Communications engineering / telecommunications Books

Book SynopsisANTENNA AND ARRAY TECHNOLOGIES FOR FUTURE WIRELESS ECOSYSTEMS Discover a timely and accessible resource on the latest antenna research driving new developments in the field In Antenna and Array Technologies for Future Wireless Ecosystems, distinguished academics and authors Drs. Y. Jay Guo and Richard W. Ziolkowski deliver a cutting-edge resource for researchers, academics, students, and engineers who need the latest research findings on the newest challenges facing antenna designers who will be creating the technology that drives future 6G and beyond wireless systems and networks. This timely and impactful book offers the fundamental knowledge that will facilitate new research activities in the antennas and applied electromagnetics communities, and conveys innovative and practical solutions to many wireless industry problems. Its international cohort of leading authors delivers their findings on a variety of advanced topics in antenna and array research, Table of ContentsChapter 1 Surface-Wave Based Metasurface AntennasEnrica Martini, Marco Faenzi, David González-Ovejero, and Stefano Maci Chapter 2 Techniques for Designing High Gain and Two-Dimensional Beam Scanning Antennas for 5GRaj Mittra, Abdelkhalek Nasri, Ravi Kumar Arya, Prashant Chaudhary, James R Kelly, Shaker Alkaraki, Alejandro L. Borja Chapter 3 Low-cost Beam-Reconfigurable Directional Antennas for Advanced CommunicationsQi Luo, Steven Gao, Xue-xia Yang, Josaphat Tetuko Sri Sumantyo Chapter 4 Smart Leaky-Wave Antennas for Iridescent IoT Wireless NetworksJosé Luis Gómez-Tornero Chapter 5 Antenna-in-Package Design for Wireless System on a ChipY. P. Zhang Chapter 6 Terahertz Lens AntennasGeng-Bo Wu, Kwun Wing Cheung, Ka Fai Chan and Chi-Hou Chan Chapter 7 Photonics-Based Millimeter-Wave Band Remote Beamforming of Antenna Arrays Integrated with PhotodiodesShigeyuki Akiba and Jiro Hirokawa, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan Chapter 8 Contemporary Array Analysis Using Embedded Element PatternsDavid B. Davidson and Karl F. Warnick Chapter 9 Angle-of-Arrival Estimation in Large-Scale Hybrid Antenna ArraysKai Wu and Y. Jay Guo Chapter 10 Electrically Small Antenna Advances for Current 5G and Evolving 6G and Beyond Wireless SystemsRichard W. Ziolkowski Chapter 11 Overview of Rydberg Atom-Based Sensors/Receivers for the Detection of Electric Fields, Power and Modulated SignalsChristopher L. Holloway, Matthew T. Simons, Alexandra B. Artusio-Glimpse and Joshua A. Gordon Chapter 12 Quantum Antenna ArraysIñigo Liberal and Richard W. Ziolkowski

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Book SynopsisMachine Learning Algorithms for Signal and Image Processing Enables readers to understand the fundamental concepts of machine and deep learning techniques with interactive, real-life applications within signal and image processing Machine Learning Algorithms for Signal and Image Processing aids the reader in designing and developing real-world applications using advances in machine learning to aid and enhance speech signal processing, image processing, computer vision, biomedical signal processing, adaptive filtering, and text processing. It includes signal processing techniques applied for pre-processing, feature extraction, source separation, or data decompositions to achieve machine learning tasks. Written by well-qualified authors and contributed to by a team of experts within the field, the work covers a wide range of important topics, such as: Speech recognition, image reconstruction, object classification and detection, and text processing Healthcare monitoring, biomedical systTable of ContentsSection-1 Machine & Deep Learning techniques for Image Processing 1.1 Image Features in Machine Learning 1.2 Image Segmentation and Classification using Deep Learning 1.3 Deep Learning based Synthetic Aperture Radar Image Classification 1.4 Design Perspectives of Multitask Deep Learning Models and Applications 1.5 Image Reconstruction using Deep Learning 1.6 Machine and Deep Learning Techniques for Image Super-Resolution Section-2 Machine & Deep Learning techniques for Text and Speech Processing 2.1 Machine and Deep Learning Techniques for Text and Speech Processing 2.2 Manipuri Handwritten Script Recognition using Machine and Deep Learning 2.3 Comparison of Different Text Extraction Techniques for Complex Color Images 2.4 Smart Text Reader System for Blind Person using Machine and Deep Learning 2.5 Machine Learning Techniques for Deaf People 2.6 Design and Development of Chatbot based on Reinforcement Learning 2.7 DNN based Speech Quality Enhancement and Multi-speaker Separation for Automatic Speech Recognition System 2.8 Design and Development of Real-Time Music Transcription using Digital Signal Processing Section-3 Applications of Signal and Image Processing with Machine & Deep learning techniques 3.1 Role of Machine Learning in Wrist Pulse Analysis 3.2 An Explainable Convolutional Neural Network based Method for Skin Lesion Classification from Dermoscopic Images 3.3 Future of Machine-Learning and Deep-Learning in Health-Care Monitoring System 3.4 Usage of AI & Wearable IoT Devices for Healthcare Data: A Study 3.5 Impact of IoT in Biomedical Applications using Machine and Deep Learning 3.6 Wireless Communications using Machine Learning and Deep Learning 3.7 Applications of Machine Learning and Deep Learning in Smart Agriculture 3.8 Structural Damage Prediction from Earthquakes using Deep Learning 3.9 Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques in Social Sciences 3.1O Green Energy using Machine and Deep Learning 3.11 Light Deep CNN Approach for Multi-Label Pathology Classification using Frontal Chest X-Ray Index

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Book SynopsisFrom 5G to 6G Understand the transition to the sixth generation of wireless with this bold introduction The transition from the fifth generation of wireless communication (5G) to the coming sixth generation (6G) promises to be one of the most significant phases in the history of telecommunications. The technological, social, and logistical challenges promise to be significant, and meeting these challenges will determine the future of wireless communication. Experts and professionals across dozens of fields and industries are beginning to reckon seriously with these challenges as the 6G revolution approaches. From 5G to 6G provides an overview of this transition, offering a snapshot of a moment in which 5G is establishing itself and 6G draws ever nearer. It focuses on recent advances in wireless technology that brings 6G closer to reality, as well as the near-term challenges that still have to be met for this transition to succeed. The result is an essential book for anyone wishing to understand the future of wireless telecommunications in an increasingly connected world. From 5G to 6G readers will also find: 6G applications to both AI and Machine Learning, technologies which loom ever larger in wireless communicationDiscussion of subjects including smart healthcare, cybersecurity, extended reality, and moreTreatment of the ongoing infrastructural and technological requirements for 6G From 5G to 6G is essential for researchers and academics in wireless communication and computer science, as well as for undergraduates in related subjects and professionals in wireless-adjacent fields.Table of ContentsAbout the Author xiii Preface xv 1 Technologies and Development for the Next Information Age 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Roadmap to 6G 1 1.2.1 Society 5.0 4 1.2.2 Extended Reality 4 1.2.3 Wireless Brain-Computer 5 1.2.4 Haptic Communication 5 1.2.5 Smart Healthcare 5 1.2.6 Five-Sense Information 6 1.2.7 The Internet of Everything 6 1.2.8 5G to 6G 6 1.3 AI and Cybersecurity: Paving the Way for the Future 10 1.4 Fusion of IoT, AI, and Cybersecurity 10 1.4.1 Where Did AI Begin? 12 1.4.2 Role of AI 12 1.4.3 Disadvantages of AI 12 1.4.4 Advantages of AI 12 1.4.5 Threats from Hackers 14 1.5 How AI Can Help Solve These Problems 15 1.6 Connected Devices and Cybersecurity 16 1.7 Solutions for Data Management in Cybersecurity 17 1.8 Conclusion 17 References 18 2 Networks of the Future 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 The Motive for Energy-Efficient ICTs 22 2.2.1 Approaches 23 2.3 Wireless Networks 24 2.3.1 Wi-Fi 26 2.3.2 Lte 28 2.3.3 Heterogeneous Networks 29 2.3.4 Femtocell Repeater 29 2.3.5 The Dawn of 5G Wireless Systems 30 2.3.6 Advancing from 5G to 6G Networks 32 2.4 Cognitive Networking 33 2.4.1 Zero-Touch Network and Service Management 34 2.4.2 Zero-Trust Networking 35 2.4.3 Information-Centric Networking 35 2.4.3.1 Basic Concepts of ICN 36 2.4.4 In-Network Computing 36 2.4.5 Active Networking 36 2.5 Mobile Edge Computing 37 2.6 Quantum Communications 37 2.6.1 Quantum Computing and 6G Wireless 38 2.7 Cybersecurity of 6G 38 2.8 Massive Machine-Type Communications (MTC) 39 2.9 Edge-Intelligence and Pervasive Artificial Intelligence in 6G 40 2.10 Blockchain: Foundations and Role in 6G 40 2.11 Role of Open-Source Platforms in 6G 40 2.11.1 PHY Technologies for 6G Wireless 40 2.11.2 Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface for 6G Wireless Networks 41 2.11.3 Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Spectrum for 6G Wireless 41 2.11.4 Challenges in Transport Layer for Terabit Communications 41 2.11.5 High-Capacity Backhaul Connectivity for 6G Wireless 42 2.11.6 Cloud-Native Approach for 6G Wireless Networks 42 2.11.7 Machine Type Communications in 6G 42 2.11.8 Impact of 5G and 6G on Health and Environment 42 2.12 Integration of 5G with AI and IoT and Roadmap to 6G 43 2.13 3gpp 47 2.14 Conclusion 49 References 49 3 The Future of Wireless Communication with 6G 53 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Recent Trends Leading to 6G Technology Evolution 53 3.3 Security and Privacy Challenges in 6G Wireless Communications 53 3.4 The Impact of 6G on Healthcare Systems 56 3.5 The Impact of 6G on Space Technology and Satellite Communication 58 3.6 The Impact of 6G on Other Industries 60 3.7 Terahertz Wireless Systems and Networks with 6G 61 3.8 The Future of 6G and Its Role in IT 62 References 62 4 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in the Era of 5G and 6G Technology 65 4.1 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Definitions, Applications, and Challenges 66 4.1.1 Application of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence 66 4.1.2 Challenges for Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence 66 4.2 Artificial Intelligence: Laws, Regulations, and Ethical Issues 67 4.2.1 Ethical Governance in Artificial Intelligence 67 4.2.2 The Future of Regulation for AI 67 4.3 Potentials of Artificial Intelligence in Wireless 5G and 6G: Benefits and Challenges 68 4.3.1 Artificial Intelligence in Wireless 5G and 6G 68 4.3.2 Benefits and Challenges of AI in 5G and 6G 68 4.3.3 How Can AI Be Used to Enhance 6G Wireless Security? 68 4.3.4 The 6G Era’s Edge Intelligence and Cloudification 69 4.3.5 Distributed Artificial Intelligence in 6G Security 69 4.4 Cybersecurity Issues in Advanced 5G and 6G 70 4.5 Benefits and Challenges of Using AI in Cybersecurity: Help or Hurt? 70 4.6 How Can AI Be Used by Hackers Attacking Networks? 71 4.7 Conclusion 72 References 72 5 6G Wireless Communication Systems: Emerging Technologies, Architectures, Challenges, and Opportunities 73 5.1 Introduction 73 5.2 Important Aspects of Sixth-Generation Communication Technology 73 5.2.1 A Much Higher Data Rate 74 5.2.2 A Much Lower Latency 74 5.2.3 Network Reliability and Accuracy 74 5.2.4 Energy Efficiency 74 5.2.5 Focus on Machines as Primary Users 74 5.2.6 AI Wireless Communication Tools 74 5.2.7 Personalized Network Experience 74 5.3 Enabling Technologies Behind the Drive for 6G 76 5.3.1 Artificial Intelligence 76 5.3.2 Terahertz Communications 78 5.3.3 Optical Wireless Technology 78 5.4 Extreme Performance Technologies in 6G Connectivity 79 5.4.1 Quantum Communication and Quantum ml 79 5.4.2 Blockchain 80 5.4.2.1 Internal Network Operations 80 5.4.2.2 Ecosystem for Productive Collaboration 80 5.4.2.3 Tactile Internet 80 5.4.2.4 Spectrum Sharing (FDSS) and Free Duplexing 80 5.5 6G Communications Using Intelligent Platforms 81 5.5.1 Integrated Intelligence 82 5.5.2 Satellite-Based Integrated Network 82 5.5.3 Wireless Information and Energy Transfer Are Seamlessly Integrated 83 5.6 Artificial Intelligence and a Data-Driven Approach to Networks 83 5.6.1 Zero-Touch Network 84 5.6.2 AI by Design 85 5.6.3 Technological Fundamentals for Zero-Touch Systems 85 5.7 Sensing for 6G 85 5.7.1 A Bandwidth as Well as Carrier Frequency Rise 85 5.7.2 Chip Technologies of the Future 86 5.7.3 Models of Consistent Channels 86 5.7.4 X-Haul and Transport Network for 6G 87 5.8 Applications 87 5.9 Innovative 6G Network Architectures 89 5.10 Conclusion 89 References 90 6 6G: Architecture, Applications, and Challenges 91 6.1 Introduction 91 6.2 6G Network Architecture Vision 93 6.2.1 6G Use Cases, Requirements, and Metrics 94 6.2.2 What 5G Is Currently Covering 95 6.3 6th Generation Networks: A Step Beyond 5G 97 6.3.1 6G and the Fundamental Features 98 6.4 Emerging Applications of 6G Wireless Networks 99 6.4.1 Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality 99 6.4.2 Holographic Telepresence 100 6.4.3 Automation: The Future of Factories 101 6.4.4 Smart Lifestyle with the Integration of the Internet of Things 101 6.4.5 Autonomous Driving and Connected Devices 101 6.4.6 Healthcare 101 6.4.7 Nonterrestrial Communication 101 6.4.8 Underwater Communication 102 6.4.9 Disaster Management 102 6.4.10 Environment 102 6.5 The Requirements and KPI Targets of 6G 102 6.5.1 Extremely Low Latency 102 6.5.2 Low Power Consumption 102 6.5.3 High Data Rates 103 6.5.4 High-Frequency Bands 103 6.5.5 Ultra-Reliability 103 6.5.6 Security and Privacy 103 6.5.7 Massive Connection Density 104 6.5.8 Extreme Coverage Extension 104 6.5.9 Mobility 104 6.6 6G Applications 104 6.7 Challenges in 6G: Standardization, Design, and Deployment 104 References 106 7 Cybersecurity in Digital Transformation Era: Security Risks and Solutions 109 7.1 Introduction 109 7.2 Digital Transformation and Mesh Networks of Networks 109 7.3 Security as the Enemy of Digital Transformation 111 7.4 The Current State of Cybercrime 113 7.5 Security and Technologies of the Digital Transformation Economy 115 7.6 Tackling the Cybersecurity Maturity Challenges to Succeed with Digital Transformation 116 7.7 Security Maturity and Optimization: Perception versus Reality 117 7.7.1 Why Cybersecurity Maturity Is Not What It Should Be in the Digital Business and Transformation Reality 118 7.7.2 Why Cybersecurity Maturity and Strategy Are Lagging 119 7.8 Changing Security Parameters and Cyber Risks Demand a Holistic Security Approach for Digital Business 120 7.9 Cybersecurity Challenges and Digital Risks for the Future 121 7.10 Conclusion 122 References 122 8 Next Generations Networks: Integration, Trustworthiness, Privacy, and Security 125 8.1 Introduction 125 8.2 The State of 5G Networks 127 8.2.1 Applications and Services of 5G Technologies 128 8.3 6G: Key Technologies 130 8.4 6G: Application and Services 134 8.5 Benefits of 6G over 5G: A Comparison 135 8.5.1 Artificial Intelligence in 5G and 6G: Benefits and Challenges 135 8.5.2 Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity 136 8.5.3 Benefits and Challenges of AI and 6G for Cybersecurity as Defense and Offense 136 8.6 6G: Integration and Roadmap 137 8.7 Key Words in Safeguarding 6G 137 8.7.1 Trust 137 8.7.2 Security 137 8.7.3 Privacy 138 8.8 Trustworthiness in 6G 138 8.8.1 Is Trust Networking Needed? 138 8.8.2 Benefits of Trust Networking for 6G 138 8.8.3 Constraints of Trust Networking in 6G 138 8.8.4 Principles for Trust Networking 139 8.8.5 Challenges in Trust Networking for 6G 139 8.9 Network Security Architecture for 6G 140 8.9.1 Privacy and Security in IoT for 6G 140 8.10 6G Wireless Systems 141 8.10.1 Advances 141 8.10.2 Physical Layer Security as a Means of Confidentiality 142 8.10.3 Challenges of Implementing Federated Learning 143 8.10.4 Physical Layer Security for Six-Generation Connectivity 143 8.10.5 Physical Layer Security Using Light Communications 144 8.10.6 Challenges for Physical Layer Security 144 8.10.7 Privacy Requirements for 6G 145 8.10.8 Is Personal Information Really Personal? 145 8.11 Fifth Generation vs. Sixth Generation 145 8.12 Conclusion 146 References 147 9 Artificial Intelligence: Cybersecurity and Security Threats 149 9.1 Introduction 149 9.2 5G and 6G 150 9.3 Cybersecurity in Its Current State 151 9.4 AI as a Concept 153 9.5 AI: A Solution for Cybersecurity 154 9.6 AI: New Challenges in Cybersecurity 154 9.7 Conclusion 156 References 156 10 Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning on Cybersecurity 159 10.1 Introduction 159 10.2 What Is Artificial Intelligence (AI)? 160 10.2.1 Reactive Machines 160 10.2.2 Limited Memory 160 10.2.3 Theory of Mind 160 10.2.4 Self-Awareness 161 10.3 The Transformative Power of AI 161 10.4 Understanding the Relationship Between AI and Cybersecurity 161 10.5 The Promise and Challenges of AI for Cybersecurity 162 10.5.1 Risks and Impacts of AI on Cybersecurity (Threats and Solutions) 163 10.5.1.1 Domestic Risks 164 10.5.1.2 Local Risks 164 10.5.1.3 National Risks 164 10.5.1.4 Why Prediction and Prevention 164 10.6 Broad Domain of AI Security (Major Themes in the AI Security Landscape) 164 10.6.1 Digital/Physical 165 10.6.2 Protection from Malicious Use of AI and Automated Cyberattacks 165 10.6.3 Other Technologies with AI and Their Integration 165 10.6.4 Political 165 10.6.5 Manipulation and Disinformation Protection 165 10.6.6 Infrastructure Based on AI and Digital Expertise of Government 166 10.6.6.1 Economic 166 10.6.6.2 Labor Displacement and Its Mitigation 166 10.6.6.3 Promotion of AI R&D 166 10.6.6.4 Education and Training That Is Updated 167 10.7 Transparency of Artificial Intelligence and Accountability Societal Aspects 167 10.7.1 Rights of Privacy and Data 167 10.8 Global AI Security Priorities 168 10.8.1 Global Economy 168 10.8.2 Global Privacy and Data Rights 168 10.8.2.1 AI and Ethics 169 10.8.3 Automation of Cyberattacks or Social Engineering Attacks 170 10.8.4 Target Prioritizing with Machine Learning 170 10.9 Automation of Services in Cybercriminal Offense 170 10.9.1 Increased Scale of Attacks 170 10.10 The Future of AI in Cybersecurity 171 10.11 Conclusion 171 References 172 11 AI and Cybersecurity: Paving the Way for the Future 175 11.1 Introduction 175 11.2 IoT Security and the Role of AI 176 11.3 Cybercrime and Cybersecurity 179 11.4 How Can AI Help Solve These Problems? 181 11.5 The Realm of Cyberspace 181 11.6 Connected Devices and Cybersecurity 182 11.7 Solutions for Data Management in Cybersecurity 183 11.8 Conclusion 183 References 184 12 Future 6G Networks 185 12.1 Introduction 185 12.2 Vision, Challenges, and Key Features for Future 6G Networks 186 12.2.1 Fourth Generation Long-Term Evolution (4G-LTE) 187 12.3 Rationale for 6G Networks with Prevailing and Future Success of 5G 188 12.4 Missing Units from LTE and 5G That 6G Will Integrate 189 12.5 Features of 6G Networks 189 12.5.1 Large Bandwidth 189 12.5.2 Artificial Intelligence 189 12.5.3 Operational Intelligence 190 12.6 Wireless Networks 190 12.6.1 Beyond 5G and Toward 6G 190 12.6.2 Visible-Light Communications 191 12.6.3 E-MBB Plus 191 12.6.4 Big Communications 191 12.6.5 Secure Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications 192 12.6.6 Three-Dimensional Integrated Communications 192 12.6.7 Underwater Communication 193 12.6.8 Space Communication 194 12.6.9 UAV-Based Communication 194 12.6.10 Unconventional Data Communications 194 12.6.11 Tactical Communications 195 12.6.12 Holographic Communications 195 12.6.13 Human-Bond Communications 196 12.7 Challenges for 6G Networks 196 12.7.1 Potential Health Issues 196 12.7.2 Security and Privacy Concerns 197 12.7.3 Research Activities and Trends 197 12.8 Conclusion 198 References 200 Index 203

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Book SynopsisAn Introduction to Audio Content Analysis Enables readers to understand the algorithmic analysis of musical audio signals with AI-driven approaches An Introduction to Audio Content Analysis serves as a comprehensive guide on audio content analysis explaining how signal processing and machine learning approaches can be utilized for the extraction of musical content from audio. It gives readers the algorithmic understanding to teach a computer to interpret music signals and thus allows for the design of tools for interacting with music. The work ties together topics from audio signal processing and machine learning, showing how to use audio content analysis to pick up musical characteristics automatically. A multitude of audio content analysis tasks related to the extraction of tonal, temporal, timbral, and intensity-related characteristics of the music signal are presented. Each task is introduced from both a musical and a technical perspective, detailing the algorithmic approach as well as providing practical guidance on implementation details and evaluation. To aid in reader comprehension, each task description begins with a short introduction to the most important musical and perceptual characteristics of the covered topic, followed by a detailed algorithmic model and its evaluation, and concluded with questions and exercises. For the interested reader, updated supplemental materials are provided via an accompanying website. Written by a well-known expert in the music industry, sample topics covered in Introduction to Audio Content Analysis include: Digital audio signals and their representation, common time-frequency transforms, audio featuresPitch and fundamental frequency detection, key and chordRepresentation of dynamics in music and intensity-related featuresBeat histograms, onset and tempo detection, beat histograms, and detection of structure in music, and sequence alignmentAudio fingerprinting, musical genre, mood, and instrument classification An invaluable guide for newcomers to audio signal processing and industry experts alike, An Introduction to Audio Content Analysis covers a wide range of introductory topics pertaining to music information retrieval and machine listening, allowing students and researchers to quickly gain core holistic knowledge in audio analysis and dig deeper into specific aspects of the field with the help of a large amount of references.Table of ContentsAuthor Biography xvii Preface xix Acronyms xxi List of Symbols xxv Source Code Repositories xxix 1 Introduction 1 Part I Fundamentals of Audio Content Analysis 9 2 Analysis of Audio Signals 11 3 Input Representation 17 4 Inference 91 5 Data 107 Part II Music Transcription 127 7 Tonal Analysis 129 8 Intensity217 9 Temporal Analysis 229 10 Alignment 281 Part III Music Identification, Classification, and Assessment 303 11 Audio Fingerprinting 305 12 Music Similarity Detection and Music Genre Classification 317 13 Mood Recognition 337 14 Musical Instrument Recognition 347 15 Music Performance Assessment 355 Part IV Appendices 365 Appendix A Fundamentals 367 Appendix B Fourier Transform 385 Appendix C Principal Component Analysis 405 Appendix D Linear Regression 409 Appendix E Software for Audio Analysis 411 Appendix F Datasets 417 Index 425

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Book SynopsisDefected Ground Structure (DGS) Based Antennas A unique exploration of critical topics in defected ground structures and their applications In Defected Ground Structure (DGS) Based Antennas: Design Physics, Engineering, and Applications, three distinguished authors deliver a comprehensive discussion of key topics related to defected ground structures (DGSs) and their applications to advanced antenna designs, including microstrips, arrays, dielectric resonators, PIFA, and printed monopoles. The book explores major advances in the technology that have occurred since 2006, as well as the fundamentals of the research in the subject. It also presents future possibilities for new researchers to assist in the development of new studies and technologies for practicing engineers and developers. Readers will discover: A thorough introduction to the concept and evolution of defected ground structure-based antennas In-depth examinations of defectTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xv 1 Introduction to DGS: The Concept and Evolution 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Evolution of DGS 2 1.3 Definition and Basic Concept 5 1.4 Geometries and Classification 6 1.4.1 Unit Cell DGS 7 1.4.1.1 Dumbbell-Shaped DGS 7 1.4.1.2 Variations of Dumbbell-Shaped DGS 8 1.4.1.3 Spiral-Shaped DGS 12 1.4.1.4 Variations of Spiral-Shaped DGS 13 1.4.1.5 H-Shaped DGS 14 1.4.1.6 U- and V-Shaped DGSs 15 1.4.1.7 Ring-Shaped DGS 15 1.4.1.8 Other DGS Geometries 16 1.4.1.9 Tunable DGS Geometries 18 1.4.2 Periodic Uniform DGS 18 1.4.3 Periodic Nonuniform DGS 20 1.4.4 Asymmetric DGS 22 1.5 An Outline of Applications 23 References 24 2 Theoretical Analysis and Modeling 35 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 LC and RLC Modeling 35 2.2.1 Equivalent Circuit Parameter Extraction 37 2.2.2 Utilization of the Extracted LC for n-Pole DGS Filter Design 41 Trim Size: 6in x 9in Single Column Guha896180 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/10/2022 8:10pm Page vi [1] [1] [1] [1] vi Contents 2.2.3 RLC Circuit Modeling 43 2.3 LC Circuit Modeling: Variants and Improvements 44 2.3.1 Pi-Type Equivalent Circuit 44 2.3.2 Modeling of Spiral DGS with Periodic Resonance 46 2.3.3 Modeling of DGS with Aperiodic Stopbands 51 2.3.4 Some Modifications in Modeling Approach 54 2.4 Transmission Line Modeling 55 2.5 Quasistatic Modeling 59 2.5.1 Microstrip Gap Model 62 2.5.2 Microstrip Cross Junction Model 63 2.5.3 Modeling of the Rest Current Paths 64 2.6 Modeling of Isolated DGS for Antenna applications 66 2.7 Comments on the Modeling Techniques 68 References 69 3 DGS for Printed Antenna Feeds 73 3.1 Introduction 73 3.2 Impedance Matching of Antenna Feed Lines 73 3.3 Controlling the Harmonics in Printed Antennas 75 3.3.1 Suppression of Second Harmonic (2f 0) 77 3.3.2 Suppression up to Third Harmonic (3f 0) 79 3.3.3 Suppression up to Fourth Harmonic (4f 0) 84 3.4 Filtering Antenna Using DGS 86 3.5 Improved Isolation Between Antenna Ports 88 3.6 Improvement of Antenna Bandwidth 92 3.6.1 Lowering the Q-Factor 92 3.6.2 Adjusting Higher Resonances 94 3.7 Antenna Miniaturization 94 References 98 4 DGS to Control Orthogonal Modes in a Microstrip Patch for Cross-Pol Reduction 103 4.1 Introduction 103 4.2 Understanding of Radiating Modes in Microstrip Patches 103 4.2.1 Rectangular Patch 104 4.2.2 Circular Patch 106 4.3 WhatWere the Known Methods to Deal with the Cross-Polarized Fields? 110 4.4 Suppression of Cross-Polarized Fields by DGS Integration Technique: Coax-Fed Patches 112 Trim Size: 6in x 9in Single Column Guha896180 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/10/2022 8:10pm Page vii [1] [1] [1] [1] Contents vii 4.4.1 Controlling the OCDM and Cross-Polarized Radiations in E-Plane 112 4.4.2 Controlling of TM21 Mode and Cross-Polarized Radiations in Circular and Elliptical Patches 113 4.4.3 Controlling TM02 Mode in a Rectangular Patch and H-Plane Cross-Polarized Radiations 116 4.4.4 Visualization of the Modal Fields and the Effect of the DGSs 117 4.4.5 Universal DGS: Applicable to Both Circular and Rectangular Patch Geometries 123 4.4.6 DGS for Triangular Microstrip Patch 127 4.5 Suppression of Cross-Polarized Fields by DGS Integration Technique: Microstrip-Fed Patches 128 4.6 RecentWorks and New Trends 133 4.6.1 New DGS Geometries 133 4.6.2 New Design Concept of Substrate Field Symmetry 133 4.6.3 Reconfigurable Grid DGS 136 4.7 New Endeavor: Addressing XP Issues Across Skewed Radiation Planes 138 4.8 Practical Aspects of DGS-Integrated Antennas 140 References 141 5 Multi Parametric Cross-Polar Sources and DGS-Based Solution to All Radiation Planes 145 5.1 Background and Introduction 145 5.2 Mathematical Explanations of Cross-Polarized Fields 146 5.2.1 Sources of Ex and Ey Components 147 5.2.2 How to Combat Ey Components 149 5.3 Detailed Investigations in to the XP Sources 151 5.3.1 Rectangular Patch 151 5.3.2 Square and Circular Patches 159 5.4 DGS-Based Designs for Low XP in All Radiation Planes 159 5.4.1 Design of Microstrip Line-Fed Circular Patch Antenna 160 5.4.2 Design of a Coax-Fed Rectangular Patch 161 5.4.3 Designing a Patch with Non-proximal DGS 168 5.5 Conclusion 178 References 178 6 DGS-Based Low Cross-Pol Array Design and Applications 181 6.1 Introduction 181 6.2 Low Cross-Pol Microstrip Array Design 181 Trim Size: 6in x 9in Single Column Guha896180 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/10/2022 8:10pm Page viii [1] [1] [1] [1] viii Contents 6.2.1 Coax-Fed Microstrip Array 182 6.2.2 Microstrip Line-Fed Array 185 6.3 Array Design for Reduced Mutual Coupling 193 6.4 DGS-Based Array for Different Applications 193 6.4.1 Elimination of Scan Blindness 194 6.4.2 Millimeter-Wave Imaging with Suppressed XP 194 6.4.3 High-Performance Rectenna Array 196 6.4.4 Enhancement of Scanning Range 197 References 202 7 DGS Based Mutual Coupling Reduction: Microstrip Array, 5G/MIMO, and Millimeter Wave Applications 205 7.1 Introduction 205 7.2 Mutual Coupling Mechanisms 206 7.2.1 Mutual Coupling Through Radiations 206 7.2.2 Mutual Coupling by SurfaceWaves 207 7.2.3 Coupling Through Ground Plane Currents 208 7.3 Known Techniques to Control Mutual Coupling 208 7.4 DGS Based Solutions to Mutual Coupling 209 7.5 Major Applications 217 7.5.1 Elimination of Scan Blindness in Large Arrays 217 7.5.2 Enhancement of Scan Range in Phased Array 218 7.5.3 DGS Based Compact Antennas for 5G/MIMO/MillimeterWave Applications 221 7.6 Conclusion 231 References 232 8 DGS Applied to Circularly Polarized Antenna Design 239 8.1 Introduction 239 8.2 Basic Principle of CP Generation in a Microstrip Patch 239 8.3 Some Important Aspects and Challenges in CP Designs 242 8.4 DGS Integrated Single-Fed CP Antenna Design 243 8.4.1 Use of Slot-Type DGS 243 8.4.2 Use of Fractal DGS 245 8.4.3 Use of Grid DGS 247 8.4.4 Use of PIN Switch Integrated Reconfigurable DGS 249 8.5 DGS as a Supportive Component to CP Design 252 8.5.1 DGS for Improved Surface Current 252 8.5.2 DGS for Balanced Orthogonal Modes 252 8.5.3 DGS for Optimizing CP Bandwidth 254 8.5.4 DGS for Beam Squint Correction and Improved CP Quality 261 Trim Size: 6in x 9in Single Column Guha896180 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/10/2022 8:10pm Page ix [1] [1] [1] [1] Contents ix 8.6 Evolving Applications: DGS In SIW-Based CP Antennas 265 References 267 9 DGS Integrated Printed UWB Monopole Antennas 271 9.1 Introduction 271 9.2 Improved Impedance Bandwidth and Multiband Operation 272 9.2.1 Improved Impedance Matching of UWB Antennas 272 9.2.2 DGS Induced Resonances for Improved UWB Operation 277 9.3 Band Notch Characteristics in UWB Antennas 280 9.3.1 DGS Based UWB Antenna to Avoid Interference up to C-Band 280 9.3.2 UWB Antenna for Multi-Notch Band Extending to X-Band 286 9.4 Applications to Band Notch UWB MIMO Antennas 288 9.5 Time Domain Behavior of DGS Based UWB Monopole 293 9.6 Conclusion 295 References 296 Index 301

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Book SynopsisThis second edition of Adaptive Filters: Theory and Applications has been updated throughout to reflect the latest developments in this field; notably an increased coverage given to the practical applications of the theory to illustrate the much broader range of adaptive filters applications developed in recent years. The book offers an easy to understand approach to the theory and application of adaptive filters by clearly illustrating how the theory explained in the early chapters of the book is modified for the various applications discussed in detail in later chapters. This integrated approach makes the book a valuable resource for graduate students; and the inclusion of more advanced applications including antenna arrays and wireless communications makes it a suitable technical reference for engineers, practitioners and researchers. Key features: Offers a thorough treatment of the theory of adaptive signal processing; incorporating new material on Table of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgments xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Linear Filters 1 1.2 Adaptive Filters 2 1.3 Adaptive Filter Structures 3 1.4 Adaptation Approaches 7 1.5 Real and Complex Forms of Adaptive Filters 9 1.6 Applications 9 2 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems 28 2.1 Sequences and z-Transform 28 2.2 Parseval’s Relation 32 2.3 System Function 33 2.4 Stochastic Processes 35 Problems 44 3 Wiener Filters 48 3.1 Mean-Squared Error Criterion 48 3.2 Wiener Filter – Transversal, Real-Valued Case 50 3.3 Principle of Orthogonality 55 3.4 Normalized Performance Function 57 3.5 Extension to Complex-Valued Case 58 3.6 Unconstrained Wiener Filters 61 3.7 Summary and Discussion 79 Problems 80 4 Eigenanalysis and Performance Surface 90 4.1 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 90 4.2 Properties of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 91 4.3 Performance Surface 104 Problems 112 5 Search Methods 119 5.1 Method of Steepest Descent 120 5.2 Learning Curve 126 5.3 Effect of Eigenvalue Spread 130 5.4 Newton’s Method 131 5.5 An Alternative Interpretation of Newton’s Algorithm 133 Problems 135 6 LMS Algorithm 139 6.1 Derivation of LMS Algorithm 139 6.2 Average Tap-Weight Behavior of the LMS Algorithm 141 6.3 MSE Behavior of the LMS Algorithm 144 6.4 Computer Simulations 156 6.5 Simplified LMS Algorithms 167 6.6 Normalized LMS Algorithm 170 6.7 Affine Projection LMS Algorithm 173 6.8 Variable Step-Size LMS Algorithm 177 6.9 LMS Algorithm for Complex-Valued Signals 179 6.10 Beamforming (Revisited) 182 6.11 Linearly Constrained LMS Algorithm 186 Problems 190 Appendix 6A: Derivation of Eq. (6.39) 205 7 Transform Domain Adaptive Filters 207 7.1 Overview of Transform Domain Adaptive Filters 208 7.2 Band-Partitioning Property of Orthogonal Transforms 210 7.3 Orthogonalization Property of Orthogonal Transforms 211 7.4 Transform Domain LMS Algorithm 213 7.5 Ideal LMS-Newton Algorithm and Its Relationship with TDLMS 215 7.6 Selection of the Transform T 216 7.7 Transforms 229 7.8 Sliding Transforms 230 7.9 Summary and Discussion 242 Problems 243 8 Block Implementation of Adaptive Filters 251 8.1 Block LMS Algorithm 252 8.2 Mathematical Background 255 8.3 The FBLMS Algorithm 260 8.4 The Partitioned FBLMS Algorithm 267 8.5 Computer Simulations 276 Problems 279 Appendix 8A: Derivation of a Misadjustment Equation for the BLMS Algorithm 285 Appendix 8B: Derivation of Misadjustment Equations for the FBLMS Algorithms 288 9 Subband Adaptive Filters 294 9.1 DFT Filter Banks 295 9.2 Complementary Filter Banks 299 9.3 Subband Adaptive Filter Structures 303 9.4 Selection of Analysis and Synthesis Filters 304 9.5 Computational Complexity 307 9.6 Decimation Factor and Aliasing 308 9.7 Low-Delay Analysis and Synthesis Filter Banks 310 9.8 A Design Procedure for Subband Adaptive Filters 313 9.9 An Example 316 9.10 Comparison with FBLMS Algorithm 318 Problems 319 10 IIR Adaptive Filters 322 10.1 Output Error Method 323 10.2 Equation Error Method 327 10.3 Case Study I: IIR Adaptive Line Enhancement 332 10.4 Case Study II: Equalizer Design for Magnetic Recording Channels 343 10.5 Concluding Remarks 349 Problems 352 11 Lattice Filters 355 11.1 Forward Linear Prediction 355 11.2 Backward Linear Prediction 357 11.3 Relationship Between Forward and Backward Predictors 359 11.4 Prediction-Error Filters 359 11.5 Properties of Prediction Errors 360 11.6 Derivation of Lattice Structure 362 11.7 Lattice as an Orthogonalization Transform 367 11.8 Lattice Joint Process Estimator 369 11.9 System Functions 370 11.10 Conversions 370 11.11 All-Pole Lattice Structure 376 11.12 Pole-Zero Lattice Structure 376 11.13 Adaptive Lattice Filter 378 11.14 Autoregressive Modeling of Random Processes 383 11.15 Adaptive Algorithms Based on Autoregressive Modeling 385 Problems 400 Appendix 11A: Evaluation of E[ua(n)xT(n)K(n)x(n)uTa (n)] 407 Appendix 11B: Evaluation of the parameter γ 408 12 Method of Least-Squares 410 12.1 Formulation of Least-Squares Estimation for a Linear Combiner 411 12.2 Principle of Orthogonality 412 12.3 Projection Operator 415 12.4 Standard Recursive Least-Squares Algorithm 416 12.5 Convergence Behavior of the RLS Algorithm 421 Problems 430 13 Fast RLS Algorithms 433 13.1 Least-Squares Forward Prediction 434 13.2 Least-Squares Backward Prediction 435 13.3 Least-Squares Lattice 437 13.4 RLSL Algorithm 440 13.5 FTRLS Algorithm 453 Problems 460 14 Tracking 463 14.1 Formulation of the Tracking Problem 463 14.2 Generalized Formulation of LMS Algorithm 464 14.3 MSE Analysis of the Generalized LMS Algorithm 465 14.4 Optimum Step-Size Parameters 469 14.5 Comparisons of Conventional Algorithms 471 14.6 Comparisons Based on Optimum Step-Size Parameters 475 14.7 VSLMS: An Algorithm with Optimum Tracking Behavior 477 14.8 RLS Algorithm with Variable Forgetting Factor 485 14.9 Summary 486 Problems 488 15 Echo Cancellation 492 15.1 The Problem Statement 492 15.2 Structures and Adaptive Algorithms 495 15.3 Double-Talk Detection 512 15.4 Howling Suppression 521 15.5 Stereophonic Acoustic Echo Cancellation 524 Appendix 15A: Multitaper method 542 Appendix 15B: Derivation of the Two-Channel Levinson–Durbin Algorithm 549 16 Active Noise Control 551 16.1 Broadband Feedforward Single-Channel ANC 553 16.2 Narrowband Feedforward Single-Channel ANC 559 16.3 Feedback Single-Channel ANC 573 16.4 Multichannel ANC Systems 577 Appendix 16A: Derivation of Eq. (16.46) 582 Appendix 16B: Derivation of Eq. (16.53) 583 17 Synchronization and Equalization in Data Transmission Systems 584 17.1 Continuous Time Channel Model 585 17.2 Discrete Time Channel Model and Equalizer Structures 589 17.3 Timing Recovery 593 17.4 Equalizers Design and Performance Analysis 606 17.5 Adaptation Algorithms 617 17.6 Cyclic Equalization 618 17.7 Joint Timing Recovery, Carrier Recovery, and Channel Equalization 628 17.8 Maximum Likelihood Detection 629 17.9 Soft Equalization 631 17.10 Single-Input Multiple-Output Equalization 643 17.11 Frequency Domain Equalization 645 17.12 Blind Equalization 649 Problems 654 18 Sensor Array Processing 659 18.1 Narrowband Sensor Arrays 660 18.2 Broadband Sensor Arrays 678 18.3 Robust Beamforming 683 Problems 692 19 Code Division Multiple Access Systems 695 19.1 CDMA Signal Model 695 19.2 Linear Detectors 699 19.3 Adaptation Methods 707 Problems 709 20 OFDM and MIMO Communications 711 20.1 OFDM Communication Systems 711 20.2 MIMO Communication Systems 730 20.3 MIMO–OFDM 743 Problems 743 References 746 Index 761

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Book SynopsisJOINT COMMUNICATIONS AND SENSING Authoritative resource systematically introducing JCAS technologies and providing valuable information and knowledge to researchers and engineers Based on over six years of dedicated research on joint communications and sensing (JCAS) by the authors, their collaborators, and students, Joint Communications and Sensing is the first book to comprehensively cover the subject of JCAS, which is expected to deliver huge cost and energy savings, and therefore has become a hallmark of future 6G and next generation radar technologies. The book has three parts. Part I presents the basic JCAS concepts and applications and the basic signal processing algorithms to support JCAS. Part II covers communications-centric JCAS designs that describe how sensing can be integrated into communications networks such as 5G and 6G. Part III presents ways to integrate communications in various radar sensing technologies and platforms.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments xiii Preface xv Acronyms xvii Part I Fundamentals of Joint Communications and Sensing (JCAS) 1 1 Introduction to Joint Communications and Sensing (JCAS) 3 1.1 Background 3 1.2 Three Categories of JCAS Systems 5 1.2.1 Major Differences Between Communications and Sensing 7 1.2.2 Communications-Centric Design 12 1.2.3 Radar-Centric Design 15 1.2.4 Joint Design without an Underlying System 17 1.2.5 Summary of Key Research Problems 18 1.3 Potential Sensing Applications of JCAS 18 1.4 Book Organization 22 References 24 2 Signal Processing Fundamentals for JCAS 31 2.1 Channel Model for Communications and Radar 31 2.2 Basic Communication Signals and Systems 33 2.2.1 Single-Carrier MIMO 33 2.2.2 MIMO-OFDM 34 2.2.3 Transmitter and Receiver Signal Processing in Communications 34 2.3 MIMO Radar Signals and Systems 36 2.3.1 Single-Carrier MIMO Radar 36 2.3.2 MIMO-OFDM Radar 37 2.3.3 FH-MIMO Radar 38 2.4 Basic Signal Processing for Radar Sensing 40 2.4.1 Matched Filtering 40 2.4.2 Moving Target Detection (MTD) 41 2.4.3 Spatial-Domain Processing 42 2.4.4 Target Detection 43 2.4.5 Spatial Refinement 44 2.5 Signal Processing Basics for Communication-Centric JCAS 44 2.5.1 802.11ad JCAS Systems 44 2.5.2 Mobile Network with JCAS Capabilities 46 2.5.3 Sensing Parameter Estimation 46 2.5.3.1 Direct and Indirect Sensing 47 2.5.3.2 Sensing Algorithms 49 2.6 Signal Processing Basics for DFRC 50 2.6.1 Embedding Information in RadarWaveform 50 2.6.2 Signal Reception and Processing for Communications 52 2.6.2.1 Demodulation 53 2.6.2.2 Channel Estimation 54 2.6.3 Codebook Design 54 2.7 Conclusions 55 References 55 3 Efficient Parameter Estimation 59 3.1 Q-Shifted Estimator (QSE) 60 3.2 Refined QSE (QSEr) 62 3.2.1 Impact ofq 62 3.2.2 Refined Optimalq 66 3.2.3 Numerical Illustration of QSEr 67 3.3 Padé approximation-Enabled Estimator 70 3.3.1 Core Updating Function 71 3.3.2 Initialization and Overall Estimation Procedure 74 3.3.3 Numerical Illustrations 76 3.4 Conclusions 80 References 80 Part II Communication-Centric JCAS 83 4 Perceptive Mobile Network (PMN) 85 4.1 Framework for PMN 85 4.1.1 System Platform and Infrastructure 86 Trim Size: 6in x 9in Single Column Wu982913 ftoc.tex V1 - 09/06/2022 5:13pm Page vii [1] [1] [1] [1] Contents vii 4.1.1.1 CRAN 87 4.1.1.2 Standalone BS 87 4.1.2 Three Types of Sensing Operations 88 4.1.2.1 Downlink Active Sensing 88 4.1.2.2 Downlink Passive Sensing 88 4.1.2.3 Uplink Sensing 89 4.1.2.4 Comparison 89 4.1.3 Signals Usable from 5G NR for Radio Sensing 90 4.1.3.1 Reference Signals Used for Channel Estimation 90 4.1.3.2 Nonchannel Estimation Signals 92 4.1.3.3 Data Payload Signals 92 4.2 System Modifications to Enable Sensing 92 4.2.1 Dedicated Transmitter for Uplink Sensing 93 4.2.2 Dedicated Receiver for Downlink (and Uplink) Sensing 94 4.2.3 Full-Duplex Radios for Downlink Sensing 94 4.2.4 Base Stations with Widely Separated Transmitting and Receiving Antennas 96 4.3 System Issues 98 4.3.1 Performance Bounds 98 4.3.2 Waveform Optimization 100 4.3.2.1 Spatial Optimization 102 4.3.2.2 Optimization in Time and Frequency Domains 105 4.3.2.3 Optimization with Next-Generation Signaling Formats 106 4.3.3 Antenna Array Design 106 4.3.3.1 Virtual MIMO and Antenna Grouping 107 4.3.3.2 Sparse Array Design 108 4.3.3.3 Spatial Modulation 109 4.3.3.4 Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Assisted JCAS 109 4.3.4 Clutter Suppression Techniques 110 4.3.4.1 Recursive Moving Averaging (RMA) 112 4.3.4.2 Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) 113 4.3.5 Sensing Parameter Estimation 114 4.3.5.1 Periodogram such as 2D DFT 115 4.3.5.2 Subspace-Based Spectrum Analysis Techniques 115 4.3.5.3 On-Grid Compressive Sensing Algorithms 117 4.3.6 Resolution of Sensing Ambiguity 119 4.3.7 Pattern Analysis 122 4.3.8 Networked Sensing under Cellular Topology 123 4.3.8.1 Fundamental Theories and Performance Bounds for “Cellular Sensing Networks” 123 4.3.8.2 Distributed Sensing with Node Grouping and Cooperation 124 4.3.9 Sensing-Assisted Communications 124 4.3.9.1 Sensing-Assisted Beamforming 124 4.3.9.2 Sensing-Assisted Secure Communications 128 4.4 Conclusions 128 References 128 5 Integrating Low-Complexity and Flexible Sensing into Communication Systems: A Unified Sensing Framework 139 5.1 Problem Statement and Signal Model 139 5.1.1 Signal Model 140 5.1.2 Classical OFDM Sensing (COS) 142 5.1.3 Problem Statement 143 5.1.3.1 CP-limited Sensing Distance 143 5.1.3.2 Communication-limited Velocity measurement 143 5.1.3.3 COS adapted for DFT-S-OFDM 144 5.2 A Low-Complexity Sensing Framework 144 5.3 Performance Analysis 150 5.3.1 Preliminary Results 150 5.3.2 Analyzing Signal Components in Two RDMs 151 5.3.3 Comparison and Insights 154 5.3.4 Criteria for Setting Key Sensing Parameters 157 5.4 Simulation Results 158 5.4.1 Illustrating SINRs in RDMs 159 5.4.2 Illustration of Target Detection 162 5.5 Conclusions 166 References 167 6 Sensing Framework Optimization 169 6.1 Echo Preprocessing 169 6.1.1 Reshaping 170 6.1.2 Virtual Cyclic Prefix (VCP) 171 6.1.3 Removing Communication Information 174 6.2 Target Parameter Estimation 177 6.2.1 Parameter Estimation Method 177 6.2.2 Computational Complexity 181 6.3 Optimizing Parameters of Sensing Methods 182 6.3.1 Preliminary Results 183 6.3.2 Maximizing SINR for Parameter Estimation 184 6.4 Simulation Results 186 6.4.1 Comparison with Benchmark Method 186 Trim Size: 6in x 9in Single Column Wu982913 ftoc.tex V1 - 09/06/2022 5:13pm Page ix [1] [1] [1] [1] Contents ix 6.4.2 Wide Applicability 189 6.5 Conclusions 192 References 193 Part III Radar-Centric Joint Communications and Sensing 195 7 FH-MIMO Dual-Function Radar-Based Communications: Single-Antenna Receiver 197 7.1 Problem Statement 198 7.2 Waveform Design for FH-MIMO DFRC 199 7.2.1 FH-MIMO RadarWaveform 200 7.2.2 Overall Channel Estimation Scheme 202 7.2.2.1 Estimate Timing Offset 203 7.2.2.2 Estimate Channel Parameters 203 7.3 Estimating Timing Offset 203 7.3.1 Two Estimation Methods 204 7.3.2 Performance Analysis and Comparison of the Estimators 205 7.3.3 Design of a Suboptimal Hopping Frequency Sequence 208 7.4 Estimating Channel Response 209 7.4.1 Estimation Method 209 7.4.2 Complexity Analysis 210 7.5 Using Estimations in Data Communications 211 7.6 Extensions to Multipath Cases 212 7.7 Simulation Results 214 7.8 Conclusions 219 References 219 8 Frequency-Hopping MIMO Radar-Based Communications with Multiantenna Receiver 221 8.1 Signal Model 221 8.2 The DFRC Signal Mode 223 8.3 A Multiantenna Receiving Scheme 226 8.3.1 Estimating Channel Response 226 8.3.2 Estimating Timing Offset 227 8.3.2.1 Estimating L𝜂 228 8.3.2.2 Removing Estimation Ambiguity 229 8.3.3 Information Demodulation 230 8.3.3.1 Estimating khm 230 8.3.3.2 FHCS Demodulation 232 8.3.3.3 PSK Demodulation 232 8.4 Performance Analysis 232 8.4.1 Performance of Channel Coefficient Estimation 232 8.4.2 Performance of Timing Offset Estimation 233 8.4.3 Communication Performance 234 8.4.3.1 Achievable Rate 234 8.4.3.2 SER of PSK-Based FH-MIMO DFRC 234 8.5 Simulations 235 8.6 Conclusions 240 References 240 9 Integrating Secure Communications into Frequency Hopping MIMO Radar with Improved Data Rates 243 9.1 Signal Models and Overall Design 243 9.1.1 Signal Model of Bob 244 9.1.2 Signal Model of Eve 245 9.1.3 Overall Description 246 9.1.4 Maximum Achievable Rate (MAR) 247 9.2 Elementwise Phase Compensation 249 9.2.1 AoD-Dependence Issue of Hopping Frequency Permutation Selection (HFPS) Demodulation 249 9.2.2 Elementwise phase compensation and HFPS Demodulation at Bob 250 9.2.3 Enhancing Physical-Layer Security by Elementwise Phase Compensation 252 9.3 Random Sign Reversal 253 9.3.1 Random Sign Reversal and Maximum Likelihood (ML) Decoding 253 9.3.2 Detecting Random Sign Reversal at Bob 254 9.3.3 Random Sign Reversal Impact Analysis 255 9.3.4 Impact of Presented Design on Radar Performance 258 9.3.4.1 Impact of HFCS on R(𝜏) 258 9.3.4.2 Impact of HFPS on R(𝜏) 259 9.3.4.3 Impact of Elementwise Phase Compensation and Random Sign Reversal on R(𝜏) 259 9.3.4.4 Limitations of Presented Design for Radar Applications 260 9.3.5 Extension to Multipath and Multiuser Scenarios 260 9.3.5.1 Multipath Scenario 260 9.3.5.2 Multiuser Scenario 261 9.4 Simulation Results 261 9.5 Conclusions 267 References 267 Trim Size: 6in x 9in Single Column Wu982913 ftoc.tex V1 - 09/06/2022 5:13pm Page xi [1] [1] [1] [1] Contents xi A Proofs, Analyses, and Derivations 271 A.1 Proof of Lemma 5.1 271 A.2 Proof of Lemma 5.2 271 A.3 Proof of Lemma 5.3 272 A.4 Proof of Proposition 5.1 273 A.5 Proof of Proposition 5.2 274 A.6 Proof of Proposition 6.1 275 A.7 Deriving the Powers of the Four Terms of X̃ n[l] Given in (6.33) 277 A.8 Proof of Proposition 6.2 280 A.9 Proof of Proposition 6.3 281 A.10 Deriving (9.31) 282 References 283 Index 285

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Book Synopsis* Covers the mathematical and physical background that is needed to understand electromagnetic radiation and antennas * Discusses the origin of radiation and provides and in-depth explanation of antenna parameters * Explores all the necessary steps in antenna analysis allowing the reader .Trade Review“This book is a good reference for advanced students in antenna and RF engineering, wireless communications, electrical engineering, radio engineers and other professionals needing a reference on antenna theory. It will also be of interest to advanced or senior radio engineers, designers and developers as a practical guide and reference. It assumes knowledge of electromagnetic theory and vector analysis but is a good, compact reference book for antennas.” (Microwave Journal, 1 January 2013)Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgements xi List of Abbreviations xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Early History of Antennas 1 1.2 Antennas and Electromagnetic Radiation 2 1.2.1 Electromagnetic Radiation 2 1.2.2 Short Wire Dipole Radiation 5 1.3 The Modern History of Antennas 6 1.4 Frequency Spectrum and Antenna Types 8 1.4.1 Dipole Antennas 8 1.4.2 Loop Antennas 9 1.4.3 Aperture Antennas 10 1.4.4 Reflector Antennas 10 1.4.5 Array Antennas 11 1.4.6 Modern Antennas 11 1.5 Organization of the Book 12 1.6 Problems 13 References 13 2 Antenna System-Level Performance Parameters 15 2.1 Radiation Pattern 15 2.1.1 Field Regions 16 2.1.2 Three-Dimensional Radiation Pattern 17 2.1.3 Planar Cuts 19 2.1.4 Power Patterns 22 2.1.5 Directivity and Gain 25 2.1.6 Antenna Beamwidth 28 2.2 Antenna Impedance and Bandwidth 29 2.3 Polarization 32 2.3.1 Elliptical Polarization 33 2.3.2 Circular Polarization 35 2.3.3 Linear Polarization 35 2.3.4 Axial Ratio 36 2.4 Antenna Effective Area and Vector Effective Length 38 2.4.1 Effective Area 38 2.4.2 Vector Effective Length 40 2.5 Radio Equation 41 2.6 Radar Equation 43 2.6.1 Radar Cross-Section 44 2.7 Problems 46 References 47 3 Vector Analysis 49 3.1 Addition and Subtraction 49 3.2 Products 50 3.2.1 Scalar Product or Dot Product 50 3.2.2 Vector Product or Cross Product 51 3.2.3 Triple Product 52 3.3 Differentiation 53 3.3.1 Gradient 54 3.3.2 Divergence 55 3.3.3 Curl 57 3.4 Problems 61 4 Radiated Fields 63 4.1 Maxwell Equations 63 4.2 Vector Potential 64 4.3 Far-Field Approximations 69 4.3.1 Magnetic Field 69 4.3.2 Electric Field 73 4.4 Reciprocity 75 4.4.1 Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem 75 4.4.2 Antenna Reciprocity 77 4.5 Problems 79 References 79 5 Dipole Antennas 81 5.1 Elementary Dipole 81 5.1.1 Radiation 82 5.1.2 Input Impedance 86 5.2 Non-Infinitesimal Dipole Antenna 87 5.2.1 Radiation 87 5.2.2 Input Impedance 96 5.3 Printed Monopole and Inverted-F Antennas 97 5.3.1 Application of Theory 98 5.3.2 Planar Monopole Antenna Design 99 5.3.3 Printed UWB Antenna Design 105 5.3.4 Miniature Monopole with Cable Current Suppression 113 5.3.5 Inverted-F Antenna Design 120 5.4 Problems 128 References 129 6 Loop Antennas 131 6.1 General Constant Current Loop 131 6.1.1 Radiation 132 6.1.2 Input Impedance 136 6.1.3 Small Loop Antenna 137 6.1.4 Comparison of Short Dipole and Small Loop Antenna 138 6.2 Printed Loop Antenna 139 6.2.1 Application of Theory 139 6.2.2 Design of a Printed Loop Antenna 143 6.3 Problems 149 References 152 7 Aperture Antennas 153 7.1 Magnetic Sources 154 7.2 Uniqueness Theorem 156 7.3 Equivalence Principle 158 7.4 Radiated Fields 160 7.5 Uniform Distribution in a Rectangular Aperture 161 7.6 Uniform Distribution in a Circular Aperture 166 7.7 Microstrip Antennas 170 7.7.1 Application of Theory 172 7.7.2 Design of a Linearly Polarized Microstrip Antenna 175 7.7.3 Design of a Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antenna 179 7.8 Problems 185 References 188 8 Array Antennas 189 8.1 A Linear Array of Non-Isotropic Point-Source Radiators 189 8.2 Array Factor 195 8.3 Side Lobes and Grating Lobes 195 8.3.1 Side-Lobe Level 196 8.3.2 Grating Lobes 196 8.4 Linear Phase Taper 197 8.5 Grating Lobes 202 8.6 Special Topics 203 8.6.1 Mutual Coupling 203 8.6.2 Antenna Diversity 212 8.6.3 Sequential Rotation and Phasing 213 8.7 Array Antenna Design 217 8.7.1 Theory 220 8.7.2 A Linear Microstrip Patch Array Antenna 221 8.8 Problems 229 References 230 Appendix A Effective Aperture and Directivity 231 Appendix B Vector Formulas 235 Appendix C Complex Analysis 237 C.1 Complex Numbers 237 C.2 Use of Complex Variables 240 Appendix D Physical Constants and Material Parameters 243 References 244 Appendix E Two-Port Network Parameters 245 Appendix F Transmission Line Theory 249 F.1 Distributed Parameters 249 F.2 Guided Waves 252 F.2.1 VSWR and Reflection Factor 254 F.2.2 Impedance and Relative Impedance 254 F.3 Input Impedance of a Transmission Line 255 F.4 Terminated Lossless Transmission Line 255 F.4.1 Matched Load 255 F.4.2 Short Circuit 256 F.4.3 Open Circuit 256 F.4.4 Imaginary Unit Termination 257 F.4.5 Real Termination 257 F.5 Quarter Wavelength Impedance Transformer 257 Appendix G Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) 259 References 260 Index 261

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Book SynopsisFor the student and general reader, a tour of the digital universe that offers critical observations and new perspectives on human communication and intelligence. Traces the development and diffusion of digital information and communication technologies, providing an analysis of trans-cultural effects among developed and developing nations Provides a balanced analysis of the pros and cons of the adoption and diffusion of digital technologies Explores privacy, censorship, the digital divide, online games, and virtual and augmented realities Follows a thematic structure, allowing readers to access the text at any point, based on their interests Accompanying resources provide a wealth of related online content Selected by Choice as a 2013 Outstanding Academic Title Trade ReviewNamed CHOICE Outstanding Title for 2012 “There are some really nice touches in this book. It is well written. The cases are accessible and relevant. The tables, lists, and some of the figures lucidly present taxonomies and provide chronological information on important topics.” (International Journal of Communication, 1 August 2012) “Summing Up: Highly recommended. All readership levels. (Choice, 1 August 2012)Table of ContentsPreface vii Acknowledgments ix Some Key Terms xi Part I Introduction and Framing 1 1 The Digital Universe: A "Quick-Start" Introduction 3 2 Thinking About Moore's Law 14 3 Critical Perspectives 25 Part II Internet and Web History 41 4 Origins of the Internet 43 5 Internet Evolution 64 6 The Web 82 Part III Telecommunication and Media Convergence 103 7 Telecommunication and the "Flat" World 105 8 Digital Media Convergence 127 Part IV Internet Control, Cyberculture, and Dystopian Views 143 9 The Public and Private Internet 145 10 Censorship and Global Cyberculture 168 11 The Dark Side 186 Part V New Communication Technologies and the Future 205 12 Wired and Wireless Technologies 207 13 Virtual and Augmented Worlds 226 14 The Future of the Digital Universe 253 Index 270

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Book SynopsisThis book traces the development of the broadcasting system in Canada from the inception of television in 1952 to the passing of the Broadcast Act of 1968, focusing on the policy decisions made by governments and broadcasting authorities and the circumstances under which they were made. Several public investigations of the system and its performance took place during television's first sixteen years in Canada and their aims and outcomes form an important part of the story.The book deals with the relationships between the CBC, the private broadcasters, government, and the regulatory authority, and also with events that affected the perceptions of politicians and the public - the French network strike in 1959, the Preview Commentary affair of the same year, and the controversies surrounding the CBC program 'This Hour Has Seven Days' in 1965-6. Among those who figure prominently are A. Davidson Dunton and Alphonse Ouimet of the CBC; T.J. Allard and Don Jamieson of the Canadian A

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Book SynopsisInformation and communication technologies (ICTs) are an accelerator in closing the "accountability gap" for more open and collaborative governance.

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Book SynopsisThe End of the CBC? is about three overlapping crises: the crisis that has enveloped the CBC, the crisis of news, and the crisis of democracy. The emergence of platforms such as Google, Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix, the hyper-targeting of individual users through data analytics, the development of narrow online identity communities, and the rise of an attention economy have changed the media landscape in dramatic ways. Describing the failure of successive governments to address problems faced by the public broadcaster, this book explains how the CBC lost its place in sports, drama, and entertainment. Taras and Waddell propose a way forward for the CBC one in which the corporation concentrates its resources on news and current affairs and re-establishes a reputation for depth and quality.Trade Review"The End of the CBC? is a book that should be read by anyone who cares about how journalism and democracy intersect." -- Tony Burman * The Toronto Star, February 29, 2020 *"In many ways, this timely and thought-provoking book is more about saving Canadian journalism than about saving the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation." -- Beth Haddon * Literary Review of Canada *"The End of the CBC? argues that Canada’s public broadcaster must rapidly and quite savagely reinvent itself or risk ‘oblivion.’ And it is nothing if not timely reading." -- Chris Selley * The National Post, March 20, 2020 *Table of ContentsPreface 1. Introduction 2. Lost Horizons 3. The Politics of Resentment and Neglect 4. The CBC in the Digital Storm 5. The Collapse of Sports and News 6. The Trials and Triumphs of the CBC's Online World 7. More Dashed Hopes 8. Reinvent the CBC or Allow It to Die Notes Bibiography Index

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Book SynopsisAfter almost 90 years, the CBC, Canada's public broadcaster, has reached a crossroads. This book examines the political, economic, social, media, and cultural forces that have pushed the CBC to the point where it must be reimagined and re-invented.Trade Review"The End of the CBC? is a book that should be read by anyone who cares about how journalism and democracy intersect." -- Tony Burman * The Toronto Star, February 29, 2020 *Table of ContentsPreface 1. Introduction 2. Lost Horizons 3. The Politics of Resentment and Neglect 4. The CBC in the Digital Storm 5. The Collapse of Sports and News 6. The Trials and Triumphs of the CBC's Online World 7. More Dashed Hopes 8. Reinvent the CBC or Allow It to Die Notes Bibiography Index

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Book SynopsisLike the popular guides The MX Series and Juniper QFX5100 Series, this practical book-written by the same author-introduces new QFX10000 concepts in switching and virtualization, specifically in the core of the data center network. This new book by Douglas Hanks is the authoritative guide

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Book SynopsisA complete history and theory of internet daemons brings these little-known—but very consequential—programs into the spotlight We’re used to talking about how tech giants like Google, Facebook, and Amazon rule the internet, but what about daemons? Ubiquitous programs that have colonized the Net’s infrastructure—as well as the devices we use to access it—daemons are little known. Fenwick McKelvey weaves together history, theory, and policy to give a full account of where daemons come from and how they influence our lives—including their role in hot-button issues like network neutrality.Going back to Victorian times and the popular thought experiment Maxwell’s Demon, McKelvey charts how daemons evolved from concept to reality, eventually blossoming into the pandaemonium of code-based creatures that today orchestrates our internet. Digging into real-life examples like sluggish connection speeds, Comcast’s efforts to control peer-to-peer networking, and Pirate Bay’s attempts to elude daemonic control (and skirt copyright), McKelvey shows how daemons have been central to the internet, greatly influencing everyday users.Internet Daemons asks important questions about how much control is being handed over to these automated, autonomous programs, and the consequences for transparency and oversight.Trade Review"Beneath social media, beneath search, Internet Daemons reveals another layer of algorithms: deeper, burrowed into information networks. Fenwick McKelvey is the best kind of intellectual spelunker, taking us deep into the infrastructure and shining his light on these obscure but vital mechanisms. What he has delivered is a precise and provocative rethinking of how to conceive of power in and among networks."—Tarleton Gillespie, author of Custodians of the Internet"Internet Daemons is an original and important contribution to the field of digital media studies. Fenwick McKelvey extensively maps and analyzes how daemons influence data exchanges across Internet infrastructures. This study insightfully demonstrates how daemons are transformative entities that enable particular ways of transferring information and connecting up communication, with significant social and political consequences."—Jennifer Gabrys, author of Program EarthTable of ContentsAbbreviations and Technical TermsIntroduction1. The Devil We Know: Maxwell’s Demon, Cyborg Sciences, and Flow Control2. Possessing Infrastructure: Nonsynchronous Communication, IMPs, and Optimization3. IMPs, OLIVERs, and Gateways: Internetworking before the Internet4. Pandaemonium: The Internet as Daemons5. Suffering from Buffering? Affects of Flow Control6. The Disoptimized: The Ambiguous Tactics of the Pirate Bay7. A Crescendo of Online Interactive Debugging? Gamers, Publics and DaemonsConclusionAcknowledgmentsAppendix: Internet Measurement and MediatorsNotesBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisA complete history and theory of internet daemons brings these little-known—but very consequential—programs into the spotlight We’re used to talking about how tech giants like Google, Facebook, and Amazon rule the internet, but what about daemons? Ubiquitous programs that have colonized the Net’s infrastructure—as well as the devices we use to access it—daemons are little known. Fenwick McKelvey weaves together history, theory, and policy to give a full account of where daemons come from and how they influence our lives—including their role in hot-button issues like network neutrality.Going back to Victorian times and the popular thought experiment Maxwell’s Demon, McKelvey charts how daemons evolved from concept to reality, eventually blossoming into the pandaemonium of code-based creatures that today orchestrates our internet. Digging into real-life examples like sluggish connection speeds, Comcast’s efforts to control peer-to-peer networking, and Pirate Bay’s attempts to elude daemonic control (and skirt copyright), McKelvey shows how daemons have been central to the internet, greatly influencing everyday users.Internet Daemons asks important questions about how much control is being handed over to these automated, autonomous programs, and the consequences for transparency and oversight.Trade Review"Beneath social media, beneath search, Internet Daemons reveals another layer of algorithms: deeper, burrowed into information networks. Fenwick McKelvey is the best kind of intellectual spelunker, taking us deep into the infrastructure and shining his light on these obscure but vital mechanisms. What he has delivered is a precise and provocative rethinking of how to conceive of power in and among networks."—Tarleton Gillespie, author of Custodians of the Internet"Internet Daemons is an original and important contribution to the field of digital media studies. Fenwick McKelvey extensively maps and analyzes how daemons influence data exchanges across Internet infrastructures. This study insightfully demonstrates how daemons are transformative entities that enable particular ways of transferring information and connecting up communication, with significant social and political consequences."—Jennifer Gabrys, author of Program EarthTable of ContentsAbbreviations and Technical TermsIntroduction1. The Devil We Know: Maxwell’s Demon, Cyborg Sciences, and Flow Control2. Possessing Infrastructure: Nonsynchronous Communication, IMPs, and Optimization3. IMPs, OLIVERs, and Gateways: Internetworking before the Internet4. Pandaemonium: The Internet as Daemons5. Suffering from Buffering? Affects of Flow Control6. The Disoptimized: The Ambiguous Tactics of the Pirate Bay7. A Crescendo of Online Interactive Debugging? Gamers, Publics and DaemonsConclusionAcknowledgmentsAppendix: Internet Measurement and MediatorsNotesBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisSpectrum sensing deals with several subjects, that range from statistical and probability theory to radio propagation and signal processing, with cognitive radio playing an important role to the evolution and dissemination of new applications in the area. The objective of this book is to connect the basic statistical formulation, the fundamental concepts from signal detection and spectrum sensing, cognitive radio and dynamic spectrum access, leading to an interesting, robust, and illustrative content, with recent practical applications of cognitive radio and spectrum sensing.

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Book SynopsisThis new resource introduces students and researchers to the fundamentals of information technology using easy-to-understand language that provides both a solid background and a deeper understanding and appreciation of this important and evolving subject. As a broad field that encompasses many of the key technologies of the early twenty-first century, information technology is poised to remain a major field of study and professional practice for years to come.As a broad field that encompasses many of the key technologies of the early twenty-first century, infor­mation technology is poised to remain a major field of study and professional practice for years to come. The field will continue to evolve as new developments in the current tech­nologies are discovered. Information technologies are also highly dependent on human beings who design, operate, and benefit from them. As such, students and practitioners in the field need to develop both a deep knowledge of the technologies used to store, retrieve, and send information and a strong understanding of humankind’s complex rela­tionships with information and with the technologies themselves.Over 120 topics are explored in-depth, including: Artificial Intelligence Programming Languages Cloud Computing Software Architecture Debugging Speech-Recognition Software Encryption Virtual Reality Each entry includes an Abstract that provides a brief, concrete summary of the topic and its significance; a detailed Essay that provides extensive background on the topic and explores its significance to the field of information technology; and a list of Further Reading for those who wish to pursue the topic in more depth. This volume will be an important addition to high school and undergraduate libraries, especially those focused on technology, science, and information studies.With over 120 essays, this new volume gives readers an overview of the major concepts and contemporary issues surrounding the study of information technology. Designed for students and researchers, this volume provides new ways to think about and study issues, policies, and practices in this field. This will be a helpful addition to science and technology programs at the high school, community college, and university levels, and is a must for STEM students at the high school and undergraduate levels.

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Book SynopsisThe main aim of this book is to offer companies a simple and practical method to assess their maturity in the Governance Information System, so that they are in working order to face the challenges of Digital Transformation. How can companies effectively manage their investment in IT systems and make the most of their development?Table of ContentsForeword ix Preface xv Acknowledgments xxiii Part 1. Information Systems Governance at the Service of the Digital Transformation 1 Chapter 1. Enterprise Governance: A Framework that Includes IS Governance 3 Chapter 2. Challenges of Enterprise IS Governance 11 2.1. Value creation 13 2.2. IS risk management 16 Chapter 3. Objectives, Approaches and Key Success Factors of Enterprise IS Governance 21 3.1. Objectives of Enterprise IS governance (EISG) 21 3.2. Approaches, frameworks and ongoing reflections 23 3.3. Benefits of the approach and its key success factors 27 Chapter 4. How Can the Maturity of Enterprise IS Governance be Improved? 29 4.1. Scope of EISG and assessment of the company’s global maturity level 29 4.2. How can it be properly initiated? 33 4.3. What can be done once the diagnostics have been made? 34 4.4. How can the improvement process be initiated? 35 Part 2. Evaluation of the Maturity of Enterprise Information Systems Governance 37 Chapter 5. Maturity Evaluation Criteria for Each of the 11 Vectors 39 5.1. Vector 1: IS planning and integration into the overall company’s planning process 40 5.1.1. Issues of this vector in the digital transformation 40 5.1.2. Issues of the vector in terms of contribution to the IS gonernance 40 5.1.3. Best practices associated with the vector and measurement of the company’s maturity level in the vector 41 5.2. Vector 2: IS urbanization at the service of strategic challenges in the frame of the Enterprise Architecture 44 5.2.1. Issues of this vector in the digital transformation 44 5.2.2. Issues of the vector in terms of contribution to the IS governance 44 5.2.3. Best practices associated with the vector and measurement of the company’s level maturity in the vector 46 5.3. Vector 3: Portfolio management of value creation-oriented projects 49 5.3.1. Issues of this vector in the digital transformation 49 5.3.2. Issues of the vector in terms of contribution to the IS governance 50 5.3.3. Best practices associated with the vector and measurement of the company’s maturity level in the vector 52 5.4. Vector 4: alignment of the IT organization with respect to business processes 57 5.4.1. Issues of this vector in the digital transformation 57 5.4.2. Issues of the vector in terms of contribution to IS governance 57 5.4.3. Best practices associated with the vector and measurement of the company’s maturity level in the vector 60 5.5. Vector 5: IS-related budgetary management and costs control promoting transparency 64 5.5.1. Vector challenges in the digital transformation 64 5.5.2. Issues of the vector in terms of contribution to IS governance 65 5.5.3. Best practices associated with the vector and measurement of the company’s maturity level in the vector 67 5.6. Vector 6: project management with respect to business objectives 73 5.6.1. Issues of this vector in the digital transformation 73 5.6.2. Issues of the vector in terms of contribution to the IS governance 74 5.6.3. Best practices associated with the vector and measurement of the company’s maturity level in the vector 76 5.7. Vector 7: provision of IT services optimized with respect to clients’ expectations 81 5.7.1. Issues of this vector in the digital transformation 81 5.7.2. Issues of the vector in terms of contribution to IS governance 81 5.7.3. Best practices associated with the vector and measurement of the company’s level of maturity in the vector 87 5.8. Vector 8: prospective management of IT skills 95 5.8.1. Issues of this vector in the digital transformation 95 5.8.2. Issues of the vector in terms of contribution to IS governance 95 5.8.3. Best practices associated with the vector and measurement of the company’s maturity level in the vector 98 5.9. Vector 9: IS-related risk management adapted to business challenges 101 5.9.1. Issues of this vector in the digital transformation 101 5.9.2. Issues of the vector in terms of contribution to IS Governance 102 5.9.3. Best practices associated with the vector and measurement of the company’s maturity level in the vector 103 5.10. Vector 10: management and measurement of IS performance 107 5.10.1. Issues of this vector in the digital transformation 107 5.10.2. Issues of the vector in terms of contribution to IS governance 108 5.10.3. Best practices associated with the vector and measurement of the company’s maturity level in the vector 109 5.11. Vector 11: IS-related communication management 112 5.11.1. Issues of this vector in the digital transformation 112 5.11.2. Issues of the vector in terms of contribution to IS governance 112 5.11.3. Best practices associated with the vector and measurement of the company’s maturity level in the vector 113 Appendices 117 Appendix 1: IT Scorecard 119 Appendix 2: Economic Steering of IT Department 123 Appendix 3: Glossary 129 Bibliography 137 Index 141

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Book SynopsisThe parameter estimation and hypothesis testing are the basic tools in statistical inference. These techniques occur in many applications of data processing., and methods of Monte Carlo have become an essential tool to assess performance. For pedagogical purposes the book includes several computational problems and exercices. To prevent students from getting stuck on exercises, detailed corrections are provided.Table of ContentsPreface ix Notations and Abbreviations xi A Few Functions of Python® xiii Chapter 1 Useful Maths 1 1.1. Basic concepts on probability 1 1.2. Conditional expectation 10 1.3. Projection theorem 11 1.3.1. Conditional expectation 14 1.4. Gaussianity 14 1.4.1. Gaussian random variable 14 1.4.2. Gaussian random vectors 15 1.4.3. Gaussian conditional distribution 16 1.5. Random variable transformation 18 1.5.1. General expression 18 1.5.2. Law of the sum of two random variables 19 1.5.3. δ-method 20 1.6. Fundamental theorems of statistics 22 1.7. A few probability distributions 24 Chapter 2 Statistical Inferences 29 2.1. First step: visualizing data 29 2.1.1. Scatter plot 29 2.1.2. Histogram/boxplot 30 2.1.3. Q-Q plot 32 2.2. Reduction of dataset dimensionality 34 2.2.1. PCA 34 2.2.2. LDA 36 2.3. Some vocabulary 40 2.3.1. Statistical inference 40 2.4. Statistical model 41 2.4.1. Notation 42 2.5. Hypothesis testing 43 2.5.1. Simple hypotheses 45 2.5.2. Generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) 50 2.5.3. χ 2 goodness-of-fit test 57 2.6. Statistical estimation 58 2.6.1. General principles 58 2.6.2. Least squares method 62 2.6.3. Least squares method for the linear model 64 2.6.4. Method of moments 81 2.6.5. Maximum likelihood approach 84 2.6.6. Logistic regression 100 2.6.7. Non-parametric estimation of probability distribution 103 2.6.8. Bootstrap and others 107 Chapter 3 Inferences on HMM 113 3.1. Hidden Markov models (HMM) 113 3.2. Inferences on HMM 116 3.3. Filtering: general case 117 3.4. Gaussian linear case: Kalman algorithm 118 3.4.1. Kalman filter 118 3.4.2. RTS smoother 127 3.5. Discrete finite Markov case 129 3.5.1. Forward-backward formulas 130 3.5.2. Smoothing formula at one instant 133 3.5.3. Smoothing formula at two successive instants 134 3.5.4. HMM learning using the EM algorithm 135 3.5.5. The Viterbi algorithm 137 Chapter 4 Monte-Carlo Methods 141 4.1. Fundamental theorems 141 4.2. Stating the problem 141 4.3. Generating random variables 144 4.3.1. The cumulative function inversion method 144 4.3.2. The variable transformation method 147 4.3.3. Acceptance-rejection method 149 4.3.4. Sequential methods 151 4.4. Variance reduction 156 4.4.1. Importance sampling 156 4.4.2. Stratification 160 4.4.3. Antithetic variates 164 Chapter 5 Hints and Solutions 167 5.1. Useful maths 167 5.2. Statistical inferences 170 5.3. Inferences on HMM 226 5.4. Monte-Carlo methods 251 Bibliography 261 Index 263

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Book SynopsisThe aim of this book is the study of signals and deterministic systems, linear, time-invariant, finite dimensions and causal. A set of useful tools is selected for the automatic and signal processing and methods of representation of dynamic linear systems are exposed, and analysis of their behavior. Finally we discuss the estimation, identification and synthesis of control laws for the purpose of stabilization and regulation.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1 Control, Servo-mechanisms and System Regulation 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.1.1. Generalities and definitions 1 1.1.2. Control law synthesis 5 1.1.3. Comprehension and application exercises 7 1.2. Process control 11 1.2.1. Correction in the frequency domain 11 1.2.2. Phase advance controller and PD controller 12 1.2.3. Phase delay controller and integrator compensator 14 1.2.4. Proportional, integral and derivative (PID) control 17 1.3. Some application exercises 23 1.3.1. Identification of the transfer function and control 23 1.3.2. PI control 30 1.3.3. Phase advance control 33 1.4. Some application exercises 36 1.5. Application 1: stabilization of a rigid robot with pneumatic actuator 39 1.5.1. Conventional approach 41 1.6. Application 2: temperature control of an oven 51 1.6.1. Modeling and identification study 51 Chapter 2 System Process Control 55 2.1. Introduction 55 2.2. Modeling 55 2.2.1. Introduction 55 2.3. Governability, controllability and observability 56 2.3.1. Characteristic polynomial, minimal polynomial and Cayley–Hamilton theorem 56 2.3.2. Governability or controllability 56 2.3.3. Observability 63 2.3.4. Observer 68 2.3.5. Observer for state reconstruction 69 2.3.6. Minimal state–space representation 76 2.4. State feedback, control by poles placement and stability 79 2.4.1. State feedback control 79 2.4.2. Poles placement and stabilizability 80 2.4.3. Finite-time response for a discrete system, deadbeat response 83 2.4.4. Use of observers in control: separation principle 85 2.5. Linear quadratic (LQ) control 86 2.5.1. Linear quadratic regulator 89 2.6. Optimal control (LQ) 90 2.7. Comprehension and application exercises 94 Chapter 3 Actuators: Modeling and Analysis 117 3.1. Introduction: electric, hydraulic and pneumatic actuators 117 3.1.1. Representation methods for physical systems 118 3.1.2. Modeling of a few constituents of physical systems 120 3.2. Transmission chains, actuators and sensors 126 3.2.1. Electric actuators in robotics 126 3.2.2. Motor speed torque characteristic 131 3.2.3. Dynamic behavior or transient behavior 131 3.2.4. Electric systems motor load 134 3.3. Pneumatic actuators 137 3.3.1. Pneumatic system modeling 137 3.3.2. Frictions model 145 3.4. Hydraulic actuators 149 3.4.1. System description 149 3.4.2. Mechanical model 151 3.4.3. Hydraulic actuator model 152 3.5. Application exercises 155 Chapter 4 Digital Control and Polynomial Approach 161 4.1. Introduction to digital control 161 4.1.1. Digital controller synthesis by transposition 162 4.1.2. Euler’s transposition 164 4.1.3. Choice of the sampling period (Shannon’s theorem) 170 4.2. PID controller synthesis and its equivalent digital RST 171 4.2.1. Standard controllers 171 4.2.2. Study of digital PIDs 172 4.2.3. Digital RST controller synthesis 178 4.2.4. Choice of poles and zeros to compensate 179 4.2.5 Computation of polynomials R, S and T 180 4.2.6. Additional objectives for synthesis 181 4.3. Digital control by poles placement 182 4.3.1. Choice of the sampling period 183 4.4. Diophantine, Bézout, greatest common divisor, least common multiple and division 183 4.4.1. Polynomial arithmetic 183 4.4.2. Diophantine equation ax + by = c and Bachet–Bézout theorem 184 4.4.3. Bézout’s identity 185 4.4.4. Greatest common divisor 185 4.4.5. Least common multiple 185 4.5. A few comprehension and application exercises 186 Chapter 5 NAO Robot 193 5.1. Introduction 193 5.2. Home care project 194 5.2.1. Choregraphe software 194 5.2.2. Nao Matlab SDK research 199 5.2.3. Nao and home care 206 5.2.4. The actions to be made 207 5.3. Details of the various programs 208 5.3.1. Ask for news 208 5.3.2. CallFirefighters box 212 5.3.3. CallNeighbor box 213 5.3.4. CallFamily box 215 5.3.5. Collision detection 215 5.3.6. Special actions: waking-up 216 5.3.7. Morning hygiene 220 5.3.8. Gymnastics 221 5.3.9. Nurse call 225 5.3.10. Memory game 227 5.3.11. Drugs reminder 232 5.3.12. Reading 233 5.3.13. Listening to music 235 5.3.14. Multiplication game 239 5.3.15. Nao’s dance 243 5.3.16. Memory game 245 5.3.17. Detect person on the ground 247 5.3.18. At any time 251 5.4. Conclusion 253 5.4.1. Nao’s limitations and possible improvements 253 Chapter 6 Application Problems with Solutions 255 6.1. Exercise 6.1: car suspension 255 6.1.1. Modeling 256 6.1.2. Analysis 257 6.2. Exercise 6.2: electromechanical system 259 6.2.1. Modeling 260 6.2.2. Analysis 262 6.3. Exercises: identification and state–space representation 263 6.3.1. Exercise 6.3 263 6.3.2. Exercise 6.4 265 6.3.3. Exercise 6.5 268 6.3.4. Exercise 6.6 270 6.3.5. Exercise 6.7 276 6.4. Exercises: observation and control of nonlinear systems 278 6.4.1. Exercise 6.8 278 6.4.2. Exercise 6.9 280 6.4.3. Exercise 6.10 288 6.4.4. Exercise 6.11 291 6.4.5. Exercise 6.12 293 6.4.6. Exercise 6.13 296 6.4.7. Exercise 6.14 300 6.4.8. Exercise 6.15 300 Bibliography 307 Index 313

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Book SynopsisThe adoption of smartphones has had as a corollary the use of services that require streaming, such as video streaming, which is a constraint for the 4G mobile network. The integration of the network of Wi-Fi hotspots deployed by the operators adds capacity to the 4G mobile network.The use of Wi-Fi technology in carrier networks is the result of developments coordinated by the IEEE, WFA and WBA standardization bodies. For its part, the 3GPP standardization body has been working to integrate Wi-Fi technology into the 4G mobile network.The first part of this book presents the characteristics of the Wi-Fi radio interface. The different IEEE 802.11b / g / n / ac physical layers characterize the implementation in the 2.4 GHz ISM frequency bands and U- NII at 5 GHz. The MAC layer defines a number of media access procedures such as scanning, associating, or transferring data.The second part of this book deals with the architecture of the 4G network based on the Wi-Fi interface. This architecture defines several models corresponding, on the one hand, to Wi-Fi access controlled or not, On the other hand, to a handover controlled by the network or by the mobile. The integration of Wi-Fi technology resulted in a redefinition of attachment and session set-up procedures.Smartphones have the ability to activate simultaneously the two radio interfaces, LTE and Wi-Fi, which allows to direct certain services to one and / or the other of the interfaces. The ANDSF and HotSpot 2.0 functions provide the mobile with rules for network selection and traffic control to determine which traffic is to be routed to what type of interface.Table of ContentsList of Abbreviations xi Introduction xxiii Chapter 1 Architecture Based on Wi-Fi Access 1 1.1 Functional architecture 1 1.1.1 Architecture based on the S2a interface 1 1.1.2 Architecture based on the S2b interface 4 1.1.3 Architecture based on the S2c interface 7 1.2 Tunnel establishment 8 1.2.1 Architecture based on the S2a interface 8 1.2.2 Architecture based on the S2b interface 12 1.2.3 Architecture based on the S2c interface 13 1.3 DIAMETER protocol 14 1.3.1 AAA server interfaces 15 1.3.2 PCRF interfaces 20 Chapter 2 MAC Layer 23 2.1 Frame structure 23 2.1.1 Frame header 23 2.1.2 Structure of control frames 25 2.1.3 Structure of management frames 26 2.2 Procedures 30 2.2.1 Timers 30 2.2.2 Mobile registration 30 2.2.3 Data transfer 32 2.2.4 Clear channel assessment 34 2.2.5 Frame fragmentation 36 2.2.6 Standby management 36 2.3 Security 38 2.3.1 Security mechanism 38 2.3.2 Security policies 39 2.3.3 MAC header extension 39 2.4 Quality of service 46 2.4.1 EDCA mechanism 46 2.4.2 Impact on the MAC header 48 Chapter 3 802.11a/g Interfaces 49 3.1 802.11a interface 49 3.1.1 PLCP sub-layer 49 3.1.2 PMD sub-layer 51 3.2 802.11g interface 58 3.2.1 PLCP sub-layer 58 3.2.2 PMD sub-layer 61 Chapter 4 802.11n Interface 63 4.1 MAC layer evolution 63 4.1.1 Management frames 64 4.1.2 Structure of the MAC header 66 4.1.3 Frame aggregation 68 4.1.4 Control frames 70 4.2 PLCP sub-layer 72 4.3 PMD sub-layer 75 4.3.1 Transmission chain 75 4.3.2 Frequency plan 78 4.3.3 Frequency multiplexing 78 4.3.4 Space multiplexing 79 4.3.5 Modulation and coding scheme 81 Chapter 5 802.11ac Interface 85 5.1 MAC layer 85 5.1.1 Management frame evolution 85 5.1.2 Control frames 89 5.1.3 MAC header structure 90 5.2 PLCP sub-layer 92 5.3 PMD sub-layer 94 5.3.1 Transmission chain 94 5.3.2 Frequency plan 99 5.3.3 Frequency multiplexing 100 5.3.4 Spatial multiplexing 101 5.3.5 Modulation and coding scheme 102 Chapter 6 Mutual Authentication 105 6.1 802.1x mechanism 105 6.1.1 EAPOL protocol 107 6.1.2 EAP 109 6.1.3 RADIUS messages 111 6.1.4 Authentication procedure 112 6.2 Key management 114 6.2.1 Key hierarchy 114 6.2.2 Four-way handshake procedure 115 6.2.3 Group Key Handshake procedure 116 6.3 Application to the 4G mobile network 117 6.3.1 EAP-AKA method 117 6.3.2 Mutual authentication procedure 118 6.3.3 Procedure for rapid renewal of authentication 121 6.3.4 Application to the MIPv4 FA mechanism 122 Chapter 7 SWu Tunnel Establishment 125 7.1 IPSec mechanism 125 7.1.1 Header extensions 127 7.1.2 IKEv2 protocol 131 7.1.3 Procedure 137 7.2 Application to the 4G mobile network 142 7.2.1 SWu tunnel establishment procedure 142 7.2.2 Procedure for rapid renewal of authentication 145 Chapter 8 S2a/S2b Tunnel Establishment 147 8.1 PMIPv6 mechanism 147 8.1.1 Mobility extension 148 8.1.2 Procedures 149 8.1.3 Application to the 4G mobile network 151 8.2 GTPv2 mechanism 155 8.2.1 Trusted Wi-Fi access 156 8.2.2 Untrusted Wi-Fi access 158 8.3 MIPv4 FA mechanism 158 8.3.1 Components of mobility 158 8.3.2 Foreign agent discovery 159 8.3.3 Registration 160 8.3.4 Procedure 160 8.3.5 Application to the 4G mobile network 162 Chapter 9 S2c Tunnel Establishment 165 9.1 MIPv6 mechanism 165 9.1.1 IPv6 header extensions 166 9.1.2 ICMPv6 messages 169 9.1.3 Procedures 171 9.2 DSMIPv6 mechanism 177 9.3 Application to the 4G mobile network 178 9.3.1 Trusted Wi-Fi access 178 9.3.2 Untrusted Wi-Fi access 179 9.3.3 IFOM function 180 Chapter 10 Network Discovery and Selection 183 10.1 Mechanisms defined by 3GPP organization 183 10.1.1 ANDSF function 183 10.1.2 RAN assistance 191 10.2 Mechanisms defined by IEEE and WFA organizations 192 10.2.1 Information elements provided by the beacon 194 10.2.2 Information elements provided by the ANQP server 195 Chapter 11 Carrier Aggregation 201 11.1 Functional architecture 201 11.2 Protocol architecture 202 11.2.1 LWA 202 11.2.2 LWIP aggregation 205 11.2.3 LAA aggregation 207 11.3 Procedures 207 11.3.1 LWA 207 11.3.2 LWIP aggregation 211 11.3.3 LAA aggregation 212 11.4 PDCP 214 Chapter 12 MPTCP Aggregation 217 12.1 Functional architecture 217 12.2 TCP 218 12.2.1 TCP header 218 12.2.2 Opening and closing a connection 220 12.2.3 Data transfer 221 12.2.4 Slow Start and Congestion Avoidance mechanisms 221 12.2.5 Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery mechanisms 222 12.2.6 ECN mechanism 224 12.3 MPTCP 226 12.3.1 Establishment of MPTCP connection 227 12.3.2 Adding a TCP connection 227 12.3.3 Data transfer 229 12.3.4 Closing an MPTCP connection 231 12.3.5 Adding and removing an address 233 12.3.6 Return to the TCP connection 234 Bibliography 235 Index 239

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Book SynopsisThe high level of innovation currently transforming our society and its technological dynamics can be seen as a second wave of innovation of the third technological system, which emerged in the late 1970s. This book discusses the concept of technological systems, focusing on the tools used for formalizing the organization of technology in society and its dynamics of evolution. The author uses these tools to characterize the contemporary technological system and to model its specific dynamics. In doing so, he raises questions about the continuity of the current technological system, and its capacity to generate powerful innovatory movements.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1 How Can a Technological System be Understood and Analyzed? 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The construction of technology analysis models in systems 2 1.2.1 The ontological approach of the technological system, a vision of structure 2 1.2.2 Interdependence and technological coherence: the systemic principle of dynamics of technological systems 6 1.3 The representation of the movement: the technological lifecycle, the discontinuity of the technical movement 9 1.3.1 The technological lifecycle 9 1.3.2 The formalisms of the lifecycle: the S-curve 10 1.3.3 The conditional stability of the S-curve: interaction between the individual lifecycle and the global technology movement 11 1.4 Model for the internal restructuring of technology systems by means of the three components: technique–architecture–function 12 1.4.1 A formalization of the technical system components: the technique– architecture–function articulation 12 1.4.2 The dynamics of interaction by the function–architecture–principle relation 14 1.4.3 Technological systems, waves of innovation and technological revolutions 15 1.4.4 Dynamics of the technological system and social system 16 Chapter 2 The Historical Dynamics of Technological Systems: Putting the Contemporary Technological System into Historical Perspective 19 2.1 The great pre-industrial technological system 19 2.1.1. The industrial revolution of the 12th Century The medieval wave of a permanent innovation movement 20 2.1.2 The rebound in the “Renaissance” – is there a technological and innovative specificity of the Renaissance? 24 2.1.3 Stabilization and classical maturity 27 2.2 The English Industrial Revolution and the first industrial technological system 28 Chapter 3 The Contemporary Technological System Emerges from the Previous One or the Third Technological Revolution 31 3.1 The second industrial technological system 31 3.1.1 The new generic technologies at the origin of this second system 31 3.1.2 The formation of the second technological system 36 3.1.3 A technological system for one hundred years 39 3.2 The electromechanical technological system crisis 41 3.2.1 The saturation of generic technologies and its direct manifestations 42 3.2.2 Some of the indirect and global manifestations of the technological system crisis 48 3.2.3 The technological system and organization crisis 55 Chapter 4 Formation of the Third Technological System and First Wave of the New Technological System 63 4.1 Emergence of new generic technologies 64 4.1.1 From computing to information technologies 64 4.1.2 The hyper choice of materials 73 4.1.3 Biotechnologies 76 4.1.4 Energy: originality in diversity 81 4.2 The structuring of the new technological system 83 4.2.1 The formation of the technological network 84 4.3 Societal and epistemological transformation 88 4.3.1 A technical and economic transformation 88 4.3.2 A scientific and epistemological transformation 91 Chapter 5 The Second Wave of the Third Technological System 95 5.1 Maturation and bifurcation of generic technologies generating a second technological wave 96 5.1.1 Continuation of the development of information technology 96 5.1.2 The second age of materials 97 5.1.3 Development of photonics 98 5.1.4 The rise of biology 99 5.1.5 Deepening energy diversification 101 5.1.6 A new dimension of generic technologies: nanometric properties 104 5.2 Applications re-composition and development 105 5.2.1 A movement driven by technology convergence: the five re-composition forces of the technological system 105 5.2.2 New applications through convergence 108 5.3 The wave of new technical systems, new objects and new functionality 113 5.3.1 The system of networks and connections 114 5.3.2 Virtual reality 116 5.3.3 Smart objects 118 5.3.4 A new world of production 121 5.3.5 Bio- and nanotechnology systems 122 5.3.6 Versatile incremental innovation 123 5.4 Environmental pressure, a source of change in the trajectory of innovation 124 5.4.1 Capture, storage and re-use of CO2 128 Chapter 6 The Second Wave of the Technology System Transforms and Reorganizes Economy and Social Systems 131 6.1 New markets, new industries, new business models 132 6.1.1 New products, re-composition of products and functions, new markets 132 6.1.2 A sectorial re-composition of economies 134 6.1.3 New consumption patterns, new marketing methods 135 6.1.4 New business models 136 6.1.5 New form of competition, new concentration 136 6.2 Disruption of the production system 137 6.2.1 The evolution of productivity 137 6.2.2 Productivity and employment 138 6.2.3 A polarization of the distribution of income 139 6.2.4 A globalized technological system, a possible bifurcation 140 6.3 New modes of economy 141 6.3.1 Growth paradoxes 141 6.3.2 The issue of value, the GDP crisis, the renewal of the accountability of the economy 142 6.4 Interaction with social dynamics 143 6.4.1 Upheaval of the organization and in work relationships 143 6.4.2 Renewal and reorganization of R&D 144 6.4.3 The educational model crisis and new ways of training 146 6.4.4 Governance crisis and search for new rules 147 Conclusion 151 Bibliography 157 Index 169

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Book SynopsisThe intelligence of a city is the capacity to learn: to learn the past, its history and the culture of its territory. Unlike the smart city, we do not build a city from scratch and there is nothing, there is no smart city standard car intelligence is measured this ability to fit into a territorial dynamic, a story and a culture. Continuous learning through instantaneous feedback provides the digital to understand and map the urban system and driver.Table of ContentsForeword ix Introduction xv Chapter 1. What Do We Mean by “Smart City” and Where Does This Idea Come From? 1 1.1. Not-so-smart smart cities! 3 1.2. The smoke and mirrors of smart cities 6 1.3. Other mirrors for other smoke: cities of the creative classes 12 1.4. So what is a “smart city”? 17 Chapter 2. The Challenges of Urban Development in the Context of the Third Industrial Revolution 21 2.1. The demographic and economic challenges: toward a change in economic model 21 2.2. Geopolitical challenges: the polar shift in development in favor of the south-west and the different strategies among industrialized and emerging countries 26 2.3. Energy transfer: the fossil fuel curse is not about to disappear.33 2.4. The six breakthroughs in urban development based on smart cities 37 Chapter 3. What Makes a City Smart? 43 3.1. Lessons from medieval cities 44 3.1.1. Architect-less cities? 45 3.1.2. How do cities become unintelligent? 49 3.2.A city is a system of life 52 3.3.Smart territory 54 3.3.1.Territory: an immaterial asset 54 3.3.2.The territory secretes innovation (and not the other way around) 58 3.3.3.The territorial dynamic in action 60 3.4.Are metropolises smart territories? 63 3.5.A city is not a collection of smarties 65 3.5.1.A city is a living system 65 3.5.2 which we understand today through new approaches 66 3.5.3 at the heart of which the sciences of complexity 67 3.5.4.help conjugate internal semi-stability and external instability 68 3.6.The dangers of a technocentric approach 70 Chapter 4. New Sciences of Cities 73 4.1.The more or less sympathetic myths of the ideal city 75 4.2.A city is an imbalanced system 79 4.2.1.Definition of an urban ecosystem 80 4.2.2.A city is a system in incomplete equilibrium 82 4.2.3.What is a city’s optimal size? 85 4.2.4.Size and inequalities are correlated 86 4.3.Smart city: an autopoietic system 89 4.4.A city must be designed as a “system of systems” 95 4.4.1.Modeling 99 4.4.2.Emergence 103 4.4.3.Evolution inside: the urban lifecycle management 105 4.4.4.System architecture as a frame of representation 107 4.4.5.The design method 109 4.4.6.Integration process: more efficiency for less 114 4.4.7.Integrating heterogeneous systems 118 Chapter 5. Smart City in Action 125 5.1.Two cities that should not exist: Norilsk and Singapore 125 5.1.1.Norilsk, the most polluted and polluting city in the world 125 5.1.2.Singapore, the smart nation 127 5.2.Pilot projects 133 5.2.1.The African city 134 5.2.2.The emergence of a territorial project through meaning: the case of Rhamna, in Morocco 136 5.2.3.Casablanca as a prototype for remedying to the tentacular growth of cities 141 5.2.4.Angola, Namibia: eco-design of a drinking water supply 146 5.2.5.Urban problem and economic transition: the Russian case of monotowns 153 5.3.The worksites of the smart city 159 5.3.1.The power of data 159 5.3.2.How much do smart cities cost? 171 5.3.3.The government of a smart city 179 5.3.4.What are the tasks and what is the form of a smart government for a smart city? 180 Conclusion 187 References 191 Index 203

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Book SynopsisThe emergence of a true systemic science - the systemic one - capable of rigorously addressing the many problems posed by the design and management of the evolution of modern complex systems is therefore urgently needed if wants to be able to provide satisfactory answers to the many profoundly systemic challenges that humanity will have to face at the dawn of the third millennium. This emergence is of course not easy because one can easily understand that the development of the systemic is mechanically confronted with all the classical disciplines which can all pretend to bring part of the explanations necessary to the understanding of a system and which do not naturally see a good eye a new discipline claim to encompass them in a holistic approach ... The book of Jacques Printz is therefore an extremely important contribution to this new emerging scientific and technical discipline: it is indeed first of all one of the very few "serious" works published in French and offering a good introduction to the systemic. It gives an extremely broad vision of this field, taking a thread given by the architecture of systems, in other words by the part of the systemic that is interested in the structure of systems and their design processes, which allows everyone to fully understand the issues and issues of the systemic. We can only encourage the reader to draw all the quintessence of the masterful work of Jacques Printz which mixes historical reminders explaining how the systemic emerged, introduction to key concepts of the systemic and practical examples to understand the nature and the scope of the ideas introduced.Table of ContentsForeword ix Preface xiii Part 1. The Foundations of Systemics 1 Introduction to Part 1 3 Chapter 1. The Legacy of Norbert Wiener and the Birth of Cybernetics 5 1.1. The birth of systemics: the facts 6 1.1.1. The idea of integration 8 1.1.2. Implementation and the first applications 14 1.2. Modeling for understanding: the computer science singularity 21 1.3. Engineering in the 21st Century 24 1.4. Education: systemics at MIT 29 Chapter 2. At the Origins of System Sciences: Communication and Control 33 2.1. A little systemic epistemology 33 2.2. Systems sciences: elements of systemic phenomenology 38 2.2.1. Control/regulation 42 2.2.2. Communication/information 45 2.3. The means of existence of technical objects 51 Chapter 3. The Definitions of Systemics: Integration and Interoperability of Systems 55 3.1. A few common definitions 55 3.2. Elements of the system 59 3.3. Interactions between the elements of the system 62 3.4. Organization of the system: layered architectures 65 3.4.1. Classification trees 65 3.4.2. Meaning and notation: properties of classification trees 74 Chapter 4. The System and its Invariants 83 4.1. Models 83 4.2. Laws of conservation 89 4.2.1. Invariance 96 4.2.2. System safety: risks 106 Chapter 5. Generations of Systems and the System in the System 113 5.1. System as a language 116 5.2. The company as an integrated system 119 5.2.1. The computer, driving force behind the information system 120 5.2.2. Digital companies 126 Part 2. A World of Systems of Systems 129 Introduction to Part 2 131 Chapter 6. The Problem of Control 133 6.1. An open world: the transition from analog to all-digital 133 6.2. The world of real time systems 142 6.3. Enterprise architectures: the digital firm 145 6.4. Systems of systems 147 Chapter 7. Dynamics of Processes 151 7.1. Processes 153 7.2. Description of processes 158 7.2.1. Generalizing to simplify 165 7.2.2. Constructing and construction pathways 166 7.2.3. Evolution of processes 168 7.2.4. Antagonistic processes: forms of invariants 170 7.3. Degenerative processes: faults, errors and “noise” 173 7.4. Composition of processes 176 7.4.1. Antagonistic interactions 178 7.5. Energetics of processes and systems 181 Chapter 8. Interoperability 191 8.1. Means of systemic growth 195 8.2. Dynamics of the growth of systems 197 8.2.1. The nature of interactions between systems 200 8.2.2. Pre-eminence of the interaction 204 8.3. Limits of the growth of systems 207 8.3.1. Limits and limitations regarding energy 211 8.3.2. Information energy 214 8.3.3. Limitations of external origin: PESTEL factors 216 8.4. Growth by cooperation 221 8.4.1. The individuation stage 223 8.4.2. The cooperation/integration stage 226 8.4.3. The opening stage 233 Chapter 9. Fundamental Properties of Systems of Systems 235 9.1. Semantic invariance: notion of a semantic map 235 9.2. Recursive organization of the semantic 239 9.3. Laws of interoperability: control of errors 240 9.3.1. Models and metamodels of exchanges 241 9.3.2. Organization “in layers” of the models and systems 243 9.3.3. Energy performance of the interaction between systems 245 9.3.4. Systemic approach to system safety 247 9.4. Genealogy of systems 252 Conclusion 257 List of Acronyms 269 References 275 Index 277

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Book SynopsisThis book, presented in three volumes, examines �environmental� disciplines in relation to major players in contemporary science: Big Data, artificial intelligence and cloud computing. Today, there is a real sense of urgency regarding the evolution of computer technology, the ever-increasing volume of data, threats to our climate and the sustainable development of our planet. As such, we need to reduce technology just as much as we need to bridge the global socio-economic gap between the North and South; between universal free access to data (open data) and free software (open source). In this book, we pay particular attention to certain environmental subjects, in order to enrich our understanding of cloud computing. These subjects are: erosion; urban air pollution and atmospheric pollution in Southeast Asia; melting permafrost (causing the accelerated release of soil organic carbon in the atmosphere); alert systems of environmental hazards (such as forest fires, prospective modeling of socio-spatial practices and land use); and web fountains of geographical data. Finally, this book asks the question: in order to find a pattern in the data, how do we move from a traditional computing model-based world to pure mathematical research? After thorough examination of this topic, we conclude that this goal is both transdisciplinary and achievable.Table of ContentsPreface xi Part 1. Earth Science Remote Sensing xvii Introduction to Part 1 xixDominique LAFFLY Chapter 1. A Brief History of Remote Sensing 1Dominique LAFFLY 1.1. History 1 1.2. Fields of application 8 1.3. Orbits, launchers and platforms 10 1.4. The acquired data are digital images 12 1.5. So what is remote sensing? Some definitions 14 1.6. Notes 19 1.7. References 21 Chapter 2. Physics of RS 23Luca TOMASSETTI 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. Remote sensing 23 2.3. Fundamental properties of electromagnetic waves 29 2.3.1. Wave equation and solution 29 2.3.2. Quantum properties of electromagnetic radiation 30 2.3.3. Polarization, coherence, group and phase velocity, the Doppler effect 31 2.4. Radiation quantities 31 2.4.1. Spectral quantities 33 2.4.2. Luminous quantities 34 2.5. Generation of electromagnetic waves 34 2.6. Detection of electromagnetic waves 37 2.7. Interaction of electromagnetic waves with matter 38 2.7.1. Overview 38 2.7.2. Interaction mechanisms 39 2.8. Solid surfaces sensing in the visible and near infrared 41 2.8.1. Wave-surface interaction mechanisms 43 2.9. Radiometric and geometric resolutions 45 2.10. References 46 Chapter 3. Image Quality 47Dominique LAFFLY 3.1. Introduction 47 3.2. Image quality – geometry 54 3.2.1. Whiskbroom concept 57 3.2.2. Pushbroom concept 60 3.2.3. Full frame concept 62 3.2.4. Optical geometric distortions 64 3.2.5. Relief distortions 66 3.2.6. Inverse location model 67 3.2.7. Direct location model 69 3.2.8. Root Mean Square (RMS) validation 72 3.2.9. Resampling methods 73 3.2.10. Image geometric quality to assume geographical space continuity 75 3.3. Image quality – radiometry 76 3.3.1. Radiometric model of the instrument 78 3.3.2. Radiometric equalization and calibration 79 3.3.3. Radiometric signal noise reduction (SNR) 81 3.3.4. Radiometric physical value 82 3.3.5. Image quality – resolution 84 3.4. Conclusion 91 3.5. Notes 91 3.6. References 91 Chapter 4. Remote Sensing Products 95Van Ha PHAM, Viet Hung LUU, Anh PHAN, Dominique LAFFLY, Quang Hung BUI and Thi Nhat Thanh NGUYEN 4.1. Atmospheric observation 95 4.1.1. Introduction to common atmospheric gases and particles 95 4.1.2. Introduction to meteorological parameters 103 4.1.3. Atmospheric observation from satellite 107 4.2. Land observation 128 4.2.1. Introduction 128 4.2.2. Land cover/land use classification system 129 4.2.3. Legend 134 4.2.4. Data 134 4.2.5. Methodology 137 4.2.6. Global land cover datasets 154 4.3. Conclusion 158 4.4. References 158 Chapter 5. Image Processing in Spark 163Yannick LE NIR, Florent DEVIN, Thomas BALDAQUIN, Pierre MESLER LAZENNEC, Ji Young JUNG, Se-Eun KIM, Hyeyoung KWOON, Lennart NILSEN, Yoo Kyung LEE and Dominique LAFFLY 5.1. Introduction 163 5.2. Prediction map generation 164 5.2.1. Spark 164 5.2.2. Implementation 165 5.2.3. Naive method 167 5.2.4. Advanced method 168 5.3. Conclusion 171 Chapter 6. Satellite Image Processing using Spark on the HUPI Platform 173Vincent MORENO and Minh Tu NGUYEN 6.1. Introduction 173 6.2. Presentation of GeoTrellis 174 6.3. Using GeoTrellis in Hupi-Notebook 174 6.3.1. Some core concepts of GeoTrellis 177 6.3.2. Computation of NDVI 177 6.3.3. Compare two NDVI 178 6.3.4. Descriptive statistics of NDVI per Tile 178 6.3.5. K-means 179 6.4. Workflows in HDFS: automatize image processing 181 6.4.1. Create a jar 181 6.4.2. Monitor the Spark jobs 182 6.4.3. Tune performance of the Spark job 183 6.4.4. Create a workflow in Hupi-Studio 184 6.5. Visualizations in Hupi-Front 186 6.6. Cloud service 188 6.7. Development 189 Chapter 7. Remote Sensing Case Studies 191Van Ha PHAM, Thi Nhat Thanh NGUYEN and Dominique LAFFLY 7.1. Satellite AOD validation using R 191 7.1.1. Introduction 191 7.1.2. Datasets 192 7.1.3. Validation methodology 195 7.1.4. Experiments and results 198 7.1.5. Conclusion 204 7.2. Georeferencing satellite images 204 7.2.1. Introduction 204 7.2.2. Georeferencing methods 205 7.2.3. Datasets and methodology 207 7.2.4. Results and discussion 210 7.3. Conclusion 216 7.4. Appendix: R source code of validation process 217 7.5. References 222 Conclusion to Part 1 225Dominique LAFFLY Part 2. GIS Application and Geospatial Data Infrastructure 227 Chapter 8. Overview of GIS Application 229Quang Huy MAN 8.1. Introduction 229 8.2. Enterprise GIS for environmental management 230 8.3. GIS and decision-making in planning and management 232 8.3.1. Data quality and control 233 8.3.2. Decision support systems (DSS) 233 8.3.3. Integrating GIS with the DSS 234 8.4. GIS for water-quality management 235 8.5. GIS for land-use planning 236 8.6. Application of the technology in LUP and management 240 8.6.1. Computers and software programs applied to LUP and management 241 8.6.2. Application of GIS analysis and MCE in land-use planning and management 242 8.7. References 243 Chapter 9. Spatial Data Infrastructure 247Quang Hung BUI, Quang Thang LUU, Duc Van HA, Tuan Dung PHAM, Sanya PRASEUTH and Dominique LAFFLY 9.1. Introduction 247 9.2. Spatial data infrastructure 247 9.3. Components of spatial data infrastructure 249 9.4. Open standards for spatial data infrastructure 251 9.4.1. Open geospatial consortium (OGC) 251 9.4.2. OGC’s open standards 252 9.4.3. Usage of OGC’s open standards in SDI 255 9.5. Server architecture models for the National Spatial Data Infrastructure and Geospatial One-Stop (GOS) portal 256 9.5.1. GOS portal architecture 256 9.5.2. Standards for GOS portal architecture 257 9.5.3. Taxonomy of geospatial server architecture 257 9.5.4. Three reference architectures for server architecture model 258 9.6. References 260 List of Authors 263 Index 265 Summaries of other volumes 267

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Book SynopsisMethods of diagnosis and prognosis play a key role in the reliability and safety of industrial systems. Failure diagnosis requires the use of suitable sensors, which provide signals that are processed to monitor features (health indicators) for defects. These features are required to distinguish between operating states, in order to inform the operator of the severity level, or even the type, of a failure. Prognosis is defined as the estimation of a system�s lifespan, including how long remains and how long has passed. It also encompasses the prediction of impending failures. This is a challenge that many researchers are currently trying to address. Electrical Systems, a book in two volumes, informs readers of the theoretical solutions to this problem, and the results obtained in several laboratories in France, Spain and further afield. To this end, many researchers from the scientific community have contributed to this book to share their research results.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1. Diagnosis of Electrical Machines by External Field Measurement 1Remus PUSCA, Eric LEFEVRE, David MERCIER, Raphael ROMARY and Miftah IRHOUMAH 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Extracting indicators from the external magnetic field 3 1.2.1. External field classification 3 1.2.2. Attenuation of the transverse field 5 1.2.3. Measurement of the transverse field 6 1.2.4. Modeling a healthy machine 8 1.2.5. Modeling a faulty machine 10 1.2.6. Effect of the load 13 1.3. Information fusion to detect the inter-turn short-circuit faults 16 1.3.1. Belief function theory: basic concepts 17 1.3.2. Fault detection with the fusion method 19 1.3.3. Calculation example 21 1.4. Application 25 1.4.1. Presentation of rotating electrical machines 25 1.4.2. Presentation of experimental results 28 1.5. Conclusion 33 1.6. References 33 Chapter 2. Signal Processing Techniques for Transient Fault Diagnosis 37José Alfonso Antonino DAVIU and Roque Alfredo Osornio RIOS 2.1. Introduction 37 2.2. Fault detection via motor current analysis 41 2.2.1. Classical tools (MCSA) 41 2.2.2. New techniques based on transient analysis (ATCSA) 45 2.3. Signal processing tools for transient analysis 47 2.3.1. Example of a discrete tool: the DWT 48 2.3.2. Example of a continuous tool: the HHT 54 2.4. Application of transient-based tools for electric motor fault detection 67 2.4.1. Application of the DWT for the detection of rotor damage 68 2.4.2. Application of the HHT for the detection of rotor damage 70 2.5. Conclusions 71 2.6. References 72 Chapter 3. Accurate Stator Fault Detection in an Induction Motor Using the Symmetrical Current Components 77Monia BOUZID and Gérard CHAMPENOIS 3.1. Introduction 77 3.2. Study of the SCCs behavior in an IM under different stator faults 79 3.2.1. Simulation study 79 3.2.2. Analytical study of the SCCs in an IM under different stator faults 86 3.3. Extracting stator fault indicators from an IM 97 3.4. Automatic and accurate detection and diagnosis of stator faults 98 3.4.1. Description of the monitoring system of the IM operating state 98 3.4.2. Improving the accuracy of incipient stator fault detection 99 3.4.3. Automatic incipient stator fault diagnosis in an IM 114 3.5. Conclusion 118 3.6. References 119 Chapter 4. Bearing Fault Diagnosis in Rotating Machines 123Claude DELPHA, Demba DIALLO, Jinane HARMOUCHE, Mohamed BENBOUZID, Yassine AMIRAT and Elhoussin ELBOUCHIKHI 4.1. Introduction 124 4.1.1. Bearing fault detection and diagnosis overview 124 4.1.2. Problem statement and proposal 128 4.2. Method description 130 4.2.1. The global spectral analysis description 130 4.2.2. Discrimination of faults in the bearing balls using LDA 133 4.3. Experimental data 135 4.3.1. Experimental test bed description 135 4.3.2. Time-domain detection 137 4.4. Global spectra bearing diagnosis 139 4.4.1. Data preprocessing 139 4.4.2. Global spectra results with PCA 141 4.4.3. Global spectra results with LDA 143 4.5. Conclusion 146 4.6. References 147 Chapter 5. Diagnosis and Prognosis of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 153Zhongliang LI, Zhixue ZHENG and Fei GAO 5.1. Introduction 153 5.2. PEMFC functioning principle and development status 154 5.2.1. From a PEMFC to a PEMFC system 154 5.2.2. Current status of the PEMFC technology 156 5.3. Faults and degradation of PEMFCs 157 5.3.1. Degradation related to the aging effects 157 5.3.2. Degradation related to system operations 158 5.3.3. Variables used for PEMFC degradation evaluation 161 5.4. PEMFC diagnostic methods 165 5.4.1. Model-based diagnostic methods 165 5.4.2. Data-driven diagnostic methods 168 5.4.3. Case study 171 5.5. Prognosis of PEMFCs 180 5.5.1. Health index and EoL 181 5.5.2. Model-based prognostic methods 182 5.5.3. Data-driven and hybrid prognostic methods 184 5.5.4. Case study 186 5.6. Remaining challenges 193 5.7. References 194 List of Authors 199 Index 201 Summary of Volume 1 203

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Book SynopsisFrom queues to telecoms. Queues are, of course, omnipresent in our world, at the bank, the supermarket, the shops, on the road... and yes, they also exist in the domain of telecoms. Queues Applied to Telecoms studies the theoretical aspect of these queues, from Poisson processes, Markov chains and queueing systems to queueing networks. The study of the use of their resources is addressed by the theory of teletraffic. This book also outlines the basic ideas in the theory of teletraffic, presenting the teletraffic of loss systems and waiting systems. However, some applications and explanations are more oriented towards the field of telecommunications, and this book contains lectures and more than sixty corrected exercises to cover these topics. On your marks....Table of ContentsNotations xi Preface xxi Part 1 Typical Processes in Queues 1 Chapter 1 The Poisson Process 3 1.1 Review of the exponential distribution 3 1.1.1 Definitions 3 1.1.2 The properties of an exponential distribution 4 1.2 Poisson process 10 1.2.1 Definitions 10 1.2.2 Properties of the Poisson process 12 1.3 Exercises 16 Chapter 2 Markov Chains 21 2.1 Markov chains in discrete time 21 2.1.1 Definitions 21 2.1.2 Evolution of a stochastic vector over time 26 2.1.3 Asymptotic behavior 30 2.1.4 Holding time in a state 32 2.1.5 Time-reversible chain 33 2.1.6 Reversible Markov chains 34 2.1.7 Kolmogorov’s criterion 34 2.2 Markov chains in continuous time 35 2.2.1 Definitions 35 2.2.2 Evolution over time 38 2.2.3 Resolving the state equation 41 2.2.4 Asymptotic behavior 42 2.3 Birth and death process 43 2.3.1 Definition 43 2.3.2 Infinitesimal stochastic generator 43 2.3.3 Stationary distribution 44 2.4 Exercises 45 Part 2 Queues 51 Chapter 3 Common Queues 53 3.1 Arrival process of customers in a queue 53 3.1.1 The Poisson process 53 3.1.2 Using the Poisson distribution Rho(lambda) 54 3.1.3 Exponential distribution of delay times 55 3.2 Queueing systems 57 3.2.1 Notation for queueing systems 58 3.2.2 Little distributions 59 3.2.3 Offered traffic 60 3.3 M/M/1 queue 60 3.3.1 Stationary distribution 61 3.3.2 Characteristics of the M/M/1 queue 62 3.3.3 Introducing a factor of impatience 64 3.4 M/M/(Infinity) queue 65 3.5 M/M/n/n queue 66 3.5.1 Stationary distribution 67 3.5.2 Erlang-B formula 67 3.5.3 Characteristics of the M/M/n/n queue 68 3.6 M/M/n queue 68 3.6.1 Stationary distribution 69 3.6.2 Erlang-C formula 70 3.6.3 Characteristics of the M/M/n queue 70 3.7 M/GI/1 queue 71 3.7.1 Stationary distribution 71 3.7.2 Characteristics of the M/GI/1 queue 73 3.8 Exercises 74 Chapter 4 Product-Form Queueing Networks 79 4.1 Jackson networks 80 4.1.1 Definition of a Jackson network 80 4.1.2 Stationary distribution 81 4.1.3 The particular case of the Jackson theorem for open networks 84 4.1.4 Generalization of Jackson networks: BCMP networks 84 4.2 Whittle networks 85 4.2.1 Definition of a Whittle network 85 4.2.2 Stationary distribution 88 4.2.3 Properties of a Whittle network 88 4.3 Exercise 89 Part 3 Teletraffic 91 Chapter 5 Notion of Teletraffic 93 5.1 Teletraffic and its objectives 93 5.2 Definitions 94 5.2.1 Measures in teletraffic 94 5.2.2 Sources and resources 95 5.2.3 Requests and holding time 96 5.2.4 Traffic 97 5.3 Measuring and foreseeing traffic 101 5.3.1 Traffic and service quality 101 5.3.2 Measuring traffic 102 5.3.3 Markovian model of traffic 102 5.3.4 Economy and traffic forecasting 103 5.4 Exercises 103 Chapter 6 Resource Requests and Activity 107 6.1 Infinite number of sources 107 6.1.1 Distribution of requests in continuous time 107 6.1.2 Distribution of requests in discrete time 110 6.1.3 Duration of activity distributions 113 6.1.4 Distribution of busy sources 115 6.2 Finite number of sources 115 6.2.1 Modeling with birth and death processes 116 6.2.2 Distribution of requests 117 6.3 Traffic peaks and randomness 118 6.3.1 Traffic peaks 118 6.3.2 Pure chance traffic 119 6.4 Recapitulation 119 6.5 Exercises 120 Chapter 7 The Teletraffic of Loss Systems 123 7.1 Loss systems 124 7.1.1 Definitions 124 7.1.2 Blocking and loss 124 7.2 The Erlang model 126 7.2.1 Infinite number of resources 127 7.2.2 Finite number of resources 128 7.2.3 Erlang-B formula 131 7.2.4 Dimensioning principles 132 7.3 Engset model 133 7.3.1 Sufficient number of resources 133 7.3.2 Insufficient number of resources 135 7.3.3 On the Engset loss formula 137 7.4 Imperfect loss systems 137 7.4.1 Loss probability in an imperfect system with limited and constant accessibility 137 7.4.2 Losses in a system with limited and variable accessibility 138 7.5 Exercises 138 Chapter 8 Teletraffic in Delay Systems 143 8.1 Delay system 143 8.1.1 Description 143 8.1.2 Characteristics of delay 144 8.2 Erlang model 145 8.2.1 Infinitely long queue 145 8.2.2 Erlang-C formula 146 8.2.3 Distribution of delays 147 8.3 Finite waiting capacity model 150 8.3.1 Queues of finite length 150 8.3.2 Limitations affecting the delay 151 8.4 Palm model 151 8.4.1 M/M/n/N/N queue 152 8.4.2 Characteristics of traffic 153 8.5 General distribution model for activity 153 8.5.1 The Pollaczek--Khinchine formula 153 8.5.2 Activity with a constant duration 154 8.6 Exercises 155 Part 4 Answers to Exercises 161 Chapter 9 Chapter 1 Exercises 163 Chapter 10 Chapter 2 Exercises 171 Chapter 11 Chapter 3 Exercises 185 Chapter 12 Chapter 4 Exercise 197 Chapter 13 Chapter 5 Exercises 201 Chapter 14 Chapter 6 Exercises 205 Chapter 15 Chapter 7 Exercises 207 Chapter 16 Chapter 8 Exercises 211 Part 5 Appendices 219 Appendix 1 221 Appendix 2 227 References 233 Index 235

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Book SynopsisThis major reference work provides a thorough and up-to-date survey and analysis of recent developments in the economics of telecommunications. The Handbook serves both as a source of reference and technical supplement for the field of telecommunications economics. Volume I reviews the traditional literature to bring readers up-to-date on the current treatment of telecommunications economics. The coverage includes: demand, supply, costs, market structure, regulation, interconnection and universal service. Volume II is concerned with future developments that will arise in the digital era. The coverage includes: internet, electronic commerce, mobile voice and data transmission, point-to-point and multi-point communication, regulation, satellite services and universal service in the information age. Volume III examines the structure within which modern communications companies operate and evolve, and how corporations must account for multiple objectives associated with both national economic and social policy. The volume draws useful lessons from the recent corporate experience of major international telecommunications companies. The contributors explore the interaction of diversity in national approaches with the continuing need for international cooperation and coordination, which continues to be an important area of debate.The Handbooks are written at a level intended for professional use by economists, advanced undergraduate and graduate students, and will also prove useful to policy analysts, engineers and managers within the industry.Table of ContentsContents: Preface 1. On the Subadditivity of Cost Functions 2. Cost Function Issues and Estimation 3. Telecommunications Productivity 4. Competition in Local and Long-distance Telecommunications 5. Telecommunications Demand 6. Retail Telecommunications Pricing in the Presence of External Effects 7. Vertical Integration in Telecommunications 8. Global Competition in Telecommunications 9. US Settlement Reform: An Historical Review 10. Telecommunications Infrastructure and Economic Development 11. Universal Service Index

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Book SynopsisThis major reference work provides a thorough and up-to-date survey and analysis of recent developments in the economics of telecommunications. The Handbooks serve both as a source of reference and technical supplement for the field of telecommunications economics. Volume I reviews the traditional literature to bring readers up to date on the current treatment of telecommunications economics. The coverage includes: demand, supply, costs, market structure, regulation, interconnection and universal service. Volume II is concerned with future developments that will arise in the digital era. The coverage includes: internet, electronic commerce, mobile voice and data transmission, point-to-point and multi-point communication, regulation, satellite services and universal service in the information age. Volume III examines the structure within which modern communications companies operate and evolve, and how corporations must account for multiple objectives associated with both national economic and social policy. The volume draws useful lessons from the recent corporate experience of major international telecommunications companies. The contributors explore the interaction of diversity in national approaches with the continuing need for international cooperation and coordination, which continues to be an important area of debate.The Handbooks are written at a level intended for professional use by economists, advanced undergraduate and graduate students, and will also prove useful to policy analysts, engineers and managers within the industry.Trade Review'The scope of this Handbook is simply awesome. Every technology (wireline, wireless, satellite, cable . . .), every service (internet, e-commerce, telephony, video . . .), every regulation (FCC, universal service, international settlements . . .), and both management and economic issues (development, pricing, demand, costs, innovation . . .), all written by the leading lights in this field. Every telecommunications scholar and executive should keep a copy within easy reach; it is indispensable.' -- Gerald Faulhaber, University of Pennsylvania, USTable of ContentsContents: Preface 1. Innovation in Advanced Telecommunications Networks 2. Economics of the Internet 3. Residential Demand for Access to the Internet 4. Electronic Commerce and Industrial Organization 5. The Economics of Online Retail Markets 6. Regulation for Internet-Mediated Communication and Commerce 7. Product Bundling and Wholesale Pricing 8. Mobile Telecommunications and Regulatory Frameworks 9. Satellite Communications Services 10. Regulated Costs and Prices in Telecommunications 11. Universal Service in the Information Age Index

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Book SynopsisThis major reference work provides a thorough and up-to-date survey and analysis of recent developments in the economics of telecommunications. The Handbooks serve both as a source of reference and technical supplement for the field of telecommunications economics.Volume III examines the structure within which modern communications companies operate and evolve, and how corporations must account for multiple objectives associated with both national economic and social policy. The volume draws useful lessons from the recent corporate experience of major international telecommunications companies. The contributors explore the interaction of diversity in national approaches with the ongoing need for international cooperation and coordination, which continues to be an important area of debate.The Handbooks are written at a level intended for professional use by economists, advanced undergraduate and graduate students, and will also prove useful to policy analysts, engineers and managers within the industry.Table of ContentsContents: Preface Part I: From Telecommunications Reform to Information Social Policy Part II: Corporate Experience and Visions Part III: International Cooperation and Coordination Part IV: Regional Developments Index

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the multiple technical aspects of the distribution of synchronization in new generation telecommunication networks, focusing in particular on synchronous Ethernet and IEEE1588 technologies. Many packet network engineers struggle with understanding the challenges that precise synchronization distribution can impose on networks. The usual “why”, “when” and particularly “how” can cause problems for many engineers. In parallel to this, some other markets have identical synchronization requirements, but with their own design requirements, generating further questions. This book attempts to respond to the different questions by providing background technical information. Invaluable information on state of-the-art packet network synchronization and timing architectures is provided, as well as an unbiased view on the synchronization technologies that have been internationally standardized over recent years, with the aim of providing the average reader (who is not skilled in the art) with a better understanding of this topic. The book focuses specifically on synchronous Ethernet and IEEE 1588 PTP-based technologies, both key developments in the world of synchronization over the last 10 years. The authors address the needs of engineers and technical managers who are struggling with the subject of synchronization and provide an engineering reference for those that need to consider synchronization in NGN. The market applications that are driving the development of packet network synchronization and timing architectures are also discussed. This book provides a wide audience with everything they need to know when researching, implementing, buying and deploying packet synchronization architectures in telecommunication networks.Table of ContentsForeword xi Abbreviations and Acronyms xv Acknowledgments xxvii Introduction xxxiii Chapter 1. Network Evolutions, Applications and Their Synchronization Requirements 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Evolution from plesiochronous digital hierarchy to optical transport networks 3 1.2.1. Plesiochronous digital hierarchy and public switch telephone networks 3 1.2.2. Evolution toward SDH and synchronous optical network 7 1.2.3. Introduction of optical transport network in transport networks 11 1.3. Migration and evolution in the next-generation networks: from time division multiplexing to packet networks 12 1.3.1. Circuit emulation synchronization requirements 14 1.4. Mobile networks and mobile backhaul 17 1.4.1. Synchronization requirements in mobile networks 22 1.5. Synchronization requirements in other applications 27 1.6. The need to define new synchronization technologies 28 1.7. Bibliography 30 Chapter 2. Synchronization Technologies 33 2.1. Fundamental aspects related to network synchronization 33 2.2. Timing transport via the physical layer 42 2.2.1. Synchronous Ethernet 42 2.3. Packet timing 47 2.3.1. Packet timing using traffic data 47 2.3.2. Packet-based methods 52 2.4. IEEE 1588 and its Precision Time Protocol 55 2.4.1. Some essentials of IEEE 1588 56 2.4.2. IEEE 1588-2002: origin and limitations 64 2.4.3. IEEE 1588-2008 and PTPv2 68 2.5. The concept of “profiles” 75 2.5.1. Frequency profile 77 2.5.2. Phase and time profile (ITU-T G.8275.1) 81 2.6. Other packet-based protocols 82 2.6.1. Packet-based timing: starting with CES 82 2.6.2. Dedicated timing TDM PW 86 2.6.3. NTP 87 2.6.4. Summary and comparison 91 2.7. GNSS and other radio clock sources 94 2.7.1. Global and regional space-based timing system 94 2.7.2. Regional terrestrial systems 102 2.7.3. Comparison 104 2.8. Summary 105 2.9. Bibliography 107 Chapter 3. Synchronization Network Architectures in Packet Networks 111 3.1. The network synchronization layer 111 3.1.1. Network layers and abstraction 111 3.1.2. The synchronization layer 116 3.2. Functional modeling 117 3.3. Frequency synchronization topologies and redundancy schemes using SyncE 119 3.3.1. Introduction 119 3.3.2. Network topologies 120 3.3.3. Redundancy and source traceability 121 3.3.4. Use of SSM in real networks 122 3.3.5. Networks involving SSUs 130 3.3.6. Classical errors during SSM configuration 131 3.3.7. Conclusion on synchronization topologies 133 3.4. The IEEE 1588 standard and its applicability in telecommunication networks 133 3.5. Frequency synchronization topologies and redundancy schemes using IEEE 1588 134 3.5.1. Redundancy schemes using IEEE 1588 136 3.6. Time synchronization topologies and redundancy schemes 139 3.6.1. Locally distributed PRTC 140 3.6.2. Packet-based method 141 3.6.3. Resiliency and redundancy schemes 142 3.7. Bibliography 146 Chapter 4. Synchronization Design and Deployments 149 4.1. High-level principles 149 4.1.1. Network evolution 152 4.1.2. Typical mobile networks requirements and evolutions 158 4.2. MAKE or BUY network synchronization strategies 161 4.2.1. Relationships between MAKE or BUY strategies for network connectivity and Synchronization 162 4.2.2. MAKE or BUY network synchronization source strategies 167 4.2.3. Fixed/mobile network scenarios 170 4.3. Deployment of timing solutions for frequency synchronization needs 182 4.3.1. Overview of synchronization solutions for frequency needs 183 4.3.2. Synchronous Ethernet deployments 184 4.3.3. IEEE 1588 end-to-end deployments 196 4.4. Deployment of timing solutions for accurate phase/time synchronization needs 220 4.4.1. GNSS deployments and associated issues 221 4.4.2. IEEE 1588 full timing support deployments 225 4.4.3. Possible migration paths toward IEEE 1588 phase/time profile 236 4.5. Bibliography 237 Chapter 5. Management and Monitoring of Synchronization Networks 239 5.1. Introduction 239 5.2. Network management systems and the telecommunications management network (TMN) 240 5.3. Synchronization Network management: the synchronization plan and protection 242 5.4. Provisioning and setup: manual versus automatic 245 5.5. Monitoring functions 246 5.6. Management issues in wireless backhaul 249 5.7. Network OS integration: M.3000 versus SNMP 250 5.8. Bibliography 252 Chapter 6. Security Aspects Impacting Synchronization 255 6.1. Security and synchronization 255 6.1.1. Terminology used in security 257 6.1.2. Synchronization in network security ensemble 259 6.2. Security of the timing source 261 6.2.1. Access security to device 262 6.2.2. GNSS signal vulnerability 263 6.2.3. Protecting and mitigating from compromise signal 270 6.3. Security of synchronization distribution 274 6.3.1. Security aspects of physical timing transmission 275 6.3.2. Security aspects of packet-based timing transmission 277 6.4. Synchronization risk management 282 6.5. Bibliography 284 Chapter 7. Test and Measurement Aspects of Packet Synchronization Networks 287 7.1. Introduction 287 7.2. Traditional metrics 287 7.3. Equipment configuration 292 7.4. Reference signals, cables and connectors 293 7.5. Testing Synchronous Ethernet 293 7.5.1. Testing the performance of SyncE EEC 294 7.5.2. Testing the ESMC protocol 304 7.6. Testing the IEEE 1588 end-to-end telecom profile 308 7.6.1. Testing the telecom profile – protocol 308 7.6.2. Testing the telecom profile – performance of packet networks 316 7.6.3. Testing the telecom profile – performance of a PTP packet slave clock 319 7.7. Bibliography 326 Appendix 1. Standards in Telecom Packet Networks Using Synchronous Ethernet and/or IEEE 1588 329 A1.1. Introduction 329 A1.2. General content of ITU-T standards 330 A1.2.1. Network level 330 A1.2.2. Equipment level 331 A1.2.3. Use of network and equipment specification 332 A1.3. Summary of standards 332 A1.3.1. Standards related to SyncE 333 A1.3.2. Standards related to IEEE 1588 end-to-end telecom profile for frequency 335 A1.3.3. Standards related to IEEE 1588 full timing support telecom profile for phase and time transport 337 A1.4. Bibliography 339 Appendix 2. Jitter Estimation by Statistical Study (JESS) Metric Definition 341 A2.1. Mathematical definition of JESS 341 A2.2. Mathematical definition of JESS-w 342 Permissions and Credits 345 Biography 349 Index 353

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Book SynopsisAn ideal resource for students, industrial engineers, and researchers, Signal Processing with Free Software Practical Experiments presents practical experiments in signal processing using free software. The text introduces elementary signals through elementary waveform, signal storage files and elementary operations on signals and then presents the first tools to signal analysis such as temporal and frequency characteristics leading to Time-frequency analysis. Non-parametric spectral analysis is also discussed as well as signal processing through sampling, resampling, quantification, and analog and digital filtering. Table of Contents: 1. Generation of Elementary Signals. Generation of Elementary Waveform. – Elementary Operations on the Signals. – Format of Signal Storage Files. 2. First tools of Signal Analysis. Measurement of Temporal and Frequency Characteristics of a Signal. Time-Frequency Analysis of a Signal. 3. Non-parametric Spectral Analysis. 4. Signal Processing. Sampling. – Resampling. – Quantification. – “Analog” Filtering. Digital FilteringTable of ContentsPreface vii Introduction ix Chapter 1. Generating Elementary Signals 1 1.1. General points 1 1.2. Generation of elementary wave forms 2 1.3. Elementary signal processing operations 4 1.4. Using other file formats 8 Chapter 2. Signal Analysis 13 2.1. Measuring the temporal and frequency characteristics of a signal 13 2.2. Time-frequency analysis of a signal 16 2.3. Non-parametric spectral analysis 18 2.3.1. Analytical case studies 20 2.3.2. Practical application 23 Chapter 3. Signal Processing 27 3.1. Sampling 27 3.1.1. Analytical case studies 29 3.1.2. Practical applications 35 3.2. Resampling 37 3.3. “Analog” filtering 38 3.3.1. Analytical case studies 40 3.3.2. Practical applications 44 3.4. Digital filtering 53 3.4.1. Analytical case studies 53 3.4.2. Practical applications 63 Bibliography 67 Index 69

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Book SynopsisVoice over LTE (Long Term Evolution) presents the mechanisms put in place in 4G mobile networks for the transportation of IP packets containing voice data and telephone signaling, as well as the technologies used to provide a telephone service in the IMS (IP Multimedia Sub-system) network. Despite the difficulty connected to the handover of the 4G network to the 2G/3G network, a telephone communication will not be established on the 4G network. This book analyzes the technologies that have been put in place, such as CSFB (Circuit Service FallBack), an interim solution that enables a mobile connected to the 4G network to receive an alert transmitted by the 2G/3G network. The book also goes on to develop the SIP (Session Information Protocol) on which the telephone signaling transferred by the 4G network is based, the IMS network that provides the service and defines the routing, the SRVCC (Single Radio Voice Call Continuity) mechanism that maintains communication and the TAS (Telephony Application Server) that supplies supplementary services. Contents 1. The EPS Network. 2. The LTE Interface. 3. The CSFB Function. 4. SIP and SDP Protocols. 5. The IMS Network. 6. Telephone Services. 7. The SRVCC Function. About the Authors André Perez is a consultant and teacher in networks and telecommunications. He works with industrialists and operators regarding architecture studies and leads training on the 4G and IMS networks for NEXCOM.Table of ContentsPreface ix Acronyms xiii Chapter 1. The EPS Network 1 1.1. Architecture 1 1.1.1. Access network 2 1.1.2. Core network 3 1.1.3. Protocol architecture 7 1.2. Signaling protocols 11 1.2.1. NAS protocol 11 1.2.2. RRC protocol 16 1.2.3. S1-AP protocol 21 1.2.4. X2-AP protocol 24 1.2.5. GTPv2-C protocol 27 1.3. Procedures 30 1.3.1. Attachment procedure 30 1.3.2. Location update 34 1.3.3. Bearer activation 36 1.3.4. Handover procedure 39 Chapter 2. The LTE Interface 47 2.1. Structure of the radioelectric interface 47 2.2. Data link layer 48 2.2.1. PDCP protocol 48 2.2.2. RLC protocol 50 2.2.3. MAC protocol 56 2.3. Physical layer 59 2.3.1. Frequency range 60 2.3.2. Spatial multiplexing 62 2.3.3. Time multiplexing 63 2.3.4. Physical signals and channels 68 2.4. Procedures 80 2.4.1. Cell searching 80 2.4.2. System information 80 2.4.3. Random access 80 2.4.4. Data scheduling 82 2.4.5. Re-transmission in the case of error 84 Chapter 3. The CSFB Function 89 3.1. Reminder about NGN 89 3.1.1. Architecture of NGN 89 3.1.2. Signaling transport 91 3.1.3. Transport of voice data 93 3.2. The CSFB function 94 3.3. Procedures 95 3.3.1. Attachment 95 3.3.2. Tracking area update 96 3.3.3. Outgoing call 98 3.3.4. Incoming call 99 Chapter 4. SIP and SDP Protocols 103 4.1. Entities 103 4.2. Identities 104 4.3. Structure of SIP 105 4.3.1. Requests 105 4.3.2. Responses 109 4.3.3. Headers 112 4.4. Description of the media 116 4.5. Procedures 118 4.5.1. Registration 118 4.5.2. The session 120 Chapter 5. The IMS Network 137 5.1. Architecture of IMS 137 5.1.1. Session control 139 5.1.2. Application servers 141 5.1.3. Databases 142 5.1.4. Interconnection 142 5.1.5. Media processing 143 5.1.6. Charging 144 5.2. Registration 146 5.2.1. First phase of registration 146 5.2.2. Second phase of registration 150 5.2.3. Subscription 153 5.2.4. Notification 155 5.3. The session between IMSs 158 5.3.1. Establishment of the session 158 5.3.2. Termination of the session 164 5.4. DIAMETER messages 165 5.4.1. The messages related to registration and routing 166 5.4.2. Messages relating to control of the media 166 5.5. Interoperation with the CS network 167 5.5.1. Call initiated by the IMS network 167 5.5.2. Call generated by the CS network 169 5.5.3. Release of the communication 170 Chapter 6. Telephone Services 173 6.1. Service profile 173 6.2. Communication Diversion 175 6.2.1. CFU 175 6.2.2. CFB 176 6.2.3. CFNR 177 6.2.4. CD 179 6.2.5. CFNL 180 6.3. Identification presentation 180 6.3.1. OIP and OIR 180 6.3.2. TIP and TIR 181 6.4. Message Waiting Indication 181 6.5. Call parking 184 6.6. Conferencing 185 6.7. Communication transfer 187 6.8. Communication Waiting 189 6.9. Malicious Communication Identification 192 6.10. Automatic callback 193 6.10.1. CCBS 193 6.10.2. CCNR 196 6.10.3. CCNL 197 6.11. Communication rejection 198 6.11.1. ACR 198 6.11.2. ICB 198 6.11.3. OCB 198 6.12. Announcements 198 Chapter 7. The SRVCC Function 203 7.1. Impact on architectures 203 7.1.1. Impact on mobile networks 203 7.1.2. Impact on the IMS network 205 7.2. Procedures 207 7.2.1. Registration 207 7.2.2. Session establishment 211 7.2.3. PS-CS handover 214 7.2.4. Transfer of the communication 216 Bibliography 221 Index 225

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Book SynopsisThis book offers the reader the keys for a successful understanding, integration and usage of satellite systems in addition to next generation terrestrial networks. The DVB-S2/RCS system is used to illustrate the integration challenges. The presentation uses a system approach, i.e. it tackles the terrestrial and satellite telecommunication systems’ complexity with a high level approach, focusing on the systems’ components and on their interactions. Several scenarios present the different paths that can be followed for the integration of satellite systems in terrestrial networks. Quality of Service management techniques in terrestrial and satellite systems and the solutions to help them to interoperate are provided. Inter-system mobility solutions and performance problems are then addressed. The solutions proposed in this book have been developed within the framework of European and French funded research projects and tested with simulated or real testbeds.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Foreword xiPatrick GÉLARD List of Acronyms xiii Introduction xxiii Chapter 1 Satellite and Terrestrial Hybrid Networks 1 1.1 Designing satellite and terrestrial hybrid networks 1 1.2 Hybrid scenarios 2 1.2.1 Network architecture: integration of hybrid networks 4 1.2.2 Tight coupling integration: an integrated approach 5 1.2.3 Gateway integration 7 1.2.4 Loose coupling integration 8 1.3 Case study: loose coupling integration 9 1.3.1 Use case and user profile 9 1.3.2 Proposal of a scenario 9 1.3.3 Profile of mobile users 11 1.4 Conclusion 12 Chapter 2 Quality of Service on Next- Generation Terrestrial Networks 15 2.1 IETF approach 16 2.1.1 Network level 16 2.1.2 Transport level 29 2.1.3 Session and application levels 32 2.1.4 QoS signaling 37 2.2 ITU-NGN approach 45 2.2.1 Principles 45 2.2.2 Transport stratum 47 2.2.3 Service stratum 49 2.2.4 Management plan 50 2.3 Conclusion 50 Chapter 3 Quality of Service in Dvb-s/rcs Satellite Networks 53 3.1 Bi-directional satellite access systems 54 3.1.1 Overview 54 3.2 The DVB-S standard and the IP support 59 3.2.1 The DVB-S standard 60 3.2.2 Access method 63 3.2.3 IP encapsulation method over DVB-S 63 3.3 The DVB-S2 standard 67 3.3.1 Coding and modulations 67 3.3.2 Encapsulation 69 3.4 The DVB-RCS standard 70 3.4.1 Access method: MF-TDMA 71 3.4.2 Signaling in a DVB-RCS/S System 74 3.4.3 Connections 78 3.5 Dvb-rcs2 79 3.5.1 Coding and modulation 79 3.5.2 Access techniques 79 3.5.3 Encapsulation 80 3.5.4 QoS architecture and PEP 80 3.6 QoS architecture in DVB-S/RCS satellite access networks 80 3.6.1 The various stakeholders in the satellite network 81 3.6.2 The SatLabs architectural model 82 3.6.3 The BSM architectural model based on IP 89 3.7 Conclusion 96 Chapter 4. Integration of Satellites Into IMS Qos Architecture 97 4.1 IMS architecture 97 4.1.1 COPS and DIAMETER messages 99 4.2 IMS QoS architecture 100 4.2.1 IMS QoS in a GPRS: UMTS network 103 4.2.2 IMS QoS in an asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) network 106 4.3 IMS QoS signaling 107 4.3.1 Authorization of QoS resources 108 4.3.2 Reservation of QoS resources with a local service policy 110 4.3.3 Approval of commitments of authorized resources 110 4.3.4 Deleting commitments of authorized resources 112 4.3.5 Revocation of a QoS resource authorization 112 4.3.6 Indication of a PDP context deletion 113 4.3.7 Authorization for the modification of the PDP context 115 4.4 Inclusion of IMS QoS in the satellite segment 116 4.4.1 “System” hypothesis 116 4.4.2 IMS satellite integration: transparent approach 117 4.4.3 IMS satellite integration: integrated star approach 118 4.4.4 IMS satellite integration: integrated mesh approach 119 4.5 Toward a unified next-generation network (NGN) QoS architecture 120 4.5.1 Transparent integration scenario 120 4.5.2 Star integration scenario 125 4.5.3 Mesh integration scenario 127 4.6 SATSIX project 130 4.7 Conclusion 132 Chapter 5 Inter-system Mobility 135 5.1 Introduction 135 5.2 The taxonomy of mobility 136 5.2.1 Personal mobility 136 5.2.2 Session mobility 137 5.2.3 Mobility of service 137 5.2.4 Mobility of the terminal 137 5.2.5 Network mobility 139 5.2.6 Clarification for mobility terminology 139 5.3 Protocols for mobility management 139 5.3.1 Extension of DVB-RCS for mobility 140 5.3.2 Management by the network layer: mobile IP 141 5.3.3 Mobility management with session initiation protocols (SIPs) 156 5.4 Implementation of mobility solutions in hybrid systems 159 5.4.1 Specification of SIP mobility in a DVB-S2/RCS system 160 5.4.2 Theoretical evaluations and recommendations 165 5.5 SIP for mobility management and QoS for interactive applications 177 5.6 Evaluation of mobility solutions in a simulated DVB-S2/RCS architecture 179 5.6.1 Comparison of interruption times 180 5.6.2 Common cases 180 5.6.3 Specific cases 183 5.6.4 Problems related to overheads 184 5.7 Conclusion 185 Chapter 6. the Transport Layer in Hybrid Networks 187 6.1 Introduction 187 6.2 Performance enhancing proxies 189 6.2.1 Space communications protocol specifications 190 6.2.2 I-pep 193 6.2.3 Issues related to PEPs 196 6.3 TCP evolutions 198 6.3.1 TCP adaptations to the satellite environment 199 6.3.2 Options and mechanisms for TCP improvements 200 6.3.3 New TCP versions 202 6.3.4 Characteristics of the satellite connection 204 6.3.5 Impact on the transport layer 206 6.3.6 Conclusion 207 6.4 TCP performance in a geostationary network 208 6.4.1 Measurement and analysis methodology 208 6.4.2 The configuration of the system and measurements 208 6.5 TCP in a hybrid context 215 6.5.1 The impact of a hybrid network on the transport layer 215 6.5.2 Control of the adaptation of streams to the new network 216 6.5.3 TCP impacts for a break before make handover 217 6.5.4 TCP impacts for a make before break handover 217 6.5.5 The effect on TCP of the vertical handover with simultaneous variation of the bandwidth and delay 218 6.5.6 Conclusion 220 6.6 General conclusion 221 Conclusion 223 Bibliography 227 Index 235

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Book SynopsisBased on a convergence of network technologies, the Next Generation Network (NGN) is being deployed to carry high quality video and voice data. In fact, the convergence of network technologies has been driven by the converging needs of end-users.The perceived end-to-end quality is one of the main goals required by users that must be guaranteed by the network operators and the Internet Service Providers, through manufacturer equipment. This is referred to as the notion of Quality of Experience (QoE) and is becoming commonly used to represent user perception. The QoE is not a technical metric, but rather a concept consisting of all elements of a user's perception of the network services. The authors of this book focus on the idea of how to integrate the QoE into a control-command chain in order to construct an adaptive network system. More precisely, in the context of Content-Oriented Networks used to redesign the current Internet architecture to accommodate content-oriented applications and services, they aim to describe an end-to-end QoE model applied to a Content Distribution Network architecture. About the Authors Abdelhamid Mellouk is Full Professor at University of Paris-Est C-VdM (UPEC), Networks & Telecommunications (N&T) Department and LiSSi Laboratory, France. Head of several executive national and international positions, he was the founder of the Network Control Research activity at UPEC with extensive international academic and industrial collaborations. His general area of research is in adaptive real-time control for high-speed new generation dynamic wired/wireless networks in order to maintain acceptable Quality of Service/Experience for added-value services. He is an active member of the IEEE Communications Society and has held several offices including leadership positions in IEEE Communications Society Technical Committees.Said Hoceini is Associate Professor at University of Paris-Est C-VdM (UPEC), Networks & Telecommunications (N&T) Department and LiSSi Laboratory, France. His research focuses on routing algorithms, quality of service, quality of experience, and wireless sensor networks, as well as bio-inspired artificial intelligence approaches. His work has been published in several international conferences and journals and he serves on several TPCs.Hai Anh Tran is Associate Professor at the Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST), Vietnam. His research focuses on QoE aspects, QoS adaptive control/command mechanisms, wired routing, as well as bio-inspired artificial intelligence approaches.Table of ContentsList of Figures ix Preface xiii Introduction xv Chapter 1 Network Control Based on Smart Communication Paradigm 1 1.1. Motivation 1 1.2. General framework 3 1.3. Main innovations 6 1.3.1. User perception metrics and affective computing 6 1.3.2. Knowledge dissemination 8 1.3.3. Bio-inspired approaches and control theory 9 1.4. Conclusion 10 Chapter 2 Quality of Experience 11 2.1. Motivation 11 2.2. QoE concept 12 2.3. Importance of QoE 14 2.4. QoE metrics 16 2.5. QoE measurement methods 20 2.6. QoS/QoE relationship 23 2.7. Impact of networking on QoE 26 2.7.1. Layered classification of impacts on QoE 26 2.7.2. Impact of user mobility on QoE 28 2.7.3. Impact of network resource utilization and management on QoE 29 2.7.4. Impact of billing and pricing 30 2.8. Conclusion 31 Chapter 3 Content Distribution Network 33 3.1. Motivation 33 3.2. Routing layer 36 3.2.1. Routing in telecommunication network 36 3.2.2. Classical routing algorithms 37 3.2.3. QoS-based routing 38 3.3. Meta-routing layer 42 3.3.1. Server placement 43 3.3.2. Cache organization 45 3.3.3. Server selection 47 3.4. Conclusion 49 Chapter 4 User-driven Routing Algorithm Application for CDN Flow 51 4.1. Introduction 51 4.2. Reinforcement learning and Q-routing 53 4.2.1. Mathematical model of reinforcement learning 56 4.2.2. Value functions 57 4.3. Q-learning 60 4.4. Q-routing 61 4.5. Related works and motivation 62 4.6. QQAR routing algorithm 63 4.6.1. Formal parametric model 64 4.6.2. QQAR algorithm 65 4.6.3. Learning process 68 4.6.4. Simple use case-based example of QQAR 71 4.6.5. Selection process 78 4.7. Experimental results 79 4.7.1. Simulation setup 79 4.7.2. Experimental setup 89 4.7.3. Average MOS score 90 4.7.4. Convergence time 97 4.7.5. Capacity of convergence and fault tolerance 100 4.7.6. Control overheads 102 4.7.7. Packet delivery ratio 103 4.8. Conclusion 104 Chapter 5 User-driven Server Selection Algorithm for CDN Architecture 105 5.1. Introduction 105 5.2. Multi-armed bandit formalization 108 5.2.1. MAB paradigm 108 5.2.2. Applications of MAB 112 5.2.3. Algorithms for MAB 113 5.3. Server selection schemes 119 5.4. Our proposal for QoE-based server selection method 122 5.4.1. Proposed server selection scheme 122 5.4.2. Proposed UCB1-based server selection algorithm 125 5.5. Experimental results 126 5.5.1. Simulation results 126 5.5.2. Real platform results 132 5.6. Acknowledgment 133 5.7. Conclusion 135 Conclusion 137 Bibliography 141 Index 155

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on signal processing algorithms based on the timefrequency domain. Original methods and algorithms are presented which are able to extract information from non-stationary signals such as heart sounds and power electric signals. The methods proposed focus on the time-frequency domain, and most notably the Stockwell Transform for the feature extraction process and to identify signatures. For the classification method, the Adaline Neural Network is used and compared with other common classifiers. Theory enhancement, original applications and concrete implementation on FPGA for real-time processing are also covered in this book.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. The Need for Time–Frequency Analysis 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Stationary and non-stationary concepts 2 1.2.1. Stationarity 2 1.2.2. Non-stationarity 4 1.3. Temporal representations 5 1.4. Frequency representations of signals 6 1.4.1. Fourier transform 7 1.4.2. Mean frequency, bandwidth and frequency average 10 1.5. Uncertainty principle 12 1.6. Limitation of time analysis and frequency analysis: the need for time–frequency representation 15 1.6.1. Instantaneous frequency 15 1.7. Conclusion 18 1.8. Bibliography 19 Chapter 2. Time–Frequency Analysis: The S-Transform 21 2.1. Introduction 21 2.2. Synthetic signals 22 2.3. The STFT 22 2.4. The WT 24 2.5. The Wigner–Ville distribution 25 2.5.1. The pseudo-WVD 27 2.5.2. The smoothed PWVD 27 2.6. Cohen’s class 28 2.7. The S-transform 29 2.7.1. Properties of the S-transform 30 2.7.2. The discrete S-transform 38 2.7.3. The improvement of the S-transform energy concentration 41 2.7.4. The ST-spectrogram 51 2.8. Conclusion 56 2.9. Bibliography 56 Chapter 3. Segmentation and Classification of Heart Sounds Based on the S-Transform 61 3.1. Introduction 61 3.2. Methods and materials 64 3.2.1. Data sets 64 3.2.2. Localization and segmentation of heart sounds 65 3.2.3. Classification of heart sounds 70 3.3. Results and discussion 73 3.3.1. Localization and segmentation results 73 3.3.2. S1 and S2 classification results 77 3.3.3. Murmur detection results 80 3.4. Conclusion 82 3.5. Bibliography 83 Chapter 4. Adaline for the Detection of Electrical Events in Electrical Signals 87 4.1. Introduction 87 4.2. Electric events 88 4.2.1. Power quality 88 4.2.2. Electric events 89 4.3. Adaline 90 4.4. Adaline for frequency estimation 91 4.4.1. Adaline method 91 4.4.2. Results 94 4.5. Adaline for voltage component extraction in unbalanced system 97 4.5.1. Model of the unbalanced voltage system 98 4.5.2. Extraction of the voltage components in the DQ-space 99 4.5.3. Online estimation of the instantaneous phases θd and θi 100 4.5.4. Filtering the AC components in the DQ-space 101 4.5.5. Results 104 4.6. Adaline for harmonic current identification and compensation 108 4.6.1. Adaline method 110 4.6.2. Results 115 4.7. Conclusion 117 4.8. Bibliography 118 Chapter 5. FPGA Implementation of the Adaline 121 5.1. Introduction 121 5.2. Instantaneous power theory (IPT) in the APF 122 5.3. Adaline for the computing of the IPT in the PLL 123 5.3.1. Adaline-based PLL 123 5.3.2. A multiplexing approach for hardware consumption reduction 126 5.4. Results 129 5.4.1. Simulation 129 5.4.2. FPGA implementation results 130 5.5. Conclusion 132 5.6. Bibliography 133 Index 135

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Book SynopsisThe focus of this book is on "ill-posed inverse problems". These problems cannot be solved only on the basis of observed data. The building of solutions involves the recognition of other pieces of a priori information. These solutions are then specific to the pieces of information taken into account. Clarifying and taking these pieces of information into account is necessary for grasping the domain of validity and the field of application for the solutions built. For too long, the interest in these problems has remained very limited in the signal-image community. However, the community has since recognized that these matters are more interesting and they have become the subject of much greater enthusiasm. From the application field’s point of view, a significant part of the book is devoted to conventional subjects in the field of inversion: biological and medical imaging, astronomy, non-destructive evaluation, processing of video sequences, target tracking, sensor networks and digital communications. The variety of chapters is also clear, when we examine the acquisition modalities at stake: conventional modalities, such as tomography and NMR, visible or infrared optical imaging, or more recent modalities such as atomic force imaging and polarized light imaging.Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION xiJean-Francois GIOVANNELLI and Jerome IDIER CHAPTER 1. 3D RECONSTRUCTION IN X-RAY TOMOGRAPHY: APPROACH EXAMPLE FOR CLINICAL DATA PROCESSING 1Yves GOUSSARD 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Problem statement 2 1.3. Method 7 1.4. Results 15 1.5. Conclusion 26 1.6. Acknowledgments 27 1.7. Bibliography 28 CHAPTER 2. ANALYSIS OF FORCE-VOLUME IMAGES IN ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY USING SPARSE APPROXIMATION 31Charles SOUSSEN, David BRIE, Gregory FRANCIUS, Jerome IDIER 2.1. Introduction 31 2.2. Atomic force microscopy 32 2.3. Data processing in AFM spectroscopy 40 2.4. Sparse approximation algorithms 43 2.5. Real data processing 49 2.6. Conclusion 52 2.7. Bibliography 53 CHAPTER 3. POLARIMETRIC IMAGE RESTORATION BY NON-LOCAL MEANS 57Sylvain FAISAN, Francois ROUSSEAU, Christian HEINRICH, Jihad ZALLAT 3.1. Introduction 57 3.2. Light polarization and the Stokes–Mueller formalism 58 3.3. Estimation of the Stokes vectors 61 3.4. Results 72 3.5. Conclusion 77 3.6. Bibliography 78 CHAPTER 4. VIDEO PROCESSING AND REGULARIZED INVERSION METHODS 81Guy LE BESNERAIS, Frederic CHAMPAGNAT 4.1. Introduction 81 4.2. Three applications 82 4.3. Dense image registration 88 4.4. A few achievements based on direct formulation 92 4.5. Conclusion 104 4.6. Bibliography 106 CHAPTER 5. BAYESIAN APPROACH IN PERFORMANCE MODELING: APPLICATION TO SUPERRESOLUTION 109Frederic CHAMPAGNAT, Guy LE BESNERAIS, Caroline KULCSAR 5.1. Introduction 109 5.2. Performance modeling and Bayesian paradigm 111 5.3. Superresolution techniques behavior 113 5.4. Application examples 126 5.5. Real data processing 130 5.6. Conclusion 136 5.7. Bibliography 137 CHAPTER 6. LINE SPECTRA ESTIMATION FOR IRREGULARLY SAMPLED SIGNALS IN ASTROPHYSICS 141Sebastien BOURGUIGNON, Herve CARFANTAN 6.1. Introduction 141 6.2. Periodogram, irregular sampling, maximum likelihood 144 6.3. Line spectra models: spectral sparsity 146 6.4. Prewhitening, CLEAN and greedy approaches 151 6.5. Global approach and convex penalization 155 6.6. Probabilistic approach for sparsity 159 6.7. Conclusion 164 6.8. Bibliography 165 CHAPTER 7. JOINT DETECTION-ESTIMATION IN FUNCTIONAL MRI 169Philippe CIUCIU, Florence FORBES, Thomas VINCENT, Lotfi CHAARI 7.1. Introduction to functional neuroimaging 169 7.2. Joint detection-estimation of brain activity 171 7.3. Bayesian approach 178 7.4. Scheme for stochastic MCMC inference 183 7.5. Alternative variational inference scheme 184 7.6. Comparison of both types of solutions 190 7.7. Conclusion 194 7.8. Bibliography 195 CHAPTER 8. MCMC AND VARIATIONAL APPROACHES FOR BAYESIAN INVERSION IN DIFFRACTION IMAGING 201Hacheme AYASSO, Bernard DUCHENE, Ali MOHAMMAD-DJAFARI 8.1. Introduction 201 8.2. Measurement configuration 204 8.3. The forward model 206 8.4. Bayesian inversion approach 211 8.5. Results 220 8.6. Conclusions 220 8.7. Bibliography 222 CHAPTER 9. VARIATIONAL BAYESIAN APPROACH AND BI-MODEL FOR THE RECONSTRUCTION-SEPARATION OF ASTROPHYSICS COMPONENTS 225Thomas RODET, Aurelia FRAYSSE, Hacheme AYASSO 9.1. Introduction 225 9.2. Variational Bayesian methodology 228 9.3. Exponentiated gradient for variational Bayesian 229 9.4. Application: reconstruction-separation of astrophysical components 232 9.5. Implementation of the variational Bayesian approach 236 9.6. Results 240 9.7. Conclusion 246 9.8. Bibliography 246 CHAPTER 10. KERNEL VARIATIONAL APPROACH FOR TARGET TRACKING IN A WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK 251Hichem SNOUSSI, Paul HONEINE, Cedric RICHARD 10.1. Introduction 251 10.2. State of the art: limitations of existing methods 252 10.3. Model-less target tracking 254 10.4. Simulation results 261 10.5. Conclusion 264 10.6. Bibliography 264 CHAPTER 11. ENTROPIES AND ENTROPIC CRITERIA 267Jean-Francois BERCHER 11.1. Introduction 267 11.2. Some entropies in information theory 268 11.3. Source coding with escort distributions and Renyi bounds 273 11.4. A simple transition model 277 11.5. Minimization of the Renyi divergence and associated entropies 281 11.6. Bibliography 289 LIST OF AUTHORS 293 INDEX 297

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Book SynopsisThis fully revised and updated second edition presents the most important theoretical aspects of Image and Signal Processing (ISP) for both deterministic and random signals. The theory is supported by exercises and computer simulations relating to real applications. More than 200 programs and functions are provided in the MATLAB language, with useful comments and guidance, to enable numerical experiments to be carried out, thus allowing readers to develop a deeper understanding of both the theoretical and practical aspects of this subject. This fully revised new edition updates : the introduction to MATLAB programs and functions as well as the Graphically displaying results for 2D displays. Calibration fundamentals for Discrete Time Signals and Sampling in Deterministic signals. image processing by modifying the contrast. also added are examples and exercises. Table of ContentsForeword 11 Notations and Abbreviations 15 Introduction to MATLAB 19 1 Variables and contstants 22 2 Operations and functions 29 3 Programming structures 37 4 Graphically displaying results 39 5 Converting numbers to character strings 47 6 Input/output 47 7 Program writing 48 Part I Deterministic Signals 53 Chapter 1 Signal Fundamentals 55 Chapter 2 Discrete Time signals and Sampling 65 Chapter 3 Spectral Observation 95 Chapter 4 Linear Filters 115 Chapter 5 An Introduction to Image Processing 175 Part II Random Signals 241 Chapter 6 Random Variables 243 Chapter 7 Random Processes 271 Chapter 8 Spectra Estimation 313 Chapter 9 The Least Squares Method 349 Part III Appendices 397 Chapter 10 Hints and Solutions 399 Chaprter 11 Appendix 479 Bibliography 485 Index 489

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Book SynopsisIn a fast changing global economy governed by Enterprise Services and the Future Internet, enterprises and virtual factories will self-organize in distributed, interoperable, innovation Ecosystems where the issues of Enterprise Interoperability need to be solved in a multi-view of information, services and processes throughout Enterprise Networks. The book constitutes the proceedings of five workshops co- located with the Fifth IFIP Working Conference IWEI 2013. It contains the presented peer reviewed papers and summaries of the workshop discussions. Complementing the IWEI Conference program, the workshops aimed at exploiting new issues, challenges and solutions for Enterprise Interoperability and Manufacturing Eco Systems. The scope of the workshops spanned over a range of interoperability issues in Service Science and innovation, Model Driven Service Engineering Architectures, Service Modelling Languages, reference ontology for manufacturing , Case studies and tools particularly for SMEs, Business – IT alignment and related Standardization. Contents 1 – Model Driven Services Engineering Architecture (MDSEA): A Result of MSEE Project An Architecture for Service Modelling in Servitization Context: MDSEA, Y. Ducq. A Set of Templates for MDSEA, D. Chen. 2 – Interoperability to Support Business–IT Alignment Report Workshop 2, I.-S. Fan, V. Taratoukhine, M. Matzner. Interoperability as a Catalyst for Business Innovation, J.H.P. Eloff, M.M. Eloff, M.T. Dlamini, E. Ngassam, D. Ras. Process-Oriented Business Modeling – An Application in the Printing Industry, A. Malsbender, K. Ortbach, R. Plattfaut, M. Voigt, B. Niehaves. A Comparative Study of Modelling Methodologies Using a Concept of Process Consistency, E. Babkin, E. Potapova, Y. Zelenova. Maintenance Support throughout the Life-Cycle of High Value Manufacturing Products. Interoperability Issues, A. Fedotova, V. Taratoukhine, Y. Kupriyanov. Using Enterprise Architecture to Align Business Intelligence Initiatives, I.-S. Fan, S. Warner. Towards Enterprise Architecture Using Solution Architecture Models, V. Agievich, R. Gimranov, V. Taratoukhine, J. Becker. 3 – Standardisation for Interoperability in the Service-Oriented Enterprise Report Workshop 3, M. Zelm, D. Chen. Standardisation in Manufacturing Service Engineering, M. Zelm, G. Doumeingts. Service Modelling Language and Potentials for a New Standard, D. Chen. An Approach to Standardise a Service Life Cycle Management, M. Freitag, D. Kremer, M. Hirsch, M. Zelm. Open Business Model, Process and Service Innovation with VDML and ServiceML, A. J. Berre, H. De Man, Y. Lew, B. Elvesæter, B.M. Ursin-Holm. Reference Ontologies for Manufacturing, R. Young, N. Hastilow, M. Imran, N. Chungoora, Z. Usman, A.-F. Cutting-Decelle. Standardisation Tools for Negotiating Interoperability Solutions, T. Santos, C. Coutinho, A. Cretan, M. Beca, R. Jardim-Goncalves. 4 – Case Studies on Enterprise Interoperability: How IT Managers Profit from EI Research Report Workshop 4, S. Kassel. Experiences of Transferring Approaches of Interoperability into SMEs, F. Gruner, S. Kassel. 5 – Selected New Applications of Enterprise Interoperability . 179 Report Workshop 5, L. Ferreira Pires, P. Johnson. Service-Oriented Enterprise Interoperability in Logistics, W. Hofman. An Ontological Approach to Logistics, L. Daniele, L. Ferreira Pires. Social Vision of Collaboration of Organizations on a Cloud Platform, A. Montarnal, W. Mu, F. Bénaben, A.-M. Barthe-Delanoë, J. Lamothe. Semantic Standards Quality Measured for Achieving Enterprise Interoperability: The Case of the SETU Standard for Flexible Staffing, E. Folmer, H. Wu. Requirements Formalization for Systems Engineering: An Approach for Interoperability Analysis in Collaborative Process Model, S. Mallek, N. Daclin, V. Chapurlat, B. Vallespir.Table of ContentsForeword ix VAN SINDEREN Workshop 1 – Model Driven Services Engineering Architecture (MDSEA): A Result of MSEE Project 1 An Architecture for Service Modelling in Servitization Context: MDSEA 3 Y. DUCQ A Set of Templates for MDSEA 21 D. CHEN Workshop 2 – Interoperability to Support Business–IT Alignment 29 Report Workshop 2 31 I.-S. FAN, V. TARATOUKHINE, M. MATZNER Interoperability as a Catalyst for Business Innovation 33 J.H.P. ELOFF, M.M. ELOFF, M.T. DLAMINI, E. NGASSAM, D. RAS Process-Oriented Business Modeling – An Application in the Printing Industry 47 A. MALSBENDER, K. ORTBACH, R. PLATTFAUT, M. VOIGT, B. NIEHAVES A Comparative Study of Modelling Methodologies Using a Concept of Process Consistency 55 E. BABKIN, E. POTAPOVA, Y. ZELENOVA Maintenance Support throughout the Life-Cycle of High Value Manufacturing Products. Interoperability Issues 69 A. FEDOTOVA, V. TARATOUKHINE, Y. KUPRIYANOV Using Enterprise Architecture to Align Business Intelligence Initiatives 79 I.-S. FAN, S. WARNER Towards Enterprise Architecture Using Solution Architecture Models 89 V. AGIEVICH, R. GIMRANOV, V. TARATOUKHINE, J. BECKER Workshop 3 – Standardisation for Interoperability in the Service-Oriented Enterprise 95 Report Workshop 3 97 M. ZELM, D. CHEN Standardisation in Manufacturing Service Engineering 99 M. ZELM, G. DOUMEINGTS Service Modelling Language and Potentials for a New Standard 107 D. CHEN An Approach to Standardise a Service Life Cycle Management 115 M. FREITAG, D. KREMER, M. HIRSCH, M. ZELM Open Business Model, Process and Service Innovation with VDML and ServiceML 127 A.J. BERRE, H. DE MAN, Y LEW, B. ELVESÆTER, B.M. URSIN-HOLM Reference Ontologies for Manufacturing 143 R. YOUNG, N. HASTILOW, M. IMRAN, N. CHUNGOORA, Z. USMAN, A.-F. CUTTING-DECELLE Standardisation Tools for Negotiating Interoperability Solutions 153 T. SANTOS, C. COUTINHO, A. CRETAN, M. BECA, R. JARDIM-GONCALVES Workshop 4 – Case Studies on Enterprise Interoperability: How IT Managers Profit from EI Research 167 Report Workshop 4 169 S. KASSEL Experiences of Transferring Approaches of Interoperability into SMEs 173 F. GRUNER, S. KASSEL Workshop 5 – Selected New Applications of Enterprise Interoperability 179 Report Workshop 5 181 L. FERREIRA PIRES, P. JOHNSON Service-Oriented Enterprise Interoperability in Logistics 185 W. HOFMAN An Ontological Approach to Logistics 199 L. DANIELE, L. FERREIRA PIRES Social Vision of Collaboration of Organizations on a Cloud Platform 215 A. MONTARNAL, W. MU, F. BÉNABEN, A.-M. BARTHE-DELANOË, J. LAMOTHE Semantic Standards Quality Measured for Achieving Enterprise Interoperability: The Case of the SETU Standard for Flexible Staffing 227 E. FOLMER, H. WU Requirements Formalization for Systems Engineering: An Approach for Interoperability Analysis in Collaborative Process Model 243 S. MALLEK, N. DACLIN, V. CHAPURLAT, B. VALLESPIR Index of Authors 259

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Book SynopsisVehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) play a key role to develop Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) aiming to achieve road safety and to guaranty needs of drivers and passengers, in addition to improve the transportation productivity. One of the most important challenges of this kind of networks is the data routing between VANET nodes which should be routed with high level of Quality of Service (QoS) to ensure receiving messages in the time. Then, the driver can take the appropriate decision to improve the road safety. In the literature, there are several routing protocols for VANETs which are more or less reliable to reach safety requirements. In this book, we start by describing all VANET basic concepts such as VANET definition, VANET versus Mobile ad-Hoc Network (MANET), architectures, routing definition and steps, Quality of Service (QoS) for VANET Routing, Metrics of evaluation, Experimentation, and simulation of VANETs, mobility patterns of VANET etc. Moreover, different routing protocols for routing in VANETs will be described. We propose two main categories to be presented: classical routing and bio-inspired routing. Concerning classical VANET, main principles and all phases will be overviewed, as well as, their two sub-categories which are topological and geographical protocols. After that, we propose a new category called bio-inspired routing which is inspired by natural phenomenon such as Ant colony, Bee life, Genetic operators etc. We present also, some referential protocols as example of each category. In this book, we focus on the idea of how to apply bio-inspired principle into VANET routing to improve road safety, and to ensure QoS of vehicular applications.Table of ContentsPREFACE ix INTRODUCTION xi ACRONYMS AND NOTATIONS xv CHAPTER 1. VEHICULAR AD HOC NETWORKS 1 1.1. VANET definition, characteristics and applications1 1.1.1. Definition of vehicular ad hoc network1 1.1.2. Characteristics of vehicular ad hoc networks 2 1.1.3. Applications of vehicular ad hoc networks 5 1.2. VANET architectures 7 1.2.1. Vehicular WLAN/cellular architecture 7 1.2.2. Pure ad hoc architecture 8 1.2.3. Hybrid architecture 9 1.3. Mobility models 9 1.3.1. Random-based mobility models 10 1.3.2. Geographic map-based mobility models 12 1.3.3. Group-based mobility 14 1.3.4. Prediction-based mobility models 17 1.3.5. Software-tools-based mobility models 20 1.4. VANET challenges and issues 21 1.4.1. VANET routing 21 1.4.2. Vehicular network scalability 22 1.4.3. Computational complexity in VANET networking 22 1.4.4. Routing robustness and self-organization in vehicular networks 23 1.4.5. Vehicular network security 23 1.5. Bibliography 23 CHAPTER 2. ROUTING FOR VEHICULAR AD HOC NETWORKS 29 2.1. Basic concepts 29 2.1.1. Single-hop versus multi-hop beaconing in VANETs 29 2.1.2. Routing classification of VANETs 31 2.2. Quality-of-service of VANET routing 35 2.2.1. Quality-of-service definition 35 2.2.2. Quality-of-service criteria 36 2.3. VANET routing standards 37 2.3.1. Dedicated short range communication 38 2.3.2. Standards for wireless access in vehicular environments (WAVE) 40 2.3.3. VANET standards related to routing layers 42 2.3.4. Other VANET routing standards 44 2.4. VANET routing challenges and issues 45 2.4.1. Dynamics nature of VANETs (mobility pattern and vehicles’ velocity) 45 2.4.2. Vehicular network density and scalability 46 2.4.3. Safety improvement and quality-of-service 46 2.5. Bibliography 47 CHAPTER 3. CONVENTIONAL ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR VANETS 51 3.1. Topology-based routing 51 3.1.1. Reactive routing protocols 52 3.1.2. Proactive routing protocols 55 3.1.3. Hybrid routing protocols 57 3.1.4. Critics of topology-based routing 58 3.2. Geography-based routing 59 3.2.1. Geography-based routing principle 59 3.2.2. Geography-based routing protocols 59 3.2.3. Critics of geography-based routing 67 3.3. Cluster-based routing 68 3.3.1. Cluster-based routing principle 68 3.3.2. Cluster-based routing protocols 69 3.3.3. Critics of cluster-based routing 73 3.4. Bibliography 73 CHAPTER 4. BIO-INSPIRED ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR VANETS 79 4.1. Motivations for using bio-inspired approaches in VANET routing 80 4.1.1. Network scalability 80 4.1.2. Computational complexity 80 4.1.3. Self-organization and adaptability 81 4.1.4. Routing robustness 81 4.2. Fundamental concepts and operations of bio-inspired VANET routing 82 4.2.1. Optimization problem definition 82 4.2.2. Search space (SSp) 83 4.2.3. Objective function 83 4.2.4. Population 84 4.2.5. Individual encoding 84 4.2.6. Initialization 84 4.2.7. Stopping criterion 85 4.3. Basic bio-inspired algorithms used in VANET routing literature 85 4.3.1. Genetic algorithm 86 4.3.2. Ant colony optimization 89 4.3.3. Particle swarm optimization 90 4.3.4. Bees life algorithm 92 4.3.5. Bacterial foraging optimization 93 4.4. Evolutionary algorithms for VANET routing 95 4.4.1. Sequential genetic algorithms for VANET routing 95 4.4.2. Parallel genetic algorithms for VANET routing 100 4.5. Swarm intelligence for VANET routing 101 4.5.1. Ant colony optimization for VANET routing 102 4.5.2. Particle swarm optimization for VANET routing 106 4.5.3. Bee colony optimization for VANET routing 108 4.5.4. Bacterial foraging optimization for VANET routing 110 4.6. Another bio-inspired approach for VANET routing 112 4.7. Bibliography 113 CONCLUSION 121 INDEX 125

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Book SynopsisNowadays, the Internet has become an irreplaceable tool, feeding us information about new innovations and the evolution of the markets relating to all human activities. What the Internet lacks, though, is a guiding narrative thread, which is crucial to understand the evolution from old technologies into the technologies available today, and to benefit from the commentary which could elucidate that process of evolution. In spite of its inherent richness, no encyclopedia can constitute the one and only referential information source. The actors involved also have the right to be heard: all those who have devoted their working lives to the collective effort of edifying networks can, of course, present their personal views about the evolution of the world of telecommunications, and thus provide invaluable testimony to companies in this area who can make use of it. It is that approach which is adopted in this book. Whilst the primary objective of this book is to encourage SMEs to use digital technologies, and help them to organize with that goal in mind, it has proved necessary to describe the transformations currently under way in the field of networks, and to outline the efforts to obtain a competitive edge in terms of clerical applications, compare the various techniques that are available for high data rate communications, and touch upon the advent of the "Internet of Things", cloud computing and various new multimedia technologies. All in all, this book should help companies – particularly SMEs – to garner overall information about the current movement in the area of networking, and assist them in putting in place and managing their own communications systems.Table of ContentsForeword xv Introduction xvii Chapter 1. Fundamentals 1 1.1. Different kinds of network 1 1.1.1. Classic definitions 1 1.1.2. National networks and international connections 3 1.1.3. Network exploiters and operators 5 1.1.4. Economic role of MVNOs and VNO 8 1.1.5. Public and private networks 8 1.1.6. Fixed and radio networks 9 1.1.7. Main operators worldwide 10 1.1.8. Pan-European network project 11 1.1.9. Single European hub for telecoms regulation 12 1.1.10. Pooling of network infrastructures 12 1.1.11. Energy consumption of telecoms systems 12 1.2. Financial aspects relating to networks 13 1.2.1. Economic studies in telecommunications 13 1.2.2. Cost price 14 1.2.3. Financial mechanisms involved 15 1.2.4. Cost of networks and operator charges 16 1.2.5. The hidden income source for long-standing network operators 16 1.3. Historical overview of the communications market 17 1.3.1. Industry in France 17 1.3.2. Components, past and present 19 1.3.3. Tomorrow’s components 20 1.3.4. History of network operators 23 1.3.5. Financing of networks 24 1.3.6. National and international legislation 24 1.4. Networking techniques 25 1.4.1. Analog vs. digital 25 1.4.2. Circuit-switching 27 1.4.3. Data packet switching and the Internet 28 1.4.4. Intelligent networks and NGNs 30 1.4.5. Range and availability of networks 30 1.4.6. Confidentiality 31 1.5. Choices available to companies in a changing world 32 1.5.1. SMEs faced with ICT 32 1.5.2. SMEs faced with the choice of a connection 33 1.5.3. Factors in choosing a connection for a company 33 1.6. Summary 34 Chapter 2. Communication Techniques 35 2.1. Transmission parameters 35 2.1.1. Frequency ranges in transmission 36 2.1.2. Attenuation 37 2.1.3. Phase, jitter and latency 38 2.1.4. Noise and crosstalk 38 2.1.5. Synchronization 39 2.1.6. Echoes 39 2.1.7. Micro-cuts 39 2.1.8. Error rate on binary elements 39 2.2. Modulation and encoding 39 2.2.1. Main types of modulation 39 2.2.2. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) 40 2.2.3. Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM) 40 2.2.4. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) 41 2.2.5. Source encoding and channel encoding 41 2.2.6. Error management 43 2.3. Switching 44 2.4. Signaling in networks 46 2.5. Protocols and data exploitation 47 2.5.1. Information to be transmitted 47 2.5.2. Exploitation of digital connections 48 2.5.3. Modes of communication 48 2.5.4. Data rate of a digital connection 51 2.6. The “OSI model” 52 2.6.1. Definition of communication protocols 52 2.6.2. Principle of the OSI model 53 2.6.3. The seven layers of the OSI model 54 2.6.4. Evolution of the OSI model 55 2.6.5. Information Communication Architecture (ICA) 56 2.6.6. Layers 1 and 2 in WANs 57 2.6.7. Layer 3 in WANs 58 2.6.8. The TCP/IP and UDP/IP combination 59 2.6.9. Data encapsulation 62 2.6.10. Network protocols associated with IP 64 2.7. Local Area Network (LAN) 67 2.7.1. PBX and LAN 67 2.7.2. Functions of PBX 67 2.7.3. LAN 68 2.7.4. Structure of Local Area Networks 69 2.7.5. Construction of a private local area network 69 2.7.6. Organization of an LAN 70 2.7.7. Audio Video Bridging 71 2.7.8. Main protocols in LANs 71 2.8. Public data networks (Wide-Area Networks – WANs) 75 2.8.1. Functional characteristics 75 2.8.2. Telecomputing over PSTN 76 2.8.3. WAN protocols 77 2.8.4. Routers 78 2.8.5. The access network and the WAN 79 2.9. Network management 79 2.10. Summary 80 Chapter 3. Transmission Supports 81 3.1. Description of supports 81 3.1.1. Two-wire or quad-wire metal cables 81 3.1.2. Coaxial cables 82 3.1.3. Fiber-optic 82 3.1.4. Wireless systems 83 3.1.5. Audio-video connections 84 3.2. Digital wireless access systems 85 3.2.1. Public 2G and 3G wireless systems 85 3.2.2. LTE, WiMAX and 4G 88 3.2.3. Wi-Fi networks 95 3.2.4. Small-cell network (SCN, microcells) 97 3.2.5. Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) 100 3.2.6. Software-Defined Networks – SDN and SUN 101 3.2.7. SONs (Self-Organizing Networks) 102 3.2.8. TETRA and PMR 103 3.2.9. RAN – Cellular Backhaul Links 103 3.2.10. Dedicated satellite Internet network 105 3.3. ADSL systems 105 3.4. Power-Line Communications (PLC) 107 3.5. Composite access networks 107 3.5.1. Shared fiber and divided fibers: FTTx 107 3.5.2. Connection with a single optical fiber 109 3.5.3. Combination of fiber and metal wire pairs – PONs 110 3.5.4. Hybrid fiber and coaxial (HFC) 111 3.5.5. Combinations of fiber and wireless systems 112 3.5.6. VPN using IP or Ethernet 112 3.6. Specific network structures 113 3.6.1. The IPX Architecture from GSMA 113 3.6.2. Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) 115 3.7. Reminder of the possible data rates 115 3.7.1. Long-distance digital connections 115 3.7.2. Digital connections in the access network 116 3.7.3. Overview of high data rate services 116 3.8. Regulations to be observed by operators 117 Chapter 4. Networking Protocols 119 4.1. Problems needing to be resolved 119 4.1.1. The double-edged duality of networks 119 4.1.2. Diversity of terminals 120 4.1.3. Proliferation of applications 121 4.1.4. Increased volume of traffic 121 4.1.5. The constant feeling of insecurity 122 4.2. Circuit-switching and network intelligence 123 4.2.1. PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) 123 4.2.2. ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) 125 4.2.3. Circuit-switching 126 4.2.4. The “intelligent network” (1980) 128 4.3. Packet-Switched Data Network (PSDN) 129 4.3.1. PSDN: packets and datagrams 129 4.3.2. Addressing in IPv4 130 4.3.3. Addressing in IPv6 131 4.3.4. Mutation from IPv4 to IPv6 131 4.3.5. Adoption of IPv6 132 4.3.6. The Long Walk to IPv6 134 4.4. NGNs and IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) 136 4.4.1. Definitions 136 4.4.2. Principle of IMS 137 4.4.3. Characteristics of IMS 140 4.4.4. SIP (protocol) 142 4.4.5. Long-distance SIP (SIP Trunking) 143 4.4.6. Discord regarding SIP Trunking 144 4.4.7. Diameter 144 4.5. Virtualization 145 4.5.1. Network Function Virtualization 145 4.5.2. Virtualization in companies 147 4.5.3. Virtualization and fault localization 148 4.6. Network security 149 4.6.1. The five major points of security 149 4.6.2. Attacks on the network 150 4.6.3. Computer attacks 151 4.6.4. Cyber-espionage 153 4.6.5. Securing of exchanges 154 4.6.6. Vulnerabilities of mobile terminals 155 4.6.7. Virtual Private Networks and security 156 4.7. Conclusion 158 Chapter 5. Voice Service and Messaging 159 5.1. Criteria of quality for voice signals 159 5.2.Voice interface 160 5.2.1. Analog technique 160 5.2.2. Digital technique 161 5.2.3. Digitization of voice signals 162 5.2.4. PBX 162 5.2.5. Special PBXs 163 5.3. VoIP and ToIP 164 5.3.1. Compression of voice signals and use of a protocol 164 5.3.2. Justification for VoIP 165 5.3.3. HD Voice Communications 165 5.4. Clerical works 166 5.4.1. Collaborative communications 166 5.4.2. Technologies today 167 5.4.3. Terminology surrounding the various services 169 5.4.4. Rich Communication Suite (RCS) 171 5.4.5. LTE and associated services 172 5.4.6. IPX (IP eXchange) structure 177 5.4.7. VoIP on cloud (Hosted VoIP) 180 5.4.8. Examples of professional messaging services 181 5.4.9. Telephony and messaging via the Internet 181 5.4.10. WebRTC 183 5.4.11. WebRTC and DTMF 185 5.4.12. The end of the legacy telephone network (12 June 2018) 186 5.4.13. Difficulties and barriers 187 5.5. Exploitation of messaging 189 5.5.1. Short Message Service 189 5.5.2. Competition in the area of SMS 190 5.5.3. Stealth SMS 190 5.5.4. MMS 190 5.5.5. SMS traffic 191 5.6. Communications with the emergency services 191 5.6.1. Principles 191 5.6.2. Mass notification system (MNS) 192 5.6.3. Roadside Assistance Service 192 5.7. Conclusion 193 Chapter 6. Data Applications 195 6.1. Multimedia services 195 6.2. Digital Signage 197 6.2.1. Definitions 197 6.2.2. Fields of application 197 6.2.3. Examples of the messages displayed 198 6.2.4. Digital signage technologies 198 6.2.5. Associated networks 199 6.2.6. Feedback 199 6.2.7. Application in tele-teaching 200 6.2.8. Standardization 200 6.2.9. Commercial aspects 201 6.3. Identification technologies 202 6.3.1. Identification of persons 202 6.3.2. Conventional codes 203 6.3.3. RFID 204 6.3.4. Near Field Communication (NFC) 205 6.3.5. QR Code (Quick Response) and Flash code 205 6.4. Image services 206 6.4.1. Still images 206 6.4.2. Animated images 207 6.4.3. Distribution of videos or movies 209 6.4.4. Videoconferencing 209 6.4.5. Image quality 210 6.5. Conclusion 211 Chapter 7. The internet and the NGN 213 7.1. Creation and principles of NGNs 213 7.1.1. Historical overview 213 7.1.2. General features 214 7.1.3. Founding organizations involved 215 7.1.4. Technical description 217 7.1.5. Addressing on the Internet 217 7.1.6. Internet statistics 219 7.1.7. Management of the Internet 219 7.1.8. The NGNs under study at the ITU 220 7.2. Usual applications on the Internet 222 7.2.1. Original applications 222 7.2.2. Mobile Internet access 225 7.2.3. Online news services 225 7.2.4. Remote payment 228 7.2.5. Online games 231 7.3. Developments currently under way 232 7.3.1. Extension of Web applications 232 7.3.2. Crowd sourcing 236 7.3.3. The personal digital revolution 236 7.3.4. Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) 236 7.3.5. Technological breakthroughs 238 7.4. Cloud computing 239 7.4.1. Principle of cloud computing 239 7.4.2. Advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing 240 7.4.3. Commercial aspects of cloud computing 241 7.4.4. Critical view of cloud computing 241 7.5. Big Data 242 7.6. The Internet of Things (IoT) and M2M 243 7.6.1. Definitions 243 7.6.2. Intended applications 244 7.6.3. Networks and protocols 245 7.6.4. Research currently under way 246 7.6.5. Weak points of the IoT 247 7.7. Social networks and social media 247 7.7.1. Definitions 247 7.7.2. Examples of social networks 248 7.7.3. Social networks and business 250 7.7.4. Social networks for the local area 252 7.7.5. Fragility of social networks 253 7.7.6. Threats 253 7.8. Principles of charging 255 7.8.1. Fixed-rate contracts or rates based on costs 255 7.8.2. Imbalance in terms of remuneration in the value chain 255 7.8.3. Cost of a terminal and price of applications 257 7.8.4. Profitability of networks 258 7.9. The weaknesses of the NGN/Internet construction 259 7.9.1. Lack of security 259 7.9.2. Variability of QoS 261 7.9.3. Protection of personal data 262 7.9.4. Intellectual property rights on the Internet 262 7.9.5. Lack of an authoritative decision-making body 263 7.9.6. Network neutrality, and Net neutrality 266 7.9.7. The need for a technical readjustment 268 7.9.8. Judgments about the role of the Internet 269 7.10. Where is the NGN heading to? 271 7.10.1. The strategy of the future Internet 271 7.10.2. Internet governance as seen from the outside world 272 7.10.3. Research projects 273 7.10.4. The Internet in developing countries 275 7.10.5. The situation in 2014 276 7.10.6. Scission of the Internet 279 7.11. Conclusion 280 Chapter 8. Choices For Businesses 281 8.1. Analysis of the need for communication 282 8.1.1. Internal communication 282 8.1.2. External communication 282 8.1.3. General recommendations 286 8.1.4. Sociology of telecoms 286 8.2. ICTs in SMEs 288 8.2.1. E-mails 288 8.2.2. Collaborative tools 290 8.2.3. Social networks 290 8.2.4. New digital tools 291 8.2.5. Internet in business 292 8.2.6. Cyber security 292 8.2.7. In search of a metric with which to qualify the digital economy 294 8.3. Technological evolution and associated costs 296 8.3.1. Requirements in terms of data rate 296 8.3.2. Consumer protection 298 8.3.3. Business 3.0 299 8.3.4. Emergencies and technological redundancy 299 8.3.5. The “communication” bill for a company 300 8.4. Security in SMEs 301 8.4.1. Mobile terminals 301 8.4.2. Security of exchanges 302 8.4.3. Passwords and practices to be avoided 303 8.4.4. Terminal takeover 304 8.4.5. USB keys (personal or company property?) 308 8.4.6. Third-party Wi-Fi access 308 8.4.7. Digital security charters 311 8.4.8. VPN and Proxy 311 8.5. Best practices 312 8.5.1. Fragility of NGNs 312 8.5.2. The inevitable transformation of companies to digital 313 8.5.3. Establishment of social networks in business 313 8.5.4. Cloud computing and business 315 8.5.5. Construction of a company Website 315 8.5.6. Mail order selling in the digital age 317 8.5.7. Video for business 319 8.5.8. Management of the company’s information system 321 8.5.9. Network management and management of communication tools 321 8.5.10. Power supply to the terminals 322 8.5.11. Importance of the IT director 323 8.6. References regarding cyber security 324 8.7. A few organizations operating in good security practices 325 8.7.1. Entities with French jurisdiction 325 8.7.2. Entities with international jurisdiction 326 8.8. Conclusion 328 Overview and Conclusions 329 Appendix 343 Glossary 359 Bibliography 367 Index 371

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Book SynopsisThis book deals with air-ground aeronautical communications. The main goal is to give the reader a survey of the currently deployed, emerging and future communications systems dedicated to digital data communications between the aircraft and the ground, namely the data link. Those communication systems show specific properties relatively to those commonly used for terrestrial communications. In this book, the system architectures are more specifically considered from the access to the application layers as radio and physical functionalities have already been addressed in detail in others books. The first part is an introduction to aeronautical communications, their specific concepts, properties, requirements and terminology. The second part presents the currently used systems for air ground communications in continental and oceanic area. The third part enlightens the reader on the emerging and future communication systems and some leading research projects focused on this scope. Finally, before the conclusion, the fourth part gives several main challenges and research directions currently under investigation.Table of ContentsFOREWORD ix INTRODUCTION xiii CHAPTER 1. CURRENT COMMUNICATION RADIO SYSTEMS FOR DATA LINK 1 1.1. History and definition 1 1.1.1. From voice to data link 1 1.1.2. Communication traffic classes 3 1.1.3. Main actors and organizations 5 1.2. Systems architecture 8 1.2.1. ACARS 8 1.2.2. FANS 1/A 11 1.2.3. ATN baseline 1 and FANS 2/B 13 1.3. Radio subnetworks for air–ground communications 21 1.3.1. Radio resource management 21 1.3.2. VHF communications 25 1.3.3. SATCOM 34 1.3.4. HF communications 44 CHAPTER 2. EMERGING AND FUTURE COMMUNICATION RADIO SYSTEMS FOR DATA LINK 49 2.1. Data link related research projects 49 2.1.1. Topics of interest 49 2.1.2. European project: SESAR 52 2.1.3. North American project: NextGen 55 2.1.4. Designing emerging communication systems for data link (for both SESAR WP and NextGen technologies) 56 2.2. Emerging communication systems 57 2.2.1. Integrated end-to-end communication architecture 57 2.2.2. Future aeronautical communication systems 59 CHAPTER 3. CHALLENGES AND RESEARCH DIRECTIONS 79 3.1. Sharing information: the SWIM concept 79 3.1.1. Why does ATM need SWIM? 79 3.1.2. SWIM principles 81 3.1.3. SWIM technical components 81 3.2. Multilink operational concept 83 3.2.1. Multilink operational concept requirements 83 3.2.2. Vertical handover in MLOC 84 3.3. IP mobility 87 3.3.1. IP mobility requirements for the FCI 88 3.3.2. IP mobility candidate solutions 88 3.3.3. IP mobility: open issues 89 3.4. Traffic segregation 90 3.4.1. Context 90 3.4.2. Traffic segregation and priority management strategies 91 3.4.3. Certification issues for multiplexing solutions (from a safety point of view) 93 3.5. Aeronautical network communications security 94 3.5.1. Levels of deployment for security mechanisms 95 3.5.2. Security controls coordination 98 3.6. Future aeronautical communication means: AANET (Aeronautical Ad Hoc Network) 100 3.6.1. AANET-based air/ground communications 100 3.6.2. AANET principles and properties 101 3.6.3. AANET access layer considerations 104 3.6.4. AANET communications performances 106 CONCLUSION 109 APPENDIX 113 BIBLIOGRAPHY 121 INDEX 127

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Book SynopsisMathematical Imaging is currently a rapidly growing field in applied mathematics, with an increasing need for theoretical mathematics. This book, the second of two volumes, emphasizes the role of mathematics as a rigorous basis for imaging sciences. It provides a comprehensive and convenient overview of the key mathematical concepts, notions, tools and frameworks involved in the various fields of gray-tone and binary image processing and analysis, by proposing a large, but coherent, set of symbols and notations, a complete list of subjects and a detailed bibliography. It establishes a bridge between the pure and applied mathematical disciplines, and the processing and analysis of gray-tone and binary images. It is accessible to readers who have neither extensive mathematical training, nor peer knowledge in Image Processing and Analysis. It is a self-contained book focusing on the mathematical notions, concepts, operations, structures, and frameworks that are beyond or involved in Image Processing and Analysis. The notations are simplified as far as possible in order to be more explicative and consistent throughout the book and the mathematical aspects are systematically discussed in the image processing and analysis context, through practical examples or concrete illustrations. Conversely, the discussed applicative issues allow the role of mathematics to be highlighted. Written for a broad audience – students, mathematicians, image processing and analysis specialists, as well as other scientists and practitioners – the author hopes that readers will find their own way of using the book, thus providing a mathematical companion that can help mathematicians become more familiar with image processing and analysis, and likewise, image processing and image analysis scientists, researchers and engineers gain a deeper understanding of mathematical notions and concepts.Table of ContentsPreface xvii Introduction xxv Part 5 Twelve Main Geometrical Frameworks for Binary Images 1 Chapter 21 The Set-Theoretic Framework 3 Chapter 22 The Topological Framework 9 Chapter 23 The Euclidean Geometric Framework 23 Chapter 24 The Convex Geometric Framework 37 Chapter 25 the Morphological Geometric Framework 47 Chapter 26 The Geometric and Topological Framework 57 Chapter 27 The Measure-Theoretic Geometric Framework 71 Chapter 28 The Integral Geometric Framework 89 Chapter 29 The Differential Geometric Framework 111 Chapter 30 The Variational Geometric Framework 129 Chapter 31 The Stochastic Geometric Framework 135 Chapter 32 The Stereological Framework 159 Part 6 Four Specific Geometrical Framework for Binary Images 177 Chapter 33 The Granulometric Geometric Framework 179 Chapter 34 The Morphometric Geometric Framework 189 Chapter 35 The Fractal Geometric Framework 211 Chapter 36 The Textural Geometric Framework 229 Part 7 Four 'Hybrid' Framework for Gray-Tone and Binary Images 241 Chapter 37 The Interpolative Framework 243 Chapter 38 The Bounded-Variation Framework 253 Chapter 39 The Level Set Framework 269 Chapter 40 The Distance-Map Framework 281 Concluding Discussion and Perspectives 295 Appendices 301 Tables of Notations and Symbols 303 Table of Acronyms 341 Table of Latin Phrases 347 Bibliography 349 Index of Authors 435 Index of Subjects 445

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Book SynopsisRandom SALOHA and CSMA protocols that are used to access MAC in ad hoc networks are very small compared to the multiple and spontaneous use of the transmission channel. So they have low immunity to the problems of packet collisions. Indeed, the transmission time is the critical factor in the operation of such networks. The simulations demonstrate the positive impact of erasure codes on the throughput of the transmission in ad hoc networks. However, the network still suffers from the intermittency and volatility of its efficiency throughout its operation, and it switches quickly to the saturation zone. In this context, game theory has demonstrated his ability to lead the network to a more efficient equilibrium. This, we were led to propose our model code set that formalizes the behavior of nodes during transmission within SALOHA networks and CSMA respectively.Table of ContentsFOREWORD ix INTRODUCTION xi LIST OF ACRONYMS xv CHAPTER 1. AD HOC NETWORKS: STUDY AND DISCUSSION OF PERFORMANCE 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Concepts specific to ad hoc networks 2 1.2.1. Topology 2 1.2.2. Connectivity 3 1.2.3. Mobility 4 1.2.4. Networks: wireless mesh network (WMN), wireless sensor networks (WSN) and mobile ad hoc network (MANET) 5 1.2.5. Routing 7 1.2.6. Weak security 9 1.2.7. Access to the environment 9 1.3. MAC protocols in mobile ad hoc networks 10 1.3.1. ALOHA 10 1.3.2. CSMA 15 1.4. Energy consumption in ad hoc networks 25 1.4.1. Energy overconsumption and/or waste 28 1.4.2. Toward more efficient energy consumption 30 1.5. Conclusion 34 CHAPTER 2. GAME THEORY AND COMMUNICATION NETWORKS 35 2.1. Introduction 35 2.2. Introductory concepts in game theory 38 2.2.1. Game 38 2.2.2. Player 38 2.2.3. Strategy (pure and mixed) 39 2.2.4. Utility 40 2.2.5. General classification of games 41 2.2.6. Equilibrium 44 2.3. Nash equilibrium 46 2.3.1. Definition 46 2.3.2. Existence 47 2.3.3. Uniqueness 50 2.3.4. Specific cases 51 2.4. Famous games 52 2.4.1. The prisoner’s dilemma 52 2.4.2. Cournot duopoly 53 2.5. Applications to wireless networks 55 2.5.1. Routing game 56 2.5.2. Power control game 58 2.6. Conclusion 60 CHAPTER 3. GAMES IN SALOHA NETWORKS 61 3.1. Introduction 61 3.2. Functioning of the SALOHA algorithm 64 3.2.1. Study of stability 68 3.2.2. Transmission time 72 3.3. Modeling of node behavior in SALOHA with a strategic coding game 73 3.3.1. Issues 73 3.3.2. RS erasure codes 75 3.3.3. The impact of erasure encoding on SALOHA 79 3.3.4. Description of game model 80 3.3.5. Study of utility 83 3.3.6. Discussion of equilibrium 84 3.4. SALOHA network performance at Nash equilibrium 86 3.4.1. Coding cost 86 3.4.2. Loss rate 87 3.4.3. Output 88 3.4.4. Stability 90 3.4.5. Transmission time 91 3.5. Conclusion 92 CHAPTER 4. GAMES IN CSMA NETWORKS 93 4.1. Introduction 93 4.2. CMSA performance 95 4.3. Sources of problems in CSMA networks 99 4.4. Modeling of node behavior in CSMA using a strategic coding game 100 4.4.1. Game model analysis 100 4.4.2. Utility function 101 4.4.3. Discussion of equilibrium 103 4.5. CSMA performances at equilibrium 105 4.5.1. Coding/decoding price (cost) 105 4.5.2. Output 106 4.5.3. Transmission time 108 4.5.4. Energy optimization at equilibrium 109 4.6. Conclusion 110 CONCLUSION 113 BIBLIOGRAPHY 119 INDEX 139

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Book SynopsisLTE (Long Term Evolution) is commonly marketed as 4G. LTE and LTE Advanced have been recognized by ITU-R and ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union – Telecommunications) as the principal solution for the future mobile communication networks standards. They are thus the framework of what the marketing calls 4G and possibly also 5G. This book describes various aspects of LTE as well as the change of paradigm, which it is bringing to mobile communications, focusing on LTE standards and architecture, OFDMA, the Full IP Core Network and LTE security.Table of ContentsLIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF TABLES xiii INTRODUCTION xv CHAPTER 1. LTE ROLL-OUT 1 1.1. LTE air interface superior features 1 1.1.1. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing access (OFDMA) for the downlink 1 1.1.2. Single-carrier frequency division multiple access for uplink 1 1.1.3. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission 2 1.1.4. Support for component carrier 10 1.1.5. Relaying 11 1.2. LTE FDD, TDD and TD-LTE duplex schemes 13 1.2.1. Duplex schemes 14 1.2.2. LTE TDD/TD-LTE and TD-SCDMA 17 1.2.3. FDD LTE frequency band allocations 18 1.2.4. Allocated frequency bands in Europe, multiband operation 19 1.2.5. TDD LTE frequency band allocations 21 1.3. LTE UE category and class definitions 22 1.3.1. LTE UE category rationale 22 1.3.2. LTE UE category definitions 23 1.4. Interferences in OFDMA 25 1.5. Radio propagation software 35 1.6. Macrocells, microcells and femtocells 37 1.6.1. Macrocells 37 1.6.2. Femtocells 38 1.6.3. Remote radio heads 40 1.6.4. Heterogeneous network 40 1.7. Backhaul 40 1.7.1. The unified backhau l41 1.7.2. Future of Ethernet backhau l42 1.7.3. UMTS IP NodeB transport over converged packet network 44 1.7.4. LTE/EPC transport over converged packet network 49 1.8. Frequency planning 66 1.9. Compatibility with DTT 67 1.10. Health effects 68 1.10.1. Physical facts 69 1.10.2. Specific energy absorption rate 72 1.10.3. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection 73 1.10.4. Measurements of SAR, experimental studies 75 1.10.5. Comparison of SAR caused by different devices 77 1.10.6. Safety limits – towers 80 1.11. Appendix 1: radio dimensioning and planning exercises (courtesy of Emmanuelle Vivier) 81 1.12. Appendix 2: relaying the radio links 84 1.13. Appendix 3: LTE-Advanced: requirements 88 CHAPTER 2. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 91 2.1. Introduction 91 2.2. Load tests 93 2.2.1. Dimensioning of network elements to smoothly carry the traffic 93 2.2.2. Dimensioning of signaling channels 94 2.2.3. Load tests on signaling channels 101 2.3. Use of protocol analyzer: example of MAPS system 102 2.3.1. Background 102 2.3.2. Overview 102 2.3.3. Main features 103 2.3.4. Supported protocol standards 104 2.3.5. Test configuration 105 2.3.6. Call generation 106 2.3.7. Call reception 106 2.3.8. Bulk call simulation 108 2.3.9. Customization of call flow and messages using preprocessing tools 108 2.3.10. Call flow and script execution control 109 2.3.11. Call statistics, events, link status 109 2.4. Appendix: TS of SA5 working group of 3GPP TSG SA 110 CHAPTER 3. OTT SERVICES 151 3.1. Introduction 151 3.1.1. Impact of the technology 151 3.1.2. OTT applications 153 3.1.3. OTT over LTE 153 3.1.4. New services opened by the high-speed Internet generalization 154 3.2. Technical view of OTT services 155 3.2.1. OTT technology 155 3.2.2. Testing OTT performances 161 3.3. OTT services challenging TV telecommunication services 162 3.3.1. Instant messaging business 163 3.3.2. Television and video OTT services 165 3.3.3. Apple TV (source: Wikipedia) 167 3.3.4. Netflix, the 2014 OTT champion 169 3.3.5. “OTT services” provided by the network operators 170 3.3.6. The carrier: neutral or responsible? 171 3.4. OTT services other than television 173 3.4.1. Dedicated services 173 3.4.2. LBS: positioning and GPS-driven applications 174 3.5. Open applications versus verticalization 177 3.5.1. The Apple model 177 CONCLUSION 179 BIBLIOGRAPHY 191 INDEX 193

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Book SynopsisNowadays approximately 6 billion people use a mobile phone and they now take a central position within our daily lives. The 1990s saw a tremendous increase in the use of wireless systems and the democratization of this means of communication. To allow the communication of millions of phones, computers and, more recently, tablets to be connected, millions of access points and base station antennas have been extensively deployed. Small cells and the Internet of Things with the billions of connected objects will reinforce this trend. This growing use of wireless communications has been accompanied by a perception of risk to the public from exposure to radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF). To address this concern, biomedical research has been conducted. It has also been important to develop and improve dosimetry methods and protocols that could be used to evaluate EMF exposure and check compliance with health limits. To achieve this, much effort has was made in the 1990s and 2000s. Experimental and numerical methods, including statistical methods, have been developed. This book provides an overview and description of the basic and advanced methods that have been developed for human RF exposure assessment. It covers experimental, numerical, deterministic and stochastic methods.Table of ContentsPreface vii Chapter 1. Human RF Exposure and Communication Systems 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Metric and limits relative to human exposure 3 1.3 European standards and regulation framework 36 1.4 Conclusion 39 Chapter 2. Computational Electromagnetics Applied to Human Exposure Assessment 41 2.1 Introduction 41 2.2 Finite difference in time domain to solve the Maxwell equations 42 2.3 FDTD and human exposure assessment 71 2.4 RF exposure assessment 103 2.5 Conclusion 117 Chapter 3. Stochastic Dosimetry 119 3.1 Motivations 119 3.2 The challenge of variability for numerical dosimetry 120 3.3 Stochastic dosimetry and polynomial chaos expansion 122 3.4 PC and numerical dosimetry 125 3.5 Calculation of the PC coefficients 131 3.6 Design of experiments 135 3.7 Predictive model validation 140 3.8 Surrogate modeling for dosimetry 142 3.9 SA and signature of the PC 150 3.10 Parsimonious quintile estimation 155 3.11 Conclusion 155 Conclusion 157 Bibliography 159 Index 179

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