Communications engineering / telecommunications Books

Book SynopsisThis handy pocket guide to essential radio frequency interference (RFI) is a valuable, pocket-sized reference for radio amateurs and others in the radio communication fields. Designed as a practical, quick guide, the Radio Frequency Interference Pocket Guide collates key data, diagrams and useful reference materials into one handy place to help the reader to understand basic EM theory, along with specific remediation steps in reducing or eliminating sources of radio interference. Topics covered include; EMC/RFI Fundamentals, EMC design, FCC rules, locating RFI and resolving RFI.Table of Contents Introduction EMC/RFI Fundementals Frequency Versus Wavelength Broadcast Frequency Allocations (U.S.) Identifying RFI Locating RFI Resolving RFI Assembling an RFI Locating Kit U.S. FCC Rules European Union (EU) Rules Commonly Used Equations Useful Software

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Book SynopsisThe area of information fusion has grown considerably during the last few years, leading to a rapid and impressive evolution. In such fast-moving times, it is important to take stock of the changes that have occurred. As such, this books offers an overview of the general principles and specificities of information fusion in signal and image processing, as well as covering the main numerical methods (probabilistic approaches, fuzzy sets and possibility theory and belief functions).Table of ContentsPreface 11 Isabelle BLOCH Chapter 1. Definitions 13 Isabelle BLOCH and Henri MAÎTRE 1.1. Introduction 13 1.2. Choosing a definition 13 1.3. General characteristics of the data 16 1.4. Numerical/symbolic 19 1.4.1. Data and information 19 1.4.2. Processes 19 1.4.3. Representations 20 1.5. Fusion systems 20 1.6. Fusion in signal and image processing and fusion in other fields 22 1.7. Bibliography 23 Chapter 2. Fusion in Signal Processing 25 Jean-Pierre LE CADRE, Vincent NIMIER and Roger REYNAUD 2.1. Introduction 25 2.2. Objectives of fusion in signal processing 27 2.2.1. Estimation and calculation of a law a posteriori 28 2.2.2. Discriminating between several hypotheses and identifying 31 2.2.3. Controlling and supervising a data fusion chain 34 2.3. Problems and specificities of fusion in signal processing 37 2.3.1. Dynamic control 37 2.3.2. Quality of the information 42 2.3.3. Representativeness and accuracy of learning and a priori information 43 2.4. Bibliography 43 Chapter 3. Fusion in Image Processing 47 Isabelle BLOCH and Henri MAÎTRE 3.1. Objectives of fusion in image processing 47 3.2. Fusion situations 50 3.3. Data characteristics in image fusion 51 3.4. Constraints 54 3.5. Numerical and symbolic aspects in image fusion 55 3.6. Bibliography 56 Chapter 4. Fusion in Robotics 57 Michèle ROMBAUT 4.1. The necessity for fusion in robotics 57 4.2. Specific features of fusion in robotics 58 4.2.1.Constraints on the perception system 58 4.2.2. Proprioceptive and exteroceptive sensors 58 4.2.3. Interaction with the operator and symbolic interpretation 59 4.2.4. Time constraints 59 4.3. Characteristics of the data in robotics 61 4.3.1. Calibrating and changing the frame of reference 61 4.3.2. Types and levels of representation of the environment 62 4.4. Data fusion mechanisms 63 4.5. Bibliography 64 Chapter 5. Information and Knowledge Representation in Fusion Problems 65 Isabelle BLOCH and Henri MAÎTRE 5.1. Introduction 65 5.2. Processing information in fusion 65 5.3. Numerical representations of imperfect knowledge 67 5.4. Symbolic representation of imperfect knowledge 68 5.5. Knowledge-based systems 69 5.6. Reasoning modes and inference 73 5.7. Bibliography 74 Chapter 6. Probabilistic and Statistical Methods 77 Isabelle BLOCH, Jean-Pierre LE CADRE and Henri MAÎTRE 6.1. Introduction and general concepts 77 6.2. Information measurements 77 6.3. Modeling and estimation 79 6.4. Combination in a Bayesian framework 80 6.5. Combination as an estimation problem 80 6.6. Decision 81 6.7. Other methods in detection 81 6.8. An example of Bayesian fusion in satellite imagery 82 6.9. Probabilistic fusion methods applied to target motion analysis 84 6.9.1. General presentation 84 6.9.2. Multi-platform target motion analysis 95 6.9.3. Target motion analysis by fusion of active and passive measurements 96 6.9.4. Detection of a moving target in a network of sensors 98 6.10. Discussion 101 6.11. Bibliography 104 Chapter 7. Belief Function Theory 107 Isabelle BLOCH 7.1. General concept and philosophy of the theory 107 7.2. Modeling 108 7.3. Estimation of mass functions 111 7.3.1. Modification of probabilistic models 112 7.3.2. Modification of distance models 114 7.3.3. A priori information on composite focal elements (disjunctions) 114 7.3.4. Learning composite focal elements 115 7.3.5. Introducing disjunctions by mathematical morphology 115 7.4. Conjunctive combination 116 7.4.1. Dempster’s rule 116 7.4.2. Conflict and normalization 116 7.4.3. Properties 118 7.4.4. Discounting 120 7.4.5. Conditioning 120 7.4.6. Separable mass functions 121 7.4.7. Complexity 122 7.5. Other combination modes 122 7.6. Decision 122 7.7. Application example in medical imaging 124 7.8. Bibliography 131 Chapter 8. Fuzzy Sets and Possibility Theory 135 Isabelle BLOCH 8.1. Introduction and general concepts 135 8.2. Definitions of the fundamental concepts of fuzzy sets 136 8.2.1. Fuzzy sets 136 8.2.2. Set operations: Zadeh’s original definitions 137 8.2.3. α-cuts 139 8.2.4. Cardinality 139 8.2.5. Fuzzy number 140 8.3. Fuzzy measures 142 8.3.1. Fuzzy measure of a crisp set 142 8.3.2. Examples of fuzzy measures 142 8.3.3. Fuzzy integrals 143 8.3.4. Fuzzy set measures 145 8.3.5. Measures of fuzziness 145 8.4. Elements of possibility theory 147 8.4.1. Necessity and possibility 147 8.4.2. Possibility distribution 148 8.4.3. Semantics 150 8.4.4. Similarities with the probabilistic, statistical and belief interpretations 150 8.5. Combination operators 151 8.5.1. Fuzzy complementation 152 8.5.2. Triangular norms and conorms 153 8.5.3. Mean operators 161 8.5.4. Symmetric sums 165 8.5.5. Adaptive operators 167 8.6. Linguistic variables 170 8.6.1. Definition 171 8.6.2. An example of a linguistic variable 171 8.6.3. Modifiers 172 8.7. Fuzzy and possibilistic logic 172 8.7.1. Fuzzy logic 173 8.7.2. Possibilistic logic 177 8.8. Fuzzy modeling in fusion 179 8.9. Defining membership functions or possibility distributions 180 8.10. Combining and choosing the operators 182 8.11. Decision 187 8.12. Application examples 188 8.12.1. Example in satellite imagery 188 8.12.2. Example in medical imaging 192 8.13. Bibliography 194 Chapter 9. Spatial Information in Fusion Methods 199 Isabelle BLOCH 9.1. Modeling 199 9.2. The decision level 200 9.3. The combination level 201 9.4. Application examples 201 9.4.1. The combination level: multi-source Markovian classification 201 9.4.2. The modeling and decision level: fusion of structure detectors using belief function theory 202 9.4.3. The modeling level: fuzzy fusion of spatial relations 205 9.5. Bibliography 211 Chapter 10. Multi-Agent Methods: An Example of an Architecture and its Application for the Detection, Recognition and Identification of Targets 213 Fabienne EALET, Bertrand COLLIN and Catherine GARBAY 10.1.The DRI function 214 10.1.1. The application context 215 10.1.2. Design constraints and concepts 216 10.1.3. State of the art 216 10.2. Proposed method: towards a vision system 217 10.2.1. Representation space and situated agents 218 10.2.2. Focusing and adapting 219 10.2.3. Distribution and co-operation 220 10.2.4. Decision and uncertainty management 221 10.2.5. Incrementality and learning 221 10.3. The multi-agent system: platform and architecture 222 10.3.1. The developed multi-agent architecture 222 10.3.2. Presentation of the platformused 222 10.4. The control scheme 224 10.4.1. The intra-image control cycle 224 10.4.2. Inter-image control cycle 226 10.5. The information handled by the agents 227 10.5.1. The knowledge base 227 10.5.2. The world model 229 10.6. The results 231 10.6.1. Direct analysis 232 10.6.2. Indirect analysis: two focusing strategies 235 10.6.3. Indirect analysis: spatial and temporal exploration 237 10.6.4. Conclusion 240 10.7. Bibliography 241 Chapter 11. Fusion of Non-Simultaneous Elements of Information: Temporal Fusion 245 Michèle ROMBAUT 11.1. Time variable observations 245 11.2. Temporal constraints 246 11.3. Fusion 247 11.3.1. Fusion of distinct sources 247 11.3.2. Fusion of single source data 248 11.3.3. Temporal registration 249 11.4. Dating measurements 249 11.5. Evolutionary models 250 11.6. Single sensor prediction-combination 252 11.7. Multi-sensor prediction-combination 253 11.8. Conclusion 257 11.9. Bibliography 257 Chapter 12. Conclusion 259 Isabelle BLOCH 12.1. A few achievements 259 12.2. A few prospects 260 12.3. Bibliography 261 Appendices 263 A. Probabilities: A Historical Perspective 263 A.1. Probabilities through history 264 A.1.1. Before 1660 264 A.1.2. Towards the Bayesian mathematical formulation 266 A.1.3. The predominance of the frequentist approach: the “objectivists” 268 A.1.4. The 20th century: a return to subjectivism 269 A.2. Objectivist and subjectivist probability classes 271 A.3. Fundamental postulates for an inductive logic 272 A.3.1. Fundamental postulates 273 A.3.2. First functional equation 274 A.3.3. Second functional equation 275 A.3.4. Probabilities inferred from functional equations 276 A.3.5. Measure of uncertainty and information theory 276 A.3.6. De Finetti and betting theory 277 A.4.Bibliography 280 B. Axiomatic Inference of the Dempster-Shafer Combination Rule 283 B.1. Smets’s axioms 284 B.2. Inference of the combination rule 286 B.3.RelationwithCox’s postulates 287 B.4.Bibliography 289 List of Authors 291 Index 293

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Book SynopsisOptimal filtering applied to stationary and non-stationary signals provides the most efficient means of dealing with problems arising from the extraction of noise signals. Moreover, it is a fundamental feature in a range of applications, such as in navigation in aerospace and aeronautics, filter processing in the telecommunications industry, etc. This book provides a comprehensive overview of this area, discussing random and Gaussian vectors, outlining the results necessary for the creation of Wiener and adaptive filters used for stationary signals, as well as examining Kalman filters which are used in relation to non-stationary signals. Exercises with solutions feature in each chapter to demonstrate the practical application of these ideas using MATLAB.Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xi Chapter 1. Random Vectors 1 1.1. Definitions and general properties. 1 1.2. Spaces L1 (dP) and L2 (dP) 20 1.3. Mathematical expectation and applications 23 1.4. Second order random variables and vectors. 39 1.5. Linear independence of vectors of L2 (dP) 46 1.6. Conditional expectation (concerning random vectors with density function) 51 1.7. Exercises for Chapter 1 56 Chapter 2. Gaussian Vectors 63 2.1. Some reminders regarding random Gaussian vectors 63 2.2. Definition and characterization of Gaussian vectors 66 2.3. Results relative to independence 68 2.4. Affine transformation of a Gaussian vector 72 2.5. The existence of Gaussian vectors. 74 2.6. Exercises for Chapter 2 84 Chapter 3. Introduction to Discrete Time Processes 93 3.1. Definition 93 3.2. WSS processes and spectral measure 105 3.3. Spectral representation of a WSS process 109 3.4. Introduction to digital filtering 114 3.5. Important example: autoregressive process 127 3.6. Exercises for Chapter 3 132 Chapter 4. Estimation 139 4.1. Position of the problem 139 4.2. Linear estimation 142 4.3. Best estimate – conditional expectation 154 4.4. Example: prediction of an autoregressive process AR (1) 162 4.5. Multivariate processes 163 4.6. Exercises for Chapter 4 172 Chapter 5. The Wiener Filter 177 5.1. Introduction 177 5.2. Resolution and calculation of the FIR filter 179 5.3. Evaluation of the least error 181 5.4. Resolution and calculation of the IIR filter 183 5.5. Evaluation of least mean square error 187 5.6. Exercises for Chapter 5 188 Chapter 6. Adaptive Filtering: Algorithm of the Gradient and the LMS 195 6.1. Introduction 195 6.2. Position of problem 198 6.3. Data representation 200 6.4. Minimization of the cost function 202 6.5. Gradient algorithm 209 6.6. Geometric interpretation 212 6.7. Stability and convergence 216 6.8. Estimation of gradient and LMS algorithm 221 6.9. Example of the application of the LMS algorithm 224 6.10. Exercises for Chapter 6 233 Chapter 7. The Kalman Filter 235 7.1. Position of problem 235 7.2. Approach to estimation 239 7.3. Kalman filtering 243 7.4. Exercises for Chapter 7 261 7.5. Appendices 267 7.6. Examples treated using Matlab software 273 Table of Symbols and Notations 281 Bibliography 283 Index 285

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Book SynopsisThis work presents ad hoc networks and their characteristics. It explains a new protocol of routing with QoS as well as its implementation in a network simulator and compares it with the existing protocols. The book discusses the principle of the load balancing, treats the approaches of optimization of energy, and proposes a new approach with an analytical model that gives a better performance.Trade Review"This is a technical work appropriate for network architects and communication engineers and includes numerous diagrams, illustration and equations as well as appendix information on creating ad-hoc network simulation environments." (Booknews, 1 April 2011) "This is a technical work appropriate for network architects and communication engineers and includes numerous diagrams, illustration and equations as well as appendix information on creating ad-hoc network simulation environments." (Reference and Research Book News, 1 April 2011) Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction to Ad Hoc Networks 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Wireless networks and communications 2 1.3. Ad hoc networks (MANET) 8 1.4. Routing of ad hoc networks 15 1.5. Conclusion 22 Chapter 2. Routing in MANETs 23 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. Internet routing protocols 24 2.3. Classification of routing protocols in MANET 28 2.4. Conclusion 47 Chapter 3. Performance Evaluation of OLSR and AODV Protocols 49 3.1. Introduction 49 3.2. The AODV protocol 50 3.3. The OLSR protocol 58 3.4. Simulation environment 74 3.5. Results and analysis 80 3.6. Conclusion 86 Chapter 4. Quality of Service in MANETs 89 4.1. Introduction 89 4.2. QoS: a definition 90 4.3. The OLSRQSUP protocol and QoS extensions 100 4.4. Conclusion 113 Chapter 5. Implementation and Simulation 115 5.1. Introduction 115 5.2. Implementation 116 5.3. Simulation 121 5.4. Conclusion 143 Chapter 6. Load Distribution in MANETs 145 6.1. Introduction 145 6.2. Previous approaches to the load-sharing problem 146 6.3. Analytical study of the load-sharing problem in an ad hoc network with shortest-path routing 156 6.4. Proposition 161 6.5. Performance evaluation of proposed load-balancing mechanisms 171 6.6. Conclusion 177 Chapter 7. Energy Optimization in Routing Protocols 179 7.1. Introduction 179 7.2. Energy optimization techniques 180 7.3. Energy minimizing routing models in ad hoc networks 188 7.4. Comparison of energy consumption for an ad hoc network routing protocols simulated in ns-2 198 7.5. Conclusion 210 Chapter 8. Wi-Fi Access for Ad Hoc Networks 211 8.1. Introduction 211 8.2. Wi-Fi network structure 212 8.3. Wi-Fi network architecture 225 8.4. Wi-Fi norms 231 8.5. 802.11n migration 237 8.6. Conclusion 239 Bibliography 241 APPENDICES 247 Appendix 1. The Ad Hoc Networks Simulator (ANS) 249 Appendix 2. TCL Script of OLSRQSUP Protocol 255 Appendix 3. Awk Script 261 Index 265

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Book SynopsisMultiresolution analysis using the wavelet transform has received considerable attention in recent years by researchers in various fields. It is a powerful tool for efficiently representing signals and images at multiple levels of detail with many inherent advantages, including compression, level-of-detail display, progressive transmission, level-of-detail editing, filtering, modeling, fractals and multifractals, etc. This book aims to provide a simple formalization and new clarity on multiresolution analysis, rendering accessible obscure techniques, and merging, unifying or completing the technique with encoding, feature extraction, compressive sensing, multifractal analysis and texture analysis. It is aimed at industrial engineers, medical researchers, university lab attendants, lecturer-researchers and researchers from various specializations. It is also intended to contribute to the studies of graduate students in engineering, particularly in the fields of medical imaging, intelligent instrumentation, telecommunications, and signal and image processing. Given the diversity of the problems posed and addressed, this book paves the way for the development of new research themes, such as brain–computer interface (BCI), compressive sensing, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), tissue characterization (bones, skin, etc.) and the analysis of complex phenomena in general. Throughout the chapters, informative illustrations assist the uninitiated reader in better conceptualizing certain concepts, taking the form of numerous figures and recent applications in biomedical engineering, communication, multimedia, finance, etc.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Chapter 1. Introduction to Multiresolution Analysis 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Wavelet transforms: an introductory review 3 1.2.1. Brief history 3 1.2.2. Continuous wavelet transforms 6 1.2.2.1. Wavelet transform modulus maxima 9 1.2.2.2. Reconstruction 13 1.2.3. Discrete wavelet transforms 14 1.3. Multiresolution 16 1.3.1. Multiresolution analysis and wavelet bases 17 1.3.1.1. Approximation spaces 17 1.3.1.2. Detail spaces 19 1.3.2. Multiresolution analysis: points to remember 21 1.3.3. Decomposition and reconstruction 22 1.3.3.1. Calculation of coefficients 22 1.3.3.2. Implementation of MRA: Mallat algorithm 24 1.3.3.3. Extension to images 26 1.3.4. Wavelet packets 28 1.3.5. Multiresolution analysis summarized 30 1.4. Which wavelets to choose? 33 1.4.1. Number of vanishing moments, regularity, support (compactness), symmetry, etc 33 1.4.2. Well-known wavelets, scale functions and associated filters 34 1.4.2.1. Haar wavelet 34 vi Signal and Image Multiresolution Analysis 1.4.2.2. Daubechies wavelets 36 1.4.2.3. Symlets 38 1.4.2.4. Coiflets 39 1.4.2.5. Meyer wavelets 41 1.4.2.6. Polynomial spline wavelets 43 1.5. Multiresolution analysis and biorthogonal wavelet bases 48 1.5.1. Why biorthogonal bases? 48 1.5.2. Multiresolution context 48 1.5.3. Example of biorthogonal wavelets, scaling functions and associated filters 49 1.5.4. The concept of wavelet lifting 51 1.5.4.1. The notion of lifting 51 1.5.4.2. Significance of structure lifting 52 1.6. Wavelet choice at a glance 54 1.6.1. Regularity 54 1.6.2. Vanishing moments 54 1.6.3. Other criteria 55 1.6.4. Conclusion 55 1.7. Worked examples 55 1.7.1. Examples of multiresolution analysis 55 1.7.2. Compression 58 1.7.3. Denoising (reduction of noise) 64 1.8. Some applications 74 1.8.1. Discovery and contributions of wavelets 74 1.8.2. Biomedical engineering 76 1.8.2.1. ECG, EEG and BCI 77 1.8.2.2. Medical imaging 97 1.8.3. Telecommunications 110 1.8.3.1. Adaptive compression for sensor networks 110 1.8.3.2. Masking image encoding and transmission errors 114 1.8.3.3. Suppression of correlated noise 118 1.8.4. “Compressive sensing”, ICA, PCA and MRA 119 1.8.4.1. Principal component analysis 120 1.8.4.2. Independent component analysis 121 1.8.4.3. Compressive sensing 122 1.8.5. Conclusion 128 1.9. Bibliography 129 Chapter 2. Discrete Wavelet Transform-Based Multifractal Analysis 135 2.1. Introduction 135 2.1.1. Fractals and wavelets: a happy marriage? 135 2.1.2. Background 136 2.1.3. Mono/multifractal processes 137 2.1.4. Chapter outline 138 2.2. Fractality, variability and complexity 139 2.2.1. System complexity 139 2.2.2. Complex phenomena properties 141 2.2.2.1. Tendency of autonomous agents to self-organize 141 2.2.2.2. Variability and adaptability 142 2.2.2.3. Bifurcation concept and chaotic model 143 2.2.2.4. Hierarchy and scale invariance 146 2.2.2.5. Self-organized critical phenomena 146 2.2.2.6. Highly optimized tolerance 147 2.2.3. Fractality 148 2.3. Multifractal analysis 150 2.3.1. Point-wise regularity 150 2.3.2. Hölder exponent 150 2.3.3. Signal classification according to the regularity properties 152 2.3.3.1. Monofractal signal 152 2.3.3.2. Multifractal signal 152 2.3.4. Hausdorff dimension 154 2.3.4.1. Theoretic approach 155 2.3.4.2. Qualitative approach and multifractal spectrum 155 2.4. Multifractal formalism 156 2.4.1. Reminder on wavelet decomposition 156 2.4.2. Point-wise regularity characterization 157 2.4.3. Structure function and power law behavior 158 2.4.4. Link between scaling exponents and singularity spectrum 159 2.4.5. Use of wavelet leaders 160 2.4.5.1. Indexing a dyadic square and wavelet leaders 161 2.4.5.2. Polynomial expansion and log-cumulants 162 2.4.6. Wavelet leaders variant: “maximum” coefficients 165 2.5. Algorithm and performances 165 2.5.1. Singularity spectrum estimation algorithm 165 2.5.2. Analysis of a few widely used processes 167 2.5.2.1. fBm: a monofractal process 167 2.5.2.2. CMC: a multifractal process 170 2.5.2.3. BMC: another class of multifractal processes 173 2.5.3. Estimation performances 176 2.5.3.1. fBm and CMC-LN and CMC-LP simulation 176 2.5.3.2. Results 177 2.5.3.3. Interpretation and recommendations 182 2.6. Applications 186 2.6.1. Turbulence 186 viii Signal and Image Multiresolution Analysis 2.6.1.1. From Leonardo da Vinci to Kolmogorov 186 2.6.1.2. Multifractal process in turbulence 191 2.6.2. Multifractal process in finance 194 2.6.2.1. Stock market complexity modeling 194 2.6.2.2. Market turbulence 198 2.6.3. Internet traffic 203 2.6.3.1. The Internet revolution 203 2.6.3.2. Multifractal nature of Internet traffic? 204 2.6.4. Biomedical field 205 2.6.4.1. Analyzing image texture through a multifractal approach 205 2.6.4.2. Multifractality in medical imaging 211 2.7. Conclusion 219 2.8. Bibliography 220 Chapter 3. Multimodal Compression Using JPEG 2000: Supervised Insertion Approach 225 3.1. Introduction 225 3.2. The JPEG 2000 standard 226 3.3. Multimodal compression by unsupervised insertion 227 3.3.1. Principle of insertion in the wavelet transform domain 228 3.3.2. Principle of insertion in the spatial domain 229 3.4. Multimodal compression by supervised insertion 231 3.4.1. Choice of insertion zone 232 3.4.2. Insertion and separation function 233 3.4.2.1. Insertion function 233 3.4.2.2. Separation function 235 3.5. Criteria for quality evaluation 236 3.5.1. Peak signal-to-noise ratio 236 3.5.2. Percent residual difference 237 3.6. Some preliminary results 238 3.7. Conclusion 242 3.8. Bibliography 243 Chapter 4. Cerebral Microembolism Synchronous Detection with Wavelet Packets 245 4.1. Issue and stakes 245 4.2. Prior information research 247 4.2.1. Doppler ultrasound blood flow signal 247 4.2.2. Embolic Doppler ultrasound signal 250 4.3. Doppler ultrasound blood emboli signal modeling 251 4.3.1. “Physical” model 251 4.3.2. “Signal” model 255 4.3.3. Statistical tests 258 4.3.3.1. Stationarity test 259 4.3.3.2. Cyclostationarity test 261 4.3.3.3. “Gaussian” test and cardiac cycle regularity 262 4.4. Energy detection 263 4.4.1. State-of-the-art and standard detection 263 4.4.2. Synchronous detection 266 4.5. Wavelet packet energy detection 269 4.5.1. Introduction 269 4.5.2. Multiresolution analysis 271 4.5.3. Wavelet packet subband detection 274 4.5.4. Wavelet packet synchronous detection 277 4.6. Results and discussions 279 4.6.1. In simulation 279 4.6.2. In vivo 282 4.7. Conclusion 285 4.8. Bibliography 285 List of Authors 289 Index 291

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Book SynopsisDigital Spectral Analysis provides a single source that offers complete coverage of the spectral analysis domain. This self-contained work includes details on advanced topics that are usually presented in scattered sources throughout the literature. The theoretical principles necessary for the understanding of spectral analysis are discussed in the first four chapters: fundamentals, digital signal processing, estimation in spectral analysis, and time-series models. An entire chapter is devoted to the non-parametric methods most widely used in industry. High resolution methods are detailed in a further four chapters: spectral analysis by stationary time series modeling, minimum variance, and subspace-based estimators. Finally, advanced concepts are the core of the last four chapters: spectral analysis of non-stationary random signals, space time adaptive processing: irregularly sampled data processing, particle filtering and tracking of varying sinusoids. Suitable for students, engineers working in industry, and academics at any level, this book provides a rare complete overview of the spectral analysis domain.Table of ContentsPreface xiii PART 1. TOOLS AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS 1 Chapter 1. Fundamentals 3 Francis CASTANIÉ 1.1. Classes of signals 3 1.2. Representations of signals 9 1.3. Spectral analysis: position of the problem 20 1.4. Bibliography 21 Chapter 2. Digital Signal Processing 23 Éric LE CARPENTIER 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. Transform properties 24 2.3. Windows 49 2.4. Examples of application 57 2.5. Bibliography 64 Chapter 3. Introduction to Estimation Theory with Application in Spectral Analysis 67 Olivier BESSON and André FERRARI 3.1. Introduction 67 3.2. Covariance-based estimation 86 3.3. Performance assessment of some spectral estimators 95 3.4. Bibliography 102 Chapter 4. Time-Series Models 105 Francis CASTANIÉ 4.1. Introduction 105 4.2. Linear models 107 4.3. Exponential models 117 4.4. Nonlinear models 120 4.5. Bibliography 121 PART 2. NON-PARAMETRIC METHODS 123 Chapter 5. Non-Parametric Methods 125 Éric LE CARPENTIER 5.1. Introduction 125 5.2. Estimation of the power spectral density 130 5.3. Generalization to higher-order spectra 141 5.4. Bibliography 142 PART 3. PARAMETRIC METHODS 143 Chapter 6. Spectral Analysis by Parametric Modeling145 Corinne MAILHES and Francis CASTANIÉ 6.1. Which kind of parametric models? 145 6.2. AR modeling 146 6.3. ARMA modeling 154 6.4. Prony modeling 156 6.5. Order selection criteria 158 6.6. Examples of spectral analysis using parametric modeling 162 6.7. Bibliography 166 Chapter 7. Minimum Variance 169 Nadine MARTIN 7.1. Principle of the MV method . . 174 7.2. Properties of the MV estimator 177 7.3. Link with the Fourier estimators 188 7.4. Link with a maximum likelihood estimator 190 7.5. Lagunas methods: normalized MV and generalized MV 192 7.6. A new estimator: the CAPNORM estimator 200 7.7. Bibliography 204 Chapter 8. Subspace-Based Estimators and Application to Partially Known Signal Subspaces 207 Sylvie MARCOS and Rémy BOYER 8.1. Model, concept of subspace, definition of high resolution 207 8.2. MUSIC 211 8.3. Determination criteria of the number of complex sine waves 216 8.4. The MinNorm method 217 8.5. “Linear” subspace methods 219 8.6. The ESPRIT method 223 8.7. Illustration of the subspace-based methods performance 226 8.8. Adaptive research of subspaces 229 8.9. Integrating a priori known frequencies into the MUSIC criterion. 233 8.10. Bibliography 243 PART 4. ADVANCED CONCEPTS 251 Chapter 9. Multidimensional Harmonic Retrieval: Exact, Asymptotic, and Modified Cramér-Rao Bounds 253 Rémy BOYER 9.1. Introduction 253 9.2. CanDecomp/Parafac decomposition of the multidimensional harmonic model 255 9.3. CRB for the multidimensional harmonic model 257 9.4. Modified CRB for the multidimensional harmonic model 266 9.5. Conclusion 272 9.6. Appendices 273 9.7. Bibliography 284 Chapter 10. Introduction to Spectral Analysis of Non-Stationary Random Signals 287 Corinne MAILHES and Francis CASTANIÉ 10.1. Evolutive spectra 288 10.2. Non-parametric spectral estimation 290 10.3. Parametric spectral estimation 291 10.4. Bibliography 297 Chapter 11. Spectral Analysis of Non-uniformly Sampled Signals 301 Arnaud RIVOIRA and Gilles FLEURY 11.1. Applicative context 301 11.2. Theoretical framework 302 11.3. Generation of a randomly sampled stochastic process 302 11.4. Spectral analysis using undated samples 305 11.5. Spectral analysis using dated samples 309 11.6. Perspectives 314 11.7. Bibliography 315 Chapter 12. Space–Time Adaptive Processing 317 Laurent SAVY and François LE CHEVALIER 12.1. STAP, spectral analysis, and radar signal processing 319 12.2. Space–time processing as a spectral estimation problem 327 12.3. STAP architectures 334 12.4. Relative advantages of pre-Doppler and post-Doppler STAP 354 12.5. Conclusion 358 12.6. Bibliography 359 12.7. Glossary 360 Chapter 13. Particle Filtering and Tracking of Varying Sinusoids 361 David BONACCI 13.1. Particle filtering 361 13.2. Application to spectral analysis 370 13.3. Bibliography 375 List of Authors 377 Index 379

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Book SynopsisThis book gives a practical approach to modeling and analyzing communication protocols using UML 2. Network protocols are always presented with a point of view focusing on partial mechanisms and starting models. This book aims at giving the basis needed for anybody to model and validate their own protocols. It follows a practical approach and gives many examples for the description and analysis of well known basic network mechanisms for protocols. The book firstly shows how to describe and validate the main protocol issues (such as synchronization problems, client-server interactions, layer organization and behavior, etc.) in an easy and understandable way. To do so, the book considers and presents the main traditional network examples (e.g. unidirectional flows, full-duplex com-munication, error recovering, alternating bit). Finally, it presents the outputs resulting from a few simulations of these UML models. Other books usually only focus either on teaching UML or on analyzing network protocols, however this book will allow readers to model network protocols using a new perspective and integrating these two views, so facilitating their comprehension and development. Any university student studying in the field of computing science, or those working in telecommunications, embedded systems or networking will find this book a very useful addition.Trade Review"Students and engineers in computer science and related fields may find the material of interest." (Book News, 1 October 2011) Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Why Use UML to Model Network Protocols? 1 1.1. Modeling network protocols 1 1.2. UML as a common language 14 1.3. Chapter summary 28 1.4. Bibliography 28 Chapter 2. Simple Transmission 31 2.1. Introduction 31 2.2. Echo 31 2.3. Unidirectional: simple data sending 42 2.4. Full duplex: simple data sending 52 2.5. Chapter summary 73 2.6. Bibliography 73 Chapter 3. Simple Chat Application 75 3.1. Introduction 75 3.2. Requirements 75 3.3. Analysis 76 3.4. Architecture design 88 3.5. Detailed design 89 3.6. Simple chat simulation 101 3.7. Chapter summary 130 3.8. Bibliography 131 Chapter 4. Non-reliable Transmission Mediums 133 4.1. Introduction 133 4.2. Requirements 134 4.3. Analysis 135 4.4. Architecture design 147 4.5. Detailed design 150 4.6. Validation 160 4.7. Chapter summary 179 4.8. Bibliography 179 Chapter 5. Simple Transport Protocol 181 5.1. Introduction 181 5.2. Requirements 182 5.3. The Alternating Bit Protocol 182 5.4. Analysis 191 5.5. Architecture design 200 5.6. Detailed design 204 5.7. Simulations 217 5.8. Further considerations 235 5.9. Chapter summary 238 5.10. Bibliography 239 Appendix. Detailed Diagrams of the Simple Transport Protocol 241 A.1. State machines for the Application Data Unit Manager (Simple Transport Protocol) 242 A.2. Detailed simulations of the Simple Transport Protocol 245 Index 259

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Book SynopsisCompact Antennas for Wireless Communications and Terminals deals with compact microwave antennas and, more specifically, with the planar version of these antennas. Planar antennas are the most appropriate type of antenna in modern communication systems and more generally in all applications requiring miniaturization, integration and conformation such as in mobile phone handsets. The book is suitable for students, engineers and scientists eager to understand the principles of planar and small antennas, their design and fabrication issues, and modern aspects such as UWB antennas, reconfigurable antennas and diversity issues.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Chapter 1. General Information About Printed Antennas 1 Jean-Marc LAHEURTE 1.1. Physical characteristics 1 1.2. Properties, limitations, and applications 4 1.3. Printed rectangular antenna viewed as a wide microstrip line 7 1.4. Manufacturing processes 8 1.5. Microwave substrates 11 Chapter 2. Transmission Line Model 15 Jean-Marc LAHEURTE 2.1. Introduction15 2.2. Equivalent circuit 16 2.3. Input impedance 20 Chapter 3. Cavity Model 25 Jean-Marc LAHEURTE 3.1. Introduction 25 3.2. Formulation of the electromagnetic problem 25 3.3. Calculation of expressions for fields and currents of a rectangular patch 29 3.4. Expressions for principal modes 31 3.5. Cartography of modal currents and associated radiation patterns 33 Chapter 4. Radiation of a Printed Antenna 39 Jean-Marc LAHEURTE 4.1. Introduction 39 4.2. Modelization using two equivalent radiating slots 40 4.3. Calculation of the field radiated by a horizontal radiating slot 43 4.4. Calculation of the field radiated by the rectangular patch 44 4.5. Determination of the radiation pattern in the principal planes 44 4.6. Influence of height 46 4.7. Influence of the ground plane 47 4.8. Polarization 48 4.9. Directivity 49 4.10. Influence of the substrate on resonant frequency: parametric study based on antenna RCS 51 Chapter 5. Electrical Equivalent Circuit of a Printed Antenna 55 Jean-Marc LAHEURTE 5.1. Energy considerations 55 5.2. Equivalent circuit 57 5.3. Determination of WE, WM, and B for a rectangular patch 58 5.4. Modeling using a tank circuit 60 5.5. Quality factor of an antenna 62 5.6. Calculation of radiation quality factor 63 5.7. Calculation of efficiency 64 5.8. Influence of surface waves on bandwidth and efficiency 67 Chapter 6. Feeding Circuits for Microstrip Antennas 69 Jean-Marc LAHEURTE and Benoît POUSSOT 6.1. Introduction 69 6.2. Direct coupling by coaxial probe 71 6.3. Excitation by proximity coupling 73 6.4. Excitation by slot coupling 74 Chapter 7. Circularly Polarized Antennas 89 Jean-Marc LAHEURTE, Marjorie GRZESKOWIAK and Stéphane PROTAT 7.1. Principles of circular polarization 90 7.2. Parasitic radiation – degradation of circular polarization 94 7.3. Patch fed by single or dual excitation 96 7.4. Sequential array 99 7.5. Spiral and quadrifilar helix antennas 108 7.6. Conclusion 119 Chapter 8. Wideband Antennas 121 Xavier BEGAUD 8.1. Multiresonant antennas 122 8.2. Traveling wave antennas 125 8.3. Frequency independent antennas 126 8.4. Ultra-wideband antennas 132 8.5. Conclusion 140 Chapter 9. Miniature Antennas 143 Guillaume VILLEMAUD 9.1. Introduction 143 9.2. Which types of antennas should be used for integration? 144 9.3. Integration limits in a finite volume 145 9.4. Resonant antennas in fundamental mode 146 9.5. Bulk reduction techniques 152 9.6. Multiresonant antennas 164 9.7. Synthesis and discussion 166 Chapter 10. Reconfigurable Antennas 169 Jean-Marc LAHEURTE 10.1. Introduction 169 10.2. Basic topologies and constraints 170 10.3. Switched components: available technologies 174 10.4. Frequency reconfigurable antennas (FRAs) 180 10.5. Introduction to RAs in terms of polarization and radiation pattern 185 10.6. Polarized reconfigurable antennas (PRAs) 187 10.7. Radiation pattern reconfigurable antennas (RPRAs) 190 Chapter 11. Introduction to Antenna Diversity 205 Lionel RUDANT 11.1. Benefits of antenna diversity 205 11.2. Performance of multiantenna systems 214 11.3. Multiantenna systems 222 11.4. Conclusion and looking toward MIMO 228 Bibliography 233 List of Authors 241 Index 243

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Book SynopsisThe book presents some key mathematical tools for the performance analysis of communication networks and computer systems. Communication networks and computer systems have become extremely complex. The statistical resource sharing induced by the random behavior of users and the underlying protocols and algorithms may affect Quality of Service. This book introduces the main results of queuing theory that are useful for analyzing the performance of these systems. These mathematical tools are key to the development of robust dimensioning rules and engineering methods. A number of examples illustrate their practical interest.Trade Review“Overall, I was very glad to read the present book which is an invaluable resource for master, postgraduate students undertaking courses in electrical engineering or computer science. In addition it is a good reference for researchers and engineers in the field of performance mod-elling of modern info-communication systems.” (Zentralblatt MATH, 1 December 2012)Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Motivation 1 1.2. Networks 2 1.3. Traffic 3 1.4. Queues 5 1.5. Structure of the book 5 1.6. Bibliography 6 Chapter 2. Exponential Distribution 9 2.1. Definition 9 2.2. Discrete analog 10 2.3. An amnesic distribution 12 2.4. Minimum of exponential variables 13 2.5. Sum of exponential variables 15 2.6. Random sum of exponential variables 16 2.7. A limiting distribution 16 2.8. A “very” random variable 17 2.9. Exercises 18 2.10. Solution to the exercises 20 Chapter 3. Poisson Processes 23 3.1. Definition 23 3.2. Discrete analog 25 3.3. An amnesic process 27 3.4. Distribution of the points of a Poisson process 27 3.5. Superposition of Poisson processes 28 3.6. Subdivision of a Poisson process 29 3.7. A limiting process 30 3.8. A “very” random process 30 3.9. Exercises 31 3.10. Solution to the exercises 32 Chapter 4. Markov Chains 35 4.1. Definition 36 4.2. Transition probabilities 36 4.3. Periodicity 37 4.4. Balance equations 38 4.5. Stationary measure 38 4.6. Stability and ergodicity 39 4.7. Finite state space 40 4.8. Recurrence and transience 41 4.9. Frequency of transition 42 4.10. Formula of conditional transitions 43 4.11. Chain in reverse time 43 4.12. Reversibility 44 4.13. Kolmogorov’s criterion 46 4.14. Truncation of a Markov chain 47 4.15. Random walk 49 4.16. Exercises 51 4.17. Solution to the exercises 52 Chapter 5. Markov Processes 57 5.1. Definition 57 5.2. Transition rates 58 5.3. Discrete analog 59 5.4. Balance equations 60 5.5. Stationary measure 61 5.6. Stability and ergodicity 61 5.7. Recurrence and transience 63 5.8. Frequency of transition 63 5.9. Virtual transitions 64 5.10. Embedded chain 66 5.11. Formula of conditional transitions 68 5.12. Process in reverse time 68 5.13. Reversibility 70 5.14. Kolmogorov’s criterion 70 5.15. Truncation of a reversible process 71 5.16. Product of independent Markov processes 73 5.17. Birth–death processes 74 5.18. Exercises 74 5.19. Solution to the exercises 78 Chapter 6. Queues 87 6.1. Kendall’s notation 87 6.2. Traffic and load 88 6.3. Service discipline 90 6.4. Basic queues 91 6.5. A general queue 97 6.6. Little’s formula 99 6.7. PASTA property 101 6.8. Insensitivity 101 6.9. Pollaczek–Khinchin’s formula 102 6.10. The observer paradox 105 6.11. Exercises 108 6.12. Solution to the exercises 111 Chapter 7. Queuing Networks 119 7.1. Jackson networks 119 7.2. Traffic equations 120 7.3. Stationary distribution 122 7.4. MUSTA property 124 7.5. Closed networks 125 7.6. Whittle networks 127 7.7. Kelly networks 129 7.8. Exercises 131 7.9. Solution to the exercises 133 Chapter 8. Circuit Traffic 141 8.1. Erlang’s model 141 8.2. Erlang’s formula 142 8.3. Engset’s formula 145 8.4. Erlang’s waiting formula 149 8.5. The multiclass Erlang model 151 8.6. Kaufman–Roberts formula 154 8.7. Network models 155 8.8. Decoupling approximation 157 8.9. Exercises 157 8.10. Solutions to the exercises 160 Chapter 9. Real-time Traffic 167 9.1. Flows and packets 167 9.2. Packet-level model 168 9.3. Flow-level model 171 9.4. Congestion rate 173 9.5. Mean throughput 174 9.6. Loss rate 176 9.7. Multirate model 177 9.8. Recursive formula 179 9.9. Network models 179 9.10. Gaussian approximation 181 9.11. Exercises 183 9.12. Solution to the exercises 185 Chapter 10. Elastic Traffic 191 10.1. Bandwidth sharing 191 10.2. Congestion rate 194 10.3. Mean throughput 195 10.4. Loss rate 197 10.5. Multirate model 199 10.6. Recursive formula 202 10.7. Network model 204 10.8. Exercises 205 10.9. Solution to the exercises 208 Chapter 11. Network Performance 215 11.1. IP access networks 215 11.2. 2G mobile networks 219 11.3. 3G mobile networks 223 11.4. 3G+ mobile networks 228 11.5. WiFi access networks 231 11.6. Data centers 238 11.7. Cloud computing 241 11.8. Exercises 242 11.9. Solution to the exercises 245 Index 251

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Book SynopsisWireless optical communication refers to communication based on the unguided propagation of optical waves. The past 30 years have seen significant improvements in this technique – a wireless communication solution for the current millennium – that offers an alternative to radio systems; a technique that could gain attractiveness due to recent concerns regarding the potential effects of radiofrequency waves on human health. The aim of this book is to look at the free space optics that are already used for the exchange of current information; its many benefits, such as incorporating channel properties, propagation models, link budgets, data processing including coding, modulation, standards and concerns around health and safety (IEC 60825 or FCC - Class 1 for example), etc. will become indispensable over the next decade in addressing computer architectures for short-, medium- and long-range telecommunications as we move from gigabytes to terabytes per second. Wireless Optical Communications is an excellent tool for any engineer wanting to learn about wireless optical communications or involved in the implementation of real complete systems. Students will find a wide range of information and useful concepts such as those relating to propagation, optics and photometry, as well the necessary information on safety. Contents 1. Light. 2. History of Optical Telecommunications. 3. The Contemporary and the Everyday Life of Wireless Optical Communication. 4. Propagation Model. 5. Propagation in the Atmosphere. 6. Indoor Optic Link Budget. 7. Immunity, Safety, Energy and Legislation. 8. Optics and Optronics. 9. Data Processing. 10. Data Transmission. 11. Installation and System Engineering. 12. Conclusion.Table of ContentsForeword.xi Pierre-Noël FAVENNEC Acronyms xiii Introduction.xix Chapter 1. Light 1 Chapter 2. History of Optical Telecommunications 7 2.1. Some definitions 7 2.2. The prehistory of telecommunications 8 2.3. The optical aerial telegraph 11 2.4. The code 14 2.5. The optical telegraph 18 2.6. Alexander Graham Bell’s photophone 20 Chapter 3. The Contemporary and the Everyday Life of Wireless Optical Communication 25 3.1. Basic principles 25 3.2. Wireless optical communication 53 Chapter 4. Propagation Model 63 4.1. Introduction.63 4.2. Baseband equivalent model 63 4.3. Diffuse propagation link budget in a confined environment 73 Chapter 5. Propagation in the Atmosphere 85 5.1. Introduction.85 5.2. The atmosphere 86 5.3. The propagation of light in the atmosphere 87 5.4. Models.93 5.5. Experimental set-up 103 5.6. Experimental results.104 5.7. Fog, haze, and mist 107 5.8. The runway visual range (RVR) 108 5.9. Calculating process of an FSO link availability 114 5.10. Conclusion 116 Chapter 6. Indoor Optic Link Budget.119 6.1. Emission and reception parameters 119 6.2. Link budget for line of sight communication 128 6.3. Link budget for communication with retroreflectors.132 6.4. Examples of optical budget and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) 135 Chapter 7. Immunity, Safety, Energy and Legislation 141 7.1. Immunity 141 7.2. The confidentiality of communication 149 7.3. Energy 153 7.4. Legislation 154 Chapter 8. Optics and Optronics 157 8.1. Overview 157 8.2. Optronics: transmitters and receivers.157 8.3. Optics 170 Chapter 9. Data Processing 177 9.1. Introduction.177 9.2. Modulation 178 9.3. The coding 184 Chapter 10. Data Transmission 197 10.1. Introduction 197 10.2. Point-to-point link 201 10.3. Point-to-multipoint data link 206 10.4. Summary 212 Chapter 11. Installation and System Engineering 213 11.1. Free-space optic system engineering and installation 213 11.2. Wireless optical system installation engineering in limited space 225 Chapter 12. Conclusion.237 APPENDICES 241 Appendix 1. Geometrical Optics, Photometry and Energy Elements 243 Appendix 2. The Decibel Unit (dB) 257 Bibliography 261 List of Figures 273 List of Tables 277 List of Equations 279 Index 283

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Book SynopsisThe book contains the short papers of the Third International IFIP Working Conference on Enterprise Interoperability, IWEI 2011, held March 22-23, 2011, in Stockholm, Sweden, and the papers of the co-located IWEI Workshops, held on March 21, 2011. The IWEI Working Conference highlighted developments in the following areas: scientific foundations for specifying, analyzing and validating interoperability solutions; architectural frameworks for addressing interoperability challenges from different viewpoints and at different levels of abstraction; maturity models to evaluate and rank interoperability solutions with respect to distinguished quality criteria; and working sets of practical solutions, standards and tools that can be applied to interoperability problems. The IWEI Workshops complemented the IWEI Working Conference and explored new issues and solutions in enterprise interoperability in four separate workshops: (1) Enterprise 2.0 – Using Internet 2.0 Technologies in Enterprise Management; (2) Semantic Interoperability in the Scope of Future Energy Smart Grids; (3) Advanced Results in MDI/SOA Innovation; and (4) Standards Ensuring Enterprise Interoperability and Collaboration – State of the Art and Perspectives. The Workshops offered opportunities to discuss issues raised and to brainstorm about possible solution directions.Table of ContentsForeword p. Johnson ix Preface M.. zei.m M. van slnderen G.Doumeingts p. johnson xi Part 1 Workshop Proceedings 1 Workshop Wl Enterprise 2.0, Using Internet 2.0 Technologies in Enterprise Management 3 Workshop Wl Report R. Chalmeta V. Pazos 5 Workshop W2 Semantic Interoperability in the Scope of Future Energy Smart Grids 9 Interoperability between Temporal Domains in Real-time Control of Active Distribution Networks L. Nordstrom R. Gustavsson 11 Solving the Mismatches between the Electric System Ontologies R. Santodomingo J.A. Rodriguez-Mondejar M.A. Sanz-Bobi 21 Dynamic Virtual Enterprises - The Challenges of the Utility Industry for Enterprise Architecture Management S. Buckl R. Marliani F. Matthes CM. Schweda 31 Coping with Smart Grid - Standardization and Enterprise Architecture at your Service M. Postma M.Uslar S.Rohjans U. Steffens 37 A Standards-Based Security Approach with Interoperable Interfaces for the Smart Grid P. Beenken,C. Pries, S.Abels, M. Uslar 47 Workshop W3 Advanced Results in MDI/SOA Innovation 59 Reference Ontologies for Manufacturing-based Ecosystems R..YOUNG N.'Chungoora Z.-Usman N. Anjum G. Gunendran C. Palmer J. Harding K. Case A.-F. Cutting-Decelle 61 Interoperability for Product Design and Manufacturing Application in the Aeronautical Industry Y.Ducq N.Zouggar J.C.Deschamps G.Doumeingts 73 Knowledge-based System for Semantics Adaptability of Enterprise Information Systems J. Sarraipa R. Jardim-Goncalves 89 A Model-DrivenApproach to Interoperability in B2B Data Exchange D. Roman B.Morin S.Wang A.J. Berre 107 MDI for SOA Management of a Crisis A.-M. Barthe F. Benaben S. Truptil J.-P. Lorre H. Pingaud 123 Workshop W4 Standards Ensuring Enterprise Interoperability and Collaboration, the State of the Art and Perspectives 135 Standards and Initiatives for Service Modeling - The Case of OMG SoaML D. Roman C.Carrez B.Elvesaeter A.-J. Berre 137 Standard for eBusiness in SMEs Networks: the Increasing Role of Customization Rules and Conformance Testing Tools to Achieve Interoperability A. Brutti P. de Sabbata A. Frascella C. Novelli N. Gessa 147 CEN/ISO 11354 - Framework and Maturity Model for Enterprise Interoperability D.Chen 159 Standards Ensuring Enterprise Interoperability and Collaboration, Challenges and Opportunities M. Forsberg 171 Part2 IWEI 2011 Short Papers 179 Modeling Enterprise Architecture Transformations S.Buckx F.Matthes I.Monahov C.M. Schweda 181 Lexical, Syntactic and Semantic Comparison of Business Vocabulary and Rules I. Martinez de Soria X. Larrucea N. Esteban 197 SA-Policy: Semantic Annotations for WS-Policy N. Boissel-Dallier J.-P. Lorre F. Benaben 213 Shape Feature-Based Ontological Engineering Product Models N. Anjum J. Harding B. Young K. Case 223 Wrapping Legacy Systems to Support SOA Migration Using Enterprise Service Bus T. Kokko J. Vainio T. SystA 243 Author Index 261

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Book SynopsisIn an era of ubiquity, nomadism and ecological challenge, the maturity of wireless technologies, the readiness of broadband Internet access and the popularity of smart terminals should contribute to emancipating IT services in connection with the home and home-based resources. This book, in light of several years of applied research and technological surveys, aims at describing the digital home networking environment, its techniques, and the challenges around its service architecture. Digital Home Networking aims to provide a broad introduction to state-of-the-art digital home standards and protocols, as well as an in-depth description of service architectures for entertainment and domotic services involving digital home resources. The book covers aspects such as networking, remote access, security, interoperability, scalability and Quality of Service. Notably, it describes the generic architecture, which was proposed and developed in the context of the EUREKA/Celtic research project "Feel@Home".Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction 1 Romain CARBOU 1.1. Cultural context around a definition 1 1.2. A brief history of home automation 3 1.3. Coming to a definition of the digital home 7 1.4. Plan of this book 9 1.5. Bibliography 10 Chapter 2. Actors in Digital Home Networking 11 Romain CARBOU 2.1. Scope 11 2.2. Categories of actors 12 2.3. User roles 15 2.4. Bibliography 16 Chapter 3. Network Technologies 17 Pablo NAJERA and Ana NIETO 3.1. Local connectivity and networks 17 3.2. Connectivity to main networks 30 3.3. Bibliography 54 Chapter 4. Standards 59 Rémi BARS, Jorge GOMEZ-MONTALVO, Mohamed MAHDI, Cristina ALCARAZ and Rodrigo ROMAN 4.1. Introduction 59 4.2. Standards used in the home 59 4.3. Remote access to homes 82 4.4. Bibliography 92 Chapter 5. Personalization and Home Context 97 Gema MAESTRO, Lin SUN, Daqing ZHANG and Bin GUO 5.1. Introduction 97 5.2. Personalization 98 5.3. Context management and sharing 112 5.4. Protégé – an ontology editor 129 5.5. Bibliography 136 Chapter 6. Security 139 Anas ABOU EL KALAM, Marc LACOSTE, Mohamed MAACHAOUI, Francisco MOYANO and Rodrigo ROMAN 6.1. Importance of security and privacy 139 6.2. Security requirements of the extended digital home 143 6.3. A conceptual security architecture 149 6.4. Relevant security mechanisms 156 6.5. Applying the security architecture 189 6.6. Bibliography 195 Chapter 7. Quality of Experience and Quality of Service 203 Jorge GÓMEZ-MONTALVO and Ernesto EXPOSITO 7.1. Introduction 203 7.2. QoS concepts and standards 204 7.3. IETF multimedia protocols 220 7.4. Semantic approach for QoS management in home networks 223 7.5. Conclusion 251 7.6. Bibliography 252 Chapter 8. Service Management 259 Marta BEL MARTIN, Olivier DUGEON, Julien FASSON, Anas ABOU EL KALAM, Mohamed MAACHAOUI, Béatrice PAILLASSA, Francisco Javier RAMÓN SALGUERO and Warodom WERAPUN 8.1. Introduction 259 8.2. Service management basis 260 8.3. Basic protocols 262 8.4. Network architecture and service management 277 8.5. Conclusion 305 8.6. Bibliography 306 Chapter 9. The Feel@Home System 309 Marta BEL MARTIN, Gema MAESTRO MOLINA, Mohamed MAHDI and Olivier DUGEON 9.1. The Feel@Home architecture 309 9.2. Local and remote content distribution through VPN 329 9.3. Local and remote content distribution through IMS 337 9.4. Conclusion 352 9.5. Bibliography 353 Chapter 10. Home Interconnection through the Internet 355 Olivier DUGEON and Mohamed MAHDI 10.1. Introduction 355 10.2. Interoperability scenarios 356 10.3. Internet-based content sharing between remote homes 370 10.4. Conclusion 384 10.5. Bibliography 384 Chapter 11. Conclusion 385 Michel DIAZ 11.1. Bibliography 388 List of Authors 389 Index 391

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Book SynopsisToday, audiovisual archives and libraries have become very popular especially in the field of collecting, preserving and transmitting cultural heritage. However, the data from these archives or libraries – videos, images, sound tracks, etc. – constitute as such only potential cognitive resources for a given public (or "target community"). They have to undergo more or less significant qualitative transformations in order to become user- or community-relevant intellectual goods. These qualitative transformations are performed through a series of concrete operations such as: audiovisual text segmentation, content description and indexing, pragmatic profiling, translation, etc. These and other operations constitute what we call the semiotic turn in dealing with digital (audiovisual) texts, corpora of texts or even entire (audiovisual) archives and libraries. They demonstrate practically and theoretically the well-known "from data to meta-data" or "from (simple) information to (relevant) knowledge" problem – a problem that obviously directly influences the effective use, the social impact and relevancy and therefore also the future of digital knowledge archives.It constitutes, indeed, the heart of a diversity of important R&D programs and projects all over the world.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Peter STOCKINGER Chapter 1. Context and Issues 1 Peter STOCKINGER, Elisabeth DE PABLO and Francis LEMAITRE 1.1. The ARA program – a brief historical overview 1 1.2. The scientific and cultural heritage of the ARA program 4 1.3. The working process 8 1.4. Knowledge engineering in the service of the ARA program 14 1.5. The digital environment and the working process 21 1.6. Analyzing an audiovisual corpus using ASW Studio 26 PART 1: THE SEGMENTATION AND DESCRIPTION WORKSHOPS FOR AUDIOVISUAL CORPORA 31 Chapter 2. The Segmentation Workshop for Audiovisual Resources 33 Elisabeth DE PABLO 2.1. Introduction 33 2.2. Segmentation of audiovisual corpora – a general presentation 34 2.3. Appropriation of the segmentation workshop 42 2.4. Some additional thoughts about segmentation 46 2.5. Perspectives relating to the segmentation workshop 46 Chapter 3. Description Workshop for Audiovisual Corpora 49 Muriel CHEMOUNY 3.1. A general overview 49 3.2. The “metadescription” part of an audiovisual analysis in ASW Studio: the mark of the editor’s choice 51 3.3. The “identifying information of an audiovisual resource” part in the ASW description workshop 62 Chapter 4. Analysis of Audiovisual Expression 67 Elisabeth DE PABLO and Jirasri DESLIS 4.1. Introduction 67 4.2. Analysis of the visual shot 68 4.3. Analysis of the sound shot 77 Chapter 5. Analysis of the Audiovisual Content 87 Peter STOCKINGER 5.1. Thematic analysis 87 5.2. A concrete example of the description of a topic 90 5.3. The model of thematic description 98 5.4. The objects of thematic analysis 102 5.5. Procedures of analysis 107 5.6. The different components of a model of thematic description 116 5.7. Libraries of models for the description of subjects 121 Chapter 6. Uses of an Audiovisual Resource 127 Muriel CHEMOUNY and Primsuda SAKUNTHABAI 6.1. The “Uses” part of the ASW description workshop 127 6.2. Producing a linguistic adaptation of an audiovisual resource 135 Chapter 7. Model of an Audiovisual Publication in the form of a Web Portal 143 Jirasri DESLIS 7.1. Introduction 143 7.2. The ArkWork homepage 144 7.3. Thematic access to audiovisual resources 146 7.4. Direct accesses to the audiovisual resources 151 7.5. Access to the audiovisual resources by thesaurus 156 7.6. Contextualization of the video 158 PART 2: TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND NEW PERSPECTIVES 169 Chapter 8. The ASW Digital Environment 171 Francis LEMAITRE 8.1. Introduction 171 8.2. General presentation 175 8.3. SemioscapeLibrary 181 8.4. Semioscape 194 8.5. Conclusion 201 Chapter 9. The ASW Studio 203 Francis LEMAITRE 9.1. Introduction 203 9.2. The common libraries 204 9.3. SemioscapeData 207 9.4. ESCoM Update 209 9.5. ESCoM ffCoder 210 9.6. ESCoM OntoEditor 211 9.7. ESCoM-INA Interview 212 9.8. ESCoM SemioscapeAdmin 214 9.9. The ESCoM suite 2011 installer 214 9.10. Semiosphere 216 9.11. Conclusion 220 Chapter 10. The Technical Development of the “Web Portal” Publishing Model 225 Richard GUÉRINET 10.1. The notion of “publishing module” 225 10.2. RIAs 228 10.3. The “Menu” publishing module 233 10.4. The “Video player” publishing module 235 10.5. The “contextualization of a video” publishing module 236 10.6. The “temporal location” publishing module 238 10.7. The “geographical location” publishing module 239 10.8. Conclusion 242 Glossary of Specialized Terms 243 Peter STOCKINGER Glossary of Acronyms and Names 263 Peter STOCKINGER Bibliography 281 List of Authors 285 Index 287

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Book SynopsisThe current diversity of transport services, as well as the complexity resulting from the deployment of specific transport protocols or mechanisms over the different services provided by heterogeneous networks, demand a novel design of the transport layer. Moreover, current and future applications will only be able to take advantage of the most adapted and available transport services if they are able to interact (i.e. discover, compose, deploy and adapt) efficiently with this advanced transport layer.The work presented in this book proposes a model-driven methodology and a service-oriented approach aimed at designing the mechanisms, functions, protocols and services of the next generation transport layer.The first part of this book presents the state of the art of transport protocols and introduces a model-driven methodology and an ontology semantic model implementation aimed at designing next generation transport protocols.The second part presents the UML-based design of a component-based transport protocol. An extension to this protocol based on service-component and service-oriented architectures is also presented.The third part presents various model-driven adaptive strategies aimed at managing the behavioral and structural adaptation of next generation autonomic transport protocols.The fourth and final part presents the design of a transport layer based on component-oriented and service-oriented approaches and integrating the autonomic computing paradigm guided by the semantic dimension provided by ontologies.Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Evolution of application and network layers 1 1.2. Summary of contributions 3 1.3. Book structure 5 Chapter 2. Transport Protocols State of the Art 7 2.1. Introduction7 2.2. Transport layer reference models 9 2.2.1. OSI model 9 2.2.2. TCP/IP model 9 2.2.3. Transport layer 9 2.2.4. Transport services 10 2.3. Transport functions and mechanisms 11 2.3.1. Error control 11 2.3.2. Congestion control 14 2.3.3. Summary 19 2.4. IETF transport protocols 20 2.4.1. TCP 20 2.4.2. UDP21 2.4.3. SCTP 21 2.4.4. DCCP 22 2.4.5. MPTCP 23 2.5. Summary 23 Chapter 3. Semantic Modeling of Transport Protocols and Services 25 3.1. Introduction 25 3.2. Model and semantic-driven architecture 26 3.2.1. Model-driven architecture 26 3.2.2. Ontology-driven architecture 27 3.3. Design of a QoS ontology framework 28 3.3.1. Quality of Service definition 28 3.3.2. ITU-T X.641 framework 29 3.3.3. Service 29 3.3.4. Service user . 29 3.3.5. Service provider30 3.3.6. QoS characteristic 30 3.3.7. QoS requirement . 30 3.3.8. QoS parameter 30 3.3.9. QoS function. 31 3.3.10. QoS mechanism . 31 3.4. Design of a QoS transport ontology for the next generation transport layer . 31 3.4.1. Ontology representation 31 3.4.2. X.641 QoS ontology . 32 3.4.3. QoS transport requirements 33 3.4.4. QoS transport mechanisms, functions and protocols . 33 3.5. QoS transport ontology specification. 34 3.5.1. TCP semantic description . 34 3.5.2. UDP semantic description. 36 3.5.3. SCTP semantic description 36 3.5.4. DCCP semantic description 38 3.5.5. MPTCP semantic description . 40 3.6. Usage of the QoS transport ontology specification 41 3.6.1. QoS transport services characterization 42 3.6.2. Transport components and transport composite characterization 45 3.7. Summary 46 Chapter 4. Model-Driven Design Methodology of Transport Mechanisms and Functions 49 4.1. Introduction49 4.2. Software engineering process 50 4.2.1. Unified Modeling Language 51 4.2.2. UML 2.4.1-based methodology 52 4.2.3. UML diagrams 55 4.2.4. Summary and additional resources 66 4.3. Applying the UML-based software engineering methodology for transport services 68 4.3.1. Contextual model of transport functions and mechanisms 68 4.3.2. Analysis of requirements guiding transport functions 69 4.3.4. Design of transport functions and mechanisms 71 4.4. Summary 77 Chapter 5. Model-Driven Specification and Validation of Error Control Transport Mechanisms and Functions 79 5.1. Introduction 79 5.2. Design of an error control function 80 5.2.1. Behavior specification of the sending side protocol entity 81 5.2.2. Behavior specification of the receiving side protocol entity 83 5.3. Functional validation of the error control function 84 5.3.1. Functional validation using a perfect medium 86 5.3.2. Functional validation using an imperfect medium 88 5.4. A new design of the error control function 93 5.4.1. Functional validation using an imperfect medium 96 5.4.2. More open questions 97 5.5. A model-driven simulation environment 98 5.5.1. Model-driven simulation framework 99 5.5.2. Model-driven network simulator package 100 5.5.3. Lossy medium simulator 101 5.5.4. Delayed medium simulator 102 5.5.5. Bandwidth-limited medium simulator 104 5.6. Chapter summary 106 5.7. Appendix 107 Chapter 6. Model-Driven Specification and Validation of Congestion Control Transport Mechanisms and Functions 109 6.1. Introduction 109 6.2. Design of a congestion control function 110 6.2.1. Behavior specification of the sending and receiving side protocol entities 111 6.2.2. The TCP-friendly rate control (TFRC) specification 114 6.2.3. Detailed TFRC design 117 6.3. Functional validation of the congestion control function 119 6.3.1. Case study 1: continuous stream of messages (no time constraints) 121 6.3.2. Case study 2: GSM audio stream 123 6.3.3. Case study 3: MJPEG video stream 123 6.4. Summary 126 6.5. Appendix 127 Chapter 7. Specification and Validation of QoS-Oriented Transport Mechanisms and Functions 129 7.1. Introduction 129 7.2. Contextual model of a QoS-oriented transport functions 130 7.3. Contextual model of a QoS-oriented error control functions 131 7.3.1. Partially ordered/partially reliable transport services 133 7.4. Contextual model of a QoS-oriented congestion control functions 138 7.4.1. QoS-aware TFRC congestion control 139 7.5. Design of the QoS-oriented error control functions 142 7.5.1. Basis of a fully reliable SACK-based function143 7.5.2. Design of a partially reliable SACK-based function 144 7.5.3. Design of a partially reliable function 146 7.5.4. Design of a differentiated and partially reliable function 147 7.5.5. Design of a time-constrained, differentiated and partially reliable function 148 7.6. Design of the QoS-oriented congestion control function 148 7.6.1. Basis of a TCP-friendly rate control function 149 7.6.2. Design of a time-constrained and differentiated congestion control function 151 7.7. Summary 153 Chapter 8. Architectural Frameworks for a QoS-Oriented Transport Protocol 157 8.1. Introduction 157 8.2. Communication architecture requirements 159 8.3. Architectural frameworks for communication protocols 160 8.3.1. QoS-oriented architecture 160 8.3.2. Architectural frameworks for communication protocols 161 8.4. Design of a composite and QoS-oriented transport protocol 164 8.4.1. Design of the fully programmable transport protocol 164 8.5. Evaluation of the FPTP transport protocol 180 8.5.1. FPTP TD-TFRC mechanism 180 8.5.2. FPTP D-PR and TD-PR mechanisms 181 8.5.3. FPTP TD-TFRC mechanisms 182 8.5.4. Analysis of results 183 8.6. Summary 184 8.7. Appendix 184 Chapter 9. Service-Oriented and Component-Based Transport Protocol 187 9.1. Introduction187 9.2. State-of-the-art on modern software architectural frameworks 188 9.2.1. Service-oriented architecture 188 9.2.2. Component-based design 190 9.2.3. Summary 192 9.3. Design guidelines of a component-based and service-oriented architecture for the next generation transport layer 193 9.3.1. Service-oriented architecture transport layer (SOATL) 193 9.3.2. Service-component architecture for transport protocols (SCATP) 193 9.3.3. Semantic model guiding the selection and composition of transport services 194 9.4. FPTP semantic description 194 9.4.1. FPTP individual 195 9.4.2. Service characterization inferences based on components axioms 196 9.5. Summary 198 9.6. Appendix 199 Chapter 10. Adaptive Transport Protocol 201 10.1. Introduction 201 10.2. The enhanced transport protocol 202 10.2.1. Adaptive composite communication architecture 203 10.2.2. Behavioral adaptation 205 10.2.3. Structural adaptation 209 10.3. Summary 212 Chapter 11. Autonomic Transport Protocol 213 11.1. Introduction 213 11.2. Autonomic computing 214 11.3. Self-managing functions 215 11.4. Architecture 215 11.4.1. Autonomic elements 216 11.4.2. Autonomic orchestrators 218 11.4.3. Policies 219 11.4.4. Knowledge base 220 11.4.5. Summary 220 11.5. Design guidelines of an autonomic computing architecture for the next-generation transport layer 221 11.5.1. Self-managing functionalities 221 11.5.2. Architecture 222 11.5.3. Autonomic orchestrators 224 11.5.4. Policy framework 228 11.5.5. Knowledge base 228 11.6. Summary 228 11.7. Appendix 229 Conclusions 231 Perspectives 235 Appendix 239 Bibliography 269 Index 279

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on green networking, which is an important topic for the scientific community composed of engineers, academics, researchers and industrialists working in the networking field. Reducing the environmental impact of the communications infrastructure has become essential with the ever increasing cost of energy and the need for reducing global CO2 emissions to protect our environment.Recent advances and future directions in green networking are presented in this book, including energy efficient networks (wired networks, wireless networks, mobile networks), adaptive networks (cognitive radio networks, green autonomic networking), green terminals, and industrial research into green networking (smart city, etc.).Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Chapter 1. Environmental Impact of Networking Infrastructures 1 Laurent LEFÈVRE and Jean-Marc PIERSON 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Some definitions and metrics 5 1.3. State of the sites of consumption of the networks: the case of wired networks 7 1.4. Academic and industrial initiatives 11 1.5. Perspectives and reflections on the future 13 1.6. Bibliography 13 PART 1. A STEP TOWARDS ENERGY-EFFICIENT NETWORKS 17 Chapter 2. A Step Towards Energy-efficient Wired Networks 19 Aruna Prem BIANZINO, Claude CHAUDET, Dario ROSSI and Jean-Louis ROUGIER 2.1. Introduction 19 2.2. Models of energy consumption 22 2.3. Energy-saving strategies 27 2.3.1. Transport applications and protocols 27 2.3.2. Communications links 31 2.4. The problem of energy-efficient routing 37 2.4.1. Model of energy consumption. 37 2.4.2. Formulation of the problem 39 2.4.3. Experimental results 41 2.5. Conclusion 51 2.6. Bibliography52 Chapter 3. A Step Towards Green Mobile Networks 59 Sami TABBANE 3.1. Introduction 59 3.1.1. Decreasing power: an imperative in a cellular radio network 60 3.1.2. Definition of and need for green cellular 60 3.2. Processes and protocols for green networks 63 3.2.1. Technologies on the radio interface 64 3.2.2. Adaptation of network activity to traffic 66 3.2.3. Traffic aggregation based on the delay67 3.2.4. Store, carry and forward relaying 68 3.2.5. Combination of MS and BTS 68 3.2.6. Handover for optimization of the energy used 69 3.2.7. Cooperation between base transceiver stations 70 3.2.8. Increasing the capacity of the RAN and network core nodes 70 3.3. Architecture and engineering of green networks 71 3.3.1. Relaying and multi-hopping 71 3.3.2. Self-organizing networks (SONs) 73 3.3.3. Planning.74 3.3.4. Microcells and multi-RAT networks 75 3.3.5. A step towards all-IP and flat architecture 77 3.3.6. Reducing the number of sites by using smart antennas 77 3.3.7. Cooperation between BTSs 78 3.4. Components and structures for green networks 79 3.4.1. Power-efficient amplifiers 80 3.4.2. Elimination of feeders, use of fiber optics 81 3.4.3. Solar and wind power 81 3.4.4. Twin TRX82 3.4.5. Cooling82 3.5. Conclusion 83 3.6. Bibliography83 Chapter 4. Green Telecommunications Networks 87 Guy PUJOLLE 4.1. Introduction 87 4.2. Data centers 89 4.3. Wireless telecommunications networks. 92 4.4. Terrestrial telecommunications networks99 4.5. Low-cost and energy-efficient networks.105 4.6. The role of virtualization in “green” techniques 109 4.7. Conclusion 112 4.8. Bibliography 113 PART 2. A STEP TOWARDS SMART GREEN NETWORKS AND SUSTAINABLE TERMINALS 115 Chapter 5. Cognitive Radio in the Service of Green Communication and Networking 117 Hicham KHALIFÉ 5.1. Introduction 117 5.2. Cognitive radio: concept and standards 120 5.2.1. Attempts at standardization121 5.2.2. Research projects and initiatives. 122 5.3. Various definitions of green in cognitive radio 124 5.3.1. Reducing the pollution of the radio spectrum 125 5.3.2. Reducing the exposure of individuals 126 5.3.3. Reducing the consumption of the equipment 126 5.4. Clean solutions offered by cognitive radio 126 5.4.1. Solutions for the spectrum and health 127 5.4.2. Actions at the level of equipment/infrastructure 127 5.4.3. Optimizing the communication parameters 129 5.4.4. Avenues for research and visions for the future 132 5.5. Use case: “Smart buildings” 135 5.6. Conclusion 138 5.7. Bibliography 138 Chapter 6. Autonomic Green Networks. 141 Francine KRIEF, Maïssa MBAYE and Martin PERES 6.1. Introduction 141 6.2. Autonomic networks 142 6.3. Self-configuring 144 6.3.1. Importance of self-configuring for green networks 145 6.4. Self-optimizing 145 6.4.1. Self-optimizing for green networks 147 6.5. Self-protecting 152 6.5.1. Protection of the executive support 154 6.5.2. Protection of the energy source 158 6.5.3. Protection of communications. 162 6.6. Self-healing165 6.6.1. Application to wireless sensor networks 167 6.6.2. Application to smart grids 170 6.7. Conclusion 170 6.8. Bibliography 171 Chapter 7. Reconfigurable Green Terminals: a Step Towards Sustainable Electronics 177 Lilian BOSSUET 7.1. Sustainable electronics? 177 7.2. Environmental impact of electronic products during their lifecycle 181 7.2.1. Lifecycle of electronic products 181 7.2.2. Microelectronic manufacture 183 7.2.3. Usage of electronic products 191 7.2.4. Electronic waste products 192 7.3. Reduce, reuse, recycle and reconfigure 193 7.3.1. Reduce, reuse, recycle 193 7.3.2. Reconfiguring with the help of FPGAs196 7.4. Examples of reconfigurable terminals 204 7.5. Conclusion 208 7.6. Bibliography 209 PART 3. RESEARCH PROJECTS ON GREEN NETWORKING CONDUCTED BY INDUSTRIAL ACTORS 215 Chapter 8. Schemes for Putting Base Stations in Sleep Mode in Mobile Networks: Presentation and Evaluation 217 Louai SAKER, Salah Eddine ELAYOUBI and Tijani CHAHED 8.1. Motivation 217 8.2. Putting macro base transceiver stations in sleep mode 218 8.2.1. Structure of the base transceiver station 218 8.2.2. Model of energy consumption of the BTS 219 8.2.3. Principle of putting BTSs in sleep mode 220 8.2.4. Illustration of sleep mode. Case of multisystem 2G/3G networks 221 8.2.5. Implementation of sleep mode 223 8.3. Sleep mode in small-cell heterogeneous networks 225 8.3.1. Energy efficiency of small cells 227 8.3.2. Putting small cells in sleep mode 229 8.4. Conclusion and considerations on implementation 231 8.5. Bibliography 232 Chapter 9. Industrial Application of Green Networking: Smarter Cities 233 Vincent GAY, Paolo MEDAGLIANI, Florian BROEKAERT, Jérémie LEGUAY and Mario LOPEZ RAMOS 9.1. Introduction 233 9.2. Smart cities and green networking 234 9.3. Techniques involved 237 9.3.1. Low-consumption communication protocols 237 9.3.2. Assistance in the deployment of sensor networks 242 9.3.3. Low-consumption processor treatments 249 9.3.4. System integration of heterogeneous sensors 258 9.4. Conclusion 266 9.5. Bibliography 267 List of Authors 271 Index 275

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Book SynopsisIn a fast changing world governed by innovative Enterprise Services and the Future Internet, the issue of Enterprise Interoperability is no longer limited to the interoperation of systems within a single company, but has become a much greater multi-view issue of interoperability throughout a Network of Enterprises. This book contains the proceedings of 13 workshops presented as short papers and discussions held at each workshop. The workshops were co-located with the I-ESA’12 Conference organized by the Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain. Complementary to the conference program, the workshops aimed at exploiting new issues, challenges and solutions for Enterprise Interoperability. The scope of the workshops spanned a wide range of interoperability issues in Service Science and Innovation, Model Driven Interoperability, Service Oriented Architectures, Factories of the Future, Enterprise Networks and Management, SME Aspects and Standards.Table of ContentsForeword xiii R. POLER Preface xv M. ZELM, R. SANCHIZ, R. POLER, G. DOUMEINGTS Workshop A1 – Service Science and the Next Wave in Enterprise Interoperability 1 Workshop A1 Summary 3 K. KUTSIKOS Industrialization Strategies and Enterprise Interoperability: The Consumer Banking Case 5 E. BAGLIERI, E. ZAMBOLIN Responsibility Aspects in Service Engineering for e-Government 11 C. FELTUS, A. KHADRAOUI, A. YURCHYSHYNA, M. LÉONARD, E. DUBOIS Workshop A2 – Service Innovation in the EU Manufacturing Industry: from Products to Services to Solutions 19 Workshop A2 Summary 21 G. DOUMEINGTS The MSEE Integrated Project 23 C. GUGLIELMINA, S. GUSMEROLI Applying FI Core Platform to Manufacturing Service Ecosystems 31 A. FRIESEN Services for Cloud Manufacturing 39 X. XIAOFEI, N. LANSHUN, Z. DECHEN, J. LARTIGAU “A roadmap of ICT for Manufacturing in the ‘Horizon 2020’ prospective” 47 M. TAISCH, G. TAVOLA Workshop A3 – Interoperability for Crisis Management (I-CriMa) 55 Workshop A3 Summary 57 F. BÉNABEN Crisis Management Workflow Deduction and Orchestration in a Service-orientated Context 59 F. BÉNABEN, C. HANACHI, V. CHAPURLAT, N. SALATGÉ, J.P. PIGNON Towards an Agile Information Decision Support System in a Transport Crisis Context 67 G. MACÉ RAMÈTE, M. LAURAS, F. BÉNABEN, J. LAMOTHE Towards an Interoperable IT Platform for Better Coordination of Crisis Response 75 M. LAURAS, A. CHARLES, S. TRUPTIL, F. BÉNABEN Workshop B1 – Architecture Modeling for the Future Internet Enabled Enterprise (AMFInE) 83 Workshop B1 Summary 85 M. VAN SINDEREN Preparing the Future Internet for ad-hoc Business Network Support 87 M. VAN SINDEREN, R. LAGERSTRÖM, M. EKSTEDT, P. JOHNSON Generating Dynamic Cross-organizational Process Visualizations through Abstract View Model Pattern Matching 95 M. HAUDER, F. MATTHES, S. ROTH, C. SCHULZ Authorization Language for Inter-Enterprise 103 M. BIAGI, R. GUANCIALE Architecture Modeling for Interoperability Analysis on the Future Internet 111 J. ULLBERG, R. LAGERSTRÖM, M. VAN SINDEREN, P. JOHNSON A Model-driven Approach to Achieve Enterprise Collaboration with Interoperable Services and Situational Awareness 119 F. BÉNABEN, H. PINGAUD Workshop B2 – Intelligent Manufacturing Networks (iNet): Strategic and Operational Activity Alignment 127 Workshop B2 Summary 129 L. CANETTA Extending the Conceptual Model for MRP IV 133 M. DÍAZ-MADROÑERO, J. MULA, D. PEIDRO Measuring Enterprise Resilience 139 R. SANCHIS, R. POLER Methodological Support for Collaborative and Non-Hierarchical Network Operation for Complex Product Manufacturing 145 A.H.M. SHAMSUZZOHA, T. KANKAANPÄÄ, L. CARNEIRO, R. FORNASIERO Methodology for Supplier Incentivization in the Machinary and Equipment Industry 153 G. SCHUH, T. POTENTE, T. JASINSKI, T. FROITZHEIM Tools for Supporting Collaborative Processes in Non-Hierarchical Networks 161 B. ANDRÉS, R. POLER Workshop B3 – Advanced Results in Model Driven Interoperability (MDI)/Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) Innovation 167 Workshop B3 Summary 169 Y. DUCQ, G. DOUMEINGTS Achieving Interoperability via Model Transformation within the MDI 171 E.M. SILVA, C. AGOSTINHO, R. JARDIM-GONCALVES A Model Driven Approach for the Modeling of Services in a Virtual Enterprise 181 D. CHEN, Y. DUCQ, G. DOUMEINGTS, G. ZACHAREWICZ, T. ALIX Model-driven Engineering of Mediation Information System: Application to the ISTA3 Use-case 189 N. BOISSEL-DALLIER, F. BÉNABEN, H. PINGAUD A Model Driven Ontology-based Approach for Manufacturing Knowledge Sharing in PLM 197 N. CHUNGOORA, R. YOUNG, G. GUNENDRAN, Z. USMAN, N. ANJUM, C. PALMER, J. HARDING, K. CASE, A.F. CUTTING-DECELLE Workshop C1 – Factories of the Future – Enabling Interoperability over the Complete Supply Chain 205 Workshop C1 Summary 207 S. KOUSSOURIS, R. JARDIM-GONCALVES Management of Dynamic Furniture Manufacturing Networks 209 J. FERREIRA, M. FERRO DE BECA, M.J. NUNEZ, R. JARDIM-GONCALVES Competence Management for Collaborative Manufacturing Networks 219 J. BAL, S.M. NABAVIEH Anything Relationship Management as a basis for Global Process Management in Network Enterprises 227 J. BRITSCH, B. KÖLMEL Partner Selection and Management Issues in Dynamic Manufacturing Networks 235 K. GEORGOULIAS, N. PAPAKOSTAS, G. CHRYSSOLOURIS EPES System – Innovative System for Optimization of the Product Lifecycle through Adapted Services 243 M. SORLI, A. ARMIJO, L. GARCÍA-ZAMBRANO Interoperability for a Networked Enterprise based on a Cloud Computing Infrastructure 251 M. KHALFALLAH, N. FIGAY, M. BARHAMGI, P. GHODOUS Semantic-driven Autonomic Service Bus 259 C. DIOP, E. EXPOSITO, K. DRIRA, C. CHASSOT Towards a Novel Framework for Handling Multi-level SLA in Cross-organizational Enterprise Collaboration 267 I. GUIDARA, N. GUERMOUCHE, T. CHAARI, S. TAZI User Experience Enhanced Smart Search for B2B Marketplaces 275 S. GAFFAROÐLU, E. GÜLGENER New Environment for Innovation and Creativity 283 E. GOUROVA, K. TOTEVA Workshop C2 – A Future Vision for Manufacturing Enterprise Interoperability (MEI) 291 Workshop C2 Summary 293 R. YOUNG Digital Ecosystems Vision for Manufacturing Enterprise Interoperability 295 R. DE JUAN-MARÍN, V. MATOSES, R. DARÍO FRANCO Missing Interoperability in Industrial Implementations 303 F.-W. JAEKEL Manufacturing Enterprise Interoperability: An Industrial Viewpoint 309 N.K. HASTILOW, R.I. YOUNG Workshop C3 – Delivering a Competitive Edge to Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) 315 Workshop C3 Summary 317 G. BHULLAR, A. ORTIZ Lean Manufacturing Implementation in Small and Medium Enterprises (SME): Strengths and Weaknesses 319 G.G.M.P. DA SILVA, D. FERRARI TUBINO EU Funded Projects – Best Tools for Interoperability Enhancement in Construction Industry 331 A.P. MINASOWICZ, P.O. NOWAK, J. J. ZAWISTOWSKI Workshop D3 – A Science Base for Enterprise Interoperability – Structure, Control and Progress Review 339 Workshop D3 Summary 341 K. POPPLEWELL Towards the Definition of a Science Base for Enterprise Interoperability: A Progress Report 343 K. POPPLEWELL Interoperability Body of Knowledge: the Genesis for Enterprise Interoperability Science 351 R. JARDIM-GONCALVES, A. GRILO, C. AGOSTINHO Towards a Convergence of Enterprise Interoperability and the FInES Research Roadmap 359 P. ASSOGNA, M. M. MISSIKOFF Sustainable Interoperability Framework for Supporting Negotiation Processes 365 C. COUTINHO, A. CRETAN, R. JARDIM-GONCALVES How System Theory Supports a Science for Enterprise Interoperability 373 Y. DUCQ, G. DOUMEINGTS, D. CHEN Workshop E1 – Enterprise Interoperation Management (EIM) 381 Workshop E1 Summary 383 F.-W. JAEKEL, Y. DUCQ Business Intelligence and Enterprise Interoperability: Literature Review 385 S. BINOBAID and I. FAN Workshop E2 – Standards Improving Enterprise Interoperability Benefits for a Service-oriented Future Internet 395 Workshop E2 Summary 397 P. DE SABBATA, D. CHEN Supporting Interoperability in Smart Grids 401 J. GONZÁLEZ, C. DÄNEKAS, J. TREFKE, M. USLAR A Model to Analyze Critical Factors in B2B Interoperability Standards Lifecycle 409 A. BRUTTI, P. DE SABBATA, G. CIACCIO, A. FRASCELLA, C. NOVELLI Management of Metadata and XML Schemas for e-Justice Interoperability 415 P. KEIZER, P. VAN DER EIJK Global eBusiness Interoperability Test Beds (GITB) Facilitating Large Scale Projects in Europe 423 O. BAUSÀ, C. LEGNER Workshop E3 – Standardization Management 431 Workshop E3 Summary 433 K. JAKOBS Managing Standards Development in Emergent Fields of Technology Innovation – a Proposed Model of Key Processes in ICT Standardization 435 T. HOEL, J.M. PAWLOWKI Electric Vehicle Standardization Management 443 M. GERST, G. XUDONG Understanding Standardization Strategy based on Miles and Snow Strategic Framework 449 B.G. KANG, B.H. JUN Standards Engineers – Who Needs Them? 457 C. FREERICKS Author Index 465

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Book SynopsisA review of the principles of the safety of software-based equipment, this book begins by presenting the definition principles of safety objectives. It then moves on to show how it is possible to define a safety architecture (including redundancy, diversification, error-detection techniques) on the basis of safety objectives and how to identify objectives related to software programs. From software objectives, the authors present the different safety techniques (fault detection, redundancy and quality control). “Certifiable system” aspects are taken into account throughout the book. Contents 1. Safety Management. 2. From System to Software. 3. Certifiable Systems. 4. Risk and Safety Levels. 5. Principles of Hardware Safety. 6. Principles of Software Safety. 7. Certification. About the Authors Jean-Louis Boulanger is currently an Independent Safety Assessor (ISA) in the railway domain focusing on software elements. He is a specialist in the software engineering domain (requirement engineering, semi-formal and formal method, proof and model-checking). He also works as an expert for the French notified body CERTIFER in the field of certification of safety critical railway applications based on software (ERTMS, SCADA, automatic subway, etc.). His research interests include requirements, software verification and validation, traceability and RAMS with a special focus on SAFETY.Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION ix CHAPTER 1. SAFETY MANAGEMENT 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Dependability 1 1.3. Conclusion 8 1.4. Bibliography 8 CHAPTER 2. FROM SYSTEM TO SOFTWARE 9 2.1. Introduction 9 2.2. Systems of command and control 10 2.3 System 13 2.4 Software implementation 14 2.5. Conclusion 16 2.6. Bibliography 17 2.7. Glossary 17 CHAPTER 3. CERTIFIABLE SYSTEMS 19 3.1. Introduction 19 3.2. Normative context 20 3.3. Conclusion 37 3.4. Bibliography 38 3.5. Glossary 41 CHAPTER 4. RISK AND SAFETY LEVELS 43 4.1. Introduction 43 4.2. Basic definitions 43 4.3. Safety implementation 48 4.4. In standards IEC 61508 and IEC 61511 70 4.5. Conclusions 74 4.6. Bibliography 74 4.7. Acronyms 77 CHAPTER 5. PRINCIPLES OF HARDWARE SAFETY 79 5.1. Introduction 79 5.2. Safe and/or available hardware 79 5.3. Reset of a processing unit 80 5.4. Presentation of safety control techniques 81 5.5. Conclusion 117 5.6. Bibliography 118 5.7. Glossary 119 CHAPTER 6. PRINCIPLES OF SOFTWARE SAFETY 121 6.1. Introduction 121 6.2. Techniques to make software application safe 121 6.3. Other forms of diversification 149 6.4. Overall summary 150 6.5. Quality management 150 6.6. Conclusion 155 6.7. Bibliography 156 6.8. Glossary 157 CHAPTER 7. CERTIFICATION 159 7.1. Introduction 159 7.2. Independent assessment 159 7.3. Certification 160 7.4. Certification in the rail sector 161 7.5. Automatic systems 171 7.6. Aircraft 171 7.7. Nuclear 171 7.8. Automotive 172 7.9. Spacecraft 172 7.10 Safety case 172 7.11 Conclusion 173 7.12 Bibliography 174 7.13 Glossary 176 CONCLUSION 177 INDEX 179

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Book SynopsisCommunication services are evolving at an unprecedented rate. No longer limited to interpersonal vocal communication, they now integrate functions such as address books, content sharing and messaging. The emergence of social networks – which may also include these features – is an important element of this transformation. Content services are becoming flagship services themselves, and are sometimes paired up with conversation services. The boundaries between different services are becoming less and less distinct. This book meets the need for a better understanding of communication services, and for a general framework of their description. A detailed overview on service architecture in the Telco, Web and IT worlds is presented, offering a roadmap with explanations on how to improve the architecture and governance of communication service architectures by exploiting the syntax and semantics that are common to different services is clearly outlined. This book also responds to recurring questions about service design, such as the functional scope of enablers or SOA (Service Oriented Architecture) services, the relevance of service composition to the user and collaboration between different services in a converged environment. Many concrete examples from telecoms service providers’ operations illustrate these concepts. Contents 1. Describing Service Architectures. 2. Convergence of Service. 3. Building an Architectural Framework for Telecom Services. 4. Modeling and Case Study. 5. Organizational and Software Applications. About the Authors Emmanuel Bertin is senior service architect at Orange Labs in France. He is the author of more than 40 research papers, and holds more than 10 patents in the area of communication services. Noël Crespi worked at Bouygues Telecom, France Telecom R&D, and then at Nortel Networks where he led the Telephony Programme. He is currently Professor and Head of the Service Architecture Laboratory at Institut Mines-Telecom, Telecom SudParis in France and is the author/co-author of more than 160 research papers and 140 contributions in standardization.Table of ContentsForeword ix Introduction xi Acknowledgements xv Chapter 1. Describing Service Architectures 1 1.1. The telecommunications community 2 1.1.1. The service and global functional planes of the intelligent network 2 1.1.2. From TINA to the NGN 8 1.1.3. The OMA and the concept of the enabler 11 1.2. The Web community 16 1.2.1. Web services as fundamental structural units 16 1.2.2. Semantic description of resources 18 1.2.3. Semantic description of Web services 19 1.3. The IT community 23 1.3.1. Service-oriented architectures 23 1.3.2. The concept of view 26 1.3.3. Enterprise architecture and urbanization 28 1.4. Summary 33 Chapter 2. Convergence of Service 35 2.1. Overview of communication services 35 2.1.1. Telecoms services and the NGN 35 2.1.2. The NGN 36 2.1.3. Towards convergence 47 2.1.4. Implementation of convergent services 50 2.2. Common developments of the service sector 52 2.2.1. The service production viewpoint: from need to service 54 2.2.2. The service use viewpoint: customer, consumer and user 58 2.2.3. From service to service system 61 2.3. Application to telecoms services 63 2.3.1. Telecoms services from the point of view of production? 63 2.3.2. Telecoms services from the point of view of use? 66 2.3.3. How to structure telecoms services? 68 2.4. Summary 74 Chapter 3. Building an Architectural Framework for Telecom Services 77 3.1. A business reference view for telecom services 78 3.1.1. Activities from the business view 78 3.1.2. Service processes 84 3.1.3. Application to telecom services 90 3.2. A functional reference view for telecom services 91 3.2.1. Components of the functional view 91 3.2.2. Functional patterns 94 3.2.3. Application to telecom services 96 3.3. A technical reference view for telecom services 99 3.3.1. The elements of the technical view 99 3.3.2. Technical roles and reference points 102 3.4. Summary 104 Chapter 4. Modeling and Case Study 107 4.1. The business reference view 108 4.1.1. Modeling 108 4.1.2. Illustrations 109 4.2. Functional reference view 116 4.2.1. Modeling 116 4.2.2. Illustration 128 4.3. The technical reference view 142 4.3.1. Modeling 142 4.3.2. Illustration 144 4.4. Functional view of a service 157 4.4.1. Modeling 158 4.4.2. Illustration 164 4.5. The technical view of a service 175 4.5.1. Modeling 176 4.5.2. Illustration 179 4.6. The applicative view of a service 185 4.6.1. Modeling 187 4.6.2. Illustration 194 4.7. Summary 208 Chapter 5. Organizational and Software Applications 211 5.1. An aid for the construction of service offers 211 5.1.1. Service design 211 5.1.2. Evaluation and comparison of services 212 5.1.3. Service management 216 5.2. An aid for the rationalization of services 218 5.2.1. The case of enablers 218 5.2.2. The case of software service 220 5.2.3. The case of semantic services 222 5.3. An aid for achieving service convergence 223 5.3.1. A technical pattern for the Web/IMS convergence 224 5.3.2. Unified access to services 228 5.3.3. Inter-service communication 233 5.4. Summary 238 Conclusion 239 Appendix 245 Bibliography 249 List of Figures and Tables 263 Index 269

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a general overview of the applications and use of geopositioning and GNSS for assisting the supervision and management of mobile terrestrial professions, information, traffic regulation, multimodal information, pedestrian mobility and indoor geopositioning, etc. It especially focuses on the field of mobility and terrestrial transport, the automotive industry and tourism (on foot, by bicycle or motorcycle, by car, by professional vehicles or by public transport, etc.). This book explores the many possibilities, developmental and organizational factors, as well as new paradigms, which will contribute to an essential part of GNSS’s civil economy, especially to Galileo in the mid-term and to Egnos in the short-term. Several of GNSS’s integration structuring aspects in sustainable terrestrial mobilities will be analyzed; for example in terms of system architecture, data safety or legal constraints. Numerous diverse points of view will be presented regarding subjects such as dynamic cartography and new computing architectures of: mobility systems, interconnection, service quality, regulation or supervision functions of individual freedoms. Contents Foreword, Matthias Ruete. 1. The Geopositioning Concept, Yves Alexandre. 2. Functions and Performance of the Egnos System, Jérôme Legenne and Daniel Brocard. 3. Information, Modeling and Traffic Reconstruction, Arnaud De La Fortelle, Jean-Marc Lasgouttes and Fabien Moutarde. 4. Geopositioning and Legal Issues, Thierry Piette-Coudol. 5. Location-based Services: Platforms and Applications, Wafaa Ait-Cheik-Bihi, Ahmed Nait-Sidi-Moh, Mohamed Bakhouya, Jaafer Gaber and Maxime Wack. 6. Geofencing, Fabrice Reclus. 7. Pedestrian Navigation for the Benefit of Mobility, Pierre-Yves Gillieron, Véronique Chazal, Michael Flamm, Dominique Von Der Mühll and Monique Ruzicka-Rossier. 8. The Application of Satellite Positioning Systems in Travel Analysis,Patrick Gendre, Alexis Bacelar and Philippe Marchal. About the Authors Ahmed Nait-Sidi-Moh is Associate Professor of Industrial Engineering and Computer Engineering at the University of Picardie Jules Verne, St Quentin, France. His research interests include modeling, analysis of discrete event systems, performance evaluation and optimization, routing policies, scheduling and interoperability for service composition. Mohamed Bakhouya is a senior research scientist at Aalto University, Finland. His research interests include various aspects on the design, validation, implementation, performance evaluation and analysis of distributed systems, architectures, protocols and services. Jaafar Gaber is Associate Professor of Computational Sciences and Computer Engineering at the University of Technology of Belfort-Montbéliard, France. His research interests include ubiquitous and pervasive computing, distributed systems, geopositioning and mobility, security and experimental performance evaluations. Maxime Wack is Associate Professor of Computational Sciences and Computer Engineering at the University of Technology of Belfort-Montbéliard, France. He heads the Geopositioning, Embedded Systems and Mobility (GSEM) team. His research interests include intelligent transportation systems, security, digital signature and certification, location-based services and distributed systems.Table of ContentsForeword xi Introduction xvii Ahmed NAIT-SIDI-MOH, Mohamed BAKHOUYA, Jaafar GABER and Maxime WACK Chapter 1. The Geopositioning Concept 1 Yves ALEXANDRE 1.1. A revolution is announced 1 1.2. The basis of powerful technological systems 2 1.2.1. US creation of a GPS economic industry 2 1.2.2. The European momentum introduced with Galileo which can rely on Egnos from now on 3 1.2.3. An open dynamic beyond the space industry sector 5 1.3. The fundamentals of geopositioning development 6 1.3.1. The universalism decentralizing of the Internet 6 1.3.2. The trend toward “service” of the electronic communication economy 7 1.3.3. The dynamic and lessons of the European GSM success story 9 1.4. Prospective visions of large geopositioning markets in transport and land transport 11 1.4.1. Multiple factors for geopositioning growth 11 1.4.2. Toll systems 12 1.4.3. Transport control and surveillance 15 1.4.4. The production of information 17 1.4.5. Intelligence systems in vehicles 19 1.4.6. Individual mobility (tourism and recreation) 21 1.5. The challenge for the future of the European GNSS incubation services 22 1.5.1. The need for downstream marketing “services, applications and uses” 22 1.5.2. The obligation of “system” strategies 23 1.5.3. The requirement to include GNSS in the new intelligent digital architectures 25 1.6. Bibliography 28 Chapter 2. Functions and Performance of the Egnos System 31 Jérôme LEGENNE and Daniel BROCARD 2.1. Introduction 31 2.2. Operating principles of Egnos 35 2.3. Improving GPS performance with Egnos 37 2.4. The behavior of Egnos faced with a GPS breakdown 42 2.5. Conclusion 43 2.6. Links 45 Chapter 3. Information, Modeling and Traffic Reconstruction 47 Arnaud DE LA FORTELLE, Jean-Marc LASGOUTTES and Fabien MOUTARDE 3.1. New technologies and development 48 3.2. Modeling and algorithms 52 3.3. Analysis and overall traffic prediction 59 3.4. Realizations and experiments 63 3.5. Perspectives 69 3.6. Bibliography 71 Chapter 4. Geopositioning and Legal Issues 75 Thierry PIETTE-COUDOL 4.1. General legal framework of geopositioning 76 4.1.1. Legal texts 76 4.1.2. Relevant legal concepts 77 4.1.3. Technical concepts and the law 81 4.2. Operating a geopositioning service 82 4.2.1. Due diligence – prerequisites 83 4.2.2. Establishment of a general framework for security 86 4.2.3. Determining the aim of the service 88 4.2.4. Administrative declaration 89 4.2.5. The principle of consent in geopositioning 91 4.2.6. Records management issues 95 4.3. Authentication and anonymity 97 4.3.1. Identity, name and anonymity 97 4.3.2. Identity and digital certificates 99 4.4. Bibliography 102 Chapter 5. Location-based Services: Platforms and Applications 103 Wafaa AIT-CHEIK-BIHI, Ahmed NAIT-SIDI-MOH, Mohamed BAKHOUYA, Jaafer GABER and Maxime WACK 5.1. Introduction 103 5.2. Technologies for LBS-based systems 104 5.2.1. Positioning systems and techniques 105 5.2.2. Communication techniques 106 5.2.3. Cartography and geographical information systems 106 5.2.4. Business process 108 5.3. Fields of application of LBS 111 5.3.1. Control and monitoring of vehicles 113 5.3.2. Real-time monitoring of snowplows 116 5.3.3. Application to antilock braking systems 118 5.3.4. TransportML for the collaboration and interaction of services 119 5.3.5. eCall: automatic emergency call system 120 5.3.6. Other LBS-based platforms 122 5.4. Conclusions 122 5.5. Bibliography 123 Chapter 6. Geofencing 127 Fabrice RECLUS 6.1. General presentation 127 6.1.1. Introduction 127 6.1.2. Terminology 128 6.2. Fields of application 131 6.2.1. Merchandise transportation 131 6.2.2. Fleet management 131 6.2.3. Security and defense applications 132 6.2.4. Surveillance of individuals 133 6.3. Tracking and geofencing system 133 6.3.1. Composition of system 133 6.3.2. Functionalities 134 6.4. Geofences 135 6.4.1. Classification 135 6.4.2. Calculation algorithms 137 6.5. Errors and false alarms 139 6.5.1. Parasite phenomena 139 6.5.2. Buffer zones 140 6.5.3. Configuration of a buffer zone 141 6.5.4. Examples of detection methods using geofencing 142 6.5.5. Geographical zones 143 6.5.6. The circle method 144 6.5.7. The rectangle method 144 6.5.8. The polygon method 145 6.5.9. Zones with scheduled time slots 145 6.5.10. Routes 146 6.5.11. Dynamic zones 147 6.6. Possible applications 149 6.6.1. Interest and reduced gains 149 6.7. Applications to road transport 150 6.7.1. Restrictions of access to zones 150 6.7.2. Freeway corridors 151 6.7.3. Monitoring parking in service areas 151 6.7.4. User services 152 6.7.5. Summary table of geofencing applications 152 6.8. Conclusion 153 6.9. Bibliography 154 Chapter 7. Pedestrian Navigation for the Benefit of Mobility 155 Pierre-Yves GILLIÉRON, Véronique CHAZAL, Michael FLAMM, Dominique VON DER MÜHLL and Monique RUZICKA-ROSSIER 7.1. Context 155 7.2. Preamble – Pedestrians 156 7.2.1. Pedestrian travel: an ambiguous status 156 7.2.2. Understanding individuals’ pedestrian thought processes 158 7.3. Current state of pedestrian navigation technologies 162 7.3.1. Location and orientation technologies 162 7.4. Modeling of traffic areas accessible to pedestrians 176 7.4.1. Cartography for pedestrians 176 7.4.2. Navigation maps: from automobile to pedestrian 178 7.4.3. Navigation solutions for built environments 179 7.4.4. The importance of reference point systems 180 7.5. User needs and contexts of use 182 7.5.1. List of potential fields of application 182 7.5.2. Applications to help people with disabilities 183 7.5.3. Applications for leisure activities 188 7.5.4. Applications for navigation in complex infrastructures 190 7.5.5. Applications to serve professionals 194 7.6. Summary and conclusion 196 7.7. Bibliography 198 Chapter 8. The Application of Satellite Positioning Systems in Travel Analysis 203 Patrick GENDRE, Alexis BACELAR and Philippe MARCHAL 8.1. Introduction 203 8.2. Use of geopositioning for travel surveys 204 8.2.1. Context 204 8.2.2. Technical principles 204 8.2.3. Existing supply 204 8.2.4. 2007 National Transport Survey (ENTD) 205 8.2.5. Hardware 207 8.2.6. Software 207 8.2.7. Other recent projects 209 8.2.8. Other similar uses of GNSS 209 8.3. Travel time via GPS: the Cap Vista application 210 8.3.1. Context 210 8.3.2. Creation of software 211 8.4. Presentation of the Cap Vista application 212 8.4.1. GPS, DB and GIS 212 8.4.2. Possible uses 216 8.4.3. Initial assessment and paths of improvement 217 8.5. Conclusions and perspectives 218 8.6. Bibliography 219 Conclusion 223 Ahmed NAIT-SIDI-MOH, Mohamed BAKHOUYA, Jaafar GABER and Maxime WACK Glossary 227 List of Authors 235 Index 237

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Book SynopsisThere has been a phenomenal growth in video applications over the past few years. An accurate traffic model of Variable Bit Rate (VBR) video is necessary for performance evaluation of a network design and for generating synthetic traffic that can be used for benchmarking a network. A large number of models for VBR video traffic have been proposed in the literature for different types of video in the past 20 years. Here, the authors have classified and surveyed these models and have also evaluated the models for H.264 AVC and MVC encoded video and discussed their findings.Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION vii CHAPTER 1. VIDEO CODING 1 1.1. Video coding 1 1.2. Video coding standards 3 1.2.1. The MPEG video coding standard 4 1.2.2. H.264/MPEG-4 AVC 8 1.2.3. H.264 SVC 10 1.2.4. H.264 MVC 12 1.3. Rate control 15 1.4. Summary 16 CHAPTER 2. VIDEO TRAFFIC MODELING 19 2.1. The AR models 19 2.1.1. Review of the AR process 20 2.1.2. Survey of AR video traffic models 22 2.2. Models based on Markov processes 32 2.2.1. Review of Markov process models 33 2.2.2. Survey of Markov process models 35 2.2.3. Summary 42 2.3. Self-similar models 43 2.3.1. A survey of self-similar models for video traffic 44 2.3.2. Summary 46 2.4. Wavelet-based models 47 2.4.1. Survey of wavelet-based video traffic models 47 2.4.2. Summary 49 2.5. Other approaches 50 2.5.1. The M/G/∞ process 50 2.5.2. The SARIMA model 51 2.5.3. TES-based models 53 2.5.4. Summary 54 2.6. Video traffic models for layered scalable video 54 2.6.1. Summary 57 2.7. Video traffic models for three-dimensional video 58 2.7.1. A video traffic model for MVC video 60 2.8. Conclusion 62 CHAPTER 3. EVALUATION OF VIDEO TRAFFIC MODELS FOR H.264 AVC VIDEO 65 3.1. Model implementation 67 3.1.1. The DAR(1) model 67 3.1.2. A frame-based AR(2) model 69 3.1.3. A Markov-modulated gamma mode 70 3.1.4. A wavelet model 72 3.2. Experimental setup 73 3.3. Frame size distribution and ACF comparisons 74 3.4. QoS evaluation 81 3.4.1. End-to-end delay 81 3.4.2. Jitter 82 3.4.3. Packet loss 83 3.4.4. The simulation model 84 3.4.5. Results 86 3.5. Conclusion 94 CHAPTER 4. EVALUATION OF VIDEO TRAFFIC MODEL FOR H.264 MVC VIDEO 97 4.1. A video traffic model for MVC video 97 4.2. Experimental setup 99 4.3. Results 100 4.3.1. Q–Q plots and ACF comparisons 100 4.3.2. QoS evaluation 100 4.4. Conclusion 113 CONCLUSION 115 APPENDIX 119 GLOSSARY 131 BIBLIOGRAPHY 135 INDEX 145

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive overview of the subject of channel coding. It starts with a description of information theory, focusing on the quantitative measurement of information and introducing two fundamental theorems on source and channel coding. The basics of channel coding in two chapters, block codes and convolutional codes, are then discussed, and for these the authors introduce weighted input and output decoding algorithms and recursive systematic convolutional codes, which are used in the rest of the book. Trellis coded modulations, which have their primary applications in high spectral efficiency transmissions, are then covered, before the discussion moves on to an advanced coding technique called turbocoding. These codes, invented in the 1990s by C. Berrou and A. Glavieux, show exceptional performance. The differences between convolutional turbocodes and block turbocodes are outlined, and for each family, the authors present the coding and decoding techniques, together with their performances. The book concludes with a chapter on the implementation of turbocodes in circuits. As such, anyone involved in the areas of channel coding and error correcting coding will find this book to be of invaluable assistance.Trade Review"The book offers a very good overview of channel coding topics, selected and proposed by a group of experienced researchers including inventors of turbocodes from ENST Bretagne . . . The presented material is well illustrated with examples, referring to both encoding and decoding schemes . . . The most valuable part of the book consists of chapters from 3 to 7 and is connected with convolutional codes, trellis coded modulations and especially turbocodes." (Einzelbeleg, 2010) "This book provides a comprehensive overview of the subject of channel coding . . . as such, anyone involved in the area of channel coding and error correcting coding will find this book to be of invaluable assistance." (Mathematical Reviews, 2010) Table of ContentsHomage to Alain Glavieux xv Chapter 1. Information Theory 1 Gérard BATTAIL 1.1. Introduction: the Shannon paradigm 1 1.2. Principal coding functions 5 1.2.1. Source coding 5 1.2.2. Channel coding 6 1.2.3. Cryptography 7 1.2.4. Standardization of the Shannon diagram blocks 8 1.2.5. Fundamental theorems 9 1.3. Quantitative measurement of information 9 1.3.1. Principle 9 1.3.2. Measurement of self-information 10 1.3.3. Entropy of a source 11 1.3.4. Mutual information measure 12 1.3.5. Channel capacity 14 1.3.6. Comments on the measurement of information 15 1.4. Source coding 15 1.4.1. Introduction 15 1.4.2. Decodability, Kraft-McMillan inequality 16 1.4.3. Demonstration of the fundamental theorem 17 1.4.4. Outline of optimal algorithms of source coding 18 1.5. Channel coding 19 1.5.1. Introduction and statement of the fundamental theorem 19 1.5.2. General comments 20 1.5.3. Need for redundancy 20 1.5.4. Example of the binary symmetric channel 21 1.5.5. A geometrical interpretation 25 1.5.6. Fundamental theorem: Gallager’s proof 26 1.6. Channels with continuous noise 32 1.6.1. Introduction 32 1.6.2. A reference model in physical reality: the channel with Gaussian additive noise 32 1.6.3. Communication via a channel with additive white Gaussian noise 35 1.6.4. Channel with fadings 37 1.7. Information theory and channel coding 38 1.8. Bibliography 40 Chapter 2. Block Codes 41 Alain POLI 2.1. Unstructured codes 41 2.1.1. The fundamental question of message redundancy 41 2.1.2. Unstructured codes 42 2.2. Linear codes 44 2.2.1. Introduction 44 2.2.2. Properties of linear codes 44 2.2.3. Dual code 46 2.2.4. Some linear codes 50 2.2.5. Decoding of linear codes 51 2.3. Finite fields 53 2.3.1. Basic concepts 53 2.3.2. Polynomial modulo calculations: quotient ring 53 2.3.3. Irreducible polynomial modulo calculations: finite field 54 2.3.4. Order and the opposite of an element of F2[X]/(p(X)) 54 2.3.5. Minimum polynomials 59 2.3.6. The field of nth roots of unity 60 2.3.7. Projective geometry in a finite field 61 2.4. Cyclic codes 62 2.4.1. Introduction 62 2.4.2. Base, coding, dual code and code annihilator 63 2.4.3. Certain cyclic codes 68 2.4.4. Existence and construction of cyclic codes 74 2.4.5. Applications of cyclic codes 82 2.5. Electronic circuits 82 2.5.1. Basic gates for error correcting codes 82 2.5.2. Shift registers 83 2.5.3. Circuits for the correct codes 83 2.5.4. Polynomial representation and representation to the power of a primitive representation for a field 87 2.6. Decoding of cyclic codes 88 2.6.1. Meggitt decoding (trapping of bursts) 88 2.6.2. Decoding by the DFT 89 2.6.3. FG-decoding 94 2.6.4. Berlekamp-Massey decoding 99 2.6.5. Majority decoding 105 2.6.6. Hard decoding, soft decoding and chase decoding 110 2.7. 2D codes 111 2.7.1. Introduction 111 2.7.2. Product codes 112 2.7.3. Minimum distance of 2D codes 112 2.7.4. Practical examples of the use of 2D codes 112 2.7.5. Coding 112 2.7.6. Decoding 113 2.8. Exercises on block codes 113 2.8.1. Unstructured codes 113 2.8.2. Linear codes 114 2.8.3. Finite bodies 117 2.8.4. Cyclic codes 119 2.8.5. Exercises on circuits 123 Chapter 3. Convolutional Codes 129 Alain GLAVIEUX and Sandrine VATON 3.1. Introduction 129 3.2. State transition diagram, trellis, tree 135 3.3. Transfer function and distance spectrum 137 3.4. Perforated convolutional codes 140 3.5. Catastrophic codes 142 3.6. The decoding of convolutional codes 142 3.6.1. Viterbi algorithm 143 3.6.2. MAP criterion or BCJR algorithm 156 3.6.3. SubMAP algorithm 169 3.7. Performance of convolutional codes 172 3.7.1. Channel with binary input and continuous output 173 3.7.2. Channel with binary input and output 180 3.8. Distance spectrum of convolutional codes 182 3.9. Recursive convolution codes 184 Chapter 4. Coded Modulations 197 Ezio BIGLIERI 4.1. Hamming distance and Euclidean distance 197 4.2. Trellis code 200 4.3. Decoding 201 4.4. Some examples of TCM 201 4.5. Choice of a TCM diagram 205 4.6. TCM representations 207 4.7. TCM transparent to rotations 209 4.7.1. Partitions transparent to rotations 211 4.7.2. Transparent trellis with rotations 212 4.7.3. Transparent encoder 213 4.7.4. General considerations 215 4.8. TCM error probability 215 4.8.1. Upper limit of the probability of an error event 215 4.8.2. Examples 226 4.8.3. Calculation of áfree 228 4.9. Power spectral density 232 4.10. Multi-level coding 234 4.10.1. Block coded modulation 235 4.10.2. Decoding of multilevel codes by stages 237 4.11. Probability of error for the BCM 238 4.11.1. Additive Gaussian channel 239 4.11.2. Calculation of the transfer function 240 4.12. Coded modulations for channels with fading 241 4.12.1. Modeling of channels with fading 241 4.12.2. Rayleigh fading channel: Euclidean distance and Hamming distance 247 4.13. Bit interleaved coded modulation (BICM) 251 4.14. Bibliography 253 Chapter 5. Turbocodes 255 Claude BERROU, Catherine DOUILLARD, Michel JÉZÉQUEL and Annie PICART 5.1. History of turbocodes 255 5.1.1. Concatenation 256 5.1.2. Negative feedback in the decoder 256 5.1.3. Recursive systematic codes 258 5.1.4. Extrinsic information 258 5.1.5. Parallel concatenation 259 5.1.6. Irregular interleaving 260 5.2. A simple and convincing illustration of the turbo effect 260 5.3. Turbocodes 265 5.3.1. Coding 265 5.3.2. The termination of constituent codes 272 5.3.3. Decoding 275 5.3.4. SISO decoding and extrinsic information 280 5.4. The permutation function 287 5.4.1. The regular permutation 288 5.4.2. Statistical approach 290 5.4.3. Real permutations 291 5.5. m-binary turbocodes 297 5.5.1. m-binary RSC encoders 298 5.5.2. m-binary turbocodes 300 5.5.3. Double-binary turbocodes with 8 states 302 5.5.4. Double-binary turbocodes with 16 states 303 5.6. Bibliography 304 Chapter 6. Block Turbocodes 307 Ramesh PYNDIAH and Patrick ADDE 6.1. Introduction 307 6.2. Concatenation of block codes 308 6.2.1. Parallel concatenation of block codes 309 6.2.2. Serial concatenation of block codes 313 6.2.3. Properties of product codes and theoretical performances 318 6.3. Soft decoding of block codes 323 6.3.1. Soft decoding of block codes 324 6.3.2. Soft decoding of block codes (Chase algorithm) 326 6.3.3. Decoding of block codes by the Viterbi algorithm 334 6.3.4. Decoding of block codes by the Hartmann and Rudolph algorithm 338 6.4. Iterative decoding of product codes 340 6.4.1. SISO decoding of a block code 341 6.4.2. Implementation of the weighting algorithm 345 6.4.3. Iterative decoding of product codes 347 6.4.4. Comparison of the performances of BTC 349 6.5. Conclusion 367 6.6. Bibliography 367 Chapter 7. Block Turbocodes in a Practical Setting 373 Patrick ADDE and Ramesh PYNDIAH 7.1. Introduction 373 7.2. Implementation of BTC: structure and complexity 373 7.2.1. Influence of integration constraints 373 7.2.2. General architecture and organization of the circuit 376 7.2.3. Memorizing of data and results 380 7.2.4. Elementary decoder 384 7.2.5. High flow structure 392 7.3. Flexibility of turbo block codes 397 7.4. Hybrid turbocodes 404 7.4.1. Construction of the code 404 7.4.2. Binary error rates (BER) function of the signal-to-noise ratio in a Gaussian channel 406 7.4.3. Variation of the size of the blocks 408 7.4.4. Variation of the total rate 409 7.5. Multidimensional turbocodes 409 7.6. Bibliography 412 List of Authors 415 Index 417

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Book SynopsisChapter 1. Introduction.- Chapter 2. Background.- Chapter 3. Antenna Element Design for Large-Scale Antenna Arrays.- Part I. Half-Duplex Communications.- Chapter 4. Hybrid Beamformer Design with Impaired Components for mMIMO.- Chapter 5. Non-Planar Antenna Array Structures for mMIMO.- Chapter 6. Metamaterial-Based Miniaturized Large-Scale Antenna Array Prototype for mMIMO.- Chapter 7. Far-field Nulling Control Beamforming with Measured Element Patterns for MU-mMIMO.- Chapter 8. Near-Field Nulling Control Beamfocusing for Multi-User Interference Suppression.- Part II Full-Duplex Communications.- Chapter 9. Large-Scale Antenna Arrays for In-Band Full-Duplex Massive MIMO.-  Chapter 10. Tx-Rx Beam Isolation Improvement for FD mMIMO.-  Chapter 11. Metamaterial Absorber Structure for Tx-Rx Antenna Isolation Improvement in FD mMIMO.- Chapter 12. Conclusions and Future Works.

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisPart I: Introduction to Cybersecurity.- Chapter 1: Introduction to Cybersecurity.- Chapter 2: Threat Landscape.- Chapter 3: Security Principles.- Chapter 4: Authentication in Cybersecurity.- Part II: Ransomware Basics and Prevention.- Chapter 5: Introduction to Ransomware.- Chapter 6: Ransomware Lifecycle.- Chapter 7: Ransomware Prevention.- Part III: Ransomware Detection and Response.- Chapter 8: Early Detection Techniques.- Chapter 9: Incident Response.- Chapter 10.- Threat Intelligence.- Part IV: Ransomware Recovery Strategies.- Chapter 11: Backup and Restore.- Chapter 12: Ransomware Recovery Framework.- Chapter 13: Negotiating with Attackers.- Chapter 14: Rebuilding and Strengthening Security Posture.- Part V: Real-world Perspectives.- Chapter 15: Case Studies in the E-commerce Industry.- Chapter 16: Ransomware, Inc.: The Business and Economics of Digital Extortion.- Chapter 17: Case Studies in Confidential Computing.- Chapter 18: Case Studies in Cloud Computing.- Chapter 19: Case Studies in Enterprise Security Architecture.- Chapter 20: Case Studies in Energy.- Chapter 21: Securing Digital Foundations - A Point of View on Cybersecurity in Healthcare.- Part VI: Future Trends in Cybersecurity.- Chapter 22: Future Trends in Digital Security.

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