Dating 110 4.3.3 Some Applications of ESR Dating 110 4.3.3.1 ESR dating of teeth from the Hoxnian Interglacial type locality, England 111 4.3.3.2 ESR dating of mollusc shells from the Northern Caucasus and the earliest humans in eastern Europe 112 4.3.3.3 ESR dating of Holocene coral: an experimental approach 113 4.3.3.4 ESR dating of quartz: the Toba super-eruption 113 4.4 Fission Track Dating 114 4.4.1 Principles of Fission Track Dating 115 4.4.2 Some Problems Associated with Fission Track Dating 116 4.4.3 Some Applications of Fission Track Dating 116 4.4.3.1 Fission track dating of glacial events in Argentina 116 4.4.3.2 Fission track dating of a Middle Pleistocene fossiliferous sequence from central Italy 117 4.4.3.3 Dating of obsidian in the Andes, South America, and the sourcing of artefacts 117 Notes 119 5 Dating Using Annually Banded Records 121 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 Dendrochronology 122 5.2.1 Principles of Dendrochronology 122 5.2.2 Problems Associated with Dendrochronology 123 5.2.3 Dendrochronological Series 125 5.2.4 Applications of Dendrochronology 127 5.2.4.1 Dating a 2000-year temperature record for the northern hemisphere 128 5.2.4.2 Dating historical precipitation records 128 5.2.4.3 Dating volcanic events 129 5.2.4.4 Dating archaeological evidence 130 5.3 Varve Chronology 132 5.3.1 The Nature of Varved Sediments 133 5.3.2 Sources of Error in Varve Chronologies 135 5.3.3 Applications of Varve Chronologies 136 5.3.3.1 Dating regional patterns of deglaciation in Scandinavia 136 5.3.3.2 Dating prehistoric land-use changes 136 5.3.3.3 Dating long-term climatic and environmental changes 139 5.3.3.4 Varve sequences and the radiocarbon timescale 140 5.4 Lichenometry 141 5.4.1 Principles of Lichenometric Dating 142 5.4.2 Problems Associated with Lichenometric Dating 142 5.4.3 Lichenometry and Late Holocene Environments 143 5.4.3.1 Dating post-Little Ice Age glacier recession in Norway 144 5.4.3.2 Dating rock glaciers and Little Ice Age moraines in the Sierra Nevada, western USA 144 5.4.3.3 Dating Late Holocene rockfall activity on a Norwegian talus slope 146 5.4.3.4 Dating archaeological features on raised shorelines in northern Sweden 147 5.5 Annual Layers in Glacier Ice 148 5.5.1 Ice-Core Chronologies 149 5.5.2 Errors in Ice-Core Chronologies 150 5.5.3 Ice Cores and the Quaternary Palaeoenvironmental Record 151 5.5.3.1 Dating climatic instability as revealed in the Greenland ice cores 151 5.5.3.2 Dating rapid climate change: the end of the Younger Dryas in Greenland 152 5.5.3.3 Dating long-term variations in atmospheric Greenhouse Trace Gases 154 5.5.3.4 Dating human impact on climate as reflected in ice-core records 155 5.6 Other Media Dated by Annual Banding 156 5.6.1 Speleothems 156 5.6.1.1 Dating a proxy record for twentieth-century precipitation from Poole’s Cavern, England 156 5.6.1.2 Dating climate variability in central China over the last 1270 years 157 5.6.2 Corals 158 5.6.2.1 Dating a 420-year-coral-based palaeoenvironmental record from the southwestern Pacific 158 5.6.2.2 Dating a 240-year palaeoprecipitation record from Florida, USA 158 5.6.3 Molluscs 160 5.6.3.1 The development of a sclerochronology using the long-lived bivalve Arctica islandica 160 5.6.3.2 The development of a ‘clam-ring’ master chronology from a short-lived bivalve mollusc and its palaeoenvironmental significance 162 Notes 162 6 Relative Dating Methods 165 6.1 Introduction 165 6.2 Rock Surface Weathering 166 6.2.1 Surface Weathering Features 166 6.2.2 Problems in Using Surface Weathering Features to Establish Relative Chronologies 167 6.2.3 Applications of Surface Weathering Dating 168 6.2.3.1 Relative dating of Holocene glacier fluctuations in the Nepal Himalaya 168 6.2.3.2 Relative dating of periglacial trimlines in northwest Scotland 168 6.2.3.3 Relative dating of archaeological features by Lake Superior, Canada 170 6.3 Obsidian Hydration Dating 172 6.3.1 The Hydration Layer 173 6.3.2 Problems with Obsidian Hydration Dating 173 6.3.3 Some Applications of Obsidian Hydration Dating 174 6.3.3.1 Dating of a Pleistocene age site, Manus Island, Papua New Guinea 174 6.3.3.2 Dating of fluvially reworked sediment in Montana, USA 176 6.4 Pedogenesis 176 6.4.1 Soil Development Indices 176 6.4.2 Problems in Using Pedogenesis as a Basis for Dating 177 6.4.3 Some Applications of Dating Based on Pedogenesis 178 6.4.3.1 Relative dating of moraines in the Sierra Nevada, California 178 6.4.3.2 Dating glacial events in southeastern Peru 178 6.5 Relative Dating of Fossil Bone 180 6.5.1 Post-Burial Changes in Fossil Bone 181 6.5.2 Problems in the Relative Dating of Bone 181 6.5.3 Some Applications of the Relative Dating of Bone 182 6.5.3.1 Fluoride dating of mastodon bone from an early palaeoindian site, eastern USA 182 6.5.3.2 Chemical dating of animal bones from Sweden 182 6.6 Amino Acid Geochronology 184 6.6.1 Proteins and Amino Acids 185 6.6.2 Amino Acid Diagenesis 186 6.6.3 Problems with Amino Acid Geochronology 187 6.6.4 Applications of Amino Acid Geochronology 188 6.6.4.1 Dating and correlation of the last interglacial shoreline (~MOI substage 5e) in Australia using aminostratigraphy 189 6.6.4.2 Quaternary aminostratigraphy in northwestern France based on non-marine molluscs 189 6.6.4.3 Dating the earliest modern humans in southern Africa using amino acid ratios in ostrich eggshell 191 6.6.4.4 Dating sea-level change in the Bahamas over the last half million years 192 Notes 195 7 Techniques for Establishing Age Equivalence 197 7.1 Introduction 197 7.2 Oxygen Isotope Chronostratigraphy 198 7.2.1 Marine Oxygen Isotope Stages 199 7.2.2 Dating the Marine Oxygen Isotope Record 199 7.2.3 Problems with the Marine Oxygen Isotope Record 201 7.3 Tephrochronology 202 7.3.1 Tephras in Quaternary Sediments 202 7.3.2 Dating of Tephra Horizons 204 7.3.3 Problems with Tephrochronology 205 7.3.4 Applications of Tephrochronology 207 7.3.4.1 Dating the first human impact in New Zealand using tephrochronology 207 7.3.4.2 Dating and correlating events in the North Atlantic region during the Last Glacial–Interglacial transition using tephrochronology 209 7.3.4.3 Dating Middle Pleistocene artefacts and cultural traditions in East Africa using tephrostratigraphy 209 7.3.4.4 Dating Early and Middle Pleistocene glaciations in Yukon by tephrochronology 211 7.4 Palaeomagnetism 213 7.4.1 The Earth’s Magnetic Field 214 7.4.2 The Palaeomagnetic Record in Rocks and Sediments 215 7.4.3 Magnetostratigraphy 216 7.4.3.1 Polarity changes and the palaeomagnetic timescale 216 7.4.3.2 Secular variations 216 7.4.3.3 Mineral magnetic potential 219 7.4.4 Some Problems with Palaeomagnetic Dating 220 7.4.5 Applications of Palaeomagnetic Dating 221 7.4.5.1 Dating lake sediments using palaeosecular variations 221 7.4.5.2 Palaeomagnetic correlations between Scandinavian Ice Sheet fluctuations and Greenland ice-core records 222 7.4.5.3 Palaeomagnetic dating of the earliest humans in Europe 223 7.4.5.4 Palaeomagnetic dating of the Sterkfontein hominid, South Africa 224 7.5 Palaeosols 225 7.5.1 The Nature of Palaeosols 227 7.5.2 Palaeosols as Soil-Stratigraphic Units 228 7.5.3 Some Problems with Using Palaeosols to Establish Age Equivalence 229 7.5.4 Applications of Palaeosols in the Establishment of Age Equivalence 230 7.5.4.1 Buried palaeosols on the Avonmouth Level, southwest England: stratigraphic markers in Holocene intertidal sediments 230 7.5.4.2 The Valley Farm and Barham Soils: key stratigraphic marker horizons in southeast England 231 7.5.4.3 Correlation between the Chinese loess–palaeosol sequence and the deep-ocean core record for the past 2.5 million years 233 Notes 235 8 Dating the Future 237 8.1 Introduction 237 8.2 Radiometric Dating 237 8.3 Annually Banded Records 240 8.4 Age Equivalence 242 8.5 Biomolecular Dating 243 Notes 244 References 245 Index 279

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Book SynopsisThe development of the Internet has changed the environment for Geographical Information Systems (GIS), with the emphasis shifting from analysis to the sharing of data and information over the Internet thus making GIS more mobile and powerful. The Geography Mark-Up Language (GML) was developed as the standard language and is emerging as the foundation for Internet GIS. Geography Mark-Up Language: Foundation for the Geo-Web provides a broad coverage of the use of GML in different application areas, along with the technical means for building these applications. Starting from the basic concepts, this book works through all the important topics in both GML 2.0 and GML 3.0, with illustrations and worked examples to demonstrate its use. Organized into two sections, Volume I introduces readers to the new world of GML, and explains how it can be used across a broad range of GIS projects. It deals with the basic concepts of XML and GML, and enables readers to make decisions on the uTrade Review"…this book marks a welcome addition to GIS literature…highly recommended as a well written, well structured and reasonably detailed outline of GML..." (GIS Professional, No.2, January – February, 2005)Table of ContentsIntroduction. PART I GML: AN INTRODUCTION. 1 Once over lightly. 2 XML and GML. 3 Basic Concepts of GML. 4 GML Core and Application Schemas. 5 Technical Issues for Deploying GML. 6 GML and Geospatial Web Services. 7 Real-World Deployment Examples. PART II GML: A TECHNICAL REFERENCE GUIDE. 8 Basic Concepts. 9 Introducing the GML Model and GML Features. 10 GML Core Schemas Overview. 11 Developing and Managing GML Application Schemas. 12 GML Geometry. 13 GML Topology. 14 GML Temporal Elements and Dynamic Features. 15 GML Coordinate Referenc Systems. 16 Units of Measure, Values and Observations. 17 GML Coverages. 18 GML Default Styling. 19 GML And Geospatial Web Services. 20 GML, Relational Databases and Legacy GIS. APPENDICES.

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Book SynopsisEssential Maths for Geoscientists An Introduction Essential Maths for Geoscientists: An Introduction is an accessible, student-friendly introduction to the mathematics required by those students taking degree courses within the geosciences. Clearly structured throughout, this book carefully guides students step by step through the first mathematics they will encounter and provides numerous applied examples throughout to enhance students' understanding and to place each technique in context. Opening with a chapter explaining the need for studying mathematics within geosciences, this book then moves on to cover algebra, solving equations, logarithms and exponentials, uncertainties, errors and statistics, trigonometry, vectors and basic calculus. The final chapter helps to bring the subject all together and provides detailed applied questions to test students' knowledge. Worked applied examples are included in each chapter along with applied problemTable of ContentsPreface xi 1 How Do You Know that Global Warming is Not a Hoax? 1 2 Preamble 7 2.1 The scientific method: pushing back the frontiers of ignorance 7 2.2 Subscript and superscripts 9 2.3 Scientific number format 10 2.4 Significant figures and rounding numbers 12 2.5 Units and dimensions 13 2.6 Symbols and numbers 14 2.7 Mean, median and variance: commonly encountered statistics 15 2.8 Guesstimation 19 2.9 Exercises 21 3 Algebra 37 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Evaluating algebraic equations 37 3.2.1 Preamble: symbols and numbers 37 3.2.2 Powers, roots and bases 38 3.3 Simplifying algebraic equations 39 3.4 Factorization 44 3.4.1 Factorizing quadratic equations 46 3.5 Transposing formulae 46 3.6 Word problems 49 3.7 Exercises 50 4 Solving Equations 53 4.1 Solving linear equations 53 4.1.1 Graphically 54 4.1.2 Analytically 58 4.2 Solving simultaneous equations 58 4.3 Solving quadratic equations 59 4.3.1 Square roots 60 4.3.2 Completing the square 60 4.4 Exercises 62 5 Logarithms and Exponentials 67 5.1 Exponentials 67 5.2 Logarithms 67 5.2.1 Logarithm laws 68 5.2.2 Solving exponential equations 69 5.2.3 Power laws and scaling exponents 69 5.3 Log-normal and log–log plots: when and how to use them 72 5.4 Exercises 74 6 Uncertainties, Errors, and Statistics 77 6.1 Errors 77 6.1.1 Important definitions 78 6.1.2 Measures of error 80 6.2 Combining errors 83 6.2.1 Equations with one variable 83 6.2.2 Equations with two or more variables 84 6.2.3 Linear equations 84 6.2.4 Products 85 6.2.5 Combining results of different experiments 86 6.3 Statistics 87 6.3.1 Graphs 87 6.3.2 Descriptive statistics 89 6.4 Correlations 91 6.5 Exercises 93 7 Trigonometry 95 7.1 Some geoscience applications of trigonometry 95 7.2 Anatomy of a triangle 96 7.3 Angles: degrees and radians 99 7.4 Calculating angles given a trigonometric ratio 100 7.5 Cosine and sine rules for non-right-angled triangles 101 7.6 Exercises 101 8 Vectors 105 8.1 What is a vector? 105 8.2 Resolving a vector 105 8.3 Vector algebra 107 8.3.1 Adding and subtracting vectors 107 8.3.2 Multiplying a vector by a scalar 107 8.3.3 The resultant of two perpendicular vectors 107 8.4 Resolving non-perpendicular vectors 108 8.5 Exercises 110 9 Calculus 1: Differentiation 113 9.1 A graphical interpretation of differentiation 114 9.2 A general formula for differentiation 116 9.3 The derivative of some common functions 118 9.4 Differentiation of the sum and difference of functions 118 9.5 Higher derivatives 120 9.6 Maxima and minima 120 9.7 Exercises 122 10 Calculus 2: Integration 125 10.1 Introduction 125 10.2 Definite integrals 127 10.3 Numerical integration 129 10.4 Exercises 130 11 Bringing It All Together 133 A Answers to Problems 143 A.1 Chapter 2: Preamble 143 A.2 Chapter 3: Algebra 148 A.3 Chapter 4: Solving Equations 152 A.4 Chapter 5: Logarithms and Exponentials 158 A.5 Chapter 6: Uncertainties, Errors, and Statistics 162 A.6 Chapter 7: Trigonometry 166 A.7 Chapter 8: Vectors 171 A.8 Chapter 9: Differentiation 174 A.9 Chapter 10: Integration 179 A.10 Chapter 11: Bringing it all together 182 B A Brief Note on Excel 197 C Further Reading 199 Index 201

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Book SynopsisStatistics Analysis of Geographical Data: An Introduction provides a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the theory and practice of statistical analysis in geography.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Dealing with data 1 1.1 The role of statistics in geography 1 1.2 About this book 3 1.3 Data and measurement error 3 2 Collecting and summarizing data 13 2.1 Sampling methods 13 2.2 Graphicalsummaries 17 2.3 Summarizing data numerically 24 3 Probability and sampling distributions 37 3.1 Probability 37 3.2 Probability and the normal distribution: z]scores 39 3.3 Sampling distributions and the central limit theorem 43 4 Estimating parameters with confidence intervals 49 4.1 Confidence intervals on the mean of a normal distribution: the basics 49 4.2 Confidence intervals in practice: the t]distribution 50 4.3 Sample size 53 4.4 Confidence intervals for a proportion 53 5 Comparing datasets 55 5.1 Hypothesis testing with one sample: general principles 55 5.2 Comparing means from small samples: one]sample t]test 61 5.3 Comparing proportions for one sample 63 5.4 Comparing two samples 64 5.5 Non]parametric hypothesis testing 75 6 Comparing distributions: the Chi]squared test 81 6.1 Chi]squared test with one sample 81 6.2 Chi]squared test for two samples 84 7 Analysis of variance 89 7.1 Oneway analysis of variance 90 7.2 Assumptions and diagnostics 99 7.3 Multiple comparison tests after analysis of variance 101 7.4 Non]parametric methods in the analysis of variance 105 7.5 Summary and further applications 106 8 Correlation 109 8.1 Correlation analysis 109 8.2 Pearson’s product]moment correlation coefficient 110 8.3 Significance tests of correlation coefficient 112 8.4 Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient 114 8.5 Correlation and causality 116 9 Linear regression 121 9.1 Least]squares linear regression 121 9.2 Scatter plots 122 9.3 Choosing the line of best fit: the ‘least]squares’procedure 124 9.4 Analysis of residuals 128 9.5 Assumptions and caveats with regression 130 9.6 Is the regression significant? 131 9.7 Coefficient of determination 135 9.8 Confidence intervals and hypothesis tests concerning regression parameters 137 9.9 Reduced major axis regression 140 10 Spatial statistics 145 10.1 Spatial data 145 10.2 Summarizing spatial data 157 10.3 Identifying clusters 159 10.4 Interpolation and plotting contour maps 162 10.5 Spatial relationships 163 11 Time series analysis 173 11.1 Time series in geographical research 173 11.2 Analysing time series 174 Appendix A: Introduction to the R package 193 Appendix B: Statistical tables 205 References 241 Index 243

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Book SynopsisStatistics Analysis of Geographical Data: An Introduction provides a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the theory and practice of statistical analysis in geography.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Dealing with data 1 1.1 The role of statistics in geography 1 1.1.1 Why do geographers need to use statistics? 1 1.2 About this book 3 1.3 Data and measurement error 3 1.3.1 Types of geographical data: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio 3 1.3.2 Spatial data types 5 1.3.3 Measurement error, accuracy and precision 6 1.3.4 Reporting data and uncertainties 7 1.3.5 Significant figures 9 1.3.6 Scientific notation (standard form) 10 1.3.7 Calculations in scientific notation 11 Exercises 12 2 Collecting and summarizing data 13 2.1 Sampling methods 13 2.1.1 Research design 13 2.1.2 Random sampling 15 2.1.3 Systematic sampling 16 2.1.4 Stratified sampling 17 2.2 Graphical summaries 17 2.2.1 Frequency distributions and histograms 17 2.2.2 Time series plots 21 2.2.3 Scatter plots 22 2.3 Summarizing data numerically 24 2.3.1 Measures of central tendency: mean, median and mode 24 2.3.2 Mean 24 2.3.3 Median 25 2.3.4 Mode 25 2.3.5 Measures of dispersion 28 2.3.6 Variance 29 2.3.7 Standard deviation 30 2.3.8 Coefficient of variation 30 2.3.9 Skewness and kurtosis 33 Exercises 33 3 Probability and sampling distributions 37 3.1 Probability 37 3.1.1 Probability, statistics and random variables 37 3.1.2 The properties of the normal distribution 38 3.2 Probability and the normal distribution: z‐scores 39 3.3 Sampling distributions and the central limit theorem 43 Exercises 47 4 Estimating parameters with confidence intervals 49 4.1 Confidence intervals on the mean of a normal distribution: the basics 49 4.2 Confidence intervals in practice: the t‐distribution 50 4.3 Sample size 53 4.4 Confidence intervals for a proportion 53 Exercises 54 5 Comparing datasets 55 5.1 Hypothesis testing with one sample: general principles 55 5.1.1 Comparing means: one‐sample z‐test 56 5.1.2 p‐values 60 5.1.3 General procedure for hypothesis testing 61 5.2 Comparing means from small samples: one‐sample t‐test 61 5.3 Comparing proportions for one sample 63 5.4 Comparing two samples 64 5.4.1 Independent samples 64 5.4.2 Comparing means: t‐test with unknown population variances assumed equal 64 5.4.3 Comparing means: t‐test with unknown population variances assumed unequal 68 5.4.4 t‐test for use with paired samples (paired t‐test) 71 5.4.5 Comparing variances: F‐test 74 5.5 Non‐parametric hypothesis testing 75 5.5.1 Parametric and non‐parametric tests 75 5.5.2 Mann–whitney U‐test 75 Exercises 79 6 Comparing distributions: the Chi‐squared test 81 6.1 Chi‐squared test with one sample 81 6.2 Chi‐squared test for two samples 84 Exercises 87 7 Analysis of variance 89 7.1 One‐way analysis of variance 90 7.2 Assumptions and diagnostics 99 7.3 Multiple comparison tests after analysis of variance 101 7.4 Non‐parametric methods in the analysis of variance 105 7.5 Summary and further applications 106 Exercises 107 8 Correlation 109 8.1 Correlation analysis 109 8.2 Pearson’s product‐moment correlation coefficient 110 8.3 Significance tests of correlation coefficient 112 8.4 Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient 114 8.5 Correlation and causality 116 Exercises 117 9 Linear regression 121 9.1 Least‐squares linear regression 121 9.2 Scatter plots 122 9.3 Choosing the line of best fit: the ‘least‐squares’ procedure 124 9.4 Analysis of residuals 128 9.5 Assumptions and caveats with regression 130 9.6 Is the regression significant? 131 9.7 Coefficient of determination 135 9.8 Confidence intervals and hypothesis tests concerning regression parameters 137 9.8.1 Standard error of the regression parameters 137 9.8.2 Tests on the regression parameters 138 9.8.3 Confidence intervals on the regression parameters 139 9.8.4 Confidence interval about the regression line 140 9.9 Reduced major axis regression 140 9.10 Summary 142 Exercises 142 10 Spatial statistics 145 10.1 Spatial data 145 10.1.1 Types of spatial data 145 10.1.2 Spatial data structures 146 10.1.3 Map projections 149 10.2 Summarizing spatial data 157 10.2.1 Mean centre 157 10.2.2 Weighted mean centre 157 10.2.3 Density estimation 158 10.3 Identifying clusters 159 10.3.1 Quadrat test 159 10.3.2 Nearest neighbour statistics 162 10.4 Interpolation and plotting contour maps 162 10.5 Spatial relationships 163 10.5.1 Spatial autocorrelation 163 10.5.2 Join counts 164 Exercises 171 11 Time series analysis 173 11.1 Time series in geographical research 173 11.2 Analysing time series 174 11.2.1 Describing time series: definitions 174 11.2.2 Plotting time series 175 11.2.3 Decomposing time series: trends, seasonality and irregular fluctuations 179 11.2.4 Analysing trends 180 11.2.5 Removing trends (‘detrending’ data) 186 11.2.6 Quantifying seasonal variation 187 11.2.7 Autocorrelation 189 11.3 Summary 190 Exercises 190 Appendix A: Introduction to the R package 193 Appendix B: Statistical tables 205 References 241 Index 243

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Book SynopsisForest soils are the foundation of the entire forest ecosystem and complex, long-term interactions between trees, soil animals, and the microbial community shape soils in was that are very distinct from agricultural soils. The composition, structure, and processes in forest soils at any given time reflect current conditions, as well as the legacies of decades (and even millennia) of interactions that shape each forest soil. Reciprocal interactions are fundamental; vegetation alters soil physical properties, which influence soil biology and chemistry, which in turn influence the growth and success of plants. These dynamic systems may be strongly influenced by intentional and unintentional management, ranging from fire to fertilization. Sustaining the long-term fertility of forest soils depends on insights about a diverse array of soil features and changes over space and time. Since the third edition of this successful book many new interests in forest soils and their managemenTrade Review“This coherent overview of the major issues surrounding the ecology and management of forest soils will be particularly useful to students taking courses in soil science, forestry, agronomy, ecology, natural resource management, environmental management and conservation, as well as professionals in forestry dealing with the productivity of forests and functioning of watersheds.” (Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ, 1 March 2013 “Overall, a useful book for students in soil science, forest sciences, and ecology, as well as practicing foresters involved with forest management and research. Summing Up: Recommended. Lower-division undergraduates through professionals.” (Choice, 1 September 2013)Table of ContentsPreface, ix Acknowledgments, xi In Memoriam, xiii PART I INTRODUCTION TO FOREST SOILS, 1 1 History of Forest Soil Science and Management, 3 2 Global Patterns in Forest Soils, 8 PART II COMPOSITION OF FOREST SOILS, 21 3 Soil Formation and Minerals, 23 4 Soil Organic Matter, 39 5 Water, Pore Space, and Soil Structure, 58 PART III LIFE AND CHEMISTRY IN FOREST SOILS, 75 6 Life in Forest Soils, 77 7 Forest Biogeochemistry, 99 8 Chemistry of Soil Surfaces and Solutions, 138 PART IV MEASURING FOREST SOILS, 157 9 Sampling Soils Across Space and Time, 159 10 Common Approaches to Measuring Soils, 175 PART V DYNAMICS OF FOREST SOILS, 189 11 Influence of Tree Species, 191 12 Soil Management – Harvesting, Site Preparation, Conversion, and Drainage, 213 13 Fire Influences, 235 14 Nutrition Management, 254 15 Managing Forest Soils for Carbon Sequestration, 276 PART VI THINKING PRODUCTIVELY ABOUT FOREST SOILS, 289 16 Evidence-Based Approaches, 291 References, 305 Index, 343

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Book SynopsisThis text considers forest insects occurring in forest ecosystems, specialized forestry settings, and urban forests, with an approach and coverage that make it suitable for use in both undergraduate and graduate courses in forest entomology and forest protection. Early chapters introduce entomology, middle chapters provide the first comprehensive treatment of the principles of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of forest insects, and later chapters discuss the pest insects according to their feeding group.Table of ContentsGENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. Introduction to Insects. Insect Structure and Function. Insect Classification. Insect Damage and Sign Categories. PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT. Concepts of Integrated Pest Management. Population Dynamics of Forest Insects. Population Dynamics of Forest Trees in Relation to PhytophagousInsects. Principles of Population Modification and Regulation UsingArtificial and Natural Agents. Impact Assessment. Monitoring Pest Populations and Forest Stands. INSECT FEEDING GROUPS. Defolating Insects. Sapsucking Insects and Mites. Terminal, Shoot, Twig, and Root Insects. Seed and Cone Insects. Phloem Boring Insects. Wood Boring Insects. Gall Makers. Arthropod Pests in Recreational Areas.

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Book SynopsisA contemporary successor to the Louis V. Pirsson and Adolph Knopf editions, providing a guide and reference that explains how rocks occur, their commercial usage, and how to identify them through macroscopic, handspecimen features.Table of ContentsMinerals and Their Properties. The Rock-Forming Minerals. Determination of Rock-forming Minerals. Igneous and Pyroclastic Rocks. Sedimentary and Diagenetic Rocks. Metamorphic Rocks and Migmatites. Other Rocks and Pseudo-Rocks. Identification Tables for Rocks. Index.

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Book SynopsisProvides a comprehensive introduction of the application of geologic fundamentals to civil engineering. Explains the theory and applied aspects of engineering geology, and the impact geology has on civil engineering planning, design, construction, and monitoring.Table of ContentsENGINEERING GEOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW. Geologic Fundamentals. Mechanics Fundamentals. Strain. INVESTIGATION FUNDAMENTALS. The Role of an Engineering Geologist. Elements of an Investigation. Types of Investigation. ENGINEERING SOIL. Describing Soil for Engineering Purposes. The Engineering Properties of Soil. Uses of Soil Science Classification. ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF ROCKS. Intact Rock. Rock Masses. Engineering Classification of Rocks. SUBSURFACE WATER. Occurrence and Influence of Subsurface Water. Engineering Significance. Control of Subsurface Water. INSTRUMENTATION. Instrument Components. Instrument Types and Applications. Planning an Instrumentation Program. EXPLORATION. Maps. Remote Sensing. Subsurface Exploration. CONSTRUCTION USES OF ROCKS. Aggregates. Riprap and Other Large Rock Materials. ENGINEERING GEOLOGY AND EARTH PROCESSES. Safety, Risk, and Geologic Forecasting. Earthquake-Induced Processes. Volcanic Processes. Landslide Processes. Subsidence. Expansive Soils. Shoreline Processes. Appendix.

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Book SynopsisThe completely revised and updated edition of the classic guide to soil physics The revised edition of an environmental soil science classic, Soil Physics, Sixth Edition presents updated and expanded material on the latest developments in the industry, providing the best preparation for students and a state-of-the-art reference for professionals. Through a systemic use of physical principles, Soil Physics, Sixth Edition demonstrates how to simplify the general theory used in transport processes for specific applications. With broad coverage of the role soil plays in the environment, this Sixth Edition offers more than seventy worked problems illustrating specific lessons in the book, and features: * New material on soil''s influence on the health of an ecosystem * Expanded coverage of modern in-site and noninvasive field-scale subsurface measurement techniques * Discussions on the latest advances in regional and watershed hydrology * Up-to-date information on the use of algorithms and computers in the study and modeling of soil processes * New coverage of preferential flow Soil Physics, Sixth Edition is an essential volume for students and professionals in soil science, natural resource management, forestry, agriculture, hydrology, and civil and environmental engineering.Trade Review“This new and revised edition offers complete coverage of the physical and chemical properties of soil, including noninvasive and remotely sensed measurement techniques, regional and watershed hydrology, and water conservation practices.” (Landtechnik, 1 October 2012)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Soil Solid Phase. 2. Water Retention in Soil. 3. Water Movement in Soil. 4. Water Flow Under Natural Conditions. 5. Soil Thermal Regime. 6. Soil Aeration. 7. Chemical Transport in Soil. Appendix A: Methods of Analyzing Spatial Variations of Soil Properties. Solutions to Problems. References. Symbols. Index.

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Book SynopsisBrings together the principles of ecology, population biology, wildlife conservation and management. Examines wildlife in the context of ecosystems and the factors which determine population levels. Considers the problems of conservation and management from national and international points of view. Shows why single-species approaches often fail.Table of Contents1 What Good Are Wild Animals 3 Wildlife Values 5 Commercial values 5 Game Values 7 Aesthetic values 8 Ethical values 9 Scientific values 9 Ecological values 10 Wildlife As a Natural Resource 11 The Status of Wildlife Conservation 13 2 The Ten-Thousand Year War 19 3 Everything Tied Together 29 Functioning of Ecosystems 30 Energy flow 30 Nutrient cycling 33 Hydrologic cycles 34 Food chains and webs 35 Ecosystem Development 35 Change and Degradation 39 Distribution of Biotic Communities 44 Faunal regions 44 Biomes 46 Biotic provinces 47 Ecologic Niches 48 4 A Place to Live 55 Enough to Eat 57 Effects on plants 59 Dietary needs 60 Seasonal changes in food values 60 Soils and nutrition 63 Other factors affecting food supply 64 Cover 66 Water 68 Quantity versus Interspersion 71 Limiting Factors 71 5 Introducing Wildlife Populations 75 Density and Biomass 76 Population Structure 81 Natality 83 Clutch size and litter size 89 Length of breeding season and numbers of clutches or litters per year 85 Breeding age 86 Sex ratio and mating habits 87 Density 87 Maximum natality 88 Mortality 89 Predation 89 Diseases and parasites 90 Poisoning 92 Accidents 94 Weather 94 Starvation 95 Stress 95 Hunting 96 Overall effects of mortality 96 Interaction of Population Characteristics 98 Turnover 99 Productivity 100 6 Territory and Travels 103 Movements Internal to the Population Area 104 Home range 104 Migration 106 Movements External to the Population Area 109 Group Size and Spacing 111 Territory 112 Significance of Spacing and Movements 115 7 Too Many Mice, Too Few Elephants 119 New Populations In New Habitats 120 Some Real Life Problems 125 Exponential growth 125 Slow growth 127 The Annual Cycle of Populations 130 “Shootable Surplus” 132 Stocking of Game 133 Stability of Populations 133 Stable populations 133 Stable populations 135 Cyclic populations 135 The 3-4 year cycle 135 The 10-year cycle 139 Irruptive populations 143 Evolutionary Strategies 146 8 Levelling Off 151 The Many Meanings of Carrying Capacity 151 Subsistence density 152 Optimum density 155 Security density 155 Tolerance density 158 Intermediate situations 161 9 Declining Diversity 167 Species Extinction and Area Size 169 Destruction of Habitat 171 Nature Reserves 174 Animal Trade 177 International Assistance 178 10 The Controllers 181 References 195 Index 204

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Book SynopsisRegional Silviculture of the United States, 2nd Edition John W. Barrett This is the only regional silviculture text now on the market. It assesses the significant biological, physical, and economic qualities of forest regions in the continental U.S., and their effect on silviculture practices. The first chapter provides an overview of the forests of the U.S. and introduces the topic of social and institutional constraints on silviculture. Subsequent chapters each deal with a specific forest region, are written by a person intimately acquainted with the locality, and follow a regular outline to provide cohesion and facilitate regional comparisons. 1980 551 pp. Forest Ecology, 3rd Edition Stephen H. Spurr and Burton V. Barnes The growing interest and literature in this field created a need for a fresh updating of this classic text. It remains a comprehensive yet highly readable account of real world forests, including ecological aspects of successful forest management. Broad coverage embTable of ContentsTemperature and Heat Effects. Soil and Water Properties. Wildlife. Grasslands. Semidesert Grass-Shrub. Sagebrush-Grass. Chaparral and Oakbrush. Pinyon-Juniper. Ponderosa Pine. Douglas Fir and Associated Communities. Spruce-Fir. Red and White Pine. Coastal Redwood and Giant Sequoia. Southeastern Forests. Prescribed Burning.

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Book SynopsisThis six-volume set offers a comprehensive, unified and integrated treatment of all major rivers and estuaries of the contiguous United States. Describes the hydrology, chemistry and biology of rivers in natural circumstances. Includes numerous photographs, maps and graphs.Table of ContentsTopography of the Landscape. Pattern and Form of Riverine Systems. Sources of River Flow. Characteristics of Flowing Water. Sediments and Sediment Loads. Wetlands. Chemicals in Riverine Water. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book is on oil and natural gas well logging, and is based on the author's lectures at the University of Southern California. The first seven chapters discuss logging techniques and devices: spontaneous potential, gamma rays, resistivity, density, neutron logs, and acoustic logs.Table of ContentsSome Reasons for Logging Wells. The Spontaneous Potential. The Gamma Ray Log. Resistivity Measurements. The Density Log. The Neutron Log. The Acoustic Log. Introduction to Crossplots. A Look at Formation Factor and Saturation Theory. Development of a Dual-Water Logic. Clay Types and Mineral Distributions. Characteristics of Invasion and Resistivity Profiles. Organic Matter in Source Rocks. Saturations, and Thin Beds. A Method for Calculating Pore Pressures from Well Logs. Secondary Porosity. Pulsed-Neutron Capture Cross-Section Logs. Temperature Surveys. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisAs fundamental changes in supplier-purchaser relationships are sweeping the industry, this newly revised handbook offers timely analysis and practical strategies for operating in this new environment.Written by electric regulation specialists from the Washington law firm of Reid & Priest, this edition includes all new coverage of least-cost planning, emissions allowances and trading, transmission access and energy imports. Explains the development of power purchasing options; provides sample power purchase agreements and describes key provisions; and reviews the current state of law in the field.Table of ContentsCompetition and Market Pricing for Power (F. Norton, et al.). Least Cost Planning and Competitive Bidding (F. Norton & W. Dudley). Energy Imports (J. McGrane & D. Huston). Emission Allowances and Trading (J. McGrane). Purchase Options for Wholesale Customers (J. Mitchell). Purchases by Industrial Customers (K. McIntyre & M. Paul). Transmission Access (F. Norton, et al.). Opportunities Provided by the National Energy Policy Act (J. Mitchell & W. Dudley). Appendices.

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Book SynopsisUrban forestry includes not only the city -street, it includes city parks and recreation areas as well as suburban areas. It involves city planning, forestry for development, construction of an infrastructure to care and nurture trees, funding, and community action. This title deals with the aspects of managing all facets of these areas.Table of ContentsComprehensive Management: The Concept and Requirements. A Responsible Organization. The Urban Forestry Environment. Determining What the Urban Forest Needs. Planning and Budgeting for Urban Forestry. Program Implementation. Leveraging Your Efforts. Summary. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on the practical aspects of forest diseases and on practical measures to minimize damage and loss. Forest Pathology is a reference book that deals with the study of the problems and damage to forests due to: plant diseases, insects, fire, weather, and animals. It is both a forestry book and a plant pathology book.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: PRINCIPLES OF FOREST PATHOLOGY. Disease in Concept. Biotic Causes of Disease. Inoculum. Inoculation and Penetration. Colonization and Pathogenesis. Epidemiology. BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF FOREST DISEASES. Root Pathology. Feeder Root Diseases. Feeder Root Symbioses: Mycorrhizae. Root System Decay. Foliage Pathology. Stem, Foliage, and Cone Rusts. Canker Diseases. Stem Pathology: Systemic Diseases. Diebacks and Declines. Mistletoes. Wood Decay. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisFrom windswept tundra to humid subtropical everglades, from gracious coniferous forests to austere deserts, North America is blessed with an incredibly diverse array of natural environments, each supporting a unique system of plant and animal life.Table of ContentsTundra. Boreal Forest. Eastern Deciduous Forest. Grasslands: Plains and Prairies. Other Grasslands and Related Areas. Deserts. Chaparral and Pinyon-Juniper Woodlands. Montane Forests. Temperate Rain Forest. A Selection of Special Environments. Appendix. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisPlant ecophysiology is the study of the ways in which plants interact with their environment, and how they adapt to it. This work is divided into two parts. The first deals with abiotic, natural environmental factors and the second deals with anthropogenic factors.Table of ContentsNATURAL, ABIOTIC FACTORS. Light (Y. Tang). UV-B Radiation (G. Kulandaivelu, et al.). Chilling and Freezing (L.-P. Vézina, et al.). High Temperature (S. Singla, et al.). Drought (H. Freitas). Flooding (R. Arteca). Salt (J. Hagemeyer). Trace Metals (M. Prasad). ANTHROPOGENIC, BIOTIC FACTORS. Allelochemicals (S. Devi, et al.). Herbicides (G. Merlin). Polyamines (M. Rajam). Air Pollutants (B. Smith & C. Lytle). Carbon Dioxide (K. Strzaka & P. Ketner). Radionuclides (N. Momoshina). Fire (P. Ramakrishnan, et al.). Indexes.

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Book Synopsis"an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain.Table of ContentsPreface viii Chapter One Wilderness and the American West 1 Chapter Two History and Management of Wilderness 20 Chapter Three Ecosystem Management and Beyond 35 Chapter Four What About Native Americans and Their Lands 52 Chapter Five Why Not See Off America’s Wildlands? 72 Chapter Six How Does the American Public Want Wilderness Managed? 91 Chapter Seven Wilderness and the Communities of the American West 104 Chapter Eight Wilderness and Economies of the Old and New West 123 Chapter Nine “It’s My West, Not Yours” 143 Chapter Ten Future Directions for Wilderness 173 Notes 195 Index 215

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Book SynopsisThis book provides applied biologists and ecologists with the mathematical tools they need to understand the ever increasingly mathematical and complex area of population ecology.Table of ContentsSampling in Applied Population Ecology. The Role of Abiotic Factors. Life Tables. Resource Acquisition in Predator-Prey Systems. Resource Acquisition and Allocation. MODELING: A PREVIEW. Simple Single-Species Models. Simple Models of Multitropic Interactions. Single-Species Models with Age Structure. Realistic Age-Structured Multitrophic Models. Regional Dynamics. Ecosystem Sustainability. Appendices. References. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisAt the time of European discovery, the ancient North American forests stretched across nearly half the continent. And while today little remains of this past glory, efforts are underway to bring back some of the diverse ecosystems of that era.Trade Review"Despite these misgivings, I think America's Ancient Forests is amuch needed text, written by a skilled forest ecologist and hishistorian. It deserves a place in every restorationist's libraryalongside Gordon Whitney's From Coastal Wilderness to Fruited Plainand Michael Willams' comprehensive Americans and Their Forests: AHistorical Geography." (Ecological Restoration, Vol. 19, No. 4,11/01) "What a wonderful synthesis of information from fields as widelyvaried as botany, ecology, geology, archaeology, anthropology, andhistory! Thomas Bonnicksen has produced a work that will capturethe imagination of anyone interested in the grandeur and beauty ofthe forests of North America."(Botanical Research Institute ofTexas, March 2002)Table of ContentsPART ONE: THE MAKING OF AMERICA'S ANCIENT FORESTS. The Great Cold. Glacial Ages. Climate and Ice. Land of the Great Cold. End of the Ice Age. Ice Age Forests. Life Near the Ice. The Spruce Forest. Western Forests. Southern Forests. Finding the Lost Prairies. Creatures of the Ice Age. The Birth of Modern Forests. Trees Begin to Move. Pioneer and Settler Trees. Spruce Migration. Trees Abandon the Great Plains. Trees Advance in the Midwest and East. Trees Advance in the West. The Great Drought. The Next Ice Age. Ancient People in a New World. First Footprint. Passage South. Setting the West. The Way East. Trail to Florida. Journey to Another Continent. Taming a Wilderness. Mammoth Hunters. Ice Age Extinctions. The Holocene. Bison Hunters. Hunter-Gatherers. Decline and Return of the Bison. Settlement and the Seasonal Round. Harvesting the Forest. Nourishment and Healing. Temporary and Portable Shelter. Plank Houses and Canoes. Enhancing Nature's Bounty. Wild Gardens. Agriculture and Forests in the Southwest. The Hohokam. The Anasazis. Agriculture and Forests in the East. Early Mound Builders. The Adena. The Hopewell. The Mississippians. Warfare and Forests. Historical Times. Fire Masters. A World of Fire. Hissing, Roaring Flames. Fire People. Country Very Smoky. Their Fires are Left Burning. The Ominous Smoke Signal. Firing the Forests of Their Enemies. Fire Hunters. Circles of Fire. Their Wings are Scorched. That Necessity May Drive Them. Green and Fair Pasturage. To Render Hunting Easier. Just Set Your Teepee Up There. They Knew Where to Burn. Little Hair (Pelillo). To Dry and Cook. Straight and Slender. Burned Places in the Forest (Go-ley-day). Keeping the Country Open. A Pleasant Meadow. Prairies and Open Grounds along the Coast. Little Knots of Deer. To Prepare the Ground. They Cleared the Way with Fire. Because the Woods Were Not Burnt. PART TWO: FORESTS AT DISCOVERY. Timeless Qualities of Ancient Forests. Patches. Succession. Shifting Mosaics. Mutual Dependence. The Spanish Explorer's Forests. Southern Pine Forests. Pi?on-Juniper and Juniper Woodlands. Pacific Oak Woodlands. Valley Woodlands. Foothill Woodlands. Coastal Woodlands. Northern Woodlands. Coast Redwood Forest. Forests of the Colonies. Oak-Chestnut Forest. Eastern White Pine Forest. Beech-Maple Forest. Red Spruce--Fir and Balsam Fir Forests. Southern Red Spruce--Fir Forest. Northern Red Spruce--Fir Forest. High Mountain Balsam Fir Forest. Forests of the Fathers. White Spruce Forest. Great Lakes Pine Forests. Jack Pine Forest. Red and White Pine Forests. Oak-Hickory Forest. Oak Savannas. Bottomland and Protected Forests. Oak Woodlands. The Trapper's Forests. Ponderosa Pine Forest. Lodgepole Pine Forest. Pacific Douglas-Fir Forest. Giant Sequoia Forest. Notes and Citations. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe New York Public Library Incredible Earth Discover ancient fossils and vast oceans. Explore devastating earthquakes and explosive volcanoes. Find the answers to your questions about our incredible Earth. How was Earth formed? See page 3. When did life begin? See page 30. If you dug a hole to the center of Earth, what would you find? See page 46.Table of ContentsThe Beginning of the Universe. The Beginning of Life. Earth Inside and Out. Volcanoes. Earthquakes. Oceans. Freshwater. Weather. Extreme Weather. Glossary. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisRelates the physical and geometric elegance of geologic structures within the Earth's crust and the ways in which these structures reflect the nature and origin of crystal deformation through time. The main thrust is on applications in regional tectonics, exploration geology, active tectonics and geohydrology.Table of ContentsP A R T 1 FUNDAMENTALS 1 CHAPTER 1 Nature of Structural Geology 2 Motivation and Context 2 Practical Applications 5 Field Work 7 “Deformation” is the Heart of the Matter 7 Architecture and Structural Geology 16 Plate Tectonics and Structural Geology 18 The Fundamental Structures 21 Concept of Detailed Structural Analysis 29 The Time Factor 32 CHAPTER 2 Displacement and Strain 34 Transformations 34 Displacement Vectors and Deformation 35 Kinematics 36 Deformation and Kinematics in Active Tectonic Settings 40 Translation 44 Rotation 53 Strain 59 Coaxial and Noncoaxial Strain 78 Three-Dimensional Strain Analysis 84 On to Dynamics 89 CHAPTER 3 Force, Stress, and Strength 90 Introduction 90 Dynamic Analysis 91 Force 95 Tractions 101 Stress 106 Determining Relationships between Stress and Strain 120 Conducting Deformation Experiments in the Laboratory 128 Evaluating Mechanical Behavior During Testing 138 Conclusions 147 CHAPTER 4 Deformation Mechanisms and Microstructures 148 Exploring at the Fine Scale 148 Crystalline Structure and the Strength of Solids 149 Slip Systems and Bonding 152 Deformation Mechanisms 157 Deformation Experiments 181 The BrittleDuctile Transition 188 A Few Final Thoughts 191 P A R T 2 STRUCTURES 192 CHAPTER 5 Joints 193 Definitions and Distinctions 193 Glimpse of Joint Formation in Response to Loading and Stress 201 Detailed Look at Individual Joint Surfaces 204 Growth of Joint Sets 212 Joint Spacing in Relation to a Single Bed 216 Joint Saturation and Joint In-Filling 223 Creation of Joints in the Laboratory 226 Influence of Pore Fluid Pressure on Jointing 230 A Microscopic Look at the Mechanics of Jointing 236 Examples of Interpreting Regional Joint Patterns 239 Opportunities in Fracture Analysis 247 CHAPTER 6 Faults 249 Introduction 249 Recognizing Faults: The Physical Character of Faults 251 Brittle Fault Rocks 260 Map and Subsurface Expressions of Faults 267 The Naming and Classification of Faults 272 Determination of Slip on Faults 278 Strain Significance of Faults 281 Mechanics of Faulting 286 Thrust Fault Systems 305 Normal Faulting 321 Strike-Slip Faulting 334 Concluding Remarks 343 CHAPTER 7 Folds 344 Incentives for Study 344 Anticlines and Synclines 351 Geometric Analysis of Folds 358 Transition from Geometry to Dynamics 383 Buckling 384 Flexural Folding 390 Kink Folding 397 Passive Folding 401 Regional Tectonic Folding 403 Conclusions 404 CHAPTER 8 Fault-Fold Interactions 405 Incentives for Even Further Study 405 General Model of Fault-Related Folding 407 Assumptions About Dip Domains and Fault-Related Folds 408 Fault-Bend Folds 409 Fault-Propagation Folds 414 Fault-Related Folding Created Through Stretching 428 Salt-Related Structures 433 Structural Inversion 443 Folds Associated With Strike-Slip Faulting 447 Role of Structural Development in Sedimentation 449 Structural Balance 452 Small-Scale Structures, and Scaling 459 Concluding Thoughts 461 CHAPTER 9 Foliation and Lineation 463 Nature of Foliation and Lineation 463 Nature of Cleavage 465 Microscopic Properties of Cleavage and Schistosity 472 Strain Significance of Cleavage 475 Relationship of Cleavage to Other Structures 487 Foliation 492 Lineation 501 Descriptive/geometric Analysis of Foliation and Lineation 511 Strain, Shearing, and Fabric Development 515 Estimating Strain 520 “Tectonite-Forming” Geologic Settings 526 On to Shear Zones 529 CHAPTER 10 Shear Zones and Progressive Deformation 530 The Nature of Shear Zones 530 Types of Shear Zones 540 Why Shear Zones Form, Thin, and Thicken 546 Strain in Shear Zones 548 Determining Sense of Shear 556 Fabric Development and its Relation to the Amount of Strain in Shear Zones 577 Inside the Ellipse: Progressive Deformation 586 On to Active Tectonics 598 CHAPTER 11 Active Tectonics 599 Structural Geology and Active Tectonics 599 Plan of Action for This Chapter 600 Western United States 603 The San Andreas Fault 606 The Los Angeles Basin 616 The Eastern California Shear Zone 627 Relation To Cascadia, American Northwest 649 The Basin and Range 656 The Wasatch Front 666 The Hurricane Fault 673 Finishing Up 677 Summing Up 680 P A R T 3 DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS: HOW TO FUNCTION IN THE FIELD, AND HOW TO REDUCE THE DATA 683 A. Nature of Descriptive Analysis 684 B. Geologic Mapping 687 C. Mapping Contact Relationships 697 D. Identifying Primary Structures 706 E. Measuring the Orientations of Structures 711 F. Preparing Geologic Cross-Sections 718 G. Preparing Subsurface Contour Maps 726 H. Using Orthographic Projection 728 I. Carrying Out Stereographic Projection 735 J. Evaluating Rotation Using Stereographic Projection 751 K. Determining Slip on a Fault through Orthographic and Stereographic Projection 757 L. Carrying Out Strain Analysis 760 M. Determining the Relationship of Faults to Principal Stress Directions 767 N. Carrying Out Joint Analysis 769 O. Engaging in Fault Analysis 778 P. Carrying Out Fold Analysis 779 Q. Deciphering Structure in Boreholes 785 R. Studying Shear Zones in the Field 790 S. Determining Focal Mechanisms for Earthquakes 793 REFERENCES 799 AUTHOR INDEX 823 SUBJECT INDEX 829

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