Computer science Books

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisWhether you're interested in becoming a handyman or developing artisanal woodworking skills, the place to begin is by learning the fundamentals of using basic workshop tools correctly. The place to find out how is right here. Make: Tools is shop class in a book. Consumer-level 3D printers and CNC machines are opening up new possibilities for makers. But there will always be a need for traditional workshop skills and tools. Charles Platt's Make: Tools applies the same approach to its subject matter as his bestselling Make: Electronics -- in-depth explanations and hands-on projects that gradually increase in level of challenge. Illustrated in full color with hundreds of photographs and line drawings, the book serves as a perfect introduction to workshop tools and materials for young adults and adults alike. Platt focuses on basic hands tools and assumes no prior experience or knowledge on the part of the reader. The projects all result in fun games, toys, and puzzles. The book serves as both a hands-on tutorial a reference that will be returned to again and again.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe micro:bit, a tiny computer being distributed by the BBC to students all over the UK, is now available for anyone to purchase and play with. Its small size and low power requirements make it an ideal project platform for hobbyists and makers. You don't have to be limited by the web-based programming solutions, however: the hardware on the board is deceptively powerful, and this book will teach you how to really harness the power of the micro:bit. You'll learn about sensors, Bluetooth communications, and embedded operating systems, and along the way you'll develop an understanding of the next big thing in computers: the Internet of Things.

Read more less

Book SynopsisMinecraft has sold more than one hundred million copies worldwide (about 25 million of those units for the PC and Mac). According to Mojang, since the beginning of 2016 Minecraft continues to average 53,000 copies sold per day. Microsoft bought Minecraft (and Mojang) in 2014 for $2.5 billion. In 2016, Microsoft released a version of Minecraft specifically for educators called MinecraftEdu that is used by thousands of teachers around the world. Minecraft for Makers explores the intersection of this creative and beloved electronic game with the real world. It gives readers the opportunity to take familiar objects from the game - such as blocks, jack o'lanterns, and mobs - and make real-world versions of them. Begin with simple crafting projects using wood, paint, and LEGOs. Then move up to projects that involve basic electronics with LEDs. And, finally, advance to Arduino microcontroller projects that teach programming skills and basic robotics. The skills build progressively on one another, from chapter to chapter, and the emphasis is on fun all the way! Chapters include: Basic Projects (Item Frame with Diamond Sword, LEGO Minecraft Block, Minecraft Chess Pieces) LED Projects (Glowing Minecraft Block, Glowstone Chandelier, Minecraft Chess Board) Arduino Projects (Minecraft Jack O'Lantern, Night and Day Clock, Robot Creeper)

Read more less

Book SynopsisE-based systems and computer networks are becoming standard practice across all sectors, including health, engineering, business, education, security, and citizen interaction with local and national government. They facilitate rapid and easy dissemination of information and data to assist service providers and end-users, offering existing and newly engineered services, products, and communication channels. Recent years have witnessed rising interest in these computerized systems and procedures, which exploit different forms of electronic media to offer effective and sophisticated solutions to a wide range of real-world applications.With contributions from researchers and practitioners from around the world, this two-volume book discusses and reports on new and important developments in the field of e-systems, covering a wide range of current issues in the design, engineering, and adoption of e-systems. E-Systems for the 21st Century: Concept, Developments and Applic

Read more less

Book SynopsisEdited by professionals with years of experience, this book provides an introduction to the theory of evolutionary algorithms and single- and multi-objective optimization, and then goes on to discuss to explore applications of evolutionary algorithms for many uses with real-world applications. Covering both the theory and applications of evolutionary computation, the book offers exhaustive coverage of several topics on nontraditional evolutionary techniques, details working principles of new and popular evolutionary algorithms, and discusses case studies on both scientific and real-world applications of optimizationTable of ContentsTheory and Applications in Engineering Systems. Introduction. Bio-Mimetic Adaptations of Genetic Algorithm and Their Applications to Chemical Engineering. Surrogate-Assisted Evolutionary Computing Methods. Evolutionary Algorithms in Ironmaking Applications. Harmony Search Optimization for Multilevel Thresholding in Digital Images. Swarm Intelligence in Software Engineering Design Problems. Gene Expression Programming in Nanotechnology Applications. Theory and Applications of Single Objective Optimization Studies. An Alternate Hybrid Evolutionary Method for Solving MINLP Problems. Differential Evolution for Optimal Design of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers. Evolutionary Computation Based QoS-Aware Multicast Routing. Performance Assessment of the Canonical Genetic. An Efficient Approach for Populating Deep Web Repositories Using SFLA. Closed Loop Simulation of Quadraple Tank Process Using Adaptive Multi-Loop Fractional. Theory and Applications of Single and Multi-Objective Optimization Studies. A Practical Approach towards Multi Objective Shape Optimization. Nature-Inspired Computing Techniques for Integer Factorization. Genetic Algorithm Based Real-Time Parameter Identifier for an Adaptive Power System Stabilizer. Applied Evolutionary Computation in Fire Safety Upgrading. Elitist Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms for Voltage and Reactive Power Optimization in Power Systems. Evaluation of Simulated Annealing, Differential Evolution and Particle Swarm Optimization for Solving Pooling Problems. Performance Improvement of NSGA-II Algorithm by Modifying Crossover Probability Distribution. Evolutionary Algorithms for Malware Detection and Classification. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis title includes a number of Open Access chapters. In today’s world, there are new opportunities for disaster communications through modern technology and social media. Social network applications such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram can connect friends, family, first responders, and those providing relief and assistance. However, social media and other modern communication tools have their limitations. They can be affected by disaster situations where there are power outages or interrupted cellular service. The research contained in this valuable compendium offers much-needed information for emergency responders, utility companies, relief organizations, and governments as they invest in infrastructure to support post-disaster communications.In order to make use of modern communication methods, as well as fully utilize more traditional communication networks, it is imperative that we understand how people actually communicate in the wake of a disaster situation and how various communication strategies can best be utilized. Communication during and immediately after a disaster situation is a vital component of response and recovery. Effective communication connects first responders, support systems, and family members with the communities and individuals immersed in the disaster. Reliable communication also plays a key role in a community’s resilience. With research from internationally recognized experts, this volume provides an overview of communication challenges and best-practice analyses, looks at the internet and social media and mobile phones and other technology for disaster communication, and explores the challenges to effective communication. Presents a quality improvement project that gathered expert consensus on best practices used to improve disaster communication Analyzes the information dissemination mechanisms of different media to establish an efficient information dissemination plan for disaster pre-warning, including short message service (SMS), microblogs, news portals, cell phones, television, and oral communication Gauges the effectiveness of disaster risk communication Looks at the future of social media use during emergencies and afterwards Proposes a disaster resilient network that integrates various wireless networks into a cognitive wireless network in the event of disaster occurrences Effective Communication During Disasters: Making Use of Technology, Media, and Human Resources is an informative, multi-faceted resource on preparedness planning for effective communication before, during, and after a disaster occurs.Table of ContentsPreparing for effective communication during disasters: Lessons from a world health organization quality improvement project. Information dissemination analysis of different media towards the application of disaster Pre-warning. The effectiveness of disaster risk communication: A systematic review of intervention studies. Near-Real-Time analysis of publicly communicated disaster response information. The future of social media use during emergencies in Australia: Insights from the 2014 Australian and New Zealand disaster and emergency management conference social media workshop. Resilient disaster network based on software defined cognitive wireless network technology. Web 2.0 and internet social networking: A new tool for disaster management? Lessons from Taiwan. Global health and Natural disaster alerts: Preparing mobile phones to endure the unthinkable. What it takes to get passed on: Message content, style, and structure as predictors of retransmission in the Boston marathon bombing response. Leveraging Public health nurses for disaster risk communication in Fukushima city: A qualitative analysis of nurses’ written records of parenting counseling and peer discussions. Communication, perception, and behaviour during a natural disaster involving a "Do not Drink" and a subsequent "Boil Water" notice: A postal questionnaire study.

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn this book, the authors focus on the concrete aspects of IoT (Internet of Things): the daily operation, on the ground, of this domain, including concrete and detailed discussion of the designs, applications and realizations of Secure Connected Things and IoT. As experts in the development of RFID and IoT technologies, the authors offer the reader a highly technical discussion of these topics, including the many approaches (technical, security, safety, ergonomic, economic, normative, regulations, etc.) involved in Secure Connected Objects projects. This book is written both for readers wishing to familiarize themselves with the complex issues surrounding networking objects and for those who design these connective "things".Table of ContentsForeword xi Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv Preamble xvii Part 1 Introduction – The Buzz about IoT and IoE 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Definition of communicating- or connected Things 3 1.1.1 Connected Things – Communicating Things 3 1.1.2 Definition of the IoT 4 1.1.3 Internet of X 5 Chapter 2 The (Overly) Vast World of IoT 9 2.1 2011–2016: the craze for the term “Connected Thing” 9 2.1.1 The catch-all 9 2.1.2 Fashion, buzz and “bubble” 10 2.1.3 “Hype” cycle for innovations 11 2.2 The true goal of this book 14 Chapter 3 Why a Connectable Thing? 15 3.1 Examples of connectable things 15 3.1.1 Home care for the elderly 16 3.1.2 In the automotive industry 19 Part 2 Constraints Surrounding an IoT Project 21 Chapter 4 Aspects to be Taken into Consideration 23 4.1 Aspects pertaining to the concrete realization of Connected Things 23 4.1.1 Financial and marketing aspects 24 4.1.2 Technical and industrial aspects 24 4.1.3 Regulatory and normative aspects 24 4.1.4 Security aspects 24 4.1.5 Cost aspects 24 Chapter 5 Financial and Marketing Aspects 27 5.1 Economic aspects 27 5.1.1 Saleable / buyable 27 5.2 Ergonomic aspects 29 5.2.1 Mechanical form and design vs ergonomics 29 Chapter 6 Technical and Industrial Aspects 31 6.1 Technical aspects 31 6.1.1 Life cycle of a new product 31 6.1.2 Techno-economic feasibility 32 6.1.3 Design 32 6.1.4 Industrialization, manufacturing process and quality assurance 32 6.2 Energy aspects 32 6.2.1 Power supply to the Thing 33 6.3 Industrial aspects 39 Chapter 7 Regulatory and Normative Aspects 41 7.1 Regulatory aspects and recommendations 41 7.1.1 Radiofrequency regulations 42 7.2 Health-related recommendations 43 7.2.1 Exposure of the human body to electromagnetic fields 44 7.2.2 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) 44 7.3 Societal regulations and individual freedoms (privacy) 45 7.3.1 The various data needing to be protected 45 7.3.2 Loi Informatique et Libertés 45 7.3.3 Mandate 436, PIA and RFID and IoT applications 46 7.3.4 GDPR – General Data Protection Regulation 49 7.3.5 Privacy by design 51 7.4 Environmental regulations and recycling 53 7.4.1 Electronic waste treatment 53 7.4.2 Regulation and organization of the chain 54 7.4.3 Labeling of electrical and electronic equipment 54 7.5 Normative aspects 55 7.5.1 ISO/AFNOR 55 7.5.2 IEEE 56 7.5.3 ETSI 56 Chapter 8 Security Aspects 59 8.1 Security aspects 59 8.1.1 The weak links 60 8.1.2 Possible solutions 62 8.1.3 Definition and choice of security target 63 8.1.4 Concepts of security levels applied in IoT 64 8.1.5 True security – the “Secure Element” 67 8.1.6 Cryptography 70 8.1.7 Symmetric and asymmetric encryption 71 8.1.8 Consumer Things, IoT, security… and the Cloud 75 8.2 Judging the quality of security 80 8.3 Some thoughts about security, privacy and IoT 81 8.4 Vulnerabilities and attacks in the IoT chain 82 8.4.1 Attacks on the software layer 83 8.4.2 Attacks on the board or Thing 84 8.4.3 Attacks on the integrated circuits 84 8.4.4 Security standards 85 Part 3 Overall Architecture of the IoT Chain 87 Chapter 9 Communication Models in IoT 89 9.1 Communication models in IoT 89 9.1.1 OSI model 89 9.1.2 TCP/IP model 92 9.1.3 By way of conclusion 98 Chapter 10. Overall Architecture of an IoT System 101 10.1 Overall architecture of a CT and IoT solution 101 10.1.1 Description of the complete chain 102 10.2 From a more technological point of view 102 10.2.1 Architecture and overview of an IoT chain 102 10.2.2 The “base station/gateway” 106 10.2.3 The “Cloud” zone 109 10.2.4 The “User” zone 110 10.3 The very numerous protocols involved 113 Part 4 Detailed Description of the IoT Chain 117 Part 4A From the User (The Outside World) to the Thing 119 Chapter 11 From the Outside World to the Thing 121 11.1 Connection of the Thing to the outside world 121 11.1.1 Using sensors 121 11.1.2 Using wired connections 122 11.1.3 Using RF links 122 11.1.4 Very Short Range (<10 cm) 122 11.1.5 Short range SR Wide band (tens of meters) 124 Chapter 12 The Secure Connected Thing 127 12.1 Physical constitution of the Thing 127 12.1.1 Sensors 127 12.1.2 Local intelligence – microcontroller 128 12.1.3 Security (SE)… 128 Part 4B From the Thing to the Base Station 131 Chapter 13 Means of Communication to Access a Base Station 133 13.1 Possible network connectivity technologies 133 13.1.1 Local or ultra-local non-operated RF networks 135 13.1.2 Extended-deployment operated RF networks 136 13.1.3 Is there space for all these technologies? 136 13.2 Medium-range MR Wide-band (hundreds of meters) 136 13.2.1 Wi-Fi 137 13.3 Long-range (LR– tens of kilometers) 138 13.3.1 NB, UNB, WB, UWB, FHSS, DSSS and RF regulations 138 13.3.2 Regulators and regulations 140 13.3.3 RF bases 146 13.4 LTN – Low-Throughput Network 152 13.4.1 Long Range LR - LTN 153 13.4.2 LR LTN in (U)NB– SIGFOX 156 13.4.3 LR LTN in DSSS (spectrum spreading) – LoRa, from Semtech 167 13.4.4 A discussion of spectrum spreading – SS 169 13.4.5 LR WB 192 13.4.6 Operated LR WB networks 196 Part 4C From the Base Station to the Server 203 Chapter 14 Network Access Layer – IP 205 14.1 IPv4 205 14.1.1 Operation 206 14.1.2 Services provided 206 14.1.3 Reliability 206 14.2 IPv6 207 14.2.1 Differences between IPv6 and IPv4 207 14.2.2 Problems of privacy and/or anonymity? 209 14.3 6LoWPAN 209 14.3.1 Description of the technology 210 14.3.2 Integration of an IPv6 packet into an IEEE 802.15.4 frame 210 14.3.3 Autoconfiguration of an IP address 211 14.3.4 Network supervision and management 211 14.3.5 Constraints on “upper-layer” applications 211 14.3.6 Security 212 14.3.7 Routing 212 Chapter 15 The Server 215 15.1 Conventional functions of a server in IoT 216 Chapter 16 Transport and Messaging Protocols 219 16.1 Transport 219 16.1.1 Operation 220 16.1.2 Structure of a TCP segment 220 16.2 “IoT messaging” technologies 221 16.2.1 Main protocol parameters 221 16.3 Protocols 225 16.4 HTTP – HyperText Transfer Protocol 226 16.5 Http/2 227 16.6 MQTT – Message Queuing Telemetry Transport 227 16.6.1 Security in MQTT 229 16.7 CoAP – Constrained Application Protocol 229 16.8 XMPP 230 16.9 DDS – Data Distribution Service 231 16.10 AMQP – Advanced Message Queuing Protocol 232 16.11 SMQ 233 16.12 JMS – Java Messaging Service 233 16.13 Other protocols 234 16.14 The broker 234 16.14.1 Examples of possibilities 235 16.15 Programming languages 236 16.16 Operating systems 236 Part 4D From the Cloud Server to the Various Users 237 Chapter 17 Cloud and Fog Computing 239 17.1 Cloud computing? 239 17.1.1 What is its mode of operation? 240 17.1.2 Advantages and benefits in IoT applications 240 17.1.3 Types of Cloud computing 241 17.1.4 Cloud products and services 241 17.2 Example: the PaaS platform AWS IoT 242 17.3 How security is managed 244 17.4 Fog computing? 245 17.5 Big data 246 17.6 Natural interfaces 247 Part 5 Concrete Realization of an IoT Solution Examples and Costs 249 Chapter 18 Examples of the Concrete Realization of Connected Things 251 18.1 Subject/application taken as an example 251 18.1.1 Architecture of the product: a communicating physical Thing 253 18.1.2 Mandatory steps in creating the Thing 255 Chapter 19 Cost Aspects 261 19.1 CAPEX and OPEX are in the same boat… 261 19.1.1 CAPEX 262 19.1.2 OPEX 273 19.1.3 Conclusions 275 19.1.4 Very important conclusions 276 Conclusion 279 Bibliography 281 Index 285

Read more less

Book SynopsisCollective Intelligence and Digital Archives DIGITAL TOOLS AND USES SET Coordinated by Imad Saleh This book presents the most up-to-date research from different areas of digital archives to show how and why collective intelligence is being developed to organize and better communicate new masses of information. Current archive digitization projects produce an enormous amount of digital data (Big Data). Thanks to the proactive approach of large public institutions, this data is increasingly accessible. Despite the recent stabilization of technical and legal frameworks, the use of data has yet to be enriched by processes such as collective intelligence. By exploring the field of digital humanities, audiovisual archives, preservation of cultural heritage, crowdsourcing and the recovery of scientific archives, this book presents and analyzes concrete examples of collective intelligence for use in digital archives.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Ecosystems of Collective Intelligence in the Service of Digital Archives 1 Samuel SZONIECKY 1.1 Digital archives 1 1.2 Collective intelligence 3 1.3 Knowledge ecosystems 5 1.4 Examples of ecosystems of knowledge 7 1.4.1 Modeling digital archive interpretation 7 1.4.2 Editing archives via the semantic web 10 1.4.3 A semantic platform for analyzing audiovisual corpuses 12 1.4.4 Digital libraries and crowdsourcing: a state-of-the-art 14 1.4.5 Conservation and promotion of cultural heritage 16 1.4.6 Modeling knowledge for innovation 18 1.5 Solutions 20 1.6 Bibliography 21 Chapter 2 Tools for Modeling Digital Archive Interpretation 23 Muriel LOU PRE and Samuel SZONIECKY 2.1 What archives are we speaking of? Definition, issues and collective intelligence methods 25 2.1.1 Database archives, evolution of a concept and its functions 25 2.1.2 The exploitation of digital archives in the humanities 27 2.1.3 The specific case of visualization tools 32 2.2 Digital archive visualization tools: lessons from the Biolographes experiment 34 2.2.1 Tools for testing 37 2.2.2 Tools for visualizing networks: DBpedia, Palladio 38 2.2.3 Multi-purpose tools (Keshif, Table) 40 2.3 Prototype for influence network modeling 44 2.3.1 Categorization of relationships 45 2.3.2 Assisted influence network entry 47 2.4 Limits and perspectives 50 2.4.1 Epistemological conflicts 51 2.4.2 The digital “black box”? 55 2.4.3 From individual expertise to group intelligence 56 2.5 Conclusion 57 2.6 Bibliography 58 Chapter 3 From the Digital Archive to the Resource Enriched Via Semantic Web: Process of Editing a Cultural Heritage 61 Lénaïk LEYOUDEC 3.1 Influencing the intelligibility of a heritage document 61 3.2 Mobilizing differential semantics 62 3.3 Applying an interpretive process to the archive 63 3.4 Assessment of the semiotic study 67 3.5 Popularizing the data web in the editorialization approach 70 3.6 Archive editorialization in the Famille™ architext 73 3.7 Assessment of the archive’s recontextualization 79 3.8 Bibliography 81 Chapter 4 Studio Campus AAR: A Semantic Platform for Analyzing and Publishing Audiovisual Corpuses 85 Abdelkrim BELOUED, Peter STOCKINGER and Steffen LALANDE 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 Context and issues 86 4.2.1 Archiving and appropriation of audiovisual data 89 4.2.2 General presentation of the Campus AAR environment 94 4.3 Editing knowledge graphs – the Studio Campus AAR example 96 4.3.1 Context 97 4.3.2 Representations of OWL2 restrictions 99 4.3.3 Resolution of OWL2 restrictions 101 4.3.4 Relaxing constraints 102 4.3.5 Classification of individuals 104 4.3.6 Opening and interoperability with the web of data 106 4.3.7 Graphical interfaces 107 4.4 Application to media analysis 108 4.4.1 Model of audiovisual description 109 4.4.2 Reference works and description models 110 4.4.3 Description pattern 111 4.4.4 The management of contexts 112 4.4.5 Suggestion of properties 113 4.4.6 Suggestion of property values 114 4.4.7 Opening on the web of data 115 4.5 Application to the management of individuals 116 4.5.1 Multi-ontology description 116 4.5.2 Faceted browsing 117 4.5.3 An individual’s range 117 4.6 Application to information searches 118 4.6.1 Semantic searches 118 4.6.2 Transformation of SPARQL query graphs 120 4.6.3 Transformation of OWL2 axioms into SPARQL 120 4.6.4 Interface 121 4.7 Application to corpus management 122 4.8 Application to author publication 123 4.8.1 Publication ontologies 125 4.8.2 Transformation engine 128 4.8.3 Final product 129 4.8.4 Opening on the web of data 129 4.8.5 Graphical Interface 130 4.9 Conclusion 131 4.10 Bibliography 132 Chapter 5 Digital Libraries and Crowdsourcing: A Review 135 Mathieu ANDRO and Imad SALEH 5.1 The concept of crowdsourcing in libraries 136 5.1.1 Definition of crowdsourcing 136 5.1.2 Historic origins of crowdsourcing 137 5.1.3 Conceptual origins of crowdsourcing 140 5.1.4 Critiques of crowdsourcing. Towards the uberization of libraries? 140 5.2 Taxonomy and panorama of crowdsourcing in libraries 141 5.2.1 Explicit crowdsourcing 143 5.2.2 Gamification and implicit crowdsourcing 145 5.2.3 Crowdfunding 148 5.3 Analyses of crowdsourcing in libraries from an information and communication perspective 150 5.3.1 Why do libraries have recourse to crowdsourcing and what are the necessary conditions? 150 5.3.2 Why do Internet users contribute? Taxonomy of Internet users’ motivations 153 5.3.3 From symbolic recompense to concrete remuneration 154 5.3.4 Communication for recruiting contributors 155 5.3.5 Community management for keeping contributors 155 5.3.6 The quality and reintegration of produced data 156 5.3.7 The evaluation of crowdsourcing projects 157 5.4 Conclusions on collective intelligence and the wisdom of crowds 158 5.5 Bibliography 159 Chapter 6 Conservation and Promotion of Cultural Heritage in the Context of the Semantic Web 163 Ashraf AMAD and Nasreddine BOUHAÏ 6.1 Introduction 163 6.2 The knowledge resources and models relative to cultural heritage 164 6.2.1 Metadata norms 164 6.2.2 Controlled vocabularies 171 6.2.3 Lexical databases 172 6.2.4 Ontologies 172 6.3 Difficulties and possible solutions 174 6.3.1 Data acquisition 175 6.3.2 Information modeling 185 6.3.3 Use 195 6.3.4 Interoperability 197 6.4 Conclusion 201 6.5 Bibliography 202 Chapter 7 On Knowledge Organization and Management for Innovation: Modeling with the Strategic Observation Approach in Material Science 207 Sahbi SIDHOM and Philippe LAMBERT 7.1 General introduction 207 7.2 Research context: KM and innovation process 210 7.2.1 Jean Lamour Institute 210 7.2.2 Technology and Knowledge Transfer Office (or CC-VIT) 211 7.3 Methodological approach 212 7.3.1 Observation and accumulation of knowledge for innovation 212 7.3.2 Strategic observation and extraction of knowledge: towards an ontological approach 215 7.3.3 Creation of a class hierarchy (of knowledge) 224 7.4 Conceptual modeling for innovation: technological transfer 225 7.4.1 Implementations 226 7.4.2 Corpus specificities 227 7.4.3 NLP engineering applied to the corpus 228 7.4.4 “Polyfunctionalities” favoring strategic observation 232 7.5 Conclusion: principal results and recommendations 233 7.6 Bibliography 235 List of Authors 239 Index 241

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book aims at exploring and illustrating the different ways in which hypermedia systems and tools are designed according to those aspects. The design and visualization schemes included in any system will be related to the variety of social and technical complexities confronted by researchers in social, communication, humanities, art and design.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Everado REYES-GARCIA Chapter 1 From Controversies to Decision-making: Between Argumentation and Digital Writing 1 Orélie DESFRICHES-DORIA 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Hypertexts and hypermedia 2 1.3 From decision-making to the study of controversies 3 1.3.1 Definition of the concept of controversy 3 1.3.2 Shifts from one situation to another 4 1.3.3 Controversy representation 5 1.3.4 Some controversy visualization and processing tools and methods 7 1.4 Detailed presentation of Vesta Cosy 9 1.5 What is the content of argument representations? 14 1.5.1 Interactions between the two fields 14 1.5.2 Theoretical approaches to argumentation 16 1.5.3 Hypermedia structure in the process of decision-making map construction with Vesta Cosy 19 1.6 Application of Vesta Cosy to controversy analysis 22 1.6.1 Characterization of the nature of a controversy 22 1.6.2 Methodological principles of controversy analysis 24 1.7 New digital writings with hypermedia 29 1.7.1 Extension of reasoning and paradigm shift 29 1.7.2 Hyperlinked content according to diversified details 30 1.7.3 Disorientation, hypernarrativity and interactions 32 1.8 Conclusion 33 1.9 Bibliography 33 Chapter 2 Training in Digital Writing Through the Prism of Tropisms: Case Studies and Propositions 37 Stéphane CROZAT 2.1 Abstract 37 2.2 Introduction 37 2.3 Issue: theoretical approach to digital technology 38 2.3.1 The possibility of mechanizing intellectual labor 38 2.3.2 Digitization of content 39 2.3.3 “It has been manipulated”: manipulation as a source of digital content 40 2.3.4 “And it will be again”: manipulation as the future of digital content 41 2.4 Proposition: tropisms of digital content 42 2.4.1 The concept of tropism 42 2.4.2 Modeling of functional tendencies of digital objects 44 2.5 Detailed description of tropisms 44 2.5.1 Abstraction: it has been coded and will be recoded 44 2.5.2 Addressing: it has been found and will be found again 45 2.5.3 Connection: it has been transmitted and will be retransmitted 46 2.5.4 Duplication: it has been copied and will be recopied 46 2.5.5 Transformation: it has been changed and will be changed again 47 2.5.6 Universality: it has been integrated and will be reintegrated 48 2.6 Application: training in digital technology with tropisms 48 2.6.1 Training in ordinary digital writing at the University of Technology of Compiègne (UTC) 48 2.6.2 BABA strings (abstraction and polymorphism) 49 2.6.3 SolSys string (staging, hypertextualization) 51 2.6.4 BD string (transclusion, interactivity) 53 2.7 Case study: training in digital writing at IFCAM 53 2.7.1 Introduction to training 53 2.7.2 Training scenario 54 2.7.3 An experience to increase awareness using Etherpad 54 2.7.4 Understanding the properties of digital technology and theoretical content 56 2.7.5 Assignment 1: analysis of practices 57 2.7.6 Part two: reading and writing, second assignment (critical observation) 57 2.8 Perspective: a MOOC “digital literacy” project 57 2.8.1 Defining information literacy 58 2.8.2 Defining digital technology 59 2.8.3 Issue: teaching information literacy 60 2.8.4 Components of teaching information literacy 61 2.8.5 Format: challenges of MOOCs 62 2.8.6 Proposition: content and scenario for an information literacy MOOC 64 2.9 Conclusion and perspectives 65 2.10 Acknowledgments 66 2.11 Further reading 66 2.12 Bibliography 67 Chapter 3 Assessing the Design of Hypermedia Interfaces: Differing Perspectives 69 María Inés LAITANO 3.1 Man–machine interaction 70 3.1.1 Fundamental principles of usability 70 3.1.2 Cognitive engineering 72 3.2 Mediated human activity 74 3.2.1 The Danish school 76 3.2.2 Instrumental psychology 78 3.3 Meaningful systems 80 3.3.1 Semiotic engineering 80 3.3.2 The sociocognitive model 84 3.3.3 Semiotic scenario 86 3.4 Three mediations: three ways of evaluating a design? 88 3.5 Bibliography 93 Chapter 4 Experience Design: Explanation and Best Practices 97 Leslie MATTÉ GANET 4.1 Several problems identified with interface creation 99 4.1.1 Users have difficulty too often 99 4.1.2 An awkward practice of Experience Design 99 4.1.3 A difficult beginning for Experience Design in France 100 4.1.4 Ill-defined jobs 101 4.1.5 Manufacturers at various XD maturity levels 102 4.2 What is good Experience Design? 104 4.3 How does Experience Design work? 106 4.3.1 A method, more than a result 106 4.3.2 Focused on humans 106 4.3.3 A transformed project management 106 4.3.4 New professions 108 4.3.5 Tools in DX 112 4.4 A powerful approach 114 4.4.1 XD protects from rejection 114 4.4.2 XD allows for an important gain in time 115 4.4.3 The XD facilitator 116 4.5 Example of XD contribution to an industrial project 116 4.5.1 Creating the Website with classic project management 117 4.5.2 Revising the Website with XD project management 121 4.6 How can we improve the quality of Experience Design in the ICT industries? 124 4.6.1 A team with an open mind and empathy 124 4.6.2 Co-design, creativity, ideation and respiration 124 4.6.3 Good skills for appropriate responsibilities 125 4.6.4 The systematic presence of the user and going into the field 126 4.6.5 No longer using the term UX 126 4.7 Conclusion 127 4.8 Bibliography 128 Chapter 5 Designing Authoring Software Environments for the Interactive Arts: An Overview of Mobilizing.js 131 Dominique CUNIN 5.1 Research context: artistic practices of interactivity 131 5.1.1 Art and technique in the face of the digital 131 5.1.2 An idea: an authoring software environment 134 5.2 Computer graphics, game engine, art engine? 138 5.2.1 Reusability 138 5.2.2 Game engine: when the metaphor and the objective design the tool 140 5.2.3 Programming for the interactive arts: toward complexity 142 5.2.4 Art engine, an authoring environment possibility? 149 5.3 Mobilizing.js: an attempt at a multi-paradigmatic authoring software environment 151 5.3.1 Artistic technical conduct and critical technical practice 153 5.3.2 An engine with many speeds 157 5.4 Structure and results of Mobilizing.js 163 5.4.1 Overview of a technical sequence 163 5.4.2 Constructing interactivities 170 5.4.3 Interactive, immersive and collaborative system 175 5.5 Conclusion 181 5.6 Bibliography 182 Chapter 6 Clues Anomalies Understanding Detecting Underlying Assumptions and Expected Practices in the Digital Humanities through the AIME Project 185 Donato RICCI, Robin DE MOURAT, Christophe LECLERCQ and Bruno LATOUR 6.1 Abstract 185 6.2 Introduction 186 6.3 AIME and its digital humanities set-up 188 6.4 Methodology: multiplying listening devices 193 6.5 Anomaly family #1: displacements in acknowledging on-and-offline practices ecosystem 197 6.6 Anomaly family #2: interface-driven methodology and its encounters with scholarly publics 199 6.7 Anomaly family #3: the shock of collaboration’s ethoses 204 6.8 Qualifying anomalies for a better understanding of Digital Humanities projects 207 6.9 Bibliography 209 List of Authors 213 Index 215

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book explores the impact of information systems on the management of North–South asymmetric strategic alliances through a series of in-depth case studies which analyze different types of partnerships. Positioned at the heart of the value creation process, the choice of information system seems to be becoming a strategic issue which should be centered not only on the organizational decisions related to the type of alliance but also the management systems of each of the partners. The authors provide an understanding of the nature of this relationship between the organizational structure and the method of information system integration in asymmetric alliances. The in-depth analysis of strategic alliance case-studies illustrates the different methods of information system integration, which are themselves linked to the organisational and structural choices of the alliance. These methods are characterized by information-sharing and coordination mechanisms as well as the balance of control over shared activities developed by the distinct partners. Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Part 1 Specificities of IS within Asymmetric Alliances 1 Introduction to Part 1 3 Chapter 1 Strategic Alliances versus Asymmetric Alliances 5 1.1 Strategic alliances 5 1.1.1 Definition 6 1.1.2 Organizational forms 8 1.1.3 Objectives set by the partners 12 1.2 Asymmetric alliances 17 1.2.1 Definition 17 1.2.2 Criteria for organizational and strategic asymmetry 18 1.2.3 Criteria for managerial asymmetry: the governance model 20 1.2.4. Geographic and sociocultural asymmetry criteria 21 Chapter 2 Management Specificities of North and South Asymmetric Alliances 25 2.1 Definition 25 2.2 Organizational form 25 2.3 Strategic objectives of partners 27 2.4 Nature of pooled resources 30 2.5 Managerial system and control mechanisms 31 Chapter 3 Alliance Governance by IS 35 3.1 Information systems (IS) 35 3.1.1 Definition 35 3.1.2 Possible applications 35 3.2 Interorganizational information systems (IOIS) 41 3.2.1 Definition 41 3.2.2 Possible applications for IOIS 42 3.3 Analysis of the role of IS in the management of strategic alliances 44 3.3.1 Formal governance tool 45 3.3.2 Informal governance tool 46 Part 2 The Role of IS in the Management of an Asymmetric Alliance: Four Case Studies 49 Introduction to Part 2 51 Chapter 4 Case ALPHA 57 4.1 Characteristics of alliance ALPHA 57 4.1.1 Organizational form of the alliance 57 4.1.2 Ends sought by each party 59 4.1.3 Resources dedicated by both parties 59 4.1.4 Perimeter of activity of the alliance 62 4.1.5 Governance model for the alliance 63 4.2. The role of IS in the management of alliance ALPHA 67 Chapter 5 Case DELTA 73 5.1 Characteristics of alliance DELTA 73 5.1.1 Organizational form of the alliance 73 5.1.2 Ends sought by each party 75 5.1.3 Resources committed by the partners 77 5.1.4 Perimeter of activity of the alliance 79 5.1.5 Governance model of the alliance 80 5.2 Role of IS in managing alliance DELTA 84 Chapter 6 Case KAPPA 89 6.1 Characteristics of alliance KAPPA 89 6.1.1 Organizational form of the alliance 90 6.1.2 Ends sought by both partners 90 6.1.3 Resources committed by the partners 91 6.1.4 Perimeter of activity of alliance KAPPA 94 6.1.5 Governance model of the alliance 95 6.2 The role of IS in managing alliance KAPPA 99 Chapter 7 Case IOTA 103 7.1 Characteristics of alliance IOTA 103 7.1.1 Organizational form of the alliance 103 7.1.2 Ends sought by each party 105 7.1.3 Resources committed by the partners 106 7.1.4 Perimeter of activity of the alliance 108 7.1.5 Governance model of the alliance 110 7.2 Role of IS within alliance IOTA 112 Conclusion 119 Bibliography 127 Index 139

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book will teach you how to take advantage of the JavaScript language to process data provided on the Internet. Much attention is given to the main JavaScript backbone: prototype based objects, and functional capabilities, while common features (loops, etc.) are summarized in a few cheat-sheets. Only operational features are detailed through the coding of several applications -the second and largest part of the book-, on free-access datasets (e.g. World Bank). It includes: cartography (SVG or API's based), data-sheets access (via Ajax or Jsonp), video data and post-synchronization, and animation examples.Table of ContentsIntroduction xiii Part 1. Core JavaScript 1 Introduction to Part 1 3 Chapter 1. Variables: Declaration, Definition and Type 5 1.1. Declarations of functions and variables 6 1.1.1. The different declaration keywords 6 1.1.2. Lexical scope and definition of a variable according to declaration mode: var, let, const 9 1.1.3. Comments (important improvements carried over by ES6) 11 1.1.4. General conclusion about the variable declarations in JavaScript 11 1.1.5. Naming variables and functions: best practices 14 1.2. Variable definition, initialization and typing in JavaScript 15 1.2.1. Variables initialization and definition 15 1.2.2. Types 15 1.2.3. How to use the type “undefined” and the value undefined 17 Chapter 2. Controls: Booleans, Branch and Loops 19 2.1. Truth values and boolean operators 19 2.1.1. Boolean operators: “!” (not), “&&” (and), “||” (or) 19 2.1.2. Relational operators: >, <, >=, <= 20 2.1.3. Comparison operators: = =, != (simple) or = = =, != = (strict) 20 2.2. Conditional instructions: branch test, loop test 21 2.2.1. Conditional instructions: if ... else, if ... else if ... else 21 2.2.2. Ternary conditional operator 21 2.2.3. Instruction “switch” 22 2.2.4. Classical iteration loop: instruction “for” 22 2.2.5. Repeat under condition: instructions “while”, and “do..while” 23 2.2.6. Implicit casting of values “undefined” and “null” in boolean context 23 2.2.7. Short-cut evaluation: tips for the uncertain definitions 24 2.2.8. Exception handling 24 Chapter 3. Data: Numbers and Strings 27 3.1. Handling numbers 28 3.1.1. Literal notation of type “number” variables 28 3.1.2. Arithmetic operators 29 3.1.3. Math operations using the methods of the object Math 30 3.1.4. Evaluation in the “numerical context” versus “boolean context” 32 3.2. Handling character strings 32 3.2.1. Literal notation of strings 32 3.2.2. Backtick syntax, or template syntax, introduced by ES6 33 3.2.3. Concatenation operator 34 3.2.4. Resolving polymorphism issues with operator + in numerical or string context 34 3.2.5. Behavior of the relational and equality operators 35 3.2.6. Various facets of string-related issues in a sample application 35 3.3. The String.prototype methods 37 3.3.1. The need for preprocessing before comparison 37 3.3.2. Handling partial comparisons 38 3.3.3. Methods for handling strings 39 3.3.4. Regular expressions 41 3.3.5. Evaluation and uses 42 3.3.6. Some examples of useful patterns 42 3.3.7. General syntax of a regular expression 43 3.3.8. Combining RegExp and String.prototype methods 44 Chapter 4. Objects and Prototypes 45 4.1. Introduction 45 4.2. The objects: concepts versus named entities 46 4.3. Object literal notation in JavaScript 47 4.3.1. Syntax for “object literal”: 47 4.3.2. Important warnings about writing JavaScript object notation 48 4.3.3. The object literal first use: to define an object type variable 49 4.3.4. The object literal second use: data notation in JSON format 49 4.3.5. Accessing the individual properties of an object 50 4.3.6. Notation syntax evolution with ES6 51 4.4. The builtin methods of Object and Object.prototype 51 4.4.1. The methods of Object, Object.prototype, and JSON 51 4.4.2. Create an object and specify its properties 53 4.4.3. Syntax and usage of the “descriptor” property 53 4.4.4. Listing the properties of an object, analyzing a literal 54 4.5. Basics of the “prototypal approach” in JavaScript 56 4.5.1. JavaScript object's fundamental relation: “has prototype” 57 4.5.2. Role of the prototypes and inheritance mechanism 58 4.5.3. Object construction: the “literal approach” 60 4.5.4. Object construction: the “prototypal approach” 61 4.5.5. The pattern “assign/create” 62 4.5.6. Object construction: the “classical approach” 63 4.6. Comparing “prototypal” and “classical” approaches 64 4.6.1. Simulating a class hierarchy in JavaScript 65 4.6.2. Summing up what we learned so far 68 Chapter 5. Arrays 71 5.1. Handling arrays: creation and access to its elements 72 5.1.1. Creating an array with the array literal notation 72 5.1.2. Checking if a variable is an array 72 5.1.3. The length property, the index count 73 5.1.4. Accessing individual values in an array: the indices 74 5.2. Methods of the object Array and Array.prototype 74 5.2.1. The “Mutators” family 75 5.2.2. The “Accessors” family 77 5.2.3. The “Iteration” family 78 5.2.4. Iterating over the elements of an array 78 5.2.5. Iteration without a loop, with Array/Array.prototype methods 79 5.2.6. Chaining array methods 81 5.2.7. Arrays and the arrow function syntax 82 5.2.8. The “Iterables” 83 5.3. Array of arrays (multidimensional array) 83 5.3.1. Frameworks proposing an “augmented Array.prototype” 85 Chapter 6. Functions 87 6.1. General syntax of a JavaScript function 88 6.1.1. Name 88 6.1.2. Parameters 88 6.1.3. Return 89 6.1.4. Function code block and scope 89 6.1.5. Creating functions 89 6.2. Invoking a function with operator (.) 90 6.2.1. The three facets of the “parentheses operator” in a function context 91 6.3. Choosing function declaration versus function expression 92 6.4. Arguments 93 6.4.1. The arguments are passed by value 93 6.4.2. The inner object “arguments” 94 6.5. Scope: global scope, function scopes and block scopes 94 6.5.1. Vocabulary: lexical scope and “namespace” 94 6.5.2. Wrapping-up and warnings 98 6.6. Function “closures” 101 6.6.1. Saving the value of a free variable in a given context 102 6.6.2. Creating a list of functions linked to an array of data 103 6.6.3. Currying”: breaking down a function into 1-parameter functions 106 6.6.4. Compositing functions from an array of functions 107 6.7. Immediately invocable functions: IIFE 109 6.7.1. Creating a “namespace”, or a named library, with an IIFE 109 6.8. The methods of Function.prototype 110 6.8.1. Function.prototype.call() and .apply(), and pronoun 'this' 112 6.8.2. Function.prototype.bind() 112 6.9. Built-in functions 113 6.10. Closure and IIFE cheat-sheet 114 Chapter 7. From Signs to Patterns 117 7.1. Reserved words 118 7.2. The pronoun “this” 119 7.2.1. The many ways to link the pronoun “this” 119 7.2.2. How to explicitly bind the pronoun? 121 7.3. Operator: new 121 7.4. Punctuation signs 122 7.5. JavaScript usual design patterns 123 7.5.1. Programming idioms 124 7.5.2. Creational pattern: “Assign/Create Combo” 125 7.5.3. Structural pattern: singleton or namespace pattern 127 7.5.4. Another structural pattern: the Decorator pattern 128 7.5.5. Behavioral pattern: the observer or publish/subscribe pattern 130 7.6. Metaprogramming with ES6 131 7.6.1. “Reflection” by “Symbols” 131 7.6.2. New tool for measuring code performance 131 Part 2. Client-Side JavaScript 133 Introduction to Part 2 135 Chapter 8. JavaScript in the Web Page 137 8.1. Ecosystem of the web page: the HTML sequence 137 8.1.1. Structure and semantics/layout and presentation 137 8.1.2. Reminder about HTML5 tags 138 8.2. Building the web page DOM: the layout engine 140 8.2.1. DOM tree built by the layout engine: selecting nodes via CSS 141 8.2.2. CSS rules and relationship with JavaScript selection methods 142 8.3. Dynamic behavior of the web page: the script engine 143 8.4. Interface with the DOM 145 8.4.1. DOM interface 1: selecting elements 145 8.4.2. DOM interface 2: reading/writing/creating an element 146 8.4.3. Methods for HTML DOM document and element prototypes 148 8.5. The events in client side JavaScript 150 8.5.1. The browser event loop 150 8.5.2. Handling DOM events 151 8.6. Interacting with the DOM: to link elements/events 153 8.6.1. Waiting for the DOM 153 8.6.2. Example: to build an HTML list 153 8.6.3. Using events: modifying attributes and class names of an element. 154 8.6.4. Dispatching events, creating a CustomEvent 155 Chapter 9. Graphic and Multimedia Tools 157 9.1. To draw in the web page 157 9.1.1. The elements and 158 9.1.2. 2D curve plot 158 9.2. SVG language 161 9.3. Handling time in graphics animation 163 9.3.1. Methods setTimeout, setInterval, requestAnimationFrame 163 9.3.2. Performance considerations, generator functions 165 9.4. Data persistence between client sessions 166 9.4.1. Http cookies 166 9.4.2. Local storages 167 9.5. Note about “JavaScript frameworks” (jQuery, d3, etc.) 168 9.5.1. A few words about jQuery 168 9.5.2. Recommendation 169 Chapter 10. AJAX Technology (Asynchrony) 171 10.1. Architecture for client–server data exchange 171 10.1.1. The object XMLHttpRequest 172 10.1.2. Using XMLHttpRequest: several steps 172 10.2. Remarks about HTTP 173 10.3. “Promises” and asynchronous programming 173 10.3.1. Example: promisifying XMLHttpRequest 174 10.3.2. Chaining promises 175 10.3.3. Parallel processing of several promises 175 10.3.4. Fetch: the promise to fetch AJAX 176 10.3.5. About the “Same Origin Policy” 177 10.4. The exchange format: JSON 177 10.4.1. A very useful application of JSON: converting data from a spreadsheet 178 10.4.2. Exporting spreadsheet data into JSON format 179 10.4.3. Differences between JSON and the Javascript object Notation 182 10.5. JavaScript Object Notation with Padding 184 10.6. A parallel JavaScript: the “worker” 185 Part 3. Applications 187 Introduction to Part 3 189 Chapter 11. Chronological Data 191 11.1. Accessing a JSON file via Ajax 191 11.1.1. Quick presentation of the Quandl API 191 11.1.2. Processing an example with promises 192 11.2. Using open source graphic libraries 195 11.2.1. Plot multiple data series against the same time axis 195 11.2.2. Dynamic plot: simulating time evolution 197 Chapter 12. Relational Data 199 12.1. Aggregating tabulated JSON data 199 12.1.1. lectoral data: administrative breakdown, political breakdown 200 12.1.2. Aggregating data along the spatial dimension: votes by circonscription 203 12.1.3. Aggregating data along the affiliations dimension: labels by candidate 205 12.2. Joining data: multiple JSON files 207 12.2.1. Advantage of the flexibility brought by the prototypal approach 207 12.2.2. Coding the join on the electoral application 208 12.3. Postprocessing: analysis 210 12.3.1. Analyzing the affiliations 210 12.4. The role of promises 211 12.4.1. Performance considerations with the electoral application 213 12.5. Using Google Gantt chart for a graphic visualization 214 Chapter 13. Cartographic Data 217 13.1. Cartographic application: using cartographic libraries 217 13.1.1. Preparation of the map 219 13.1.2. Creating a layer of markers 220 13.1.3. Interacting and selecting features 222 13.2. SVG-based cartography 222 13.2.1. Description of the application 223 13.2.2. Embedding the whole SVG document by direct copy 224 13.2.3. Embedding the SVG code, element by element 225 13.2.4. Joining relational data and SVG data 225 13.2.5. Processing the combined information 226 13.3. Getting coordinates from Wikipedia pages 227 Chapter 14. Data Served by JSONP 229 14.1. Serving RSS feeds through Yahoo Query Language 229 14.2. Serving shared spreadsheets through Google spreadsheets 231 14.2.1. Client-side code: HTML and script of the callback function 231 14.2.2. Server-side code under the GoogleScript global object 232 14.3. Serving images and their metadata through the Flickr API 233 Bibliography 235 Index 239

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe intelligence of a city is the capacity to learn: to learn the past, its history and the culture of its territory. Unlike the smart city, we do not build a city from scratch and there is nothing, there is no smart city standard car intelligence is measured this ability to fit into a territorial dynamic, a story and a culture. Continuous learning through instantaneous feedback provides the digital to understand and map the urban system and driver.Table of ContentsForeword ix Introduction xv Chapter 1. What Do We Mean by “Smart City” and Where Does This Idea Come From? 1 1.1. Not-so-smart smart cities! 3 1.2. The smoke and mirrors of smart cities 6 1.3. Other mirrors for other smoke: cities of the creative classes 12 1.4. So what is a “smart city”? 17 Chapter 2. The Challenges of Urban Development in the Context of the Third Industrial Revolution 21 2.1. The demographic and economic challenges: toward a change in economic model 21 2.2. Geopolitical challenges: the polar shift in development in favor of the south-west and the different strategies among industrialized and emerging countries 26 2.3. Energy transfer: the fossil fuel curse is not about to disappear.33 2.4. The six breakthroughs in urban development based on smart cities 37 Chapter 3. What Makes a City Smart? 43 3.1. Lessons from medieval cities 44 3.1.1. Architect-less cities? 45 3.1.2. How do cities become unintelligent? 49 3.2.A city is a system of life 52 3.3.Smart territory 54 3.3.1.Territory: an immaterial asset 54 3.3.2.The territory secretes innovation (and not the other way around) 58 3.3.3.The territorial dynamic in action 60 3.4.Are metropolises smart territories? 63 3.5.A city is not a collection of smarties 65 3.5.1.A city is a living system 65 3.5.2 which we understand today through new approaches 66 3.5.3 at the heart of which the sciences of complexity 67 3.5.4.help conjugate internal semi-stability and external instability 68 3.6.The dangers of a technocentric approach 70 Chapter 4. New Sciences of Cities 73 4.1.The more or less sympathetic myths of the ideal city 75 4.2.A city is an imbalanced system 79 4.2.1.Definition of an urban ecosystem 80 4.2.2.A city is a system in incomplete equilibrium 82 4.2.3.What is a city’s optimal size? 85 4.2.4.Size and inequalities are correlated 86 4.3.Smart city: an autopoietic system 89 4.4.A city must be designed as a “system of systems” 95 4.4.1.Modeling 99 4.4.2.Emergence 103 4.4.3.Evolution inside: the urban lifecycle management 105 4.4.4.System architecture as a frame of representation 107 4.4.5.The design method 109 4.4.6.Integration process: more efficiency for less 114 4.4.7.Integrating heterogeneous systems 118 Chapter 5. Smart City in Action 125 5.1.Two cities that should not exist: Norilsk and Singapore 125 5.1.1.Norilsk, the most polluted and polluting city in the world 125 5.1.2.Singapore, the smart nation 127 5.2.Pilot projects 133 5.2.1.The African city 134 5.2.2.The emergence of a territorial project through meaning: the case of Rhamna, in Morocco 136 5.2.3.Casablanca as a prototype for remedying to the tentacular growth of cities 141 5.2.4.Angola, Namibia: eco-design of a drinking water supply 146 5.2.5.Urban problem and economic transition: the Russian case of monotowns 153 5.3.The worksites of the smart city 159 5.3.1.The power of data 159 5.3.2.How much do smart cities cost? 171 5.3.3.The government of a smart city 179 5.3.4.What are the tasks and what is the form of a smart government for a smart city? 180 Conclusion 187 References 191 Index 203

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe ability of future industry to create interactive, flexible and always-on connections between design, manufacturing and supply is an ongoing challenge, affecting competitiveness, efficiency and resourcing. The goal of enterprise interoperability (EI) research is therefore to address the effectiveness of solutions that will successfully prepare organizations for the advent and uptake of new technologies. This volume outlines results and practical concepts from recent and ongoing European research studies in EI, and examines the results of research and discussions cultivated at the I-ESA 2018 conference, “Smart services and business impact of enterprise interoperability”. The conference, designed to encourage collaboration between academic inquiry and real-world industry applications, addressed a number of advanced multidisciplinary topics including Industry 4.0, Big Data, the Internet of Things, Cloud computing, ontology, artificial intelligence, virtual reality and enterprise modelling for future “smart” manufacturing. Readers will find this book to be a source of invaluable knowledge for enterprise architects in a range of industries and organizations. Table of ContentsPart 1. Embedded Intelligence 1. Exploiting Embedded Intelligence in Manufacturing Decision Support, Paul Goodall, Heinz Lugo, Richard Sharpe, Kate Van-Lopik, Sarogini Pease, Andrew West and Bob Young. 2.Test of the Industrial Internet of Things: Opening the Black Box, Frank-Walter Jaekel and Jan Torka. 3. Intelligent Decision-support Systems in Supply Chains: Requirements Identification, Eduardo Saiz, Raul Poler and Beatriz Andres. 4. A Total Solution Provider’s Perspective on Embedded Intelligence in Manufacturing Decision-support Systems, Gash Bhullar. Part 2. Business Impact of Enterprise Interoperability 5. Enterprise Interoperability Management and Artifacts, Frank-Walter Jaekel. 6. Challenges for Adaptable Energy-efficient Production Processes, Kay Burow, Marc Allan Redecker, Alena V. Fedotova, Quan Deng, Marco Franke, Zied Ghrairi and Klaus-Dieter Thoben. 7. Interoperability Requirements for Adaptive Production System-of-Systems, Georg Weichhart and Alexander Egyed. 8. Platforms for the Industrial Internet of Things: Enhancing Business Models through Interoperability, David Soto Setzke, Nicolas Scheidl, Tobias Riasanow, Markus Böhm and Helmut Krcmar. Part 3. Virtual Factory 9. vf-OS Architecture, Danny Pape, Tobias Hinz, Oscar Garcia Perales, Francisco Fraile, José Luis Flores and Oscar J. Rubio. 10. Enablers Framework: Developing Applications Using FIWARE, Pedro Corista, Joao Giao, Joao Sarraipa, Oscar Garcia Perales, Raquel Almeida and Nejib Moalla. 11. vf-OS IO Toolkit, Víctor Anaya, Nejib Moalla, Ludo Stellingwerff, José Luis Flores and Francisco Fraile. 12. Data Management Component for Virtual Factories Systems, Artem A. Nazarenko, Joao Giao, Joao Sarraipa, Oscar J. Saiz, Oscar Garcia Perales and Ricardo Jardim-Gonçalves. 13. An Open Environment for Development of Manufacturing Applications on vf-OS, Carlos Coutinho, Luís Lopes, Vítor Viana, Danny Pape, Gerrit Klasen, Bastian von Halem, Oscar Garcia Perales, Ludo Stellingwerff and Andries Stam. 14. A Novel Approach to Software Development in the Microservice Environment of vf-OS, Luís Manteigas Da Cunha, Ludo Stellingwerff and Andries Stam. Part 4. Standardization 15. Standardization and Innovation: a Multipriority Approach, Eitan Naveh. 16. Why Should Interoperability R&D Work Be Driven by Agile Integration and Message Standards Concerns?, Nenad Ivezic and Boonserm Kulvatunyou. 17. Managing IT Standardization in Government: Towards a Descriptive Reference Model, Dian Balta, Nina-Mareike Harders and Helmut Krcmar. 18. Review: What are the Strategies for and Benefits of Effective IT Standardization in Government?, Dian Balta, Florian Feller and Helmut Krcmar. 19. Licensing Terms for IoT Standard Setting: Do We Need “End-User” or “License for All” Concepts?, Matt Heckman. Part 5. Industrial Big Data and Platforms 20. Semantic Interoperability for the IoT: Analysis of JSON for Linked Data, João Luiz Rebelo Moreira, Luís Ferreira Pires and Marten van Sinderen. 21. FIWARE for Industry: A Data-driven Reference Architecture,Stefano De Panfilis, Sergio Gusmeroli, Jorge Rodriguez, Ernö Kovacs and Jesús Benedicto. 22. European Big Data Value Association Position Paper on the Smart Manufacturing Industry, Anibal Reñones, Davide Dalle Carbonare and Sergio Gusmeroli. 23. SmTIP: A Big Data Integration Platform for Synchromodal Transport, Prince M. Singh, Marten van Sinderen and Roel Wieringa. 24. Fault Prediction in Aerospace Product Manufacturing: A Model-based Big Data Analytics Service, Anna Maria Crespino, Carla Di Biccari, Mariangela Lazoi and Marianna Lezzi. 25. A SAREF Extension for Semantic Interoperability in the Industry and Manufacturing Domain, Laura M. Daniele, Matthijs Punter, Christopher Brewster, Raúl García Castro, María Poveda and Alba Fernández. 26. A Building Information Model-centered Big Data Platform to Support Digital Transformation in the Construction Industry, Yvar Bosdriesz, Marten van Sinderen, Maria Iacob and Pieter Verkroost. 27. ISBM: a Data Integration Infrastructure for IoT Applications, Helder Oliveira Gomes Filho, José Gonçalves Pereira Filho and João Luiz Rebelo Moreira. 28. RS4IoT: a Recommender System for IoT, Caio Martins Barbosa, Roberta Lima Gomes, José Gonçalves Pereira Filho and João Luiz Rebelo Moreira. Part 6. Predictive Maintenance 29. Using Sensor Data for Predictive Maintenance of a Complex Transportation Asset, Bernd Bredehorst, Olaf Peters, Jeroen Versteeg, Markus Neuhaus, Carl Hans and Moritz von Stietencron. 30. The ProaSense Platform for Predictive Maintenance in the Automotive Lighting Equipment Industry ,Alexandros Bousdekis, Babis Magoutas, Dimitris Apostolou,Gregoris Mentzas and Primoz Puhar. 31. Predictive Maintenance Framework: Implementation of Local and Cloud Processing for Multi-stage Prediction of CNC Machines’ Health, Panagiotis Aivaliotis, Konstantinos Georgoulias, Raffaele Ricatto and Michele Surico. 32. An Onboard Model-of-signals Approach for Condition Monitoring in Automatic Machines, Matteo Barbieri, Alessandro Bosso, Christian Conficoni, Roberto Diversi, Matteo Sartini and Andrea Tilli. 33. Maintenance Planning Support Tool Based on Condition Monitoring with Semantic Modeling of Systems, Alice Reina, Sang-Je Cho, Gökan May, Eva Coscia, Jacopo Cassina and Dimitris Kiritsis. 34. SERENA: Versatile Plug-and-Play Platform Enabling Remote Predictive Maintenance, Sotirios Makris, Nikolaos Nikolakis, Konstantinos Dimoulas, Apostolos Papavasileiou and Massimo Ippolito. 35. DRIFT: A Data-driven Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis Tool, Davide Zanardi, Manuele Barbieri and Giovanni Uguccioni. 36. Real-time Predictive Maintenance Based on Complex Event Processing, Klaus-Dieter Thoben, Abderrahim Ait-Alla, Marco Franke, Karl Hribernik, Michael Lütjen and Michael Freitag. 37. The Standards as Critical Means of Integration of Advanced Maintenance Approaches to Production Systems, Yves Keraron. Part 7. Industry 4.0 Qualification 38. Evaluation of Industry 4.0 Technology – Applications,Moritz von Stietencron, Bjørnar Henriksen, Carl Christian Røstad, Karl Hribernik and Klaus-Dieter Thoben. 39. Improving the Efficiency of Industrial Processes with a Plug and Play IOT Data Acquisition Platform, Daniele Mazzei, Gabriele Montelisciani, Giacomo Baldi, Andrea Baù, Matteo Cipriani and Gualtiero Fantoni. 40. Knowledge Transfer from Students to Companies: Understanding Industry 4.0 Maturity Levels, Leonello Trivelli, Simona Pira, Gualtiero Fantoni and Andrea Bonaccorsi. Part 8. Enterprise Modelling and Simulation 41. Developing an Enterprise Modeling Ontology, David Chen. 42. Model-driven Requirements Elicitation for Manufacturing System Development, Amir Pirayesh, Guy Doumeingts, João Sousa, Carlos Agostinho, Sudeep Ghimire and Cristiano Fertuzinhos. 43. A Comprehensive Architecture to Integrate Modeling and Simulation Solutions in CPPS, Carlos Agostinho, José Ferreira, Sudeep Ghimire, Gregory Zacharewicz, Amir Pirayesh and Guy Doumeingts. 44. Modeling and Simulation of Decision Systems, Raul Poler, Beatriz Andres, Guy Doumeingts and Amir Pirayesh. Part 9. Methods and Tools for Product-Service Systems 45. Identifying New PSS Concepts: the Product-Service Concept Tree, Giuditta Pezzotta, Fabiana Pirola, Roberto Sala, Antonio Margarito, Paulo Pina and Rui Neves-Silva. 46. Role of Enterprise Strategy in Product-Service System Innovation Process, Amir Pirayesh, Guy Doumeingts, Carl Hans and Maria José Nuñez Ariño. 47. Technological and Organizational Pathways towards 2025 Collaborative Product-Service Connected Factories of the Future, Chris Decubber, Sergio Gusmeroli, Guy Doumeingts, Domenico Rotondi, Fenareti Lampathaki and Luis Usatorre Arazusta. 48. Circular Engineering and Product-Service Systems in the Machine Tool Sector: the PSYMBIOSYS Approach, Nerea Sopelana, Lara Gonzalez, Oscar Lazaro, Andoni Laskurain and Rikardo Minguez . Part 10. Interoperability for Crisis Management 49. Assessment of Climate Change-related Risks and Vulnerabilities in Cities and Urban Environments, Jingquan Xie, Manfred Bogen, Daniel Lückerath, Erich Rome, Betim Sojeva, Oliver Ullrich and Rainer Worst. 50. Semantic Interoperability of Early Warning Systems: a Systematic Literature Review, João Luiz Rebelo Moreira, Luís Ferreira Pires, Patricia Dockhorn Costa and Marten van Sinderen. 51. Towards Semantic Generation of Geolocalized Models of Risk, Alex Coletti, Antonio De Nicola, Antonio Di Pietro, Maurizio Pollino, Vittorio Rosato, Giordano Vicoli and Maria Luisa Villani. 52. An Ontology-based Emergency Response System for Interoperability in a Crisis Situation in Smart Cities, Linda Elmhadhbi, Mohamed-Hedi Karray and Bernard Archimède. 53. Analyzing Interoperability in a Non-functional Requirements Ecosystem to Support Crisis Management Response, Nicolas Daclin, Behrang Moradi and Vincent Chapurlat. Part 11. I-ESA 2018 Doctoral Symposium 54. Providing the Flexibility of the Shop Floor to Information Systems for Monitoring Tasks, Alexander Dennert. 55. Shop Floor Management Systems in Case of Increasing Process Variation, Wolf Schliephack. 56. Comprehensive Function Models for the Management of Heterogeneous Industrial Networks as Enabler for Interoperability, Santiago Soler Perez Olaya.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book explores the unity of life. It proposes that the concept of information is the inner essence of what we today call life. The importance of information for our species is obvious. Human beings are highly dependent on information, constantly exchanging with conspecifics. In a less apparent way, we are the product of genetic and epigenetic information which determines our development in a given environment from a fertilized egg to the adult stage. Even less apparent is that information plays a determining role in ecosystems. This observation may include the prebiotic systems in which life emerged. Our claim is that Nature processes information continuously. This means that even beyond living entities, we can see messages and decoding procedures. Nature can be said to send messages to its own future and then to decode them. Nature “talks” to itself! The systematic organization of messages suggests that, in some respects, we should even speak of the “languages” of Nature. Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xiii Acknowledgments xxiii Chapter 1 Human and Animal Communication 1 1.1 Language, that amazing thing 1 1.2 The mechanics of language 2 1.3 What is syntax? 10 1.4 Meaning 11 1.5 Beyond meaning 13 1.6 Non-human languages 14 1.7 Types of language 17 1.8 Why give information? 23 1.9 The autonomy of information 28 1.10 Language and information 31 Chapter 2 Genetic Information 33 2.1 A central concept in biology 33 2.2 Epigenetic information 40 2.3 The environment 42 2.4 Information: from replication to reproduction 48 2.5 Mutation and selection 49 2.6 The story of the message: phylogeny and coalescence 52 2.7 The point of view of the reading system 58 2.8 We cannot see the wood for the trees 60 2.9 The tree and the web and some complexities there! 64 2.10 When information and individual can no longer be confused 66 2.11 Conflicts and levels of integration: avatars 71 2.12 Sociobiology, altruism and information 73 2.13 The “all genetics” versus epigenetics 75 2.14 What is Life? 77 Chapter 3 Ecosystem and Information 79 3.1 An information-centered perspective of the ecosystem 79 3.2 Reservoirs of ecosystemic information 82 3.3 Biodiversity: an ecosystem made up of individuals 87 3.4 Phylogeny of communities: biology in the arena 90 3.5 The ecosystem: a physical system or a biological system? 92 3.6 An ecosystem made up of matter and energy 96 3.7 Failure of the physical approach 98 3.8 Physics has not said its last word 106 3.9 The great challenges of ecology 110 3.10 Flow and balance of ecosystemic information 117 3.11 Ecosystemic codes 121 3.12 The languages of the ecosystem 129 Chapter 4 Can We Define Information? 133 4.1 Information as surprise 133 4.2 Information measured by complexity 136 4.3 Information as organized complexity 137 4.4 Information as compression 139 4.5 Coding and information reading 142 4.6 Memory 145 Chapter 5 Evolution of Information 149 5.1 In the beginning was structure 149 5.2 The first languages were ecosystemic 151 5.3 The replicators and the conservators 152 5.4 Biological languages 155 5.5 Information selection 156 5.6 Messages and languages 158 5.7 The complexification of codes. 159 5.8 Complexification of languages 161 5.9 The re-creation of life 164 5.10 And what about tomorrow? 166 References 169 Index 179

Read more less

Book SynopsisSearch Engine Optimization (SEO) is arguably the most significant tool that marketeers have to push online content. As the hub of the computational engineering fields, SEO encompasses technical, editorial and link-building strategies, and is an integral part of our daily lives. As important as it is ubiquitous, SEO is needed for the development of a brand�s website and online reputation. When a website is live, one of its priorities is to drive organic traffic towards it, in order to attract visibility. In order to achieve such an aim, many proactive measures must be put in place, advice followed and tips implemented. There should also be an understanding of the holistic connection between a website�s HTML sources, content management system and its relationship with external websites too (SEO off-site). There are many different search engines in the world and depending on the international boundary, one web browser usually dominates the landscape. Google features prominently in SEO Management, but this book also goes into detail regarding Baidu SEO (China), Yandex SEO (Russia) and Naver SEO (South Korea). There is also guidance given on how to manage a SEO project.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Introduction xi Chapter 1 State of the Art of SEO 1 1.1 The market share of search engines 1 1.2 Developed technologies and voice search 2 1.2.1 Google AMP and Baidu MIP 2 1.2.2 Voice search and connected speakers 4 Chapter 2 SEO Project Management from A to Z 11 2.1 The specifications or customer brief to be respected 13 2.2 The kick-off meeting 14 2.3 Reverse schedules 15 2.4 Technical audit of the site 16 2.5 Implementation of technical recommendations 17 2.6 Semantic audit of the site 18 2.7 The study of keywords 19 2.8 Content optimization 20 2.9 Integration of optimized content 21 2.10 Auditing of external links 22 2.11 Technical and semantic acceptance testing 23 2.12 Follow-up, maintenance and reporting 24 Chapter 3 Technical SEO: from HTML Tags to URL 29 3.1 Simulation of Google’s transition 30 3.2 Compliant URLs for SEO 31 3.3 Reasons for non-compliant URLs 31 3.4 Active versus inactive pages 32 3.5 Active and inactive pages × depth 33 3.6 Crawl budget of a site 34 3.7 Polluting URLs 35 3.8 The objectives of AMP, MIP and Turbo Pages 36 3.9 Loading times by page type 39 3.10 Robots.txt 42 3.11 Sitemap.xml 45 3.12 404 pages 52 3.13 301/302 redirection 53 3.14 Removal of broken and redirected URLs 55 3.15 Canonical plan 58 3.16 Log audit 61 3.17 Meta tags 66 3.18 Heading tags 68 3.19 Hreflang tagging 70 3.20 Alt attribute tagging 73 3.21 Rich snippets tagging 74 3.22 Open Graph meta tagging 78 3.23 Twitter meta tagging 79 3.24 Social network share buttons 82 3.25 Page lifecycle management (articles and products) 84 3.26 Seasonality of pages 85 3.27 Pagination of pages on a site 86 Chapter 4 Semantic SEO, Editorial and Copywriting 89 4.1 Optimization of the title tag 89 4.2 Optimization of the meta description tag 91 4.3 Optimization of heading titles (H1, H2, H3) 92 4.4 Optimization of URLs (URL rewriting) 94 4.5 Optimization of text content 97 4.6 Optimization of internal network size 98 4.7 Optimization of alt attributes for images 100 4.8 Optimization of breadcrumbs (anchors) 102 4.9 Optimization of internal and external anchors 103 4.10 Media file optimization 105 Chapter 5 Link-building Methods 107 5.1 Guest blogging 108 5.2 Paid external publications 110 5.3 Link ninja 111 5.4 Link baiting (inbound marketing) 112 5.5 Product tests or services 114 5.6 Participation in events 116 5.7 Video marketing 119 5.8 Writing press reviews 121 Chapter 6 Computational Engineering Applied to SEO 125 6.1 Semantic ontologies 125 6.2 TF-IDF 129 6.3 N-grams 130 6.4 Named entities 132 6.5 SEO and computational engineering 135 Chapter 7 International SEO Specificities 139 7.1 Baidu SEO 139 7.2 Yandex SEO 152 7.3 Naver SEO 161 Conclusion 171 References 173 Index 175

Read more less

Book SynopsisDigitalization is a long socio-historic process in which all areas of society�s activities are reconfigured. In the first volume of Digitalization of Society and Socio-political Issues, there is an examination of the transformations linked to the development of digital platforms and social media which affect cultural and communicational industries. The book also analyzes the formation of Big Data, their algorithmic processing and the societal changes which result from them (social monitoring and control in particular). Through diverse critical reflections, it equally presents different ways that digital participates in relations of power and domination, and contributes to eventual emancipatory practices. Following on, the second volume examines the transformations that are linked to digital practices that affect the production, circulation and consumption of information, as well as new forms that are taken by social mobilizations. It treats several important issues in the digital era that are more likely to become the subject of public debates, among which one can include the renewed relationship between research and digital. Through diverse critical reflections, it equally presents different ways that digital participates in relations of power and domination, and contributes to eventual emancipatory practices.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments xiÉric GEORGE Introduction xiiiÉric GEORGE Part 1. The Digital and Information 1 Chapter 1. New News Formats on/by Digital Social Networks 3Valérie CROISSANT and Annelise TOUBOUL 1.1. Framework for the exploratory analysis 4 1.2. Media temporalities 6 1.2.1. Signifying time 6 1.2.2. The media agenda 7 1.3. Media territories 10 1.3.1. Broadcasting tactics on Konbini 10 1.3.2. Tactics and dependencies for Brut and Le Monde 11 1.4. Conclusion 12 1.5. References 13 Chapter 2. New Information Practices and Audiences in the Digital Age 15Pascal RICAUD 2.1. Understanding the reality of media change in a context of digital transition 15 2.2. A new media contract 17 2.2.1. Redefining the problematic figure of an audience 18 2.2.2. What is the real place and involvement of the audience? 20 2.3. The new intermediate figures of information (the partition of participation) 21 2.4. Conclusion 23 2.5. References 23 Chapter 3. The Effects of Innovation on the Careers of Journalists 27Fábio Henrique PEREIRA 3.1. Theoretical framework 27 3.1.1. Profession and segments 27 3.1.2. A transnational identity for online journalists? 28 3.2. Methodology 30 3.3. Results 31 3.3.1. Ideological injunctions to innovation 31 3.3.2. Innovation discourses found in careers 34 3.3.3. An international circulation of discourses on innovation? 37 3.4. Conclusion 37 3.5. References 38 Chapter 4. Virtual Reality and Alternative Facts: The Subjective Realities of Digital Communities 41Louis-Philippe RONDEAU 4.1. Social media and alternative facts 41 4.2. VR: a surrogate reality 42 4.3. Convergence of social and virtual realities 45 4.4. Virtual reality as a vector of empathy 46 4.5. Conclusion 47 4.6. References 48 Chapter 5. Professional Structuring of Political Content Creators on YouTube 51Alexis CLOT 5.1. Being political on the Internet 53 5.1.1. Algorithms and buzz 53 5.1.2. Moderation and openness 53 5.1.3. To take on or not to take on politics 55 5.2. New grammars and old practices 56 5.2.1. Doing politics differently (Interview 7, 2018) 56 5.2.2. Journalists and videographers: “rival partners”? 57 5.3. Conclusion 59 5.4. References 59 Chapter 6. When Vlogging Educates in Politics: The French Case of “Osons Causer” 61Christelle COMBE 6.1. Theoretical anchoring 62 6.1.1. Computer-mediated multimodal communication and digital discourse analysis 62 6.1.2. Multimodal interactive platforms and participatory culture 63 6.2. Purpose of the research and methodological approach 64 6.2.1. The vlog “Osons Causer” 64 6.2.2. The methodological approach 64 6.3. Analyses 65 6.3.1. Digital writing and building an ethos 65 6.3.2. Educating for politics: digital rhetoric and elements of didacticity 67 6.3.3. Relationality of native digital discourse 70 6.4. Conclusion 75 6.5. References 76 Part 2. Digital and Mobilizations 79 Chapter 7. El dia de la mùsica: The Digital Organization of the 2017 Catalan Referendum 81Philippe-Antoine LUPIEN 7.1. Context: the organization of Catalan civil society 82 7.2. The alternative organization of the Catalan referendum 85 7.2.1. Broadcast: IPFS protocol to bypass censorship 86 7.2.2. Mobilization and tactical communication: Telegram Messenger, official ANC channel 88 7.2.3. Voting: the “computer heroes” of October 1 89 7.3. Conclusion 91 7.4. References 92 Chapter 8. Digitalization and Civic Engagement for the Environment: New Trends 93Ghada TOUIR 8.1. Case study and methodology 95 8.2. Results and analyses 97 8.2.1. News/monitoring 98 8.2.2. Contact/networking 98 8.2.3. Mobilization/action 98 8.2.4. Sharing of know-how and knowledge 98 8.3. Conclusion 100 8.4. References 101 Chapter 9. Online Antifeminist Discourse and the Republican Left 103Sklaerenn LE GALLO 9.1. Republican feminism, universalist feminism 104 9.1.1. Liberty, equality, fraternity 104 9.1.2. Thinking about secularism 105 9.1.3. A differentiated citizenship? 106 9.2. The case of Jean-Luc Mélenchon 108 9.2.1. On communitarianism 108 9.2.2. About Jeuxvideo.com’s forum 18-25 109 9.3. Conclusion 110 9.4. References 111 Chapter 10. Digital Social Media and Access to Public Sphere 113Raymond CORRIVEAU and France AUBIN 10.1. Research question 114 10.2. Public space and its challenges 114 10.3. Methodological design 115 10.4. Demonstration of evidence 116 10.5. Results 118 10.5.1. Visibility and consultation 119 10.5.2. The interaction 119 10.5.3. The follow-up 119 10.6. Reminder of the approach 120 10.7. Discussion 121 10.8. Conclusion 122 10.9. References 122 Chapter 11. Civil Society and Online Exchanges: Some Digital Contingencies 123Martin BONNARD 11.1. Materialistic approach and transindividual communication milieu 123 11.2. Apparatuses and mediation through technology 124 11.3. Three digital contingencies 126 11.4. Conclusion 128 11.5. References 129 Part 3. Digital: Some Major Issues to Conclude 133 Chapter 12. Transparency, the Public’s Right to Information versus Security and State Secrecy in the Digital Age 135Ndiaga LOUM 12.1. Relationships of power and domination between fields: research questions 137 12.2. Illustrative case studies of power relationships 139 12.2.1. The sponsorship scandal: a Canadian case study 139 12.2.2. The unique and specific case of WikiLeaks: freedom of information versus the need for state security 143 12.3. Conclusion 145 12.4. References 146 Chapter 13. Information Commons and the Neoliberal State 149Lisiane LOMAZZI 13.1. The history and evolution of the commons 150 13.1.1. Legal and economic concepts of common goods 150 13.1.2. Political economy of the commons: the commons as institutional arrangements 151 13.1.3. The socio-politics of the common: the common as a political principle 152 13.2. The relationship between the commons and the neoliberal state 153 13.2.1. Article 8 of the Digital Republic Bill 153 13.2.2. The European Digital Summit 154 13.3. Conclusion 156 13.4. References 157 Chapter 14. Digitalization of Society: Elements for an Ecology of Solicitation? 159Dominique CARRÉ 14.1. Social computerization, digitalization of society: two different processes or a new step in the same rationalization process? 160 14.2. Relevance of communication studies to understand the process of social computerization (digitalization) 160 14.3. Outline of a new research orientation: moving towards an ecology of solicitation? 162 14.4. Which approach should be adopted? 164 14.5. Conclusion 165 14.6. References 165 Chapter 15. What is the Concept of Humanities in Francophone Digital Humanities? 169Christophe MAGIS 15.1. The emergence of Francophone digital humanities 169 15.2. Digital humanities in the changing world of universities and HSS 171 15.3. Towards a critical theory of the humanities in the digital age: experience, interpretation and speculative thinking 174 15.4. Conclusion 178 15.5. References 178 Chapter 16. The Digital Humanities as a Sign of Their Time 181Luiz C. MARTINO 16.1. Breaking down the barriers between digital humanities 183 16.2. Actuality 184 16.3. Theory and practices 186 16.4. Conclusion 189 16.5. References 190 Conclusion 193Michel SÉNÉCAL List of Authors 205 Index 207

Read more less

Book SynopsisAs new information and communication technologies (NICTs) increasingly reorganize our practices and influence our daily lives, there is a pressing need to study their impact in the field of hospital logistics and to question their future use. Hospital Logistics and e-Management presents an inventory of the health information system, and deals with informational and logistical issues with regard to medical information. Through two case studies of hospital logistics systems which have drawn on academic research, this book examines how powerful decision support tools can improve the quality of patient service and logistics organization. The first case study deals with the influx of patients to emergency services and service organization, and the second with the optimization of product collection and distribution flows.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. Hospitals and Management 1Philippe BLUA 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Imperfections in hospital information technology 2 1.3. Essentials for high-quality IT systems in hospitals 5 1.4. Hospital IT systems of the future 7 1.5. Conclusion 11 1.6. References 12 Chapter 2. The Hospital and its IT System: Where it is Right Now and What it Needs 13Michaël DE BLOCK 2.1. Introduction 13 2.2. Cooperation and quality 18 2.2.1. Area 1 18 2.2.2. Area 2 19 2.2.3. Area 3 20 2.2.4. Area 4 21 2.2.5. Area 5 21 2.2.6. Axe 6 22 2.2.7. Area 7 23 2.2.8. Area 8 24 2.3. Information systems – communication and organization 26 2.4. Linking HIS, biomedicine and telemedicine 28 2.5. Conclusion 34 2.6. References 34 Chapter 3. Medical Informatics: Historical Overview, Supports and Challenges 37David LAPLANCHE and Stéphane SANCHEZ 3.1. Introduction 37 3.2. Information sources 38 3.2.1. Data that can be used in the hospital sector 38 3.2.2. Different media 39 3.2.3. Legal framework 40 3.2.4. Digital transition 43 3.3. Using information 45 3.3.1. PMIS 45 3.3.2. Medical information in research 48 3.3.3. Structure and use: an example from an ER unit 49 3.4. Conclusion 51 3.5. References 51 Chapter 4. Challenges in Hospital Logistics: the Example of the Champagne Sud Hospitals 53Frédéric LUTZ 4.1. Introduction 53 4.2. Challenges facing care professionals 55 4.3. Challenges around safety and the continuity in supplies 58 4.3.1. The need for regularity in supplies 59 4.3.2. The need for flexibility and reactivity 63 4.3.3. Qualitative requirements in supply and removal chains 63 4.4. Challenges around the role played in enhancing the appeal of the institution 63 4.5. Challenges surrounding economic optimization 64 4.5.1. Examples of optimization implementations 64 4.5.2. Challenges in optimizing logistics flow management tools 68 4.6. Challenges related to regional cooperation 69 4.6.1. Cooperative purchasing in the context of regional hospital consortia 69 4.6.2. Challenges around common supplies and storage 71 4.6.3. Challenges surrounding the pooling of pharmaceutical supplies 76 4.6.4. Challenges around pooling fleets of vehicles 78 4.7. Challenges surrounding the implementation of a regional supply chain management 81 4.8. Conclusion 83 4.9. References 83 Chapter 5. Forecasting Patient Flows into Emergency Services 85Mohamed AFILAL, Lionel AMODEO, Farouk YALAOUI and Frédéric DUGARDIN 5.1. Introduction 85 5.2. The problem statement 87 5.3. A state-of-the-art 89 5.3.1. Predictive models 89 5.3.2. Forecasting inflows into emergency services 92 5.3.3. Summary 93 5.4. Analysis of the inflows of patients into emergency care 94 5.4.1. Data extraction 94 5.4.2. Data modeling 96 5.4.3. Descriptive statistics 98 5.5. Introduction of a new classification of patients in emergency care 100 5.5.1. Interest and motivation 102 5.5.2. Statistical approach 102 5.5.3. New classification: patient state 102 5.5.4. Descriptive statistics for the new categories 108 5.6. Forecast models for patient flows 108 5.6.1. The process used in the study 108 5.6.2. Types of forecasting models 109 5.6.3. Choosing classes to predict 114 5.6.4. Adjusted long-term forecasting model 116 5.6.5. Short-term forecasting models 119 5.7. Tests and implementation of the models 120 5.7.1. Testing the performance of the models 120 5.7.2. Analysis of the residuals 123 5.7.3. Analysis of the robustness of the model: epidemics 125 5.8. Application used in the ES of the THC: OptaUrgences® 126 5.8.1. Introduction 126 5.8.2. Specifications 126 5.8.3. Implementation: development of algorithms 131 5.8.4. Example of the use of this application 132 5.8.5. History of the performances 134 5.9. Conclusion 135 5.10. References 137 Chapter 6. Positioning and Innovations from the Champagne Sud Hospitals in the World of Hospital Logistics 145Moïse NOUMBISSI TCHOUPO, Alice YALAOUI, Lionel AMODEO and Farouk YALAOUI 6.1. Introduction 145 6.2. The hospital logistics problem 148 6.2.1. Operational research and the hospital world 149 6.2.2. Description, formalization and solution approach 150 6.3. Innovative methods and techniques 155 6.3.1. The problem of pickups and deliveries within a time frame and with a homogeneous fleet of vehicles 155 6.3.2. Pickup and delivery problems with a time frame and a heterogeneous fleet of vehicles of finite size 157 6.3.3. Pickup and delivery problem with a time frame and a heterogeneous fleet of vehicles of infinite size 163 6.4. Conclusion 165 6.5. References 165 List of Authors 171 Index 173

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book, presented in three volumes, examines �environmental� disciplines in relation to major players in contemporary science: Big Data, artificial intelligence and cloud computing. Today, there is a real sense of urgency regarding the evolution of computer technology, the ever-increasing volume of data, threats to our climate and the sustainable development of our planet. As such, we need to reduce technology just as much as we need to bridge the global socio-economic gap between the North and South; between universal free access to data (open data) and free software (open source). In this book, we pay particular attention to certain environmental subjects, in order to enrich our understanding of cloud computing. These subjects are: erosion; urban air pollution and atmospheric pollution in Southeast Asia; melting permafrost (causing the accelerated release of soil organic carbon in the atmosphere); alert systems of environmental hazards (such as forest fires, prospective modeling of socio-spatial practices and land use); and web fountains of geographical data. Finally, this book asks the question: in order to find a pattern in the data, how do we move from a traditional computing model-based world to pure mathematical research? After thorough examination of this topic, we conclude that this goal is both transdisciplinary and achievable.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Part 1. Integrated Analysis in Geography: The Way to Cloud Computing xix Introduction to Part 1 xxiDominique LAFFLY Chapter 1. Geographical Information and Landscape, Elements of Formalization 1Dominique LAFFLY Chapter 2. Sampling Strategies 7Dominique LAFFLY 2.1. References 18 Chapter 3. Characterization of the Spatial Structure 19Dominique LAFFLY Chapter 4. Thematic Information Structures 27Dominique LAFFLY Chapter 5. From the Point to the Surface, How to Link Endogenous and Exogenous Data 35Dominique LAFFLY 5.1. References 44 Chapter 6. Big Data in Geography 45Dominique LAFFLY Conclusion to Part 1 55Dominique LAFFLY Part 2. Basic Mathematical, Statistical and Computational Tools 59 Chapter 7. An Introduction to Machine Learning 61Hichem SAHLI 7.1. Predictive modeling: introduction 61 7.2. Bayesian modeling61 7.2.1. Basic probability theory 62 7.2.2. Bayes rule 63 7.2.3. Parameter estimation 63 7.2.4. Learning Gaussians 64 7.3. Generative versus discriminative models 66 7.4. Classification 67 7.4.1. Naïve Bayes 68 7.4.2. Support vector machines 69 7.5. Evaluation metrics for classification evaluation 71 7.5.1. Confusion matrix-based measures 71 7.5.2. Area under the ROC curve (AUC) 73 7.6. Cross-validation and over-fitting 73 7.7. References 74 Chapter 8. Multivariate Data Analysis 75Astrid JOURDAN and Dominique LAFFLY 8.1. Introduction 75 8.2. Principal component analysis 77 8.2.1. How to measure the information 78 8.2.2. Scalar product and orthogonal variables 80 8.2.3. Construction of the principal axes 81 8.2.4. Analysis of the principal axes 84 8.2.5. Analysis of the data points 86 8.3. Multiple correspondence analysis 88 8.3.1. Indicator matrix 89 8.3.2. Cloud of data points 90 8.3.3. Cloud of levels 92 8.3.4. MCA or PCA? 94 8.4. Clustering 96 8.4.1. Distance between data points 97 8.4.2. Dissimilarity criteria between clusters 98 8.4.3. Variance (inertia) decomposition 99 8.4.4. k-means method 101 8.4.5. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering 104 8.5. References 105 Chapter 9. Sensitivity Analysis 107Astrid JOURDAN and Peio LOUBIÈRE 9.1. Generalities 107 9.2. Methods based on linear regression 109 9.2.1. Presentation 109 9.2.2. R practice 111 9.3. Morris’ method 114 9.3.1. Elementary effects method (Morris’ method) 114 9.3.2. R practice 117 9.4. Methods based on variance analysis 119 9.4.1. Sobol’ indices 120 9.4.2. Estimation of the Sobol’ indices 122 9.4.3. R practice 123 9.5. Conclusion 126 9.6. References 127 Chapter 10. Using R for Multivariate Analysis 129Astrid JOURDAN 10.1. Introduction 129 10.1.1. The dataset 131 10.1.2. The variables 134 10.2. Principal component analysis 136 10.2.1. Eigenvalues 137 10.2.2. Data points (Individuals) 139 10.2.3. Supplementary variables 143 10.2.4. Other representations 143 10.3. Multiple correspondence analysis 144 10.4. Clustering 145 10.4.1. k-means algorithm 145 10.5. References 151 Part 3. Computer Science 153 Chapter 11. High Performance and Distributed Computing 155Sebastiano Fabio SCHIFANO, Eleonora LUPPI, Didin Agustian PERMADI, Thi Kim Oanh NGUYEN, Nhat Ha Chi NGUYEN and Luca TOMASSETTI 11.1. High performance computing 155 11.2. Systems based on multi-core CPUs 157 11.2.1. Systems based on GPUs 159 Chapter 12. Introduction to Distributed Computing 163Eleonora LUPPI 12.1. Introduction 163 12.1.1. A brief history 163 12.1.2. Design requirements165 12.1.3. Models 168 12.1.4. Grid computing 171 12.2. References 176 Chapter 13. Towards Cloud Computing 179Peio LOUBIÈRE and Luca TOMASSETTI 13.1. Introduction 179 13.1.1. Generalities 179 13.1.2. Benefits and drawbacks 180 13.2. Service model 180 13.2.1. Software as a Service 181 13.2.2. Platform as a Service 182 13.2.3. Infrastructure as a Service 182 13.2.4. And many more: XaaS 182 13.3. Deployment model 183 13.3.1. Public cloud 183 13.3.2. Private cloud 183 13.3.3. Hybrid cloud 184 13.4. Behind the hood, a technological overview 184 13.4.1. Structure 184 13.4.2. Virtualization 185 13.4.3. Scalability 186 13.4.4. Web-Oriented Architecture 187 13.5. Conclusion 187 13.6. References 188 Chapter 14. Web-Oriented Architecture – How to design a RESTFull API 191Florent DEVIN 14.1. Introduction 191 14.2. Web services 192 14.2.1. Introduction 192 14.2.2. SOAP web services 193 14.2.3. REST web services 195 14.3. Web-Oriented Applications – Microservice applications 198 14.3.1. Stateless and scalabilty 199 14.3.2. API 200 14.3.3. HTTP Methods 201 14.3.4. Example of an API 202 14.4. WSDL example 203 14.5. Conclusion 205 14.6. References 205 Chapter 15. SCALA – Functional Programming 207Florent DEVIN 15.1. Introduction 207 15.1.1. Programming languages 208 15.1.2. Paradigm 208 15.2. Functional programming 212 15.2.1. Introduction 212 15.2.2. Why now? 212 15.2.3. High order function 213 15.2.4. Basic functional blocks 215 15.3. Scala 217 15.3.1. Types systems 218 15.3.2. Basic manipulation of collection 222 15.4. Rational 224 15.5. Why immutability matters? 224 15.6. Conclusion 226 15.7. References 227 Chapter 16. Spark and Machine Learning Library 229Yannick LE NIR 16.1. Introduction 229 16.2. Spark 230 16.2.1. Spark introduction 230 16.2.2. RDD presentation 230 16.2.3. RDD lifecycle 231 16.2.4. Operations on RDD 232 16.2.5. Exercises for environmental sciences 236 16.3. Spark machine learning library 237 16.3.1. Local vectors 237 16.3.2. Labeled points 237 16.3.3. Learning dataset 238 16.3.4. Classification and regression algorithms in Spark 238 16.3.5. Exercises for environmental sciences 239 16.4. Conclusion 242 Chapter 17. Database for Cloud Computing 245Peio LOUBIÈRE 17.1. Introduction 245 17.2. From myGlsrdbms to NoSQL 245 17.2.1. CAP theorem 246 17.2.2. From ACID to BASE 247 17.3. NoSQL database storage paradigms 248 17.3.1. Column-family oriented storage 249 17.3.2. Key/value-oriented storage 249 17.3.3. Document-oriented storage 250 17.3.4. Graph-oriented storage 251 17.4. SQL versus NoSQL, the war will not take place 251 17.5. Example: a dive into MongoDB 252 17.5.1. Presentation 253 17.5.2. First steps 254 17.5.3. Database level commands 254 17.5.4. Data types 255 17.5.5. Modifying data 255 17.6. Conclusion 273 17.7. References 273 Chapter 18. WRF Performance Analysis and Scalability on Multicore High Performance Computing Systems 275Didin Agustian PERMADI, Sebastiano Fabio SCHIFANO, Thi Kim Oanh NGUYEN, Nhat Ha Chi NGUYEN, Eleonora LUPPI and Luca TOMASSETTI 18.1. Introduction 276 18.2. The weather research and forecast model and experimental set-up 276 18.2.1. Model architecture 276 18.3. Architecture of multicore HPC system 282 18.4. Results 283 18.4.1. Results of experiment E1 283 18.4.2. Results of experiment E2 286 18.5. Conclusion 288 18.6. References 288 List of Authors 291 Index 293 Summaries of other volumes 295

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book, presented in three volumes, examines �environmental� disciplines in relation to major players in contemporary science: Big Data, artificial intelligence and cloud computing. Today, there is a real sense of urgency regarding the evolution of computer technology, the ever-increasing volume of data, threats to our climate and the sustainable development of our planet. As such, we need to reduce technology just as much as we need to bridge the global socio-economic gap between the North and South; between universal free access to data (open data) and free software (open source). In this book, we pay particular attention to certain environmental subjects, in order to enrich our understanding of cloud computing. These subjects are: erosion; urban air pollution and atmospheric pollution in Southeast Asia; melting permafrost (causing the accelerated release of soil organic carbon in the atmosphere); alert systems of environmental hazards (such as forest fires, prospective modeling of socio-spatial practices and land use); and web fountains of geographical data. Finally, this book asks the question: in order to find a pattern in the data, how do we move from a traditional computing model-based world to pure mathematical research? After thorough examination of this topic, we conclude that this goal is both transdisciplinary and achievable.Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Introduction to Environmental Management and Services 1Thi Kim Oanh NGUYEN, Quoc Tuan LE, Thongchai KANABKAEW, Sukhuma CHITAPORPAN and Truong Ngoc Han LE 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Environmental components 2 1.2.1. Lithosphere 3 1.2.2. Atmosphere 3 1.2.3. Hydrosphere 4 1.2.4. Biosphere 5 1.3. Environmental pollution 6 1.3.1. Air pollution 6 1.3.2. Water pollution 7 1.3.3. Soil pollution 8 1.3.4. Biological pollution 8 1.4. Environmental quality management 9 1.4.1. Air quality management: technical tools and data management 9 1.4.2. Water quality management 11 1.4.3. Biosphere reservation and management 12 1.5. Data services for the environment 14 1.6. References 15 Part. Environmental Case Studies 17 Chapter 2. Air Quality Monitoring with Focus on Wireless Sensor Application and Data Management 19Tan Loi HUYNH, Sathita FAKPRAPAI and Thi Kim Oanh NGUYEN 2.1. Introduction 20 2.2. Development of air pollution monitoring techniques 20 2.2.1. Conventional air pollution monitoring 21 2.2.2. Sensing technology for air monitoring 25 2.3. Wireless sensor network for air monitoring 28 2.3.1. Case studies of application of wireless sensors for air quality monitoring 29 2.3.2. AIT case study 1 30 2.3.3. AIT case study 2 32 2.3.4. Influencing factors of low-cost sensor performance in air pollution monitoring 35 2.4. Summary: toward application of cloud computing for air quality monitoring data management 36 2.5. References 36 Chapter 3. Emission Inventories for Air Pollutants and Greenhouse Gases with Emphasis on Data Management in the Cloud 41Thi Kim Oanh NGUYEN, Nguyen Huy LAI, Didin Agustian PERMADI, Nhat Ha Chi NGUYEN, Kok SOTHEA, Sukhuma CHITAPORPAN, Thongchai KANABKAEW, Jantira RATTANARAT and Surasak SICHUM 3.1. Introduction 42 3.2. Methodology for development of EI database 43 3.2.1. Framework of EI development 43 3.2.2. Calculation of EI 44 3.2.3. Sources of data 45 3.3. Case studies 52 3.3.1. Southeast Asia (SEA) 52 3.3.2. Vietnam inland domain 56 3.3.3. Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand 59 3.3.4. Forest fire emissions from Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 60 3.3.5. Phnom Penh (PNH), Cambodia 63 3.4. Summary and conclusion 65 3.5. References 65 Chapter 4. Atmospheric Modeling with Focus on Management of Input/Output Data and Potential of Cloud Computing Applications 73Thi Kim Oanh NGUYEN, Nhat Ha Chi NGUYEN, Nguyen Huy LAI and Didin Agustian PERMADI 4.1. Introduction 74 4.1.1. Atmospheric modeling 74 4.1.2. Roles of modeling in air quality management 75 4.1.3. Existing modeling systems 76 4.2. Model architecture of chemistry transport model 80 4.2.1. Conceptual framework and structure 80 4.2.2. Data flow and processing 83 4.3. Output data processing 85 4.3.1. Output data processing 85 4.3.2. Model performance evaluation 86 4.4. Potential applications of cloud computing in atmospheric modeling 87 4.4.1. Current status of cloud computing applications in atmospheric modeling 87 4.4.2. Potential applications of cloud computing in air quality modeling 88 4.5. Case studies of air pollution modeling in Southeast Asia 89 4.5.1. Modeling air quality in Vietnam 89 4.5.2. Modeling air quality in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region 93 4.5.3. Modeling air quality in the Southeast Asia domain 96 4.6. Summary and conclusion 99 4.7. References 100 Chapter 5. Particulate Matter Concentration Mapping from Satellite Imagery 103Thi Nhat Thanh NGUYEN, Viet Hung LUU, Van Ha PHAM, Quang Hung BUI and Thi Kim Oanh NGUYEN 5.1. Introduction 103 5.2. Relation of aerosol optical thickness, meteorological variables and particulate matter concentration 104 5.2.1. Data collection 105 5.2.2. Outlier detection 105 5.2.3. Data integration 105 5.2.4. Correlation analysis 106 5.2.5. Validation of satellite-derived AOD and ground-measured AOD 107 5.2.6. Relation of particulate matter concentration and meteorological variables 108 5.2.7. Relation of particulate matter concentration and satellite-derived AOD 111 5.3. PM2.5 mapping from moderate resolution satellite images 114 5.3.1. Data collection 114 5.3.2. Multiple variable regressions 115 5.3.3. Data interpolation 115 5.3.4. Evaluation metrics 116 5.3.5. Predictor variables and model selection 116 5.3.6. Interpolation model 117 5.3.7. Map validation results 118 5.4. PM10 mapping from high resolution satellite images 119 5.4.1. Dataset 119 5.4.2. Radiometric normalization 120 5.4.3. Relative Aerosol Optical Depth Extraction 121 5.4.4. Least square fitting 123 5.4.5. PM10 estimation from SPOT images 124 5.5. Conclusion 127 5.6. References 127 Chapter 6. Comparison and Assessment of Culturable Airborne Microorganism Levels and Related Environmental Factors in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam 131Tri Quang Hung NGUYEN, Minh Ky NGUYEN and Ngoc Thu Huong HUYNH 6.1. Introduction 131 6.2. Materials and methods 132 6.2.1. Studying sites 132 6.2.2. Sampling 133 6.2.3. Identification of microorganisms 134 6.2.4. Statistical analysis 134 6.3. Results and discussions 135 6.3.1. Results of environmental factors in Ho Chi Minh City 135 6.3.2. Results of monitoring on culturable microorganism levels in ambient air 136 6.3.3. Comparison and assessment of environmental factor effects on culturable microorganism levels 139 6.3.4. Principal component analysis of microorganism groups 146 6.4. Conclusion 149 6.5. References 150 Chapter 7. Application of GIS and RS in Planning Environmental Protection Zones in Phu Loc District, Thua Thien Hue Province 155Quoc Tuan LE, Trinh Minh Anh NGUYEN, Huy Anh NGUYEN and Truong Ngoc Han LE 7.1. Introduction 155 7.2. Materials and research methods 157 7.2.1. Materials 157 7.3. Research methods 158 7.3.1. Research approach 158 7.3.2. Research methods 158 7.3.3. Results and discussion 160 7.3.4. Environmental protection planning map 161 7.4. Conclusion 164 7.5. References 164 Chapter 8. Forecasting the Water Quality and the Capacity of the Dong Nai River to Receive Wastewater up to 2020 165Quoc Tuan LE, Thi Kieu Diem NGO and Truong Ngoc Han LE 8.1. Introduction 165 8.2. Materials and methods 166 8.2.1. Assessing the water quality and partitioning the receiving zone 166 8.2.2. MIKE 11 modeling 167 8.3. Results and discussion 167 8.3.1. The water quality of the Dong Nai River 167 8.3.2. Waste sources to the Dong Nai River 168 8.3.3. Waste load to Dong Nai river 169 8.3.4. Forecasting load to the Dong Nai River in 2020 170 8.3.5. Water quality forecasting 172 8.3.6. Partition for water receiving of the Dong Nai River 173 8.4. Conclusion 173 8.5. Appendix 174 8.6. References 175 Chapter 9. Water Resource Management 177Imeshi WEERASINGHE 9.1. Introduction 177 9.1.1. The hydrological cycle 178 9.1.2. Hydrological models 179 9.2. Hydrological models for water resource management 179 9.2.1. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) 180 9.2.2. Geographical information systems (GIS) and the SWAT model 181 9.3. Setting up of a SWAT model for the Blue Nile basin 181 9.4. Scenario analysis using SWAT 184 9.4.1. Management scenarios 185 9.4.2. Land use scenarios 185 9.4.3. Climate change scenarios 185 9.5. Cloud computing and SWAT 186 9.6. References 186 Chapter 10. Assessing Impacts of Land Use Change and Climate Change on Water Resources in the La Vi Catchment, Binh Dinh Province 191Kim Loi NGUYEN, Le Tan Dat NGUYEN, Hoang Tu LE, Duy Liem NGUYEN, Ngoc Quynh Tram VO, Van Phan LE, Duy Nang NGUYEN, Thi Thanh Thuy NGUYEN, Gia Diep PHAM, Dang Nguyen Dong PHUONG, Thi Hong NGUYEN, Thong Nhat TRAN, Margaret SHANAFIELD and Okke BATELAAN 10.1. Introduction 191 10.1.1. Background of the study/related literature 192 10.1.2. Description of study area 195 10.1.3. Land use/land cover 197 10.2. Materials and methodology 198 10.2.1. Brief description of the SWAT model 198 10.2.2. Materials 200 10.2.3. Data collection 200 10.2.4. Methodology 203 10.3. Primary results 203 10.3.1. The automatic hydro-meteorology 203 10.3.2. Assessing water discharge in the La Vi catchment using the SWAT model 205 10.4. Conclusion 206 10.5. Acknowledgments 206 10.6. References 207 Conclusion and Future Prospects 211 List of Authors 215 Index 219 Summaries of other volumes 221Dominique LAFFLY and Yannick LE NIR

Read more less

Book SynopsisINTELLECTUAL TECHNOLOGIES SET Coordinated by Jean-Max Noyer and Maryse CarmesThe dynamics of production, circulation and dissemination of knowledge that are currently developing in the digital ecosystem testify to a profound change in capitalism. On the margins of the traditional duo of knowledge markets and exclusive property rights, the emerging notion of cultural commons is opening the door to new modes of production based on hybrid market arrangements and an inclusive understanding of property.This book studies the political economy of cultural commons in the digital ecosystem, outlining the contexts and areas of thought in which this concept has emerged and identifying the socio-economic, technical and political issues associated with it. It also analyzes the specific physical conditions that enable the implementation of the economy of cultural commons in a specific digital ecosystem, that of books, by studying the effects of digital libraries and self-publishing platforms.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Part 1. The Intellectual Movement of the Cultural Commons 1 Introduction to Part 1 3 Chapter 1. The Pioneering Approach of Jurists from the Berkman Center for Internet and Society 7 1.1. A critique of the maximalist doctrine of intellectual property 7 1.1.1. The enclosure of the intangible commons of the mind 9 1.1.2. The threat of disappearance of free culture in cyberspace 12 1.2. The political economy of information commons 17 1.2.1. Shared ownership and individual freedom 18 1.2.2. A new mode of information production 22 1.3. The creative commons in the field of works of the mind 28 1.3.1. Incarnation of free culture practices 28 1.3.2. Institutionalization of free culture: Creative Commons licenses 31 1.3.3. The modalities of cohabitation with the commercial cultural economy 34 1.4. Propagation in the intellectual and militant sphere in France 42 1.4.1. The challenge of legalizing non-market sharing 43 1.4.2. The challenge of legal recognition of the information commons 49 1.5. Recent extensions of the BCIS approach 54 1.5.1. The digital public domain: the perimeter of cultural commons 55 1.5.2. Network infrastructure as a commons 60 1.5.3. Remuneration of volunteer contributors 63 Chapter 2. The Ostromian Approach to the Knowledge Commons 69 2.1. Ostrom’s original theory of the land commons 71 2.1.1. An institutional definition of the commons 71 2.1.2. A questioning of the “tragedy of the commons” 72 2.1.3. Communal property as a bundle of rights 75 2.1.4. An institutional approach to the self-organization of common resources 78 2.2. The knowledge commons: Hess and Ostrom’s approach 80 2.2.1. The singularity of information common pool resources (CPR) 80 2.2.2. Digital libraries as information CPRs 84 2.2.3. Institutional analysis and development framework (IAD) 87 2.3. Open access platforms as scientific commons? 90 2.3.1. Open access: a major transformation of the editorial ecosystem 91 2.3.2. Open access platforms: which bundles of user rights? 99 2.3.3. Enrichment and sustainability of the scientific commons 107 2.4. Cooperative platforms as social commons? 118 2.4.1. A rapprochement with the social and solidarity economy 118 2.4.2. Conditions for exploiting the social value created 122 2.4.3. Governance of cooperative platforms 126 2.4.4. Commoners’ remuneration: a right to contribute 133 Part 2. The Commons in the Digital Book Ecosystem 137 Introduction to Part 2 139 Chapter 3. Digital Libraries as Heritage Commons 141 3.1. A favorable context 142 3.1.1. A new documentary order 142 3.1.2. Cultural public data as a public good 144 3.2. The production methods of heritage commons 149 3.2.1. The Google challenge 149 3.2.2. Public/private partnerships: threat or opportunity? 152 3.2.3. On-demand digitization and citizen contribution 156 3.2.4. The heritage commons: a plasticity of forms 157 3.3. Governance issue: enriching our common heritage 161 3.3.1. The construction of a shared heritage infrastructure 161 3.3.2. Content editorialization and digital mediation 164 Chapter 4. The Written Commons in the Publishing Industry 169 4.1. The transformations of the editorial ecosystem 170 4.1.1. Digital textuality and new uses 170 4.1.2. The digital book immersed in an attention economy 172 4.1.3. The digital book and the growth of self-publishing 176 4.2. Wattpad: a common narrative of the misguided written word 178 4.2.1. The use of CC licenses: a hidden reality 179 4.2.2. A progressive attraction to the attention economy 180 4.2.3. Strengthened cohabitation with publishers: the announced end of free culture 182 4.3. Self-publishing and free culture: a multifaceted face 184 4.3.1. The Lulu platform: open source for the book market? 184 4.3.2. In Libro Veritas and Framabook: free book editions 187 Conclusion 193 References 199 Index 207

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe term "hyperdocumentation" is a hyperbole that seems to characterize a paradox. The leading discussions on this topic bring in diverse ideas such as that of data, the fantasy of Big Data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, algorithmic processing, the flow of information and the outstanding successes of disinformation.The purpose of this book is to show that the current context of documentation is just another step in human construction that has been ongoing for not centuries but millennia and which, since the end of the 19th century, has been accelerating. Coined by Paul Otlet in 1934 in his Traite de Documentation, "hyperdocumentation" refers to the concept of documentation that is constantly being expanded and extended in its functionalities and prerogatives.While, according to Otlet, everything could potentially be documented in this way, increasingly we find that it is our lives that are being hyperdocumented. Hyperdocumentation manifests as an increase not only in the quantity of information that is processed but also in its scope, as information is progressively integrated across areas that were previously poorly documented or even undocumented.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements ix Foreword xiMichael BUCKLAND Introduction xv Chapter 1 Hyperdocumentation According to Paul Otlet 1 1.1 The different levels of hyper in hyperdocumentation 3 1.1.1 Hyperdocumentation as an extension 4 1.1.2 Hyperdocumentation as accumulation 10 1.1.3 Hyperdocumentation as an increase in documentary forms 12 1.2 Hyperdocumentation as reduction 13 1.3 Hyperdocumentation as hypertext 16 1.4 Hyperdocumentation as a new world order 18 1.4.1 A hyperdocumentation between utopia and dystopia 21 1.4.2 Between classification and synthesis 23 1.5 The ultimate perspective of the documentation 25 Chapter 2 Hyperdocumentation as a Triumph of Documentality 29 2.1 A documentary theory of humanity 30 2.1.1 A philosophical theory of humanity 30 2.1.2 Homo documentator 31 2.2 Documentality or social ontology 32 2.3 Documentality and memory 35 2.4 Documentation and authority 37 2.5 A hyperdocumentary era 39 2.6 A document theory 41 Chapter 3 Hyperhuman or Hypermachine? 45 3.1 Desiring machines? 47 3.2 Typology of hyperdocumentary machines 50 3.3 Towards hyperdocumentality? 57 Chapter 4 Towards Hyperdocumentary Regimes 59 4.1 The documentary regime of Otlet’s time 60 4.2 Changes in documentary regimes 67 4.2.1 Between memory and knowledge carriers 68 4.2.2 Hypermediation 69 4.2.3 Probability regimes 71 4.2.4 Regimes of confession and conversion 72 4.2.5 Regimes of monumentality 74 4.3 Post-Otlet documentation regimes 78 Chapter 5 Between Knowledge Indexing and Existence Indexing 85 5.1 An index question 87 5.2 The two faces of indexing 90 5.3 The need for an indexing ethic 92 5.4 A long history of indexing 95 5.4.1 Tension among those involved in documentation 97 5.5 Between documentarity and monumentality 102 5.6 Which indexation regime? 104 5.7 Should we stop indexing? 105 Chapter 6 Personal Documentation: Between “The Self” and “Myself” 111 6.1 Renewal of personal documentary practices 115 6.2 Self-documentation 118 6.3 Self-demonstration or self-documentation 122 6.4 Documentary freedom under constraints 128 6.5 Hypodocumentation or the concept of sousveillance 132 Chapter 7 The Hyperdocumentalists of Our Lives 135 7.1 The hyperdocumentalists of self 138 7.2 From the found friend to the “caring” lover 141 7.3 Computing centers or archive centers 143 7.4 Post-mortem hyperdocumentation 147 7.5 Post-human hyperdocumentation? 149 Chapter 8 Documentation of All the Senses 155 8.1 Hyperdocumentation as documentation of all the senses 155 8.2 Beyond the senses? 158 8.3 Paranormal hyperdocumentation 162 8.3.1 The hyperdocumentation of the sixth sense 162 8.3.2 Charles Fort 167 8.4 Political meaning? 169 8.5 Indexation of desires 173 Chapter 9 Free (or Open?) Hyperdocumentation 177 9.1 Which hyperdocumentary forms are “open”? 178 9.2 Documentation as resistance 181 9.3 Hyperleaks? 184 9.4 Hyperdocumentary convergence: the OSINT 186 9.5 Utopia or dystopia? 188 Chapter 10 Conclusion: Is it Necessary to Go to San Junipero? 191 10.1 A continuous confrontation between ancient and modern? 192 10.2 Between documents and monuments: Promethean vertigo 194 10.3 Towards an ethical hyperdocumentation, the challenge of moderation 196 10.4 Preserving the links, nexialism against hyperseparatism 197 Postface – Beyond Otlet: Fragmented Encyclopedism 201Jean-Max NOYER References 235 Index 247

Read more less

Book SynopsisChance, Calculation and Life brings together 16 original papers from the colloquium of the same name, organized by the International Cultural Center of Cerisy in 2019. From mathematics to the humanities and biology, there are many concepts and questions related to chance. What are the different types of chance? Does chance correspond to a lack of knowledge about the causes of events, or is there a truly intrinsic and irreducible chance? Does chance preside over our decisions? Does it govern evolution? Is it at the origin of life? What part do chance and necessity play in biology? This book answers these fundamental questions by bringing together the clear and richly documented contributions of mathematicians, physicists, biologists and philosophers who make this book an incomparable tool for work and reflection.Table of ContentsPreface xiThierry GAUDIN, Marie-Christine MAUREL, Jean-Charles POMEROL Introduction xvThierry GAUDIN, Marie-Christine MAUREL, Jean-Charles POMEROL Part 1. Randomness in all of its Aspects 1 Chapter 1. Classical, Quantum and Biological Randomness as Relative Unpredictability 3Cristian S. CALUDE and Giuseppe LONGO 1.1. Introduction 3 1.1.1. Brief historical overview 4 1.1.2. Preliminary remarks 5 1.2. Randomness in classical dynamics 6 1.3. Quantum randomness 8 1.4. Randomness in biology 15 1.5. Random sequences: a theory invariant approach 21 1.6. Classical and quantum randomness revisited 24 1.6.1. Classical versus algorithmic randomness 24 1.6.2. Quantum versus algorithmic randomness 26 1.7. Conclusion and opening: toward a proper biological randomness 27 1.8. Acknowledgments 30 1.9. References 30 Chapter 2. In The Name of Chance 37Gilles PAGÈS 2.1. The birth of probabilities and games of chance 37 2.1.1. Solutions 38 2.1.2. To what end? 40 2.2. A very brief history of probabilities 41 2.3. Chance? What chance? 42 2.4. Prospective possibility 45 2.4.1. LLN + CLT + ENIAC = MC 45 2.4.2. Generating chance through numbers 46 2.4.3. Going back the other way 48 2.4.4. Prospective possibility as master of the world? 50 2.5. Appendix: Congruent generators, can prospective chance be periodic? 53 2.5.1. A little modulo n arithmetic 53 2.5.2. From erratic arithmetic to algorithmic randomness 56 2.5.3. And, the winner is... Mersenne Twister 623.. 60 2.6. References 61 Chapter 3. Chance in a Few Languages 63Clarisse HERRENSCHMIDT 3.1. Classical Sanskrit 64 3.2. Persian and Arabic 65 3.3. Ancient Greek 66 3.4. Russian 67 3.5. Latin 67 3.6. French 69 3.7. English 71 3.8. Dice, chance and the symbolic world 72 3.9. References 77 Chapter 4. The Collective Determinism of Quantum Randomness 79François VANNUCCI 4.1. True or false chance 79 4.2. Chance sneaks into uncertainty 81 4.3. The world of the infinitely small 82 4.4. A more figurative example 84 4.5. Einstein’s act of resistance 86 4.6. Schrödinger’s cat to neutrino oscillations 87 4.7. Chance versus the anthropic principle 90 4.8. And luck in life? 92 4.9. Chance and freedom 94 Chapter 5. Wave-Particle Chaos to the Stability of Living 97Stéphane DOUADY 5.1. Introduction 97 5.2. The chaos of the wave-particle 97 5.3. The stability of living things 104 5.4. Conclusion 107 5.5. Acknowledgments 108 5.6. References 108 Chapter 6. Chance in Cosmology: Random and Turbulent Creation of Multiple Cosmos 109Michel CASSÉ 6.1. Is quantum cosmology oxymoronic? 109 6.2. Between two realities – at the entrance and exit – is virtuality 120 6.3. Who will sing the metamorphoses of this high vacuum? 120 6.4. Loop lament 121 6.5. The quantum vacuum exists, Casimir has met it 122 6.6. The generosity of the quantum vacuum 122 6.7. Landscapes 126 6.8. The good works of Inflation 128 6.9. Sub species aeternitatis 129 6.10. The smiling vacuum 130 Chapter 7. The Chance in Decision: When Neurons Flip a Coin 133Mathias PESSIGLIONE 7.1. A very subjective utility 133 7.2. A minimum rationality 134 7.3. There is noise in the choices 135 7.4. On the volatility of parameters 137 7.5. When the brain wears rose-tinted glasses 138 7.6. The neurons that take a vote 140 7.7. The will to move an index finger 142 7.8. Free will in debate 143 7.9. The virtue of chance 144 7.10. References 145 Chapter 8. To Have a Sense of Life: A Poetic Reconnaissance 147Georges AMAR 8.1. References 157 Chapter 9. Divine Chance 159Bertrand VERGELY 9.1. Thinking by chance 159 9.2. Chance, need: why choose? 160 9.3. When chance is not chance 162 9.4. When chance comes from elsewhere 166 Chapter 10. Chance and the Creative Process 169Ivan MAGRIN-CHAGNOLLEAU 10.1. Introduction 169 10.2. Chance 170 10.3. Creation 173 10.4. Chance in the artistic creative process 176 10.5. An art of the present moment 179 10.6. Conclusion 181 10.7. References 182 Part 2. Randomness, Biology and Evolution 185 Chapter 11. Epigenetics, DNA and Chromatin Dynamics: Where is the Chance and Where is the Necessity? 187David SITBON and Jonathan B. WEITZMAN 11.1. Introduction 187 11.2. Random combinations 187 11.3. Random alterations 188 11.4. Beyond the gene 189 11.5. Epigenetic variation 190 11.6. Concluding remarks 192 11.7. Acknowledgments 193 11.8. References 193 Chapter 12. When Acquired Characteristics Become Heritable: The Lesson of Genomes 197Bernard DUJON 12.1. Introduction 197 12.2. Horizontal genetic exchange in prokaryotes 199 12.3. Two specificities of eukaryotes theoretically oppose horizontal gene transfer 200 12.4. Criteria for genomic analysis 201 12.5. Abundance of horizontal transfers in unicellular eukaryotes 202 12.6. Remarkable horizontal genetic transfers in pluricellular eukaryotes 203 12.7. Main mechanisms of horizontal genetic transfers 204 12.8. Introgressions and limits to the concept of species 207 12.9. Conclusion 208 12.10. References 208 Chapter 13. The Evolutionary Trajectories of Organisms are Not Stochastic 213Philippe GRANDCOLAS 13.1. Evolution and stochasticity: a few metaphors 213 13.2. The Gouldian metaphor of the “replay” of evolution 214 13.3. The replay of evolution: what happened 215 13.4. Evolutionary replay experiments 217 13.5. Phylogenies versus experiments 218 13.6. Stochasticity, evolution and extinction 219 13.7. Conclusion 219 13.8. References 220 Chapter 14. Evolution in the Face of Chance 221Amaury LAMBERT 14.1. Introduction 221 14.2. Waddington and the concept of canalization 224 14.3. A stochastic model of Darwinian evolution 228 14.3.1. Redundancy and neutral networks 228 14.3.2. A toy model 229 14.3.3. Mutation-selection algorithm 231 14.4. Numerical results 231 14.4.1. Canalization 231 14.4.2. Target selection 234 14.4.3. Neighborhood selection 235 14.5. Discussion 238 14.6. Acknowledgments 239 Chapter 15. Chance, Contingency and the Origins of Life: Some Historical Issues 241Antonio LAZCANO 15.1. Acknowledgments 246 15.2. References 246 Chapter 16. Chance, Complexity and the Idea of a Universal Ethics 249Jean-Paul DELAHAYE 16.1. Cosmic evolution and advances in computation 250 16.2. Two notions of complexity 251 16.3. Biological computations 252 16.4. Energy and emergy 253 16.5. What we hold onto 254 16.6. Noah knew this already! 254 16.7. Create, protect and collect 255 16.8. An ethics of organized complexity 255 16.9. Not so easy 256 16.10. References 258 List of Authors 261 Index 265

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe main topic of this book is the recent development of on-board advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), which we can already tell will eventually contribute to the autonomous and connected vehicles of tomorrow.With the development of automated mobility, it becomes necessary to design a series of modules which, from the data produced by on-board or remote information sources, will enable the construction of a completely automated driving system. These modules are perception, decision and action. State-of-the-art AI techniques and their potential applications in the field of autonomous vehicles are described.Perception systems, focusing on visual sensors, the decision module and the prototyping, testing and evaluation of ADAS systems are all presented for effective implementation on autonomous and connected vehicles.This book also addresses cooperative systems, such as pedestrian detection, as well as the legal issues in the use of autonomous vehicles in open environments.Table of ContentsForeword 1 xiThierry BAPIN Foreword 2 xiiiDominique GRUYER Foreword 3 xixAlberto BROGGI Preface xxiAbdelaziz BENSRHAIR Chapter 1. Artificial Intelligence for Vehicles 1Gérard YAHIAOUI 1.1. What is AI? 1 1.2. The main methods of AI 3 1.2.1. Deep Learning 3 1.2.2. Machine Learning 4 1.2.3. Clustering 5 1.2.4. Reinforcement learning 6 1.2.5. Case-based reasoning 8 1.2.6. Logical reasoning 8 1.2.7. Multi-agent systems 8 1.2.8. PAC learning 9 1.3. Modern AI challenges for the industry 9 1.3.1. Explainability: XAI (eXplainable Artificial Intelligence) 9 1.3.2. The design of so-called “hybrid” AI systems 10 1.4. What is an “intelligent” vehicle? 10 1.4.1. ADAS 11 1.4.2. The autonomous vehicle 14 1.4.2. The construction of the intelligent vehicle’s basic building blocks employing AI methods 18 1.5. References 21 Chapter 2. Conventional Vision or Not: A Selection of Low-level Algorithms 25Fabien BONARDI, Samia BOUCHAFA, Hicham HADJ-ABDELKADER and Désiré SIDIBÉ 2.1. Introduction 25 2.2. Vision sensors 26 2.2.1. Conventional cameras 27 2.2.2. Emerging sensors 30 2.3. Vision algorithms 33 2.3.1. Choosing the type of information to be retrieved from the images 34 2.3.2. Estimation of ego-movement and localization 39 2.3.3. Detection of the navigable space by a dense approach 44 2.3.4. From the detection of 3D plans to visual odometry 58 2.3.5. Detection of obstacles through the compensation of ego-movement 62 2.3.6. Visual odometry 66 2.4. Conclusion 71 2.5. References 72 Chapter 3. Automated Driving, a Question of Trajectory Planning 79Olivier ORFILA, Dominique GRUYER and Rémi SAINCT 3.1. Definition of planning 79 3.2. Trajectory planning: general characteristics 81 3.2.1. Variables 83 3.2.2. Constraints 83 3.2.3. Cost functions 83 3.2.4. Planning methodology 83 3.2.5. Co-pilot respecting legal traffic rules 88 3.2.6. Trajectory prediction for “ghost” objects and vehicles 92 3.2.7. Trajectory evaluation 100 3.2.8. Results on real vehicles and on simulators 101 3.3. Multi-objective trajectory planning 104 3.3.1. Linear scalarization 107 3.3.2. Nonlinear scalarization 114 3.3.3. Ideal methods 116 3.3.4. Summary of multi-objective planning methods 119 3.3.5. High level information 119 3.4. Conclusion on multi-agent planning for a fleet of vehicles: the future of planning 121 3.5. References 122 Chapter 4. From Virtual to Real, How to Prototype, Test, Evaluate and Validate ADAS for the Automated and Connected Vehicle? 125Dominique GRUYER, Serge LAVERDURE, Jean-Sébastien BERTHY, Philippe DESOUZA and Mokrane HADJ-BACHIR 4.1. Context and goals 125 4.2. Generic dynamic and distributed architecture 128 4.2.1. Introduction 128 4.2.2. An interoperable platform 129 4.3. Environment and climatic conditions 132 4.3.1. Introduction 132 4.3.2. Environmental modeling: lights, shadows, materials and textures 132 4.3.3. Degraded, adverse and climatic conditions 136 4.3.4. Visibility layers and ground truths 140 4.4. Modeling of perception sensors 143 4.4.1. Typology of sensor technologies 143 4.4.2. From a functional model to a physical model 145 4.4.3. Optical sensors 145 4.4.4. LIght Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) 149 4.4.5. RAdio Detection And Ranging (RADAR) 151 4.4.6. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) 153 4.5. Connectivity and means of communication 157 4.5.1. State of the art 157 4.5.2. Statistical model of the propagation channel 158 4.5.3. Multi-platform physico-realistic model 159 4.6. Some relevant use cases 161 4.6.1. Graphic resources 161 4.6.2. Communication and overall risk 161 4.6.3. Automated parking maneuver 166 4.6.4. Co-pilot and automated driving 169 4.6.5. Eco-mobility and eco-responsible driving profile 171 4.7. Conclusion and perspectives 174 4.8. References 176 Chapter 5. Standards for Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) 181Thierry ERNST 5.1. Context and goals 182 5.1.1. Intelligent transport systems (ITS) 182 5.1.2. The connected and cooperative vehicle 184 5.1.3. Silos communication systems 185 5.1.4. Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) 186 5.1.5. Diversity of Cooperative ITS services 186 5.1.6. Standardization bodies 189 5.1.7. Genesis of the “Cooperative ITS” standards 190 5.2. “ITS station” architecture 192 5.2.1. General description 192 5.2.2. ITS station communication units 195 5.2.3. Types of ITS stations 195 5.3. Features of the ITS station architecture 197 5.3.1. Combination of communication technologies 197 5.3.2. Centralized communications 198 5.3.3. Localized communications (V2X) 198 5.3.4. Hybrid communications 200 5.3.5. Extensive communications 202 5.3.6. Communications management 203 5.3.7. Messaging 204 5.3.8. Data organization and identification 206 5.3.9. Secure communications and access to data 207 5.3.10. Evolution of standards 208 5.4. Features of the ITS station architecture 208 5.5. Deployment of Cooperative ITS services 209 5.6. References 213 Chapter 6. The Integration of Pedestrian Orientation for the Benefit of ADAS: A Moroccan Case Study 215Aouatif AMINE, Abdelaziz BENSRHAIR, Safaa DAFRALLAH and Stéphane MOUSSET 6.1. Introduction 215 6.2. Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) 218 6.3. Proposal for an applicable system to the Moroccan case 219 6.4. General conclusion 230 6.5. References 231 Chapter 7. Autonomous Vehicle: What Legal Issues? 233Axelle OFFROY 7.1. Introduction 233 7.2. The definition of the so-called “autonomous” vehicle 234 7.3. Legal framework and experiments 236 7.4. The notion of the “driver” 237 7.5. The notion of the “custodian” 238 7.6. What liability regime? 238 7.7. Self-driving vehicle insurance? 240 7.8. Personal data and the autonomous vehicle 242 7.9. The need for uniform regulation 245 List of Authors 247 Index 249

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe universe is considered an expansive informational field subjected to a general organizational law. The organization of the deployment results in the emergence of an autonomous organization of spatial and material elements endowed with permanence, which are generated on an informational substratum where an organizational law is exercised at all scales. The initial action of a generating informational element produces a quantity of basic informational elements that multiply to form other informational elements that will either be neutral, constituting the basic spatial elements, or active, forming quantum elements.The neutral basic elements will form the space by a continuous aggregation and will represent the substrate of the informational links, allowing the active informational elements to communicate, in order to aggregate and organize themselves.Every active element is immersed in an informational envelope, allowing it to continue its organization through constructive communications. The organizational law engages the active quantum elements to aggregate and produce new and more complex quantum elements, then molecular elements, massive elements, suns and planets. Gravity will then be the force of attraction exerted by the informational envelopes of the aggregates depending on their mass, to develop them by acquisition of new aggregates.The organizational communication of the informational envelopes of all of the physical material elements on Earth will enable the organization of living things, with reproduction managed by communications between the informational envelopes of the elements, realizing a continuous and powerful evolution.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Part 1 Informational Generation of the Universe 1 Chapter 1 The Computable Model, Computer Science and Physical Concepts 3 1.1 The Turning model 3 1.2 Computer science 6 1.3 Formation of the Universe in physical sciences 10 Chapter 2 The Informational Components and the Organizational Law of the Formation of Space and the Elements of the Universe 15 2.1 Informational model of universe generation and organizational law 15 2.2 The notion of generating information in the Universe 23 2.3 The generative informational component and the informational energy of the substrate of the Universe 34 2.4 The formation process of the Universe from the informational components 46 Chapter 3 An Agent Model to Represent Informational Components 53 3.1 Informational and control agents representing the components 53 3.2 The generation of atoms and molecules in the informational agent model 60 3.3 The formation of a hydrogen atom agent with informational agents 61 3.4 Formation of a helium-type atomic agent 68 Chapter 4 The Generation of the First Molecules in the Agent Approach 73 4.1 The informational characteristics of the system forming the molecules 73 4.2 Formation of simple molecules of helium hydride and dihydrogen 75 Chapter 5 The Formation of Physical Elements in the Agent Approach 81 5.1 The notion of aggregate mass 82 5.2 The formation of stars and galaxies by the general action of the organizational law 85 5.3 The informational program for the design of the universal system 94 Part 2 Life Produced by the Organizational Law 101 Introduction to Part 2 103 Chapter 6 The Characteristics of Scientific Theories of Life 105 6.1 Evolution and selection: Charles Darwin’s theory of gradual evolution and the biochemical approach 105 6.2 The constitution of life, from DNA to developmental biology 110 6.3 Genes and their expression: an open problem 113 Chapter 7 The Informational Interpretation of the Living 119 7.1 Origin of the living and bifurcation of the organizational law 120 7.2 Evolutionary reproduction 133 7.3 Informational action of reproduction of life with morphological patterns 140 7.4 The application of the organizational law in the reproduction process 148 7.5 The continuous evolution of life 155 7.6 The human species in the organizational evolution of life 161 7.7 The informational envelope of the planet Earth today 171 Conclusion 175 References 177 Index 179

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe extent of digitalization and the use of digital tools no longer need to be demonstrated. While companies have been integrating the challenges of such a transformation for more than 20 years, the public sector is lagging behind. Digital Transformation and Public Policies studies the mechanisms of the digital transformation of public organizations. It explores how this new deal, driven mainly by platforms, resonates with new public policies and how digital technology is redrawing the relationship between the governors and the governed. This book, the result of transdisciplinary collaboration between researchers, aims to answer these questions by focusing on several cases: public innovation policies, health data and social policies with fiscal microsimulation devices.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix About the Authors xi Introduction xiiiIsabelle LIOTARD, Valérie REVEST and Audrey VÉZIAN Chapter 1 From Crowdsourcing to Inclusiveness: The European Experience of Innovation Contests 1Isabelle LIOTARD and Valérie REVEST 1.1. Open innovation and crowdsourcing: two closely related phenomena 3 1.2 Platforms, innovation contests and inclusiveness or how to better articulate innovation and society? 5 1.3 The European context: a proactive approach to open innovation 10 1.4 European contests and inclusiveness: two case studies 12 1.4.1 Blockchain for social goods (BCSG): a step towards greater inclusiveness? 14 1.4.2 Affordable High-Tech for Humanitarian Aid (AHTHA): an attempt to increase cooperation? 19 1.5 Discussion and conclusion 22 1.5.1 Contests and mechanisms of co-production of knowledge 23 1.5.2 A reflection on communities of innovation 24 1.6 Acknowledgments 27 1.7 References 27 Chapter 2 The Regulation of Public Data: The Difficult Case of the Health Sector 35Audrey VÉZIAN 2.1 Tenfold attraction for health data, new digitized tools: towards truly innovative practices? 39 2.1.1 A constant quest for data 39 2.1.2 Health data with an increasingly broad scope 40 2.1.3 Health data used to serve a reform rhetoric that is not very innovative 41 2.2 Towards an economic valuation of health data in the name of a sovereignty imperative 44 2.2.1 Public action and data representation as an economic issue 45 2.2.2 Towards public–private co-regulation of health data 49 2.3 A contested regulatory vision 61 2.3.1 A complex health system 61 2.3.2 Interministerial rivalries 64 2.3.3 A professional sector under tension 67 2.4 Conclusion 69 2.5 References 70 Chapter 3 Access Policies to Digital Resources of Administration through the Lens of Microsimulation 73Franck BESSIS and Paul COTTON 3.1 From a circumvented closure to a progressive and non-systematic opening of data (1951–2001) 78 3.1.1 Outside of the administration, researchers who manage to access data in an “informal” way 78 3.1.2 Incomplete access: the decisive advantage of “Administrative Economists” 82 3.2 The movement to open up at the turn of the 2010s: from retreat to institutional change 86 3.2.1 Fiscal revolution and statistical counter-revolution: a movement to close the data 86 3.2.2 From a relationship of distrust to one of trust: the IPP and the LPR/Lemaire law (2011–2016) 88 3.3 The movement to open up codes: free consent versus forced freedom 90 3.3.1 The first steps of an “open source” culture within the administration 91 3.3.2 Forced openness: the administration ordered to communicate or open up the codes of its microsimulation models 94 3.4 Discussion: different conceptions of opening up quality? 101 3.5 References 107 Chapter 4 How to Characterize Public Innovation Platforms? Crossed Perspectives 111Isabelle LIOTARD, Valérie REVEST and Claudine GAY 4.1 Platforms in economics and management 113 4.1.1 From the platform to the digital platform: definitions and characteristics 113 4.1.2 Digital platform and a two-sided market 116 4.2 From innovation intermediation platforms (IIPs) to public innovation intermediation platforms (PIIPs) 120 4.2.1 Innocentive, a private intermediary innovation platform 121 4.2.2 Challenge.Gov, an innovation intermediary government platform 123 4.2.3 First conceptualization of public innovation intermediation platforms (PIIPs) 126 4.3 The contribution of engineering sciences to the analysis of PIIPs: some directions to explore 130 4.3.1 The contributions of a process approach 131 4.3.2 The Open Innovation Platform (OIP): from a characterization in technical terms 132 4.3.3 … to a vision in terms of modularity and lifecycle 133 4.4 Discussion and conclusion 137 4.5 Acknowledgments 141 4.6 References 141 Conclusion 147Paul COTTON, Isabelle LIOTARD and Valérie REVEST List of Authors 161 Index 163

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn cyberspace, data flows transit massively and freely on a planetary scale. The generalization of encryption, made necessary by the need to protect these exchanges, has resulted in states and their intelligence services forgoing listening and interception missions. The latter have had to find ways to break or circumvent this protection. This book analyzes the evolution of the means of communication and interception, as well as their implementation since the advent of the telegraph in the 19th century. It presents this sensitive subject from a technical, historical and political perspective, and answers several questions: who are the actors of interception? Who has produced the recent technologies? How are the markets for interception means organized? Are the means of protecting communications infallible? Or what forms of power do interceptions confer?Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1 History and Repertoire of Communication Interception Practices 1 1.1 Military interceptions during the war 7 1.1.1 The interception of telegraphic communications 7 1.1.2 The interception of radio communications 13 1.1.3 Telephone interception 16 1.1.4 The use of SIGINT capabilities 18 1.1.5 Wartime interceptions in cyberspace 21 1.1.6 Drones and interceptions 23 1.2 The interception of international communications: espionage, surveillance, war 23 1.2.1 The interception of telegrams 23 1.2.2 Espionage during the Cold War: satellite, radio, telephone interceptions 24 1.2.3 The interception of international communications: the Echelon program 25 1.2.4 Bulk cyber surveillance 27 1.2.5 Foreign companies in national telecommunication infrastructures 28 1.2.6 Actions over undersea Internet cables 29 1.2.7 Interceptions in planes and airports 30 1.2.8 International interceptions as a product of secret alliances 30 1.3 Interception of diplomatic correspondence 31 1.4 Political surveillance: targeted and bulk interceptions 33 1.4.1 Interception of correspondence 33 1.4.2 Bulk domestic surveillance in East Germany 36 1.4.3 Cyber surveillance in Russia: the SORM system 36 1.4.4 Fixed and mobile telephone tapping 37 1.4.5 The interception of electronic communications in the political sphere 40 1.5 Criminal interceptions 42 1.6 Police, justice: the fight against crime, lawful interceptions 44 1.7 On the usefulness and effectiveness of interceptions 45 Chapter 2 The Central Issue of Encryption 55 2.1 The capabilities required for interceptions 55 2.1.1 Material, technological capabilities 56 2.1.2 Human resources 79 2.2 Protecting yourself against the threat of interceptions: encryption 87 2.2.1 The public key revolution 88 2.2.2 Advances in factorization 89 2.2.3 Shor’s quantum algorithm 91 2.2.4 The evolution of computing capabilities 93 2.2.5 The evolution of etching precision 94 2.3 Attacking encrypted communications, circumventing the hurdle of encryption 94 2.3.1 Interceptions on encrypted messaging 95 2.3.2 The attacks against keys and PKIs 104 2.3.3 The use of backdoors 108 Chapter 3 Power Struggles 131 3.1 State pressure on the industry: cooperation or coercion logics? 131 3.2 The accounts of whistleblowers and their analyses of the balance of power between the state, the citizen and companies 136 3.2.1 The account of Herbert O Yardley 136 3.2.2 The account of Perry Fellwock (also known as Winslow Peck) 137 3.2.3 The account of Mark Klein 138 3.2.4 The account of James Bamford 142 3.2.5 The account of Babak Pasdar 145 3.2.6 The account of Joseph Nacchio 146 3.2.7 The account of Edward Snowden 146 3.2.8 The account of Julian Assange 148 3.3 Limits imposed on the state’s power to control technology 149 3.3.1 The difficult and fragile international regulation of technologies 149 3.3.2 Illicit markets and the circumvention of laws 154 3.4 Trust 162 3.4.1 How much confidence in encryption? 163 3.4.2 The acceleration of calculations as a factor of confidence 164 3.4.3 Abandoning secret methods 165 3.4.4 Provable security 167 3.4.5 The worlds of Impagliazzo 169 3.4.6 The contribution of quantum computing 172 3.5 Conclusion 173 3.5.1 Technologies 173 3.5.2 Actors 174 3.5.3 Interactions or relationships 175 Appendices 179 References 201 Index 217

Read more less

Book SynopsisFrom a cluster of interconnected HTML pages to online service platforms, websites are constantly changing in form and function. These transformations have led, on the one hand, to human and social sciences renewing or inventing analytical methodologies; and on the other hand, to a reconsideration of the practices of non-specialists and digital professionals. The Web factory is equally included on the agenda of communication training, according to an alternative approach that is complementary to the one that has been implemented for computer scientists. From these two perspectives and drawing upon several case studies, Analyzing Websites presents epistemological and methodological contributions from researchers in Information and Communication Sciences exploring websites as sociotechnical, semi-discursive and communicational devices. This study covers website design as well as their integration into the digital strategies of organizations in the public, associative and private sectors.Table of ContentsForeword xiiiSébastien ROUQUETTE Introduction xviiLuc MASSOU, Patrick MPONDO-DICKA and Nathalie PINÈDE Part 1 Websites as a Socio-technical Device 1 Chapter 1 Observing the Web through the Lens of Websites 3Camille ALLOING 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 The website as a space and an architecture 5 1.3 The pioneer Web (before 2000) 7 1.4 The citation Web (from 2000 to 2005) 12 1.5 The Web known as Web 2.0 (from 2005 to 2010) 15 1.6 The social Web (from 2010 to 2015) 19 1.7 An affective and artificial Web (2015 to the present) 23 1.8 Conclusion 24 1.9 References 26 Chapter 2 Is the Web a Semiodiscursive Object? 29Christine BARATS and Julia BONACCORSI 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 How to do relevant data sets with Web data? The making of a complex object of research 31 2.2.1 Sociotechnical devices and the construction of the object 31 2.2.2 From the research question to the data sets: knowledge and documentation of the device 34 2.2.3 Notional tools for semiodiscursive approaches 38 2.3 Standing the test of time: surveys and methods 42 2.3.1 Tangled temporalities 42 2.3.2 Defining the right way to select and collect data sets 44 2.3.3 From the notion of corpus to the notion of digital corpus 46 2.4 Violence against data: issues of interpretation 49 2.4.1 Formatting of issues by research instrumentation 49 2.4.2 Limits and challenges of interpretation: taking the illusion of immediacy and standardization of meaning into account 51 2.5 Conclusion 52 2.6 References 53 Chapter 3 Expertise from Websites: Pedagogical Perspectives in Information and Communication 57Luc MASSOU 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 What is the role of website expertise in information and communication? 58 3.2.1 Example of a 3-year educational program 59 3.2.2 From analysis to website expertise 62 3.3 What are the benefits of semio-rhetorical, critical and socio-technical approaches for the learner? 65 3.3.1 An "external" expertise to put results into perspective 66 3.3.2 Several points in common with our scientific analyses 67 3.4 Conclusion 70 3.5 Appendices 72 3.6 References 76 Part 2 The Website as a Semiodiscursive Device 81 Chapter 4 Semiotics of Digital Design: From Ethos to Ethics 83Nicole PIGNIER 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 Semiotics of webdesign: from 2004 to 2021 85 4.2.1 A realistic or hyper-realistic form of multimodal writing 85 4.2.2 A mythical or symbolic multimodal writing 87 4.2.3 A readable and redundant multimodal writing 88 4.2.4 A reality-removing and subversive multimodal writing 90 4.2.5 The semiotic functions of Web interfaces 91 4.3 Beyond its ethos, the ethical aim of digital design 92 4.3.1 Divergences between ethos and ethics 93 4.3.2 Websites in a tense relationship with other players in digital design 94 4.4 Interrogating the semiotic interrelations between the strata of digital design 95 4.4.1 The notions of prefiguration, configuration and figuration 95 4.4.2 Semiotic interrelationships between the strata 97 4.4.3 Digital design: from ethos to ethics 98 4.5 Conclusion 101 4.6 References 103 Chapter 5 Social Semiotic Approach of Press Websites: Genesis of a Method 105Alexandra SAEMMER and Nolwenn TRÉHONDART 5.1 Introduction 105 5.2 Epistemological and methodological issues 107 5.2.1 Genesis of a method 107 5.2.2 Foundational concepts 109 5.2.3 Semiotic tools introduced in the field 110 5.3 The first field: a critical decoding of interfaces 112 5.3.1 Experimental protocol 112 5.3.2 Spontaneous opinions and impressions from viewing BFM TV's website 113 5.3.3 Identification of editorial units and first interpretations 114 5.3.4 Debating and choosing hypotheses 117 5.4 Second field: toward a social semiotic approach of websites 118 5.5 Interpretative hypotheses and interpretative filters 120 5.5.1 "BFM, the information supermarket", from the lens of an anti-capitalist viewpoint and professional habits 120 5.5.2 The "sexist, right-wing BFM", through the prism of a feminist and intersectional perspective 122 5.5.3 "BFM as a counter-power", through the lens of a complicit or critical adherence to the state media 124 5.6 Conclusion 125 5.7 Appendices 127 5.8 References 128 Chapter 6 Analyzing the Mobilization Against the LPR on Twitter: Theoretical Issues and Methodological Challenges 131Justine SIMON 6.1 Introduction 131 6.2 Multidimensional approach to digital social networks 134 6.2.1 Shedding light on the notion of hypertextualized discourse 134 6.2.2 Shared images and participatory culture 134 6.2.3 Interdiscursivity, narrativity and argumentativity 138 6.3 Ethical questions and methodological challenges 140 6.3.1 Ethical concerns 140 6.3.2 Methodological challenges 143 6.4 Presentation of the six sub-corpora 147 6.4.1 Sub-corpus 1: the narrating Twitter user 148 6.4.2 Sub-corpus 2: the narrator-character Twitter user 149 6.4.3 Sub-corpus 3: calls to action 152 6.4.4 Sub-corpus 4: sharing visual gags and interactive mini-stories 152 6.4.5 Sub-corpus 5: sharing of inter-iconic images and double narratives 154 6.4.6 Sub-corpus 6: oppositions of discourse/counter-discourse 157 6.5 Outlook and analytical perspectives 158 6.6 Conclusion 159 6.7 References 161 Chapter 7 Metaphor and Analysis of Websites: Transformations of a Media Object 167Pergia GKOUSKOU 7.1 Introduction 167 7.2 Uses of metaphors for analyzing websites and digital communications 168 7.2.1 The "website" object: between documents, media and devices 168 7.2.2 The place of metaphor in the analysis of the "website" object 172 7.2.3 Metaphor and intermediality 173 7.2.4 Metaphors, remediatization and strategies of digital communications 175 7.3 Websites that visualize open data: making sense using the metaphor as inquiry 178 7.3.1 Hypermedia maps in data visualization 179 7.3.2 The metaphor of the mosaic in data visualization 182 7.3.3 Metaphor as a framework for action: involvement of the Internet user and a sense of transparency 183 7.4 Conclusion 186 7.5 References 187 Part 3 The Website as a Communication Device 191 Chapter 8 Thematic Analysis of Hyperlinks: A Taxonomic Approach 193Nathalie PINÈDE 8.1 Introduction 193 8.2 Analytical framework for an info-communicational reading of websites 194 8.3 The interest of a taxonomic reading grid for websites 199 8.4 Presentation of the methodological approach 202 8.4.1 Corpus of university websites 203 8.4.2 A semiodiscursive and taxonomic analysis of web pages 204 8.5 Primary results 206 8.5.1 Analysis of the main menus of the home pages 206 8.5.2 Generic approach to the HLU corpus 210 8.5.3 Informational profiles from the taxonomy of the HLUs 213 8.5.4 A closer look at a class: "User profiles" 219 8.6 Conclusion 221 8.7 Appendices 223 8.8 References 227 Chapter 9 The Documediality of Cross-border Organizations 231Marie-Hélène HERMAND 9.1 Introduction 231 9.2 Theoretical and methodological anchoring in semiotics applied to the media 233 9.3 First step: create a reading of three cross-border organizational models through the lens of documentality 235 9.3.1 Within the European Union (EU): the documentality of the Euroregions-fluids 235 9.3.2 On the borders of the EU: the documentality of the Euroregion buffers 237 9.3.3 In Southern Africa: the documentality of ecoregions 238 9.4 Step two: build a corpus of websites from the three cross-border organizational models considered 239 9.4.1 The website of the Tyrol Alto Adige Trentino Euroregion 239 9.4.2 The website of the Danube-Cris-Mures-Tisa Euroregion 240 9.4.3 The website of Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area 243 9.5 Stage three: identify the memory processes to unravel the skein of cross-border narratives presented to audiences 244 9.5.1 Call for a shared memory: anchoring within a territory-symbol 244 9.5.2 Call for a shared history: anchoring within a legitimate quest 248 9.5.3 The call for a shared heritage: an anchoring in shared living 250 9.6 Step four: qualitatively comparing the results 255 9.7 Conclusion 259 9.8 References 261 Chapter 10 "Tell Us Your Data", Between Euphemization, Standardization, and Digital Poetics 265Camille RONDOT 10.1 Introduction 265 10.2 Epistemological and methodological issues 268 10.2.1 Performance, notoriety and visibility: a disruptive discourse 268 10.2.2 Empowered skills: a discourse on the method as a foundational basis 272 10.2.3 From social data to consumer knowledge: information rhetoric 275 10.3 A poetics of the visible and the audible 276 10.3.1 Revealing the visible and making ordinary conversations speak 276 10.3.2 Revealing what is visible through surveillance: between euphemized discourse and the desire to create a panopticon 279 10.4 Conclusion 283 10.5 References 285 List of Authors 287 Index 289

Read more less

Book SynopsisSymmetric cryptology is one of the two main branches of cryptology. Its applications are essential and vital in the Information Age, due to the efficiency of its constructions. The scope of this book in two volumes is two-fold. First, it presents the most important ideas that have been used in the design of symmetric primitives, their inner components and their most relevant constructions. Second, it describes and provides insights on the most popular cryptanalysis and proof techniques for analyzing the security of the above algorithms. A selected number of future directions, such as post-quantum security or design of ciphers for modern needs and particular applications, are also discussed. We believe that the two volumes of this work will be of interest to researchers, to master’s and PhD students studying or working in the field of cryptography, as well as to all professionals working in the field of cybersecurity.Table of ContentsPreface xiChristina BOURA and María NAYA-PLASENCIA Part 1 Design of Symmetric-key Algorithms 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Design in Symmetric Cryptography 3Joan DAEMEN 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Cryptographic building blocks 3 1.2.1 The block cipher and its variants 4 1.3 Differentially uniform functions 5 1.4 Arbitrary-length schemes 5 1.4.1 Modes and constructions 6 1.4.2 Dedicated schemes 7 1.4.3 Modes and constructions versus primitives 7 1.5 Iterated (tweakable) block ciphers and permutations 8 1.5.1 Cryptanalysis and safety margin 8 1.5.2 Designing the round function of primitives 9 1.6 A short history 10 1.6.1 The data encryption standard 10 1.6.2 The block cipher FEAL 11 1.6.3 Differential and linear cryptanalysis 11 1.6.4 The block cipher IDEA 12 1.6.5 The advanced encryption standard 12 1.6.6 Cache attacks 13 1.6.7 KECCAK 14 1.6.8 Lightweight cryptography 15 1.7 Acknowledgments 15 1.8 References 15 Chapter 2 The Design of Stream Ciphers 21Chaoyun LI and Bart PRENEEL 2.1 Introduction 21 2.1.1 What is a synchronous additive stream cipher? 21 2.1.2 Generic construction 23 2.1.3 Generic attacks 24 2.1.4 Open competitions 25 2.1.5 Standards 26 2.2 Constructions based on FSRs 27 2.2.1 LFSR-based constructions 27 2.2.2 NFSR-based constructions 28 2.3 Table-based constructions 29 2.4 Block ciphers and permutations in stream cipher mode 29 2.4.1 Block cipher modes OFB and CTR 30 2.4.2 Permutations in stream cipher mode 30 2.5 Authenticated encryption (AE) 31 2.5.1 Block ciphers and permutations in stream cipher modes 32 2.6 Emerging low-complexity stream ciphers 33 2.7 References 34 Chapter 3 Block Ciphers 39Orr DUNKELMAN 3.1 General purpose block ciphers 41 3.1.1 Feistel block ciphers 42 3.1.2 Substitution permutation networks 43 3.2 Key schedule algorithms 44 3.3 Generic attacks 46 3.4 Tweakable block ciphers 48 3.5 Some positive results concerning security 49 3.6 The case of algebraic ciphers 51 3.7 References 53 Chapter 4 Hash Functions 55Gilles VAN ASSCHE 4.1 Definitions and requirements 55 4.1.1 An ideal model: the random oracle 57 4.1.2 Expressing security claims 58 4.2 Design of hash functions 60 4.2.1 The Merkle-Damgård construction 60 4.2.2 Fixing the Merkle-Damgård construction 61 4.2.3 Building a compression function 62 4.2.4 Indifferentiability 64 4.2.5 The sponge construction 65 4.2.6 KECCAK, SHA-3 and beyond 67 4.3 Tree hashing 68 4.4 References 69 Chapter 5 Modes of Operation 73Gaëtan LEURENT 5.1 Encryption schemes 73 5.1.1 Cipher block chaining 74 5.1.2 Counter mode 75 5.2 Message authentication codes 75 5.2.1 CBC-MAC 76 5.2.2 PMAC 77 5.2.3 Hash-based MACs 77 5.2.4 Wegman-Carter MACs and GMAC 78 5.3 Security of modes: generic attacks 78 5.3.1 The birthday bound 79 5.3.2 Generic attack against iterated MACs 79 5.3.3 Generic attack against Wegman-Carter MACs 80 5.3.4 Generic attack against CBC 80 5.3.5 Generic attack against CTR 80 5.3.6 Small block sizes 81 5.3.7 Misuse 81 5.3.8 Limitations of encryption 82 5.4 References 83 Chapter 6 Authenticated Encryption Schemes 87Maria EICHLSEDER 6.1 Introduction 87 6.2 Security notions 88 6.3 Design strategies for authenticated encryption 89 6.3.1 Generic composition 91 6.3.2 Dedicated primitive-based designs 92 6.3.3 Fully dedicated designs 94 6.3.4 Standards and competitions 95 6.4 References 96 Chapter 7 MDS Matrices 99Gaëtan LEURENT 7.1 Definition 99 7.1.1 Differential and linear properties 100 7.1.2 Near-MDS matrices 101 7.2 Constructions 101 7.3 Implementation cost 102 7.3.1 Optimizing the implementation of a matrix 103 7.3.2 Implementation of the inverse matrix 104 7.4 Construction of lightweight MDS matrices 104 7.4.1 Choice of the field or ring 105 7.4.2 MDS matrices with the lowest XOR count 105 7.4.3 Iterative MDS matrices 106 7.4.4 Involutory MDS matrices 107 7.5 References 108 Chapter 8 S-boxes 111Christina BOURA 8.1 Important design criteria 113 8.1.1 Differential properties 113 8.1.2 Linear properties 115 8.1.3 Algebraic properties 116 8.1.4 Other properties 117 8.2 Popular S-boxes for different dimensions 117 8.2.1 S-boxes with an odd number of variables 118 8.2.2 4-bit S-boxes 118 8.2.3 8-bit S-boxes 119 8.3 Further reading 119 8.4 References 119 Chapter 9 Rationale, Backdoors and Trust 123Léo PERRIN 9.1 Lifecycle of a cryptographic primitive 124 9.1.1 Design phase 124 9.1.2 Public cryptanalysis 125 9.1.3 Deployment? 125 9.1.4 The limits of this process 126 9.2 When a selection process fails 126 9.2.1 Under-engineered algorithms 127 9.2.2 Primitives with hidden properties 128 9.3 Can we trust modern algorithms? 131 9.3.1 Standardization and normalization 131 9.3.2 Some rules of thumb 132 9.4 References 133 Part 2 Security Proofs for Symmetric-key Algorithms 135 Chapter 10 Modeling Security 137Bart MENNINK 10.1 Different types of adversary models 137 10.2 When is an attack considered successful? 138 10.3 Random oracle 138 10.4 Distinguishing advantage 139 10.5 Understanding the distinguishing advantage 141 10.5.1 Adversarial complexity 141 10.5.2 Claiming security 142 10.5.3 Breaking claims 143 10.6 Adaptation to block ciphers 143 10.6.1 Distinguishing advantage 144 10.6.2 Security of AES 145 10.7 Acknowledgments 146 10.8 References 146 Chapter 11 Encryption and Security of Counter Mode 147Bart MENNINK 11.1 Block encryption 147 11.1.1 Padding 148 11.1.2 Cipher block chaining 149 11.2 Stream encryption 150 11.2.1 Output feedback mode 151 11.2.2 Counter mode 152 11.3 Provable security of modes: the case of counter mode 153 11.4 Acknowledgments 156 11.5 References 156 Chapter 12 Message Authentication and Authenticated Encryption 159Tetsu IWATA 12.1 Message authentication 159 12.1.1 WCS construction 160 12.1.2 Provable security 161 12.2 Authenticated encryption 164 12.2.1 GCM, Galois/counter mode 164 12.2.2 Provable security 166 12.3 References 169 Chapter 13 H-coefficients Technique 171Yannick SEURIN 13.1 The H-Coefficients technique 171 13.2 A worked out example: the three-round Feistel construction 176 13.3 The Even-Mansour construction 178 13.3.1 H-coefficients security proof 179 13.3.2 Extension to multiple rounds 181 13.4 References 182 Chapter 14 Chi-square Method 183Mridul NANDI 14.1 Introduction 183 14.2 Preliminaries 185 14.2.1 PRF-security definition 185 14.2.2 Hypergeometric distribution 186 14.3 Truncation of random permutation 187 14.3.1 PRF-security of truncation 188 14.4 XOR of random permutations 190 14.5 Other applications of the chi-squared method 192 14.6 Acknowledgments 193 14.7 References 193 Part 3 Appendices 195 Appendix 1 Data Encryption Standard (DES) 197Christina BOURA Appendix 2 Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 205Christina BOURA and Orr DUNKELMAN Appendix 3 PRESENT 217Christina BOURA Appendix 4 KECCAK 223Christina BOURA List of Authors 231 Index 233 Summary of Volume 2 239

Read more less

Book SynopsisSymmetric cryptology is one of the two main branches of cryptology. Its applications are essential and vital in the Information Age, due to the efficiency of its constructions. The scope of this book in two volumes is two-fold. First, it presents the most important ideas that have been used in the design of symmetric primitives, their inner components and their most relevant constructions. Second, it describes and provides insights on the most popular cryptanalysis and proof techniques for analyzing the security of the above algorithms. A selected number of future directions, such as post-quantum security or design of ciphers for modern needs and particular applications, are also discussed. We believe that the two volumes of this work will be of interest to researchers, to master’s and PhD students studying or working in the field of cryptography, as well as to all professionals working in the field of cybersecurity.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Christina Boura and María Naya-Plasencia Part 1 Cryptanalysis of Symmetric-key Algorithms 1 Chapter 1 Differential Cryptanalysis 3 Henri Gilbert and Jérémy Jean 1.1. Statistical attacks on block ciphers: preliminaries 4 1.2. Principle of differential cryptanalysis and application to DES 7 1.2.1. Differential transitions and differential characteristics 7 1.2.2. Derivation of non-trivial differential characteristics 10 1.2.3. Leveraging characteristics to mount a key-recovery attack 14 1.3. Some refinements and generalizations 18 1.3.1. Differential effect 18 1.3.2. Truncated differentials 19 1.4. Design strategies and evaluation 20 1.4.1 Case of the AES 21 1.4.2. Automated analysis 23 1.5. Further notes and references 23 1.6. References 26 Chapter 2 Linear Cryptanalysis 29 Kaisa Nyberg and Antonio Flórez-Gutiérrez 2.1. History 29 2.2. Correlation and linear hull 30 2.3. Multidimensional linear approximation 31 2.4. Walsh-Hadamard transform 32 2.5. Linear approximation of an iterative block cipher 32 2.6. Matsui’s Algorithm 1 type of key recovery 33 2.7. Matsui’s Algorithm 2 type of key recovery 34 2.8. Searching for linear approximations and estimating correlations 35 2.9. Speeding up key recovery 36 2.10. Key-recovery distinguisher 38 2.11. Classical model of Algorithm 2 39 2.12. Algorithm 2 with distinct known plaintext and randomized key 40 2.13. Multiple linear approximations 40 2.14. Multidimensional linear cryptanalysis 42 2.15. References 43 Chapter 3 Impossible Differential Cryptanalysis 47 Christina Boura and María Naya-Plasencia 3.1. Finding impossible differentials 48 3.2. Key recovery 49 3.2.1. Data, time and memory complexities 50 3.3. Some improvements 52 3.3.1. Early abort technique 52 3.3.2. Multiple impossible differentials or multiple extension paths 53 3.4. Applications 54 3.5. References 54 Chapter 4 Zero-Correlation Cryptanalysis 57 Vincent Rijmen 4.1. Correlation and linear cryptanalysis 57 4.1.1. Correlation matrix 57 4.1.2. Linear trails and linear hulls 58 4.1.3. Approximations of linear functions 59 4.1.4. Computing the correlations over a permutation 60 4.2. Attacks using a linear hull with correlation zero 60 4.2.1. Correlation zero in random permutations 61 4.2.2. Distinguisher 61 4.2.3. Reducing the data complexity 62 4.3. Linear hulls with correlation zero 62 4.3.1. Feistel ciphers 63 4.3.2. AES 64 4.3.3 Extended result on AES 64 4.4. References 64 Chapter 5 Differential-Linear Cryptanalysis 67 Yosuke Todo 5.1. Brief introduction of differential-linear attacks 67 5.2. How to estimate correlations of a differential-linear distinguisher 69 5.3. On the key recovery 71 5.4. State of the art for differential-linear attacks 72 5.4.1. Differential-linear connecting table 72 5.4.2. Three techniques to improve differential-linear attacks 73 5.5. References 76 Chapter 6 Boomerang Cryptanalysis 77 Ling Song 6.1. Basic boomerang attack 77 6.2. Variants and refinements 79 6.3. Tricks and failures 80 6.4. Formalize the dependency 83 6.5. References 86 Chapter 7 Meet-in-the-Middle Cryptanalysis 89 Brice Minaud 7.1. Introduction 89 7.2. Basic meet-in-the-middle framework 90 7.2.1. The 2DES attack 90 7.2.2. Algorithmic framework 91 7.2.3. Complexity analysis and memory usage 92 7.3. Meet-in-the-middle techniques 94 7.3.1. Filtering 94 7.3.2. Splice-and-cut 96 7.3.3. Bicliques 97 7.4. Automatic tools 98 7.5. References 98 Chapter 8 Meet-in-the-Middle Demirci-Selçuk Cryptanalysis 101 Patrick Derbez 8.1. Original Demirci-Selçuk attack 101 8.2. Improvements 103 8.2.1. Data/time/memory trade-off 104 8.2.2. Difference instead of value 104 8.2.3. Multiset 105 8.2.4. Linear combinations 105 8.2.5. Differential enumeration technique 106 8.3. Finding the best attacks 108 8.3.1. Tools 108 8.3.2. Results 109 8.4. References 109 Chapter 9 Invariant Cryptanalysis 111 Christof Beierle 9.1. Introduction 111 9.2. Invariants for permutations and block ciphers 112 9.2.1. Invariant subspaces 113 9.2.2. Quadratic invariants 117 9.3. On design criteria to prevent attacks based on invariants 117 9.4. A link to linear approximations 119 9.5. References 121 Chapter 10 Higher Order Differentials, Integral Attacks and Variants 123 Anne Canteaut 10.1. Integrals and higher order derivatives 123 10.2. Algebraic degree of an iterated function 126 10.3. Division property 128 10.4. Attacks based on integrals 130 10.4.1. Distinguishers 130 10.4.2. Attacks 130 10.5. References 131 Chapter 11 Cube Attacks and Distinguishers 133 Itai Dinur 11.1. Cube attacks and cube testers 133 11.1.1. Terminology 134 11.1.2. Main observation 135 11.1.3. The basic cube attack 136 11.1.4. The preprocessing phase on cube attacks 137 11.1.5. Cube testers 138 11.1.6. Applications 139 11.2. Conditional differential attacks and dynamic cube attacks 140 11.2.1. Conditional differential attacks 140 11.2.2. Dynamic cube attacks 140 11.2.3. A toy example 140 11.3. References 141 Chapter 12 Correlation Attacks on Stream Ciphers 143 Thomas Johansson 12.1. Correlation attacks on the nonlinear combination generator 144 12.2. Correlation attacks and decoding linear codes 145 12.3. Fast correlation attacks 146 12.3.1. Fast correlation attacks and low weight feedback polynomials 147 12.3.2. Finding low weight multiples of the feedback polynomial 148 12.3.3. Fast correlation attacks by reducing the code dimension 150 12.4. Generalizing fast correlation attacks 151 12.4.1. The E0 stream cipher 151 12.4.2. The A5/1 stream cipher 152 12.5. References 153 Chapter 13 Addition, Rotation, XOR 155 Léo Perrin 13.1. What is ARX? 155 13.1.1. Structure of an ARX-based primitive 156 13.1.2. Development of ARX 156 13.2. Understanding modular addition 157 13.2.1. Expressing modular addition in Fn2 158 13.2.2. Cryptographic properties of modular addition 158 13.3. Analyzing ARX-based primitives 160 13.3.1. Searching for differential and linear trails 160 13.3.2. Proving security against differential and linear attacks 161 13.3.3. Other cryptanalysis techniques 162 13.4. References 163 Chapter 14 SHA-3 Contest Related Cryptanalysis 167 Yu S Asaki 14.1. Chapter overview 167 14.2. Differences between attacks against keyed and keyless primitives 168 14.3. Rebound attack 169 14.3.1. Basic strategy of the rebound attack 169 14.3.2. Rebound attack against AES-like structures 171 14.4. Improving rebound attacks with Super-Sbox 173 14.5. References for further reading about rebound attacks 175 14.6. Brief introduction of other cryptanalysis 176 14.6.1. Internal differential cryptanalysis 176 14.6.2. Rotational cryptanalysis 177 14.7. References 177 Chapter 15 Cryptanalysis of SHA-1 181 Marc Stevens 15.1. Design of SHA-1 181 15.2. SHA-1 compression function 182 15.3. Differential analysis 184 15.4. Near-collision attacks 184 15.5. Near-collision search 185 15.6. Message expansion differences 186 15.7. Differential trail 187 15.8. Local collisions 187 15.9. Disturbance vector 188 15.10. Disturbance vector selection 189 15.11. Differential trail construction 190 15.12. Message modification techniques 190 15.13. Overview of published collision attacks 191 15.14. References 192 Part 2 Future Directions 195 Chapter 16 Lightweight Cryptography 197 Meltem Sönmez Turan 16.1. Lightweight cryptography standardization efforts 197 16.2. Desired features 198 16.3. Design approaches in lightweight cryptography 200 16.4. References 202 Chapter 17 Post-Quantum Symmetric Cryptography 203 María Naya-Plasencia 17.1. Different considered models 204 17.1.1. With respect to the queries 204 17.1.2. With respect to memory 205 17.2. On Simon’s and Q2 attacks 206 17.2.1. Off-line Simon’s attack 207 17.3. Quantizing classical attacks in Q 1 207 17.3.1. About collisions 207 17.4. On the design of quantum-safe primitives 208 17.5. Perspectives and conclusion 209 17.5.1. About losing the quantum and classical surname 209 17.5.2. No panic 209 17.6. References 209 Chapter 18 New Fields in Symmetric Cryptography 215 Léo Perrin 18.1. Arithmetization-oriented symmetric primitives (ZK proof systems) 216 18.1.1. The current understanding of this new language 217 18.1.2. The first attempts 218 18.1.3. Cryptanalysis 219 18.2. Symmetric ciphers for hybrid homomorphic encryption 220 18.2.1. The current understanding of this new language 221 18.2.2. First design strategies 221 18.3. Parting thoughts 223 18.4. References 223 Chapter 19 Deck-function-based Cryptography 227 Joan Daemen 19.1. Block-cipher centric cryptography 227 19.2. Permutation-based cryptography 227 19.3. The problem of the random permutation security model 228 19.4. Deck functions 228 19.5. Modes of deck functions and instances 229 19.6. References 230 List of Authors 231 Index 233 Summary of Volume 1 239

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book argues that the Internet revolution should exert a far more significant influence on economic thinking and on the perception of law. The authors acknowledge that the economic analysis of law provides a potentially powerful framework for evaluating regulatory approaches to the Internet. However, they question the capacity of traditional law and economics models to define the scope of legal intervention, both in cyberspace and in other more traditional markets which have also been influenced by the recent technological revolution.The book examines the conventional application of law and economics, and contends that the new reality of cyberspace transforms the basic theoretical tenets of this approach and requires fresh conceptual thinking. It challenges fundamental concepts such as the notion of work as linked to the workplace, the notion of community as linked to geographical space, the sources of law and their traditional connection with the state, the belief that proxies and representatives are indispensable for collective action and public decision-making processes, and the role of technology and its relationship with the law. It covers the analysis of both economic and non-economic markets, and includes a thorough examination of legislation, case law and the academic literature relating to cyberspace. The authors conclude that there is pressing need for re-evaluating the analytical tools used to study the information environment, and propose an innovative approach for the role of technology within the law and economics framework.This book represents a groundbreaking attempt to critically analyze the suitability of traditional law and economics for the new digital environment. Scholars and students working in the field of law and economics, and lawyers interested in technology, intellectual property, cyberlaw and governance will find this a stimulating and thought-provoking volume.Trade Review'[This book] provides an excellent overview for anyone interested in this topic. Complex concepts are defined with great precision, and discussed with enlightening clarity. The arguments are well-built. The style is inviting.' -- Boris Rotenberg, World Trade Review'This book is not only the best kind of law and economics, but it is the best kind of cyberspace law and economics. By framing the economic analysis around market failures, the authors demonstrate both the power and limits of economic analysis. And by applying this method to questions about the regulation of cyberspace, they provide the most illuminating analysis of this new space of social behavior. Beautifully and directly written, this book is a must for any student of law and economics, and for any student of the 21st century.' -- Lawrence Lessig, Stanford Law School, USTable of ContentsContents: Preface Part I: Setting the Grounds 1. Introduction 2. Cyberspace in Context Part II: Cyberspace as a Market and its Failures 3. Introduction to Part Two 4. Monopolies 5. Public Goods 6. Imperfect Information 7. Externalities 8. Transaction Costs and the Law in Cyberspace Part III: Cyberspace and the Economic Theory of the State 8. Preliminary Thoughts About Neo-Institutional Law and Economics and Cyberspace 9. The Effects of Cyberspace of the Economic Theory of the State References Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisFast track route to mastering all aspects of e-marketing Covers all the key techniques for successful e-marketing, fromaffiliation marketing to e-mail alerts, and from viral marketing tobanner ads Examples and lessons from some of the world's most successfulbusinesses, including Hotmail, Pepsi and Honda, and ideas from thesmartest thinkers, including Christopher Locke and Seth Godin Includes a glossary of key concepts and a comprehensive resourcesguide ExpressExec is a unique business resource of one hundred books.These books present the best current thinking and span the entirerange of contemporary business practice. Each book gives you thekey concepts behind the subject and the techniques to implement theideas effectively, together with lessons from benchmark companiesand ideas from the world's smartest thinkers. ExpressExec is organised into ten core subject areas making iteasy to find the information you need: 01 Innovation 02 Enterprise 03 Strategy 04 Marketing 05 Finance 06 Operations and Technology 07 Organizations 08 Leading 09 People 10 Life and Work ExpressExec is a perfect learning solution for people who need tomaster the latest business thinking and practice quickly.Table of ContentsIntroduction to E-Marketing What is E-Marketing? The Evolution of E-Marketing The E-Dimension The Global Dimension The State of the Art E-Marketing in Practice: Success Stories Key Concepts and Thinkers Resources Ten Steps to making E-Marketing Work

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book identifies and discusses critical issues of ICT innovation at both the macroeconomic and organisational levels, bringing together two hitherto independent fields of study: economics and information systems. The book takes stock of these two fields, highlighting their complementarity in contemporary issues such as business competitiveness and e-commerce, organisational change and industrial restructuring, information systems implementation and technology infrastructure building. The contributions cover a broad range of issues, from analysing policy approaches for fostering ICT innovation at a regional level, to examining the way in which ICT-based information systems and organisational practice are simultaneously shaped.The book elaborates an understanding of innovation as shaped largely in context, rather than 'diffused' from the place of its conception into the place of its implementation. The theoretical perspectives offered by the authors include institutional economics, evolutionary economics, social constructivism, and structuration theory. Collectively, the chapters of this book present ICT innovation as a dynamic process involving multiple actors in multiple locations, codified and tacit knowledge, and instrumental and situated behaviour.This pathbreaking book will be of enormous interest to students, researchers and academics specialising in economics, information systems and ICT innovation, as well as policy and management consultants involved in information systems and development.Table of ContentsContents: Preface Introduction Part I: Infrastructures, Awareness Building and Development of Capabilities 1. The Evolution of the Information Society and Regional Development in Europe 2. Development and Telecommunications Access: Cases from South Asia 3. The Computer Sciences Academic Community and the Diffusion of Internet in Brazil 4. IT Diffusion for Public Service Delivery: Looking for Plausible Theoretical Approaches Part II: ICT Adoption 5. ICT Adoption in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Lessons from Case Studies 6. Understanding the Adoption of E-Commerce 7. Institutional and Resource-based Perspectives of IT and Organizational Change: Cases from the Nigerian Banking Industry Part III: Innovation in the Organizational Setting of ICT Use 8. New Socio-technical Perspectives of IS Innovation in Organizations 9. Information Systems and New Technologies: Taking Shape in Use 10. Perspectives on ICT Innovation and Organizational Context Conclusions Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis important book addresses how long term and large scale shifts from one socio-technical system to another come about, using insights from evolutionary economics, sociology of technology and innovation studies. These major changes involve not just technological changes, but also changes in markets, regulation, culture, industrial networks and infrastructure. The book develops a multi-level perspective, arguing that transitions take place through the alignment of multiple processes at three levels: niche, regime and landscape. This perspective is illustrated by detailed historical case studies: the transition from sailing ships to steamships, the transition from horse-and-carriage to automobiles and the transition from propeller-piston engine aircraft to turbojets. This book will be of great interest to researchers in innovation studies, evolutionary economics, sociology of technology and environmental studies. It will also be useful for policy makers involved in long-term sustainability and systems transitions issues.Trade Review'The book provides a useful interdisciplinary overview of the range of existing theoretical approaches that a scholar might wish to apply to studies of technological transitions and system innovation. In adopting a novel sociotechnical and coevolutionary approach it represents a significant advance in understanding the factors that influence how such transitions come about and identifying important underlying patterns and mechanisms.' -- Andrew Williams, Journal of Industrial Ecology'This major effort at understanding technological transitions from the inside, not only permits a richer understanding of those complex processes in the past, but also provides a powerful set of analytic tools to guide action towards the future. It will be useful for academics, technologists and enlightened policymakers as well as for interested laypersons.' -- Carlota Perez, CERF, Cambridge University and SPRU, University of Sussex, UK'Sociotechnical transformations have been seen as too complex to grasp, but Frank Geels shows, using a judicious combination of history, sociology and economics of technological change, that it is possible to understand the dynamics and identify specific types of transformation.' -- Arie Rip, University of Twente, The Netherlands'Frank Geels's book gives us a new perspective on how society moves from one technological regime to another. Understanding these transitions is essential if we are to get to grips with what we need to do to switch our societies to more sustainable states and how technologies figure in that switch.' -- Ken Green, Institute of Innovation Research, The University of Manchester, UKTable of ContentsContents: Foreword by Johan Schot Preface 1. Introduction 2. Building Blocks from the Literature 3. Conceptual Perspective on System Innovations and Technological Transitions 4. The Transition from Sailing Ships to Steamships in British Oceanic Transport (1780–1890) 5. The Transition from Horse-drawn Carriages to Automobiles in American Urban Passenger Transportation (1860–1930) 6. The Transition from Piston Engine Aircraft to Jetliners in American Aviation (1930–1975) 7. Conclusions and Discussion Bibliography Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis volume is dedicated to the theme “Combinatorial Optimization – Theoretical Computer Science: Interfaces and Perspectives” and has two main objectives: the first is to show that bringing together operational research and theoretical computer science can yield useful results for a range of applications, while the second is to demonstrate the quality and range of research conducted by the LAMSADE in these areas.Table of ContentsChapter 1. The Complexity of Single Machine Scheduling Problems under Scenario-based Uncertainty (M. A. Aloulou, F. Della Croce). Chapter 2. (Non)-Approximability Results for the Multi-criteria Min and Max TSP(1, 2) (E. Angel, E. Bampis, L. Gourvès, J. Monnot). Chapter 3. Online Models for Set-covering: the Flaw of Greediness (G. Ausiello, A. Giannakos, V. Th. Paschos). Chapter 4. Comparison of Expressiveness for Timed Automata and Time Petri Nets (B. Bérard, F. Cassez, S. Haddad, D. Lime, O. H. Roux). Chapter 5. A “Maximum Node Clustering” Problem (G. Carello, F. Della Croce, A. Grosso, M. Locatelli). Chapter 6. The Patrolling Problem: Theoretical and Experimental Results (Y. Chevaleyre). Chapter 7. Restricted Classes of Utility Functions for Simple Negotiation Schemes: Sufficiency, Necessity and Maximality (Y. Chevaleyre, U. Endriss, N. Maudet). Chapter 8. Worst-case Complexity of Exact Algorithms for NP-hard Problems (F. Della Croce, B. Escoffier, M. Kaminski, V. Th. Paschos). Chapter 9. The Online Track Assignment Problem (M. Demange, G. Di Stefano, B. Leroy-Beaulieu). Chapter 10. Complexity and Approximation Results for the Min Weighted Node Coloring Problem (M. Demange et al). Chapter 11. Weighted Edge Coloring (M. Demange et al). Chapter 12. An Extensive Comparison of 0-1 Linear Programs for the Daily Satellite Mission Planning (Virginie Gabrel). Chapter 13. Dantzig-Wolfe Decomposition for Linearly Constrained Stable Set Problem (Virginie Gabrel). Chapter 14. Algorithmic Games (Aristotelis Giannakos et al). Chapter 15. Flows! (Michel Koskas, Cécile Murat). Chapter 16. The Complexity of the Exact Weighted Independent Set Problem (Martin Milanic, Jérôme Monnot). Chapter 17. The Labeled Perfect Matching in Bipartite Graphs: Complexity and (in) Approximability (Jérôme Monnot). Chapter 18. Complexity and Approximation Results for Bounded-size Paths Packing Problems (Jérôme Monnot, Sophie Toulouse). Chapter 19. An Upper Bound for the Integer Quadratic Multi-knapsack Problem (Dominique Quadri, Eric Soutif, Pierre Tolla). List of Authors. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book focuses on Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), the basis of sustainable and more agile IT systems that are able to adapt themselves to new trends and manage processes involving a third party. The discussion is based on the public Praxeme method and features a number of examples taken from large SOA projects which were used to rewrite the information systems of an insurance company; as such, decision-makers, creators of IT systems, programmers and computer scientists, as well as those who will use these new developments, will find this a useful resource.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements xiii Foreword xv Preface xxi Guide for the Reader xxvii Introduction to the SOA Project at SMABTP xxxi Chapter 1. Initial Perspectives 1 1.1. 50 years of computing – an overview 1 1.2. What remains today? 5 Part I. Why a Sustainable Information System? 7 Chapter 2. Company-oriented Services 9 2.1. Consequences of the Internet revolution 9 2.2. What do the leading market players say? 12 2.3. What do the chief information officers think? 14 2.4. The issues faced at general management level 14 2.5. Levels of maturity 16 Chapter 3. SOA Maturity Levels 21 3.1. Towards the creation of a more agile information system 21 3.2. Cosmetic SOA 23 3.3. Extended SOA 24 3.4. Overhaul SOA 26 3.5. The matrices of SOA maturity 28 3.5.1. The matrix showing the definitions of SOA 28 3.5.2. The matrix showing the quality criteria of SOA 29 3.5.3. The matrix showing the strengths and weaknesses of SOA 29 Chapter 4. Economic and Social Aspects 31 4.1. Removal of obstacles that may slow down the progressive overhaul of an information system 32 4.2. The future of IT specialists 33 4.3. Off-shoring 33 4.4. The generation mix 34 4.5. The role of software infrastructure editors 35 Part II. The Principles of SOA 37 Chapter 5. The Properties of SOA 39 5.1. The definition of service for users 41 5.1.1. The user of the service 42 5.1.2. A business ambiguity 42 5.1.3. An example of a business service 43 5.2. The definition of service for IT specialists 44 5.2.1. The granularity of service 44 5.2.2. The separation of concerns 46 5.2.3. The service categories 47 5.2.4. Batch services 49 5.3. The properties of basic SOA 50 5.3.1. Loose coupling 50 5.3.2. Communication by messages 51 5.3.3. Design by contract 52 5.3.4. The limits of the basic properties 56 5.4. The properties of agility 56 5.4.1. The difference between the version and the variant of a service 58 5.4.2. Agility of the data 60 5.4.3. Agility of the rules 65 5.4.4. Agility of the processes 66 5.4.5. Agility of the human–computer interface 67 Chapter 6. Orchestration (BPM and SOA) 69 6.1. Multiple requirements in orchestration 71 6.1.1. Orchestration and SOA maturity levels 71 6.1.2. Functional requirements 73 6.1.3. Technical requirements 75 6.1.4. Enterprise architecture requirements 77 6.2. The levels of orchestration 78 6.2.1. Orchestration at the process level 79 6.2.2. Orchestration at screen level 80 6.2.3. Orchestration at the micro-process level (use cases) 81 6.2.4. Orchestration at the business service level 82 6.2.5. Orchestration between domains through the use of ESB 83 6.2.6. The orchestration of batches 83 6.3. The techniques of orchestration 85 6.3.1. The BPM engine 85 6.3.2. The business rules engine 86 6.3.3. Specific programming 86 6.4. Towards the homogenization of orchestration 87 6.4.1. Unified modeling 87 6.4.2. Unified standard 89 6.5. The benefits of orchestration 91 6.5.1. Advantages 91 6.5.2. Disadvantages 91 Part III. The Need for an Enterprise Method 93 Chapter 7. The Discovery of Services (Reference Framework and Urbanization) 95 7.1. New needs for the information system 96 7.1.1. Expansiveness and progressiveness 97 7.1.2. Mobilizing the many different competences 98 7.2. Why are different methods seldom used within companies? 98 7.3. Reference frameworks 101 7.3.1. Zachman’s framework 101 7.3.2. TOGAF 102 7.3.3. Peter Herzum’s framework 103 7.3.4. Important information to be taken from the reference frameworks 104 7.4. Essential tools 105 7.4.1. UML (Unified Modeling Language) 105 7.4.2. MDA (Model Driven Architecture) 106 7.4.3. Urbanization of the information system 107 Chapter 8. The Praxeme Enterprise Method 111 8.1. Praxeme: the initiative behind a public method 112 8.2. The Praxeme method 112 8.2.1. Product 113 8.2.2. Process 113 8.2.3. Procedures 114 8.2.4. Combining the three dimensions114 8.3. Enterprise system topology according to the Praxeme method 115 8.3.1. Upstream models 115 8.3.2. Logical (SOA), technical and software architecture models 117 8.3.3. Hardware and physical architecture models 117 8.3.4. Enterprise system topology 118 8.3.5. Pre-modeling 119 8.4. What the Praxeme method means for SOA 120 8.4.1. How can we find the correct services? 120 8.4.2. The link between urbanization, the object-oriented approach and SOA 121 8.5. Advantages of the Praxeme method 124 8.5.1. A method that unites different approaches and integrates SOA 124 8.5.2. Risks associated with the Praxeme method 126 Chapter 9. Modeling with Praxeme 129 9.1. The modeling of requirements 130 9.2. Semantic modeling 130 9.2.1. The basic principles 130 9.2.2. How to obtain a semantic model 133 9.2.3. How to validate a semantic model 134 9.2.4. Semantic models and property rights – who owns a semantic model? 134 9.2.5. The structure of a semantic model 135 9.3. Pragmatic modeling 137 9.3.1. The basic principles 137 9.3.2. A new procedure for designing processes 139 9.3.3. Usage view 140 9.4. Pre-modeling 142 9.5. Logical modeling 143 9.5.1. SOA’s style of logical architecture 143 9.5.2. Service-oriented architecture as logical architecture 144 9.5.3. Types of logical components 145 9.5.4. The strata of logical architecture 151 9.5.5. Pivot language 153 9.5.6. Service algorithm specification 154 9.5.7. Specification of the services’ pre- and post-conditions 154 9.5.8. Logical architecture of data 156 9.5.9. Logical architecture of data repositories 157 9.5.10. Logical architecture and user interface 158 9.5.11. Designing a logic for tests 159 9.5.12. Considering ERP 160 9.5.13. Considering existent assets 160 9.5.14. Federation of systems 160 9.5.15. Roles of logical modeling 161 9.6. Logical modeling of batch computing 162 9.7. Technical modeling 163 9.7.1. Required competences 163 9.7.2. Technical/logical negotiation 164 9.8. Software modeling 166 9.8.1. General principles 166 9.8.2. Towards the industrialization of programming 169 9.9. Benefits of the methodology 169 9.9.1. Opportunities 169 9.9.2. Obstacles 171 Part IV. Mastering Existing Techniques 173 Chapter 10. Tools for Industrializing the Method 175 10.1. Requirements in the industrialization of procedures 176 10.2. Frameworks and design patterns 178 10.2.1. From services framework to virtual machines 179 10.2.2. Frameworks and human–machine interfaces 182 10.2.3. Design patterns 186 10.3. Tools for increased agility 189 10.3.1. Rules engine 189 10.3.2. Reference data management system 196 10.4. Representation tools 203 10.4.1. Modeling CASE tool 203 10.4.2. Formal language (pseudo-language) 207 10.4.3. MDA 209 10.5. Tools for tests and management 212 10.5.1. Non-regression tests 212 10.5.2. Designing tests and test data 213 10.5.3. Different levels of tests 214 10.6. Tools for the management of different versions and the configuration of programs 216 10.6.1. The level of versions and variants 216 10.6.2. The level of delivery packages 218 10.7. Benefits of using tools in the method 219 10.7.1. Opportunities 219 10.7.2. Risks 220 Chapter 11. Systems Integration and Common Information Language 223 11.1. New requirements in communication 225 11.1.1. Increase of data flow 225 11.1.2. Considering the business 225 11.1.3. Take the bus! 227 11.2. ESB’s functions 227 11.2.1. Use perimeter 227 11.2.2. ESB’s components 230 11.3. Integrating ESB into SI 235 11.3.1. Towards a common language 235 11.4. ESB’s benefits 239 11.4.1. Opportunities 239 11.4.2. Limitations 240 Chapter 12. SOA Platform 243 12.1. Requirements for the global vision of technical architecture 244 12.2. New technical components 245 12.2.1. The transformation of data 245 12.2.2. From a directory to a registry of services 248 12.2.3. Security 250 12.2.4. Traceability of services in production 252 12.2.5. BAM and CEP 254 12.2.6. Business Intelligence 255 12.2.7. Editing 257 12.3. Managing performance 259 12.3.1. A new order of things? 259 12.3.2. Best practice 260 12.3.3. Testing performance 261 12.4. Managing exploitation 263 12.5. Managing maintenance 269 12.6. Benefits of SOA platforms 265 12.6.1. Opportunities 265 12.6.2. Limitations 266 Chapter 13. Rules Management at the Scale of the Whole Enterprise 267 Jérôme BOYER, ILOG Software 13.1. Overview 267 13.2. Deep view 268 13.3. When to use a rule engine 271 13.4. Logical architecture view 273 13.5. BRMS and SOA 283 Chapter 14. Semantic Integration 287 Erik STEINHOLTZ, Progress Software 14.1. Enabling the adaptive enterprise 288 14.2. Inhibitors for change 289 14.3. Definition of semantic integration 290 14.4. Parallel track information modeling 291 14.5. Change inhibitors addressed with semantic integration 294 14.6. Putting it to work 295 14.6.1. Canonicalizing the BIM 295 14.6.2. The quick win: a pilot project 296 14.6.3. Using the CIM for integration 296 14.6.4. Tools used 297 14.6.5. Managing change and keeping the models alive 298 Conclusion 299 Weblinks 303 Bibliography 305 Special Technical Note 307 Index 309

Read more less

Book SynopsisStarting with an updated description of Allen's calculus, the book proceeds with a description of the main qualitative calculi which have been developed over the last two decades. It describes the connection of complexity issues to geometric properties. Models of the formalisms are described using the algebraic notion of weak representations of the associated algebras. The book also includes a presentation of fuzzy extensions of qualitative calculi, and a description of the study of complexity in terms of clones of operations.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Qualitative Reasoning xvii Chapter 1. Allen’s Calculus 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Allen’s interval relations 6 1.3. Constraint networks 8 1.4. Constraint propagation 17 1.5. Consistency tests 26 Chapter 2. Polynomial Subclasses of Allen’s Algebra 29 2.1. “Show me a tractable relation!” 29 2.2. Subclasses of Allen’s algebra 30 2.3. Maximal tractable subclasses of Allen’s algebra 52 2.4. Using polynomial subclasses 57 2.5. Models of Allen’s language 60 2.6. Historical note 61 Chapter 3. Generalized Intervals 63 3.1. “When they built the bridge . “ 63 3.2. Entities and relations 65 3.3. The lattice of basic (p, q)-relations 68 3.4. Regions associated with basic (p, q)-relations 69 3.5. Inversion and composition 73 3.6. Subclasses of relations: convex and pre-convex relations 79 3.7. Constraint networks 82 3.8. Tractability of strongly pre-convex relations 83 3.9. Conclusions 84 3.10. Historical note 85 Chapter 4. Binary Qualitative Formalisms 87 4.1. “Night driving” 87 4.2. Directed points in dimension 1 92 4.3. Directed intervals 97 4.4. The OPRA direction calculi 99 4.5. Dipole calculi 100 4.6. The Cardinal direction calculus 101 4.7. The Rectangle calculus 104 4.8. The n-point calculus 106 4.9. The n-block calculus 108 4.10. Cardinal directions between regions 109 4.11. The INDU calculus 123 4.12. The 2n-star calculi 126 4.13. The Cyclic interval calculus 128 4.14. The RCC–8 formalism 131 4.15. A discrete RCC theory 137 Chapter 5. Qualitative Formalisms of Arity Greater than 2 145 5.1. “The sushi bar” 145 5.2. Ternary spatial and temporal formalisms 146 5.3. Alignment relations between regions 155 5.4. Conclusions 158 Chapter 6. Quantitative Formalisms, Hybrids, and Granularity 159 6.1. “Did John meet Fred this morning?”159 6.2. TCSP metric networks 160 6.3. Hybrid networks 164 6.4. Meiri’s formalism 168 6.5. Disjunctive linear relations (DLR) 174 6.6. Generalized temporal networks 175 6.7. Networks with granularity 179 Chapter 7. Fuzzy Reasoning 187 7.1. “Picasso’s Blue period” 187 7.2. Fuzzy relations between classical intervals 188 7.3. Events and fuzzy intervals 195 7.4. Fuzzy spatial reasoning: a fuzzy RCC 208 7.5. Historical note 222 Chapter 8. The Geometrical Approach and Conceptual Spaces 223 8.1. “What color is the chameleon?” 223 8.2. Qualitative semantics 224 8.3. Why introduce topology and geometry? 225 8.4. Conceptual spaces 226 8.5. Polynomial relations of INDU 237 8.6. Historical note 258 Chapter 9. Weak Representations 259 9.1. “Find the hidden similarity” 259 9.2. Weak representations 261 9.3. Classifying the weak representations of An 275 9.4. Extension to the calculi based on linear orders 283 9.5. Weak representations and configurations 290 9.6. Historical note 304 Chapter 10. Models of RCC−8 305 10.1. “Disks in the plane” 305 10.2. Models of a composition table 307 10.3. The RCC theory and its models 312 10.4. Extensional entries of the composition table 319 10.5. The generalized RCC theory 329 10.6. A countable connection algebra 337 10.7. Conclusions 341 Chapter 11. A Categorical Approach of Qualitative Reasoning 343 11.1. “Waiting in line” 343 11.2. A general construction of qualitative formalisms 346 11.3. Examples of partition schemes 349 11.4. Algebras associated with qualitative formalisms 350 11.5. Partition schemes and weak representations 352 11.6. A general definition of qualitative formalisms 353 11.7. Interpretating consistency 355 11.8. The category of weak representations 357 11.9. Conclusions 360 Chapter 12. Complexity of Constraint Languages 363 12.1. “Sudoku puzzles” 363 12.2. Structure of the chapter 365 12.3. Constraint languages 366 12.4. An algebraic approach of complexity 367 12.5. CSPs and morphisms of relational structures 368 12.6. Clones of operations 373 12.7. From local consistency to global consistency 375 12.8. The infinite case 376 12.9. Disjunctive constraints and refinements 382 12.10. Refinements and independence 389 12.11. Historical note 390 Chapter 13. Spatial Reasoning and Modal Logic 391 13.1. “The blind men and the elephant” 391 13.2. Space and modal logics 393 13.3. The modal logic S4 393 13.4. Topological models 396 13.5. Translating the RCC−8 predicates 408 13.6. An alternative modal translation of RCC−8 409 13.7. Generalized frames 410 13.8. Complexity 411 13.9. Complements 412 Chapter 14. Applications and Software Tools 413 14.1. Applications 413 14.2. Software tools 416 Chapter 15. Conclusion and Prospects 423 15.1. Introduction 423 15.2. Combining qualitative formalisms 423 15.3. Spatio-temporal reasoning 426 15.4. Alternatives to qualitative reasoning 430 15.5. To conclude — for good 434 Appendix A. Elements of Topology 435 A.1. Topological spaces 435 A.2. Metric spaces 445 A.3. Connectedness and convexity 447 Appendix B. Elements of Universal Algebra 451 B.1. Abstract algebras 451 B.2. Boolean algebras 452 B.3. Binary relations and relation algebras 454 B.4. Basic elements of the language of categories 457 Appendix C. Disjunctive Linear Relations 463 C.1. DLRs: definitions and satisfiability 463 C.2. Linear programming 464 C.3. Complexity of the satisfiability problem 466 Bibliography 471 Index 501

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn today’s digital environment, distributed systems are increasingly present in a wide variety of environments, ranging from public software applications to critical systems. Distributed Systems introduces the underlying concepts, the associated design techniques and the related security issues. Distributed Systems: Design and Algorithms, is dedicated to engineers, students, and anyone familiar with algorithms and programming, who want to know more about distributed systems. These systems are characterized by: several components with one or more threads, possibly running on different processors; asynchronous communications with possible additional assumptions (reliability, order preserving, etc.); local views for every component and no shared data between components. This title presents distributed systems from a point of view dedicated to their design and their main principles: the main algorithms are described and placed in their application context, i.e. consistency management and the way they are used in distributed file-systems.Table of ContentsForeword 9 Chapter 1. Introduction 13 Serge HADDAD, Fabrice KORDON, Laurent PAUTET and Laure PETRUCCI FIRST PART. LARGE SCALE PEER-TO-PEER DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS 19 Chapter 2. Introduction to Large-Scale Peer-to-Peer Distributed Systems 21 Fabrice KORDON 2.1. “Large-Scale” distributed systems? 21 2.2. Consequences of “large-scale” 22 2.3. Some large-scale distributed systems 23 2.4. Architectures of large scale distributed systems 26 2.5. Objective of Part 1 30 2.6. Bibliography 31 Chapter 3. Design Principles of Large-Scale Distributed System 33 Xavier BONNAIRE and Pierre SENS 3.1. Introduction to peer-to-peer systems 33 3.2. The peer-to-peer paradigms 34 3.3. Services on structured overlays 41 3.4. Building trust in P2Psystems 43 3.5. Conclusion 52 3.6. Bibliography 53 Chapter 4. Peer-to-Peer Storage 59 Olivier MARIN, Sébastien MONNET and Gaël THOMAS 4.1. Introduction 59 4.2. BitTorrent 60 4.3. Gnutella 66 4.4. Conclusion 79 4.5. Bibliography 79 Chapter 5. Large-Scale Peer-to-Peer Game Applications 81 Sébastien MONNET and Gaël THOMAS 5.1. Introduction 81 5.2. Large-scale game applications: model and specific requirements 83 5.3. Overview of peer-to-peer overlays for large-scale game applications 90 5.4. Overlays for FPS games 93 5.5. Overlays for online life-simulation games 95 5.6. Conclusion 100 5.7. Bibliography 101 SECOND PART. DISTRIBUTED, EMBEDDED AND REAL-TIME SYSTEMS 105 Chapter 6. Introduction to Distributed Embedded and Real-time Systems 107 Laurent PAUTET 6.1. Distributed real-time embedded systems 108 6.2. Safety critical systems as examples of DRE systems 109 6.3. Design process of DRE systems 112 6.4. Objectives of Part 2 114 6.5. Bibliography 115 Chapter 7. Scheduling in Distributed Real-Time Systems 117 Emmanuel GROLLEAU, Michaël RICHARD, and Pascal RICHARD 7.1. Introduction 117 7.2. Generalities about real-time systems 118 7.3. Temporal correctness 122 7.4. WCRT of the tasks 126 7.5. WCRT of the messages 142 7.6. Case study 149 7.7. Conclusion 154 7.8. Bibliography 155 Chapter 8. Software Engineering for Adaptative Embedded Systems 159 Etienne BORDE 8.1. Introduction 159 8.2. Adaptation, an additional complexity factor 160 8.3. Theoretical aspects of adaptation management 163 8.4. Technical solutions for the design of adaptative embedded systems 171 8.5. An example of adaptative system from the robotic domain 176 8.6. Applying MDE techniques to the design of the robotic use-case 177 8.7. Exploitation of the models 184 8.8. Conclusion 188 8.9. Bibliography 189 Chapter 9. The Design of Aerospace Systems 191 Maxime PERROTIN, Julien DELANGE, and Jérôme HUGUES 9.1. Introduction 191 9.2. Flight software typical architecture 193 9.3. Traditional development methods and their limits 195 9.4. Modeling a software system using TASTE: philosophy 197 9.5. Common solutions 199 9.6. What TASTE specifically proposes 200 9.7. Modeling process and tools 201 9.8. Technology 208 9.9. Model transformations 209 9.10. The TASTE run-time 213 9.11. Illustrating our process by designing heterogeneous systems 215 9.12. First user feedback and TASTE future 224 9.13. Conclusion 225 9.14. Bibliography 226 THIRD PART. SECURITY IN DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS 229 Chapter 10. Introduction to Security Issues in Distributed Systems 231 Laure PETRUCCI 10.1. Problem 231 10.2. Secure data exchange 233 10.3. Security in specific distributed systems 234 10.4. Outline of art III 234 10.5. Bibliography 235 Chapter 11. Practical Security in Distributed Systems 237 Benoît BERTHOLON, Christophe CÉRIN, Camille COTI, and Sébastien VARRETTE, Jean-Christophe DUBACQ 11.1. Introduction 237 11.2. Confidentiality 249 11.3. Authentication 252 11.4. Availability and fault tolerance 261 11.5. Ensuring resource security 278 11.6. Result checking in distributed computations 283 11.7. Conclusion 291 11.8. Bibliography 292 Chapter 12. Enforcing Security with Cryptography 301 Sami HARARI and Laurent POINSOT 12.1. Introduction 301 12.2. Cryptography: from a general perspective 303 12.3. Symmetric encryption schemes 308 12.4. Prime numbers and public key cryptography 324 12.5. Conclusion 328 12.6. Bibliography 329 Index 333

Read more less

Book SynopsisWithin the framework of the Sixth I-ESA International Conference, supported by the INTEROP VLab (International Virtual Laboratory on Enterprise Interoperability, http://www.interop-vlab.eu), three workshops and a Doctoral Symposium have been organized in order to strengthen some key topics related to interoperability for enterprise applications and software. The workshops were selected to complement the conference topics, leaving more time to researchers for brainstorming and then coming up, at the end of the workshops, with new research directions for the future. The goal of the workshop “Standards – a Foundation for Interoperability” is to increase awareness and understanding of interoperability standards as a fundamental need. The workshop “Use of MDI/SOA Concepts in Industry” promotes the application of MDI (Model-Driven Interoperability) combined with SOA (Services Oriented Architecture) and the associated technology (BPM, Enterprise Modeling, ontology, mediation, model transformation, etc.) in industry. The workshop on “Dynamic Management across Interoperating Enterprises” investigates the need for enhancements to current business management systems and processes to address the needs of global trading across enterprises utilizing the new service-oriented Internet. Finally, the Doctoral Symposium has given the opportunity for students involved in the preparation of their PhDs in this emerging area to present and discuss their research issues and ideas with senior researchers.Table of ContentsEditorial Hervé Panetto, Nacer Boudjlida xi Session 1. Standards – A Foundation for Interoperability 1 Standards Workshop Chairs’ Message Martin Zelm, David Chen 5 Standards for Enterprise Interoperation – How to Improve? Martin Zelm, Kurt Kosanke 7 Framework for Enterprise Interoperability and Maturity Model (CEN/ISO 11354) David Chen 15 Testing Interoperability Standards – A Test Case Generation Methodology Nenad Ivezic, Jungyub Woo 23 OMG Specifications for Enterprise Interoperability Brian Elvesæter, Arne-Jørgen Berre 31 Standards Creation and Adoption for SME Networks Piero De Sabbata, Nicola Gessa, Arianna Brutti, Cristiano Novelli, Angelo Frascella, Gianluca D’Agosta 41 The European Public Procurement Initiative and Standards for Information Exchange Tim McGrath 53 Challenges in Project Management Georgios Kapogiannis, Colin Piddington 61 Session 2. Use of MDI/SOA Concepts in Industry 67 MDI/SOA Workshop Chairs’ Message Guy Doumeingts, Martine Grandin-Dubost 71 Application of SHAPE Technologies in Production and Process Optimization Brian Elvesæter, Arne-Jørgen Berre, Einar Landre 73 An Exploration of Foundation Ontologies and Verification Methods for Manufacturing Knowledge Sharing R. Young, N. Chungoora, Z. Usman, N. Anjum, G. Gunendran, C. Palmer, J.A. Harding, K. Case, A.-F. Cutting-Decelle 83 ISTA3 Methodology Application Case Nabila Zouggar, Mickaël Romain, Guy Doumeingts, Sébastien Cazajous, Yves Ducq, Christophe Merlo, Martine Grandin-Dubost 95 Session 3. Doctoral Symposium 111 Doctoral Symposium Chair’s Message Jenny A. Harding 115 The Mediation Information System Engineering Project: Status and Perspectives N. Boissel-Dallier, F. Bénaben, H. Pingaud, J.-P. Lorré 117 Quality Measurement of Semantic Standards E.J.A. Folmer, P.H.W.M. Oude Luttighuis, J. van Hillegersberg 125 Towards a Model-Driven and Role-Configurable Methodology Suite for Enterprise and Service-Oriented Interoperability Brian Elvesæter, Arne-Jørgen Berre 133 Mediation Information System Engineering: Business and Logic Characterization in a Collaborative Situation W. Mu, F. Bénaben, H. Pingaud 139 Role of Semantic Web in the Changing Context of Enterprise Collaboration N. Khilwani, J. A. Harding 147 A Dynamic Knowledge Management Framework B. A. Piorkowski, J. X. Gao 155 Author Index 163

Read more less

Book SynopsisCombinatorial optimization is a multidisciplinary scientific area, lying in the interface of three major scientific domains: mathematics, theoretical computer science and management. The three volumes of the Combinatorial Optimization series aim to cover a wide range of topics in this area. These topics also deal with fundamental notions and approaches as with several classical applications of combinatorial optimization. Concepts of Combinatorial Optimization, is divided into three parts: - On the complexity of combinatorial optimization problems, presenting basics about worst-case and randomized complexity; - Classical solution methods, presenting the two most-known methods for solving hard combinatorial optimization problems, that are Branch-and-Bound and Dynamic Programming; - Elements from mathematical programming, presenting fundamentals from mathematical programming based methods that are in the heart of Operations Research since the origins of this field.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Vangelis Th. Paschos Part I Complexity of Combinatioral Optimization Problems 1 Chapter 1 Basic Concepts in Algorithms and Complexity Theory 3 Vangelis Th. Paschos Chapter 2 Randomized Complexity 21 Jérémy Barbay Part II Classic Solution Methods 39 Chapter 3 Branch-and-Bound Methods 41 Irène Charon and Olivier Hudry Chapter 4 Dynamic Programming 71 Bruno Escoffier and Olivier Spanjaard Part III Elements from Mathematical Programming 101 Chapter 5 Mixed Integer Linear Programming Models for Combinatorial Optimization Problems 103 Frédérico Della Croce Chapter 6 Simplex Algorithms for Linear Programming 135 Frédérico Della Croce and Andrea Grosso Chapter 7 A Survey of Some Linear Programming Methods 157 Pierre Tolla Chapter 8 Quadratic Optimization in 0-1 Variables 189 Alain Billionnet Chapter 9 Column Generation in Integar Linear Programming 235 Irène Loiseau, Alberto Ceselli, Nelson Maculan and Matteo Salani Chapter 10 Polyhedral Approaches 261 Ali Ridha Mahjoub Chapter 11 Constaint Programming 325 Claude Le Pape General Bibliography 339 List of Authors 363 Index 367 Summary of Other Volumes in the Series 371

Read more less