Earth Sciences, Geography & Environment Books

Book SynopsisThis book showcases how to co-produce research when we are unable to meet in the same geographical space. It details a remote and hybrid audio-visual participatory methodology through which women share their experiences of displacement, gender and the city. Writing as researchers and filmmakers in the UK and Colombia, alongside 24 displaced women in Bogotà and MedellÃn, this participatory audio-visual project explores displacement from the womenâs perspectives. The book is innovative in its collaborative writing and its combination of audiovisual and textual material. It presents a methodology for remote and hybrid research, advocating for more inclusive, equitable, and decolonizing research interactions. Through three co-written chapters, it contributes to themes of displacement, gender, and the city, as displaced women share testimonies and audiovisual outputs, revealing experiences of violence, conflict, and aspirations for change as they rebuild their lives. This book stands out for its collaborative authorship and integration of text with audiovisual material, offering rich insights. It will interest researchers and practitioners working inside and outside Universities who are interested in developing remote, hybrid and audio-visual participatory methodologies as well as to those who want to understand more about displacement and the challenges of urban resettlement from womenâs perspectives. After reading this book we'd appreciate if you could let us know what you think by answering some quick questions: https://app.onlinesurveys.jisc.ac.uk/s/newcastle/co-producing-knowledge-with-displaced-women-in-colombia

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Book SynopsisThis book delves into Europeâs urgent quest for energy independence as a foundation for the EU and national sovereignty, economic resilience, and climate leadership. Amid rising geopolitical tensions and accelerating climate crises, it advocates for a bold shift towards renewable energy investments as a pathway to a sustainable, energy-secure future.Offering an in-depth exploration of policy innovations, strategic imperatives, and case studies, the book highlights how decentralized energy systems and local empowerment can drive resilience and self-reliance. It underscores Europeâs potential to lead the global renewable energy transition, serving as a blueprint for other regions tackling energy insecurity and climate change. The book demonstrates how the EU and its nations can simultaneously enhance energy security and achieve their climate goals through strategic investment in renewables.The book is designed for policymakers, academics, and energy professionals, particularly those involved in European energy, climate, and economic strategies. It is also an essential resource for university professors and researchers in energy policy, international relations, sustainability, and European studies. Regional and local leaders will find valuable insights on implementing transformative energy solutions tailored to their communities.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisWith this practical book, geospatial professionals, data scientists, business analysts, geographers, geologists, and others familiar with data analysis and visualization will learn the fundamentals of spatial data analysis to gain a deeper understanding of their data questions.

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Book SynopsisMapping closely to how ore deposit geology is now taught, this textbook systematically describes and illustrates the major ore deposit types, linking this to their settings in the crust and the geological factors behind their formation. Written for advanced undergraduate and graduate students with a basic background in the geosciences, it provides a balance of practical information and coverage of the relevant geological sciences, including petrological, geochemical, hydrological and tectonic processes. Important theory is summarized without unnecessary detail and integrated with students'' learning in other topics, including magmatic processes and sedimentary geology, enabling students to make links across the geosciences. Students are supported by further reading, a comprehensive glossary, and problems and review questions that test the application of theoretical approaches and encourage students to use what they have learnt. A website includes visual resources and combines with the book to provide students and instructors with a complete learning package.Trade Review'This is ore deposit geology the way most professional economic geologists think, using deposit descriptions as a basis for understanding genetic processes. It is clearly structured, simply illustrated and lucidly explained. This book will be appreciated by students, teachers and professional geologists for its clarity of expression and scholarship of content.' Noel C. White, Consulting Economic Geologist and Honorary Research Professor, CODES, University of Tasmania'If you've been searching for a modern textbook on metallic ore deposits, this is a good choice. Incorporating recent observational and theoretical advances, excellent graphics, an accessible treatment of chemical processes, and end-of-chapter questions, [it] appears ideal for undergraduate geology majors.' Donald M. Burt, Arizona State University'In this textbook, the author combines up-to-date scientific literature with well-structured discussions on ore-forming processes. This results in stimulating and insightful chapters, which provide students and teachers with an extremely useful tool. The end-of-chapter boxes and questions provide great pedagogic support for courses.' Paolo S. Garofalo, Università di Bologna'As a teacher of an ore geology graduate course, I would efinitely suggest that this book is an improvement on what was previously available. … it delivers on its aim to convey a systematic scientific approach to understanding ore formation and I think, if used as a course book, it will help develop a generation of students with solid process-based knowledge of most ore types. The book will be dominantly read by students and teachers, but could also be useful for professional geologists wanting a modern overview of a wide range of ore deposits and ore-forming processes. Ian Pitcairn, Economic Geology'… [the] layout, [the] clear presentation of the topic, the choice of sample deposits, the glossary of selected terms, and the excellent graphic material make this textbook a most useful means to study the geology of ore deposits.' GeologosTable of ContentsPreface; Glossary; 1. What is an ore deposit?; 2. Magmatic ore deposits; 3. Hydrothermal ore deposits I: magmatic and orogenic environments; 4. Hydrothermal ore deposits II: sedimentary environments; 5. Ore deposits formed in sedimentary environments; 6. Supergene ores and supergene overprinting of ores; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisA beautifully presented atlas covering all periods of Korean history. Detailed maps are complemented by chronologies, lists of monarchs, and overviews of the political, economic, social and cultural systems for each era discussed. Assorted full-color images of artifacts, paintings, and architectural structures complete this unique reference work.Trade Review'Michael Shin and his colleagues have done us an essential and estimable service with this beautiful, fascinating and illuminating work. The illustrations are superb, and when accompanied by the authors' excellent commentary and analysis, Korean History in Maps becomes not just an invaluable book, but a keepsake. It opens new, sparkling and indelible images and windows on the entire Korean experience from (Old) Joseon to the present. The paucity of similar books, at least in English, makes this a milestone in the literature on Korean history.' Bruce Cumings, Gustavus F. and Ann M. Swift Distinguished Service Professor in History at the University of Chicago, and author of Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History'A visual feast of Korean history and culture, Korean History in Maps is more than a cartographic journey, but a panoramic overview of the development of Korean civilization, full of lively images and helpful information. It will serve as a valuable reference source for classrooms at all levels.' Kyung Moon Hwang, University of Southern California'This timely reference book is a great teaching tool … [It] begins with overviews of society, economy, culture, and politics and a chronology of major events. It includes attractive full-color maps, tables, charts, and plates. Appendixes and supplementary illustrations include up-to-date and useful statistics … the chronology includes compatible world history and political scenes during major events in Korean history. The book's sources are drawn from artifacts at the National Museum of Korea, the Kyujanggak Archives, [the] Dokdo Research Institute, the Seoul Museum of History, and the Library of Congress. Statistics are culled from the Bank of Korea and various academies in Korea and Europe. Photos of North Korea are from personal collections … Any researcher or student - undergraduate or graduate - will benefit from this reference book. Summing up: essential.' S. Freedman, ChoiceTable of ContentsPreface and acknowledgments; Korea today; Korea in Asia; The geography of the Korean peninsula; 1. Prehistoric Korea; 2. Joseon and early state formation; 3. The three kingdoms period; 4. The Northern and Southern states period; 5. Goryeo; 6. Joseon; 7. The late nineteenth century; 8. The Japanese occupation period; 9. The liberation period and the Korean war; 10. North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea); 11. South Korea (Republic of Korea); Contributors; Appendix A. Chronology of the 'comfort women' issue; Appendix B. The Dok Island (Dokdo) issue; Appendix C. The sexagenary cycle; Index.

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Book SynopsisClimate research over recent decades has shown that the interaction between the ocean and atmosphere drives the global climate system. This engaging and accessible textbook focuses on climate dynamics from the perspective of the upper ocean, and specifically on the interaction between the atmosphere and ocean. It describes the fundamental physics and dynamics governing the behavior of the ocean, and how it interacts with the atmosphere, giving rise to natural climate variability and influencing climate change. Including end-of-chapter questions and turn-key access to online, research-quality data sets, the book allows readers the chance to apply their knowledge and work with real data. Comprehensive information is also provided on the data sets used to produce the numerous illustrations, allowing students to dive deeper into the data themselves. Providing an accessible treatment of physical oceanography, it is perfect for intermediate-advanced students wishing to gain an interdisciplinTrade Review'… covers all the essential classic and modern topics of oceanic and atmospheric dynamics … using a lively style of writing enhanced with compelling graphics … will appeal to a wide range of advanced undergraduates in physical oceanography and climate sciences, as well as to cross-disciplinary Earth system scientists.' Arthur J. Miller, University of California, San Diego'… this advanced undergraduate text provides a focused view of the essential place of the ocean in the coupled climate system. With vivid prose and clear explications of mathematical necessities Karnauskas has created an exceptionally efficient means to understand the climate system … At this time of urgent interest in climate this book should find the wide audience it deserves.' Mark A. Cane, Columbia University'… an accessible and comprehensive overview of the processes in the ocean that are important for climate, for upper level undergraduates to graduate students in the ocean and atmospheric sciences … The connection of the material to observational data sets through the Dive into the Data boxes in each chapter introduces students to data-driven discovery in ocean sciences.' LuAnne Thompson, University of Washington'This is no ordinary textbook. It takes us on a journey in exploring and understanding the physics of our planet's two fluids (one ocean, one atmosphere) and how they talk to each other … I highly recommend this textbook, written by a new leader in the study of our planet.' Susan K. Avery, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution'… an important and timely text that focuses squarely on the role of the ocean in the climate system. It is cleverly organized to present the oceanography that will help the reader understand the role of the ocean in climate dynamics. It is written in an accessible form that make it valuable both as a textbook and a reference book.' Enrique Curchitser, Rutgers University'Physical Oceanography and Climate fills a gap in the scientific literature at a time when the societal issues surrounding climate variability and change are becoming ever more urgent. This engagingly written book, with its focus on fundamentals and hands-on learning exercises, is a great introduction to the ocean's role in climate and why it matters. It will serve as a valuable resource for students and research scientists interested in the processes that govern ocean-atmosphere interactions and their consequences for the climate system.' Michael J. McPhaden, University of WashingtonTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. The heat budget; 3. The salt budget; 4. The momentum budget; 5. The atmospheric interface; 6. Response to wind forcing; 7. Coupled climate variability; 8. Response to buoyancy forcing; 9. Climate change and the ocean; Index.

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Book SynopsisRe-imagining Social Work broadens the imaginative horizons for social workers and acquaints readers with their potential to creatively contribute to global change. This book motivates readers to think outside the box when it comes to linking theory to their social work practice to construct innovative solutions to prominent social problems.Table of Contents1. Setting the Scene; 2. Centering the human: the importance of humanities; 3. Decentering the Human: Social Work in the Anthropocene; 4. Epistemologies of the South and Indigenous Epistemologies; 5. Decolonising social work; 6. Beyond (Social) Science: Artistic Social Work and Creativity; 7. Social Work and the Sacred; 8. Technology; 9. Social work, resistance and alternatives.

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Book SynopsisThrough a global and interdisciplinary lens, this book discusses, analyzes and summarizes the novel conservation approach of rewilding. The volume introduces key rewilding definitions and initiatives, highlighting their similarities and differences. It reviews matches and mismatches between the current state of ecological knowledge and the stated aims of rewilding projects, and discusses the role of human action in rewilding initiatives. Collating current scholarship, the book also considers the merits and dangers of rewilding approaches, as well as the economic and socio-political realities of using rewilding as a conservation tool. Its interdisciplinary nature will appeal to a broad range of readers, from primary ecologists and conservation biologists to land managers, policy makers and conservation practitioners in NGOs and government departments. Written for a scientifically literate readership of academics, researchers, students, and managers, the book also acts as a key resource Trade Review'Rewilding is the first book to be published solely to explore the concepts, benefits and risks of rewilding in depth, and it will be a key resource for stakeholders and on undergraduate and graduate courses.' Susan Alexander, The BiologistTable of Contents1. Rewilding: a captivating, controversial, twenty-first century concept to address ecological degradation in a changing world Nathalie Pettorelli, Sarah M. Durant and Johan T. du Toit; 2. History of rewilding: ideas and practice David Johns; 3. For wilderness or wildness? Decolonising rewilding Kim Ward; 4. Pleistocene rewilding: an enlightening thought experiment Johan T. du Toit; 5. Trophic rewilding – ecological restoration of top-down trophic interactions to promote self-regulating biodiverse ecosystems Jens-Christian Svenning, Michael Munk and Andreas Schweiger; 6. Rewilding through land abandonment Steve Carver; 7. Rewilding and restoration James R. Miller and Richard J. Hobbs; 8. Understanding the factors shaping the attitudes towards wilderness and rewilding Nicole Bauer and Aline von Atzigen; 9. Health and social benefits of living with 'wild' nature Cecily Maller, Laura Mumaw and Benjamin Cooke; 10. The psychology of rewilding Susan Clayton; 11. The high art of rewilding: lessons from curating Earth art Marcus Hall; 12. Rewilding a country: Britain as a study case Christopher J. Sandom and Sophie Wynne-Jones; 13. Bringing back large carnivores to rewild landscapes John D. C. Linnell and Craig R. Jackson; 14. Rewilding cities Marcus Owens and Jennifer Wolch; 15. The role of translocation in rewilding Philip J. Seddon and Doug P. Armstrong; 16. Top-down control of ecosystems and the case for rewilding: does it all add up? Matt W. Hayward, Sarah Edwards, Bronwyn A. Fancourt, John D. C. Linnell and Erlend B. Nilsen; 17. Rewilding and the risk of getting new, unwanted ecological interactions Miguel Delibes-Mateos, Isabel C. Barrio, A. Márcia Barbosa, Íñigo Martínez-Solano, John E. Fa and Catarina C. Ferreira; 18. Auditing the wild: how do we assess if rewilding objectives are achieved? Richart T. Corlett; 19. Adaptive co-management and conflict resolution for rewilding across development contexts James R. A. Butler, Juliette C. Young and Mariella Marzano; 20. The future of rewilding: fostering nature and people in a changing world Sarah M. Durant, Nathalie Pettorelli and Johan T. du Toit.

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Book SynopsisGibbons are the most speciose of the apes. Despite being highly threatened, they receive less research and conservation attention compared to the great apes. This book presents cutting-edge research and conservation actions for hylobatids aimed at researchers, students and conservation practitioners within primatology and conservation ecology.Table of ContentsPreface David Chivers; Introduction Susan M. Cheyne, Helen J. Chatterjee, Carolyn Thompson and Peng-Fei Fan; 1. Taxonomy, ecology and conservation of Cao Vit Gibbon (Nomascus nasutus) since its rediscovery Peng-Fei Fan and Chang-Yong Ma; 2. Conservation status of the northern Yellow-Cheeked Crested Gibbon (Nomascus annamensis) in Vietnam: an update Duc Minh Hoang, Bang Van Tran, Chuong Van Hoang and Herbert H. Covert; 3. Strategies for recovery of the Hainan Gibbon (Nomascus hainanus): twenty years of multidisciplinary conservation effort Bosco Pui Lok Chan and Yik Fui Philip Lo; 4. Gibbons in the anthropocene: lessons from a long-term study in Indonesia Susan M. Cheyne, Abdulaziz K, Supiansyah, Twentinolosa, Adul, Claire J. H. Thompson, Lindy Thompson, Reychell Chadwick, Helene Birot, Carolyn Thompson, Cara H. Wilcox and Eka Cahyaningrum; 5. Demography of a stable Gibbon population (Hylobates moloch) in high-elevation forest on Java Susan Lappan, Rahayu Oktaviani, Ahyun Choi, Soojung Ham, Haneul Jang, Sanha Kim, Yoonjung Yi, Ani Mardiastuti and Jae Chun Choe; 6. A tale of two Gibbon studies in Thailand Sompoad Srikosamatara and Intanon Kolasartsanee; 7. Accessibility as a factor for selecting conservation actions for Pileated Gibbons (Hylobates pileatus) Intanon Kolasartsanee and Sompoad Srikosamatara; 8. Calling from the wild: Mentawai Gibbon conservation fieldwork Arif Setiawan and Damianus Tatteburuk; 9. Demography and group dynamics of Western Hoolock gibbons (Hoolock hoolock) in a community conserved village population in Upper Assam, India Jihosuo Biswas, Diplob Chutia, Jayanta Das, Joydeep Shil and H. N. Kumara; 10. Challenges and prospects in the conservation of Hoolock Gibbons in India Dilip Chetry, Rekha Chetry and Parimal Chandra Bhattacharjee; 11. Gibbons of Assam: impacts of environment and anthropogenic disturbance Jayashree Mazumder; 12. Movement ecology of siamang in a degraded dipterocarp forest Christopher D. Marsh, Stephanie A. Poindexter, Ross A. Hill, Matthew G. Nowak, Abdullah Abdullah and Amanda H. Korstjens; 13. Sympatric Gibbons in historically logged forest in North Sumatra, Indonesia Emma L. Hankinson, Vincent Nijman, Amanda H. Korstjens, Matt G. Nowak and Ross A. Hill; 14. Adopting an interdisciplinary biosocial approach to determine the conservation implications of the Human-Gibbon Interface: a systematic review Carolyn Thompson, Helen J. Chatterjee, Samuel Turvey, Susan M. Cheyne and Peng-Fei Fan; 15. Listen to the people, hear the Gibbons sing: the importance of incorporating local people's perceptions in conservation Jaima H. Smith, Anton Ario, Rahayu Oktaviani, Arif Setiawan, Agung Gunawan and Vincent Nijman; 16. Long-Term outcomes of positive cultural value for biodiversity: historical insights from Chinese Gibbons Samuel Turvey; 17. Gibbon phylogenetics and genomics Lucia Carbone, Mariam Okhovat and Christian Roos; 18. The use of microsatellites in the management of captive Gibbons Lauren Lansdowne, Matyas Liptovszky, Kristiana Brink, Katie Dripps, Vivienne Li, Ed Hollox and Richard Badge.

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Book SynopsisRecent studies indicate that - due to climate change - the Earth is undergoing rapid changes in all cryospheric components, including polar sea ice shrinkage, mountain glacier recession, thawing permafrost, and diminishing snow cover. This book provides a comprehensive summary of all components of the Earth''s cryosphere, reviewing their history, physical and chemical characteristics, geographical distributions, and projected future states. This new edition has been completely updated throughout, and provides state-of-the-art data from GlobSnow-2 CRYOSAT, ICESAT, and GRACE. It includes a comprehensive summary of cryospheric changes in land ice, permafrost, freshwater ice, sea ice, and ice sheets. It discusses the models developed to understand cryosphere processes and predict future changes, including those based on remote sensing, field campaigns, and long-term ground observations. Boasting an extensive bibliography, over 120 figures, and end-of-chapter review questions, it is an ideaTable of ContentsPreface; Acknowledgements; 1. Introduction; Part I. The Terrestrial Cryosphere: 2A. Snowfall and Snow Cover; 2B. Avalanches; 3. Glaciers and Ice Caps; 4. Ice Sheets; 5. Frozen Ground and Permafrost; 6. Freshwater Ice: Lakes, Rivers and Icings; Part II. The Marine Cryosphere: 7. Sea Ice; 8. Ice Shelves and Icebergs; Part III. The Cryosphere Past and Future: 9. The Cryosphere in the Past; 10. The Future Cryosphere – Impacts of Global Warming; Part IV. Applications: 11. Applications of Snow and Ice Research; Glossary; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe illegal trade in live apes, ape meat and body parts occurs across all ape range states and poses a significant and growing threat to the long-term survival of wild ape populations worldwide. What was once a purely subsistence and cultural activity, now encompasses a global multi-million-dollar trade run by sophisticated trans-boundary criminal networks. The challenge lies in teasing apart the complex and interrelated factors that drive the ape trade, while implementing strategies that do not exacerbate inequality. This volume of State of the Apes brings together original research and analysis with topical case studies and emerging best practices, to further the ape conservation agenda around killing, capture and trade. This title is also available as Open Access via Cambridge Core.Trade Review'This fourth volume in the publisher's State of the Apes series provides multisourced information synthesized and clearly explained, and colorful, easily understood tables and figures … Highly recommended.' L. K. Sheeran, Choice Magazine'This is a very impressive treatise. It contains tables and maps documenting available data on numerous populations of extant apes and the major threats to their existence. The discussions of problems facing ape populations today are extensive and thoughtful, addressing the many different perspectives from local populations to large international organizations. This is supplemented by a glossary of the important factors that are discussed.' John Fleagle, Quarterly Review of Biology'a very impressive treatise' John Fleagle, The Quarterly Review of BiologyTable of ContentsThe arcus foundation; Notes to readers; Acknowledgments; Apes overview; Part I. Infrastructure Development and Ape Conservation: 1. The impact of killing, capture and trade on apes and their habitat; 2. Understanding and responding to cultural drivers of the ape trade; 3. Socioeconomics and the trade in ape meat and parts; 4. Drivers of the illegal trade in live apes; 5. Curbing the illegal killing, capture and trade in apes: responses at source; 6. Protecting apes: the legal and regulatory environment; Part II. The Status and Welfare of Great Apes and Gibbons: 7. The status of apes: a foundation for systematic, evidence-based conservation; 8. The campaign for nonhuman rights and the status of captive apes; Annexes; Acronyms and abbreviations; Glossary; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisNumerous laws including the Green New Deal have been proposed or passed in cities, states, and countries to transition from fossil fuels to 100% clean, renewable energy in order to address climate change, air pollution, and energy insecurity. This textbook lays out the science, technology, economics, policy, and social aspects of such transitions. It discusses the renewable electricity and heat generating technologies needed; the electricity, heat, cold, and hydrogen storage technologies required; how to keep the electric power grid stable; and how to address non-energy sources of emissions. It discusses the history of the 100% Movement, which evolved from a collaboration among scientists, cultural leaders, business people, and community leaders. Finally, it discusses current progress in transitioning to 100% renewables, and the new policies needed to complete the transition. Online course supplements include lecture slides, answers to the end-of-chapter student exercises, and a list of extra resources.Trade Review'A great book! Finally a textbook is available that clearly explains all aspects of a full supply of renewable energy. It shows why problems of air pollution and global warming can be solved by using renewable energies. It explains very clearly all aspects of a secure and climate-friendly full supply of renewable energies using comprehensive scientific facts and clear practical examples. It should be used as a standard textbook in all worldwide energy economics lectures worldwide! It is highly relevant not only for students but for all those interested in energy economics in times of unsolved challenges caused by climate change and pollution. A book that everyone should have read!' Professor Claudia Kemfert, German Institute for Economic Research'Engineering professors of the world: are you teaching a course on climate change, or planning one? If you are, this is the textbook you should be adopting. Civil, mechanical, electrical, materials, chemical engineering aspects of the energy transition are exhaustively addressed. And this book has soul: today's engineering student feels the need to do something about climate change, and this book empowers them.' Anthony R. Ingraffea, Cornell University, New York'Mark Jacobson's new book, 100% Clean, Renewable Energy and Storage for Everything, provides the most authoritative look yet at the future of energy beyond fossil fuels. The text is clearly written, authoritative, and thoroughly referenced. This will make a great text book for courses on energy and climate change, but is also a must read for all of us interested in the transition to a renewable future.' Robert W. Howarth, Cornell University, New York'The world's major crises need radical and comprehensive solutions, with 100% clean renewable energy systems at the core of any health, climate, peace or prosperity plan. Marc Z. Jacobsen shows in a brilliant and scientifically profound way why such a worldwide transformation is necessary and how it can be realized. A powerful work that leaves no more excuses for political inaction.' Hans-Josef Fell, Former German Parliamentarian and founder of German solar tariffs'Professor Jacobson's work on the possibilities for renewable energy have opened eyes around the globe. Where people once saw barriers, increasingly they see possibilities and openings, and this book consolidates that new understanding.' Bill McKibben, Middlebury College, Vermont'Mark Jacobson shines a bright light illuminating the path forward, painstakingly detailing - with numbers and facts - how we can decarbonize our energy infrastructure, take action on climate, create a cleaner environment and sustain a healthy, green economy. At a time when there is far too much doom and gloom over our prospects for averting climate catastrophe, read this book, take action and be part of the battle to preserve a healthy, livable planet.' Michael E. Mann, Penn State UniversityTable of ContentsPreface; 1. What problems are we trying to solve?; 2. Wind-water-solar (WWS) and storage solution; 3. Technologies not needed or not helpful; 4. Electricity basics; 5. Photovoltaics and solar radiation; 6. Onshore and offshore wind energy; 7. Steps in developing 100 percent all-sector WWS and storage roadmaps; 8. Matching electricity, heat, cold, and hydrogen demand continuously with 100 percent WWS supply, storage, and demand response; 9. Evolution of the 100 percent movement and policies needed for a WWS solution; Glossary of acronyms; Acknowledgments; Appendix; References.

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Book SynopsisHow does the complex nature of ecological systems affect ecologists' ability to study them? This Element argues that ecological systems are complex in a rather special way: they are causally heterogeneous. The author presents an updated philosophical account with an optimistic outlook of the methods and status of ecological research.Table of Contents1. Introduction; 2. What is Ecological Complexity? 3. What are the Effects of Ecological Complexity?; 4. Dealing with Ecological Complexity; 5. Concluding Remarks; Bibliography.

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Book SynopsisThat humans originated from Africa is well-known. However, this is widely regarded as a chance outcome, dependant simply on where our common ancestor shared the land with where the great apes lived. This volume builds on from the ''Out of Africa'' theory, and takes the view that it is only in Africa that the evolutionary transitions from a forest-inhabiting frugivore to savanna-dwelling meat-eater could have occurred. This book argues that the ecological circumstances that shaped these transitions are exclusive to Africa. It describes distinctive features of the ecology of Africa, with emphasis on savanna grasslands, and relates them to the evolutionary transitions linking early ape-men to modern humans. It shows how physical features of the continent, especially those derived from plate tectonics, set the foundations. This volume adequately conveys that we are here because of the distinctive features of the ecology of Africa.Trade Review... the book is exceptionally well written, and very recommendable as a foundational introduction to modern Africa savanna ecology for a readership ranging from undergraduates to professional researchers in paleoanthropology.' Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo, Evolutionary Anthropology'In Only in Africa Owen-Smith presents us with copious evidence of the complexity of interactions within and between species of plants, herbivores, and carnivores, coherently linking the trophic levels. He also makes a compelling case that the early stages of human evolution could only have happened in Africa. For those willing to accept that their knowledge of relevant contemporary African ecosystems and their critical role in human evolution could do with some updating and refreshing, Norman Owen-Smith's new book provides just the help they need. Its importance for paleoanthropology cannot be exaggerated.' Bernard Wood, Journal of Human Evolution'a cross-disciplinary textbook that provides a natural historian's overview of the ecology of Africa, with a gradually sharpening focus on the primates that originated there and evolved into modern humans … Owen-Smith provides a refreshing look at a continent in its entirety and all the life it has generated, facilitating a perspective quite different from the usual focus on only one particular aspect of that life … Highly recommended.' L. Swedell, Choice Connect'Norman Owen-Smith's new book Only in Africa is a most welcome contribution … it provides a much-needed textbook for upper-level undergraduate to graduate courses on the ecology of human origins.' John Rowan, The Quarterly Review of BiologyTable of ContentsPreface; Foreword; List of abbreviations; Part I. The physical cradle: Land forms, geology, climate, hydrology and soils: 1. High Africa: Eroding surfaces; 2. Climate: Rainfall seasonality; 3. Water in rivers, lakes and wetlands; 4. Bedrock geology: Volcanic influences; 5. Soils: Foundations of fertility; Part II. The savanna garden: Grassy vegetation and plant dynamics: 6. Forms of savannah; 7. How savanna trees and grasses grow and compete; 8. Plant demography and dynamics: Fire traps; 9. Paleo-savannas: Expanding grasslands; Part III. The big mammal menagerie: Herbivores, carnivores and their ecosystem impacts: 10. Niche distinctions: resources versus risks; 11. Big fierce carnivores: Hunting versus scavenging; 12. Herbivore abundance: Bottom-up and top-down; 13. How large herbivores transform savanna ecosystems; 14. Paleo-faunas: Rise and fall of the biggest grazers; Part IV. Evolutionary transitions: From primate ancestors to modern humans: 15. Primate predecessors: From trees to ground; 16. Primate ecology: From forests into savannas; 17. How an ape became a hunter; 18. Cultural evolution: From tools to art and genes; 19. Reticulate evolution through turbulent times; 20. Prospects for a lonely planet; Index.

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Book SynopsisHow to create the world's new urban future With the majority of the world's population shifting to urban centres, urban planning the practice of land-use and transportation planning to help shape cities structurally, economically, and socially has become an increasingly vital profession.Table of ContentsForeword xix Introduction 1 Part I: What Is Urban Planning? 7 Chapter 1: Making Great Cities: Why Planning Matters 9 Chapter 2: Changing Places: Planning for the 21st Century 23 Chapter 3: Who Makes Urban Plans and Why 43 Chapter 4: Making Plans: A Step-by-Step Approach 57 Part II: Putting All the Pieces Together: The Main Components of an Urban Plan 75 Chapter 5: Land Use: A Place for Everything 77 Chapter 6: Housing: A Place to Call Home 97 Chapter 7: Moving the City: Transportation 119 Chapter 8: The City Beautiful: Urban Design 135 Chapter 9: The Great Outdoors: Natural Resources, Open Space, and More 149 Chapter 10: Infrastructure and Public Services: Something for Everyone 163 Part III: Hot Topics and Urban Planning Challenges 179 Chapter 11: Greening the City: Making Sustainable Places 181 Chapter 12: Urban Revitalization: Cities on the Rebound 195 Chapter 13: Rushing to the Suburbs: Managing Sprawl 207 Chapter 14: Healing the City: Planning and Disasters 223 Chapter 15: Taking Care of Business: Jobs and Economic Development 237 Chapter 16: Global Urban Planning: Answering the Challenges of Growth and Development 253 Part IV: Getting Involved and Going Further 267 Chapter 17: Getting Involved in Your Community 269 Chapter 18: Becoming a Professional Urban Planner 279 Part V: The Part of Tens 291 Chapter 19: Ten Ways to Make Your Community a Better Place to Live, Work, and Play 293 Chapter 20: Ten Great Cities with Great Plans 301 Chapter 21: Ten Urban Plans You Can Find Online 309 Appendix: Resources 317 Index 325

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive introduction to the current technology and application of radar in meteorology and atmospheric sciences Written by leading experts in the field, Radar Meteorology, A first Course offers an introduction to meteorological radar systems and applications, with emphasis on observation and interpretation of physical processes in clouds and weather systems. This comprehensive introduction to the subject offers an overview of the quantities essential to radar meteorology including the radar reflectivity factor, and Doppler, dual-polarization, and multi-wavelength radar variables. The authors highlight wind retrieval from single and multiple Doppler radars, precipitation estimation and hydrometeorological applications, with chapters dedicated to interpretation of radar data from warm season mid-latitude severe weather, winter storms, tropical cyclones and more. In addition, Radar Meteorology highlights research applications of this burgeoning technology, exploring dynamic applications such as space-borne and ground-based vertically pointing radar systems, and cloud, airborne and mobile radars. As meteorological radars are increasingly used professionally for weather observation, forecasting and warning, this much-needed text: Presents an introduction to the technical aspects and current application of radar as used in the meteorology and atmospheric sciencesContains full-colour illustrations that enhance the understanding of the material presentedExamines the wide-range of meteorological applications of radarIncludes problems at the end of each chapter as a helpful review of the contentsProvides full instructor support with all illustrations and answers to problems available via the book's instructor website. Radar Meteorology offers a much-needed introductory text to the study of radar as applied to meteorology. The text was designed for a one semester course based on the authors' own course in Radar Meteorology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.Table of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgments xxi About the Companion Website xxiii 1 Properties of Electromagnetic Waves 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Electric and magnetic fields 2 1.2.1 The electric field 2 1.2.2 The magnetic field 4 1.2.3 Relating the electric and magnetic fields—a simple dipole antenna 5 1.2.4 Maxwell equations 6 1.3 The nature of electromagnetic radiation 8 1.3.1 The electromagnetic spectrum 8 1.3.2 Electromagnetic wave interactions 9 1.4 Interactions of electromagnetic waves with matter 11 1.4.1 Refraction 12 1.4.2 Reflection 12 1.4.3 Mie scattering 14 1.4.4 Bragg scattering 17 1.4.5 Absorption 18 1.5 Polarization of electromagnetic waves 18 Important terms 20 Review questions 21 Challenge problems 22 2 Radar Hardware 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Frequency and wavelength 23 2.3 Components of a weather radar system 25 2.3.1 Transmitter section 26 2.3.2 Waveguides, rotary joints, polarization switching devices, and circulators 28 2.3.3 The antenna section 32 2.3.4 The receiver section 36 2.3.5 Magnetron transmitters 38 2.4 Specialized radar systems 40 2.4.1 Phased-array radars 40 2.4.2 Mobile and deployable radars 41 2.4.3 Airborne radars 43 2.4.4 Spaceborne radars 44 Important terms 46 Review questions 47 Challenge problems 47 3 Radar Characteristics 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Range and range ambiguity 50 3.3 The transmitted and received signal 53 3.3.1 Pulse duration and pulse length 54 3.3.2 Power and the duty cycle 54 3.4 Radar geometry and types of displays 56 3.4.1 Common radar displays in spherical coordinates 56 Important terms 64 Review questions 64 Challenge problems 64 4 The Path of a Radar Ray 66 4.1 Introduction 66 4.2 Ray propagation in an idealized atmosphere 67 4.2.1 Factors influencing radar ray paths 67 4.2.2 The path of a ray in an idealized atmosphere 69 4.2.3 The range and height of a pulse volume in space 72 4.3 Anomalous propagation 74 Important terms 78 Review questions 78 Challenge problems 79 5 Power and the Radar Reflectivity Factor 82 5.1 Introduction 82 5.2 Radar equation for a solitary target 83 5.2.1 Power flux density incident on a target 83 5.2.2 Power flux density scattered back to the radar 85 5.2.3 Backscattered power collected by the radar antenna 86 5.2.4 Implications of the radar equation 87 5.3 Radar equation for a distributed target 89 5.3.1 The contributing volume for distributed targets 89 5.3.2 The radar cross section of distributed targets 91 5.3.3 The radar equation for a distributed target 94 5.4 The weather radar equation 95 5.4.1 Radar cross section of a small dielectric sphere 95 5.4.2 The radar reflectivity factor 96 5.4.3 The weather radar equation 97 5.4.4 The validity of the Rayleigh approximation 98 5.5 Summary 100 Important terms 101 Review questions 101 Challenge problems 102 6 Radial Velocity—The Doppler Effect 104 6.1 Introduction 104 6.2 Measurement of radial velocity 106 6.2.1 Phase measurements and radial velocity retrieval 107 6.2.2 Velocity ambiguities and their resolution 108 6.3 Doppler spectra 115 6.3.1 Doppler spectra of weather and other targets 116 6.3.2 Moments of the Doppler spectrum 117 6.4 Measurement of the Doppler moments 119 6.5 Summary 122 Important terms 123 Review questions 123 Challenge problems 124 7 Dual-Polarization Radar 126 7.1 Introduction 126 7.2 The physical bases for radar polarimetry 127 7.3 Measuring polarimetric quantities 130 7.4 Reflectivity, differential reflectivity, and linear depolarization ratio 132 7.4.1 Reflectivity factor in the dual-polarization framework (ZHH and ZVV) 132 7.4.2 Differential reflectivity (ZDR) 133 7.4.3 Raindrop shapes and sizes 134 7.4.4 ZDR measurements in rain 138 7.4.5 ZDR measurements in ice and mixed-phase precipitation 141 7.4.6 Linear depolarization ratio (LDR) 145 7.5 Polarization and phase 149 7.5.1 Propagation differential phase shift (;;DP) 150 7.5.2 Backscatter differential phase shift (;;) 152 7.5.3 Specific differential phase (KDP) 152 7.5.4 Retrieval of KDP 155 7.5.5 Co-polar correlation coefficient (;;HV) 162 7.5.6 Using polarimetric variables together 168 7.5.7 Covariation of the polarimetric variables: an example at Sand C-band 168 7.5.8 Using dual-polarization variables to discern meteorological versus non-meteorological echo and non-uniform beam filling 170 7.5.9 Hydrometeor classification 172 Important terms 176 Review questions 181 Challenge problems 181 8 Clear Air Echoes 183 8.1 Introduction 183 8.2 Ground clutter 184 8.2.1 Ground clutter characteristics 184 8.2.2 Sea clutter 185 8.2.3 Effects of anomalous propagation 188 8.2.4 Ground clutter mitigation 188 8.3 Echoes from biological sources 191 8.3.1 Insect echo 192 8.3.2 Birds and bats 193 8.4 Debris, dust, and smoke 195 8.5 Aircraft echoes and chaff 196 8.6 Other non-meteorological echo sources 198 8.6.1 The sun 199 8.6.2 Receiver noise 199 8.6.3 Radio interference 200 8.7 Bragg scattering 200 Important terms 203 Review questions 203 Challenge problems 204 9 Propagation Effects: Attenuation and Refractivity 205 9.1 Introduction 205 9.2 Attenuation 206 9.2.1 Attenuation by atmospheric gases and measurement of water vapor 207 9.2.2 Attenuation by cloud droplets and measurement of liquid water content 212 9.2.3 Attenuation by rain and its correction 214 9.2.4 Attenuation by hail 219 9.2.5 Short-wavelength radars and attenuation 224 9.3 Refractivity 225 9.3.1 Basic principles 226 9.3.2 Measurement of the water vapor field 227 Important terms 229 Review questions 229 Challenge problems 230 10 Operational Radar Networks 232 10.1 Introduction 232 10.2 The WSR-88D radar network 233 10.2.1 Network coverage 233 10.2.2 Radar characteristics and data distribution 234 10.2.3 Scanning strategies 236 10.2.4 Ground clutter suppression 240 10.2.5 Super resolution 240 10.2.6 Additional features 242 10.3 Terminal Doppler weather radars 242 10.3.1 Radar characteristics and data distribution 243 10.4 International operational radar networks 246 Important terms 248 Review questions 249 Challenge problems 249 11 Doppler Velocity Patterns and Single-Radar Wind Retrieval 251 11.1 Introduction 251 11.2 Kinematic properties of the wind field 252 11.3 Doppler radial velocity patterns and the wind field 254 11.3.1 Large-scale flow patterns 255 11.3.2 Fronts 257 11.3.3 Convective scale flow patterns 259 11.4 Wind retrieval with profiling radars 261 11.4.1 Wind profilers 261 11.5 Velocity–azimuth display wind retrieval 264 11.5.1 VAD technique 264 11.5.2 Extended VAD analysis 272 Important terms 275 Review questions 276 Challenge problems 277 12 Multiple Doppler Wind Retrieval 279 12.1 Introduction 279 12.2 Network design and deployment 279 12.2.1 Meteorological considerations 281 12.2.2 Sampling limitations 281 12.2.3 Siting and logistics 283 12.3 Characteristics of single Doppler data 284 12.3.1 Geographic location of a range gate 284 12.3.2 Characteristics of raw data 284 12.3.3 Ambiguities and Doppler radar data editing 287 12.4 Procedures for multiple Doppler syntheses 290 12.4.1 Interpolation of data from spherical to Cartesian coordinates 290 12.4.2 Transformation of radial velocities to orthogonal particle motion components 292 12.4.3 Calculation of vertical motion from orthogonal wind components 302 12.4.4 Uncertainty in vertical motion retrievals 304 12.5 Summary 306 Important terms 306 Review questions 307 Challenge problems 308 13 Precipitation Estimation with Radar 310 13.1 Introduction 310 13.2 Measurement of precipitation rate, total precipitation, and particle size distributions 311 13.2.1 Precipitation gauges 311 13.2.2 Disdrometers 313 13.2.3 Optical array probes 315 13.3 Nature of particle size distributions 316 13.3.1 The exponential size distribution 318 13.3.2 The gamma size distribution 319 13.4 Radar remote sensing of precipitation 319 13.4.1 Determining Z–R relationships 322 13.4.2 Challenges in precipitation estimation with radar 323 13.5 Precipitation estimation using dual polarization 326 13.6 Winter precipitation 329 13.7 Measuring precipitation from space 330 13.7.1 Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission 332 13.7.2 Global Precipitation Mission 332 Important terms 334 Review questions 334 Challenge problems 335 14 Warm Season Convection 338 14.1 Introduction 338 14.2 Mesoscale convective systems 339 14.2.1 Radar-observed life cycle of an MCS 339 14.2.2 Conceptual model of an MCS as observed with a research radar 341 14.2.3 Radar signatures of hazardous weather in MCSs 343 14.2.4 Frontal squall lines 345 14.3 Supercell thunderstorms 349 14.3.1 Tornado detection 352 14.3.2 Radar signatures of supercells 354 14.3.3 Hail detection 356 14.4 Downbursts and wind shear 358 Important terms 358 Challenge problems 359 15 Extratropical Cyclones 361 15.1 Introduction 361 15.2 Radar approaches to monitor cyclone mesostructure 363 15.3 Mesoscale structures observable with radar 366 15.3.1 The comma-cloud tail 367 15.3.2 The comma-cloud head 371 Important terms 381 Review questions 381 Challenge problems 382 16 Tropical Cyclones 383 16.1 Introduction 383 16.2 Airborne and satellite radar systems for tropical cyclone research and operations 386 16.2.1 NOAA WP-3D radar systems 386 16.2.2 Other airborne radars used in hurricane research 388 16.2.3 Satellite radars used in hurricane research 389 16.3 Tropical cyclone structure and kinematics 390 16.3.1 Eyewall and eye radar structure 395 16.3.2 Radar structure of principal band 399 16.3.3 Other bands within the hurricane vortex 404 16.4 Operational use of radar to detect tropical cyclone hazards 405 16.4.1 High winds and storm surge 405 16.4.2 Heavy precipitation and flooding 407 16.4.3 Tornadoes 409 Important terms 411 Review questions 411 Challenge problems 412 17 Clouds and Vertical Motions 413 17.1 Introduction 413 17.2 Cloud radars 414 17.2.1 Advantages and disadvantages of cloud radars 415 17.2.2 Examples of data from cloud radars 417 17.3 Application of cloud radars 421 17.3.1 Determining vertical motions in clouds 421 17.3.2 Determining statistical cloud properties 424 17.3.3 Understanding atmospheric and storm structure 428 17.3.4 Understanding global cloud properties 432 Important terms 432 Review questions 433 Challenge problems 433 Appendix A List of Variables (and Chapters) 435 Appendix B Derivation of the Exact Equation for a Ray Path through a Spherically Stratified Atmosphere 441 Index 443

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Book SynopsisCetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) have fascinated and bewildered humans throughout history. Their mammalian affinities have been long recognized, but exactly which group of terrestrial mammals they descend from has, until recently, remained in the dark.Table of ContentsSeries Editor’s Preface vii Preface viii Acknowledgments x 1 Cetaceans, Past and Present 1 1.1 Introduction and scope of the book 1 1.2 What is a whale? 2 1.3 Diversity, distribution, and ecology of modern cetaceans 3 1.4 How to study extinct cetaceans 5 1.4.1 Comparative and functional anatomy 5 1.4.2 Evolutionary relationships 6 1.4.3 Habitat and feeding preferences 9 1.4.4 Macroevolutionary dynamics 11 1.4.5 Other methodologies 13 1.5 Suggested readings 13 References 13 2 Cetacean Fossil Record 19 2.1 A history of exploration 19 2.2 Strengths and weaknesses of the cetacean fossil record 23 2.2.1 Preservation potential 23 2.2.2 Biases affecting fossil recovery 24 2.2.3 Outlook 27 2.3 Major fossil localities 28 2.3.1 Tethys 28 2.3.2 North Atlantic 30 2.3.3 South Atlantic 32 2.3.4 North Pacific 32 2.3.5 South Pacific 33 2.3.6 Dredge sites: South Africa and Iberia 35 2.4 Suggested Readings 35 References 35 3 Morphology 44 3.1 Overview 44 3.2 The skull 46 3.2.1 Rostrum and central facial region 46 3.2.2 Forehead, skull vertex, and posterior cranium 50 3.2.3 Temporal fossa and basicranium 54 3.2.4 Periotic 56 3.2.5 Tympanic bulla 63 3.2.6 Auditory ossicles 64 3.2.7 Dentition 65 3.2.8 Mandible 66 3.2.9 Hyoid apparatus 67 3.3 The postcranial skeleton 68 3.3.1 Vertebral column and rib cage 68 3.3.2 Forelimb 70 3.3.3 Hind limb 73 3.4 Osteological correlates of soft tissue anatomy 74 3.4.1 Musculature 74 3.4.2 Baleen 79 3.4.3 Air sinus system, air sacs and fat pads 79 3.4.4 Brain anatomy and cranial nerves 80 3.4.5 Sensory organs 84 3.4.6 Flukes 86 3.5 Suggested readings 87 References 87 4 Phylogeny and Taxonomy 95 4.1 Cetacean origins 95 4.2 The earliest whales: archaeocetes 97 4.2.1 Pakicetids, ambulocetids, and remingtonocetids 97 4.2.2 Protocetidae and basal Pelagiceti 99 4.3 Filter‐feeding whales: Mysticeti 102 4.3.1 Toothed mysticetes 103 4.3.2 Toothless mysticetes 106 4.4 Echolocating whales: Odontoceti 114 4.4.1 Stem odontocetes 115 4.4.2 Potential crown odontocetes 119 4.4.3 Basal crown odontocetes 122 4.4.4 Delphinida 130 4.4.5 Crown Delphinoidea 136 4.5 Consensus, conflicts, and diversification dates 141 4.5.1 High‐level conflicts and possible solutions 141 4.5.2 Divergence dates 142 4.6 Suggested readings 145 References 145 5 Major Steps in the Evolution of Cetaceans 157 5.1 From land to sea: the last steps 157 5.1.1 Initial forays into the water 157 5.1.2 Transition to marine environments 162 5.1.3 Divorce from land 169 5.2 Key innovations: baleen and echolocation 171 5.2.1 Baleen 171 5.2.2 Echolocation 174 5.3 Invasion of freshwater habitats 176 5.4 Key fossils 180 5.4.1 Archaeocetes 180 5.4.2 Mysticeti 183 5.4.3 Odontoceti 186 5.5 Suggested readings 189 References 189 6 Fossil Evidence of Cetacean Biology 198 6.1 Feeding strategies 198 6.1.1 Archaeocetes 198 6.1.2 Mysticeti 203 6.1.3 Odontoceti 211 6.2 Cetaceans as a source of food 217 6.2.1 Active predation 217 6.2.2 Whale falls 218 6.3 Reproduction 220 6.4 Migration 222 6.5 Sexual dimorphism 222 6.6 Diving 225 6.7 Ontogenetic age 227 6.8 Suggested readings 228 References 229 7 Macroevolutionary Patterns 239 7.1 Patterns in cetacean diversity: radiations and extinctions 239 7.1.1 Paleogene 240 7.1.2 Neogene 242 7.2 Major turnover events 246 7.2.1 Archaeocetes to neocetes 247 7.2.2 Decline of toothed mysticetes 249 7.2.3 Delphinoids and platanistoids—ships passing in the night? 249 7.2.4 Establishment of the modern fauna 250 7.3 Disparity and evolutionary rates 251 7.4 Body size 251 7.5 Brain size 257 7.5.1 Trends 257 7.5.2 Potential causes 259 7.6 Paleobiogeography 260 7.6.1 Initial dispersal from land 261 7.6.2 Neoceti 261 7.7 Convergent evolution 264 7.8 Suggested readings 268 References 269 8 Paleontological Insights into Evolution and Development 277 8.1 Limb morphology and development 277 8.1.1 Forelimb 277 8.1.2 Hind limb 281 8.2 Regionalization of the vertebral column 284 8.3 The origins of homodonty, polydonty, and monophyodonty 286 8.3.1 Archaeocetes 286 8.3.2 Neoceti 288 8.4 Heterochrony: aged youngsters, juvenile adults 291 8.5 Suggested readings 296 References 296 9 Living Cetaceans in an Evolutionary Context 302 9.1 A modern view of cetacean evolution 302 9.2 Cetacea—quo vadis? 304 References 304 Index 307

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Book SynopsisCovering the full spectrum of methodology, the timely and indispensible Research Methods for Environmental surveys the research and application methods for studying, changing, and improving human attitudes, behaviour and well-being in relation to the physical environment.Table of ContentsContributors vii 1 Introduction: Environmental Psychology and its Methods 1 Robert Gifford 2 Observational Methods: The First Step in Science 9 Reuven Sussman 3 Behavioral Mapping and Tracking 29 Cheuk Fan Ng 4 Research Designs for Environmental Issues 53 Wokje Abrahamse, P. Wesley Schultz, and Linda Steg 5 Agree to Disagree: A Practical Guide to Conducting Survey Research in Environmental Psychology 71 Donald W. Hine, Christine Kormos, and Anthony D. G. Marks 6 Who Cares? Measuring Environmental Attitudes 93 Amanda McIntyre and Taciano L. Milfont 7 Qualitative Approaches to Environment–Behavior Research: Understanding Environmental and Place Experiences, Meanings, and Actions 115 David Seamon and Harneet K. Gill 8 Revealing the Conceptual Systems of Places 137 David Canter 9 Behavioral Methods for Spatial Cognition Research 161 Daniel R. Montello 10 Microworlds: Using Computers to Understand Choices about the Use of Natural Resources 183 Angel Chen and Paul A. Bell 11 Simulating Designed Environments 197 Arthur E. Stamps III 12 Planning the Built Environment: Programming 221 Jay Farbstein, Richard E. Wener, and Lindsay J. McCunn 13 Did that Plan Work? Post‐occupancy Evaluation 249 Richard E. Wener, Lindsay J. McCunn, and Jennifer Senick 14 Action Research: Enhancing Application 271 Valeria Cortes and Robert Sommer 15 Research Designs for Measuring the Effectiveness of Interventions 291 Wokje Abrahamse 16 Applying Behavioral Science for Environmental Sustainability 307 E. Scott Geller, Wokje Abrahamse, Branda Guan, and Reuven Sussman 17 Improving Human Functioning: Ecotherapy and Environmental Health Approaches 323 Thomas Doherty and Angel Chen 18 Research and Design for Special Populations 345 John Zeisel, Robert Gifford, Mark Martin, and Lindsay J. McCunn 19 Advanced Statistics for Environment‐Behavior Research: Multi‐level Modeling and Structural Equation Modeling 369 Donald W. Hine, Victor Corral‐Verdugo, Navjot Bhullar, and Martha Frias‐Armenta 20 Meta‐analysis: An Analysis of Analyses 389 Christine Kormos Author Index 409 Subject Index 421

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Book SynopsisThis volume in the celebrated Critical Introductions to Geography series introduces readers to the vibrant discipline of economic geography. The authors provide an original definition of the discipline, and they make a strong case for its vital importance in understanding the dynamic interconnections, movements, and emerging trends shaping our globalized world. Economic Geography addresses the key theories and methods that form the basis of the discipline, and describes its communities of practice and relations to related fields including economics and sociology. Numerous illustrative examples explore how economic geographers examine the world and how and why the discipline takes the forms it does, demonstrating the critical value of economic geography to making sense of globalization, uneven development, money and finance, urbanization, environmental change, and industrial and technological transformation. Engaging and thought-provoking, Economic GeogTable of ContentsAcknowledgments vi List of Figures vii 1 Why Economic Geography Is Good For You 1 Part I Thinking Critically about Economic Geography 23 2 What Is Economic Geography? 25 3 Inventing Economic Geography: Histories of a Discipline 50 4 Economic Geography and its Border Country 76 5 Theory and Theories in Economic Geography 107 6 Method and Methodology in Economic Geography 132 7 Unboxing Economic Geography 156 Part II Doing Critical Economic Geography 185 8 Globalization and Uneven Development 187 9 Money and Finance 211 10 Cities and Urbanization 235 11 Nature and the Environment 261 12 Industrial and Technological Change 282 13 Conclusion 304 Index 314

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface to the First Edition xxiii Preface to the Third Edition xxv PART I | The Atmosphere and Its Constituents Chapter 1 | The Atmosphere 3 Chapter 2 | Atmospheric Trace Constituents 18 PART II | Atmospheric Chemistry Chapter 3 | Chemical Kinetics 69 Chapter 4 | Atmospheric Radiation and Photochemistry 88 Chapter 5 | Chemistry of the Stratosphere 119 Chapter 6 | Chemistry of the Troposphere 175 Chapter 7 | Chemistry of the Atmospheric Aqueous Phase 265 PART III | Aerosols Chapter 8 | Properties of the Atmospheric Aerosol 325 Chapter 9 | Dynamics of Single Aerosol Particles 362 Chapter 10 | Thermodynamics of Aerosols 396 Chapter 11 | Nucleation 448 Chapter 12 | Mass Transfer Aspects of Atmospheric Chemistry 493 Chapter 13 | Dynamics of Aerosol Populations 537 Chapter 14 | Atmospheric Organic Aerosols 573 PART IV | Physical and Dynamic Meteorology, Cloud Physics, and Atmospheric Diffusion Chapter 16 | Physical and Dynamic Meteorology 661 Chapter 17 | Cloud Physics 708 Chapter 18 | Atmospheric Diffusion 763 PART V | Dry and Wet Deposition Chapter 19 | Dry Deposition 829 PART VI | The Global Atmosphere, Biogeochemical Cycles, and Climate Chapter 21 | General Circulation of the Atmosphere 891 Chapter 22 | Global Cycles: Sulfur and Carbon 908 Chapter 23 | Global Climate 931 Chapter 24 | Aerosols and Climate 970 PART VII | Chemical Transport Models and Statistical Models Chapter 25 | Atmospheric Chemical Transport Models 1011 Chapter 26 | Statistical Models 1051

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Book SynopsisA truly interdisciplinary approach to this core subject within Forensic Science Combines essential theory with practical crime scene work Includes case studies Applicable to all time periods so has relevance for conventional archaeology, prehistory and anthropology Combines points of view from both established practitioners and young researchers to ensure relevance Table of ContentsList of Contributors xix Notes on Contributors xxvii Foreword xxix Acknowledgements xxxi Introduction 1Eline M.J. Schotsmans, Nicholas Márquez-Grant and Shari L. Forbes I.1 Efremov: from Taphonomy to Science Fiction 1 I.2 The Meaning of Taphonomy 2 I.3 The Rationale Behind this Volume 3 I.4 Challenges in Forensic Taphonomy 4 I.5 Organisation of the Volume 6 References 7 Part I General Post-Mortem Processes: Degradation of Soft Tissue, Bone and Associated Materials 9 1 Gross Post-Mortem Changes in the Human Body 11Stuart J. Hamilton and Michael A. Green 1.1 Introduction 11 1.2 The Immediate Post-Mortem Period 11 1.3 Subsequent Weeks 16 1.4 Other Post-Mortem Modifications 16 1.5 Skeletonisation 22 1.6 Conclusion and Future Research 22 References 23 Cited court cases 25 2 Microscopic Post-Mortem Changes: the Chemistry of Decomposition 26Shari L. Forbes, Katelynn A. Perrault and Jenna L. Comstock 2.1 Introduction 26 2.2 Autolysis 27 2.3 Putrefaction 27 2.4 Factors Affecting Autolysis and Putrefaction 31 2.5 Impact of the Decomposition Process on the Surrounding Environment 32 2.6 Conclusion 35 References 35 3 Profiling Volatile Organic Compounds of Decomposition 39Pierre-Hugues Stefanuto, Elien Rosier, Jan Tytgat, Jean-François Focant and Eva Cuypers 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Matrices and Sampling Methods 40 3.3 Results and Discussion 46 3.4 Conclusion and Future Research 49 References 50 4 Blood Degradation and Bloodstain Age Estimation 53Gerda J. Edelman and Maurice C.G. Aalders 4.1 Introduction: Forensic relevance of bloodstains 53 4.2 Blood Degradation 54 4.3 Mechanical and Morphological Changes 55 4.4 Optical Methods 55 4.5 Practical Implementation 59 4.6 Crime Scene Challenges of Bloodstain Age Estimation 60 4.7 Conclusion 62 References 62 5 DNA Degradation: Current Knowledge and Progress in DNA Analysis 65Claudio Ottoni, Bram Bekaert and Ronny Decorte 5.1 Introduction 65 5.2 Mechanisms of DNA Degradation 65 5.3 Preservation of DNA: Recommendations Concerning Sampling and Storage 68 5.4 Methodologies to Analyse Degraded DNA 70 5.5 Future Prospects 74 5.6 Conclusion 75 References 75 6 Taphonomic Alterations to Hair and Nail 81Andrew S. Wilson 6.1 Introduction 81 6.2 Structure of Hair and Nail 82 6.3 Changes to Hair and Nail 83 6.4 Processing and Storage of Hair 87 6.5 Conclusion 87 Acknowledgements 88 References 88 7 Taphonomy of Teeth 92Christopher W. Schmidt, Robin Quataert, Fatma Zalzala and Ruggero D’Anastasio 7.1 Introduction 92 7.2 Mechanical Damage: Forensic Case Study 93 7.3 Effects of Thermal Damage 94 7.4 Thermal Damage: Archaeological Case Study 95 7.5 Caveats 97 7.6 Conclusion 98 References 98 8 The Taphonomy of Natural Mummies 101Dario Piombino-Mascali, Heather Gill-Frerking and Ronald G. Beckett 8.1 Introduction 101 8.2 Post-Mortem Decay 102 8.3 Natural or Spontaneous Mummification 102 8.4 Soft Tissue Changes 103 8.5 Environment, Culture or Both? 104 8.6 Dry Environments 104 8.7 Bog Environments 109 8.8 Cold Environments 110 8.9 Anaerobic Environments 112 8.10 Differential Decomposition 113 8.11 Post-Depositional Factors and Taphonomic Impact 114 8.12 Conclusion 116 References 116 9 Degradation of Clothing in Depositional Environments 120Barbara H. Stuart and Maiken Ueland 9.1 Introduction 120 9.2 The Structures and Properties of Clothing Materials 120 9.3 Decomposition Mechanisms of Clothing Materials in Depositional Environments 124 9.4 The Influence of Clothing on the Decomposition Processes 127 9.5 Forensic and Archaeological Studies of Clothing Degradation 128 9.6 Protocols for Forensic and Archaeological Clothing Collection and Analysis 130 9.7 Conclusion and Future Research 131 References 131 10 Post-Mortem Interval Estimation: an Overview of Techniques 134Tal Simmons 10.1 Introduction 134 10.2 Why Estimating the PMI is Important 134 10.3 Scientific Method versus Anecdote in PMI Estimation 135 10.4 Methods for Estimating PMI 137 10.5 Case Example 139 10.6 Conclusion and Future Research 140 References 141 Part II The Depositional Environment 143 11 Relationships between Human Remains, Graves and the Depositional Environment 145Emily N. Junkins and David O. Carter 11.1 Introduction 145 11.2 The Taphonomy of Buried Human Remains 145 11.3 Factors that Influence Decomposition: Environmental and Intrinsic Variables 146 11.4 Decomposition Processes: Autolysis, Putrefaction and Decay 149 11.5 The Forensic Application of Taphonomy 150 11.6 Conclusion 151 References 152 12 Bacterial Symbionts and Taphonomic Agents of Humans 155Franklin E. Damann 12.1 Introduction 155 12.2 Bacterial Growth and Metabolism 156 12.3 Limiting Factors of Bacterial Growth and Function 156 12.4 Bacteria as Symbiotic Organisms 158 12.5 Bacteria as Taphonomic Agents 159 12.6 Putrefaction 159 12.7 Microbiology in Forensic Medicine 161 12.8 Conclusion 163 References 164 13 Forensic Entomology and Funerary Archaeoentomology 167Stefano Vanin and Jean-Bernard Huchet 13.1 Introduction 167 13.2 Insects: Useful Information for Forensic Scientists and Archaeologists 168 13.3 Forensic Entomology and the Application of Insect Knowledge in Forensic Contexts 175 13.4 Insects Recovered from Graves or Associated with Human Remains in Archaeological Contexts 176 13.5 Body Alteration at the Crime Scene as a Result of Insect Activity 179 13.6 Bone Modifications due to Insect Activity 181 13.7 Conclusion 181 Acknowledgements 182 References 182 14 Forensic Botany and Stomach Contents Analysis: Established Practice and Innovation 187Jennifer Miller 14.1 Introduction 187 14.2 Forensic Applications of Botany 187 14.3 Conclusion 197 References 198 15 The Effects of Weathering on Bone Preservation 201Soren Blau 15.1 Introduction 201 15.2 A Brief History of Weathering Studies 201 15.3 Variables that Influence Weathering 202 15.4 The Value of Bone Weathering Analyses in Forensic Investigations 204 15.5 Conclusion 208 Acknowledgements 208 References 208 16 The Effects of Terrestrial Mammalian Scavenging and Avian Scavenging on the Body 212Alexandria Young 16.1 Introduction 212 16.2 Terrestrial Mammalian Scavengers 213 16.3 Avian Scavengers 225 16.4 Applications to Crime Scene Investigation 226 16.5 Conclusion and Future Research 227 References 228 17 Decomposition in Aquatic Environments 235Barbara H. Stuart and Maiken Ueland 17.1 Introduction 235 17.2 Decomposition Processes in Aquatic Environments 236 17.3 Post-Mortem Submersion Interval 239 17.4 Factors Influencing Aquatic Decomposition Processes 240 17.5 Case Reports and Studies 244 17.6 Recovery Protocols 246 17.7 Conclusion and Future Research 247 References 247 18 Post-Mortem Differential Preservation and its Utility in Interpreting Forensic and Archaeological Mass Burials 251Caroline Barker, Esma Alicehajic and Javier Naranjo Santana 18.1 Introduction 251 18.2 Assessment of Taphonomic Change in Forensic and Archaeological Contexts 251 18.3 The Study of Taphonomy in Forensic and Archaeological Contexts 253 18.4 Taphonomic Assessment in Mass Burial Deposits 256 18.5 Taphonomic Processes and Differential Preservation in Mass Burials: Current Research and Application 258 18.6 Case Study 1: Differential Preservation of Human Remains and Artefacts in Archaeological Mass Graves of the Same PMI and its Utility to Establish Differences in Burial Environments over Time 262 18.7 Case Study 2: Differential Preservation of Human Remains in Forensic Mass Graves and its Use as an Evidentiary Tool 264 18.8 Conclusion and Future Research 266 Acknowledgements 267 References 267 19 Reconstructing the Original Arrangement, Organisation and Architecture of Burials in Archaeology 277Dominique Castex and Frédérique Blaizot 19.1 Introduction 277 19.2 The Reconstruction of Perishable Funerary Architecture and its Arrangement 278 19.3 Analysis of Several Individuals in the Same Pit 284 19.4 Conclusion 294 Acknowledgements 294 References 295 Part III Anti-, Peri- and Post-Mortem Modifications to the Body 297 20 Forensic Toxicology of Decomposed Human Remains 299Richard Lloyd and Julie Evans 20.1 Introduction 299 20.2 Toxicological Matrices 301 20.3 Case Study 307 20.4 Conclusion and Future Research 311 References 311 21 Thermal Alteration to the Body 318Tim J.U. Thompson, David Gonçalves, Kirsty Squires and Priscilla Ulguim 21.1 Introduction 318 21.2 Soft Tissue Changes 318 21.3 Hard Tissue Changes 319 21.4 Conclusion and Future Research 328 References 329 22 Concealing the Crime: the Effects of Chemicals on Human Tissues 335Eline M. J. Schotsmans and Wim Van de Voorde 22.1 Introduction 335 22.2 Corrosive Substances: Definitions and History 336 22.3 The Effect of Corrosive Substances on Human Tissues: Case Examples 337 22.4 Research on Corrosive Agents and Decomposition 341 22.5 Case Study: The Pandy Case 343 22.6 Conclusion 347 Acknowledgements 347 References 348 23 Distinguishing between Peri- and Post-Mortem Trauma on Bone 352Cristina Cattaneo and Annalisa Cappella 23.1 Introduction 352 23.2 Peri- and Post-Mortem Trauma 352 23.3 Alternative Solutions for Distinguishing Between Peri- and Post-Mortem Trauma on Bone 362 23.4 Conclusion 365 References 365 24 Collection Care and Management of Human Remains 369Rebecca C. Redfern and Jelena J. Bekvalac 24.1 Introduction 369 24.2 Collection Origin and Deposition 369 24.3 Collection Management 371 24.4 Conclusion 378 Acknowledgements 379 References 379 Part IV Case Studies 385 25 The Use of Volatile Fatty Acid Biomarkers to Estimate the Post-Mortem Interval 387Arpad A. Vass 25.1 Introduction 387 25.2 Methods and Collection 387 25.3 Conclusion 393 References 393 26 A Taphonomic Study Based on Observations of 196 Exhumations and 23 Clandestine Burials 394Roosje de Leeuwe and W.J. Mike Groen 26.1 Introduction 394 26.2 Background on the Exhumations Carried out by the NFI 394 26.3 Variables 395 26.4 Cemetery versus Clandestine Burials 400 26.5 Conclusion 401 References 401 27 Case Studies on Taphonomic Variation between Cemetery Burials 402Karl Harrison and Emily Cline 27.1 Introduction 402 27.2 Burial Taphonomy: Examples of Cemetery Burials 402 27.3 Conclusion 407 References 408 28 Forensic Entomology Case Studies from Mexico 410Leonardo R. Flores Pérez, Humberto Molina Chávez, Manuel Nava Hernández and Fray M. Pérez Villegas 28.1 Introduction 410 28.2 Case Study from Mexico City 410 28.3 Case Studies from Hidalgo State 414 28.4 Conclusion 417 References 417 29 Recovery of Skeletonised Human Remains and Textile Degradation: a Case Study 420Rob C. Janaway and Nicholas Márquez-Grant 29.1 Introduction 420 29.2 Outdoor Recovery of Skeletonised Human Remains 420 29.3 Case Study 422 29.4 Conclusion 426 Acknowledgements 428 References 428 30 Saponified Brains of the Spanish Civil War 429Fernando Serrulla, Francisco Etxeberría, Lourdes Herrasti, José Luis Cascallana and Julio Del Olmo 30.1 Introduction: the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) 429 30.2 Two Mass Graves 429 30.3 Methods and Materials 431 30.4 Results: Taphonomic Factors and Brain Analysis 431 30.5 Discussion and Conclusion 434 Acknowledgements 436 References 436 31 Analysis and Interpretation of Burned Human Remains from a Homicide 438Anne Coulombeix and Yves Schuliar 31.1 Introduction 438 31.2 Background to the Case 438 31.3 Physical Evidence Recovered at the Crime Scene 439 31.4 Additional Experiments 440 31.5 Discussion 442 31.6 Conclusion 443 Acknowledgements 443 References 443 32 A Soldier’s Story: Forensic Anthropology and Blast Injury 445Marie Christine Dussault, Martin Brown and Richard Osgood 32.1 Introduction 445 32.2 Background and Case History 445 32.3 Condition of the Remains and Inventory 446 32.4 Analysis Results 448 32.5 Discussion 449 32.6 Conclusion 451 References 451 33 Decomposition in an Unusual Environment: Body Sealed in Concrete 452Maria Cristina de Mendonça 33.1 Introduction 452 33.2 Case Report 452 33.3 Discussion and Conclusion 453 34 A Case Study from Los Angeles: Baby in Concrete 454Chelsea Parham and Elissa Fleak 34.1 Introduction 454 34.2 Background to the Case 454 34.3 External Examination 455 34.4 Internal Examination 457 34.5 Discussion 458 34.6 Conclusion 459 References 459 Part V Past, Present and Future Considerations 461 35 History and Development of the First Anthropology Research Facility, Knoxville, Tennessee 463Giovanna M. Vidoli, Dawnie W. Steadman, Joanne B. Devlin and Lee Meadows Jantz 35.1 Introduction 463 35.2 History of the ARF 463 35.3 Daily Operations of the FAC 465 35.4 Research at the ARF 468 35.5 Training Opportunities at the ARF 470 35.6 Conclusion 471 References 472 36 Crime Scene Investigation, Archaeology and Taphonomy: Reconstructing Activities at Crime Scenes 476W.J. Mike Groen and Charles E.H. Berger 36.1 Introduction 476 36.2 CSI Fundamentals 478 36.3 The Archaeological Paradigm 480 36.4 Assessing Archaeological Assemblages and Site Formation Processes 483 36.5 The CSI Practice, an Archaeological and Criminalistic Perspective 484 36.6 Conclusion 490 Acknowledgements 491 References 491 Index 495

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Book SynopsisNatural gas is the world's cleanest fossil fuel; it generates less air pollution and releases less CO2 per unit of useful energy than liquid fuels or coals. With its vast supplies of conventional resources and nonconventional stores, the extension of long-distance gas pipelines and the recent expansion of liquefied natural gas trade, a truly global market has been created for this clean fuel. Natural Gas: Fuel for the 21st Century discusses the place and prospects of natural gas in modern high-energy societies. Vaclav Smil presents a systematic survey of the qualities, origins, extraction, processing and transportation of natural gas, followed by a detailed appraisal of its many preferred, traditional and potential uses, and the recent emergence of the fuel as a globally traded commodity. The unfolding diversification of sources, particularly hydraulic fracturing, and the role of natural gas in national and global energy transitions are described. The book concludes wiTrade ReviewVaclav Smil receives 2015 OPEC Award for Research "In Natural Gas, Smil provides much valuable background on the relative amounts of carbon emissions produced by all of our major energy sources. He explains why natural gas is the best of the fossil fuels in terms of energy output relative to carbon emissions (while noting that leaks of natural gas – methane – could in fact outweigh the savings in carbon emissions)." (Resilience, April 2016)Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments xi 1 Valuable Resource with an Odd Name 1 1.1 Methane’s Advantages and Drawbacks 4 2 Origins and Distribution of Fossil Gases 13 2.1 Biogenic Hydrocarbons 14 2.2 Where to Find Natural Gas 19 2.3 Resources and the Progression of Reserves 27 3 Extraction, Processing, Transportation, and Sales 37 3.1 Exploration, Extraction, and Processing 40 3.1.1 Exploration and Drilling 41 3.1.2 Well Completion and Production 45 3.1.3 Natural Gas Processing 50 3.2 Pipelines and Storages 54 3.2.1 Modern Pipelines 56 3.2.2 Storing Natural Gas 62 3.3 Changing Production 65 4 Natural Gas as Fuel and Feedstock 71 4.1 Industrial Uses, Heating, Cooling, and Cooking 74 4.1.1 Industrial Uses of Natural Gas 75 4.1.2 Natural Gas for Space Heating and Cooling 77 4.1.3 Cooking with Natural Gas 79 4.1.4 Liquefied Petroleum Gas 80 4.2 Electricity Generation 81 4.2.1 Gas Turbines 82 4.2.2 CCGTs 85 4.3 Natural Gas as a Raw Material 88 4.3.1 Ammonia Synthesis 90 4.3.2 Plastics from Natural Gas 95 4.3.3 Gas‐to‐Liquid Conversions 98 5 Exports and Emergence of Global Trade 103 5.1 North American Natural Gas System 105 5.2 Eurasian Networks 109 5.3 Evolution of Lng Shipments 118 6 Diversification of Sources 129 6.1 Shale Gas 132 6.1.1 American Shale Gas Extraction 135 6.1.2 Shales outside the United States 140 6.2 CBM and Tight Gas 142 6.2.1 Tight Gas 144 6.3 Methane Hydrates 146 7 Natural Gas in Energy Transitions 151 7.1 Fuel Substitutions and Decarbonization of Energy Supply 155 7.2 Methane in Transportation 161 7.2.1 LNG 162 7.2.2 CNG 166 7.3 Natural Gas and the Environment 168 7.3.1 Methane Emissions from Gas Industry 169 7.3.2 Methane from Shale Gas 175 7.3.3 Water Use and Contamination 180 8 The Best Fuel for the Twenty‐First Century? 189 8.1 How Far Will Gas Go? 192 8.2 Shale Gas Prospects 199 8.3 Global LNG 208 8.4 Uncertain Futures 214 References 221 Index 245

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Book SynopsisGlobal Environmental Careers Global Environmental Careers The Worldwide Green Jobs Resource This book is the ideal guide to equipping you with the tools and know-how to develop an environmental career. It is filled with practical advice, case studies, personal profiles and top tips across the global environment sector. An essential resource for anyone, from school students to those who are already in work but dreaming of a more meaningful career. This new book comes at exactly the right moment. There has never been a more critical time for effective, international action on our common ecological crisis, and success in that work requires a new generation of 21st Century environmental professionals.'Kevin Doyle, Executive Director, Office of Career and Professional Development, Yale School of the Environment As an experienced green career coach, the top questions I hear from green job seekers are, What are the green jobs out there, which ones would be a good match, how do I get my foot in the door, and where do I find these jobs? Taberham's book answers all of these in a refreshingly approachable way.'Lisa Yee-Litzenberg, President, Green Career Advisor LLC One of the biggest challenges environmental career seekers face is understanding and muddling through the opportunities available to them based on their experience, education, and interest. Taberham's book is a great resource to help people navigate their options and grab some tips for the career journey.'Laura Thorne, The Environmental Career Coach A fantastic book for those who are interested in pursuing a role in sustainability. Jam-packed with helpful resources, career insights, and real-life case studies this is a go-to resource for professionals who are launching their careers.'Sharmila Singh, New Lens Consulting Justin Taberham provides an impressive global overview of a multifaceted, ever-changing sector that continues to evolve rapidly due to advances in technology and knowledge, changes in funding and incentives, and shifts in priorities and laws.'Carol L. McClelland, PhD, Author of Green Careers for DummiesTable of ContentsAcknowledgements ix 1 Introduction 1 2 Environmental Consultancy 51 3 Integrated Water Resources Management 80 4 Environmental Law 100 5 Environmental Policy, Legislation and Regulation 121 6 Conservation and Ecology 129 7 Greening Companies, Corporate Sustainability 154 8 Air Quality 176 9 Fisheries Management 189 10 Marine Science and Conservation 207 11 Protected Area Planning and Management 219 12 Waste and Resource Management and Contaminated Land 232 13 Renewables and Energy 246 14 Journalism and Writing/Blogging 264 15 Emerging and Other Sectors 276 16 Contributors 282 Index 000

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Book SynopsisBrings together leading thinking on issues of new professional practice and on the future of a sustainable built environment This book focuses on both construction and development issues, and examines how we can transition to a sustainable future by the year 2050bringing together leading research and practice at building, neighbourhood, and city levels. It deftly analyses how emerging socio-economic, technological, and environmental trends will influence the built environment of the future. The book covers a broad spectrum of interests across the scales of buildings, communities and cities, including how professional practice will need to adapt to these trends. The broader context is provided by an analysis of emergent business models and the changing requirements for expert advice from clients. Sustainable Futures in the Built Environment to 2050: A Foresight Approach to Construction and Development features chapters covering: data and trends, including Table of ContentsList of Contributors ix Notes on Contributors x Foreword xiv Preface xvii Acknowledgements xix Book Endorsements xx 1 Introduction: Foresight and Futures Studies in Construction and Development 1Tim Dixon, John Connaughton and Stuart Green Part 1 Sustainability and the Built Environment 25 2 Climate Change, Resilience and the Built Environment 27Janet F. Barlow, Li Shao and Stefan T. Smith 3 Sustainability in Real Estate Markets 50Jorn van de Wetering 4 From the ‘Sustainable Community’ to Prosperous People and Places: Inclusive Change in the Built Environment 72Saffron Woodcraft and Constance Smith 5 Smart and Sustainable?: The Future of ‘Future Cities’ 94Tim Dixon 6 Sustainable Infrastructure 117Martino Tran, Jim Hall, Robert Nicholls, Adrian J. Hickford, Modassar Chaudry and Geoff Watson 7 Sustainable Design of the Built Environment 137Lorraine Farrelly Part 2 Changing Professional Practice 155 8 Planning for Sustainability: Reflections on a Necessary Activity 157Joe Doak and Gavin Parker 9 Sustainable Construction: Contested Knowledge and the Decline of Professionalism 172Stuart Green 10 Sustainable Procurement 194John Connaughton and Will Hughes 11 Social Media in the Built Environment 223Bob Thompson Part 3 Provocations about the Future: Practitioners’ Viewpoints 249 12 Sustainability through Collaboration and Skills Development 251Andy Ford and Aaron Gillich 13 Built Environment Professionals as Sustainability Advocates 270Gerard Healey Part 4 Transformative Technologies and Innovation 285 14 Energy Interactions: The Growing Interplay between Buildings and Energy Networks 287Phil Coker and Jacopo Torriti 15 Sustained Innovation Uptake in Construction 310Graeme D. Larsen 16 Humanising the Digital: A Cautionary View of the Future 325Ian J. Ewart Part 5 Conclusions and Common Themes 337 17 Understanding and Shaping Sustainable Futures in the Built Environment to 2050 339Tim Dixon, John Connaughton and Stuart Green Index 339

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Book SynopsisThis student version of the popular bestseller, Life Cycle Assessment Handbook, is not a watered-down version of the original, but retains all of the important information and valuable lessons provided in the first book, along with helpful problems and solutions for the student learning about Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). As the last several decades have seen a dramatic rise in the application of LCA in decision making, the interest in the life cycle concept as an environmental management and sustainability tool continues to grow. The LCA Student Handbook offers a look at the role that life cycle information, in the hands of companies, governments and consumers, may have in improving the environmental performance of products and technologies. It concisely and clearly presents the various aspects of LCA in order to help the reader better understand the subject. The international success of the sustainability paradigm needs the participation of many stakeholders, including citizens,Table of ContentsPreface ix 1 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment 1 References from the LCA Handbook 1 Aims of the Chapter 2 1.1 Purpose of the Student Handbook 2 1.2 Why LCA? 2 1.3 Evolution of Environmental toward Life Cycle Thinking 2 1.4 Examples of Environmental Impact Trade-Offs 7 1.5 LCA Methodology 11 1.6 Maintaining Transparency (Openness) 15 1.7 Conclusions 16 References 16 Chapter 1 Exercises 18 2 Goal and Scope Definition in Life Cycle Assessment 19 References from the LCA Handbook 19 Aims of the Chapter 20 2.1 Introduction 20 2.2 Components of a Well-Defined Study 22 2.2.1 System Function 23 2.2.2 Functional Unit 23 2.2.3 Defining the System Boundaries (Scoping) 28 2.2.4 Co-Product Allocation 29 2.2.5 Impact Assessment 29 2.3 Consequential LCA 30 2.4 Carbon Footprint versus LCA 30 2.5 Creating a Goal Statement 31 2.6 Preparing a Goal and Scope Document 34 References 35 Appendix: Hypothetical Example of a Comparative, Attributional Life Cycle Assessment to Support Government Decision Making 36 Chapter 2 Exercises 56 3 Life Cycle Inventory 61 References from the LCA Handbook 61 Aims of the Chapter 62 3.1 Introduction 62 3.2 Modeling Inputs and Outputs 63 3.3 Methodology Issues 64 3.3.1 Cut-Off Rules 64 3.3.2 Co-Product Allocation 66 3.3.3 Postconsumer Recycling 68 3.3.4 Converting Scrap 71 3.3.5 Water Use 72 3.3.6 Carbon Tracking Considerations 73 3.4 Data Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis 74 3.5 Databases and Data Sources 75 3.5.1 Private Industrial Data 77 3.5.2 Public Industrial Data 79 3.5.3 Dedicated LCI databases 79 3.5.4 Non-LCI Data 80 3.6 Collecting LCI Data 86 3.7 Reporting Life Cycle Inventory 86 3.8 Life Cycle Inventory Data Quality 89 3.9 Economic Input/Output (EIO) Data 92 3.10 Consequential LCA 93 3.11 LCA Software 94 3.11.1 Characteristics of LCA Software Systems 95 3.11.2 Web Tools versus Desktop Tools 95 3.11.3 Commercial Tools versus Freeware 110 3.11.4 Open Source versus Closed Source 111 3.11.5 General LCA Tools versus Specialized Tools versus Add-Ons 112 3.11.6 Two Basic LCA Software User Types and Their Needs 113 3.11.7 The LCA Software Market 114 3.11.8 The Main LCA Software Systems 115 References 117 Chapter 3 Exercises 136 4 Life Cycle Impact Assessment 137 References from the LCA Handbook 137 Aims of the Chapter 138 4.1 Introduction 138 4.2 Choice of Impact Models and Categories 142 4.3 Current LCIA Approaches 143 4.3.1 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion 144 4.3.2 Global Warming Potential 145 4.3.3 Nonrenewable Resource Depletion Potential 147 4.3.4 Acidification Potential 149 4.3.5 Eutrophication Potential 150 4.3.6 Energy 151 4.4 The Agri-Food Sector 152 4.4.1 Land Use 152 4.4.2 Water Use 154 LCIA Models and Tools 158 References 159 Chapter 4 Exercises 205 5 Normalization, Grouping and Weighting in Life Cycle Assessment 207 References from the LCA Handbook 207 Aims of the chapter 208 5.1 Introduction 208 5.2 Current Practice of Normalization and Weighting in LCIA 210 5.3 Principles of External Normalization 211 5.4 Issues with External Normalization 212 5.5 Inherent Data Gaps 212 5.6 Masking Salient Aspects 212 5.7 Compensation 214 5.8 Spatial Boundaries and Time Frames 214 5.9 Divergence in Databases 214 5.10 Principles of Internal Normalization 215 5.11 Compensatory Methods 215 5.12 Partially Compensatory Methods 216 5.13 Weighting 217 5.14 Multi-Criteria Decision Making 219 References 220 Appendix: TRACI 2.1 Normalization Factors 222 6 Life Cycle Assessment: Interpretation and Reporting 225 References from the LCA Handbook 225 Aims of the Chapter 226 6.1 Introduction 226 6.2 LCA Interpretation according to ISO 228 6.3 Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis 230 6.3.1 Uncertainty Analysis 230 6.3.2 Uncertainty in Impact Models 230 6.3.3 Sensitivity Analysis 231 A SIMPLE BUT NON-LINEAR SYSTEM 232 6.3.4 Monte Carlo Simulation 233 6.4 Contribution Analysis 234 6.5 Presenting LCIA Results 236 6.6 Preparing the Final Report 236 6.7 The Review Process 241 6.7.1 ISO-Defined LCA Review 241 6.7.2 Conduct of an LCA Review 242 6.7.3 Review of Inventory Data 243 6.7.4 Timing the Review 243 6.8 Product Category Rules and Environmental Product Declarations 244 6.8.1 Type III Environmental Product Declarations 245 6.8.2 An EPD is a Document 245 6.8.3 An EPD is Primarily Based on LCA 246 6.8.4 An EPD is Developed by Following a “Product Category Rule” 246 6.8.5 An EPD can contain other Relevant Information beyond the LCA 246 6.8.6 Further Information on EPDs and PCRs 247 References 247 Chapter 6 Exercises 249 7 Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment 253 References from the LCA Handbook 253 Aims of the Chapter 253 7.1 Introduction 254 7.2 Life Cycle Assessment and Sustainability 255 7.3 A Framework for LCSA 258 7.3.1 Broadening of the Object of Analysis 260 7.3.2 Broadening of the Spectrum of Indicators 261 7.3.3 Deepening 264 7.4 Social Responsibility 266 7.4.1 The Social LCA Framework 267 7.4.2 Iterative process of Social Life Cycle Assessment 268 7.4.3 SLCA and other Key Social Responsibility References and Instruments 275 7.5 Research Needs for LCSA Methodology 279 References 281 Chapter 7 Exercises 286 8 Resources for Conducting Life Cycle Assessment 287 Books 287 Organizations 288 LCA Centers and Societies 292 Glossary 297

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Book SynopsisThe Periglacial Environment, Fourth Edition, is an authoritative overview of the world s cold, non-glacial environments. First published in 1976 and subsequently revised in 1996 and 2007, the text has been the international standard for nearly 40 years.Table of ContentsPreface to Fourth Edition xv Preface to Third Edition xvii Preface to Second Edition xix Preface to First Edition xxi Acknowledgments xxiii Part I The Periglacial Domain 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 The Periglacial Concept 3 1.2 Diagnostic Criteria 4 1.3 Periglacial Environments 5 1.4 The Periglacial Domain 6 1.5 The Periglacial Domain and the Cryosphere 9 1.6 Disciplinary Considerations 10 1.6.1 The Growth of Geocryology 10 1.6.2 The Challenge of Quaternary Science 11 1.6.3 Periglacial Geomorphology or Cold-Region Geomorphology? 12 1.7 Societal Considerations 12 1.8 The Growth of Periglacial Knowledge 13 2 Periglacial Climates 17 2.1 Boundary Conditions 17 2.2 Cold Deserts 17 2.3 Regional Climates 19 2.3.1 High Arctic Climates 22 2.3.2 Continental Climates 24 2.3.3 Alpine Climates 24 2.3.4 Montane Climates 25 2.3.5 Climates of Low Annual Temperature Range 25 2.3.6 Antarctica: A Special Case 26 2.4 Snow and Ice 26 2.5 Wind 28 2.6 Ground Climates 28 2.6.1 The ‘n’-Factor 28 2.6.2 TheThermal Offset 29 2.6.3 The Ground Temperature Regime 31 2.7 Periglacial Climates and Global Climate Change 35 2.7.1 Basic Facts 37 2.7.2 Why Climate–Cryosphere Interactions Accelerate ClimateWarming 38 3 Periglacial Ecosystems 41 3.1 General Statement 41 3.2 Biogeographic Zonation and Major Vegetation Types 41 3.3 Adaptations to Cold, Snow,Wind and Aridity 44 3.4 The Effect of Vegetation 44 3.5 The Polar Deserts 47 3.5.1 High Polar Deserts 47 3.5.2 The Polar Semi-Deserts 47 3.6 The Polar Desert–Tundra Transition 49 3.7 The Low-Arctic Tundra 49 3.8 The Forest–Tundra Bioclimatic Boundary (The Tree Line) 53 3.9 The Boreal Forest 56 3.10 The Alpine and Montane Ecosystems 58 3.11 Antarctica – A Special Case 60 3.12 Periglacial Ecosystems and Climate Change 61 Part II Frozen Ground and Permafrost 63 4 Ground Freezing, Permafrost and the Active Layer 65 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 Ground Freezing 65 4.2.1 Basic Concepts 65 4.2.2 Ice Segregation 67 4.2.3 ‘The Frozen Fringe’ 69 4.2.4 Frost Heave 69 4.3 Perennially-Frozen Ground (Permafrost) 70 4.4 Moisture and IceWithin Permafrost 72 4.5 Thermal and Physical Properties 73 4.5.1 The Geothermal Regime 73 4.5.2 The TTOP Model 76 4.5.3 Physical Properties 77 4.5.4 Thermal Properties 78 4.6 Permafrost Hydrology 78 4.6.1 Aquifers 79 4.6.2 Hydrochemistry 80 4.6.3 Groundwater Icings 81 4.7 The Active Layer 82 4.7.1 Terminology 82 4.7.2 The Active-LayerThermal Regime 83 4.7.3 The Transient Layer 83 4.7.4 The Stefan Equation 84 5 Permafrost Distribution and Stability 87 5.1 Introduction 87 5.2 Controls over Permafrost Distribution 87 5.2.1 Relief and Aspect 87 5.2.2 Rock Type 88 5.2.3 Vegetation 90 5.2.4 Snow Cover 90 5.2.5 Fire 92 5.2.6 Lakes and SurfaceWater Bodies 92 5.3 Spatial Extent of Permafrost and Frozen Ground 93 5.3.1 Latitudinal Permafrost 93 5.3.2 Alpine (Mountain) Permafrost 95 5.3.3 Montane Permafrost 98 5.3.4 Seasonally-Frozen Ground 100 5.4 Sub-Sea and Relict Permafrost 101 5.4.1 Sub-Sea Permafrost 101 5.4.2 Relict (Terrestrial) Permafrost 101 5.5 Permafrost and Ecosystems 102 5.6 Permafrost Monitoring and Mapping 104 5.6.1 CALM and GTN-P (TSP) 104 5.6.2 BTS and Mountain Permafrost Probability Mapping 106 5.7 ClimateWarming and Permafrost 106 5.7.1 Evidence forWarming Permafrost 107 5.7.2 Evidence for Thawing Permafrost 109 6 Ground Ice and Cryostratigraphy 111 6.1 Introduction 111 6.2 Quantitative Parameters 111 6.3 Epigenetic, Syngenetic and Polygenetic Permafrost 112 6.4 Classification 113 6.4.1 The Russian Approach 113 6.4.2 The North American Approach 114 6.5 Main Ground Ice Types 115 6.5.1 Pore Ice 115 6.5.2 Segregated Ice 116 6.5.3 Intrusive Ice 117 6.5.4 Vein Ice 118 6.5.5 Other Types of Ice 118 6.6 Ice Distribution 118 6.6.1 Amounts 118 6.6.2 Distribution with Depth 120 6.6.3 Ice in Bedrock 120 6.6.4 Ice in Poorly-Lithified Sediments 121 6.7 Cryostratigraphy and Cryolithology 124 6.7.1 Cryostructural Analysis 125 6.7.2 Cryostructures of Epigenetic and Syngenetic Permafrost 128 6.7.3 Thaw Unconformities 129 6.7.4 Aggradational Ice 131 6.7.5 Icy Bodies and Ice, Sand and Soil Pseudomorphs 131 6.8 Ice Crystallography 132 6.9 Ice Geochemistry 133 6.10 Massive Ice and Massive-Icy Bodies 133 6.10.1 Nature and Extent 134 6.10.2 Intra-Sedimental Ice 135 6.10.3 Buried Glacier Ice 136 6.11 Cryostratigraphy and Past Environments 136 7 Aggradational Permafrost Landforms 139 7.1 Introduction 139 7.2 How Does Permafrost Aggrade? 139 7.2.1 The Illisarvik Drained-Lake Experiment 139 7.3 Thermal-Contraction-Crack Polygons 141 7.3.1 Coefficients ofThermal Expansion and Contraction 141 7.3.2 Ice, Sand and Soil (‘Ground’)Wedges 144 7.3.3 Development of the Polygon Net 144 7.3.4 Polygon Morphology 145 7.3.5 Controls over Cracking 147 7.3.6 Climatic Significance 150 7.4 Ice and SandWedges 151 7.4.1 EpigeneticWedges 154 7.4.2 SyngeneticWedges 154 7.4.3 Anti-SyngeneticWedges 156 7.4.4 Growth and Deformation ofWedges 156 7.5 Organic Terrain 156 7.5.1 Palsas 157 7.5.2 Peat Plateaus 158 7.6 Frost Mounds 158 7.6.1 Perennial-FrostMounds 158 7.6.2 Hydraulic (Open) System Pingos 159 7.6.3 Hydrostatic (Closed) System Pingos 161 7.6.4 Other Perennial-FrostMounds 165 7.6.5 Seasonal-Frost Mounds 165 7.6.6 Hydrolaccoliths and Other Frost-Induced Mounds 165 8 Thermokarst Processes and Landforms 169 8.1 Introduction 169 8.2 Thawing Ground 169 8.2.1 Thaw Strain andThaw Settlement 169 8.2.2 Potential Depths of Soil Freezing andThawing 170 8.2.3 The Development of Thermokarst 170 8.3 Causes ofThermokarst 171 8.3.1 General Comments 172 8.3.2 Specific Causes 174 8.4 Thaw-Related Processes 176 8.4.1 Thermokarst Subsidence (Thaw Settlement) 176 8.4.2 Thermal Erosion 176 8.4.3 Other Processes 176 8.5 Thermokarst Sediments and Structures 177 8.5.1 Involuted Sediments 177 8.5.2 Retrogressive-Thaw-Slumps and Debris-Flow Deposits 178 8.5.3 Ice-Wedge Pseudomorphs and Composite-Wedge Casts 179 8.5.4 Ice, Silt, Sand and Gravel Pseudomorphs 180 8.6 Thermokarst Landscapes 181 8.6.1 The Alas-Thermokarst Relief of Central Yakutia 182 8.6.2 TheWestern North American Arctic 185 8.6.3 The Ice-Fee Areas of Continental Antarctica 185 8.7 Ice-Wedge Thermokarst Relief 186 8.7.1 Low-Centred Polygons 186 8.7.2 High-Centred Polygons 186 8.7.3 BadlandThermokarst Relief 186 8.8 Thaw Lakes and Depressions 187 8.8.1 Lakes and Táliks 189 8.8.2 Morphology 189 8.8.3 Growth and Drainage 189 8.8.4 OrientedThaw Lakes 191 Part III Periglacial Geomorphology 193 9 Cold-ClimateWeathering 195 9.1 Introduction 195 9.2 GeneralWeathering Facts 195 9.3 Freezing and Thawing Indices 196 9.4 Rock (Frost?) Shattering 197 9.4.1 Frost Action and Ice Segregation 197 9.4.2 Insolation and Thermal Shock 200 9.4.3 Perspective 202 9.5 ChemicalWeathering 204 9.5.1 Karkevagge 204 9.5.2 Solution and Karstification 205 9.5.3 SaltWeathering 208 9.6 CryogenicWeathering 208 9.6.1 Cryogenic Disintegration 210 9.6.2 The Coefficient of Cryogenic Contrast 210 9.6.3 Physico-Chemical Changes 212 9.6.4 Problematic Phenomena 212 9.7 CryobiologicalWeathering 213 9.8 Rates of Cold-Climate BedrockWeathering 214 9.9 Cryosols and Cryopedology 215 9.9.1 Cryosols 215 9.9.2 Classification 216 9.9.3 Cryosolic Micromorphology 216 10 Mass-Wasting Processes and Active-Layer Phenomena 219 10.1 Introduction 219 10.2 Slow Mass-Wasting Processes 219 10.2.1 Solifluction 219 10.2.2 Frost Creep 221 10.2.3 Gelifluction 223 10.2.4 Solifluction Deposits and Phenomena 223 10.3 Rapid Mass-Wasting Processes 226 10.3.1 Active-Layer-Detachment Slides 226 10.3.2 Debris Flows, Slush Flows and Avalanches 226 10.3.3 Rockfall 230 10.4 Snow Hydrology and Slopewash Processes 232 10.4.1 Snow Hydrology and Snowbanks 233 10.4.2 Surface and SubsurfaceWash 233 10.5 Active-Layer Phenomena 235 10.5.1 Frost Heaving 235 10.5.2 Bedrock Heave 235 10.5.3 Upward Heaving of Stones and Objects 235 10.5.4 Stone Tilting 237 10.5.5 Needle Ice 239 10.5.6 Frost Sorting 239 10.5.7 Cryoturbation 240 10.6 Patterned Ground 240 10.6.1 Sorted and Non-Sorted Circles 240 10.6.2 Mud Boils 243 10.6.3 Nets and Stripes 246 11 Azonal Processes and Landforms 247 11.1 Introduction 247 11.2 Fluvial Processes and Landforms 247 11.2.1 Major Rivers 248 11.2.2 Freeze-Up and Break-Up 251 11.2.3 Basin Hydrology 252 11.2.4 Sediment Flow, Surface Transport and Denudation 255 11.2.5 Channel Morphology 256 11.3 Lakes and Lake Ice 259 11.3.1 Lake Ice and Climate Change 259 11.3.2 Perennially-Frozen Lakes 260 11.4 Coastal Processes and Landforms 260 11.4.1 Sea Ice 260 11.4.2 Sea Ice,Wave Generation and Sediment Transport 261 11.4.3 Ice on the Beach and the Near-Shore 262 11.4.4 The Influence of Permafrost 264 11.4.5 Cold-Climate Deltas 266 11.5 Aeolian Processes, Sediments and Landforms 267 11.5.1 Wind Abrasion 268 11.5.2 Wind Deflation 271 11.5.3 Sand Dunes and Sand Sheets 271 11.5.4 Niveo-Aeolian Sediments 273 11.5.5 Loess-Like Silt 274 12 Slope Development and Landscape Evolution 275 12.1 Introduction 275 12.2 Slope Morphology 275 12.2.1 The Free-Face Slope 275 12.2.2 Rectilinear Debris-Mantled Slopes 278 12.2.3 Convexo-Concavo Debris-Mantled Slopes 278 12.2.4 Pediment-Like Slopes and Inselberg-Like Hills 280 12.2.5 Stepped Profiles 281 12.3 Slope and Valley Development 284 12.3.1 Slope Asymmetry 284 12.4 Frozen and Thawing Slopes 287 12.4.1 Frozen Ground (Permafrost) Creep 287 12.4.2 Rock Glaciers 288 12.4.3 Thaw Consolidation and the Stability of Thawing Slopes 290 12.5 Periglacial Slope Evolution 293 12.5.1 The Davisian (Peltier)Model 293 12.5.2 Cryoplanation 295 12.5.3 Richter Denudation Slopes 295 12.6 Landscape Inheritance 296 12.6.1 The Uplands of Northern Interior Yukon 296 12.6.2 A Perspective 298 Part IV Pleistocene Periglacial Environments 299 13 The Pleistocene Periglacial Domain 301 13.1 Introduction 301 13.2 The Time Scale and Climatic Fluctuations 301 13.3 Global (Eustatic) Considerations 304 13.3.1 Sea-Level Changes 304 13.3.2 Uplift of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau 304 13.4 Past Glaciations, Permafrost and Frozen Ground 305 13.4.1 Extent of Past Glaciations 305 13.4.2 Relict Permafrost 306 13.5 Pleistocene Periglacial Environments 307 13.5.1 General Considerations 307 13.5.2 Problems of Palaeo-Environmental Reconstruction 308 13.5.3 Ice Age Mammals and Ecosystems 309 13.6 The Pleistocene Periglacial Domain in the Northern Hemisphere 312 13.6.1 Extent of LPM Permafrost 313 13.6.2 Western, Central and Southern Europe 313 13.6.3 Eastern Europe and Kazakhstan 315 13.6.4 Southern, Central and Northern Siberia 317 13.6.5 Western and North-Eastern China 317 13.6.6 North America 319 13.7 The Pleistocene Periglacial Domain in the Southern Circumpolar Region 321 14 Previously-Frozen Ground 323 14.1 Introduction 323 14.2 Past Permafrost Aggradation 323 14.2.1 The Palaeo-Active Layer and AssociatedWeathering Characteristics 323 14.2.2 Fragipans and the Palaeo-Permafrost Table 326 14.2.3 Secondary Precipitates and Clay Minerals 326 14.3 Frost-Fissure Pseudomorphs and Casts 327 14.3.1 Terminology Relevant to Pleistocene-Age Structures in Unfrozen Sediments 327 14.3.2 Ice-Wedge Pseudomorphs 329 14.3.3 Sand Veins, Sand-Wedge Casts and Composite-Wedge Casts 331 14.3.4 Frost Cracking: Seasonal or Perennial? 332 14.4 Frost-Mound Remnants 333 14.5 Past Permafrost Degradation 335 14.5.1 Thermokarst Depressions 335 14.5.2 Thermokarst Involutions and ‘Sediment-Filled Pots’ 336 14.5.3 Large-Scale Soft-Sediment Deformations 338 14.5.4 Non-Diastrophic Structures in Bedrock 339 14.6 Summary 341 15 Pleistocene Periglaciation 343 15.1 Introduction 343 15.2 Intense Frost Action 343 15.2.1 Frost-Disturbed Bedrock 343 15.2.2 Mountain-Top Detritus (‘Blockfields’) 344 15.2.3 Tors 347 15.2.4 Stratified Slope Deposits 347 15.2.5 Frost-Disturbed Soils, Periglacial Involutions and Patterned Ground 347 15.3 MassWasting and Aeolian-Linked Sediment Deposition 351 15.3.1 Geological ‘Time Travellers’ 351 15.3.2 Head or Solifluction Deposits 353 15.3.3 ‘Yedoma’ and ‘Muck’ deposits 353 15.3.4 Loess and Aeolian Silt 355 15.4 Wind Abrasion and Aeolian Sediment Transport 358 15.4.1 Wind-Abraded Rocks 359 15.4.2 Aeolian Sand Deposition 360 15.5 DrainageModification 360 15.5.1 Ice-Marginal Drainage 361 15.5.2 River and Valley Incision in Ice-Free Areas 362 15.5.3 Enlargement of the Drainage Network 364 15.5.4 Asymmetrical Valley Development 364 15.6 Planation and Cryopedimentation 366 15.7 A Perspective on Periglaciation 366 15.7.1 The Example of Central and Southern England 367 15.7.2 General Conclusions 369 Part V Human Occupance and The Periglacial Environment 371 16 Urban and Social Infrastructure 373 16.1 Introduction 373 16.2 Human Occupance 373 16.3 Human-Induced Thermokarst 375 16.3.1 Early Siberian and North American Experience 375 16.3.2 The Rapidity of Change 376 16.4 Cold-Regions Engineering 378 16.4.1 General Principles 378 16.4.2 General Solutions 379 16.5 Provision of Municipal Infrastructure in Northern Canada 384 16.5.1 Inuvik, NWT 384 16.5.2 Dawson City, Yukon Territory 384 16.5.3 Yellowknife, NWT 387 16.5.4 Thompson, Northern Manitoba 390 16.6 The Alaskan Experience: The Example of Fairbanks 390 16.7 Water-Supply Problems 392 16.8 Urban Infrastructure and Climate Change 392 16.8.1 The Russian North 392 16.8.2 Other Areas 394 16.8.3 Related Socio-Economic Changes 396 17 Transportation and Resource Development 399 17.1 Introduction 399 17.2 Rivers as Highways 399 17.3 Roads and Highways 401 17.3.1 Winter Roads 401 17.3.2 All-Season Roads 401 17.4 Railways 405 17.4.1 The Hudson Bay Railway, Canada 405 17.4.2 The Qinghai-Tibet Railway (QTR), China 406 17.5 Bridge Construction 406 17.6 Runways and Airstrips 410 17.7 Oil and Gas Development 411 17.7.1 Exploration Problems 411 17.7.2 Exploratory Drilling andWaste-Drilling-Fluid Disposal Problems 414 17.7.3 Pipelines and Permafrost 415 17.8 Mining Activities 419 17.8.1 Placer Gold Mining Operations 419 17.8.2 Opencast Mining 420 17.8.3 Containment andWaste Disposal 420 References 423 Index 503

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Book SynopsisFLUID FLOW IN FRACTURED ROCKS The definitive treatise on the subject for many years to comeProf. Ruben Juanes, MIT Authoritative textbook that provides a comprehensive and up-to-date introduction to fluid flow in fractured rocks Fluid Flow in Fractured Rocks provides an authoritative introduction to the topic of fluid flow through single rock fractures and fractured rock masses. This book is intended for readers with interests in hydrogeology, hydrology, water resources, structural geology, reservoir engineering, underground waste disposal, or other fields that involve the flow of fluids through fractured rock masses. Classical and established models and data are presented and carefully explained, and recent computational methodologies and results are also covered. Each chapter includes numerous graphs, schematic diagrams and field photographs, an extensive reference list, and a set of problems, thus providing a comprehensive learning experience that is both mathematically rigorousTrade Review"Fractures are ubiquitous in geologic formations, and they are often the key determinants of fluid flow and transport in the subsurface, controlling processes that are critical in environmental flows and in the energy transition, such as geothermal energy extraction, in situ mining of metals and minerals, and migration of radionuclides from geological nuclear waste disposal facilities. Despite their fundamental role in subsurface technologies, modeling fluid flow in fractured rocks is notoriously challenging because of their multiscale (fractal) nature, and the complex behavior that emerges from their interconnected network structure. In this book, world-leading experts Zimmerman and Paluszny present a didactive and insightful synthesis of the physics, mathematics, and computational modeling of fluid flow in fractured rock, that is destined to become the definitive treatise on the subject for many years to come." (Ruben Juanes, Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, USA)Table of ContentsPreface ix Author Biographies xi About the Companion Website xiii 1 Genesis and Morphology of Fractures in Rock 1 1.1 What Are Fractures, and Why Are They Important? 1 1.2 Formation of Fractures in Rock 2 1.3 Morphology of Single Fractures 5 1.4 Morphology of Fracture Networks 14 2 Fluid Flow in a Single Fracture 27 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 The Navier–Stokes Equations and the Cubic Law 28 2.3 The Stokes Equations 32 2.4 The Reynolds Lubrication Equation 36 2.5 Effect of Contact Area 41 2.6 Accuracy of the Lubrication Model 43 2.7 Fracture in a Permeable Matrix 46 2.8 Fracture Filled with Porous or Granular Material 49 3 Effect of Stress on Fracture Transmissivity 57 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 The Effect of Normal Stress on Fracture Deformation 58 3.3 Models for the Normal Stiffness of Rock Fractures 60 3.4 "Row of Elliptical Voids" Model for Fracture Transmissivity 63 3.5 Relation Between Transmissivity and Mean Aperture During Normal Compression 68 3.6 Effect of Shear Deformation on Fracture Transmissivity 70 4 Fluid Flow Through Fractures at Moderate to High Reynolds Numbers 75 4.1 Introduction 75 4.2 Approximate Analytical Solution for a Sinusoidal Fracture Aperture 76 4.3 Weak Inertia Regime and Forchheimer Regime 77 4.4 Verification of theWeak Inertia and Forchheimer Regimes 80 4.5 Experimental Data on Fluid Flow at Moderate to High Reynolds Numbers 84 4.6 Flow of Compressible Gases Through Fractures 85 5 Thermo-Hydro-Chemical-Mechanical Effects on Fracture Transmissivity 91 5.1 Introduction 91 5.2 Fracture Contact 92 5.3 Pressure Dissolution 94 5.4 Diffusion Rates 97 5.5 Solute Precipitation 98 5.6 Aperture Changes 99 5.7 Relationship Between Aperture, Contact Fraction, and Transmissivity 101 5.8 Numerical Simulations of Pressure Solution 103 5.9 Lehner–Leroy Model for Pressure Dissolution 104 5.10 Bernabé–Evans Model for Pressure Dissolution 106 5.11 Dissolution and Precipitation in Open and Closed Systems 109 6 Solute Transport in a Single Fracture 113 6.1 Introduction 113 6.2 Advection–Diffusion Equation 114 6.3 Taylor–Aris Problem in a Uniform Channel 118 6.4 Influence of Fracture Morphology on Solute Transport 121 6.5 Non-Fickian Transport in Rock Fractures 123 6.6 Influence of Adsorption, Matrix Diffusion, and Radioactive Decay 126 7 Analytical Models for the Permeability of a Fractured Rock Mass 133 7.1 Introduction 133 7.2 Snow's Model of Planar Fractures of Infinite Extent in an Impermeable Matrix 134 7.3 Upper and Lower Bounds on the Effective Permeability 136 7.4 Spheroidal Inclusion Model of a Fractured Rock Mass 137 7.5 Effective Permeability in the Regime (α/κ much less than) 140 7.6 Effective Permeability in the Regime (α/κ much greater than) 142 7.7 Semi-empirical Model of Mourzenko et al. 144 8 Fluid Flow in Geologically Realistic Fracture Networks 149 8.1 Introduction 149 8.2 Stochastically Generated Fracture Networks 150 8.3 Geomechanically Generated Fracture Networks 152 8.4 Intersections and Connectivity in Fracture Networks 155 8.5 Fracture Apertures in Discrete Fracture Networks 156 8.6 Numerical Computation of Fractured Rock Mass Permeability 159 8.7 Effect of Fracture Density on Equivalent Permeability 163 8.8 Effect of In Situ Stresses on Equivalent Permeability 166 8.9 Channels and Preferential Flow Pathways 170 9 Dual-Porosity Models for Fractured-Porous Rocks 177 9.1 Introduction 177 9.2 Pressure Diffusion Equation for the Fractured Continuum 178 9.3 Fracture/Matrix Fluid Interaction Term 180 9.4 Equation for the Evolution of the Mean Pressure in the Matrix Blocks 182 9.5 Warren–Root Solution for Flow to aWell in a Dual-Porosity Medium 184 9.6 Fully Transient model for Matrix-to-Fracture Flow 188 9.7 Nonlinear Matrix-Fracture Transfer Model 190 9.8 Multi-Phase Flow, Gravity Effects, and Other Extensions 193 10 Matrix Block Shape Factors 199 10.1 Introduction 199 10.2 Approaches to Choosing the Shape Factor 200 10.3 Some Specific Results and General Theorems 202 10.4 Upper and Lower Bounds on the Shape Factor 203 10.5 Methodology for Numerical Calculation of the Shape Factor 204 10.6 Scaling Laws for Irregularly Shaped Matrix Blocks 207 10.7 Shape Factor Under Constant-Flux Boundary Conditions 209 10.8 Constant-Flux Shape Factor for a Brick-like Matrix Block 213 11 Solute Transport in Fractured Rock Masses 219 11.1 Introduction 219 11.2 Advection–Dispersion and Solute Transport Equations 220 11.3 Numerical Solution of the Advection–Dispersion and Solute Transport Equations 222 11.4 Non-Fickian Transport 226 11.5 Channel Models 227 11.6 Particle Tracking Methods 230 11.7 Continuous Time RandomWalk Approach 232 11.8 Effects of Matrix Permeability 234 11.9 Effects of In Situ Stresses 235 12 Two-Phase Flow in Fractured Rocks 241 12.1 Introduction 241 12.2 Basic Concepts of Two-Phase Flow 242 12.3 Pruess–Tsang Model of Two-Phase Flow in a Single Fracture 246 12.4 Other Models and Observations of Two-Phase Flow in a Single Fracture 248 12.5 Dual-Porosity and Dual-Permeability Models for Two-Phase Flow 251 12.6 Discrete-Fracture Network Models for Two-Phase Flow in Fractured Rock Masses 254 Problems 256 References 256 List of Symbols 259 Index 265

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Book SynopsisThis volume presents more than 30 newly commissioned essays by leading scholars that provide a summary of the state of the art in environmental geography and look ahead to future research developments in the field.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements viii List of Contributors ix 1 Introduction: Making Sense of Environmental Geography 1Noel Castree, David Demeritt and Diana Liverman Part I Concepts 17 2 Nature 19Bruce Braun 3 Sustainability 37Becky Mansfield 4 Biodiversity 50Karl S. Zimmerer 5 Complexity, Chaos and Emergence 66Steven M. Manson 6 Uncertainty and Risk 81James D. Brown and Sarah L. Damery 7 Scale 95Nathan F. Sayre 8 Vulnerability and Resilience to Environmental Change: Ecological and Social Perspectives 109W. Neil Adger and Katrina Brown 9 Commodification 123Scott Prudham Part II Approaches 143 10 Earth-System Science 145John Wainwright 11 Land Change (Systems) Science 168B. L. Turner II 12 Ecology: Natural and Political 181Matthew D. Turner 13 Quaternary Geography and the Human Past 198Jamie Woodward 14 Environmental History 223Georgina H. Endfield 15 Landscape, Culture and Regional Studies: Connecting the Dots 238Kenneth R. Olwig 16 Ecological Modernisation and Industrial Transformation 253Arthur P. J. Mol and Gert Spaargaren 17 Marxist Political Economy and the Environment 266George Henderson 18 After Nature: Entangled Worlds 294Owain Jones Part III Practices 313 19 Remote Sensing and Earth Observation 315Heiko Balzter 20 Modelling and Simulation 336George L. W. Perry 21 Integrated Assessment 357James Tansey 22 Ethnography 370Kevin St. Martin and Marianna Pavlovskaya 23 Analysing Environmental Discourses and Representations 385Tom Mels 24 Deliberative and Participatory Approaches in Environmental Geography 400Jason Chilvers Part IV Topics 419 25 Ecosystem Prediction and Management 421Robert A. Francis 26 Environment and Development 442Tom Perreault 27 Natural Hazards 461Daanish Mustafa 28 Environmental Governance 475Gavin Bridge and Tom Perreault 29 Commons 498James McCarthy 30 Water 515Karen Bakker 31 Energy Transformations and Geographic Research 533Scott Jiusto 32 Food and Agriculture in a Globalising World 552Richard Le Heron 33 Environment and Health 567Hilda E. Kurtz and Karen E. Smoyer-Tomic Index 580

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Book SynopsisTrade Review“This will be an exciting new edition and conceptually right up to date. It will weave together new thinking with essential knowledge of the field in a highly successful way. Students will find the structuring of the chapters around major topics attractive. Economic geography has been undergoing an intellectual transformation as it moves to incorporate new approaches and what is proposed here is very much in line with that. It will be highly suitable as a required text.” Nancy Ettlinger, Ohio State University “I like the changes proposed for the latest edition. This text blends together a culturally aware analysis of economic geography with a clear sense of what the discipline is about and the international range of case studies is impressive. I have no doubts about the quality of this author team. Individually they are scholars and writers of distinction. Collectively they complement each other and work together extremely well.” Adam Tickell, University of SussexTable of ContentsList of Figures xi List of Tables xv List of Boxes xvii Preface to the Third Edition xix Acknowledgements xxvi Part I Conceptual Foundations 1 1 Geography: How do we think spatially? 3 1.1 Introduction: Message in a Bottle 3 1.2 Bottled Water: A Contentious Commodity 7 1.3 Location and Patterns in Space 11 1.4 The Uniqueness of Place 15 1.5 Connecting Across Space Through Networks 20 1.6 Defining and Controlling Space Through Territory 26 1.7 Summary 30 2 The Economy: What does it mean? 36 2.1 Introduction 36 2.2 What ‘Counts’ as the Economy? 38 2.3 A Brief History of ‘the Economy’ 44 2.4 Basic Economic Processes 50 2.5 From Economics to Economic Geography 55 2.6 Summary 65 3 Dynamics of Capitalism: Why is economic growth so uneven? 69 3.1 Introduction 69 3.2 Uneven Development – Naturally! 73 3.3 Fundamentals of the Capitalist System 74 3.4 The Spaces and Scales of Uneven Geographical Development 82 3.5 Can Places and Regions Chart Their Own Futures? 93 3.6 Summary 98 4 Networks: How is the world economy interconnected? 102 4.1 Introduction 102 4.2 The Missing Relations Between Producers and Consumers? 105 4.3 Production Networks: Connecting Distant Places and Economies 108 4.4 Bringing Commodities Together: The Logistics Revolution 123 4.5 Where Does a Production Network End? From Waste to Commodities Again 127 4.6 Summary 129 Part II Key Economic Actors 135 5 Transnational Corporations: How do they keep it all together? 137 5.1 Introduction 137 5.2 The Myth of Being Everywhere, Effortlessly 139 5.3 The Changing Organization of TNCs 142 5.4 Organizing Transnational Economic Activities 1 – Intra‐firm Relationships 146 5.5 Organizing Transnational Economic Activities 2 – Inter‐firm Relationships 155 5.6 The Risks of Global Presence 164 5.7 Summary 167 6 Labour: Are migrant workers the new normal? 171 6.1 Introduction 171 6.2 Are Migrants the Problem? 174 6.3 Territorial Power and Migrant Types 178 6.4 Migrant Labour and Places of Settlement 183 6.5 Migrant Labour and Places of Origin 189 6.6 Organizing Migrant Labour 192 6.7 The Migration Industry 197 6.8 Summary 200 7 Consumers: Who decides what we buy? 206 7.1 Introduction 206 7.2 Towards Viewing Consumption as a Sociocultural Process 209 7.3 The Shifting Spatial Patterns of Retailing 213 7.4 Uneven Geographies of Consumption 232 7.5 Consuming Places: Travel and Tourism 238 7.6 Summary 243 8 Finance: How has capital become so powerful? 247 8.1 Introduction 247 8.2 How is the Real Economy Financed? 251 8.3 Deregulation and the Rise of Global Finance 253 8.4 Putting Global Finance in Its Place 257 8.5 Financialization: Circulating Global Capital 263 8.6 A Different Kind of Finance? 273 8.7 Summary 276 Part III Governing the Economy 281 9 States: Who runs the economy? 283 9.1 Introduction 283 9.2 Neo‐liberal Globalization and the End of the State? 286 9.3 The State as the Architect of the National Economy 289 9.4 Varieties of Capitalisms and States 301 9.5 Graduated Sovereignty and the State 309 9.6 Summary 309 10 International Institutions: How do they govern and foster global development? 314 10.1 Introduction 314 10.2 A Market Mechanism for the ‘Global South’? 317 10.3 Governing the Global Economy 319 10.4 Fostering Development in the Global South 331 10.5 Bottom‐Up? The Rise of Community‐Based Development 339 10.6 Summary 340 11 Environment: Does global climate change change everything? 345 11.1 Introduction 345 11.2 Climate Complacency 348 11.3 Causes and Sources of Climate Change 351 11.4 The Impacts and Costs of Climate Change 356 11.5 Regulating Emissions 360 11.6 Geographies of the Green Economy 368 11.7 Should this Change Everything? 373 11.8 Summary 375 Part IV Social and Cultural Dimensions 381 12 Clusters: Why does proximity matter? 383 12.1 Introduction 383 12.2 Industrial Location Theory 387 12.3 Towards a Typology of Clusters? 390 12.4 Binding Clusters Together: Agglomeration Economies 398 12.5 Untraded Interdependencies and Regional Cultures of Production 402 12.6 A Dynamic Approach to Clusters 409 12.7 Can Clusters Be Temporary? 412 12.8 Summary 415 13 Identities: Are economies gendered and racialized? 420 13.1 Introduction 420 13.2 Seeing Gender and Race in the Economy 422 13.3 Uneven Geographies of Gender and Work 425 13.4 Gender, Race, and the Labour Market 432 13.5 Identity and the Workplace 433 13.6 Ethnic Clusters and Networks 437 13.7 Intersecting Identities 446 13.8 Summary 448 14 Alternatives: Can we create diverse economies? 453 14.1 Introduction 453 14.2 Beyond a ‘Capitalocentric’ View of the Economy 456 14.3 Alternative Markets 461 14.4 Alternative Enterprises 465 14.5 Alternative Working 473 14.6 Alternative Property 477 14.7 The Limits to Diverse Economies? 481 14.8 Summary 485 Part V Conclusion 489 15 Economic Geography: Intellectual journeys and future horizons 491 15.1 Introduction 491 15.2 A Changing Field 493 15.3 A Changing World 505 15.4 Summary 510 Index 515

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Book SynopsisA brand new edition of the definitive textbook on humankind's impact on the Earth's environmentnow in full color This classic text explores the multitude of impacts that humans have had over time upon vegetation, animals, soils, water, landforms, and the atmosphere. It considers the ways in which climate changes and modifications in land cover may change the environment in coming decades. Thoroughly revised to cover the remarkable transformation in interest that humans are having in the environment, this book examines previously uncovered topics, such as rewilding, ecosystem services, techniques for study, novel and no analogue ecosystems, and more. It also presents the latest views on big themes such as human origins, the anthropocene, domestication, extinctions, and ecological invasions. Extensively re-written, Human Impact on the Natural Environment, Eighth Edition contains many new and updated statistical tables, figures, and references. It offers enlTable of ContentsPreface to the Eighth Edition xi About the Companion Website xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Development of Ideas 1 1.2 The Anthropocene 5 1.3 The Development of Human Population and Stages of Cultural Development 6 1.4 Hunting and Gathering 10 1.5 Humans as Cultivators and Keepers 12 1.6 Mining and Metals 18 1.7 Modern Industrial and Urban Civilizations 19 1.8 The Great Acceleration 21 1.9 Methods of Study 24 Guide to Reading 25 2 The Human Impact on Vegetation 27 2.1 Human Impacts on Nature 27 2.2 Vegetation Change: Introduction 28 2.3 The Use of Fire 32 2.4 Fires: Natural and Anthropogenic 34 2.5 Some Consequences of Fire Suppression 34 2.6 Some Effects of Fire on Vegetation 35 2.7 The Role of Grazing 37 2.8 Deforestation 39 2.9 Tropical Forests 40 2.10 The Forest Transition 45 2.11 Secondary Rain Forest 48 2.12 The Human Role in the Creation and Maintenance of Savanna 49 2.13 The Spread of Desert Vegetation on Desert Margins 52 2.14 The Maquis of the Mediterranean Lands 56 2.15 The Prairies and Other Mid‐latitude and High‐altitude Grasslands 56 2.16 Post‐glacial Vegetational Change in Britain and Europe 59 2.17 Lowland Heaths 60 2.18 Introduction, Invasion, and Explosion 61 2.19 Air Pollution and Its Effects on Plants 65 2.20 Forest Decline 67 2.21 Miscellaneous Causes of Plant Decline 70 2.22 The Change in Genetic and Species Diversity 71 2.23 Conclusion: Threats to Plant Life 72 Guide to Reading 72 3 The Human Impact on Animals 75 3.1 Domestication of Animals 75 3.2 Dispersal and Invasions of Animals 76 3.3 Human Influence on the Expansion of Animal Populations 82 3.4 Causes of Animal Contractions and Decline: Pollution 86 3.5 Habitat Change and Animal Decline 89 3.6 Other Causes of Animal Decline 93 3.7 Animal Extinctions in Prehistoric Times 98 3.8 Modern‐day Extinctions 102 Guide to Reading 108 4 The Human Impact on the Soil 111 4.1 Introduction 111 4.2 Salinity: Natural Sources 112 4.3 Human Agency and Increased Salinity 112 4.4 Irrigation Salinity 113 4.5 Dryland Salinity 114 4.6 Urban Salinity 116 4.7 Inter‐basin Water Transfers 116 4.8 Coastal Zone Salinity 116 4.9 Consequences of Salinity 118 4.10 Reclamation of Salt‐affected Lands 118 4.11 Lateritization 120 4.12 Accelerated Podzolization and Acidification 121 4.13 Soil Carbon 122 4.14 Soil Structure Alteration 123 4.15 Soil Drainage and its Impact 125 4.16 Soil Fertilization 126 4.17 Fires and Soil Quality 126 4.18 Some Anthrosols Resulting from Agriculture and Urbanization 127 4.19 Soil Erosion: General Considerations 127 4.20 The Causes of Soil Erosion 128 4.21 Forest Removal 129 4.22 Soil Erosion Associated with Grazing 132 4.23 Irrigation and Erosion 132 4.24 Replacement of Grassland by Shrubland in Drylands 133 4.25 Soil Erosion Produced by Fire 133 4.26 Soil Erosion Associated with Construction and Urbanization 134 4.27 Long‐term Studies of Rates of Erosion 134 4.28 Peat Bog Erosion 137 4.29 Accelerated Wind Erosion 138 4.30 Soil Conservation 140 4.31 Soils, Microbiology, and the Earth System 143 Guide to Reading 144 5 The Human Impact on the Waters 145 5.1 Introduction 145 5.2 Deliberate Modification of River Systems Connectivity 146 5.3 Changes in River Flow 154 5.3.1 The Effects of Dams 154 5.3.2 Vegetation Modification and its Effect on River Flow 154 5.3.3 The Role of Invasive Plants 158 5.3.4 Land Drainage 158 5.3.5 Groundwater Exploitation 160 5.3.6 Urbanization and its Effects on River Flow 160 5.4 The Human Impact on Lake Levels 162 5.5 Changes in Groundwater Conditions 168 5.6 Water Pollution 171 5.7 Eutrophication 177 5.8 Pollution by Acid Rain 178 5.9 Deforestation and its Effects on Water Quality 180 5.10 Thermal Pollution 181 5.11 Pollution with Suspended Sediments 182 5.12 Marine Pollution 182 Guide to Reading 185 6 Human Agency in Geomorphology 187 6.1 Introduction 187 6.2 Landforms Produced by Excavation 188 6.3 Landforms Produced by Construction and Dumping 192 6.4 Ground Subsidence 192 6.5 The Human Impact on Seismicity and Volcanoes 198 6.6 Accelerated Sedimentation 200 6.7 Sediment Transport by Rivers 203 6.8 Deliberate Modification of Channels 205 6.9 Non‐deliberate River Channel Changes 208 6.10 Arroyo Trenching and Gullies 213 6.11 Accelerated Mass Movements 216 6.12 Accelerated Weathering and the Tufa Decline 219 6.13 Reactivation and Stabilization of Sand Dunes 220 6.14 Accelerated Coastal Erosion 223 6.15 Changing Rates of Salt Marsh Accretion 229 Guide to Reading 231 7 The Human Impact on Climate and the Atmosphere 233 7.1 World Climates 233 7.2 The Greenhouse Gases – Carbon Dioxide 235 7.3 Other Gases 236 7.4 Ozone Depletion and Climate Change 239 7.5 Aerosols 239 7.6 Global Dimming and Global Brightening 241 7.7 Vegetation and Albedo Change 242 7.8 Forests, Irrigation, and Climate 244 7.9 The Possible Effects of Water Diversion Schemes 244 7.10 Lakes and Climate 245 7.11 Urban Climates 245 7.12 Deliberate Climatic Modification 250 7.13 Geoengineering 252 7.14 Urban Air Pollution 252 7.15 Air Pollution: Some Further Effects 256 7.16 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion 263 7.17 Conclusions 265 Guide to Reading 266 8 The Future: Introduction 267 8.1 Introduction 267 8.2 Changes in the Biosphere 271 8.3 Climate and Geomorphology 278 Guide to Reading 282 9 The Future: Coastal Environments 283 9.1 Introduction 283 9.2 The Steric Effect 284 9.3 Anthropogenic Contributions to Sea‐Level Change 284 9.3.1 Reduction in Lake‐Water Volumes 284 9.3.2 Water Impoundment in Reservoirs 285 9.3.3 Groundwater Mining 285 9.3.4 Urbanization and Runoff 285 9.3.5 Deforestation and Runoff 285 9.3.6 Wetland Losses 285 9.3.7 Irrigation 286 9.3.8 Synthesis 286 9.4 Permafrost Degradation, Melting of Glaciers, and Sea‐Level Rise 286 9.5 Ice Sheets and Sea‐Level Rise 286 9.6 How Fast are Sea Levels Rising? 287 9.7 The Amount of Sea‐Level Rise By 2100 287 9.8 Land Subsidence 287 9.9 Coral Reefs 289 9.10 Salt Marshes and Mangrove Swamps 292 9.11 River Deltas 296 9.12 Estuaries 297 9.13 Cliffed Coasts 298 9.14 Sandy Beaches 298 9.15 Conclusions 300 Guide to Reading 300 10 The Future: Hydrological and Geomorphological Impacts 301 10.1 Introduction 301 10.2 Rainfall Intensity 302 10.3 Changes in Tropical Cyclones 302 10.4 Runoff Response 304 10.5 Cold Regions 305 10.6 Changes in Runoff in the UK 307 10.7 Europe 307 10.8 Geomorphological Consequences of Hydrological and Other Changes 309 10.9 Weathering 310 Guide to Reading 311 11 The Future: The Cryosphere 313 11.1 The Nature of the Cryosphere 313 11.2 The Polar Ice Sheets and Ice Caps 313 11.3 Valley Glaciers and Small Ice Caps 316 11.4 Predicted Rates of Glacier Retreat and Some Environmental Consequences 320 11.5 Sea Ice in the Arctic and Antarctic 322 11.6 Permafrost Regions 323 Guide to Reading 328 12 The Future: Drylands 329 12.1 Introduction 329 12.2 Climate Changes in the Past 330 12.3 Future Changes in Climate in Drylands 331 12.4 Wind Erosivity and Erodibility 332 12.5 Future Dust Storm Activity 333 12.6 Sand Dunes 334 12.7 Rainfall and Runoff 337 12.8 Lake Levels 338 12.9 Sea‐level Rise and Arid‐zone Coastlines 338 12.10 Salt Weathering and Salinization 339 Guide to Reading 340 13 Conclusion 341 13.1 The Power of Non‐industrial and Pre‐industrial Civilizations 341 13.2 The Proliferation of Impacts 342 13.3 The Inter‐relationships of Changes in the Earth System 346 13.4 Human Impacts on the Environment in China 348 13.5 Are Changes Reversible? 349 13.6 The Susceptibility to Change 354 13.7 Human Influence or Nature? 356 13.8 Global Warming and Other Pressures 357 13.9 Into the Unknown 358 Guide to Reading 359 References 361 Index 451

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsList of Figures x List of Tables xv List of Boxes xvi Acknowledgments xvii About the Companion Website xviii 1 Introduction: The View from a Human-Made Wild 1 What is This Book? 6 The Authors’ Points of View 9 Part I Approaches and Perspectives 13 2 Population and Scarcity 15 A Booming China or a Busting One? 16 The Problem of Exponential Growth 17 Population, Development, and Environment Impact 19 The Other Side of the Coin: Population and Innovation 23 Limits to Population: An Effect Rather than a Cause? 24 Thinking with Population 29 3 Markets and Commodities 33 The Bet 34 Managing Environmental Bads: The Coase Theorem 37 Market Failure 39 Market-Based Solutions to Environmental Problems 40 Beyond Market Failure: Gaps between Nature and Economy 45 Thinking with Markets 48 4 Institutions and “The Commons” 51 Controlling Carbon? 52 The Prisoner’s Dilemma 52 The Tragedy of the Commons 54 The Evidence and Logic of Collective Action 56 Crafting Sustainable Environmental Institutions 58 Are All Commoners Equal? Does Scale Matter? 62 Thinking with Institutions 64 5 Environmental Ethics 67 The Price of Cheap Meat 68 Improving Nature: From Biblical Tradition to John Locke 70 Gifford Pinchot vs. John Muir in Yosemite, California 72 Aldo Leopold and “The Land Ethic” 74 Liberation for Animals! 76 CAFOs and Climate Change: Now that You Know, What Should You Do? 78 Holism and Other Pitfalls 78 Thinking with Ethics 80 6 Risks and Technology 83 The Bt Cotton Revolution 84 Environments as Hazard 85 The Problem of Risk Perception 87 Risk as Culture 90 Beyond Risk: The Political Economy of Hazards 92 Thinking with Risk and Technology 95 7 Political Economy 99 The Contradictions of COVID-19 100 Labor, Accumulation, and Crisis 101 Production of Nature 108 Global Capitalism and the Ecology of Uneven Development 110 Social Reproduction and Nature 112 Environments and Economism 114 Thinking with Political Economy 114 8 Social Construction of Nature 118 The Blank Spot on the Map 119 So You Say It’s “Natural?” 120 Environmental Discourse 124 The Limits of Constructivism: Science, Relativism, and the Very Material World 129 Thinking with Construction 132 9 Feminism and the Environment 136 Gender and Environment 138 From Earth as Woman to Ecofeminism 140 Feminist Approaches to Economies and Nature 142 Feminist Approaches to Knowledge and the Environment 146 Thinking with Feminism and the Environment 152 10 Racialized Environments 156 Structural Environmental Racism 158 Environmental Justice 159 Settler Colonialism 163 Whiteness and Nature 169 Thinking with Racialized Environments 170 Part II Objects of Concern 175 11 Carbon Dioxide 177 Stuck in Pittsburgh Traffic 178 A Short History of CO2 178 Institutions: Climate Free-Riders and Carbon Cooperation 184 Markets: Trading More Gases, Buying Less Carbon 190 Political Economy: Who Killed the Atmosphere? 193 The Carbon Puzzle 196 12 Trees 200 Chained to a Tree in Berkeley, California 201 A Short History of Trees 201 Population and Markets: The Forest Transition Theory 209 Political Economy: Accumulation and Deforestation 212 Gender, Trees, and Power: Feminist Insights into Forests 214 Ethics, Justice, and Equity: Should Trees Have Standing? 216 The Tree Puzzle 218 13 Wolves 222 Wolves, Be Wary Where You Tread 223 A Short History of Wolves 224 Ethics: Rewilding and Wolves 229 Institutions: Stakeholder Management 232 Feminism: Of Wolves and Masculinity 235 The Wolf Puzzle 238 14 Uranium 242 Promise and Peril in Post-Nuclear Worlds 243 A Short History of Uranium 244 Risk and Hazards: Debating the Fate of High-Level Radioactive Waste 250 Race: Environmental Justice and the Navajo Nation 253 Social Construction: Discourses at Work in Australia 256 The Uranium Puzzle 260 15 Tuna 264 Big Trouble for Big Tuna 265 A Short History of Tuna 265 Markets and Commodities: Eco-Labels to the Rescue? 270 Political Economy: Re-regulating Fishery Economies 273 Ethics: Saving Animals, Conserving Species 276 The Tuna Puzzle 279 16 Lawns 283 How Much Do People Love Lawns? 284 A Short History of Lawns 284 Risk and Chemical Decision-Making 288 Social Construction: Good Lawns Mean Good People 291 Political Economy: The Chemical Tail Wags the Turfgrass Dog 292 The Lawn Puzzle 295 17 Bottled Water 298 A Tale of Two Bottles 299 A Short History of Bottled Water 300 Population: Bottling for Scarcity? 305 Risk and Technology: Health and Safety in a Bottle? 307 Political Economy: Manufacturing Demand on an Enclosed Commons 309 Racialized Environments: The Burden of Bottled Water in the United States 312 The Bottled Water Puzzle 314 18 French Fries 318 Getting Your French Fry Fix 319 A Short History of the Fry 319 Feminist Approaches: The Body Politics of French Fries 325 Political Economy and Racialized Environments: Have it Your Way? 328 Ethics: Protecting or Engineering Potato Heritage? 333 The French Fry Puzzle 337 19 E-Waste 341 Digital Divides 342 A Short History of E-Waste 343 E-Waste and Markets: From Externality to Commodity 348 The Political Economy of E-Waste 351 E-Waste and Racialized Environments 355 The E-Waste Puzzle 359 Glossary 362 Index 372

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgements xv 1 Introduction 1 Lessons from the Past 1 Ecological versus Historical Biogeography, and Plants versus Animals 4 Biogeography and Creation 5 The Distribution of Life Today 7 Evolution – a Flawed and Dangerous Idea! 8 Enter Darwin – and Wallace 10 World Maps – the Biogeographical Regions of Plants and Animals 13 Getting Around the World 15 The Origins of Modern Historical Biogeography 20 The Development of Ecological Biogeography 23 Living Together 24 Marine Biogeography 27 Island Biogeography 28 Biogeography Today 30 Section I: The Challenge of Existing 37 2 Patterns of Distribution: Finding a Home 39 Limits of Distribution 42 The Niche 44 Overcoming the Barriers 45 Climatic Limits: The Palms 46 A Successful Family: The Daisies (Asteraceae) 48 Patterns Among Plovers 51 Magnolias: Evolutionary Relicts 55 The Strange Case of the Testate Amoeba 57 Climatic Relicts 58 Topographical Limits and Endemism 65 Physical Limits 67 Species Interactions: A Case of the Blues 73 Competition 75 Reducing Competition 76 Predators and Prey, Parasites and Hosts 79 Migration 83 Invasion 85 3 Communities and Ecosystems: Living Together 97 The Community 97 The Ecosystem 100 Ecosystems and Species Diversity 103 Biotic Assemblages on a Global Scale 108 Mountain Biomes 112 Global Patterns of Climate 116 Climate Diagrams 119 Modelling Biomes and Climate 122 4 Patterns of Biodiversity 127 Measuring Biodiversity: How Many Species are There? 128 Latitudinal Gradients of Diversity 132 Is Evolution Faster in the Tropics? 139 The Legacy of Glaciation 141 Latitude and Species Ranges 142 Diversity and Altitude 143 Biodiversity Hotspots 146 Diversity in Space and Time 148 The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis 151 Dynamic Biodiversity and Neutral Theory 151 Section II: The Engines of The Planet 157 5 Plate Tectonics 159 The Evidence for Plate Tectonics 159 Changing Patterns of Continents 164 How Plate Tectonics Changes the World 164 Islands and Plate Tectonics 172 Terranes 174 6 Evolution, the Source of Novelty 179 The Origin of Novelty 179 From Populations to Species 180 Sympatry versus Allopatry 183 Defining the Species 188 Microevolution versus Macroevolution 189 Adaptive Radiations 189 Naming and Cataloguing the Living World 189 Charting the Course of Evolution 190 Morphology Gives Way to Molecules 193 Darwin’s Finches Updated 194 Section III: Islands and Oceans 197 7 Life, Death and Evolution on Islands 199 Types of Island 200 Getting There: The Challenges of Arriving 200 Dying There: The Problems of Survival 202 Adapting and Evolving 203 The Hawaiian Islands 206 Integrating the Data: The Theory of Island Biogeography 214 Modifying the Theory 216 The General Dynamic Model for Oceanic Island Biogeography 219 Nestedness 221 Living Together: Incidence and Assembly Rules 221 Building an Ecosystem: The History of Rakata 223 8 Patterns in the Oceans 235 Zones in the Ocean and on the Sea Floor 237 Basic Biogeography of the Seas 240 The Open‐Sea Environment 240 The Ocean Floor 246 The Shallow‐Sea Environment 250 And Finally … Marine Biogeographical Realms of the World 263 Section IV: Historical Biogeography 269 9 From Evolution to Patterns of Life 271 Studying the Patterns 272 Methods of Analyzing the Patterns 273 Studying Organisms and their Molecules 287 An Integrative Approach to Historical Biogeography 290 Investigating the More Distant Past 292 10 Geography, Life and Climates Through Time 299 Introduction 299 Early Land Life on the Moving Continents 300 Animal Life Through the Mesozoic 304 The End of the Mesozoic World 308 Climates and Plants Through Time 309 Reconstructing Plant Life and Biomes 310 Evolution of the Mammals 318 The Mesozoic Roots of the Radiation of Modern Mammals 320 11 Patterns of Life Today 327 The Biogeographical Regions Today 327 The History of Today’s Biogeographical Regions 334 The Old World Tropics: Africa, India and Southeast Asia 334 Australia 342 New Caledonia 345 New Zealand 346 The West Indies 348 South America 351 The Northern Hemisphere: Holarctic Mammals and Boreal Plants 359 12 The Arrival of the Ice Ages 367 Climatic Wiggles 368 Interglacials and Interstadials 369 Biological Changes in the Pleistocene 371 The Last Glacial 375 Causes of Glaciation 382 The Current Interglacial: A False Start 388 Forests on the Move 390 The Dry Lands 393 Changing Sea Levels 396 A Time of Warmth 398 Climatic Cooling 399 Recorded History 400 Atmosphere and Oceans: Short‐Term Climate Change 402 The Future 403 Section V: People and Problems 409 13 The Human Intrusion 411 The Emergence of Humans 411 Modern Humans and the Megafaunal Extinctions 420 Plant Domestication and Agriculture 423 Animal Domestication 428 The Diversification of Homo sapiens 430 The Biogeography of Human Parasitic Diseases 431 The Environmental Impact of Early Human Cultures 434 14 Conservation Biogeography 439 Welcome to the Anthropocene 439 The Sixth Mass Extinction? 440 Less, and Less Interesting 444 What’s Behind the Biodiversity Crisis? 445 Crisis Management: Responding to Biodiversity Loss 451 The Birth of Conservation Biogeography 452 The Scope of Conservation Biogeography 453 Conservation Biogeography in Action 459 The Future is Digital 462 Conclusions 463 Glossary 471 Index 481 Colour plates between pages 240 and 241

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Book SynopsisAEROSOL TECHNOLOGY An in-depth and accessible treatment of aerosol theory and its applications The Third Edition of Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles delivers a thorough and authoritative exploration of modern aerosol theory and its applications. The book offers readers a working knowledge of the topic that reflects the numerous advances that have been made across a broad spectrum of aerosol-related application areas. New updates to the popular text include treatments of nanoparticles, the health effects of atmospheric aerosols, remote sensing, bioaerosols, and low-cost sensors. Additionally, readers will benefit from insightful new discussions of modern instruments. The authors maintain a strong focus on the fundamentals of the discipline, while providing a robust overview of real-world applications of aerosol theory. New exercise problems and examples populate the book, which also includes:Table of ContentsPreface to the First Edition xi Preface to the Second Edition xiii Preface to the Third Edition xv List of Principal Symbols xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Definitions 2 1.2 Particle Size, Shape, and Density 5 1.3 Aerosol Concentration 8 Problems 11 References 12 2 Properties of Gases 15 2.1 Kinetic Theory of Gases 15 2.2 Molecular Velocity 18 2.3 Mean Free Path 20 2.4 Other Properties 21 2.5 Reynolds Number 24 2.6 Measurement of Velocity, Flow Rate, and Pressure 27 Problems 35 References 36 3 Uniform Particle Motion 37 3.1 Newton’s Resistance Law 37 3.2 Stokes’s Law 39 3.3 Settling Velocity and Mechanical Mobility 40 3.4 Slip Correction Factor 42 3.5 Nonspherical Particles 44 3.6 Aerodynamic Diameter 46 3.7 Settling at High Reynolds Numbers 47 3.8 Stirred Settling 54 3.9 Instruments that Rely on Settling Velocity 56 3.10 Appendix: Derivation of Stokes’s Law 58 Problems 60 References 63 4 Particle Size Statistics 65 4.1 Properties of Size Distributions 65 4.2 Moment Averages 71 4.3 Moment Distributions 72 4.4 The Lognormal Distribution 77 4.5 Log-Probability Graphs 80 4.6 The Hatch-Choate Conversion Equations 84 4.7 Statistical Accuracy 88 4.8 Appendix 1: Distributions Applied to Particle Size 89 4.9 Appendix 2: Theoretical Basis for Aerosol Particle Size Distributions 90 4.10 Appendix 3: Derivation of the Hatch-Choate Equations 90 Problems 92 References 94 5 Straight-Line Acceleration and Curvilinear Particle Motion 97 5.1 Relaxation Time 97 5.2 Straight-Line Particle Acceleration 98 5.3 Stopping Distance 101 5.4 Curvilinear Motion and Stokes Number 104 5.5 Inertial Impaction 105 5.6 Cascade Impactors 110 5.7 Virtual Impactors 115 5.8 Time-of-Flight Instruments 117 Problems 119 References 120 6 Adhesion of Particles 121 6.1 Adhesive Forces 121 6.2 Detachment of Particles 123 6.3 Resuspension 124 6.4 Particle Bounce 126 Problems 127 References 127 7 Brownian Motion and Diffusion 129 7.1 Diffusion Coefficient 129 7.2 Particle Mean Free Path 132 7.3 Brownian Displacement 134 7.4 Deposition by Diffusion 137 7.5 Diffusion Batteries 141 Problems 144 References 145 8 Thermal and Radiometric Forces 147 8.1 Thermophoresis 147 8.2 Thermal Precipitators 151 8.3 Radiometric and Concentration Gradient Forces 153 Problems 155 References 155 9 Filtration 157 9.1 Macroscopic Properties of Filters 157 9.2 Single-Fiber Efficiency 163 9.3 Deposition Mechanisms 165 9.4 Filter Efficiency 169 9.5 Pressure Drop 174 9.6 Membrane Filters 174 Problems 176 References 176 10 Sampling and Measurement of Concentration 179 10.1 Isokinetic Sampling 179 10.2 Sampling from Still Air 185 10.3 Transport Losses 188 10.4 Measurement of Mass Concentration 189 10.5 Direct-Reading Instruments 192 10.6 Measurement of Number Concentration 195 10.7 Sampling Pumps 197 Problems 199 References 200 11 Respiratory Deposition 203 11.1 The Respiratory System 203 11.2 Deposition 206 11.3 Deposition Models 210 11.4 Inhalability of Particles 213 11.5 Respirable and Other Size-Selective Sampling 215 Problems 223 References 224 12 Coagulation 227 12.1 Simple Monodisperse Coagulation 227 12.2 Polydisperse Coagulation 233 12.3 Kinematic Coagulation 238 Problems 240 References 241 13 Condensation and Evaporation 243 13.1 Definitions 243 13.2 Kelvin Effect 246 13.3 Homogeneous Nucleation 247 13.4 Growth by Condensation 248 13.5 Nucleated Condensation 251 13.6 Condensation Particle Counters 255 13.7 Evaporation 257 Problems 261 References 263 14 Atmospheric Aerosols 265 14.1 Natural Background Aerosol 265 14.2 Urban Aerosol 269 14.3 Global Effects 274 Problems 275 References 275 15 Electrical Properties 277 15.1 Units 277 15.2 Electric Fields 278 15.3 Electrical Mobility 280 15.4 Charging Mechanisms 283 15.5 Corona Discharge 289 15.6 Charge Limits 291 15.7 Equilibrium Charge Distribution 292 15.8 Electrostatic Precipitators 294 15.9 Electrical Measurement of Aerosols 297 Problems 301 References 302 16 Optical Properties 305 16.1 Definitions 306 16.2 Extinction 307 16.3 Scattering 313 16.4 Visibility 317 16.5 Optical Measurement of Aerosols 322 Problems 329 References 330 17 Bulk Motion of Aerosols 333 Problems 338 References 338 18 Dust Explosions 339 Problems 344 References 344 19 Bioaerosols 345 19.1 Characteristics 345 19.2 Sampling 347 Problems 350 References 351 20 Microscopic Measurement of Particle Size 353 20.1 Equivalent Sizes of Irregular Particles 353 20.2 Fractal Dimension of Particles 358 20.3 Optical Microscopy 362 20.4 Electron Microscopy 365 20.5 Asbestos Counting 369 20.6 Automatic Sizing Methods 371 Problems 371 References 372 21 Production of Test Aerosols 375 21.1 Atomization of Liquids 375 21.2 Atomization of Monodisperse Particles in Liquid Suspensions 380 21.3 Dispersion of Powders 382 21.4 Condensation Methods 387 Problems 388 References 389 Appendices 391 Appendix A1. Useful Constants and Conversion Factors 391 Appendix A2. Some Basic Physical Laws 393 Appendix A3. Relative Density of Common Aerosol Materials (Multiply Values by 1000 for Density in kg/m 3 and by 1.0 for Density in g/cm 3) 394 Appendix A4. Standard Sieve Sizes 394 Appendix A5. Properties of Gases and Vapors at 293 K [20 ∘ C] and 101 kPa [1 atm] 395 Appendix A6. Viscosity and Density of Air versus Temperature 395 Appendix A7. Pressure (a), Temperature (b), Density (c), and Mean Free Path (d) of air versus altitude 396 Appendix A8. Properties of Water Vapor 397 Appendix A9. Properties of Water 398 Appendix A10. Particle Size Range of Aerosol Properties and Measurement Instruments: (a) Application Range for Aerosol Size Measuring Instruments and (b) Size Range of Aerosol Properties (See Also Fig. 1.6) 398 Appendix A11. (a) Properties of Airborne Particles at Standard Conditions (SI Units) 400 Appendix A12. Slip Correction Factor for Standard and Nonstandard Conditions: (a) Slip Correction Factor Minus One versus Particle Diameter and Standard Conditions; (b) Slip Correction Factor versus Particle Diameter Times Pressure (per atm) for Temperatures from 233 to 893K [–40 to 600 ∘ C] 402 Appendix A13. Properties of Selected Low-Vapor-Pressure Liquids 403 Appendix A14. Reference Values for Atmospheric Properties at Sea Level and 293.15 Ki20 ∘ C] 404 Appendix A15. Greek Symbols Used in This Book 405 Appendix A16. SI Prefixes 405 References 405 Index 407

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAbout the Website xi List of Figures xii Preface xiii 1 Globalization I 1Liquids, Flows, and Structures Some of the Basics 2 From Solids to Liquids (to Gases) 3 Flows 6 Heavy, Light, Weightless 9 Heavy Structures That Expedite Flows 11 Heavy Structures as Barriers to Flows 16 The Winners and Losers of Global Flows 18 On the Increasing Ubiquity of Global Flows and Structures 20 Thinking About Global Flows and Structures 21 Chapter Summary 23 2 Globalization II 31Some Basic Issues, Debates, and Controversies Is There Such a Thing as Globalization? 32 Is it Globalization, Transnationalization, or Regionalization? 35 If There is Such a Thing as Globalization, When Did it Begin? 36 Globalization or Globalizations? 43 What Drives Globalization? 47 Does Globalization Hop Rather than Flow? 48 If There Is Such a Thing as Globalization, Is It Inexorable? 49 Who Controls Globalization? 51 Does Globaphilia or Globaphobia Have the Upper Hand? 53 What, if Anything, Can Be Done About Globalization? 57 Chapter Summary 59 3 Globalization and Related Processes 67Imperialism, Colonialism, Development, Westernization, Easternization, and Americanization Imperialism 68 Colonialism 72 Development 75 Westernization 77 Easternization 80 Americanization 81 Comparisons with Globalization 92 The Era of the “Posts” 93 Chapter Summary 95 4 Neoliberalism 105Roots, Principles, Criticisms, and Neo-Marxian Alternatives The Historical Context of Neoliberalism 106 Neoliberalism: The Basic Principles 111 Critiquing Neoliberalism 118 Neoliberalism: The Case of Israel 124 The Death of Neoliberalism? 125 Neo-Marxian Theoretical Alternatives to Neoliberalism 126 Chapter Summary 130 5 Global Political Structures and Processes 139 On Political Processes and Flows 140 The Nation-State 141 “Imagined Community” 147 Changes in Global Nation-State Relations 149 Global Political Developments and Structures 160 Regional Political Organizations 163 Global Governance 164 Civil Society 167 Chapter Summary 173 6 Structuring the Global Economy 181 Before Bretton Woods 182 Bretton Woods and the Bretton Woods System 184 The End of Bretton Woods 194 Regional Economic Integration and Free Trade 199 Other Economic Organizations 207 The Role of Emerging Economies 208 The Multinational Corporation (MNC) 209 The Myth of Economic Globalization? 212 Chapter Summary 213 7 Global Economic Flows 219Production and Consumption Global Trade Flows 220 Global Value Chains 222 Increasing Competition for Commodities 231 The Economic Impact of the Flow of Oil 232 Race to the Bottom and Upgrading 235 Outsourcing 237 Financial Globalization 239 Corporations, People, and Ideas 243 Consumption 246 Chapter Summary 253 8 Global Culture and Cultural Flows 261 Cultural Differentialism 263 Cultural Hybridization 272 Cultural Convergence 276 Sport: A Case Study for Global Culture 287 Chapter Summary 293 9 High-Tech Global Flows and Structures 301Technology, Mass Media, the Internet, and Social Media Technology, Time-Space Compression, and Distanciation 302 Mass Media 311 The Internet and Social Media 318 Chapter Summary 332 10 Global Flows of People 341Migration, Human Trafficking, and Tourism Migrants 342 Migration Flows 345 Human Trafficking 369 Tourism 372 Chapter Summary 374 11 Global Environmental Flows 383 Modernization and Environmental Flows 385 Differences among Nation-States 387 Global Climate Change 388 Other Environmental Problems 399 Global Responses 404 Framing Global Responses 413 From Lightness to Heaviness in Environmental Flows 416 Collapse 416 Chapter Summary 417 12 Negative Global Flows and Processes 427Diseases, Dangerous Imports, Crime, Terrorism, War Borderless Diseases 429 Dangerous Imports 435 Crime 438 Terrorism 443 War 453 The Impact of Negative Global Flows on Individuals 462 Chapter Summary 463 13 Global Economic Power and Inequality 471Class Inequalities and Global Cities Class Inequality 472 Global Cities and the Rural-Urban Context 487 Chapter Summary 502 14 Global Power and Inequalities II 509Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Sexuality Power and Inequality 510 Race and Ethnicity 519 Gender and Sexuality 532 Chapter Summary 543 15 Dealing with, Resisting, and the Futures of, Globalization 553 Dealing with Globalization 554 Resisting Globalization 568 Social Movements and Alter-Globalizations 574 The Futures of Globalization 585 Chapter Summary 588 Appendix 595 Anthropology 596 Sociology 596 Political Science 597 Economics 598 Geography 600 Psychology 601 Literary Criticism (Postcolonial) 602 Other Fields 603 Glossary 607 Index 619

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Book SynopsisDive deep to explore the ocean From how most of our oxygen is created by phytoplankton, to how currents control our climate, to the marine food chain and the importance of coral, this is the holy grail of ocean books that's easy for everyone to digest. It features fun facts about some of the most incredible, bizarre, and fascinating creatures in the ocean, from mantis shrimp that can strike things with the speed of a .22 caliber bullet to fish with clear heads that can see out of the top of their skulls. The ocean is full of wonders and there is still so much left to explore and understand. How our oceans workWhat creatures live in the oceanFind out how the ocean regulates our climate and weather patternsHow growing pollution threatens our ocean and its inhabitants Oceans For Dummies is perfect for anyone with an interest in the ocean, including kids, adults, students, ocean lovers, surfers, fishermen, conservationists, sailors, and everyone in between.Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 About This Book 2 Foolish Assumptions 3 Icons Used in This Book 3 Beyond the Book 4 Where to Go from Here 4 Part 1: Getting Started with Your Ocean Voyage 5 Chapter 1: Brushing Up on Ocean Fundamentals 7 Taking a Nickel Tour of the Ocean(s) 8 Dividing the ocean into oceans or not 8 Recognizing the ocean zones 9 Dropping in on the different ecosystems 10 Going with the Flow: The Physical Properties of the Ocean 10 Getting up to speed on the water cycle 11 Checking out what’s at the bottom of the ocean (and below) 13 Riding waves, tides, and currents 13 Recognizing the ocean’s role in climate control and weather 14 Meeting the Ocean’s Inhabitants 14 Recognizing strength in numbers: Marine microorganisms 15 Going green with marine plants and plant-like organisms 15 Grouping the ocean’s animals 16 Exploring the Complex and Evolving Human-Ocean Relationship 17 Chapter 2: Appreciating the Ocean’s Many Gifts 19 Supplying Over Half of the World’s Oxygen 20 Playing a Key Role in Regulating Climate and Weather 20 Producing Protein for Billions of People 22 Contributing Trillions to the Global Economy 23 Serving as a Source of Mystery and Wonder 24 Stimulating our imaginations 25 Increasing our knowledge of the world around us 26 Getting in touch with our emotional connection to the sea 27 Chapter 3: Looking Back at the Ocean’s History (and Prehistory) 29 Discovering How the Ocean Got Its Start 30 The wet planet theory 30 The water delivery truck theory 31 Tracing the Evolution of Ocean Life 31 Getting the evolutionary ball rolling 32 Going cellular 32 And now for a word about metabolism 33 All together now: Multicellular organisms 34 Taking evolution to the next level in the Paleozoic era 35 Gaining momentum in the Mesozoic era 41 Increasing sophistication in the Cenozoic era 44 Taking the Earth’s Present Evolutionary Pulse 48 Looking Ahead: What’s in Store for the Ocean’s Future? 51 Part 2: Finding Your Way Around 55 Chapter 4: Mapping the Ocean by Zones 57 Dividing the Ocean into Three Horizontal Zones 58 Where land meets sea: The intertidal zone 58 Wading through the neritic zone 60 Heading out to sea: The oceanic zone 61 Exploring the Five Vertical Zones of the Water Column 62 Skimming the surface: The epipelagic zone 62 Dimming the lights in the mesopelagic zone 63 Taking a deeper, darker dive into the bathypelagic zone 65 Delving into the abyss: The abyssopelagic zone 67 How low can you go? The hadalpelagic zone 69 Acknowledging the Existence of Other Zones 71 From light to dark: The photic and aphotic zones 71 From top to bottom: The pelagic and benthic zone 72 Chapter 5: Checking Out the Neighborhoods: The Ocean’s Ecosystems 73 Hugging the Shore 74 Digging life in the sand 74 Living life on the rocks 75 Mixing it up in the estuaries 77 Muddling through the mudflats 78 Settling down in salt marshes 80 Meandering through the mangroves 81 Swimming through Kelp Forests 83 Swirling in Sargasso: A Sea without Borders 85 Grazing in the Seagrass Meadows 87 Building Their Own Communities: Reefs 88 Coral reefs 88 Oyster reefs 92 Chilling Out at the Poles 92 Living Under Extreme Conditions: Deep Ocean Ecosystems 95 Hydrothermal vents 95 Deep-sea coral reefs 95 Cold seeps 97 Whale falls 97 Moving Out and About: Migratory Species 98 Chapter 6: Taking a Deeper Dive: Beneath the Ocean 99 Grasping the Basics of Plate Tectonics 99 Tracing the Contours of the Seafloor 102 Creating the first map of the seafloor 104 Fine-tuning seafloor maps with better technology 105 Chipping Away at Ocean Rock and Sediment 106 Checking Out Deep-Sea Cores 106 Part 3: Sampling the Vast Diversity of Sea Life 109 Chapter 7: Getting to Know the Mighty Microbes 111 Meeting the Marine Microbes 112 Bacteria 112 Archaea 114 Viruses 114 Protists 115 Fungi 115 Recognizing the Importance of Microbes 116 Feeding the ocean’s living organisms 117 Anchoring food chains and webs 118 Cleaning up our messes 122 Looking at the Relationship between Microbes and Plankton 123 Phytoplankton 123 Zooplankton 123 Distinguishing lifers from juvies 124 Chapter 8: Sorting Out Algae, Seaweed, and Other Aquatic Vegetation 127 All You Need to Know about Algae, and Then Some 128 Go big or go home: Macroalgae (a.k.a seaweed) 128 Small, but just about everywhere the sun shines: Microalgae 132 Understanding the threats posed by harmful algae blooms (HABs) 134 Shoring Up the Shoreline with Mangroves 137 Not Your Typical Lawn: Seagrass 138 Checking Out What’s Growing in the Salt Marshes 139 Chapter 9: Getting the Lowdown on Simple Invertebrates 141 Sponges and Other Holy Creatures: The Porifera 142 Calcarea 143 Demospongiae 143 Hexactinellida 145 Homoscleromorpha 145 Jellyfish, Anemones, and Other Notable Cnidarians 146 Scyphozoans 147 Hydrozoans 148 Anthozoans 149 Cubozoans 150 Ctenophora (Comb Jellies) 150 Starfish, Urchins, and Other Famous Echinoderms 151 Asteroidea (sea stars) 151 Ophiuroidea (brittle stars) 152 Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars) 153 Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars) 154 Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) 155 Squirmy Wormies: The Annelids 156 Polychaetes 156 Oligochaetes 158 Hirudinea 158 Chapter 10: Getting Mushy over Mollusks 159 Meet the Mother of All Mollusks 160 Gastropods: Putting Their One Foot Forward 161 Snails 161 Sea slugs and sea hares 165 Bivalves: Parts One and Two 167 Clams 167 Oysters 168 Mussels 169 Scallops 169 Cephalopods: Head and Tentacles Above the Rest 170 Octopi 171 Squid 172 Cuttlefish 174 Nautilus 175 Chapter 11: Wearing Their Skeletons on the Outside: Crustaceans 177 What Makes a Crustacean a Crustacean? 178 The Shrimpy Crustaceans: Branchiopoda 178 Real Softies: Malacostraca (Soft-Shell Crustaceans) 180 Phyllocarida 180 Hoplocarida 181 Eumalacostraca 182 A New Twist on Putting Your Foot in Your Mouth: Maxillopoda 190 Copepods 190 Barnacles 191 Fish lice 191 Crustacean Cave Dwellers: The Remipedia 192 Ostracoda 192 What about Horseshoe Crabs? 193 Chapter 12: Getting Chummy with Fish: Bony and Otherwise 195 Look Ma, No Jaw! Agnatha 196 Lampreys 196 Hagfish 197 Look Pa, No Bones! Chondrichthyes 198 Elasmobranchii: The fish with a PR problem 199 Holocephali: Chimaera 208 Check Out the Bones! Osteichthyes 209 Ray-finned 211 Lobe-finned 215 Chapter 13: Meeting a Few Marine Reptiles 217 Everybody’s Favorite: Sea Turtles 218 Meet the family 219 Making babies 223 A seriously threatened animal 224 Will the Real Sea Serpent Please Slither Forward? 225 The Only Lizard to Make the Cut: Marine Iguanas 227 Saltwater Crocodiles 228 Chapter 14: Bird Watching in and Near the Ocean 231 Knowing What Makes a Bird a Shorebird or a Seabird 232 Shorebirds 232 Seabirds 233 Flying Way Below the Radar: Penguins 234 Going Loony 236 Courting Grebes 237 Tubular, Dude! Albatross, Petrels, Shearwaters, and Fulmars 238 Soaring with the albatross 238 Skimming the surface with shearwaters 239 Fluttering above the surface with petrels 240 Pelicans and Other Pelecaniformes 241 Pelicans 242 Frigate birds 243 Boobies and gannets 243 Cormorants and shags 245 Phaethontidae — Tropicbirds 246 Sea Ducks and Geese: The Saltwater Variety 246 A Curious Mix: The Charadriiformes 247 Gulls, terns, skimmers, and friends 247 Auks, puffins, and other Alcids 249 Shorebirds and waders 251 Ospreys, Herons, Flamingos, and Other Seaside Attractions 253 Osprey 254 Eagles 255 Herons 255 Flamingos 256 Chapter 15: Getting Warm and Fuzzy with Marine Mammals 257 What Makes Marine Mammals So Special? 258 Staying toasty 258 Breathing easy 259 Adapting to their food source 259 Adapting to salt water 263 Exhibiting special sensory adaptations 263 Getting Acquainted with the Cetaceans: Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises 265 Sizing up baleen whales 266 Sinking your teeth into the toothed whales 270 Swimming with the Sirenians: Manatees and Dugongs 276 Seals, Walruses, and Other Pinnipeds 277 Earless (true) seals 278 Eared seals 279 Walruses 280 Stepping Out with the Marine Fissipeds 281 The ever-popular polar bears 281 Otters you “oughter” know 283 Part 4: Grasping Basic Ocean Physics 285 Chapter 16: Following the Ocean in Motion 287 Meeting the World’s Largest Wave Machine 288 Plain ol’ surface waves 288 Tsunamis: So-called tidal waves 289 Rising and falling with the tides 291 Going unnoticed: Internal waves 294 Upwelling and Downwelling in the Water Column 295 Riding the Currents: The Ocean’s Global Conveyor Belt 296 Knowing Where the Winds Blow 298 Going Round and Round with Gyres 301 Following the Ups and Downs of Sea Levels 303 Chapter 17: Driving Climate and Weather 307 Understanding the Ocean’s Role in Climate and Weather 307 Differentiating climate and weather 308 Looking at how the ocean impacts climate and weather 308 Letting Off Some Steam 309 Hurricanes, cyclones, and typhoons 309 Monsoons 312 El Niño and La Niña 312 Understanding Climate Change and Global Warming 314 Part 5: Understanding the Human-Ocean Connection 319 Chapter 18: Taking a Quick Dip into the History of Underwater Exploration 321 Getting to the Bottom of Things 322 Diving bells 322 Hard-hat diving helmets and suits 324 The self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) 324 Submersibles 328 Setting Up Shop in Underwater Research Stations 333 Conshelf 333 SeaLabs 334 Aquarius 335 Checking Out Other Ocean Monitoring Gadgets and Technologies 335 Buoys (moored and drifting) 335 Coring, dredging, and trawling tools 337 Water column samplers 337 Sonar and lidar 338 The Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) 338 Chapter 19: Tapping the Ocean’s Resources: The Blue Economy 341 Supplying the World’s Seafood Diet 342 Harvesting plant life, too 343 Growing our own supplies: Aquaculture and mariculture 344 Tapping the Sea as a Source for Fresh water 344 Shipping Goods ‘Round the World 345 Digging Up Gold, Diamonds, and Other Valuables: Deep-Sea Mining 345 Harnessing the Ocean’s Energy Resources 346 Discovering New Medications 348 Capitalizing on Tourism and Recreation 349 Accounting for a Few Ancillary Ocean Benefits 349 Carbon storage (a.k.a blue carbon) 349 Coastal protection 351 Cultural value 351 Biodiversity 352 Chapter 20: Governing the Ocean: Treaties, Laws, Agreements, and Enforcement 353 Recognizing the Two Systems of Law That Govern the Seas 354 Admiralty Law 354 The Law of the Sea 355 Establishing Sovereign and International Jurisdictions 357 Understanding sovereign jurisdiction 357 Ruling the high seas: International jurisdiction 359 Policing the Ocean and Enforcing the Laws 360 Preventing illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing 361 Combating piracy on the high seas 361 Chapter 21: Taking Care of the Ocean That Takes Care of Us 363 Keeping Tabs on Ocean Health 364 Zeroing in on the Problems 365 Pollution 366 Overfishing 372 Acidification 373 Habitat destruction 374 Invasive species 374 Warming sea temperatures 374 Coming Up with Solutions 377 Improving socio-economic conditions 377 Building marine sanctuaries 378 Cutting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions 380 Restoring and conserving coastal and ocean habitats 381 Reducing the impact of plastics and other trash 382 Preventing and recovering from overfishing 382 Engaging youth 383 Get involved! 384 Part 6: The Part of Tens 385 Chapter 22: Ten Deadly Ocean Creatures 387 Saltwater Crocodiles 388 Fugu Fish 388 Killer Whales 389 Blue-Ringed Octopus 389 Sea Snake 390 Stone Fish 390 Sharks (But Not All of Them) 391 Cone Snails 392 Box Jellyfish 393 Humans 393 Chapter 23: Ten Ocean Myths Busted 395 Melting Sea Ice Increases Sea Levels 395 Sharks Must Swim Constantly to Survive 396 Some Penguins Can Fly 397 Salt Water Kills Bacteria 397 Seawater is Just Salty Water 398 Waterspouts Are Tornadoes Over Water 398 The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a Solid Mat of Plastic 399 All Jellies Can Sting Humans 399 The Ocean is Blue Because It Reflects the Color of the Sky 400 Nothing Lives in the Middle of the Ocean 400 Chapter 24: Ten Ways You Can Help Preserve the Ocean 401 Reduce Your Carbon Footprint 402 Steer Clear of Plastics 403 Make Sustainable Seafood Choices 403 Use Ocean-Friendly Sunscreen 404 Don’t Buy Products That Exploit Marine Life 405 Vote for the Ocean with an Environmental Conscience 405 Defend Your Drain: Use Natural Products 406 Protect Your Local Watershed 406 Make It a Family Affair 407 Join and Support Ocean Conservation Organizations 408 Index 411

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Book SynopsisIntroduction to Sustainability, Second Edition,reviews all the major themes in the cutting-edge field of sustainability. The book is suitable for introductory interdisciplinary courses on sustainability, as well as those in the fields of geography, geology, sociology, planning, political science, and anthropology. Allowing students to see the world in new ways while also encouraging them to become part of the change needed to ensure the long-term sustainability of the planet, this book is an invaluable introduction to this multifaceted and ever-changing subject. Now fully revised and updated, this second edition includes new material on the most recent developments in the field of sustainability; environmental sustainability issues like water, food, and energy; social sustainability themes like environmental justice and transportation; and economic sustainability topics like green businesses and economic development. The book concludes with a chapter on sustainability issues in college and universities. Brinkmann intersperses many fascinating case studies and text boxes that encourage students to deeply explore the material. This is a book that not only organizes the complex field of sustainability, but also encourages students to take action to make the world a better place.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments xv About the Author xvii About the Companion Website xix 1 Roots of the Modern Sustainability Movement 1 Meaning of Sustainability 1 Nineteenth Century Environmentalism 3 Pinchot, Roosevelt, and Muir 5 Aldo Leopold and the Land Ethic 6 Better Living Through Chemistry, The Great Smog of 1952, and Rachel Carson 8 Environmental Activism of the 1960s and 1970s and the Development of Environmental Policy 10 The Growth of Environmental Laws in the 1960s and 1970s 13 The First Earth Day 14 International Concerns 14 Ozone and the World Comes Together 15 Globalization and the Brundtland Report 16 Deep Ecology 18 Environmental Justice 19 Measuring Sustainability 21 The Climate Change Challenge 23 The Road Ahead 24 Organization 26 2 Understanding Natural Systems 29 The Earth, its Layers, and the Rock Cycle 29 The Rock Cycle 32 Biogeochemical Cycles 33 Water and the Water Cycle 34 The Carbon Cycle and Global Climate Change 37 Global Climate Change and the Carbon Cycle 38 The Sulfur Cycle 40 The Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycles 42 Nitrate Pollution of groundwater 45 Organisms and Ecosystems 46 Urban Ecosystems 49 Understanding the Anthropocene 53 3 Measuring Sustainability 57 The United Nations Millennium Goals 58 The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 59 National sustainability planning 60 Canada 64 Bhutan 67 Regional sustainability planning 69 Local sustainability measurement 73 Green local governments in Florida 75 Specific community plans 79 PlaNYC 79 London and sustainability 81 Small towns and sustainability 84 Business sustainability 85 4 Energy 89 World Energy Production and Consumption 89 Traditional or “Dirty” Energy Resources 91 Oil 91 Oil shale and tar sands 93 Natural gas 95 Coal 97 Coal mining 98 Pollution from coal 99 Green energy 100 Biomass 100 Biomass: wood, manure, peat, and other organic sources 100 Burning of garbage: waste-to-energy 101 Conversion of biomass to liquid or gas fuel 102 Wind energy 103 Solar energy 105 Passive solar energy 105 Active solar energy 106 Concentrated solar power 107 Critiques of solar power 107 Nuclear energy 107 Other innovations 110 Energy efficiency 110 Living off the grid 112 5 Global Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Management 113 The end of nature? 113 The science of global climate change: The greenhouse effect 114 Water vapor 116 Carbon dioxide 116 Methane 118 Sinks of carbon 120 Forests 120 Reefs 120 The IPCC and evidence for climate change, and the future of our planet 121 Ocean acidification 122 Phenological changes 123 Conducting greenhouse gas inventories 124 Step 1 Setting boundaries 125 Step 2 Defining scope 125 Step 3 Choosing a quantitative approach 126 Step 4 Setting a baseline year 126 Step 5 Engaging stakeholders 126 Step 6 Procuring certification 127 Greenhouse gas equivalents used in greenhouse gas accounting 127 Greenhouse gas emission scopes 128 De minimis emissions 129 Computing greenhouse gas credits 129 Climate action plans 129 Religion and climate change 135 Evangelical Environmental Network 136 Young Evangelicals for Climate Action 136 Catholic Climate Covenant 136 Jewish Climate Change Campaign 137 The International Muslim Conference on Climate Change 138 Buddhist Declaration on Climate Change 138 Hindu Declaration on Climate Change 138 Art, culture, and climate change 139 Swoon 139 Raul Cardenas Osuna and Toro Labs 139 Isaac Cordal 140 6 Water 143 Sources of water 143 Consumption trends 148 Sources of water pollution 150 Agricultural pollution 150 Industrial pollution 150 Storm water pollution 151 Sewage 152 Leaking underground tanks 153 Landfills 153 Water management and conservation 155 National and regional water conservation and management 155 Water as a tool for regional development 156 Water supply management 157 Hard path water management 157 Soft path water management 158 Water management and innovation 159 Water quality 161 Understanding drainage basins 168 Drainage basins out of synch 169 Drainage basin pollution 169 Stream profile and base level 169 Lakes 169 Seas 171 Oceans 171 7 Food and Agriculture 173 Development of modern agriculture 173 Meat production 177 Piggeries 178 Feed lots 179 Chicken houses 179 World agricultural statistics 181 Food deserts and obesity 182 Sustainable alternatives to the industrial food movement 185 Vegetarianism and veganism 185 Organic farming 186 Small farm movement 186 Locavores 188 Farm to table 189 Community sponsored agriculture 191 Community gardens 193 Farmers’ markets 193 Beekeeping 195 The urban chicken movement 196 Guerilla gardening, freegans, and other radical approaches to food 196 8 Green Building 201 LEED rating systems 201 Site selection 204 Brownfield development 204 Other aspects of sustainable building siting 207 Water use 207 Energy and atmospheric health 208 Materials and resources 210 Material re-use 211 Recycled content of construction material 211 Locally derived materials 211 Renewable materials and certified sustainable wood 212 Waste management 212 Summary 213 Indoor environmental quality 213 Ventilation and air delivery monitoring 213 Construction indoor air quality management 214 Use of low-emitting materials 214 Indoor chemical and pollution source control 215 Controllability and design of lighting and temperature systems 215 Access to daylight 215 Summary 215 Innovation 215 Regional priorities 216 Expansion of green building technology 216 Other green building rating systems 216 BREEAM 217 PassivHaus 219 Green building policy 220 Critiques of green building 221 The greenest building and historic preservation 222 Small house movement 226 Further reading 229 9 Transportation 231 Transportation options 232 Vehicles 232 Cars 234 Trucks 234 Vehicles and fuels 235 Electric cars 237 Automated Vehicles 238 Rail 238 Ship transport 239 Bulk carriers 239 Container ships 239 Tankers 240 Refrigerated ships 240 Roll-on/roll-off ships 240 Environmental issues associated with ship transport 240 Air transport 241 Space travel 243 Roads 245 Environmental issues with roads 246 Storm water pollution management 246 Street sweeping 250 Ground stability 250 Mass transit 252 Forms of mass transit 252 Railways 252 Light rail 253 Buses 253 Bus rapid transit 254 Ferries 254 Transit hubs and transit-oriented development 254 The future 255 10 Pollution and Waste 259 Pollution 259 Chemical pollution 259 Metals 259 Organic compounds 260 Nutrients 261 Radioactive Pollutants 262 Pharmaceutical pollutants 263 Heat pollution 263 Light pollution 264 Noise pollution 265 Visual pollution 265 Littering 266 Understanding pollution distribution 266 The US approach to pollution 268 Clean Air Act 268 Clean Water Act 270 National Environmental Policy Act 271 Superfund 272 Sewage treatment 274 Sewage and sustainability 277 Garbage and recycling 277 Garbage composition 278 Managing garbage 278 Landfills 279 Reducing waste 280 Composting 281 Recycling 281 11 Environmental Justice 287 Social justice 287 Civil rights and the modern environmental movement in the United States 290 Lead pollution and the growth of the urban environmental justice movement 291 Environmental racism in the United States 293 Brownfields, community re-development, and environmental justice 295 US EPA and environmental justice 297 Indigenous people and environmental justice 299 Exporting environmental problems 300 Environmental justice around the world 301 Environmental justice in Europe 302 Environmental justice in Asia and the Pacific 302 The Three Gorges Dam 302 Bhopal and environmental justice in India 303 Tuvalu and global climate change 304 Environmental justice in Africa 305 Environmental justice in Latin America and the Caribbean: oil pollution in Ecuador 306 Environmental justice in a Globalized World 308 12 Sustainability Planning and Governance 313 Local governments and their structure 313 The role of citizens and stakeholders in local government 314 Community stakeholders 315 Boundaries and types of local governments 316 Leadership 319 Efforts to aid local governments on sustainability issues 319 Scale and local governments 321 Green regional development 322 Sustainable development 326 Globalization 327 Development of globalization 328 Drivers of globalization 329 Internet and communications 329 Transportation 330 Economic development 331 Transnational organizations 332 War and sustainability 339 Further reading 342 13 Sustainability, Economics, and the Global Commons 343 The global commons 343 Economic processes that put the Earth out of balance 345 Social and economic theories 346 Neoclassical economics 346 Environmental critiques of neoliberalism 347 Environmental economics 349 Cost-benefit analysis and its application in environmental economics 349 Environmental impact assessment 351 Environmental ethics 352 Green economics 352 Non-capitalistic economies 353 Deep ecology 353 Ecofeminism 356 Destruction regardless of theory 356 Environmental economics: externalities 357 Measuring the economy 358 Green jobs 362 14 Corporate and Organizational Sustainability Management 371 Cognitive dissonance 371 Why are businesses concerned with sustainability? 372 Profit 372 Public relations 372 Altruism 372 Concern over the long-term sustainability of the industry 373 Professional standards and norms 373 Total quality management and sustainability 373 People, planet, and profits 374 Ray Anderson, the father of the green corporation and the growth of green corporate environmentalism 379 Anderson’s legacy 380 Greenwashing in the corporate world 380 Green consumers 380 Global Reporting Initiative 382 Sustainability reporting in the S & P 500 382 Dow Jones Sustainability Index 385 Sustainability reporting 388 International Organization for Standardization (ISO): ISO 14000 and ISO 26000 388 ISO 14000 388 ISO 26000 388 Case studies of sustainability at the corporate level 389 Walmart 391 Unilever 393 Lessons from Walmart and Unilever 395 Can businesses with unsustainable products be sustainable? 396 15 Sustainability at Universities, Colleges, and Schools 401 Curriculum at colleges and universities 401 Sustainability curriculum at K-12 schools 403 External benchmarking 405 American Association for Sustainability in Higher Education 405 Presidents’ Climate Leadership Commitments 406 Other external benchmarking organizations 408 Internal initiatives 409 Sustainability officers 410 Sustainability committees 411 Food service 411 Student and faculty activism 414 Building your own case study 417 Sustainability at Oxford: a campus commitment 418 Making school lunches healthier in the United States 419 The cow powered carbon neutral campus 421 Whitman College builds wind turbines on campus farm 421 Stanford University: dumping the car for bikes 422 Green fleets: The University of South Florida’s biodiesel Bullrunner 422 Community engagement at Portland State University 423 Green buildings on college campuses: University of Florida goes for gold 424 Native and sustainable landscaping at one of the largest schools in the nation: Valencia College 425 Campus archaeology at Michigan State University 425 Index 427

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