Chemistry Books

Book SynopsisEdited by the academic who first discovered this important phenomenon, Aggregation-Induced Emission is the first book to cover the applications of Aggregation-Induced Emission. This groundbreaking text explores the high-tech applications of AIE materials in optoelectronic devices, chemical sensors, and biological probes. A valuable resource for scientists, physicists, and biological chemists, topics covered include: AIE materials for LEDs and lasers; mechanochromic AIE materials; new chemo- and biosensors based on AIE fluorophores; AIE dye-encapsulated nanoparticles for optical bioimaging; and chiral recognition and enantiomeric excess determination based on AIE.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xi Preface xiii 1 AIE or AIEE Materials for Electroluminescence Applications 1 Chiao-Wen Lin and Chin-Ti Chen 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 EL Background, EL Efficiency, Color Chromaticity, and Fabrication Issues of OLEDs 2 1.3 AIE or AIEE Silole Derivatives for OLEDs 7 1.4 AIE or AIEE Maleimide and Pyrrole Derivatives for OLEDs 10 1.5 AIE or AIEE Cyano-Substituted Stilbenoid and Distyrylbenzene Derivatives for OLEDs 14 1.6 AIE or AIEE Triarylamine Derivatives for OLEDs 17 1.7 AIE or AIEE Triphenylethene and Tetraphenylethene Derivatives for OLEDs 17 1.8 White OLEDs Containing AIE or AIEE Materials 31 1.9 Perspectives 36 References 37 2 Crystallization-Induced Phosphorescence for Purely Organic Phosphors at Room Temperature and Liquid Crystals with Aggregation-Induced Emission Characteristics 42 Wang Zhang Yuan, Yongming Zhang, and Ben Zhong Tang 2.1 Crystallization-Induced Phosphorescence for Purely Organic Phosphors at Room Temperature 42 2.1.1 Introduction 42 2.1.2 Molecular luminogens with crystallization-induced phosphorescence at room temperature 43 2.2 Liquid crystals with aggregation-induced emission characteristics 51 2.2.1 Luminescent liquid crystals 51 2.2.2 Aggregation-induced emission strategy towards high-efficiency luminescent liquid crystals 52 2.3 Conclusions and Perspectives 56 References 57 3 Mechanochromic Aggregation-Induced Emission Materials 60 Zhenguo Chi and Jiarui Xu 3.1 Introduction 60 3.2 Mechanochromic Non-AIE Compounds 61 3.3 Mechanochromic AIE Compounds 63 3.4 Conclusion 81 References 82 4 Chiral Recognition and Enantiomeric Excess Determination Based on Aggregation-Induced Emission 86 Yan-Song Zheng 4.1 Introduction to Chiral Recognition 86 4.2 Chiral Recognition and Enantiomeric Excess Determination of Chiral Amines 87 4.3 Chiral Recognition and Enantiomeric Excess Determination of Chiral Acids 90 4.3.1 Enantiomeric excess determination of chiral acids using chiral AIE amines 90 4.3.2 Enantiomeric excess determination of chiral acids using a chiral receptor in the presence of an AIE compound 97 4.4 Mechanism of chiral recognition based on AIE 100 4.4.1 Mechanism of chiral recognition by a chiral AIE monoamine 101 4.4.2 Mechanism of chiral recognition by a chiral AIE diamine 101 4.5 Prospects for chiral recognition based on AIE 103 References 104 5 AIE Materials Towards Efficient Circularly Polarized Luminescence, Organic Lasing, and Superamplified Detection of Explosives 106 Jianzhao Liu, Jacky W.Y. Lam, and Ben Zhong Tang 5.1 Introduction 106 5.2 AIE Materials with Efficient Circularly Polarized Luminescence and Large Dissymmetry Factor 106 5.2.1 Aggregation-induced circular dichroism 107 5.2.2 AIE, fluorescence decay dynamics and theoretical understanding 109 5.2.3 Aggregation-induced circularly polarized luminescence 112 5.2.4 Supramolecular assembly and structural modeling 114 5.3 AIE Materials for Organic Lasing 117 5.3.1 Fabrication of nano-structures 117 5.3.2 Lasing performances 118 5.4 AIE Materials for Superamplified Detection of Explosives 120 5.4.1 Hyperbranched polymer-based sensor 121 5.4.2 Mesoporous material-based sensor 126 5.5 Conclusion 126 References 127 6 Aggregation-Induced Emission and Applications of Aryl-Substituted Pyrrole Derivatives 129 Bin Tong and Yuping Dong 6.1 Introduction 129 6.2 Luminescence Properties of Triphenylpyrrole Derivatives in the Aggregated State 130 6.3 Applications 134 6.4 Aggregation-Induced Emission of Pentaphenylpyrrole 145 6.5 AIEE Mechanism of Pentaphenylpyrrole 148 6.6 Conclusion 150 References 150 7 Biogenic Amine Sensing with Aggregation-Induced Emission-Active Tetraphenylethenes 154 Takanobu Sanji and Masato Tanaka 7.1 Introduction 154 7.1.1 Biogenic amines 154 7.1.2 Sensing methods for biogenic amines 154 7.2 Fluorimetric Sensing of Biogenic Amines with AIE-Active TPEs 155 7.2.1 Design for fluorimetric sensing of biogenic amines 155 7.2.2 Sensing studies and statistical analysis 155 7.2.3 Determination of histamine concentration 159 7.2.4 Fluorimetric sensing of melamine with AIE-active TPEs 160 7.3 Summary and Outlook 160 References 161 8 New Chemo-/Biosensors with Silole and Tetraphenylethene Molecules Based on the Aggregation and Deaggregation Mechanism 162 Ming Wang, Guanxin Zhang, and Deqing Zhang 8.1 Introduction 162 8.2 Cation and Anion Sensors 163 8.3 Fluorimetric Biosensors for Biomacromolecules 166 8.4 Fluorimetric Assays for Enzymes 170 8.5 Fluorimetric Detection of Physiologically Important Small Molecules 177 8.6 Miscellaneous Sensors 180 8.7 Conclusion and Outlook 182 References 182 9 Carbohydrate-Functionalized AIE-Active Molecules as Luminescent Probes for Biosensing 186 Qi Chen and Bao-Hang Han 9.1 Introduction 186 9.2 Carbohydrate-Bearing AIE-Active Molecules 187 9.2.1 Carbohydrate-bearing siloles 188 9.2.2 Carbohydrate-bearing phosphole oxides 189 9.2.3 Carbohydrate-bearing tetraphenylethenes 190 9.3 Luminescent Probes for Lectins 192 9.4 Luminescent Probes for Enzymes 196 9.5 Luminescent Probes for Viruses and Toxins 200 9.6 Conclusion 202 Acknowledgments 202 References 202 10 Aggregation-Induced Emission Dyes for In Vivo Functional Bioimaging 205 Jun Qian, Dan Wang, and Sailing He 10.1 Introduction 205 10.2 AIE Dyes for Macro In Vivo Functional Bioimaging 206 10.2.1 AIE dye-encapsulated phospholipid–PEG nanomicelles 206 10.2.2 AIE dye-encapsulated nanomicelles for SLN mapping of mice 206 10.2.3 AIE dye-encapsulated nanomicelles for tumor targeting of mice 212 10.2.4 Other types of AIE-nanoparticles for in vivo functional bioimaging 217 10.3 Multiphoton-Induced Fluorescence from AIE Dyes and Applications in In Vivo Functional Microscopic Imaging 219 10.3.1 Two- and three-photon-induced fluorescence of AIE dyes 219 10.3.2 AIE dye-encapsulated nanomicelles for two-photon blood vessel imaging of live mice 223 10.3.3 AIE dye-encapsulated nanomicelles for two-photon brain imaging of live mice 226 10.4 Summary and Perspectives 228 Acknowledgments 230 References 230 11 Specific Light-Up Bioprobes with Aggregation-Induced Emission Characteristics for Protein Sensing 234 Jing Liang, Haibin Shi, Ben Zhong Tang, and Bin Liu 11.1 Introduction 234 11.2 In Vitro Detection of Integrin avb3 Using a TPS-Based Probe 235 11.2.1 Detection mechanisms 236 11.2.2 Synthesis and characterization of the TPS-2cRGD probe 236 11.2.3 Detection of integrin in solutions 238 11.2.4 In vitro sensing of integrin in cancer cells 239 11.3 Real-Time Monitoring of Cell Apoptosis and Drug Screening with a TPE-Based Probe 240 11.3.1 Design principles 240 11.3.2 Synthesis and characterization of Ac-DEVEK-TPE probe 241 11.3.3 Detection of caspase and kinetic study of caspase activities in solutions 242 11.3.4 Imaging of cell apoptosis and screening of apoptosis-inducing agents 243 11.4 In Vivo Monitoring of Cell Apoptosis and Drug Screening with PyTPE-Based Probe 246 11.4.1 Working principles 246 11.4.2 Synthesis and characterization of DEVD-PyTPE probe 247 11.4.3 Monitoring of caspase activities in solutions 248 11.4.4 In vitro and in vivo imaging of cell apoptosis 248 11.5 Conclusion 250 Acknowledgments 250 References 251 12 Applications of Aggregation-Induced Emission Materials in Biotechnology 254 Yuning Hong, Jacky W.Y. Lam, and Ben Zhong Tang 12.1 Introduction 254 12.2 AIE Materials for Nucleic Acid Studies 255 12.2.1 Quantitation and gel visualization of DNA and RNA 255 12.2.2 Specific probing of G-quadruplex DNA formation 257 12.3 AIE Materials for Protein Studies 258 12.3.1 Quantitation and PAGE staining of proteins 258 12.3.2 Fluorescence immunoassay by AIE materials 261 12.3.3 Monitoring of the unfolding/refolding process of human serum albumin 261 12.3.4 Monitoring and inhibition of amyloid fibrillation of insulin 262 12.4 AIE Materials for Live Cell Imaging 264 12.4.1 AIE bioprobes for long-term cell tracking 264 12.4.2 AIE nanoparticles for cell staining 264 12.5 Conclusion 266 References 267 Index 271

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Book SynopsisThis research book covers the major aspects relating to the use of novel delivery systems in enhancing both transdermal and intradermal drug delivery.Table of ContentsAbout the Editors xiii Contributors xv Advances in Pharmaceutical Technology: Series Preface xvii Preface xix 1 Introduction 1Gary P.J. Moss 1.1 The Subcutis (Subcutaneous Fat Layer) 1 1.2 The Dermis 2 1.3 Skin Appendages 2 1.4 The Subcutaneous Sensory Mechanism 3 1.5 The Epidermis 5 1.6 The stratum germinativum 5 1.7 The stratum spinosum 5 1.8 The stratum granulosum 6 1.9 The stratum lucidum 6 1.10 The stratum corneum 6 1.10.1 Routes of Absorption 9 1.10.2 Transdermal Permeation – Mechanisms of Absorption 9 1.11 Theoretical Considerations 11 1.12 Physicochemical Properties of the Penetrant 13 1.12.1 Partition Coefficient 13 1.12.2 Molecular Size and Shape 14 1.12.3 Applied Concentration/Dose 15 1.12.4 Solubility and Melting Point 15 1.12.5 Ionisation 15 1.12.6 Physiological Factors Affecting Percutaneous Absorption 16 1.13 Physiological Properties of the Skin 16 1.13.1 Skin Condition 16 1.13.2 Skin Hydration and Occlusion 17 1.13.3 Skin Age 17 1.13.4 Regional Variation (Body Site) 18 1.13.5 Race 19 1.13.6 Skin Temperature 19 1.14 Vehicle Effects 19 1.15 Modulation and Enhancement of Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery 20 1.15.1 Chemical Modulation of Permeation 21 1.15.2 Physical Methods of Enhancement 26 2 Application of Spectroscopic Techniques to Interrogate Skin 41Jonathan Hadgraft, Rita Mateus and Majella E. Lane 2.1 Introduction 41 2.2 Vibrational Spectroscopic Methods 42 2.3 Electronic Spectroscopic Methods 46 2.3.1 UV and Fluorescence 46 2.3.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 47 2.4 Miscellaneous Spectroscopic Methods 48 2.4.1 Opto]Thermal Transient Emission Radiometry 48 2.4.2 Electron Spin Resonance 48 2.4.3 Impedance Spectroscopy 49 2.4.4 Laser]Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 49 2.4.5 Photoacoustic Spectroscopy 50 2.4.6 Mass Spectrometry Imaging 50 2.5 Conclusions and Future 50 3 Analysis of the Native Structure of the Skin Barrier by Cryo]TEM Combined with EM]Simulation 57Lars Norlén 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Our Approach: In Situ Biomolecular Structure Determination in Near]Native Skin 58 3.2.1 Step 1: Cryo]Electron Microscopy of Vitreous Sections 60 3.2.2 Steps 2–3: Molecular Model Building and Electron Microscopy Simulation 66 3.2.3 Step 4: Confrontation of Observed Data with Simulated Data 66 3.3 Molecular Organisation of the Horny Layer’s Fat Matrix 67 3.4 Molecular Organisation of the Horny Layer’s Keratin Filament Matrix 67 3.5 Final Remark 68 4 Intradermal Vaccination 71Marija Zaric and Adrien Kissenpfennig 4.1 Vaccination 71 4.1.1 Disadvantages Associated with Conventional Vaccination 72 4.2 Dendritic Cells Immunobiology 73 4.3 Skin Anatomy and Physiology 74 4.3.1 The Role of Skin in Vaccine Delivery 75 4.4 The Skin Dendritic Cell Network 76 4.4.1 Langerhans Cells and the ‘Langerhans Cell Paradigm’ 76 4.4.2 Dermal Dendritic Cell Network 77 4.4.3 Dendritic Cell Subsets in the Skin]Draining Lymph Node 79 4.4.4 Human Dendritic Cells in the Skin 80 4.4.5 The Role of Skin Dendritic Cells Subsets in Transdermal Immunisation 81 4.5 The DTR]DT Depletion System 82 4.5.1 Langerin]DTR Mouse Models 83 4.6 Dendritic Cells and the Differentiation of T Lymphocytes 84 4.6.1 CD8+ T Cell Activation 85 4.6.2 CD4+ T Cell Polarisation 85 4.7 Summary 88 5 Film]Forming and Heated Systems 97William J. McAuley and Francesco Caserta 5.1 Film]Forming Systems 97 5.1.1 The Design of Film]Forming Systems 98 5.1.2 Advantages of Using Film]Forming Systems for Drug Delivery 99 5.1.3 Production of a Supersaturated State 101 5.1.4 Use with Chemical Penetration Enhancers 103 5.1.5 Advantages of Film]Forming Systems for Patient Use 105 5.1.6 Therapeutic Applications 105 5.2 Heated Systems 107 5.2.1 Mechanisms of Drug Penetration Enhancement 107 5.2.2 Partitioning 108 5.2.3 Effects of Heat on Skin 110 5.2.4 Dermal Clearance 111 5.2.5 The Effects of Heat on the Permeation of Drugs Across Skin 112 5.2.6 Strategies for Generating Heat 113 5.2.7 Therapeutic Applications 115 5.3 Conclusions 116 6 Nanotechnology]Based Applications for Transdermal Delivery of Therapeutics 125Venkata K. Yellepeddi 6.1 Introduction 125 6.1.1 Skin Structure 126 6.1.2 Skin Sites for Nanoparticle Delivery 127 6.1.3 Skin as a Barrier for Nanoparticle Penetration 128 6.1.4 Physicochemical Characteristics of NPs for Penetration through Skin 129 6.2 Nanocarriers for Topical and Transdermal Delivery 129 6.2.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles 130 6.2.2 Lipid Based Nanocarriers 134 6.2.3 Metallic and Mineral Nanoparticles 135 6.2.4 Carbon]Based Nanomaterials 137 6.3 Interactions of Nanoparticles with the Skin 137 6.4 Limitations of Nanotechnology for Skin Delivery 138 6.5 Conclusions 139 7 Magnetophoresis and Electret]Mediated Transdermal Delivery of Drugs 147Abhijeet Maurya, Cui Lili and S. Narasimha Murthy 7.1 Introduction 147 7.2 Physical Permeation Enhancement Techniques 149 7.3 Magnetophoresis 150 7.3.1 Drug Delivery Applications 151 7.3.2 Mechanism of Permeability Enhancement 152 7.3.3 Magnetophoretic Transdermal Patch 154 7.3.4 Conclusion 154 7.4 Electret]Mediated Drug Delivery 155 7.4.1 Electrets for Cutaneous Drug Delivery 156 7.4.2 Electret Layer in a Patch 158 7.4.3 Mechanism of Permeability Enhancement 158 7.4.4 Conclusion 159 8 Microporation for Enhanced Transdermal Drug Delivery 163Thakur Raghu Raj Singh and Chirag Gujral 8.1 Introduction 163 8.2 High]Pressure Gas or Liquid Microporation 164 8.3 Ultrasound (Phonophoresis and Sonophoresis) Microporation 166 8.4 Iontophoresis 168 8.5 Electroporation 169 8.6 Laser Microporation 170 8.7 Thermal Microporation 171 8.8 RF Microporation 173 8.9 Microneedles 173 8.10 Conclusion 174 9 Microneedle Technology 179Helen L. Quinn, Aaron J. Courtenay, Mary]Carmel Kearney and Ryan F. Donnelly 9.1 Introduction 179 9.2 MN Materials and Fabrication 182 9.3 MN]Mediated Drug Delivery 185 9.3.1 Combinational Approaches 187 9.4 MN Vaccination 188 9.4.1 Polymeric MNs and Vaccination 188 9.4.2 Solid MNs and Vaccination 189 9.4.3 Hollow MNs and Vaccination 190 9.4.4 MN Vaccination Moving Forwards 190 9.5 Further MN Applications 191 9.5.1 Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 192 9.5.2 Cosmetic Applications 193 9.5.3 Other Potential Applications 194 9.6 Patient Factors Relating to MN Use 194 9.6.1 Effects of MN Insertion on the Skin 194 9.6.2 Patient Safety 196 9.6.3 Acceptability to Patients and Healthcare Providers 197 9.6.4 Patient Application 197 9.7 The Next Steps in MN Development 198 9.7.1 Manufacturing Considerations 199 9.7.2 Regulatory Considerations 199 9.7.3 Commercialisation of MN Technologies 200 9.8 Conclusion 201 10 Intradermal Delivery of Active Cosmeceutical Ingredients 209Andrzej M. Bugaj 10.1 Introduction 209 10.2 Emulsions 210 10.2.1 Microemulsions 211 10.2.2 Nanoemulsions 212 10.2.3 Quick]Breaking Emulsions 213 10.2.4 Pickering Emulsions 214 10.2.5 Gel Emulsions 214 10.2.6 Liquid Crystal Emulsions 214 10.2.7 Multiple Emulsions 215 10.3 Vesicular Systems 216 10.3.1 Liposomes 216 10.3.2 Niosomes 221 10.3.3 Sphingosomes 221 10.3.4 Multiwalled Delivery Systems 221 10.4 Solid Particulate Systems 222 10.4.1 Microparticles 222 10.4.2 Solid Nanoparticles 225 10.4.3 Fullerenes 228 10.4.4 Cyclodextrins 228 10.4.5 Fibrous Matrices 229 10.5 Cosmetic Foams 229 10.6 Cosmetic Patches 230 10.7 Cosmeceuticals: The Future 230 11 Commercial and Regulatory Considerations in Transdermal and Dermal Medicines Development 243Marc. B. Brown, Jon Lenn, Charles Evans and Sian Lim 11.1 Introduction 243 11.2 Dermal and Transdermal Product/Device Development 245 11.2.1 Drug Candidate Selection 246 11.2.2 Dosage/Device Form 246 11.2.3 Pre]formulation and Formulation/Device Development 248 11.2.4 Performance Testing 250 11.3 Product Scale]Up and Process Optimisation, Validation and Stability Testing 253 11.3.1 Product Scale]Up, Process Optimisation and Specification Development 253 11.3.2 Analytical Method Validation 253 11.3.3 ICH Stability Testing 254 11.4 The Commercial Future of Transdermal Devices 254 Index 259

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Book SynopsisThis book will focus on lignocellulosic fibres as a raw material for several applications. It will start with wood chemistry and morphology. Then, some fibre isolation processes will be given, before moving to composites, panel and paper manufacturing, characterization and aging.Table of ContentsPreface xxi Part 1: Wood and Fibres: Raw Materials 1 Introduction and State-of-the-Art 3 Mohamed Naceur Belgacem and Antonio Pizzi 2 Wood and Wood Fiber Characteristics: Moisture, Biological, Thermal and Weathering 7 Roger M. Rowel 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Moisture 8 2.3 Biological 20 2.4 Thermal 30 2.5 Fire Retardants 36 2.6 Weathering 41 References 45 3 Chemical Composition and Properties of Wood 49 Tatjana Stevanovic 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Cellulose 50 3.3 Hemicelluloses of Wood 68 3.4 Lignin(s) 80 3.5 Wood Extractives 96 References 103 4 Recycled Fibers 107 Nathalie Marlin and Bruno Carre 4.1 The Context and the Key Data 107 4.2 Recovered Paper and Board Grades 110 4.3 Unit Operations for Paper Recycling Processes 113 4.4 Recycling and Deinking Lines 119 4.5 Deinked Pulp Quality and Controls 122 4.6 The Limits of Paper Recycling 129 Acknowledgement 129 References 130 5 Recovered Papers Deinking by Froth Flotation 133 Davide Beneventi, Jeremy Allix, Patrice Nortier and Elisa Zeno 5.1 Introduction 133 5.2 Mass Transfer Mechanisms 135 5.3 Control of Process Performance by Chemical Additives 143 5.4 Flotation Deinking Process Modeling 149 References 152 6 High-Yield Pulps: An Interesting Concept for Producing Lignocellulosic Fibers 157 Michel Petit-Conil, Michael Lecourt and Valrie Meyer 6.1 Introduction 157 6.2 History of Mechanical Pulping 158 6.3 Principles of Mechanical Pulping Processes and Quality of Pulps 161 6.4 Quality of Mechanical Pulping Processes 171 6.5 Industrial Production of Mechanical Pulps 176 6.6 Bleaching of Mechanical Pulps 181 6.7 New Technologies under Development 185 6.8 Conclusion 201 References 201 7 Kraft Pulping 207 Dominique Lachenal 7.1 Introduction 207 7.2 Chemical Reagents 208 7.3 Mechanism of Delignification 209 7.4 Degradation of Carbohydrates during Kraft Pulping 213 7.5 Composition of Kraft Pulps 216 7.6 Improvement of the Kraft Process 217 7.7 Recovery of Cooking Reagents 220 7.8 Conclusion 222 References 222 8 Sulphite Pulping 225 Dmitry V. Evtuguin 8.1 Introduction 225 8.2 Brief History of Pulping Processes 227 8.3 Sulphite Pulping Chemicals 228 8.4 General Aspects of Sulphite Pulping 230 8.5 Reactions of Sulphite Pulping 234 References 243 Part 2: Wood and Fibres: Composites and Panels 9 Synthetic Adhesives for Wood Fibers and Composites: Chemistry and Technology 247 A. Pizzi 9.1 Introduction 247 9.2 Urea-Formaldehyde (UF) Adhesives 248 9.3 Melamine-Formaldehyde (MF) and Melamine-Urea-Formaldehyde (MUF) Adhesives 252 9.4 Phenolic Resins 255 9.5 Resorcinol Adhesives 259 9.6 Thermosetting Adhesives Based on Natural Resources 262 9.7 Isocyanate and Polyurethane Wood Adhesives 263 9.8 Chemistry of Isocyanate Wood Adhesives 263 9.9 Technology of Isocyanate Adhesives 264 9.10 Conditions of Application of Isocyanate Adhesives for Wood 269 9.11 Emulsion Polymer Isocyanates (EPI) 270 9.12 Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc), EVAs and Acrylics 271 9.13 Hot Melts 272 References 273 10 Natural Adhesives, Binders and Matrices for Wood and Fiber Composites: Chemistry and Technology 277 A. Pizzi 10.1 Introduction 277 10.2 Tannin Adhesives 278 10.3 Lignin Adhesives 282 10.4 Mixed Tannin-Lignin Adhesives and Resins 285 10.5 Protein Adhesives 286 10.6 Carbohydrate Adhesives 287 10.7 Unsaturated Oil Adhesives 287 10.8 Wood Welding without Adhesives 289 10.9 Alternative Systems to Weld Wood 299 References 301 11 Chemically-Based Modern Wood Composites 305 Gerd Wegener and Elisabeth Windeisen 11.1 Introduction 305 11.2 Conventional Concepts and Products 305 11.3 New Concepts and Products 306 11.4 Outlook 310 References 310 12 Chemical Modification of Solid Wood 313 Philippe Gerardin 12.1 Introduction 313 12.2 Chemical Modifications Involving the Use of Chemicals 314 12.3 Chemical Modifications Using Heat Treatments 317 12.4 Conclusions 320 References 321 13 Modification of Natural Fibers Using Physical Technologies and Their Applications for Composites 323 Stephane Molina 13.1 Introduction 323 13.2 Wave and Radiation Technologies for Cellulosic Fiber Surface Modification 325 13.3 Physicochemical Technologies for Surface Modification of Cellulosic Fibers 334 13.4 Mechanical and Thermomechanical Technologies for Surface Modification of Cellulosic Fibers 335 13.5 Conclusions 340 References 340 14 Wood and Fiber-Based Composites: Surface Properties and Adhesion 345 Douglas Gardner, Gloria Oporto, and William Tze 14.1 Introduction: Practical Significance of Surface Properties and Adhesion 345 14.2 Adhesion Theories and Mechanisms 346 14.3 Interfacial Phenomena in Wood and Fiber Adhesion 347 14.4 Adhesion Interactions as a Function of Length Scale 349 14.5 Wood Bonding Considerations 350 14.6 Wood and Fiber Surface Properties 352 14.7 Wood Surface Modification 354 14.8 Analytical Techniques to Measure Wood and Fiber Surface Properties 359 References 378 15 Wood and Fiber Panels Technology 385 A.Pizzi 15.1 Introduction 385 15.2 Wood as a Substrate 385 15.3 Wood Plasticization 386 15.4 Types of Wood Panels 387 15.5 Influence of the Adhesive in Wood Panel Bonding 388 15.6 Influence of Wood in Wood Panel Production 389 15.7 Production Condition Parameters in Wood Panel Gluing 391 15.8 Correlation between Pressing Parameters and Physical Properties 398 References 402 Part 3: Wood and Fibres: Paper 16 Rheology: From Simple Fluids to Complex Suspensions 407 Raj P. Chhabra 16.1 Introduction 407 16.2 Classification of Fluid Behavior 409 16.3 Time-independent Fluid Behavior 412 16.4 Time-dependent Behavior 419 16.5 Viscoelastic Behavior 421 16.6 Small Amplitude Oscillatory Shear Motion 423 16.7 Elongational Flow 424 16.8 Rheology of Suspensions 427 16.9 Origins of Non-Newtonian Behavior 432 16.10 Implications in Engineering Applications 435 16.11 Concluding Summary 436 Acknowledgement 436 Nomenclature 436 References 437 17 Papermaking and Wet-End Chemistry 439 Eder Siqueira, Evelyne Mauret, Raphael Passas and Mohamed Naceur Belgacem 17.1 Introduction 439 17.2 Wet-end Chemicals, Fillers and Pigments: General Considerations 440 17.3 Functional Additives 444 17.4 Processing Aids 455 References 460 18 Paper Winding 463 David R. Roisutn 18.1 Introduction 463 18.2 Winder Types Found in a Paper Mill 464 18.3 Winder Classes and Types 464 18.4 Effect of Winder Classes and Types on Wound Roll Tightness 466 18.5 Roll Structure Theory and Control Curves 466 18.6 Tightness and Roll Quality Measurement 467 18.7 Winding Theory Stresses inside the Roll 469 18.8 Winding Defects 470 18.9 The Reel 471 18.10 Two-Drum Winders 472 18.11 Duplex Winders 473 18.12 Other Operations near the Rewinder 474 18.13 Automation and Productivity 474 18.14 Profile and Moisture 477 18.15 Paper Mills'Customers 478 18.16 Learning More about Winding 479 Abbreviations used in this section 479 References 479 19 Surface Treatments of Paper 481 Mohamed Naceur Belgacem and Julien Bras 19.1 Surface Sizing of Paper 481 19.2 Paper Coating 481 19.3 Specialty Papers by Coating 486 19.4 Coating Machines 489 References 491 20 Calendering of Papers and Boards: Processes and Basic Mechanisms 493 Didier Chaussy and David Guerin 20.1 Introduction 493 20.2 Calendering Processes 494 20.3 Applying Pressure in a Nip 505 20.4 Heat Transfer in the Nip 511 20.4.1 Heat Transfer Balance 511 20.5 Effect of Calendering on Paper Structure and Surface Properties 518 20.6 Conclusions and Trends in Calendering 525 References 526 21 Color and Color Reversion of Cellulosic and Lignocellulosic Fibers 531 Alain Castellan and Stephane Grelier 21.1 Introduction 531 21.2 Lignin-Free Cellulosic Fibers (Chemical Pulps) 532 21.3 Lignin-rich Cellulosic Fibers (High-yield Pulps) 539 21.4 Conclusion 549 References 549 Part 4 Wood and Fibres: Properties 22 Fire Behavior of Timber and Lignocellulose 555 Pedro Reszka and Jose L. Torero 22.1 Introduction 555 22.2 Wood in Structures 557 22.3 Basic Definition of Fire Growth 560 22.4 Degradation 561 22.5 Experimental Studies on Wood Behavior in Fire 567 22.6 Modeling Wood Behavior in Fire 570 22.7 Flammability Assessment Methods 571 22.8 The Role of Fire Retardants 22.9 Summary 577 References 578 23 Testing and Evaluation of Fire-retardant-treated Wood Products 583 Robert H. White 23.1 Introduction 583 23.2 Conditioning of Specimens 584 23.4 Regulatory Test Methods 587 23.5 Product Specific Regulatory Test Methods 588 23.6 Other Fire Test Methods 589 23.7 Tests for Smoke Obscuration 589 23.8 Other Properties of Fire-retardant-treated Wood 589 23.9 Specifications for Fire-retardant-treated Wood Products 590 23.10 Tests for Commonly Used Fire-retardant Chemicals 590 23.11 Concluding Remarks 591 References 591 24 Modern Timber Houses 595 Andreas Miiller, Hans-Peter Kolb and Maurice Brunner 24.1 Introduction 595 24.2 Tradition and Development of the Swiss Timber House 595 24.3 Timber House Systems 597 24.4 Heat Insulation and Protection against Moisture 600 24.5 Sound Protection 602 24.6 Fire Protection 604 24.7 Multistory Timber Buildings 606 24.8 Conclusions 609 References 610 25 Paper Characterization and Testing 611 Jean-Francis Block 25.1 Introduction and General Considerations 611 25.2 Composition and Structure 612 25.3 Mechanical Properties 616 25.4 Optical Properties 622 Suggested Literature 627 References 627 26 Dimensional Stabilization of Wood and Wood Composites 629 Michael Boonstra 26.1 Introduction 629 26.2 Thermal Modification 633 26.3 Chemical Modification 640 26.4 Wood Polymer Composites (WPC) 648 26.5 Other Applications 651 References 652 Index 657

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Book SynopsisThis resource offers a primer on simple design methods for multiphase reactors in the chemical process industries, particularly the fine chemicals industry. It provides the process design engineer with simple yet theoretically sound procedures. Different types of multiphase reactors are dealt with on an individual basis.Trade Review "The book presents the current state-of-the-art technology and can serve as a good starting point for graduates planning to work on gas-liquid or gas-liquid-solid reactors. " (The Chemical Engineer, April 2016) "The book would help academics to develop course material for process safety studies." (The Chemical Engineer, April 2016)"Pangarkar is highly recommended: it may even help to minimize the number of blunders on a small scale." (N. Kuipers, April 2016)"This book presents excellent discussion of the latest literature on the subject and brings out the gaps that need to be bridged. Simple concepts have been used to provide straightforward spreadsheet based design procedures.............I strongly recommend the book to colleagues in both the academic and industrial sectors." (The Catalyst 2016)Table of ContentsForeword xv Preface xvii 1 Evolution of the Chemical Industry and Importance of Multiphase Reactors 1 1.1 Evolution of Chemical Process Industries 1 1.2 Sustainable and Green Processing Requirements in the Modern Chemical Industry 4 1.3 Catalysis 9 1.3.1 Heterogeneous Catalysis 11 1.3.2 Homogeneous Catalysis 16 1.4 Parameters Concerning Catalyst Effectiveness in Industrial Operations 17 1.4.1 Chemoselectivity 19 1.4.2 Regioselectivity 19 1.4.3 Stereoselectivity 19 1.5 Importance of Advanced Instrumental Techniques in Understanding Catalytic Phenomena 20 1.6 Role of Nanotechnology in Catalysis 21 1.7 Click Chemistry 21 1.8 Role of Multiphase Reactors 22 References 23 2 Multiphase Reactors: The Design and Scale-Up Problem 30 2.1 Introduction 30 2.2 The Scale-Up Conundrum 31 2.3 Intrinsic Kinetics: Invariance with Respect to Type/Size of Multiphase Reactor 34 2.4 Transport Processes: Dependence on Type/Size of Multiphase Reactor 34 2.5 Prediction of the Rate-Controlling Step in the Industrial Reactor 35 2.6 Laboratory Methods for Discerning Intrinsic Kinetics of Multiphase Reactions 35 2.6.1 Two-Phase (Gas–Liquid) Reaction 35 2.6.2 Three-Phase (Gas–Liquid–Solid) Reactions with Solid Phase Acting as Catalyst 41 Nomenclature 44 References 45 3 Multiphase Reactors: Types and Criteria for Selection for a Given Application 47 3.1 Introduction to Simplified Design Philosophy 47 3.2 Classification of Multiphase Reactors 48 3.3 Criteria for Reactor Selection 48 3.3.1 Kinetics vis-à-vis Mass Transfer Rates 49 3.3.2 Flow Patterns of the Various Phases 50 3.3.3 Ability to Remove/Add Heat 50 3.3.4 Ability to Handle Solids 53 3.3.5 Operating Conditions (Pressure/Temperature) 54 3.3.6 Material of Construction 54 3.4 Some Examples of Large-Scale Applications of Multiphase Reactors 55 3.4.1 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis 55 3.4.2 Oxidation of p-Xylene to Purified Terephthalic Acid for Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) 67 Nomenclature 80 References 81 4 Turbulence: Fundamentals and Relevance to Multiphase Reactors 87 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Fluid Turbulence 88 4.2.1 Homogeneous Turbulence 89 4.2.2 Isotropic Turbulence 90 4.2.3 Eddy Size Distribution and Effect of Eddy Size on Transport Rates 90 Nomenclature 91 References 91 5 Principles of Similarity and Their Application for Scale-Up of Multiphase Reactors 93 5.1 Introduction to Principles of Similarity and a Historic Perspective 93 5.2 States of Similarity of Relevance to Chemical Process Equipments 94 5.2.1 Geometric Similarity 95 5.2.2 Mechanical Similarity 96 5.2.3 Thermal Similarity 100 5.2.4 Chemical Similarity 100 5.2.5 Physiological Similarity 101 5.2.6 Similarity in Electrochemical Systems 101 5.2.7 Similarity in Photocatalytic Reactors 102 Nomenclature 102 References 104 6 Mass Transfer in Multiphase Reactors: Some Theoretical Considerations 106 6.1 Introduction 106 6.2 Purely Empirical Correlations Using Operating Parameters and Physical Properties 107 6.3 Correlations Based on Mechanical Similarity 108 6.3.1 Correlations Based on Dynamic Similarity 108 6.4 Correlations Based on Hydrodynamic/Turbulence Regime Similarity 116 6.4.1 The Slip Velocity Approach 116 6.4.2 Approach Based on Analogy between Momentum and Mass Transfer 132 Nomenclature 135 References 138 7A Stirred Tank Reactors for Chemical Reactions 143 7A.1 Introduction 143 7A.1.1 The Standard Stirred Tank 143 7A.2 Power Requirements of Different Impellers 147 7A.3 Hydrodynamic Regimes in Two-Phase (Gas–Liquid) Stirred Tank Reactors 148 7A.3.1 Constant Speed of Agitation 150 7A.3.2 Constant Gas Flow Rate 150 7A.4 Hydrodynamic Regimes in Three-Phase (Gas–Liquid–Solid) Stirred Tank Reactors 153 7A.5 Gas Holdup in Stirred Tank Reactors 155 7A.5.1 Some Basic Considerations 155 7A.5.2 Correlations for Gas Holdup 164 7A.5.3 Relative Gas Dispersion (N/NCD) as a Correlating Parameter for Gas Holdup 165 7A.5.4 Correlations for NCD 166 7A.6 Gas–Liquid Mass Transfer Coefficient in Stirred Tank Reactor 166 7A.7 Solid–Liquid Mass Transfer Coefficient in Stirred Tank Reactor 175 7A.7.1 Solid Suspension in Stirred Tank Reactor 175 7A.7.2 Correlations for Solid–Liquid Mass Transfer Coefficient 191 7A.8 Design of Stirred Tank Reactors with Internal Cooling Coils 194 7A.8.1 Gas Holdup 194 7A.8.2 Critical Speed for Complete Dispersion of Gas 194 7A.8.3 Critical Speed for Solid Suspension 195 7A.8.4 Gas–Liquid Mass Transfer Coefficient 195 7A.8.5 Solid–Liquid Mass Transfer Coefficient 196 7A.9 Stirred Tank Reactor with Internal Draft Tube 196 7A.10 Worked Example: Design of Stirred Reactor for Hydrogenation of Aniline to Cyclohexylamine (Capacity: 25000 Metric Tonnes per Year) 198 7A.10.1 Elucidation of the Output 201 Nomenclature 203 References 206 7B Stirred Tank Reactors for Cell Culture Technology 216 7B.1 Introduction 216 7B.2 The Biopharmaceutical Process and Cell Culture Engineering 224 7B.2.1 Animal Cell Culture vis-à-vis Microbial Culture 224 7B.2.2 Major Improvements Related to Processing of Animal Cell Culture 225 7B.2.3 Reactors for Large-Scale Animal Cell Culture 226 7B.3 Types of Bioreactors 229 7B.3.1 Major Components of Stirred Bioreactor 230 7B.4 Modes of Operation of Bioreactors 230 7B.4.1 Batch Mode 231 7B.4.2 Fed-Batch or Semibatch Mode 232 7B.4.3 Continuous Mode (Perfusion) 233 7B.5 Cell Retention Techniques for Use in Continuous Operation in Suspended Cell Perfusion Processes 233 7B.5.1 Cell Retention Based on Size: Different Types of Filtration Techniques 234 7B.5.2 Separation Based on Body Force Difference 242 7B.5.3 Acoustic Devices 246 7B.6 Types of Cells and Modes of Growth 253 7B.7 Growth Phases of Cells 254 7B.8 The Cell and Its Viability in Bioreactors 256 7B.8.1 Shear Sensitivity 256 7B.9 Hydrodynamics 264 7B.9.1 Mixing in Bioreactors 264 7B.10 Gas Dispersion 273 7B.10.1 Importance of Gas Dispersion 273 7B.10.2 Effect of Dissolved Carbon Dioxide on Bioprocess Rate 275 7B.10.3 Factors That Affect Gas Dispersion 277 7B.10.4 Estimation of NCD 278 7B.11 Solid Suspension 279 7B.11.1 Two-Phase (Solid–Liquid) Systems 279 7B.11.2 Three-Phase (Gas–Liquid–Solid) Systems 280 7B.12 Mass Transfer 281 7B.12.1 Fractional Gas Holdup (εG) 281 7B.12.2 Gas–Liquid Mass Transfer 281 7B.12.3 Liquid–Cell Mass Transfer 283 7B.13 Foaming in Cell Culture Systems: Effects on Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer 285 7B.14 Heat Transfer in Stirred Bioreactors 287 7B.15 Worked Cell Culture Reactor Design Example 291 7B.15.1 Conventional Batch Stirred Reactor with Air Sparging for Microcarrier-Supported Cells: A Simple Design Methodology for Discerning the Rate-Controlling Step 291 7B.15.2 Reactor Using Membrane-Based Oxygen Transfer 294 7B.15.3 Heat Transfer Area Required 294 7B.16 Special Aspects of Stirred Bioreactor Design 295 7B.16.1 The Reactor Vessel 296 7B.16.2 Sterilizing System 296 7B.16.3 Measurement Probes 296 7B.16.4 Agitator Seals 297 7B.16.5 Gasket and O-Ring Materials 297 7B.16.6 Vent Gas System 297 7B.16.7 Cell Retention Systems in Perfusion Culture 297 7B.17 Concluding Remarks 298 Nomenclature 298 References 301 8 Venturi Loop Reactor 317 8.1 Introduction 317 8.2 Application Areas for the Venturi Loop Reactor 317 8.2.1 Two Phase (Gas–Liquid Reactions) 318 8.2.2 Three-Phase (Gas–Liquid–Solid-Catalyzed) Reactions 319 8.3 Advantages of the Venturi Loop Reactor: A Detailed Comparison 323 8.3.1 Relatively Very High Mass Transfer Rates 323 8.3.2 Lower Reaction Pressure 324 8.3.3 Well-Mixed Liquid Phase 325 8.3.4 Efficient Temperature Control 325 8.3.5 Efficient Solid Suspension and Well-Mixed Solid (Catalyst) Phase 325 8.3.6 Suitability for Dead-End System 326 8.3.7 Excellent Draining/Cleaning Features 326 8.3.8 Easy Scale-Up 326 8.4 The Ejector-Based Liquid Jet Venturi Loop Reactor 326 8.4.1 Operational Features 328 8.4.2 Components and Their Functions 328 8.5 The Ejector–Diffuser System and Its Components 332 8.6 Hydrodynamics of Liquid Jet Ejector 333 8.6.1 Flow Regimes 336 8.6.2 Prediction of Rate of Gas Induction 341 8.7 Design of Venturi Loop Reactor 358 8.7.1 Mass Ratio of Secondary to Primary Fluid 358 8.7.2 Gas Holdup 367 8.7.3 Gas–Liquid Mass Transfer: Mass Transfer Coefficient (kLa) and Effective Interfacial Area (a) 376 8.8 Solid Suspension in Venturi Loop Reactor 385 8.9 Solid–Liquid Mass Transfer 388 8.10 Holding Vessel Size 389 8.11 Recommended Overall Configuration 389 8.12 Scale-Up of Venturi Loop Reactor 390 8.13 Worked Examples for Design of Venturi Loop Reactor: Hydrogenation of Aniline to Cyclohexylamine 390 Nomenclature 395 References 399 9 Gas-Inducing Reactors 407 9.1 Introduction and Application Areas of Gas-Inducing Reactors 407 9.1.1 Advantages 408 9.1.2 Drawbacks 408 9.2 Mechanism of Gas Induction 409 9.3 Classification of Gas-Inducing Impellers 410 9.3.1 1–1 Type Impellers 410 9.3.2 1–2 and 2–2 Type Impellers 416 9.4 Multiple-Impeller Systems Using 2–2 Type Impeller for Gas Induction 429 9.4.1 Critical Speed for Gas Induction 431 9.4.2 Rate of Gas Induction (QG) 431 9.4.3 Critical Speed for Gas Dispersion 434 9.4.4 Critical Speed for Solid Suspension 436 9.4.5 Operation of Gas-Inducing Reactor with Gas Sparging 439 9.4.6 Solid–Liquid Mass Transfer Coefficient (KSL) 440 9.5 Worked Example: Design of Gas-Inducing System with Multiple Impellers for Hydrogenation of Aniline to Cyclohexylamine (Capacity: 25000 Metric Tonnes per Year) 441 9.5.1 Geometrical Features of the Reactor/Impeller (Dimensions and Geometric Configuration as per Section 7A.10 and Figure 9.9 Respectively) 441 9.5.2 Basic Parameters 442 Nomenclature 443 References 446 10 Two- and Three-Phase Sparged Reactors 451 10.1 Introduction 451 10.2 Hydrodynamic Regimes in TPSR 452 10.2.1 Slug Flow Regime 452 10.2.2 Homogeneous Bubble Flow Regime 452 10.2.3 Heterogeneous Churn-Turbulent Regime 454 10.2.4 Transition from Homogeneous to Heterogeneous Regimes 455 10.3 Gas Holdup 457 10.3.1 Effect of Sparger 458 10.3.2 Effect of Liquid Properties 458 10.3.3 Effect of Operating Pressure 460 10.3.4 Effect of Presence of Solids 461 10.4 Solid–Liquid Mass Transfer Coefficient (KSL) 466 10.4.1 Effect of Gas Velocity on KSL 466 10.4.2 Effect of Particle Diameter dP on KSL 467 10.4.3 Effect of Column Diameter on KSL 467 10.4.4 Correlation for KSL 468 10.5 Gas–Liquid Mass Transfer Coefficient (kLa) 468 10.6 Axial Dispersion 472 10.7 Comments on Scale-Up of TPSR/Bubble Columns 474 10.8 Reactor Design Example for Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis Reactor 474 10.8.1 Introduction 474 10.8.2 Physicochemical Properties 475 10.8.3 Basis for Reactor Design Material Balance and Reactor Dimensions 476 10.8.4 Calculation of Mass Transfer Parameters 476 10.8.5 Estimation of Rates of Individual Steps and Determination of the Rate Controlling Step 478 10.8.6 Sparger Design 480 10.9 TPSR (Loop) with Internal Draft Tube (BCDT) 481 10.9.1 Introduction 481 10.9.2 Hydrodynamic Regimes in TPSRs with Internal Draft Tube 481 10.9.3 Gas–Liquid Mass Transfer 482 10.9.4 Solid Suspension 488 10.9.5 Solid–Liquid Mass Transfer Coefficient (KSL) 490 10.9.6 Correlation for KSL 490 10.9.7 Application of BCDT to Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis 491 10.9.8 Application of BCDT to Oxidation of p-Xylene to Terephthalic Acid 492 Nomenclature 493 References 496 Index 505

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Book SynopsisSupramolecular chemistry deals with the organisation of molecules into defined assemblies using non-covalent interactions, including weaker and reversible interactions such as hydrogen bonds, and metal-ligand interactions. The aspect of stereochemistry within such chemical architectures, and in particular chirality, is of special interest as it impacts on considerations of molecular recognition, the development of functional materials, the vexed question of homochirality, nanoscale effects of interactions at interfaces, biocatalysis and enzymatic catalysis, and applications in organic synthesis. Chirality in Supramolecular Assemblies addresses many of these aspects, presenting a broad overview of this important and rapidly developing interdisciplinary field. Topics covered include: Origins of molecular and topological chirality Homochirogenesis Chirality in crystallinity Host-guest behavior Chiral influences in functionaTable of ContentsList of Contributors xi Preface xiii 1 Principles of Molecular Chirality 1Jean]Claude Chambron and F. Richard Keene 1.1 General Introduction 1 1.2 Geometrical Chirality 2 1.3 Topological Chirality 25 1.4 Conclusion 39 References 39 2 Homochirogenesis and the Emergence of Lifelike Structures 44Pedro Cintas 2.1 Introduction and Scope 44 2.2 The Racemic State: Mirror Symmetry Breaking 45 2.3 Asymmetric Oligomerization 49 2.4 Biochirality in Active Sites 58 2.5 Conclusions 61 Acknowledgements 61 References 61 3 Aspects of Crystallization and Chirality 65Roger Bishop 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Crystal Space Groups 65 3.3 Fundamentals of Crystallization for a Racemic Mixture 69 3.4 More Complex Crystallization Behavior 71 3.5 Multiple Crystal Forms 74 3.6 Conglomerates Revisited 85 References 90 4 Complexity of Supramolecular Assemblies 94Jonathan A. Kitchen and Philip A. Gale 4.1 Introduction 94 4.2 Generating Supramolecular Chirality through Assembly of Achiral Components 96 4.3 Enantioselective Supramolecular Assemblies 121 4.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook 134 References 134 5 Chirality in the Host]Guest Behaviour of Supramolecular Systems 142Nicholas H. Evans and Paul D. Beer 5.1 An Introduction to Chiral Recognition and its Importance 142 5.2 Chiral Hosts for Chiral Guests 143 5.3 Conclusions: Summary and Future Directions 155 References 156 6 Chiral Influences in Functional Molecular Materials 159David B. Amabilino 6.1 Introduction 159 6.2 Functional Molecular Materials in Different States 161 6.3 Switching 168 6.4 Conducting Materials 171 6.5 Magnetic Materials 173 6.6 Sensors 177 6.7 Conclusions and Outlook 180 Acknowledgements 181 References 181 7 Chirality in Network Solids 190David R. Turner 7.1 Introduction 190 7.2 Chirality in Inorganic Network Solids 191 7.3 Synthesis of Chiral Coordination Polymers 192 7.4 Applications of Chiral Coordination Polymers 207 7.5 Summary and Outlook 209 References 210 8 Chiral Metallosupramolecular Polyhedra 218Jack K. Clegg and John C. McMurtrie 8.1 Introduction 218 8.2 Basic Design Principles 219 8.3 Chiral Polyhedra from Achiral Components 221 8.4 Stereochemical Communication 231 8.5 Resolution of Racemic Metallo]Supramolecular Polyhedra 236 8.6 Chiral Polyhedra from Chiral Molecular Components 239 8.7 Conclusions and Outlook 250 References 251 9 Chirality at the Solution/Solid]State Interface 257Iris Destoop and Steven De Feyter 9.1 Self]Assembly at the Solution / Solid]State Interface 257 9.2 Chirality Expression at the Solution / Solid]State Interface 258 9.3 Chiral Induction / Amplification at the Solution / Solid]State Interface 266 9.4 Towards Applications 278 9.5 Conclusions 282 References 282 10 Nanoscale Aspects of Chiral Nucleation and Propagation 285Edward G. Latter and Rasmita Raval 10.1 Introduction 285 10.2 Systems of Discussion 288 10.3 Conclusions 303 References 304 11 Chirality in Organic Hosts 307Daniel Fankhauser and Christopher J. Easton 11.1 Introduction 307 11.2 Chiral Hosts in Analytical Applications 307 11.3 Chiral Hosts in Asymmetric Reactions 313 11.4 Conclusion 337 Acknowledgements 338 References 338 12 Chirality Related to Biocatalysis and Enzymes in Organic Synthesis 343Declan P. Gavin and Anita R. Maguire 12.1 Introduction 343 12.2 Biocatalysis 344 12.3 Biocatalytic Methodologies: Kinetic/Dynamic Kinetic Resolution and Asymmetric Transformations/Chemoselective Desymmetrizations 348 12.4 Optimization of Biocatalyst Performance 351 12.5 Protein Engineering 352 12.6 Hydrolysis/Reverse Hydrolysis 356 12.7 Redox Reactions 366 12.8 C]C and Other C]X Bond Formation 380 12.9 Future and Outlook 385 References 385 Index 407

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Book SynopsisThis book is based on a graduate course and suitable as a primer for any newcomer to the field, this book is a detailed introduction to the experimental and computational methods that are used to study how solid surfaces act as catalysts.Table of ContentsPreface viii 1 Heterogeneous Catalysis and a Sustainable Future 1 2 The Potential Energy Diagram 6 2.1 Adsorption, 7 2.2 Surface Reactions, 11 2.3 Diffusion, 13 2.4 Adsorbate–Adsorbate Interactions, 15 2.5 Structure Dependence, 17 2.6 Quantum and Thermal Corrections to the Ground-State Potential Energy, 20 3 Surface Equilibria 26 3.1 Chemical Equilibria in Gases, Solids, and Solutions, 26 3.2 The Adsorption Entropy, 31 3.3 Adsorption Equilibria: Adsorption Isotherms, 34 3.4 Free Energy Diagrams for Surface Chemical Reactions, 40 Appendix 3.1 The Law of Mass Action and the Equilibrium Constant, 42 Appendix 3.2 Counting the Number of Adsorbate Configurations, 44 Appendix 3.3 Configurational Entropy of Adsorbates, 44 4 Rate Constants 47 4.1 The Timescale Problem in Simulating Rare Events, 48 4.2 Transition State Theory, 49 4.3 Recrossings and Variational Transition State Theory, 59 4.4 Harmonic Transition State Theory, 61 5 Kinetics 68 5.1 Microkinetic Modeling, 68 5.2 Microkinetics of Elementary Surface Processes, 69 5.3 The Microkinetics of Several Coupled Elementary Surface Processes, 74 5.4 Ammonia Synthesis, 79 6 Energy Trends in Catalysis 85 6.1 Energy Correlations for Physisorbed Systems, 85 6.2 Chemisorption Energy Scaling Relations, 87 6.3 Transition State Energy Scaling Relations in Heterogeneous Catalysis, 90 6.4 Universality of Transition State Scaling Relations, 93 7 Activity and Selectivity Maps 97 7.1 Dissociation Rate-Determined Model, 97 7.2 Variations in the Activity Maximum with Reaction Conditions, 101 7.3 Sabatier Analysis, 103 7.4 Examples of Activity Maps for Important Catalytic Reactions, 105 7.4.1 Ammonia Synthesis, 105 7.4.2 The Methanation Reaction, 107 7.5 Selectivity Maps, 112 8 The Electronic Factor in Heterogeneous Catalysis 114 8.1 The d-Band Model of Chemical Bonding at Transition Metal Surfaces, 114 8.2 Changing the d-Band Center: Ligand Effects, 125 8.3 Ensemble Effects in Adsorption, 130 8.4 Trends in Activation Energies, 131 8.5 Ligand Effects for Transition Metal Oxides, 134 9 Catalyst Structure: Nature of the Active Site 138 9.1 Structure of Real Catalysts, 138 9.2 Intrinsic Structure Dependence, 139 9.3 The Active Site in High Surface Area Catalysts, 143 9.4 Support and Structural Promoter Effects, 146 10 Poisoning and Promotion of Catalysts 150 11 Surface Electrocatalysis 155 11.1 The Electrified Solid–Electrolyte Interface, 156 11.2 Electron Transfer Processes at Surfaces, 158 11.3 The Hydrogen Electrode, 161 11.4 Adsorption Equilibria at the Electrified Surface–Electrolyte Interface, 161 11.5 Activation Energies in Surface Electron Transfer Reactions, 162 11.6 The Potential Dependence of the Rate, 164 11.7 The Overpotential in Electrocatalytic Processes, 167 11.8 Trends in Electrocatalytic Activity: The Limiting Potential Map, 169 12 Relation of Activity to Surface Electronic Structure 175 12.1 Electronic Structure of Solids, 175 12.2 The Band Structure of Solids, 179 12.3 The Newns–Anderson Model, 184 12.4 Bond-Energy Trends, 186 12.5 Binding Energies Using the Newns–Anderson Model, 193 Index 195

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a rigorous treatment of the fundamental concepts and techniques involved in process modeling and simulation.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Notation xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 System 1 1.1.1 Uniform System 2 1.1.2 Properties of System 2 1.1.3 Classification of System 3 1.1.4 Model 3 1.2 Process 3 1.2.1 Classification of Processes 4 1.2.2 Process Model 5 1.3 Process Modeling 6 1.3.1 Relations 7 1.3.2 Assumptions 7 1.3.3 Variables and Parameters 8 1.4 Process Simulation 9 1.4.1 Utility 9 1.4.2 Simulation Methods 10 1.5 Development of Process Model 11 1.6 Learning about Process 13 1.7 System Specification 14 Bibliography 16 Exercises 16 2 Fundamental Relations 17 2.1 Basic Form 17 2.1.1 Application 19 2.2 Mass Balance 21 2.2.1 Microscopic Balances 21 2.2.2 Equation of Change for Mass Fraction 23 2.3 Mole Balance 24 2.3.1 Microscopic Balances 24 2.3.2 Equation of Change for Mole Fraction 25 2.4 Momentum Balance 26 2.4.1 Convective Momentum Flux 27 2.4.2 Total Momentum Flux 28 2.4.3 Macroscopic Balance 29 2.4.4 Microscopic Balance 31 2.5 Energy Balance 33 2.5.1 Microscopic Balance 33 2.5.2 Macroscopic Balance 35 2.6 Equation of Change for Kinetic and Potential Energy 38 2.6.1 Microscopic Equation 38 2.6.2 Macroscopic Equation 40 2.7 Equation of Change for Temperature 41 2.7.1 Microscopic Equation 41 2.7.2 Macroscopic Equation 42 2.A Enthalpy Change from Thermodynamics 44 2.B Divergence Theorem 48 2.C General Transport Theorem 50 2.D Equations in Cartesian, Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinate Systems 53 2.D.1 Equations of Continuity 54 2.D.2 Equations of Continuity for Individual Species 54 2.D.3 Equations of Motion 55 2.D.4 Equations of Change for Temperature 56 Bibliography 57 Exercises 57 3 Constitutive Relations 59 3.1 Diffusion 59 3.1.1 Multicomponent Mixtures 60 3.2 Viscous Motion 60 3.2.1 Newtonian Fluids 61 3.2.2 Non-Newtonian Fluids 62 3.3 Thermal Conduction 63 3.4 Chemical Reaction 63 3.5 Rate of Reaction 65 3.5.1 Equations of Change for Moles 66 3.5.2 Equations of Change for Temperature 67 3.5.3 Macroscopic Equation of Change for Temperature 69 3.6 Interphase Transfer 71 3.7 Thermodynamic Relations 72 3.A Equations in Cartesian, Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinate Systems 74 3.A.1 Equations of Continuity for Binary Systems 74 3.A.2 Equations of Motion for Newtonian Fluids 75 3.A.3 Equations of Change for Temperature 76 References 77 Bibliography 77 Exercises 78 4 Model Formulation 79 4.1 Lumped-Parameter Systems 80 4.1.1 Isothermal CSTR 80 4.1.2 Flow through Eccentric Reducer 83 4.1.3 Liquid Preheater 84 4.1.4 Non-Isothermal CSTR 87 4.2 Distributed-Parameter Systems 90 4.2.1 Nicotine Patch 90 4.2.2 Fluid Flow between Inclined Parallel Plates 93 4.2.3 Tapered Fin 96 4.2.4 Continuous Microchannel Reactor 99 4.2.5 Oxygen Transport to Tissues 103 4.2.6 Dermal Heat Transfer in Cylindrical Limb 106 4.2.7 Solvent Induced Heavy Oil Recovery 108 4.2.8 Hydrogel Tablet 112 4.2.9 Neutron Diffusion 117 4.2.10 Horton Sphere 119 4.2.11 Reactions around Solid Reactant 122 4.3 Fluxes along Non-Linear Directions 127 4.3.1 Saccadic Movement of an Eye 128 4.A Initial and Boundary Conditions 131 4.A.1 Initial Condition 131 4.A.2 Boundary Condition 131 4.A.3 Periodic Condition 132 4.B Zero Derivative at the Point of Symmetry 133 4.C Equation of Motion along the Radial Direction in Cylindrical Coordinates 134 References 137 Exercises 137 5 Model Transformation 139 5.1 Transformation between Orthogonal Coordinate Systems 139 5.1.1 Scale Factors 139 5.1.2 Differential Elements 142 5.1.3 Vector Representation 143 5.1.4 Derivatives of Unit Vectors 144 5.1.5 Differential Operators 146 5.2 Transformation between Arbitrary Coordinate Systems 155 5.2.1 Transformation of Velocity 155 5.2.2 Transformation of Spatial Derivatives 156 5.2.3 Correctness of Transformation Matrices 156 5.3 Laplace Transformation 161 5.3.1 Examples 162 5.3.2 Properties of Laplace Transforms 164 5.3.3 Solution of Linear Differential Equations 168 5.4 Miscellaneous Transformations 178 5.4.1 Higher Order Derivatives 178 5.4.2 Scaling 178 5.4.3 Change of Independent Variable 179 5.4.4 Semi-Infinite Domain 179 5.4.5 Non-Autonomous to Autonomous Differential Equation 180 5.A Differential Operators in an Orthogonal Coordinate System 180 5.A.1 Gradient of a Scalar 180 5.A.2 Divergence of a Vector 181 5.A.3 Laplacian of a Scalar 184 5.A.4 Curl of a Vector 184 References 186 Bibliography 186 Exercises 186 6 Model Simplification and Approximation 189 6.1 Model Simplification 189 6.1.1 Scaling and Ordering Analysis 190 6.1.2 Linearization 193 6.2 Model Approximation 200 6.2.1 Dimensional Analysis 201 6.2.2 Model Fitting 204 6.A Linear Function 220 6.B Proof of Buckingham Pi Theorem 221 6.C Newton's Optimization Method 223 References 224 Bibliography 224 Exercises 225 7 Process Simulation 227 7.1 Algebraic Equations 227 7.1.1 Linear Algebraic Equations 227 7.1.2 Non-Linear Algebraic Equations 236 7.2 Differential Equations 241 7.2.1 Ordinary Differential Equations 242 7.2.2 Explicit Runge–Kutta Methods 242 7.2.3 Step-Size Control 246 7.2.4 Stiff Equations 247 7.3 Partial Differential Equations 253 7.3.1 Finite Difference Method 255 7.4 Differential Equations with Split Boundaries 263 7.4.1 Shooting Newton–Raphson Method 264 7.5 Periodic Differential Equations 268 7.5.1 Shooting Newton–Raphson Method 268 7.6 Programming of Derivatives 271 7.7 Miscellanea 274 7.7.1 Integration of Discrete Data 274 7.7.2 Roots of a Single Algebraic Equation 276 7.7.3 Cubic Equations 278 7.A Partial Pivoting for Matrix Inverse 281 7.B Derivation of Newton–Raphson Method 281 7.B.1 Quadratic Convergence 282 7.C General Derivation of Finite Difference Formulas 284 7.C.1 First Derivative, Centered Second Order Formula 285 7.C.2 Second Derivative, Forward Second Order Formula 286 7.C.3 Third Derivative, Mixed Fourth Order Formula 287 7.C.4 Common Finite Difference Formulas 289 References 291 Bibliography 291 Exercises 291 8 Mathematical Review 295 8.1 Order of Magnitude 295 8.2 Big-O Notation 295 8.3 Analytical Function 295 8.4 Vectors 296 8.4.1 Vector Operations 297 8.4.2 Cauchy–Schwarz Inequality 302 8.5 Matrices 302 8.5.1 Terminology 303 8.5.2 Matrix Operations 304 8.5.3 Operator Inequality 305 8.6 Tensors 306 8.6.1 Multilinearity 306 8.6.2 Coordinate-Independence 306 8.6.3 Representation of Second Order Tensor 307 8.6.4 Einstein or Index Notation 308 8.6.5 Kronecker Delta 310 8.6.6 Operations Involving Vectors and Second Order Tensors 310 8.7 Differential 318 8.7.1 Derivative 318 8.7.2 Partial Derivative and Differential 318 8.7.3 Chain Rule of Differentiation 319 8.7.4 Material and Total Derivatives 321 8.8 Taylor Series 322 8.8.1 Multivariable Taylor Series 323 8.8.2 First Order Taylor Expansion 323 8.9 L'Hôpital's Rule 326 8.10 Leibniz's Rule 326 8.11 Integration by Parts 327 8.12 Euler’s Formulas 327 8.13 Solution of Linear Ordinary Differential Equations 327 8.13.1 Single First Order Equation 327 8.13.2 Simultaneous First Order Equations 328 Bibliography 332 Index 333

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Book SynopsisChemesthesis are the chemically initiated sensations that occur via the touch system. Examples in the mouth include the burn of capsaicinoids in chilies, the cooling of menthol in peppermint, and the tingle of carbonation. It is physiologically distinct from taste and smell, but is increasingly understood to be just as important as these senses for their contribution to flavor, especially with the sustained growth in interest in spicy foods from around the world. Chemesthesis: Chemical Touch in Food and Eating surveys the modern body of work on chemesthesis, with a variety of contributors who are well known for their expertise on the topic. After a forward by John Prescott and an introduction by Barry Green (who originally coined the term chemesthesis 25 years ago), the book moves on to survey chemesthetic spices and address the psychology and physiology of chemesthesis; practical sensory and instrumental analysis; the interaction of chemesthesis with other chemical sTable of ContentsList of contributors xi Foreword xiii Preface xvii 1 Introduction: what is chemesthesis? 1 Barry G. Green 1.1 A brief history 1 1.2 What is its relevance today? 3 References 5 2 Psychology of chemesthesis – why would anyone want to be in pain? 8 Pamela Dalton and Nadia Byrnes 2.1 Introduction and background 8 2.1.1 Individual variation in hedonic response 10 2.2 Physiological differences: maybe they can’t feel the burn? 11 2.2.1 Genetics: variability in sensation and diet 11 2.2.2 Anatomy: oral phenotypes and sensation 12 2.3 Effects of exposure on chemesthetic response (social) 13 2.3.1 Desensitization 13 2.3.2 Affective shift: “learning to like” 15 2.4 Cognitive factors underlying chemesthetic response: state versus trait 17 2.4.1 Personality traits 18 2.4.2 New forms of sensation seeking scales 18 2.4.3 Personality and food choice 22 2.4.4 Cognitive factors underlying chemesthetic response: states 24 2.5 Benefits of liking 25 2.6 Summary 25 References 25 3 Spice and herb extracts with chemesthetic effects 32 Howard Haley and Shane T. McDonald 3.1 Why plants have chemesthetic properties 32 3.2 Hot pungent spices: capsicum species 33 3.3 Other hot pungent spices 34 3.3.1 Cinnamon and cassia 34 3.3.2 Black and white pepper 35 3.3.3 Ginger 35 3.4 Nasal heat spices 36 3.4.1 Mustard 36 3.4.2 Horseradish 36 3.4.3 Wasabi 37 3.5 Cooling spices 37 3.5.1 Mint 37 3.5.2 Eucalyptus 38 3.6 Numbing spices 38 3.6.1 Cloves 38 3.6.2 Wintergreen 39 3.7 Tingling spices 39 3.7.1 Jambu 39 3.7.2 Szechuan pepper 39 3.8 Spice and herb extracts 40 3.8.1 Extracts 40 3.9 Regulatory control of spices and herb extracts with chemesthetic properties 43 3.10 Advantages of spices, essential oils, and oleoresins 44 References 45 4 Molecular mechanisms underlying the role of TRP channels in chemesthesis 48 Yeranddy A. Alpizar, Thomas Voets, and Karel Talavera 4.1 Introduction 48 4.2 TRPM8 49 4.2.1 Mathematical models of TRPM8 function: heated debate over a cool channel 50 4.2.2 Structural determinants of activation of TRPM8 by menthol 57 4.3 TRPV1 61 4.3.1 Cross‐sensitization between TRPV1 agonists 64 4.4 TRPA1 65 4.5 Concluding remarks 70 Acknowledgments 71 References 71 5 Anatomy and physiology of chemesthesis 77 Cecil J. Saunders and Wayne L. Silver 5.1 Introduction 77 5.2 Anatomy 77 5.2.1 Oral cavity 78 5.2.2 Nasal cavity 79 5.2.3 Solitary chemosensory cells 80 5.2.4 Other chemosensory epithelial cells 82 5.3 Physiology 83 5.3.1 Reflexes 83 5.3.2 Neurophysiology of chemesthesis 83 5.4 Summary 87 References 87 6 Types of chemesthesis I. Pungency and burn: historical perspectives, word usage, and temporal characteristics 92 John E. Hayes 6.1 Introduction 92 6.1.1 Müller, Myers, and the doctrine of specific nerve energies 92 6.1.2 Columbian Exchange and the quest for spices 93 6.2 Language usage 94 6.3 Differentiation from classical tastes 96 6.4 Sensitization 97 6.5 Acute psychophysical desensitization 98 6.6 Chronic psychophysical desensitization 101 6.7 Summary 102 References 103 7 Types of chemesthesis II: Cooling 106 Steven Pringle 7.1 Consumers and oral perception: where chemesthesis contributes to flavor 106 7.1.1 Taste perception 106 7.2 Molecular structure and physiological cooling 109 7.2.1 Menthol derivatives 110 7.2.2 Non‐menthol derived coolants 120 7.3 Physiological cooling outside of the oral cavity 123 7.4 Usage and consumer perception 126 7.4.1 Physiological coolants in applications beyond cooling 127 7.4.2 Physiological cooling and flavor enhancement 128 7.5 Cooling compounds – the next steps 130 References 131 8 Types of chemesthesis III. Tingling and numbing 134 Christopher T. Simons 8.1 Introduction 134 8.1.1 Historical use of tingling and numbing compounds 134 8.2 Tingle mechanisms 136 8.2.1 Two‐pore K+ channels 136 8.2.2 Carbonic anhydrase/TRPA1 136 8.3 Numbing (anaesthetic) mechanisms 138 8.3.1 Alkylamides and two‐pore K+ channels 138 8.3.2 Alkylamides and voltage‐gated Na+ channels 138 8.3.3 Eugenol and voltage‐gated sodium (Na+) channels 139 8.3.4 Eugenol and voltage‐gated calcium (Ca2+) channels 139 8.4 Tingle/numbing neural processing 140 8.4.1 Activation of peripheral and central mechanosensory fibers by alkylamides 141 8.4.2 Activation of peripheral and central nociceptive fibers by carbonation 143 8.4.3 Inhibition of peripheral fibers by alkylamides and eugenol 143 8.5 Psychophysical evaluations of tingle 144 8.5.1 Alkylamide tingle: temporal phenomena 144 8.5.2 Alkylamide tingle: mechanosensory sensitivity 145 8.5.3 Alkylamide tingle: effect of temperature 145 8.5.4 CO2 tingle: concentration and tastant effects 146 8.5.5 CO2 tingle: impact of carbonic anhydrase blockers 146 8.5.6 CO2 tingle: impact of bubbles 147 8.5.7 CO2 tingle: self‐desensitization and cross‐desensitization by capsaicin 147 8.5.8 CO2 tingle: effect of temperature 148 8.6 Psychophysical evaluations of numbing 148 8.6.1 Alkylamide numbing 148 8.6.2 Eugenol numbing 149 8.7 Summary 149 References 150 9 Interactions in chemesthesis: everything affects everything else 154 Brian Byrne 9.1 Introduction 154 9.2 Coolants 154 9.3 Sweet 157 9.4 Salt 159 9.5 Mouthfeel 160 9.6 Astringency and bitterness 161 9.7 Aroma (retronasal and orthonasal) 162 9.8 Conclusion 163 References 164 10 Some like it hot! Sensory analysis of products containing chemesthetic compounds 166 Cindy Ward 10.1 Introduction 166 10.2 Overview of test approaches for sensory evaluation of chemesthetic compounds in consumer products 169 10.3 The phenomena of sensitization and desensitization 169 10.4 Testing products containing chemesthetic compounds 170 10.5 Discrimination testing with trigeminal compounds 172 10.6 Rating of chemesthetic agent intensity 172 10.7 Dose response 172 10.8 Descriptive analysis of chemesthetic agents containing samples 174 10.9 Alcohol burn case study 176 10.10 Time intensity 178 10.11 Consumer testing with chemesthetic agents 182 10.12 Conclusions 183 Acknowledgments 183 References 183 11 Analytical chemistry of chemesthetic compounds 185 David A. Bolliet 11.1 Introduction 185 11.2 Allyl isothiocyanate 185 11.3 Capsaicinoids 186 11.4 Carbonic acid 190 11.5 Cinnamaldehyde 191 11.6 Eugenol 193 11.7 Gingerols and shogaols 195 11.8 Menthol 197 11.9 Piperine 198 11.10 Sanshools 202 11.11 Spilanthol 204 11.12 Conclusions 205 Abbreviations 206 References 207 12 Chemesthesis and health 227 Richard D. Mattes and Mary‐Jon Ludy 12.1 Introduction 227 12.2 Cultural patterns of intake 228 12.3 Appetite 230 12.3.1 Suppression of appetitive sensations 230 12.3.2 Enhancement of appetitive sensations 234 12.3.3 Decreased energy intake 234 12.3.4 Increased energy intake 235 12.4 Thermogenesis 236 12.4.1 Hot red peppers (capsaicin) 237 12.4.2 Black pepper (piperine) 238 12.4.3 Ginger (gingerols, shogaols, and zingerone) 239 12.4.4 Mustard (allyl isothiocyanate) 240 12.5 Body weight 240 12.6 Individual variability 241 12.7 Conclusion 242 References 243 13 On food and chemesthesis – food science and culinary perspectives 250 Christopher R. Loss and Ali Bouzari 13.1 Introduction: putting chemesthesis in the context of flavor 250 13.2 Historical and cultural context for the use of chemesthetic ingredients in foods 251 13.2.1 Cultural connections to chemesthetic agents 251 13.2.2 History of use of chemesthetic agents in prepared foods and food service 252 13.2.3 Chemesthetics and health 252 13.3 Sources of chemesthetic agents in the kitchen and at the product development lab bench 253 13.3.1 Herbs 254 13.3.2 Spices 254 13.3.3 Fruits 255 13.3.4 Vegetables 256 13.3.5 Fermented foods 256 13.3.6 Extracts and dry blends 257 13.3.7 Plant breeding 257 13.4 Culinary techniques and chemesthetic agents 258 13.4.1 Incorporation 258 13.4.2 Impact of culinary technique on intensity 260 13.5 Applications of chemesthetic agents in the food industry 260 13.5.1 Chemesthetic agents in global cuisines 260 13.5.2 Creating “craveable” culinary experiences with chemesthetic agents 262 13.5.3 Food safety and preservation 263 13.5.4 Modern applications of chemesthetic agents in fine dining 263 References 265 14 Overview of chemesthesis with a look to the future 268 E. Carstens 14.1 Introduction 268 14.2 Peripheral innervation of oral, ocular, and nasal mucosa and skin 269 14.3 TRPV1 270 14.4 TRPA1 273 14.5 TRPV3, TRPV4, and warming 274 14.6 TRPM8 and cold 275 14.7 Tingle 276 14.8 NaCl 277 14.9 Itch 277 14.10 Interactions between chemesthesis and taste 278 14.11 Summary and conclusions 279 References 279 Index 286

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Book SynopsisThis book commemorates the 25th anniversary of the International Izatt-Christensen Award in Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry. The award, one of the most prestigious of small awards in chemistry, recognizes excellence in the developing field of macrocyclic and supramolecular chemistry Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry: How Izatt-Christensen Award Winners Shaped the Field features chapters written by the award recipients who provide unique perspectives on the spectacular growth in these expanding and vibrant fields of chemistry over the past half century, and on the role of these awardees in shaping this growth. During this time there has been an upsurge of interest in the design, synthesis and characterization of increasingly more complex macrocyclic ligands and in the application of this knowledge to understanding molecular recognition processes in host-guest chemistry in ways that were scarcely envisioned decades earlier.In October 2016, Table of ContentsList of Contributors xv Preface xviii Acknowledgements xx 1 The Izatt–Christensen Award in Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry: A 25-Year History (1991–2016) 1Reed M. Izatt, Jerald S. Bradshaw, Steven R. Izatt, and Roger G. Harrison 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 International Izatt–Christensen Award in Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry 2 1.3 International Symposium on Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry 4 1.4 Izatt–Christensen award sponsor: IBC Advanced Technologies, Inc. 6 1.5 Summary 7 References 8 2 Supramolecular Chemistry with DNA 10Pongphak Chidchob and Hanadi Sleiman 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Motifs in structural DNA nanotechnology 10 2.3 Dynamic assembly and molecular recognition with DNA 13 2.4 Supramolecular assembly with hybrid DNA materials: increasing the letters of the alphabet 14 2.5 Conclusion 33 References 34 3 Anion, Cation and Ion-Pair Recognition by Macrocyclic and Interlocked Host Systems 38Paul D. Beer and Matthew J. Langton 3.1 Introduction 38 3.2 Electrochemical molecular recognition 38 3.3 Anion recognition and sensing by macrocyclic and interlocked hosts 44 3.4 Halogen-bonding anion recognition 55 3.5 Ion-pair recognition 59 3.6 Metal-directed self-assembly 62 3.7 Conclusions 67 3.8 Acknowledgements 67 References 67 4 Perspectives in Molecular Tectonics 73Mir Wais Hosseini 4.1 Preamble: dreams and pathway 73 4.2 Introduction 75 4.3 From tectons to networks 75 4.4 Summary and outlook 87 4.5 Acknowledgements 88 References 88 5 Three Tales of Supramolecular Analytical Chemistry 92Margaret K. Meadows and Eric V. Anslyn 5.1 Introduction 92 5.2 Citrate sensing 93 5.3 Rapid analysis of enantiomeric excess 101 5.4 Differential sensing 109 5.5 Conclusion 123 References 123 6 Robust Host–Guest Chemistry of Cucurbit[n-uril: Fundamentals and Applications of the Synthetic Receptor Family 127Kimoon Kim, Dinesh Shetty, and Kyeng Min Park 6.1 Personal pathway to the discovery of cucurbit[n-uril and early day developments 127 6.2 Structures and physical properties of CB[n- 129 6.3 General host–guest chemistry of CB[n- 129 6.4 High-affinity host–guest pairs 130 6.5 Functionalized CBs 133 6.6 Applications of high-affinity CB[6- complexes 134 6.7 Applications of high-affinity CB[7- complexes 137 6.8 Conclusions 140 6.9 Acknowledgements 141 References 141 7 Molecular Recognition in Biomimetic Receptors 146Peter C. Knipe, Sam Thompson, and Andrew D. Hamilton 7.1 Molecular recognition in biological systems 146 7.2 Model systems to investigate fundamental forces 146 7.3 Recognition of more complex systems – into the realm of peptides 149 7.4 A general approach to peptide mimicry – targeting secondary structure 152 7.5 Super-secondary structures and beyond 156 7.6 Outlook 159 References 160 8 A Lifetime Walk in the Realm of Cyclam 165Luigi Fabbrizzi 8.1 Synthesis and development of cyclam and related macrocycles 165 8.2 Macrocyclic effects and the importance of being 14-membered 170 8.3 Cyclam promotes the redox activity of the encircled metal ion 176 8.4 Scorpionands: cyclam derivatives with an aggressive tail, biting a chelated metal from the top 180 8.5 Azacyclams: cyclam-like macrocycles with built-in functionalization 187 8.6 Conclusion 193 8.7 Acknowledgements 195 References 196 9 Porosity in Metal–Organic Compounds 200Alexander Schoedel and Omar M. Yaghi 9.1 Introduction 200 9.2 Werner complexes 201 9.3 Hofmann clathrates 201 9.4 Coordination polymers 204 9.5 Porosity in metal–organic frameworks 209 9.6 The discovery of MOF-5: the golden age of metal–organic frameworks 211 9.7 The Cambridge Structural Database – an essential tool for MOF chemists 214 9.8 Concluding remarks 215 9.9 Acknowledgement 215 References 215 10 Cyclodextrin-based Supramolecular Systems 220Akira Harada 10.1 Introduction 220 10.2 Cyclodextrin-containing polymers 220 10.3 CD-organometallic complexes 222 10.4 Complex formation of cyclodextrin with polymers 223 10.5 Polymerization by CDs 225 10.6 Supramolecular polymers 228 10.7 Side-chain recognition by CDs 230 10.8 CD-based molecular machines 230 10.9 Macroscopic self-assembly through molecular recognition 233 10.10 Self-healing by molecular recognition 235 10.11 Stimuli-responsive polymers 236 10.12 Conclusion 238 References 238 11 Making the Tiniest Machines 241David A. Leigh 11.1 Introduction 241 11.2 Property effects using molecular shuttles 245 11.3 Molecular motors and ratchet mechanisms 248 11.4 Small molecules that can “walk” along molecular tracks 254 11.5 Making molecules that make molecules 257 11.6 Outlook 257 11.7 Acknowledgements 259 References 259 12 Clipping an Angel’s Wings 261Roeland J.M. Nolte, Alan E. Rowan, and Johannes A.A.W. Elemans 12.1 Introduction 261 12.2 Molecular clips 263 12.3 Molecular capsules 278 12.4 Outlook 282 12.5 Acknowledgements 282 References 283 13 From Lanthanide Shift Reagents to Molecular Knots: The Importance of Molecular and Mental Flexibility 288Jeremy K.M. Sanders 13.1 Introduction: 1969–76 288 13.2 Metalloporphyrins 289 13.3 Macrocycles based on cholic acid 296 13.4 Designed donor–acceptor catenanes 297 13.5 Dynamic combinatorial chemistry 298 13.6 Conclusions 304 References 305 14 Texaphyrins: Life, Death, and Attempts at Resurrection 309Jonathan L. Sessler 14.1 Introduction 309 14.2 Early days 309 14.3 Starting Pharmacyclics, Inc. 311 14.4 Early biological studies of texaphyrins 314 14.5 Clinical studies of texaphyrins at Pharmacyclics, Inc. 316 14.6 Changes in direction at Pharmacyclics, Inc. 316 14.7 Current research efforts involving texaphyrin 317 14.8 Texaphyrin-platinum conjugates 318 14.9 Acknowledgements 321 References 321 15 Macrocyclic Coordination Chemistry of Resorcin[4-arenes and Pyrogallol[4-arenes 325Harshita Kumari, Carol A. Deakyne, and Jerry L. Atwood 15.1 Introduction 325 15.2 History of hydrogen-bonded pyrogallol[4-arene- and resorcin[4-arene-based nanocapsules 326 15.3 Metal-seamed pyrogallol[4-arene- and resorcin[4-arene-based complexes 327 15.4 Concluding remarks 342 References 342 16 Dynamic Control of Recognition Processes in Host–Guest Systems and Polymer–Polymer Interactions 346Seiji Shinkai 16.1 Introduction 346 16.2 Dynamic control of crown ether functions by chemical and physical signals 347 16.3 Stereochemical studies of calix[n-arene derivatives 351 16.4 Ion and molecule recognition by functionalized calix[n-arenes and their application to super Na+-sensors and novel [60-fullerene isolation methods 351 16.5 Molecular design of novel sugar-sensing systems using boronic acid–diol macrocyclization 352 16.6 From molecular machines to allosteric effects 353 16.7 From allosteric effects to aggregation-induced emission (AIE) 354 16.8 Extension of cooperative actions to polymeric and biological systems 356 16.9 Summary 357 16.10 Acknowledgements 357 References 357 17 Cation Binders, Amphiphiles, and Membrane Active Transporters 360George W. Gokel, Saeedeh Negin, Joseph W. Meisel, Mohit B. Patel, Michael R. Gokel, and Ryan Cantwell 17.1 Introduction 360 17.2 Conceptual development of lariat ethers for transport 361 17.3 Recognition of the ability of lariat ethers to form membranes 363 17.4 Use of lariat ethers to demonstrate cation–π interactions 365 17.5 Development of synthetic cation channels based on crown ethers 367 17.6 Development of synthetic anion channels based on amphiphilic peptides 370 17.7 Membrane active amphiphiles as biologically active and applicable compounds 371 17.8 Conclusion 373 References 373 18 Supramolecular Technology 377David N. Reinhoudt 18.1 Introduction 377 18.2 Chemical sensing 378 18.3 Membrane transport 379 18.4 Nonlinear optical materials 380 18.5 Supramolecular technology for nanofabrication 380 References 382 19 Synthesis of Macrocyclic Complexes Using Metal Ion Templates 383Daryle H. Busch 19.1 Introduction 383 19.2 Macrocycle synthesis 384 References 386 20 Serendipity 388Paul R. McGonigal and J. Fraser Stoddart 20.1 Serendipity in scientific discovery 388 20.2 Donor–acceptor charge transfer interactions 390 20.3 Cyclodextrins (CDs) 400 20.4 Conclusions and outlook 410 References 411 21 Evolution of ZnII–Macrocyclic Polyamines to Biological Probes and Supramolecular Assembly 415Eiichi Kimura, Tohru Koike, and Shin Aoki 21.1 Introduction 415 21.2 Zinc enzyme models from ZnII macrocyclic polyamine complexes 415 21.3 ZnII–cyclens for selective recognition of nucleobases (thymine and uracil) and manipulation of genes 427 21.4 New supramolecular assemblies with ZnII–cyclen 434 21.5 Acknowledgements 438 References 438 22 Contractile and Extensile Molecular Systems: Towards Molecular Muscles 444Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Vincent Duplan, and Frédéric Niess 22.1 Preamble: the Izatt–Christensen award and Jean-Pierre Sauvage 444 22.2 Introduction 446 22.3 Interlocking ring compounds 447 22.4 Non-interlocking compounds 456 22.5 Conclusion 458 22.6 Acknowledgements 461 References 461 Index 465

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Book SynopsisA groundbreaking text to the study of textile fibers that bridges the knowledge gap between fiber shape and end uses Textile Fiber Microscopy offers an important and comprehensive guide to the study of textile fibers and contains a unique text that prioritizes a review of fibers' microstructure, macrostructure and chemical composition. The author a noted expert in the field details many fiber types and includes all the possible fiber shapes with a number of illustrative micrographs. The author explores a wealth of topics such as fiber end uses, fiber source and production, a history of each fiber and the sustainability of the various fibers. The text includes a review of environmentally friendly fibers and contains information on the most current fiber science by putting the focus on fibers that have been mechanically or chemically recycled, for use in textile production. The author also offers an exploration of issues of textile waste and the lack of tTable of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction xiii 1 Natural Cellulosic Fibers 1 1.1 Seed Fibers 1 1.1.1 Cotton 1 1.1.2 Organic Cotton 4 1.1.3 Kapok Fibers 6 1.1.4 Poplar Fibers 8 1.1.5 Willow Fibers 9 1.1.6 Coir Fibers 11 1.2 Bast Fibers 12 1.2.1 Linen 12 1.2.2 Ramie 16 1.2.3 Hemp 17 1.2.4 Bamboo 21 1.2.5 Jute 22 1.2.6 Fiber Size 22 1.2.7 Nettle 22 1.2.8 Bast Fiber in Its Historical Context 26 1.3 Leaf Fibers 26 1.3.1 Sisal 27 1.3.2 Henequen 27 1.3.3 Abaca 27 1.3.4 Pineapple Leaves 28 References 28 2 Animal Fibers 31 2.1 Wool 31 2.1.1 Cuticle 32 2.1.2 Scale Pattern Type (Animal Hair) 33 2.1.2.1 Mosaic 34 2.1.2.2 Wave 34 2.1.2.3 Chevron 34 2.1.2.4 Petal 36 2.1.3 Types of Scale Margins 36 2.1.4 Cortex 36 2.1.5 Medulla 36 2.1.5.1 Lattice 37 2.1.5.2 Simple Unbroken 37 2.1.5.3 Interrupted 38 2.1.5.4 Fragmental 38 2.1.5.5 Ladder Type of Medulla 38 2.1.6 Fiber Size 39 2.1.7 Fiber Morphology 39 2.1.7.1 Fiber Absorbency 41 2.1.7.2 Fiber Shrinkage 41 2.1.7.3 Wool Varieties 42 2.1.8 Merino Wool and Other Fine Wool Fibers 43 2.1.8.1 Normal Fleece Wool 44 2.1.8.2 Kemp Fibers 44 2.2 Luxury Fibers 45 2.2.1 Cashmere 46 2.2.2 Yangir 49 2.2.3 Mohair 49 2.2.4 Vicuna 54 2.2.5 Camelid Fibers 55 2.2.6 Alpaca 57 2.2.7 Llama 61 2.2.8 Shahtoosh 62 2.2.9 Yak 62 2.2.10 Other Identification Techniques to Note 63 2.3 Silk 66 2.3.1 Peace or Ahimsa Silk 69 2.3.2 Spider Silk 71 References 73 3 Fur Fibers 77 3.1 Animal Fibers 77 3.1.1 Scale Cast 78 3.1.2 Cuticle Scales 79 3.1.3 Rabbit, Hare, and Angora Rabbit Fibers 79 3.1.4 Angora Hair 81 3.2 Other Fur Fibers 84 3.2.1 Mink and Ermine 86 3.2.2 Kolinsky Mink 88 3.2.3 Raccoon Dog 88 3.2.4 Red Fox 89 3.3 Faux Fur 89 3.4 Dog and Cat Fur 94 3.4.1 Karakul 96 3.4.2 Optical Microscopy 97 3.4.3 Measuring Hair Length 98 References 98 4 Regenerated Cellulosic and Protein Fibers 101 4.1 Regenerated Cellulosic Fibers 101 4.1.1 Viscose Rayon 101 4.1.2 Bamboo Rayon 103 4.1.3 High Wet Modulus (HWM) Rayon 104 4.1.4 Cuprammonium Rayon 106 4.1.5 Lyocell Fibers 107 4.1.6 A Review of Cross‐sectional Shapes of Fibers 108 4.1.7 Cross‐sectional Fiber Shape and Luster 109 4.1.8 Acetate Fibers 111 4.2 Regenerated Protein Fibers 113 4.2.1 Soybean Fibers 114 4.2.2 Milk Fibers 117 4.2.3 Composite Cellulose Fibers 117 References 120 5 Synthetic Fibers 123 5.1 Nylon 123 5.2 Polyester 124 5.3 Luster 126 5.4 Delustering 126 5.5 Longitudinal View 128 5.6 Variety of Cross‐sectional Shapes 128 5.7 Comparison Analysis 131 5.8 Fibers in Carpeting 133 5.9 Fabric Tenacity 134 5.10 Performance Textiles 135 5.11 Acrylic Fibers 136 5.12 Fiber Cross‐sections 137 5.13 Fiber Longitudinal View 138 5.14 Spandex 141 5.15 Olefin 143 5.16 Fiber Melting Point 144 5.17 Microfibers 146 5.17.1 Applications of Microfibers 150 5.17.2 Imitation Leather/Suede 157 References 159 6 Nanofibers 161 6.1 Nanotechnology in Textiles 161 6.1.1 Production of Nanofibers 163 6.1.2 Uses of Nanofibers 163 6.1.3 Nanowebs 164 6.1.4 Nanocoatings 166 6.1.5 Nanoparticles 167 6.1.6 Electrically Conductive Fibers 168 6.1.7 Porous Surface Fibers 169 6.1.8 Microscopy 170 References 170 7 Recycled Fibers 173 7.1 Fiber Recycling 173 7.2 Recycled Polyester via Chemical Recycling 173 7.2.1 Microscopic Appearance 174 7.3 Recycled PET via Mechanical Recycling 174 7.3.1 Microscopic Images 176 7.4 Recycling Nylon 177 7.5 Recycled Cotton 177 7.5.1 Microscopic Appearance 179 7.6 Recycled Wool 179 7.6.1 Microscopic Appearance 180 7.7 Other Recycling Methods – Using a Rayon Manufacturing Method to Recycle Fibers – A Dissolution‐Based Recycling Method 181 7.7.1 Microscopic Appearance 182 7.7.2 Recycling Blends 182 References 184 8 Historic Fibers 187 8.1 Textile Fibers and History 187 8.1.1 General Information – Ancient Textiles 188 8.1.2 Greek Textiles 188 8.2 The Use of Hemp in Central Europe 194 8.3 Egyptian Textiles 194 8.3.1 Middle Kingdom Linen Cloth 195 8.3.2 Romano‐Egyptian Textiles 196 References 198 Index 201

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Book SynopsisAn updated guide to the most current information available for determining how to use NMR spectroscopy to differentiate chiral compounds Differentiation of Chiral Compounds Using NMR Spectroscopy offers a thoroughly revised second edition to the essential volume that puts the focus on the chiral systems that are commercially available and have been widely vetted for use in NMR spectroscopy. The text covers a broad range of reagents that make it possible to determine the enantiomeric purity and assign the absolute configuration of many classes of compounds. Comprehensive in scope, the text describes the chiral NMR differentiating agents as derivatizing agents, solvating agents, metal-based reagents and liquid crystals and gels, and explains the range and types of compounds for which they can be used for analysis. New to this edition are the most recent findings in the field as well as the development of advanced NMR measurement techniques that allowTable of ContentsPREFACE xix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxi 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Chiral Derivatizing Agents 1 1.2 Chiral Solvating Agents 2 1.3 NMR Methods to Improve the Quality of Data with CSAs and CDAs 9 1.4 Overview of Chiral Reagents and Methodologies 14 2. Aryl-Containing Carboxylic Acids 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 α-Methoxy-α-Trifluoromethylphenylacetic Acid (Mosher’s Reagent) 22 2.3 α-Methoxy-α-Trifluoromethylphenylacetic Thioacid 35 2.4 α-Methoxyphenylacetic Acid 35 2.5 Mandelic Acid (2-Hydroxy-2-Phenylacetic Acid) 47 2.6 O-Acetyl Mandelic Acid (2-Acetoxy-2-Phenylacetic Acid) 49 2.7 Other O-Derivatized Mandelic Acids 51 2.8 2-Phenylpropionic Acid 52 2.9 2-Phenylselenopropionic Acid 52 2.10 2-Methoxy-2-Phenylpent-3-ynoic Acid 52 2.11 3-Phenylbutanoic Acid/2-Phenylbutanoic Acid 53 2.12 α-Cyano-α-Fluorophenylacetic Acid/α-Cyano-α-Fluoronaphthylacetic Acid/α-Cyano-α-Fluorop-Tolylacetic Acid 54 2.13 N-Boc Phenylglycine (BPG) 56 2.14 1,5-Difuoro-2,4-Dinitrobenzene and Derivatives 57 2.15 2-Fluoro-2-Phenylacetic Acid, 2-Fluoro-2-(1-Naphthyl) Propionic Acid, and 2-Fluoro-2-(2-Naphthyl)Propionic Acid 59 2.16 α-Methoxy-α-(1-Naphthyl)Acetic Acid/α-Methoxy-α-(2-Naphthyl)Acetic Acid 61 2.17 2-tert-Butoxy-2-(2-Naphthyl)Acetic Acid (2-NTBA) 62 2.18 (−)-(R)-(2-Naphthyloxy)Phenylacetic Acid 63 2.19 α-Methoxy-α-Trifluoromethyl-1-Naphthylacetic Acid (MTN(1)A) 63 2.20 Naproxen 64 2.21 2-Methoxy-2-(1-Naphthyl)Propionic Acid (MαNP) 65 2.22 O-Aryl Lactic Acids 70 2.23 α-(2-Anthryl)-α-Methoxyacetic Acid (2-AMA)/α-(9-Anthryl)-α-Methoxyacetic Acid (9-AMA) 72 2.24 Summary 75 3. Other Carboxylic Acid-Based Reagents 79 3.1 Camphanic Acid 79 3.2 Menthoxyacetic Acid 81 3.3 Tetra-tert-Butyltrioxabicyclo[3.3.1-Nonadienedicarboxylic Acid 82 3.4 Di-O-Benzoyl Tartaric Acid/Di-O-p-Toluoyl Tartaric Acid 82 3.5 2-(2,3-Anthracenedicarboximido)Cyclohexane Carboxylic Acid 85 3.6 3β-Acetoxy-Δ5-Etiocholenic Acid 87 3.7 1-Methoxy-2,3-Dihydro-1H-Cyclopenta[a-Naphthalene-1-Carboxylic Acid 88 3.8 1-Fluoroindan-1-Carboxylic Acid 88 3.9 (−)-(R)-2-(2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorophenoxy)-2-(Phenyl-d5)Acetic Acid 89 3.10 2,2-Diphenyl- and 2,2-Di-2-Naphthalen-2-yl-[1,3-Dioxolane-4, 5-Dicarboxylic Acid 90 3.11 Tetrahydro-1,4-Epoxynaphthalene-1-Carboxylic Acid 90 3.12 2-tert-Butyl-2-Methyl-1,3-Benzodioxole-4-Carboxylic Acid 91 3.13 Benzo[de-Isoquinoline 1,3-Dione Amino Acids 92 3.14 Amino Acids and Derivatives 92 3.15 2-Methylbutyric Acid 96 3.16 Atropisomeric Chiral Carboxylic Acids 96 4. Hydroxyl- and Thiol-Containing Reagents 101 4.1 2,2,2-Trifluorophenylethanol/ 2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-(9-Anthryl)Ethanol 101 4.2 Other Anthryl-Based Reagents 115 4.3 1-Phenylethanol 119 4.4 2-Methoxy-2-Phenylethanol 120 4.5 MethylMandelate 120 4.6 Mandelonitrile121 4.7 Ethyl Mandelate 122 4.8 Aminoindanols 122 4.9 Menthol 123 4.10 trans-Bis(Hydroxydiphenylmethyl)-2,2-Dimethyl-1, 3-Dioxacyclopentane 124 4.11 (S)-Ethyl Lactate 124 4.12 Assignment of Absolute Configuration Using Glycosidation Shifts 125 4.13 2-Butanol and 2-Octanol 131 4.14 Atropisomeric Alcohols 132 4.15 Diol and Dithiol Reagents 137 5. Amine-Based Reagents 141 5.1 Primary Amines 141 5.2 Secondary Amines 154 5.3 Tertiary Amines 158 5.4 Diamine Reagents 159 5.5 Databases Using Amine CSAs 163 6. Miscellaneous CDAs, CSAs, and Other Methods of Chiral Analysis 171 6.1 Amides 172 6.2 Lactams and Lactam-Like Compounds 178 6.3 Aldehydes 184 6.4 Ketones 188 6.5 Anhydrides 189 6.6 Carbonate With (2,6-Dichloro-4-Methoxyphenyl) and (2,4-Dichlorophenyl) Groups 190 6.7 2,2-Dimethoxypropane 190 6.8 Isocyanates and Isothiocyanates 192 6.9 Thioureas 195 6.10 Sulfur-Containing Reagents 198 6.11 Reagents That React at a Chlorine Atom 204 6.12 Polyfunctional Reagents 207 6.13 Micelles 223 6.14 Ionic Liquids 226 6.15 Guanosinemonophosphate (G-Tetrads) 229 6.16 Achiral Reagents for Chiral Analysis: N21,N23-Dibenzyl-5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(3,5-Di-tert-Butyl-4-Oxocyclohexa-2,5-Dienylidene) Porphyrinogen 229 6.17 Assigning Absolute Configuration Using Kinetic Resolution Catalysts 230 6.18 Chiral Analysis Through Isotope Labeling 233 6.19 Self-Induced Diastereomeric Anisochronism: Self-Differentiation of Chiral Compounds 234 6.20 High-Throughput Methods with Chiral NMR Reagents 236 6.21 HPLC–NMR 237 6.22 Database Methods 238 7. Reagents Incorporating Phosphorus, Selenium, Boron, and Silicon Atoms 243 7.1 Phosphorus-Containing Reagents 243 7.2 Selenium-Containing Reagents 282 7.3 Boron-Containing Reagents 285 7.4 Silicon-Containing Reagents 294 8. Macrocyclic and Receptor Compounds as Chiral NMR Differentiating Agents 297 8.1 Cyclodextrins 298 8.2 Crown Ethers 322 8.3 Calixarenes and Resorcinarenes 345 8.4 Receptor Compounds 360 8.5 Cyclosophoraoses: Cyclic-β-d-Glucans 366 8.6 Cryptophane Receptor 367 8.7 1,1′-Binaphthalene-Based Macrocycles and Receptors 369 9. Chiral Differentiation with Metal-Based Reagents 375 9.1 Introduction 375 9.2 Lanthanide Complexes 376 9.3 Transition Metal Complexes 405 10. Chiral NMR Differentiation Using Ordered Systems 441 10.1 Introduction 441 10.2 Chiral Liquid Crystals and Gels 441 10.3 Polymers 477 10.4 Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy 478 11. Closing Comments and Future Prospects 483 11.1 Selection of CSAs and CDAs 483 11.2 Future Prospects 485 REFERENCES 491 INDEX 565

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Book SynopsisPresents state-of-the-artinformation concerning the syntheses of valuable functionalized organic compounds from alkanes, with a focus on simple, mild, and green catalytic processes Alkane Functionalization offers a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art of catalytic functionalization of alkanes under mild and green conditions. Written by a team of leading experts on the topic, the book examines the latest research developments in the synthesis of valuable functionalized organic compounds from alkanes. The authors describe the various modes of interaction of alkanes with metal centres and examine theoxidative alkane functionalization upon C-O bond formation. They address the many types of mechanisms, discuss typical catalytic systems and highlight the strategies inspired by biological catalytic systems. The book also describes alkane functionalization upon C-heteroatom bond formation as well as oxidative and non-oxidative approaches. In addition, the book explores non-transitioTable of ContentsAbout the editors List of contributors PrefaceArmando J.L. Pombeiro and M. Fátima C. Guedes da Silva Chapter 1 Alkane Functionalization: Introduction And OverviewArmando J.L. Pombeiro PART I - C-O BOND FORMATION. HYDROXYLATION AND OTHER OXYGENATION REACTIONS Chapter 2 Activation and oxidative functionalization of alkanes with noble-metal catalysts: Molecular mechanismsEvgeniy G. Chepaikin Chapter 3 Alkane-oxidizing systems based on metal complexes. Radical versus non-radical mechanismsGeorgiy B. Shul’pin Chapter 4 Reactions of alkyl radicals in aqueous solutionsDan meyerstein Chapter 5 C–H bond oxidation with transition metal based carbene complexesBruno Dominelli, Anja C. Lindhorst,Fritz E. Kühn Chapter 6 Alkane oxidation with C-scorpionate metal complexesLuísa M. D. R. S. Martins Chapter 7 Alkane oxidation with multinuclear heterometallic catalystsDmytro S. Nesterov, Oksana V. Nesterova and Armando J.L. Pombeiro Chapter 8 Oxidative functionalization of methane on heterogeneous catalystsMaricruz Sanchez-Sanchez and Johannes A. Lercher Chapter 9 Gas-phase oxidation of alkanesFabrizio Cavani, Alessandro Chieregato, Jose Manuel Lopez Nieto,Jean-Marc M. Millet PART II - BIOINSPIRED ALKANE FUNCTIONALIZATION Chapter 10 Recent developments of bio-inspired approaches to functionalization of light alkanesAlexander B. Sorokin Chapter 11 Regioselectivity of non-heme iron catalysts for C-H activationChristian R. Goldsmith Chapter 12 Imine-based Iron and Manganese Complexes as Catalysts for Alkane FunctionalizationGiorgio Olivo, Osvaldo Lanzalunga,Stefano Di Stefano Chapter 13 Alkane oxidation with biologically inspired nonheme iron catalysts based in the triazacyclononane ligand scaffold Miquel Costas Chapter 14 The nature of high-valent oxometal intermediates of iron-aminopyridine mediated oxidationsOleg Y. Lyakin, konstantin P. Bryliakov, Evgenii P. Talsi Chapter 15 Selective Oxidation of Alkanes by Metallo-Monooxygenases and their Nano-BiomimeticsChih-Cheng Liu,Yi-FangTtsai,Wondemagegn H. Wanna,Ravirala Ramu, Damodar Janmanchi, Sunney I. Chan,Steve S.-F. Yu Chapter 16 Alkane oxidation with vanadium and copper catalystsManas Sutradhar, Luísa M.D.R.S. Martins, M. Fátima C. Guedes da Silva, ArmandoJ. L. Pombeiro PART III – C-B, C-C AND C-N BOND FORMATION Chapter 17 Catalytic borylation of methane: combining computational and high-throughput screening approaches to discover a new catalystPavel Zatsepin, Dieter Sorsche, Seihwan Ahn,Mu-Hyun Baik, Daniel J. Mindiola Chapter 18 Alkane carbonylation and carbene insertion reactionsAna M. Faisca Phillips and Armando J. L. Pombeiro Chapter 19 Catalytic alkane amidation and related reactionsDmytro S. Nesterov, Luís M. T. Frija, Armando J. L. Pombeiro, Maximilian N. Kopylovich PART IV – DEHYDROGENATION REACTIONS Chapter 20 Oxidative and non-oxidative routes to alkane dehydrogenationJay A. Labinger Chapter 21 Dehydrogenation of alkanes using molecular catalystsHuaquan Fang, Guixia Liu, Zheng Huang PART V – UNCONVENTIONAL SYSTEMS Chapter 22 Non-transition metal catalyzed oxidation of alkanes with peroxidesMaxim L. Kuznetsov Chapter 23 Metal-free functionalization of alkanesJincan Zhao,Jianlin Han Chapter 24 Alkane functionalization under unconventional conditions: in ionic liquid, in supercritical co2 and microwave assistedAna P.C. Ribeiro,Eelisabete C.B.A. Alegria, António Palavra,Aarmando J.L. Pombeiro Chapter 25 Noncovalent interactions in alkane chemistryKamran T. Mahmudov,M. Fátima C. Guedes da Silva, Fedor I. Zubkov, Armando J. L. Pombeiro Chapter 26 Alkane complexationRobert H. Crabtree Chapter 27 Alkane related C-H bond activation and functionalization of aliphatic aminesChristian Bruneau, Mathieu Achard

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Book SynopsisX-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray emission spectroscopy are complementary to crystallographic methods, particularly for materials science and the study of nanostructure and systems with partial disorder and partial local order, including solutions, gases, liquids, glasses and powders. This new volume of International Tables for Crystallography has nine parts and over 150 chapters contributed by a wide range of international experts. Part 1 provides a brief overview and introduction to the background of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and experimental facilities. Part 2 discusses the quantum theory of XAS and related approaches. Part 3 describes both standard and advanced experimental methods used in XAS, X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and related techniques. Part 4 covers both standard and more advanced pre-processing of data. Part 5 gives an extensive overview of the analysis of experimental data.

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Book SynopsisA practical approach to environmental chemistry, Elements of Environmental Chemistry, 3rd Edition provides readers with the fundamentals of environmental chemistry and a toolbox for putting them into practice. This is a concise, accessible, and hands-on volume designed for students and professionals working in the chemical and environmental sciences. The 3rd Edition has been completely revised and rearranged. The first chapter on tool skills has been expanded to include thermodynamic considerations and measurement issues. The former chapter on the partitioning of organic compounds has been expanded to cover the fates of organic compounds, with an emphasis on developing the reader?s ?chemical intuition? for predicting a chemical?s fate based on structure. The material on lead, mercury, pesticides, PCBs, dioxins, and flame retardants has been expanded and combined into the last chapter and supplemented with more references to the literature. TTable of ContentsPreface xi 1 Simple Tool Skills 1 1.1 Unit Conversions 1 1.2 Estimating 4 1.3 Ideal Gas Law 6 1.4 Stoichiometry 9 1.5 Thermodynamic Considerations 10 1.5.1 Enthalpy 11 1.5.2 Entropy 13 1.5.3 Gibbs Free Energy 14 1.6 Measurement Issues 15 1.7 Problem Set 24 2 Mass Balance and Kinetics 29 2.1 Steady-State Mass Balance 29 2.1.1 Flows, Stocks, and Residence Times 29 2.1.2 Adding Multiple Flows 35 2.1.3 Fluxes Are Not Flows! 37 2.2 Nonsteady-State Mass Balance 39 2.2.1 Up-Going Curve 40 2.2.2 Down-Going Curve 43 2.2.3 Working with Real Data 45 2.3 Chemical Kinetics 49 2.3.1 First-Order Reactions 50 2.3.2 Second-Order Reactions 50 2.3.3 Michaelis–Menten Kinetics 52 2.4 Problem Set 56 3 Atmospheric Chemistry 63 3.1 Atmospheric Structure 63 3.2 Light and Photochemistry 65 3.3 Atmospheric Oxidants 69 3.4 Kinetics of Atmospheric Reactions 70 3.4.1 Pseudo-Steady-State Example 70 3.4.2 Arrhenius Equation 71 3.5 Stratospheric Ozone 72 3.5.1 Formation and Loss Mechanisms 72 3.5.2 Chapman Reaction Kinetics 77 3.6 Smog 80 3.7 Problem Set 84 4 Climate Change 93 4.1 Historical Perspective 93 4.2 Blackbody Radiation and Earth’s Temperature 94 4.3 Absorption of Infrared Radiation 97 4.4 Greenhouse Effect 98 4.5 Earth’s Radiative Balance 99 4.5.1 Greenhouse Gases 99 4.5.2 Albedo 101 4.5.3 Solar Constant 101 4.5.4 Combined Effects 101 4.6 Aerosols and Clouds 101 4.7 Radiative Forcing 103 4.8 Global Warming Potentials 104 4.9 Concluding Remarks 106 4.10 Problem Set 108 5 Carbon Dioxide Equilibria 113 5.1 pH and Equilibrium Constants 113 5.2 Pure Rain 116 5.3 Polluted Rain 119 5.4 Additional Acid Rain Chemistry and Implications 123 5.5 Surface Water 125 5.6 Ocean Acidification 128 5.7 Problem Set 132 6 Fates of Organic Compounds 139 6.1 Molecular Interactions 140 6.1.1 Electronegativity 140 6.1.2 Molecular Dipoles and Quadrupoles 141 6.1.3 Types of Weak Interactions 142 6.2 Vapor Pressure 145 6.3 Aqueous Solubility 149 6.3.1 Solubility of Pure Liquids and Solids 149 6.3.2 Solubility of Gases 154 6.4 Partitioning into Organic Phases 158 6.5 Partitioning into Biota 160 6.5.1 Bioconcentration 161 6.5.2 Bioaccumulation 161 6.5.3 Biomagnification 162 6.6 Adsorption 162 6.7 Water–Air Transfer 165 6.8 Reactive Fates of Organic Pollutants 168 6.9 Putting It All Together: Partitioning and Persistence 169 6.10 Problem Set 172 7 Toxic Stuff: Mercury, Lead, Pesticides, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Dioxins, and Flame Retardants 181 7.1 Mercury 181 7.2 Lead 183 7.3 Pesticides 188 7.3.1 Pesticide History 189 7.3.2 Legacy Pesticides 190 7.3.3 Current Use Herbicides 194 7.3.4 Current Use Insecticides 198 7.3.5 Current Use Fumigants 201 7.3.6 Current Use Fungicides 203 7.4 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) 203 7.4.1 PCB Nomenclature 204 7.4.2 PCB Production and Use 205 7.4.3 PCBs in the Hudson River 206 7.4.4 PCBs in Bloomington, Indiana 209 7.4.5 Yusho and Yu-Cheng Diseases 211 7.4.6 PCB Conclusions 213 7.5 Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans 214 7.5.1 Dioxin Nomenclature 214 7.5.2 Chick Edema Disease 215 7.5.3 Agent Orange 216 7.5.4 Times Beach, Missouri 218 7.5.5 Seveso, Italy 219 7.5.6 Combustion Sources of Dioxins 222 7.5.7 US Dioxin Reassessment and Conclusions 224 7.6 Brominated and Other Flame Retardants 225 7.6.1 Polybrominated Biphenyls 226 7.6.2 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers 228 7.6.3 Other Flame Retardants 229 7.7 Lessons Learned 231 A Primer on Organic Structures and Names 233 B Periodic Table of the Elements 243 C Useful Physical and Chemical Constants 245 D Answers to Problem Sets 247 Chapter 1 247 Chapter 2 248 Chapter 3 251 Chapter 4 252 Chapter 5 254 Chapter 6 257 Index 259

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Book SynopsisPrinciples of Toxicology concisely and efficiently presents the scientific basis for toxicology as it applies to the workplace and the environment, covering diverse chemical hazards encountered in modern workplaces and natural environments and providing a practical understanding of these hazards for those concerned with protecting the health of humans and ecosystems. The work presents not only theory, but also practical information regarding chemical hazards to give the student and new professional a working knowledge of the practice of toxicology and the ability to solve problems in environmental and industrial settings. Case histories and examples from industrial and environmental exposures to chemicals are included to demonstrate the application of toxicological principles. To allow for seamless reader comprehension and further exploration of covered topics, the work is supplemented with numerous illustrations to clarify and summarize key points, as well as annotated bTable of Contents1 General Principles of ToxicologyRobert C. James, Stephen M. Roberts, and Phillip L. Williams 2 Xenobiotic Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and ExcretionMichael R. Franklin 3 ToxicokineticsRebecca A. Clewell and Harvey J. Clewell III 4 Regulatory ToxicologyRaymond M. David 5 Alternative Methods in Toxicity TestingLeona D. Scanlan, XuefeiCao, and Christopher D. Vulpe 6 ComputationalToxicologyRichard S. Judson, David M. Reif, Keith A. Houck, Thomas B. Knudsen, Joshua Harrill, Katie Paul Friedman 7 Hematotoxicity:Toxic Effects on the Hematopoietic SystemLila Ramaiah, Tara Arndt, and Michelle Cora 8 Hepatotoxicity: Toxic Effects on the LiveRobert C. James and Stephen M. Roberts 9 Nephrotoxicity: Toxic Effects on the KidneyLawrence H. Lash 10 Neurotoxicology: Toxic Effects on the Nervous SystemW. Michael Caudle, Meghan Bucher, Alexandria C. White, and Gary W. Miller 11 Dermal Toxicology: Toxic Effects on the SkinSailesh Konda and Howard I Maibach 12 Pulmonotoxicity: Toxic Effects on the Respiratory SystemCuiqing Liu and Qinghua Sun 13 Immunotoxicity: Toxic Effects on the Immune SystemEric S. Sobel and Stephen M. Roberts 14 Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity: Toxic Effects on the Female and Male Reproductive Tracts and OffspringShuo Xiao, Krista Symosko, and Charles A. Easley IV 15 Mutagenesis and Genetic ToxicologyMartha M. Moore, Meagan B. Myers and Robert H. Heflich 16 Chemical CarcinogenesisJames E. Klaunig, Luma Melo, and Karen Tilmant 17 Properties and Effects of MetalsDavid B. Mayfield, Lisa A. Bailey, Joel M. Cohen, and Barbara D. Beck 18 PesticidesJanice Britt 19 Properties and Toxicology of Organic Solvents and Solvent-Like ChemicalsChristopher M. Teaf and Michele M. Garber 20 NanotoxicologyHongbo Ma and Stephen M. Roberts 21 Insights into EpidemiologyJ. Fryzek, C. Frankenfeld, N. Movva, L. Bylsma, and J. Acquavella 22 Occupational and Environmental HealthLaura Breeher, Fredric Gerr, and T. Renėe Anthony 23 Human Health Risk AssessmentLeah D. Stuchal 24 Ecological Risk AssessmentBrett Thomas 25 The Dilemma of Selecting Safe Exposure ValuesRobert C. James, Phillip L. Williams,and Stephen M. Roberts

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Book SynopsisBASICS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA Familiarize yourself with the fundamentals of analytical chemistry with this easy-to-follow textbook Analytical chemistry is the study of chemical composition, concerned with analyzing materials to discover their constituent substances, the amounts in which these substances are present, and more. Since materials exist in different states and undergo reactions, analytical chemistry is also concerned with chemical equilibria, the state at which various reactants and substances will undergo no observable chemical change without outside stimulus. This field has an immense range of practical applications in both industry and research and is a highly desirable area of expertise for the next generation of chemists. Basics of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Equilibria provides an introduction to this foundational subject, ideal for specialized courses. It introduces not only the core concepts of analytical Table of ContentsPreface ix About the Companion Website xiii I Quantitative Analysis Using Reactions That Go to “completion” 1 1 Making Measurements 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Glp and a Few Other Important Acronyms 10 1.3 Precision and Random Error 14 1.4 Discarding a Suspected Outlier 25 1.5 Calibration 28 1.6 Maintaining Accurate Results 44 Practice Exercises 49 2 Sample Preparation, Extractions, and Chromatography 53 2.1 Sampling and Control Samples 53 2.2 Sample Preparation 59 2.3 Solvents and Solutions 65 2.4 Introduction to Solubility 69 2.5 Extraction and Partitioning Theory 72 2.6 Introduction to Stationary Phases 84 2.7 Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) 88 2.8 Column Chromatography 94 Practice Exercises 97 3 Classical Methods 103 3.1 Introduction 103 3.2 Review of Chemical Reactions 105 3.3 Reactions in Aqueous Solution 112 3.4 Gravimetry 121 3.5 Titration 125 3.6 Titration Curves 133 3.7 Coulometry 135 Practice Exercises 138 4 Molecular Spectroscopy 143 4.1 Introduction 143 4.2 Properties of EM Radiation 144 4.3 Electromagnetic Spectrum 148 4.4 Spectroscopic Transitions 150 4.5 UV Vis Absorption Spectroscopy 155 4.6 UV Vis Instrumentation 158 4.7 Beer–Lambert Law 161 4.8 Molecular Fluorescence 170 Practice Exercises 178 II Reactions That Do Not Go to “completion.” Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions 183 5 Acid–base Equilibria and Activity 185 5.1 Acids and Bases 185 5.2 Weak Acids and Weak Bases 192 5.3 Water and Kw 197 5.4 Acid Strength 202 5.5 The Concept of Activity 207 5.6 Acid–Base Equilibrium Calculations 219 Practice Exercises 225 6 Buffer Solutions and Polyprotic Acids 229 6.1 Buffer Solutions 229 6.2 Alpha Fraction Plots 234 6.3 Weak Acid Titration Curve 238 6.4 Polyprotic Acids 241 Practice Exercises 250 7 Metal–ligand Complexation 253 7.1 Complex Terminology 254 7.2 Complex Equilibria 258 7.3 Competing Equilibria 264 7.4 Stepwise Complexation 271 7.5 Immunoassays 276 Practice Exercises 279 8 Precipitation Equilibria 283 8.1 Precipitate Equilibrium 284 8.2 Molar Solubility 291 8.3 Common-Ion Effect 297 8.4 Precipitation and Competing Equilibria 299 8.5 Drinking Water 304 Practice Exercises 306 III Instrumental Methods and Analytical Separations 311 9 Electroanalytical Chemistry 313 9.1 Introduction 313 9.2 Standard Reduction Potentials 316 9.3 Using Half Reactions 321 9.4 Background on Spontaneous Reactions and Equilibrium 327 9.5 Reaction Energies, Voltages, and the Nernst Equation 331 9.6 Electrochemical Cells 334 9.7 Potentiometry 340 9.8 Ion-Selective Electrodes (ISE) 342 9.9 Voltammetry 350 Practice Exercises 358 10 Atomic Spectrometry 361 10.1 Atomization 363 10.2 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) 368 10.3 Atomic Emission Spectrometry (AES) 378 10.4 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) 381 10.5 Other Mass Spectrometer Designs 390 Practice Exercises 395 11 Molecular Structure Determination 399 11.1 Introduction 399 11.2 Molecular Mass Spectrometry 402 11.3 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 407 11.4 FTIR Instrumentation 412 11.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 416 11.6 NMR Instrumentation 421 Practice Exercises 424 12 Analytical Separations 425 12.1 Thin-Layer Chromatography 426 12.2 Chromatogram Terminology 431 12.3 Separation Efficiency 435 12.4 Gas Chromatography (GC) 439 12.5 Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) 444 12.6 High Performance Liquid Chromatography 447 12.7 Electrophoresis 460 Practice Exercises 464 Index 469

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Book SynopsisAssembling a great deal of material in one place, this book serves as a valuable guide for chemists and related physical scientists throughout their careers -- covering essential equations, theories, and tools needed for conducting and interpreting contemporary research. Offers a comprehensive and in-depth treatment of the most challenging concepts of chemistryUpdates and revises existing chapters from the prior edition and adds: new chapters on inorganic, organic, and biochemistry; appendices about nuclides and organic reactions; and expanded questions at the end of chaptersHas a complementary website with a solutions manual and PowerPoint presentations for instructorsTable of ContentsPrelims About the companion website Foreword Preface and Philosophy Chapter 1. Fundamental Particles, Fundamental Forces, and Mathematical Tools Chapter 2. Quantum Mechanics Chapter 3. Thermodynamics Chapter 4. Statistical Mechanics Chapter 5. Kinetics, Equilibria, and Electrochemistry Chapter 6. Symmetry Chapter 7. Solid State Physics Chapter 8. Electrical Circuits, Amplifiers, and Computers Chapter 9. Sources, Sensors, and Detection Methods Chapter 10. Instruments Chapter 11. Inorganic Chemistry and Nanomaterials Chapter 12. Organic and Polymer Chemistry and Catalysis Chapter 13. Biochemistry Index

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Book SynopsisOrganic chemistry is a challenging subject, with many students expecting it to require many hours of memorization. Author David Klein's Second Language books prove this is not trueorganic chemistry is one continuous story that actually makes sense if you pay close attention. Klein's books use a conversational tone making them more accessible and easier to read for students. Organic Chemistry as a Second Language: Second Semester Topics, 6e builds on the principles explored in the first half of the course, delving deeper into molecular mechanisms, reactions, and analytical techniques. Using Klein's one-of-a-kind SkillBuilder approach, the book includes hands-on exercises and thoroughly explained solutions designed to further reinforce student comprehension of chemical concepts and organic principles. An indispensable supplement to the primary text, this resource covers aromatic compounds, infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, nucleophilic and electrophilic aro

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Book SynopsisMaterials Engineering and Science Understand the relationship between processing and material properties with this streamlined introduction Materials engineering focuses on the complex and crucial relationship between the physical properties of materials and the chemical bonds that comprise them. Specifically, this field of study seeks to understand how materials can be designed to meet specific design and performance criteria. This materials paradigm' has, in recent years, become integral to numerous cutting-edge areas of technological development. Materials Engineering and Science seeks to introduce this vital and fast-growing subject to a new generation of scientists and engineers. It integrates core thermodynamic, kinetic, and transport principles into its analysis of the structural, mechanical, and physical properties of materials, creating a streamlined and intuitive approach that fosters understanding. Now fully revised to reflect the latest research and educational paradigms, this is an essential resource. Readers of the second edition will also find: Detailed discussion of all major classes of materials, including polymers, composites, and biologicsNew and expanded treatment of nanomaterials, additive manufacturing (3D printing), and molecular simulationWeb-based and physical supplementary materials including an instructor guide, solutions manual, and sample lecture slides Materials Engineering and Science is ideal for all advanced undergraduate and early graduate students in engineering, materials science, and related subjects.Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments xiii About the Companion Website xv 1 The Structure of Materials 1 1.0 Introduction and Objectives 1 1.1 Structure of Metals and Alloys 25 1.2 Structure of Ceramics and Glasses 54 1.3 Structure of Polymers 66 1.4 Structure of Composites 90 1.5 Structure of Biologics 102 References 116 Problems 118 2 Thermodynamics of Condensed Phases 125 2.0 Introduction and Objectives 125 2.1 Thermodynamics of Metals and Alloys 129 2.2 Thermodynamics of Ceramics and Glasses 153 2.3 Thermodynamics of Polymers 173 2.4 Thermodynamics of Composites 178 2.5 Thermodynamics of Biologics 181 References 187 Problems 188 3 Kinetic Processes in Materials 193 3.0 Introduction and Objectives 193 3.1 Kinetic Processes in Metals and Alloys 196 3.2 Kinetic Processes in Ceramics and Glasses ∗ 210 3.3 Kinetic Processes in Polymers 223 3.4 Kinetic Processes in Composites ∗ 242 3.5 Kinetic Processes in Biologics ∗ 249 References 252 Problems 253 4 Transport Properties of Materials 257 4.0 Introduction and Objectives 257 4.1 Momentum Transport Properties of Materials ∗ 259 4.2 Heat Transport Properties of Materials 285 4.3 Mass Transport Properties of Materials ∗ 311 References 340 Problems 341 5 Mechanics of Materials 345 5.0 Introduction and Objectives 345 5.1 Mechanics of Metals and Alloys 346 5.2 Mechanics of Ceramics and Glasses 381 5.3 Mechanics of Polymers 404 5.4 Mechanics of Composites 424 5.5 Mechanics of Biologics 440 References 455 Problems 458 6 Electrical, Magnetic, and Optical Properties of Materials 463 6.0 Electrical Properties of Materials 464 6.1 Magnetic Properties of Materials 522 6.2 Optical Properties of Materials 554 References 579 Problems 581 7 Processing of Materials 585 7.0 Introduction and Objectives 585 7.1 Processing of Metals and Alloys 589 7.2 Processing of Ceramics and Glasses 603 7.3 Processing of Polymers 623 7.4 Processing of Composites 656 7.5 Processing of Biologics 663 References 668 Problems 669 Appendix 1: Structure of Some Common Polymers 671 Appendix 2: Composition of Common Alloys 675 Appendix 3: Surface and Interfacial Energies 685 Appendix 4: Thermal Conductivities of Selected Materials 689 Appendix 5: Diffusivities in Selected Systems 697 Appendix 6: Mechanical Properties of Selected Materials 699 Appendix 7: Electrical Conductivity of Selected Materials 707 Appendix 8: Refractive Index of Selected Materials 713 Index 717

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsTable of Contents v List of Figures xi List of Tables xiii List of Example Incidents xv Acronyms and Abbreviations xvii Glossary xxi Acknowledgments xxxi Preface xxxv Dedication xxxvi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Purpose and Scope of the Book 1 1.2 What Are Abnormal Situations? 2 1.3 The Business Case for Managing Abnormal Situations 4 1.4 Content and Organization of the Book 5 2 Process Safety and Management of Abnormal Situations 9 2.1 Impact on Process Safety 9 2.2 The Case for Positive Management of Abnormal Situations 11 2.3 Adverse Outcomes of Abnormal Situations 13 2.4 Importance of Training for Abnormal Situations 22 2.5 Safety Culture and the Management of Abnormal Situations 23 3 Abnormal Situations and Key Relevance to Process Plant Operations 27 3.1 Focus Areas for Abnormal Situation Management 27 3.1.1 ASM Research Areas 27 3.1.2 Additional Focus Areas 30 3.2 Abnormal Situations Affecting Process Plant Operations 32 3.2.1 Process Control Systems –the First Line of Defense 40 3.2.2 Frontline Operators 44 3.3 Management of Abnormal Situations and Links to Risk Based Process Safety 48 3.3.1 Commitment to Process Safety 50 3.3.2 Understand Hazards and Risk 50 3.3.3 Manage Risk 50 3.3.4 Learn from Experience 51 3.3.5 Additional RBPS Elements Related to Management of Abnormal Situations 52 3.4 Procedures and Operating Modes for Managing Abnormal Situations 53 3.4.1 General Principles for Procedure Development 53 3.4.2 Operating Modes 58 3.4.3 Types of Material Being Processed 78 4 Education for Managing Abnormal Situations 85 4.1 Educating the Trainer 85 4.2 Primary Target Populations for Training 86 4.2.1 Front-line Operators 87 4.2.2 Operations Management 89 4.2.3 Plant Engineers/Technicians 90 4.2.4 Process Safety Engineers 91 4.2.5 Design Engineers 91 4.2.6 Environmental Health, Safety and Security (EHSS) Personnel 100 4.2.7 Technical Experts 100 4.2.8 Other Parties 102 4.3 Guidance for Organizing and Structuring Training 102 4.3.1 Organization of Training 102 4.3.2 Structure of Training Topics 103 4.3.3 Skills and Competencies of Trainers 106 4.4 Summary 106 5 Tools and Methods for Managing Abnormal Situations 107 5.1 Tools and Methods for Control of Abnormal Situations 108 5.2 Predictive Hazard Identification 112 5.2.1 Hazard Recognition for Abnormal Situations 113 5.2.2 HIRA Approach to Hazard Prediction 113 5.3 Process Control Systems 115 5.3.1 Process Trend Monitoring 117 5.3.2 Alarm Management 119 5.3.3 Big Data 122 5.3.4 Advanced Diagnostics and Artificial Intelligence 123 5.4 Policies and Administrative Procedures 124 5.4.1 Expectations of Policies and Administrative Procedures 126 5.4.2 The Relationship of Policies to Abnormal Situation Management 126 5.4.3 Process Metrics 129 5.5 Operating Procedures 130 5.5.1 Standard Operating Procedures 131 5.5.2 Emergency Procedures 132 5.5.3 Transient Operation Procedures 133 5.5.4 Preparing Written Procedures 134 5.6 Training and Drills 135 5.7 Ergonomics and Other Human Factors 139 5.7.1 HMI (Human Machine Interface) System 140 5.7.2 Control Room Ergonomics/ Human Factor Assessment 142 5.7.3 Crew Resource Management 143 5.8 Learning from Abnormal Situation Incidents 147 5.9 Change Management 149 5.9.1 Management of Change Guideline Tools 150 5.9.2 Management of Organizational Change 153 5.9.3 Pre-Startup Safety Review 154 6 Continuous Improvement for Managing Abnormal Situations 155 6.1 General 155 6.2 Landscape of Available Metrics for Improvement 156 6.3 Abnormal Situations and Incident Investigations 158 6.4 Auditing 159 6.5 Management Review and Continuous Improvement 162 6.6 Summary 163 7 Case Studies/lessons Learned 165 7.1 Case Study 7.1 – Air France, 2009 166 7.1.1 Background 166 7.1.2 Incident Overview – Air France AF 447 169 7.1.3 Speed Measurement on A330 Aircraft 169 7.1.4 A330 Flight Control Systems 171 7.1.5 Airbus Pitot Tube History 173 7.1.6 The Incident - Air France AF 447 173 7.1.7 Lessons Learned Relevant to Abnormal Situation Management 178 7.1.8 Epilogue 182 7.2 Case Study 7.2 – Texaco Refinery, Milford Haven, Wales, July 1994 184 7.2.1 Background 184 7.2.2 Incident Overview – Texaco Milford Haven 185 7.2.3 Outline Process Description of Milford Haven Refinery 186 7.2.4 Controls and Instrumentation 188 7.2.5 Some Relevant History at the Refinery 189 7.2.6 The Incident 190 7.2.7 Immediate Cause 193 7.2.8 Lessons Learned Relevant to Abnormal Situation Management 193 7.2.9 Epilogue 198 7.3 Case Study 7.3 – The Hickson And Welch Fire, 1992, Castleford, UK 199 7.3.1 Background 199 7.3.2 Incident Overview – Hickson and Welch fire 200 7.3.3 Outline Process Description of Meissner Plant 201 7.3.4 History of Meissner Plant Prior to Incident 203 7.3.5 The Incident 205 7.3.6 Immediate Causes 206 7.3.7 Lessons Learned Relevant to Abnormal Situation Management 207 7.3.8 Epilogue 210 Appendix A Managing Abnormal Situations – Training Materials 211 Appendix B ASM Joint Research and Development Consortium: Background 213 References 215 Index 225

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Book SynopsisParasitic Infections Understand and defeat a scourge of public health with this cutting-edge guide Parasitic diseases are considered as an important public health problem due to the high morbidity and mortality rates, particularly in countries where climate and level of economic development create serious challenges to the creation of public health infrastructure, thus can make parasitic infections both graver and more difficult to contain. As we come to understand the global ramifications of public health, there has never been a more crucial time to understand these infections and the processes by which they can be managed and defeated. Parasitic Infections is a comprehensive overview of parasitic immunopathology, including the fundamentals of parasite biology, mechanisms and processes of infection, and the key steps of drug discovery and treatment. In addition to detailed coverage of the most commonly encountered infectious parasites, analysis of the immTable of ContentsList of Contributors ix Preface xv Acknowledgments xviii 1 Introduction: Back to the Future ‒ Solutions for Parasitic Problems 1 Rahime Şimşek, Aqsa Farooqui, Salah-Ud-Din Khan, and Shahanavaj Khan 2 Induction of Immune Responses and Inflammation to Parasitic Infections 47 Gurdeep Singh, Abhishek Tiwari, Varsha Tiwari, and Mukesh Kr Singh 3 Animal Parasites: Insight into Natural Resistance 60 Nasib Zaman, Muhammad Rizwan, Kishawar Sultana, Abdur Rauf, Yahya S. Al-Awthan, and Omar Bahattab 4 Immune Response against Protozoan Parasites 73 Ahmed Olatunde, Olalekan Ogunro, Habibu Tijjani, Shakir Mayowa Obidola, Mustapha Abdullahi Akpaki, Archana Yadav, Manisha Nigam, and Abhay Prakash Mishra 5 Immune Response against Helminths 100 Varsha Tiwari, Abhishek Tiwari, Gurdeep Singh, and Mukesh Kr Singh 6 Ectoparasites Host Resistance and Tolerance 124 Jacob Kehinde Akintunde and Ayodeji Mathias Adegoke 7 Microorganisms as Drivers of Host‒Parasite Interactions 141 Rahul Negi, Munni Bhandari, Rahul Kunwar Singh, and Tribhuvan Mohan Mohapatra 8 Neglected Parasitic Infections: History to Current Status 156 Sarmistha Debbarma, Jupi Talukdar, Prabhakar Maurya, Luit Moni Barkalita, and Anupam Brahma 9 Molecular Techniques for the Study and Diagnosis of Parasite Infection 176 Syed Muhammad Mukarram Shah, Saira, and Fida Hussain 10 Drugs for the Control of Parasitic Diseases: Current Status and Case Studies 205 Pratichi Singh, Swetanshu, Shikha Yadav, Adeline Lum Nde, and Vijay Jyoti Kumar 11 Opportunities and Challenges in the Development of Antiparasitic Drugs 227 Maryam Bello-Akinosho, Kayode Olayinka Afolabi, Harish Chandra, Dearikha Karina Mayashinta, Yulia Dwi Setia, and Carolina Pohl-Albertyn 12 Phytopharmaceuticals as an Alternative Treatment against Parasites 251 Rajesh Kumar, Seetha Harilal, Arti Gautam, Manisha Nigam, and Abhay Prakash Mishra 13 Nanoparticles for Antiparasitic Drug Delivery 303 Abdulkadir Mohammed Danyaro, Habibu Tijjani, Swinder Jeet Singh Kalra, and Ahmed Olatunde 14 Vaccination Against Parasitic Infection: From Past to Current Approaches in the Development of a Vaccine 328 Mukesh Kr Singh, Gurdeep Singh, Varsha Tiwari, and Abhishek Tiwari 15 Current Trends in Parasitic Diseases and Precautionary Measures 356 Nisha Singh Index 382

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Book SynopsisNatural Products and their Bioactives in Antidiabetic Drug Discovery Enables researchers to effectively understand and use bioactive compounds to target, prevent, and manage diabetes Natural Products and Their Bioactives in Antidiabetic Drug Discovery provides readers with an overview of recent research in new drug discovery against diabetic complications based on bioactives from NPs, bridging the gap between the public research institutes and private companies working to find drugs to treat diabetes. To aid in reader comprehension, the text includes case studies and illustrated examples in relevant chapters. Part one presents chapters on fundamental concepts of diabetes mellitus (DM) and recent drug discovery progress along with the various druggable targets and challenges. Part two covers bioactive compounds targeting Type-1 Diabetes. Part three focuses on Type-2 Diabetes. In Part four, the contributors address gestational DM prevention and management with natuTable of ContentsList of Contributors viii Preface xii Part I Fundamental Concepts of Diabetes Mellitus and Drug Discovery Process 1 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Natural Product-based Drug Discovery: Novel Directions 3 David J. Newman 2 Marine Natural Products in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus 18 Murali Krishna Paidi, Kanchan Siddaprasad Udata, and Subir Kumar Mandal 3 Carbohydrate-based Antidiabetic Agents from Natural Products 38 Sandeep Singh 4 Functional Foods in Clinical Trials in the Intervention of Diabetes Complications 49 Bavani Arumugam and Umah Rani Kuppusamy 5 Role of Nanotechnology in Refining the Antidiabetic Activities of Plant Derived Bioactives 74 Sonam Mishra, Ravindra Dhar, Maitree Suttajit, and Bishnu Kumar Pandey Part II Bioactive Compounds Against Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus 97 6 Epidemiology and Genetics of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: The Effect of the Mediterranean Diet 99 Bilge Nur Col and Muveddet Emel Alphan 7 The Emerging Role of Plant Polyphenols in the Management of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus 113 S. Asha Devi, Suparna Mandal, and S. Raja Sekhar 8 Bioactives as Modulators of β-cells and Immunity in Therapy of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus 136 Shashank Kumar Ojha 9 Obesity in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Clinical Impact and Nutritional Therapy 147 Gülen Ecem Kalkan and Burcu Ateş Özcan 10 Protective Effects of Natural Non-insulin Drugs against Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus 164 Waseem Hassan, Faraza Javaid, Andleeb Shahzadi, and Sahar Bakht Part III Bioactive Compounds Against Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 177 11 Age-induced Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Role of Plant Polyphenols 179 Brahm Kumar Tiwari and Kanti Bhooshan Pandey 12 Bioactives from Clove Oil for Antibacterial Wound Dressings for the Treatment and Management of Wounds in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 195 Andleeb Shahzadi and Haktan Sonmez 13 Nutritional Features and Bioactivities of Thymoquinone against Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 211 Pınar Atukeren 14 Effect of Resveratrol and Catechins in Maintaining Redox Homeostasis during Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 219 Prachee Dubey and Geeta Watal 15 Cannabis: Action Mechanisms and Potential Roles in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 232 Karolin Yanar and Zeynep Mine Coşkun Yazıcı Part IV Gestational Diabetes: Prevention and Management by Natural Compounds 245 16 Epidemiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Preventive Significance of Dietary Pattern 247 Burcu Yeşilkaya 17 Biomarkers of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Dietary Polyphenols, and Drug Discovery 260 Mansi Gandhi 18 Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in the Prevention of Gestational Diabetes and Associated Consequences: Current Insights 275 Jigeesha Mishra, Kanti Bhooshan Pandey, and Shailendra Kumar Srivastava 19 Enhancement of Insulin Sensitivity and Management of Lipid Disorders during Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Role of Capsaicin 294 Banu Orta-Yilmaz, Ahu Korkut, and Yasemin Aydin 20 Effects of Natural Products on the Genetics of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus 308 Onur Baykara Index 321

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Book SynopsisADVANCES in NOVEL FORMULATIONS for DRUG DELIVERY The 27 chapters describe novel strategies for drug/nutraceutical delivery and embrace the development of formulations with herbal ingredients, while also highlighting disease therapeutics. Drug delivery technology has witnessed many advancements purported to cater to the customized needs of its ultimate beneficiariesthe patients. Today, dosage forms are not confined to conventional tablets, capsules, or injectables, but have evolved to cover novel drug carriers such as particulates, vesicles, and many others. Nanotechnological advancements have played a major role in this paradigm shift in ways of delivering active pharmaceutical ingredients. A new dimension in the use of food as medicine has also gained prominence in recent years. A portmanteau of nutrition and pharmaceuticals is nutraceuticals, also known as functional foods and dietary supplements. The technologies which were earlier included in drug delivery have been attempted for tTable of ContentsPreface xxiii Part I: Novel Drug Carriers and Therapeutics 1 1 Nanoarchitectured Materials: Their Applications and Present Scenarios in Drug Delivery 3 Moreshwar P. Patil and Lalita S. Nemade 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Liposomes 4 1.3 Nanoparticles 8 1.3.1 Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery 9 1.4 Nanoemulsions 10 1.4.1 Advantages and Shortcomings of Nanoemulsions 10 1.4.2 Application of Nanoemulsion in Drug Delivery 10 1.5 Dendrimers 11 1.5.1 Synthesis of Dendrimers 12 1.5.2 Advantages of Dendrimers 12 1.5.3 Applications of Dendrimers in Drug Delivery 12 1.6 Aquasomes 15 1.6.1 Properties of Aquasomes 15 1.6.2 Application of Aquasomes in Drug Delivery 16 1.7 Nanogel 16 1.7.1 Properties of Nanogels 17 1.7.2 Nanogels in Drug Delivery 17 1.8 Quantum Dots 18 1.8.1 Applications of Quantum Dots in Drug Delivery 19 1.9 Carbon Nanotubes 19 1.9.1 Features of Carbon Nanotubes 19 1.9.2 Carbon Nanotubes in Drug Delivery 20 References 20 2 Nanopharmaceuticals for Drug Delivery 29 Swapnali Ashish Patil, Akshadha Atul Bakliwal, Vijay Sharad Chudiwal and Swati Gokul Talele 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 What Are Nanopharmaceuticals and What Do They Do? 30 2.3 Nanopharmaceuticals Importance 30 2.4 Nanotechnology 30 2.5 Pharmaceutical Companies and Nanotechnology 31 2.6 Applications and Advantages of Nanopharmaceuticals as Drug Carriers 32 2.7 Characteristics of Nanoparticles in Nanopharmaceuticals 32 2.7.1 Particle Size 32 2.7.2 Surface Properties of Nanoparticles 33 2.7.3 Drug Loading 33 2.7.4 Drug Release 34 2.8 Targeted Drug Delivery 34 2.9 Types of Nanoparticles 34 2.10 Nanoparticle Preparation Methods 35 2.11 Evaluation of Nanoparticles 35 2.12 Efficiency of Drug Entrapment 37 2.13 Particle Shape 37 2.14 Size of the Particles 37 2.15 Zeta Potential 37 2.16 Rise of Nanopharmaceuticals 38 2.17 Nanopharmaceuticals Approval Regulations (FDA Rules & Regulations) 39 2.18 Conclusions and Prospects for the Future 40 References 41 3 Applications and Prospects of Nanopharmaceuticals Delivery 45 Hemant K. S. Yadav, Fejer Al mohammedawi and Rawan J. I. Abujarad 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Nanopharmaceuticals 46 3.3 Development of Nanopharmaceuticals 46 3.3.1 From Lab to the Marketplace 46 3.3.2 Techniques 47 3.3.3 Cost 47 3.3.4 Ethics 48 3.3.5 Nanopharmaceuticals Approval Regulations (FDA Rules & Regulations) 48 3.4 Clinical Applications of Nanotechnology 49 3.4.1 Diagnostic Applications 49 3.4.1.1 Detection 50 3.4.1.2 Protein Chips 50 3.4.1.3 Individual Target Probes 50 3.4.1.4 Nanotechnology as a Tool in Imaging 51 3.4.1.5 Sparse Cell Detection 51 3.4.2 Therapeutic Applications 51 3.4.2.1 Surfaces 51 3.4.2.2 Gene Delivery 51 3.4.2.3 Drug Delivery 52 3.4.2.4 Liposomes 52 3.4.2.5 Nanotechnology in Orthopedic Applications 52 3.4.2.6 Nanotechnology in Cardiac Therapy 53 3.4.2.7 Nanotechnology in Dental Care 53 3.4.2.8 Biomolecular Engineering 53 3.4.2.9 Biopharmaceuticals 53 3.5 Nanopharmaceuticals Delivery—Recent Applications 54 3.5.1 Nanoparticulate Systems for Vaccine 54 3.5.1.1 Polyanhydride-Based NPs 54 3.5.1.2 Biodegradable Synthetic PLGA NPs 54 3.5.1.3 Liposome-Based NPs 55 3.5.1.4 Polysaccharide-Based NPs 55 3.5.2 Chemotherapy 55 3.5.2.1 Increasing the Concentration of Chemotherapeutic Agents in Tumor Tissue 56 3.5.3 Drug/Gene Delivery 57 3.5.3.1 Nanoparticles Used in Drug Delivery System 58 3.5.3.2 Cellulose 59 3.6 Nanotechnology in Neurodegenerative Disorders Treatment 59 3.7 Future Perspective 59 3.8 Issues with Current Nanopharmaceutical Concepts 60 3.8.1 Large-Scale Manufacturing 60 3.8.2 Biological Challenges 62 3.8.3 Intellectual Property (IP) 62 3.8.4 Biocompatibility and Safety 63 3.8.5 Government Regulations 63 3.9 Conclusion 64 References 64 4 Nanomedicine Regulation and Future Prospects 67 md Anwar Nawaz R., Darul Raiyaan G. I., Sivakumar K. and Kantha D. Arunachalam 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 Importance of Regulation of Nanomedicine 68 4.3 Regulatory Challenges Faced by Nanomaterial in Medicine 68 4.3.1 Performing Various Functions 69 4.3.2 Nanomedicine Classification Issues 69 4.3.3 Variation in Size of the Particle 69 4.3.4 Manufacturing Process 69 4.3.5 Difficulties to Create CQA 70 4.3.6 Nanotoxicology and Cellular Response 70 4.3.7 Administering Right Doses 71 4.3.8 Pharmacokinetics 71 4.3.9 Developing Guidelines 71 4.4 Nanomedicine Future Aspects 71 4.5 Challenges that Threaten the Future of Nanomedicine 72 4.5.1 Financial Crisis 72 4.5.2 Lack of Confidence 72 4.5.3 Potential Dangers 72 4.5.4 Unsuccessful Patenting 73 4.5.5 Breakdowns in the Pharmaceuticals and Financial Markets 73 4.5.6 Limited Regulation 74 4.6 Future Prospects for Nanomedicine 74 4.6.1 Emerging Nanomaterials 75 4.6.2 Personalized Nanomedicine 75 4.6.3 Nanorobots and Nanodevices 75 4.6.4 Orthopedic Augmentations and Cytocompatibility 76 4.6.5 Cardiology and Nanotechnology 76 4.6.6 Cancer and Nanotechnology 77 4.6.7 Napt 77 4.6.8 Gene, Protein, Lab-on-a-Chip Devices 78 4.6.9 Polymeric Nanoparticles in Medicine 78 References 79 5 Nanotechnology Application in Drug Delivery for Medicinal Plants 81 Bui Thanh Tung, Duong Van Thanh and Nguyen Phuong Thanh 5.1 Introduction 81 5.1.1 Nanodrug Delivery Systems (NDDS) 81 5.2 Nanoherbals 83 5.2.1 Cucuma longa (Cucurmin) 83 5.2.2 Gingko biloba 84 5.2.3 Artemisia 85 5.2.4 Silybum marianum—Silymarin 85 5.2.5 Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) 88 5.2.6 Glycyrrhiza glabra (L.) 88 5.2.7 Camellia sinensis (Green tea) 88 5.2.8 Camptotheca acuminata 91 5.2.9 Leea indica 91 5.2.10 Ziziphus mauritiana (Malay apple) 91 5.2.11 Cuscuta chinensis 91 5.3 Conclusion 92 References 92 6 Nanosystems Trends in Nutraceutical Delivery 97 Aristote Buya 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 Classification of Nutraceuticals 98 6.3 Biopharmaceutical Issues Associated with Nutraceuticals 101 6.4 Nanosystems for Delivery of Nutraceuticals 101 6.4.1 Nanoemulsions 101 6.4.2 Self-Emulsifying Systems 105 6.4.3 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers 105 6.4.4 Liposomes 106 6.4.5 Polymeric Nanoparticles 107 6.4.6 Inorganic Nanoparticles 107 6.5 Challenges 108 6.6 Market Potential 110 6.7 Conclusion and Perspective 111 References 111 7 Nanoencapsulated Systems for Delivery of Phytopharmaceuticals 127 Jacqueline Renovato-Núñez, Luis Enrique Cobos-Puc, Ezequiel Viveros-Valdez, Anna Iliná, Elda Patricia Segura-Ceniceros, Raúl Rodríguez-Herrera and Sonia Yesenia Silva-Belmares 7.1 Introduction 127 7.1.1 Nanoencapsulation Techniques in Phytopharmaceuticals 128 7.1.1.1 Physical-Chemical Techniques 129 7.1.1.2 Chemicals Techniques 130 7.1.1.3 Mechanical Techniques 131 7.1.2 Characterization of Nanoencapsulates 132 7.1.2.1 Morphological Characterization 132 7.1.2.2 Physicochemical Characterization 134 7.1.3 Nanoencapsulated Systems for Free Delivery of Phytopharmaceuticals 137 7.1.4 Studies to Evaluate Phytopharmaceuticals Nanoencapsulates 141 7.2 Conclusions 144 References 145 8 Topical Drug Delivery Using Liposomes and Liquid Crystalline Phases for Skin Cancer Therapy 153 Karina Alexandre Barros Nogueira, Jéssica Roberta Pereira Martins, Thayane Soares Lima, Jose Willams Bandeira Alves Junior, Alanna Letícia do Carmo Aquino, Lorena Maria Ferreira de Lima, Josimar O. Eloy and Raquel Petrilli 8.1 Introduction 153 8.2 Liposomes for Topical Application 156 8.2.1 Development of Liposomal Nanoparticles 156 8.3 Liquid Crystals and Liquid Crystalline Nanodispersions for Topical Application 162 8.3.1 Characterization Techniques 164 8.4 Physical Methods Applied to Nanoparticles Delivery 165 8.4.1 Sonophoresis 167 8.4.2 Microneedles 168 8.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 169 Acknowledgements 169 References 169 9 Vesicular Drug Delivery in Arthritis Treatment 177 Nilesh Gorde, Sandeep O. Waghulde, Ajay Kharche and Mohan Kale 9.1 Introduction 177 9.2 Skin Penetration Pathways 178 9.2.1 Intercellular Pathway 179 9.2.2 Transcellular Pathway 179 9.2.3 Appendgeal Pathway 179 9.3 Principles of Drug Permeation Through Skin 180 9.4 Problems Associated with Conventional Dosage Forms 180 9.5 Novel Treatment Strategies for Arthritis 182 9.5.1 Traditional Liposomes as Skin Drug Delivery Systems 183 9.5.2 Transferosomes (Ultradeformable Liposomes) as Skin Drug Delivery Systems 183 9.5.3 Ethosomes as Skin Drug Delivery Systems 184 9.5.4 Niosomes as Skin Drug Delivery Systems 185 9.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 187 References 187 10 Perspectives of Novel Drug Delivery in Mycoses 197 D. Maheswary, Kakithakara Vajravelu Leela and Sujith Ravi 10.1 Introduction 197 10.2 Role of Conventional Drugs in Antifungal Therapy 198 10.3 Mechanism of Action of Conventional Antifungals 198 10.4 Summary of Nanoparticles and Their Role in Antifungal Therapy 199 10.4.1 Lipid Nanoparticles 199 10.4.2 Liposome 200 10.4.3 Transfersomes 200 10.4.4 Transethosomes 200 10.4.5 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) 200 10.4.6 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) 200 10.4.7 Polymer Lipid Hybrid Nanoparticles (PLN) 200 10.4.8 Polymeric Nanoparticles 201 10.4.9 Microsponge and Nanosponge Systems 201 10.4.10 Polymeric Micelles 201 10.4.11 Polymersomes 201 10.4.12 Dendrimers 202 10.4.13 Metallic Nanoparticles 202 10.5 Other Drug Delivery Systems 202 10.5.1 Niosomes 202 10.5.2 Spanlastics 202 10.5.3 Microemulsions and Nanoemulsions 202 10.5.4 Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles 203 10.6 Conclusion 203 References 203 11 Nano-Based Drug Delivery in Eliminating Tuberculosis 207 Anusha Gopinathan, Shweta Sagar Naik, Leela K.V. and Sujith Ravi 11.1 Introduction 208 11.1.1 Latent and Active Tuberculosis 208 11.1.2 Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) 209 11.1.3 Extensively Drug-Resistant TB 209 11.2 Antitubercular Therapy 209 11.3 Therapies Based on Nanotechnology 211 11.3.1 Nanoparticles for Anti-TB Therapy 211 11.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nanoparticles 211 11.3.3 Types of Nanoparticles and Their Characteristics 212 11.3.3.1 TB Dendrimers 212 11.3.3.2 Cyclodextrins 213 11.3.3.3 Polymeric Micelles 213 11.3.3.4 Liposomes 213 11.3.3.5 Nanoemulsions 214 11.3.3.6 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles 214 11.3.3.7 Niosomes 214 11.3.3.8 Polymeric Nanoparticles 214 11.4 Routes of Administration of Nanoparticles 215 11.4.1 Oral Administration of Nanoparticles 215 11.4.2 Inhalational Administration of Nanoparticles 215 11.4.3 Intravenous Administration of Nanoparticles 215 11.4.4 Other Routes of Administration 216 11.5 Conclusion 216 References 216 12 Promising Approaches in Drug Delivery Against Resistant Bacteria 219 Shweta Sagar Naik, Anusha G., KakithakaraVajravelu Leela and Sujith Ravi 12.1 Introduction 219 12.2 Drug Delivery Systems 220 12.2.1 Microneedles 220 12.2.2 Nanoparticles 221 12.2.2.1 Inorganic Nanoparticles 222 12.2.2.2 Polymer-Based Nanomedicines 222 12.2.3 Lipid-Based Nanoformulations 223 12.2.4 Stimuli-Responsive Nanocarriers 224 12.2.4.1 Endogenous Stimuli 224 12.2.4.2 Exogeneous Stimuli 225 12.2.5 Nanogels 226 12.2.6 Nanofibers 226 12.2.7 Biomedical Implants 226 12.2.8 Wound Dressing 227 12.3 Biofilm Disruption 227 12.4 Conclusion 227 References 228 13 Emulgels: A Novel Approach for Enhanced Topical Drug Delivery Systems 231 Shanti Bhushan Mishra, Shradhanjali Singh, Amit Kumar Singh, Anil Kumar Singh and Divya Rani Sharma 13.1 Introduction 231 13.2 Approaches Used for Topical Drug Delivery 232 13.3 Factors Affecting Topical Absorption of Drug 233 13.4 Drug Delivery Across the Skin 233 13.5 Emulgels 234 13.5.1 Types of Emulgels 234 13.5.2 Advantages of Emulgel 235 13.5.3 Rationale of Emulgel as a Topical Drug Delivery System 236 13.5.4 Formulation Considerations 237 13.5.5 Excipients Used in the Formulation of Emulgel 238 13.5.5.1 Vehicle 238 13.5.5.2 Emulsifying Agents 238 13.5.5.3 Gelling Agent 242 13.5.5.4 Penetration Enhancers 244 13.5.5.5 Preservatives 245 13.5.5.6 Antioxidants 245 13.5.5.7 Humectant 246 13.5.6 Formulation Methods 246 13.5.7 Routes of Administration for Emulgel Formulation 248 13.5.8 Evaluation of Emulgels 248 13.5.8.1 Physical Appearance 252 13.5.8.2 Spreading Coefficient 252 13.5.8.3 Rheological Studies 252 13.5.8.4 Globule Size and its Distribution in Emulgel 252 13.5.8.5 Swelling Index 252 13.5.8.6 Extrudability Study of Topical Emulgel (Tube Test) 253 13.5.8.7 Skin Irritation Test (Patch Test) 253 13.5.8.8 Drug Content Determination 253 13.5.8.9 In Vitro Release/Permeation Studies 253 13.5.8.10 Ex Vivo Bioadhesive Strength Measurement of Topical Emulgel (Mice Shaven Skin) 254 13.5.8.11 Microbiological Assay 254 13.5.8.12 Drug Release Kinetic Study 254 13.5.8.13 Stability Studies 255 13.5.9 Marketed Preparations 255 13.5.10 Future Prospective of Emulgel as Topical Drug Delivery 256 13.5.11 Therapeutic Profile of Emulgel 258 13.6 Conclusions 258 References 258 14 Electrospun Nanofibers in Drug Delivery 263 Sathish Kumar Karuppannan, Saravannan Mani, Jayandra Bushion, Mohammed Junaid Hussain Dowlath and Kantha Deivi Arunachalam 14.1 Introduction 263 14.2 Electrospinning Setup 264 14.3 Polymers Used to Produce Electrospun Nanofibers 264 14.4 Drug Release 265 14.5 Matrix Type NFs 266 14.5.1 Monolithic 266 14.5.2 Blended NFs 266 14.6 Core-Shell Nanofibers 266 14.6.1 Multimatrix Core-Shell NFs 267 14.6.2 Reservoir Type Core-Shell NFs 267 14.7 Electrospun Nanofiber for Drug Delivery Applications 267 14.7.1 Nucleic Acid Delivery Using NFs 267 14.7.2 Antibiotics Delivery Using NFs 268 14.7.3 Vaginal Drug Delivery Using NFs 269 14.7.4 Ocular Drug Delivery Using NFs 269 14.7.5 Other Drug Delivery Using NFs 270 14.8 Conclusion 271 References 272 Part II: Drug Carriers in Drug Delivery 279 15 Role of Nanotechnology-Based Materials in Drug Delivery 281 Manasa R. and Mahesh Shivananjappa 15.1 Introduction 281 15.2 Nano-Based Drug Delivery Systems 282 15.3 Types of Nanoparticles 282 15.3.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles (PNPs) 282 15.3.2 Dendrimers 284 15.3.3 Polymeric Micelles 286 15.3.4 Liposomes 288 15.3.5 Quantum Dots (QDs) 290 15.3.6 Nanocrystals 291 15.3.7 Gold Nanoparticles 291 15.3.8 Carbon Nanoparticles 294 15.3.8.1 CNTs 294 15.3.8.2 CNH 295 15.3.8.3 Fullerenes 295 15.3.9 Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) 296 15.4 Advantages of Nanoparticles 298 15.5 Toxicity of Nanoparticles 299 15.6 Conclusion 299 References 299 16 Nanomedicine Drug Delivery System 309 Akshada Atul Bakliwal, Swapnali Ashish Patil, Vijay Sharad Chudiwal, Swati Gokul Talele, Gokul Shravan Talele and Anil Govindrao Jadhav 16.1 Introduction 309 16.2 Background 312 16.3 Five Overlapping Subthemes of Nanomedicine 312 16.4 How Nanomedicine Work? 313 16.5 Nanomedicine for Screening of Individuals with Serious Diseases 313 16.6 Objectives of Nanomedicine 313 16.7 Advantages of Nanomedicine 314 16.8 Physiological Principles for Nanomedicines 315 16.9 Nanotoxicology from Nanomedicines 315 16.9.1 Health and Safety Issues 316 16.9.2 Cell Death and Altered Gene Expression 316 16.9.3 Cell Death and Gene Therapy 316 16.9.4 Pseudoallergy and Idiosyncratic Reactions 317 16.9.5 Cytotoxicity 318 16.9.6 Implications for Nanotoxicology from Nonmedical Nanoparticles 318 16.10 Nanomedicine Applications 318 16.10.1 Analytical and Diagnostic Tools 318 16.10.1.1 In Vitro Diagnostic Devices 319 16.10.1.2 In Vivo Imaging 320 16.10.2 Drug Delivery 320 16.10.2.1 Micelles 321 16.10.2.2 Nanoemulsions 321 16.10.2.3 Solid Nanoparticles 321 16.10.3 Regenerative Medicine 321 16.11 Toxicological and Ethical Issues in Nanomedicine 322 16.11.1 Toxicity Issues 322 16.11.2 Ethical Issues 323 16.12 Conclusions 323 References 324 17 Nanocarriers-Based Topical Formulations for Acne Treatment 327 Júlia Scherer Santos 17.1 Introduction 327 17.2 Acne Therapeutics 328 17.2.1 Nanocarriers Toward Topical Acne Therapy 329 17.3 Efficacy and Safety of Nanotechnology-Based Acne Therapeutics 330 17.3.1 Ex Vivo and In Vitro Assays 331 17.3.2 Animal Assays 332 17.3.3 Clinical Assays 332 17.4 Improvement of Acne Therapy by Nanocarrier-Based Formulations 332 17.4.1 Conventional Drugs in Nanocarriers 334 17.4.2 Alternatives Drugs in Nanocarriers 335 17.5 Conclusion 336 References 336 18 Emerging Trends of Ocular Drug Delivery 341 Sora Yasri and Viroj Wiwanitkit 18.1 Introduction 341 18.2 Barriers to Ocular Drug Delivery 342 18.3 Classical Drug Delivery Technology 342 18.3.1 Anterior Segment 343 18.3.2 Posterior Segment 343 18.4 Novel Interventions for Ocular Drug Delivery 343 18.4.1 Ocular Implants 343 18.4.2 Punctum Plugs 344 18.4.3 Drug-Eluting Contact Lenses 344 18.4.4 Ocular Iontophoresis 345 18.4.5 Intravitreal Implants 345 18.4.6 Ocular Vaccination 346 18.5 Applied Nanotechnology for Ocular Drug Delivery 346 18.5.1 Nanomicelle 346 18.5.2 Liposomes 347 18.5.3 Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles 347 18.5.4 Niosomes 347 18.5.5 Nanospheres 347 18.5.6 Nanocapsules 347 18.5.7 Dendrimers 348 18.5.8 Nanowafers 348 18.5.9 Micronanosurgery for Ocular Drug Delivery 348 18.6 Conclusion 348 References 349 19 Microspheres: An Overview on Recent Advances in Novel Drug Delivery System 355 Sarang Kumar Jain, Swati Saxena and Raj K. Keservani 19.1 Introduction 355 19.2 Advantages of Novel Drug Delivery System 356 19.3 Classification of Novel Drug Delivery System 356 19.3.1 Microspheres 356 19.3.1.1 Types of Microspheres 356 19.3.2 Ideal Properties of Microparticulate Carriers 357 19.3.3 Polymers Used in Preparation of Microspheres 358 19.3.4 Advantages of Microspheres 359 19.3.5 Disadvantages of Microspheres 359 19.3.6 Classification of Microspheres 359 19.3.6.1 Bioadhesive Microspheres 359 19.3.6.2 Magnetic Microspheres 359 19.3.6.3 Floating Microspheres 360 19.3.6.4 Radioactive Microspheres 360 19.3.6.5 Polymeric Microspheres 360 19.3.7 Method of Preparation of Microspheres 360 19.3.7.1 Single Emulsion Technique 361 19.3.7.2 Double Emulsion Method 361 19.3.7.3 Polymerization Technique 362 19.3.7.4 Phase Separation Coacervation Technique 362 19.3.7.5 Spray Drying and Spray Congealing Method 363 19.3.7.6 Solvent Evaporation Method 363 19.3.8 Evaluation Parameters of Microspheres 364 19.3.8.1 Particle Size and Shape 364 19.3.8.2 Chemical Analysis by Electron Spectroscopy 364 19.3.8.3 FTIR Spectroscopy 364 19.3.8.4 Determination of Density 364 19.3.8.5 Isoelectric Point Determination 364 19.3.8.6 Entrapment Efficiency 364 19.3.8.7 Angle of Contact 364 19.3.8.8 Swelling Index 365 19.3.8.9 Production Yield 365 19.3.8.10 In Vitro Drug Release Study 365 19.3.8.11 Drug Release Kinetics 365 19.3.8.12 Stability Studies 365 19.3.9 Applications of Microspheres 365 References 366 20 Drug Delivery Systems and Oral Biofilm 367 Elda Patricia Segura Ceniceros, Luis Méndez González, Reginaldo Tijerina, Eduardo Osorio Ramos, Francisco Javier Mendoza González, Verónica Leticia Rodríguez Contreras, Alejandra Isabel Vargas Segura and Luis Antonio Vázquez Olvera 20.1 Introduction 368 20.2 Oral Biofilm 369 20.2.1 Biofilm Related Infections in The Oral Cavity 371 20.2.1.1 Oral Biofilm and Periodontal Disease 371 20.2.1.2 Oral Biofilm and Endodontic Infections 373 20.2.1.3 Oral Biofilm and Dental Caries 373 20.3 Drug Delivery Systems 374 20.3.1 Nanoparticles 375 20.3.2 Hydrogels 375 20.3.3 Dendrimers 376 20.4 Applications of Drug Delivery Systems for Treatment of Oral Biofilm Infection 376 20.4.1 DDS and Dental Caries 377 20.4.2 DDS and Periodontal Disease 378 20.4.3 DDS and Other Oral Pathologies 378 20.5 Conclusion 379 References 379 21 Oral Drug Delivery System: An Overview on Recent Advances in Novel Drug Delivery System 383 Sarang Kumar Jain, Ankita Sahu and Raj K. Keservani 21.1 Introduction 383 21.1.1 Oral Route 383 21.1.2 Oral Health 385 21.1.3 Oral Hygiene 386 21.2 Oral Drug Administration Sites 387 21.2.1 Oral Mucosal Drug Delivery System 387 21.2.1.1 Physiology of Oral Mucosa 388 21.2.1.2 Importance of Saliva and Mucin 388 21.2.2 Buccal and Sublingual Drug Absorption 389 21.3 Factors Affecting Drug Absorption 389 21.3.1 Lipid Solubility, pH, and Degree of Ionization 390 21.3.2 Molecule Weight and Size of Drug 390 21.3.3 Formulation Physiochemical Properties Related Factors 390 21.3.4 Permeability Enhancer 390 21.4 Drug Delivery for Periodontitis 391 21.4.1 Periodontal Pocket 391 21.4.1.1 Classification of Periodontal Pockets According to their Morphology 391 21.4.1.2 Classification of Periodontal Pocket According to the Involvement of Tooth Surfaces 392 21.5 Oral Periodontitis Drug Delivery System 393 21.5.1 Antibacterial DDS for Periodontitis 393 21.5.2 Remineralizing DDS 393 21.5.3 Inflammation Modulating and Alveolar Bone Repairing DDS for Periodontitis 394 21.5.3.1 DDS for Peri-Implantitis 394 21.6 Teeth Treatments 394 21.7 Periodontal Local Drug Delivery 395 21.8 Carriers of Oral and Periodontitis Drug Delivery System 395 21.8.1 Hydrogel 396 21.8.2 Dendrimers 396 21.8.3 Chewing Gum 396 21.8.4 Lozenges 397 21.8.5 Tablets 397 21.9 Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery System/Buccal Adhesive Drug Delivery System 397 21.9.1 Patches and Films 398 21.9.2 Oral Suspension 398 21.9.3 Spray 398 21.9.4 Liposome 398 21.9.5 Nanoparticles 399 21.9.6 Laminated Film 399 21.9.7 Injectable Gels 399 21.9.8 Fibers 399 21.9.9 Strips and Compacts 399 References 400 22 Cancer Nanotheranostics: A Review 401 Ozge Esim and Canan Hascikek 22.1 Introduction 401 22.1.1 Lipid and Polymer-Based Nanosystems 403 22.1.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles 413 22.1.3 Quantum Dots (QD) 418 22.1.4 Other Metal-Derived Nanoparticles 421 22.2 Conclusion 425 References 425 23 Nanomedicine in Lung Cancer Therapy 433 Jagdale Swati C., HableAsawaree A. and ChabukswarAnuruddha R. 23.1 Introduction 433 23.2 Nanotechnology 434 23.3 Nanomedicines for Lung Cancer Therapy 435 23.3.1 Nanoparticles 436 23.3.1.1 Gold and Silver Nanoparticles 436 23.3.1.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles 437 23.3.1.3 Inhalable Nanoparticles 437 23.3.2 Micelles 437 23.3.3 Dendrimers 439 23.3.4 Liposome 439 23.3.5 Carbon Nanotubes 440 23.3.6 Quantum Dots 441 23.3.7 Nanofibers 442 23.3.8 Nanoshells 442 23.4 Evaluation of Nanoformulations 442 23.5 Application of Nanoformulations 443 23.6 Marketed Therapies 444 23.7 Challenges 445 23.8 Potential 445 23.9 Future Scope 446 23.10 Conclusion 446 References 446 24 Delivering Herbal Drugs Using Nanotechnology 449 Manasa R. and Mahesh Shivananjappa 24.1 Introduction 449 24.2 Methods of Preparation of Nanoparticles 450 24.3 Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) for Herbal Drugs 451 24.3.1 Liposomes 451 24.3.2 Phytosomes 454 24.3.3 Transferosome 457 24.3.4 Niosomes 458 24.3.5 Ethosomes 459 24.3.6 Dendrimers 459 24.3.7 Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) 462 24.3.8 Self-Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SMEDDS) 463 24.4 Conclusion 464 References 464 25 Nanoherbals Drug Delivery System for Treatment of Chronic Asthma 473 Harsh Yadav, Satish Dubey, Naureen Shaba Khan and Ashwini Kumar Dixit 25.1 Introduction 474 25.2 Mechanism of Asthma Physiopathology 474 25.3 Asthma Etiology 475 25.4 Severity of Asthma 475 25.5 Asthma Phenotypes 475 25.6 Asthma Epidemiology 476 25.7 Asthma Treatment 476 25.7.1 Adverse Effects of Current Treatment Techniques 477 25.8 Need of Natural Products as Alternative 477 25.9 Selected Medicinal Plants in Asthma Treatment 478 25.9.1 Piper betel Linn 478 25.9.2 Bacopa monnieri L. 479 25.9.3 Momordica charantia 479 25.9.4 Ficus bengalensis (Linn.) 479 25.9.5 Clerodendrum serratum (Linn.) Moon 479 25.10 Potentials of Nanotechnology in Asthma Drug Delivery 479 25.11 Nanoherbals as Asthma Drug Delivery System 482 25.12 Future Prospectus of Nanoherbal Drug Delivery 483 25.13 Conclusion 484 References 484 26 Nutrients Delivery for Management and Prevention of Diseases 491 Darul Raiyaan G. I., Sameera Khathoon A. and Kantha D. Arunachalam 26.1 Introduction 491 26.2 Nutrients in Management and Prevention of Disease 492 26.2.1 Herbal Nutrients 492 26.2.2 FDA Regulations on Herbal Drugs 493 26.3 Phenolic Nutraceuticals 493 26.3.1 Polyphenols and Neurodegeneration 494 26.3.2 Polyphenols and Brain Tumors 494 26.3.3 Phenols and Other Cancer Treatments 494 26.3.4 Phenols and Hepatotoxicity 495 26.3.5 Clinical Trials 496 26.3.6 Curcumin 496 26.4 Routes for Nutrients Delivery 497 26.4.1 Oral Route 497 26.4.2 Intranasal Delivery 497 26.4.3 Transdermal Route 497 26.5 Nanoparticle-Based Nutrients Delivery System 498 26.5.1 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) 498 26.5.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) 499 26.5.3 Liposomes 499 26.5.4 Nanocrystals 499 26.5.5 α-Lactalbumin 500 26.5.6 Carbon Nanotubes 500 26.5.7 Nanocochleates 500 26.5.8 Nanosized Self-Assembled Liquid Structures 500 26.5.9 Polysaccharide-Based Nanoscale Delivery of Nutrients 500 26.5.10 Chitosan 501 26.5.11 Alginate 501 26.5.12 Pectin 502 26.5.13 Gum Arabic 502 26.5.14 Cashew Gum 503 26.6 Protein-Based Nanoscale Delivery of Nutrients 503 26.6.1 Zein 503 26.6.2 Gliadin 503 26.6.3 Soy Protein Isolates (SPI) 504 26.6.4 Whey Protein 504 26.6.5 Casein 505 26.6.6 Other Proteins 505 26.7 Micelles 505 26.8 Advantages of Nanomaterials in Nutraceuticals 507 26.9 Safety and Toxicity of Nanostructures Applied in Food Systems 509 26.10 Conclusion 509 References 509 27 Nanonutraceuticals for Drug Delivery 521 Charu Gupta and Dhan Prakash 27.1 Introduction 521 27.2 Approaches to Enhance Oral Bioavailability of Nutraceuticals 522 27.2.1 Protection of Labile Compounds 523 27.2.2 Extension of Gastric Retention Time 523 27.2.3 Intonation of Metabolic Activities 523 27.3 Carriers for Nutraceutical Delivery 523 27.3.1 Nanoparticles for Nutraceuticals Delivery 524 27.3.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) for Nutraceutical Delivery 524 27.3.3 Niosomes 525 27.3.4 Nanospheres 525 27.3.5 Nanoliposomes 525 27.3.6 Nanofibers 526 27.3.7 Nanoemulsion 526 27.4 Nanotechnology in Food Sector 527 27.4.1 Nanotechnology in Nutraceuticals 527 27.4.2 Nanotechnology in Medications 528 27.4.3 Commercial Nanonutraceuticals 533 27.4.4 Nanosized Self-Assembled Structured Liquids 534 27.5 Delivery of Nutraceuticals 536 27.5.1 In-Feed or Oral Nanodelivery 536 27.5.2 Dermal Delivery 537 27.5.3 Ophthalmic Delivery 537 27.6 Constraints in Nanodrug Delivery Systems 537 27.7 Conclusion 537 Acknowledgments 538 References 538 Index 541

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Book SynopsisPRODUCTION of BIOBUTANOL from BIOMASS The book covers all current technologies of lignocellulosic biobutanol production as well as the environmental and socioeconomic impact assessment. N-butanol is a bulk chemical that is used as an industrial solvent and as a component in paint, coatings, and adhesives, among other things. When compared to other biofuels, biobutanol has the advantages of being immiscible in water, having a higher energy content, and having a lower vapor pressure. There are various benefits to producing biobutanol from lignocellulosic biomass. However, there are challenges in producing butanol from lignocellulosic biomass, such as biomass's complex structure, low butanol yield, and high cost of production, etc. The 13 chapters comprising this book discuss the current technology and prospects of biobutanol production. The first four chapters provide an overview of the current technological status, while the next six chapters discuss different strategies for enhanced biTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Biobutanol: An Overview 1 Bidisha Saha, Debalina Bhattacharya and Mainak Mukhopadhyay 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 General Aspects of Butanol Fermentation 3 1.2.1 Microbes That Produce Butanol, Both in Their Wild Type and After Genetic Modification 3 1.3 Clostridium Species That Produce ABE and Their Respective Metabolic Characteristics 4 1.4 Traits of the Molecularly Developed Strain and the ABE-Producing Clostridia 8 1.5 Substrate for ABE Fermentation in Research 9 1.6 Problem and Limitation of ABE Fermentation 9 1.7 The Development of Butanol from Designed and Modifying Biomass 10 1.8 Butanol Production Enhancement Using Advanced Technology 12 1.8.1 Batch Fermentation 12 1.8.2 Fed-Batch Fermentation 16 1.8.3 Continuous Fermentation 17 1.8.4 ABE Fermentation with Butanol Elimination 27 1.9 Utilizing Pre-Treatment and Saccharification to Produce Butanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass 29 1.10 Eliminating CCR to Produce Butanol 29 1.11 Butanol Production from Alternative Substrate to Sugar 30 1.12 Economics of Biobutanol 31 1.13 Future Prospects 33 1.14 Conclusion 36 References 37 2 Recent Trends in the Pre-Treatment Process of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Enhanced Biofuel Production 47 Nikita Bhati, Shreya and Arun Kumar Sharma 2.1 Introduction 48 2.2 Composition of Lignocellulosic Biomass 49 2.3 Insight on the Pre-Treatment of LCB 51 2.4 Physical Pre-Treatment Method 54 2.4.1 Extrusion Method 54 2.4.2 Milling Method 55 2.4.3 Ultrasound Method 55 2.4.4 Microwave Method 56 2.5 Chemical Pre-Treatment Methods 56 2.5.1 Alkali Method 56 2.5.2 Acid Method 57 2.5.3 Organosolv Method 58 2.5.4 Ionic Liquids 58 2.5.5 Supercritical Fluids 60 2.5.6 Cosolvent Enhanced Lignocellulosic Fractionation 61 2.5.7 Low Temperature Steep Delignification 62 2.5.8 Ammonia Fiber Explosion 62 2.5.9 Deep Eutectic Solvents 63 2.6 Biological Pre-Treatment Methods 64 2.6.1 Combined Biological Pre-Treatment 66 2.7 Future Prospects 66 2.8 Conclusion 67 References 67 3 Current Status of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulosic Biomass 77 Ram Bhajan Sahu, Janki Pahlwani and Priyanka Singh 3.1 Introduction 77 3.2 Overview on Biofuels and Its Classification 79 3.2.1 First-Generation Biofuels 79 3.2.1.1 Advantage of First-Generation Biofuel 81 3.2.1.2 Limitation of First-Generation Biofuel 81 3.2.2 Second-Generation Lignocellulosic Biofuel 82 3.2.2.1 Different Types of Feedstocks for Second-Generation Biofuels 82 3.2.2.2 Advantages 84 3.2.2.3 Disadvantages 84 3.2.3 Third-Generation Biofuels 85 3.2.3.1 Advantages 85 3.2.3.2 Disadvantages 86 3.2.4 Fourth-Generation Biofuels 87 3.3 Pre-Treatment Methodologies for Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass 87 3.3.1 Overview 87 3.3.2 Structural Analysis for Cellulosic Hydrolysis 90 3.3.3 Chemical Process for Pre-Treatment of Lignocellulose 91 3.3.3.1 Dilute Acid Pre-Treatment Process 91 3.3.4 Ionic Liquid as Pre-Treatment Agent 93 3.3.5 Pre-Treatment Process with Alkali Agents 94 3.3.6 Pre-Treatment with Ultrasonic Wave 96 3.4 Conclusion 97 References 98 4 Present Status and Future Prospect of Butanol Fermentation 105 Rashmi Mishra, Aakansha Raj and Satyajit Saurabh 4.1 Introduction 106 4.2 Biobutanol Production 107 4.2.1 Microbes and Biobutanol Production 110 4.2.2 Substrate for Biobutanol Production 111 4.2.3 ABE Fermentation Process 112 4.2.4 Recovery of Biobutanol from Fermentation Broth 112 4.3 Perspectives 115 4.3.1 Substrate 116 4.3.2 Alleviate Carbon Catabolite Repression 117 4.3.3 Fermentation Improvement 118 4.3.4 Strain Development 119 4.3.5 Butanol Recovery 122 4.4 Conclusion 123 References 124 5 Strategies of Strain Improvement for Butanol Fermentation 133 Shreya, Nikita Bhati and Arun Kumar Sharma 5.1 Introduction 134 5.2 Background 136 5.3 Microorganism 136 5.4 ABE Fermentation 137 5.4.1 The Obstacle in ABE Fermentation from Clostridium sp. 138 5.5 Selection of Biomass for the Production of Butanol 138 5.6 Processes Improvement 140 5.7 Strain Improvement 141 5.7.1 Mutagenesis 142 5.7.1.1 Spontaneous Mutations 142 5.7.1.2 Induced Mutation 143 5.7.2 Strain Improvement Through Genetic Engineering 144 5.7.2.1 Recombinant DNA Technology 148 5.7.3 Genetic Engineering in Clostridial sp. for Improved Butanol Tolerance and Its Production 152 5.8 Production of Butanol From Bioethanol Through Chemical Processes 153 5.9 Advances in Genetically Engineered Microbes can Produce Biobutanol 154 5.10 Economics of Biobutanol Fermentation 155 5.11 Applications of Butanol 156 5.12 Butanol Advantages 157 5.13 Conclusion 157 References 157 6 Process Integration and Intensification of Biobutanol Production 167 Moumita Bishai 6.1 Introduction 167 6.2 Biobutanol 169 6.3 Biobutanol Production and Recovery 170 6.4 Process Intensification 172 6.4.1 PI Using Bioreactors 172 6.4.2 PI Using Membranes 173 6.4.3 PI Using Distillation 175 6.4.4 PI Using Liquid–Liquid Extraction 176 6.4.5 PI Using Adsorption 177 6.5 Process Integration 178 6.6 Conclusion 184 References 185 7 Bioprocess Development and Bioreactor Designs for Biobutanol Production 191 Vitor Paschoal Guanaes de Campos, Johnatt Oliveira, Eduardo Dellossso Penteado, Anthony Andrey Ramalho Diniz, Andrea Komesu and Yasmin Coelho Pio 7.1 Introduction 191 7.2 Steps in Biobutanol Production 193 7.3 Feedstock Selection 194 7.4 Microbial Strain Selection 196 7.5 Solvent Toxicity 196 7.6 Fermentation Technologies 197 7.7 Butanol Separation Techniques 200 7.8 Current Status and Economics 203 7.9 Concluding Remarks 204 References 204 8 Advances in Microbial Metabolic Engineering for Increased Biobutanol Production 209 Mansi Sharma, Pragati Chauhan, Rekha Sharma and Dinesh Kumar 8.1 Introduction 210 8.2 Metabolic Engineering 212 8.2.1 n-Butanol 212 8.2.2 Isobutanol 214 8.3 Microorganisms for Butanol Production 215 8.3.1 The Clostridium Species 218 8.3.2 Escherichia coli Species 219 8.3.3 Other Bacteria 219 8.3.4 Biochemistry and Physiology 220 8.4 Metabolic Engineering of Clostridia 221 8.4.1 Genetic Tools for Clostridial Metabolic Engineering 222 8.4.2 Optimum Selectivity Techniques for Butanol Production 222 8.5 Metabolic Engineering of Escherichia coli 224 8.6 Microbial Strain 226 8.7 Butanol Tolerance Improvement Through Genetic Engineering 227 8.8 Economic Viability 228 8.9 Problems and Limitations of ABE Fermentation 228 8.10 Future Outlook 229 8.11 Conclusion 230 Acknowledgment 231 References 231 9 Advanced CRISPR/Cas-Based Genome Editing Tools for Biobutanol Production 239 Narendra Kumar Sharma, Mansi Srivastava and Yogesh Srivastava 9.1 Introduction 240 9.2 Microorganisms as the Primary Producer of Biobutanol 241 9.3 Acetone–Butanol–Ethanol Producing Clostridia and Its Limitations 243 9.4 CRISPR–Cas System for Genome Editing 244 9.4.1 CRISPR–Cas Mediated Strategies for Genome Editing for Biobutanol Production in Microorganisms 245 9.4.1.1 Inhibition of Contentious Pathways 245 9.4.1.2 Redirection of the Flux of Metabolic Pathways for Better Solvent Production 247 9.4.1.3 Enhancement of Substrate Uptake 248 9.4.2 Improvement of the Biofuel Production 248 9.4.2.1 Off Targets in CRISPR–Cas System 248 9.4.2.2 Using sgRNA Design to Reduce Off Target Effects 249 9.4.2.3 Cas9 Modifications to Reduce Off-Target Effects 249 9.4.3 Efficient and Modified Biomass “Designed” for Biobutanol Production 250 9.5 Conclusion 251 References 252 10 Role of Nanotechnology in Biomass-Based Biobutanol Production 255 Pragati Chauhan, Mansi Sharma, Rekha Sharma and Dinesh Kumar 10.1 Introduction 255 10.2 Nanoparticles for Producing of Biofuel 257 10.2.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles 257 10.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes 258 10.2.3 Graphene and Graphene-Derived Nanomaterial for Biofuel 260 10.2.4 Other Nanoparticles Applied in Heterogeneous Catalysis for Biofuel Production 262 10.3 Factors Affecting the Performance of Nanoparticles in Biofuel’s Manufacturing 263 10.3.1 Synthesis Temperature 263 10.3.2 Synthesis Pressure 263 10.3.3 Synthesis pH 263 10.3.4 Size of Nanoparticles 264 10.4 Role of Nanomaterials in the Synthesis of Biofuels 264 10.5 Utilization of Nanomaterials in Biofuel Production 264 10.5.1 Production of Biodiesel Using Nanocatalysts 264 10.5.2 Application of Nanomaterials for the Pre-Treatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass 268 10.5.3 Application of Nanomaterials in Synthesis of Cellulase and Stability 268 10.5.4 Application of Nanomaterials in the Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass 269 10.5.5 Use of Nanotechnology in Bioethanol Production 269 10.5.6 Upgradation of Biofuel by Using Nanotechnology 272 10.5.7 Nanoparticle Use in Biorefineries 273 10.6 Nanotechnology in Bioethanol/Biobutanol Production 274 10.7 Future Perspective 277 10.8 Conclusion 278 Acknowledgment 279 References 279 11 Commercial Status and Future Scope of Biobutanol Production from Biomass 283 Arunima Biswas 11.1 Introduction 284 11.2 Biobutanol—Its Brief Background Story 286 11.3 Commercial Aspect of Biobutanol Production from Biomass: Strength Analysis 287 11.4 Commercial Aspect of Biobutanol Production from Biomass: Weakness Analysis 290 11.5 Commercial Aspect of Biobutanol Production from Biomass: Opportunities and Challenges 293 11.6 Discussion: Evaluating the Future Prospects of Biobutanol 296 Acknowledgment 298 References 298 12 Current Status and Challenges of Biobutanol Production from Biomass 301 Ram Bhajan Sahu and Priyanka Singh 12.1 Introduction 301 12.2 Overview of Biofuel 303 12.2.1 History for Biofuel 304 12.3 Classification of Bioethanol 306 12.3.1 First-Generation of Ethanol 306 12.3.2 Second-Generation Bioethanol 308 12.3.3 Third-Generation Bioethanol 309 12.3.4 Fourth-Generation Bioethanol 309 12.4 Production of Biobutanol 309 12.4.1 Pre-Treatment Stages 310 12.4.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis Stage 312 12.4.3 Fermentation Stage 312 12.4.4 Separation Stage 312 12.4.5 Production of Butanol from Genetically Improved Strains 313 12.5 Conclusion 317 References 318 13 Biobutanol: A Promising Liquid Biofuel 323 Aakansha Raj, Tasnim Arfi and Satyajit Saurabh 13.1 Introduction 323 13.1.1 First-Generation Biofuels 324 13.1.2 Second-Generation Biofuels 326 13.1.3 Third-Generation Biofuels 326 13.1.4 Fourth-Generation Biofuels 326 13.2 Biobutanol 327 13.3 Biorefinery and Biobutanol Production 329 13.3.1 Substrates and Their Pre-Treatment for Biobutanol Production 329 13.3.1.1 Substrate 329 13.3.1.2 Pre-Treatment of Substrates 333 13.3.2 Microorganisms 342 13.3.3 Acetone–Butanol–Ethanol Fermentation 343 13.4 Commercial Importance of Biobutanol 343 13.5 Conclusion 346 Abbreviations 346 References 347 Index 355

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Book SynopsisNUTRACEUTICS FROM AGRI-FOOD BY-PRODUCTS This book represents a comprehensive and unique overview covering different aspects (raw materials, technological innovations, and potential applications) concerning waste and by-products of the food industry. Wastes and by-products of the agri-food chain represent a rich source of active molecules that can be usefully employed in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Eco-friendly extraction procedures able to isolate the different components of the agri-food by-products represent an attractive challenge to increase the waste's value, and, at the same time, solve the issues usually related to their disposal. Each of the 12 chapters in Nutraceutics from Agri-Food By-Products deeply analyses a specific agri-food chain, highlighting the main components recovered in the processing of food, seafood, and dairy wastes and by-products. Specifically, a green approach to the extraction of active molecules is described, as wTable of ContentsPreface xv 1 Valorization of Industrial Coproducts From Tropical Fruit 1Neith Pacheco, Daniel Castaneda-Valbuena, Ivan Emanuel Herrera-Pool, Sara Herrera-Rodriguez, Tania Gonzalez-Flores, Soledad Pech-Cohuo, Juan C. Cuevas-Bernardino and Teresa Ayora-Talavera 1.1 Production of Tropical Fruit and Coproducts: Common and Uncommon Raw Materials 1 1.2 Nutraceutical Compounds Recovery From Tropical Fruits Coproducts 4 1.3 Nutraceutical Extraction Methods: Advantages and Drawbacks 7 1.4 Identification Techniques of Nutraceuticals Present in Tropical Fruits By-Products 13 1.5 In Vitro and In Vivo Methods to Evaluate Biological Activity of Nutraceuticals 17 1.6 Effect of Nutraceuticals on the Microbiome 17 1.7 Future Trends of Nutraceuticals Obtained From Tropical Fruit By-Products 22 1.8 Novel Nutraceutical Origins From Tropical Fruit Coproducts 23 1.9 Trends in the Application of Nutraceuticals Obtained From Tropical Fruit Coproducts 25 1.10 Future Aspects of Nutraceuticals 26 1.11 Conclusion 28 2 Prebiotic Properties of Fruit By-Products and Their Metabolic Benefits 45Maria Margareth Veloso Naves, Aline Medeiros Alves-Santos, Clara Sandra Araujo Sugizaki and Rafaela G. Feresin 2.1 Introduction 45 2.2 Prebiotic Compounds 47 2.3 Fruit By-Products From Agro-Industry Processing 50 2.4 Prebiotic Potential of Fruit By-Products 51 2.5 Gaps and Perspectives for Further Research 59 2.6 Conclusion 63 3 Valorization of Actinidia spp. By-Products and Wastes for Nutraceutical Applications 69Ana Margarida Silva, Catarina Macedo, Piotr Latocha, Paulo Costa, Cristina Delerue-Matos and Francisca Rodrigues 3.1 Introduction 70 3.2 Bioactive Composition and Health Benefits of Actinidia spp. By-Products and Wastes 73 3.3 Products Available on the Market With Actinidia Fruits and By-Products--An Overview 86 3.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 105 4 Valorization of Grape By-Products: Toward The Circular Economy Concept 117Rosa Rodriguez, German Mazza, Maria Paula Fabani, Yanina Baldan, Celia Roman, Mathias Riveros-Gomez, Iside Mut and Anabel Fernandez 1.1 Introduction 118 4.2 Materials and Methods 120 4.3 Results and Discussions 123 4.4 Conclusion 130 5 Tomato By-Products: A Potentially Promising Bioresource for the Recovery of Bioactive Compounds and Nutraceuticals 137Toufik Ouatmani, Hayate Haddadi-Guemghar, Samir Hadjal, Lila Boulekbache-Makhlouf and Khodir Madani 5.1 Introduction 138 5.2 Industrial Tomato and Its By-Products: A Reservoir of Bioactive Compounds 140 5.3 Conclusion 159 6 Valorization and Functionalization of Cereal-Based Industry By-Products for Nutraceuticals 173Akin, M., Jukic, M., Lukinac, J., Yilmaz, B., Ozogul, F. and Rocha, J.M. 6.1 Introduction 175 6.2 Definition and Regulatory Framework of Nutraceuticals 176 6.3 By-Products From Cereal Cultivation 179 6.4 By-Products From Cereal Processing 180 6.5 Biotechnological Processes for the Valorization and Functionalization of Cereal-Based By-Products and Wastes 189 6.6 Market of High-Added Value Nutraceuticals From Cereal-Based By-Products and Wastes 199 7 Mustard By-Products: A Promising Sustainable Natural Source of Bioactive Compounds 223Salima Acherar, Hayate Haddadi-Guemghar, Khodir Madani and Lila Boulekbache-Makhlouf 7.1 Introduction 224 7.2 Mustard 224 7.3 Bioactive Compounds Recovery from Mustard Waste Products 228 7.4 Emerging Methods Used for the Extraction of Biobased Elements from Mustard By-Products 229 7.5 Valorization of Mustard By-Products Properties in Various Fields 233 7.6 Conclusion 236 8 Trends in Utilization of Whey and Buttermilk--Valuable By-Products of the Dairy Industry 245Katarina Lisak Jakopovic, Irena Barukcic Jurina and Rajka Bozanic 8.1 Whey 246 8.2 Buttermilk 269 9 Valorization of Wastes and By-Products From the Meat Industry 285Senthilkumar Rathnasamy, Vivek Rangarajan, Ramya Munisamy, Harish babu Balaraman, Subhranshu Samal, Vinoth Kannan S.R., Sampatrao Dagu Manjare and Umile Gianfranco Spizzirri 9.1 Introduction: Meat Wastes--Sources and Economic Importance 286 9.2 Bioconversion of Meat Wastes Into Microbial Enzymes 287 9.3 Extraction and Valorization of Meat Wastes and Its Applications 289 9.4 Utilization of Meat By-Products and Its Wastes Into Value-Added Products 302 9.5 Conclusion 309 10 Valorization of Seafood Processing By-Products for Bioactive Compounds 319Puthanveetil V. Suresh, A.R. Brundha, Tanaji G. Kudre and S.K. Sandesh 10.1 Introduction 320 10.2 Bioactive Compounds From Seafood Processing By-Products 324 10.3 Extraction Methods of Bioactive Compounds From Seafood Processing By-Products 327 10.4 Recovery of Enzymes From Seafood Processing By-Products 329 10.5 Extraction of Bioactive Pigment (Carotenoids) From Seafood Processing By-Products 332 10.6 Extraction of Collagen and Its Derivatives From Seafood Processing By-Products 334 10.7 Extraction of Bioactive Lipids and Fatty Acids From Seafood Processing By-Products 336 10.8 Extraction of Essential and Bioactive Minerals From Seafood Processing By-Products 338 10.9 Recovery of Bioactive Peptides From Seafood Processing By-Products 340 10.10 Recovery of Vitamins From Seafood Processing By-Products 341 10.11 Recovery of Chondroitin Sulphate From Seafood Processing By-Products 341 10.12 Extraction of Chitin and Its Derivatives From Seafood Processing By-Products 341 10.13 Conclusion 343 11 Recovery of Bioactive Compounds From Agro-Food By-Products by Membrane-Based Operations 361Alfredo Cassano, Carmela Conidi and Esperanza Maria Garcia-Castello 11.1 Introduction 361 11.2 Bioactive Compounds From Fruit and Vegetable By-Products 365 11.3 Bioactive Compounds From Meat By-Products 372 11.4 Bioactive Compounds From Marine By-Products 378 11.5 Conclusion and Future Trends 382 12 Food Industry Effluents, A Renewable Source for the Production of Porous Materials With High Added Value 391Miloudi Hlaibi and Issam Mechnou 12.1 Olive Oil Production and Its Impact on Natural Aquatic Resources 392 12.2 Transformation and Valorization of Solid and Liquid Toxic Discharges From Moroccan Olive Oil Industries, in Bio Coal Phases for Several Potential Applications 395 References 416 Index 423

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Book SynopsisPractical guidance on how to apply process control fundamentals to solve real-world control problems Practical Process Control Design with Industrial Applications presents process control essentials and control strategy design fundamentals for modern-day DCS work environments. It uses a unique instructional approacha process analysis and process understanding framework that enables readers to better understand and more effectively use process control fundamentals. Process analysis, operating objectives, and business drivers guide the identification of control objectives and facilitate control strategy designs of realistic control applications for real-world unit operations. Filling a gap in the literature, coverage includes: Merging process analysis, process understanding, and real-world plant operations with process control essentials and design fundamentals Detailed discussion of real-world design issues and realistic process-specific control st

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Book SynopsisBarCharts' best-selling quick reference to chemistry has been updated and expanded in this new edition. With updated content and an additional panel of information, this popular guide is not only an essential companion for students in introductory chemistry courses but also a must-have refresher for students in higher-level courses. Author Mark D. Jackson, PhD, a scientist and university chemistry professor, has a gift for making the complicated subject of chemistry interesting and easy to understandawithout the fluff. In this new edition, you will find more coverage of the subject, helpful illustrations, chemical problems, and practical applications, making this a study tool you won't want to be without.

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Book SynopsisThermodynamic Processes 1 offers a comprehensive take on process engineering, whereby technology transforms materials and energy production into various products. The scientific methods required for designing such processes are the result of knowledge from a number of different disciplines. As a result, thermodynamics is the basic discipline in process engineering training. The application of laws and concepts of thermodynamics is essential before the design and optimization of any process, which allows downstream to control its reliability and validity. This book offers a pragmatic approach through practical and varied examples, chosen for their didactic and industrial interest.Table of ContentsForeword 1 vii Foreword 2 ix Preface xi Chapter 1. Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics 1 1.1. Exercises 1 1.2. Problems 6 1.3. Tests 10 1.4. Detailed corrections 12 Chapter 2. Closed Systems without Chemical Reactions 31 2.1. Exercises 31 2.2. Problems 43 2.3. Tests 60 2.4. Detailed corrections 65 Chapter 3. Open and Reacting Systems During Reaction 125 3.1. Exercises 125 3.2. Problems 135 3.3. Tests 147 3.4. Detailed corrections 149 Chapter 4. Mixtures or Solutions 191 4.1. Exercises 191 4.2. Problems 201 4.3. Tests 212 4.4. Detailed corrections 215 Appendix 269 Nomenclature 271 References 279 Index 281

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Book SynopsisDer "Klassiker" zur präparativen organischen Chemie beinhaltet alles, was für das Arbeiten im Labor wichtig ist – von theoretischen Grundlagen, Arbeitstechniken und Synthesplanung, Arbeitsvorschriften zu wichtigen Reaktionen und Produkten bis zu spektroskopischen Daten sowie Gefahren- und Sicherheitshinweisen. Für die 24. Auflage wurde das Buch gründlich überarbeitet und enthält u.a.: Neue und zeitgemäße Arbeitsvorschriften im organisch-präparativen Teil: —übergangsmetallkatalysierte und übergangsmetallvermittelte C-C- und C-N-Bindungsknüpfung —Baeyer-Villiger-Oxidation —Parikh-Doering-Reaktion —Birch-Reduktion —Organokatalyse. Das Einstufungs- und Kennzeichnungssystem für Chemikalien nach GHS. H- und P-Sätze im Reagenzienanhang. CLP-Verordnung im Gefahrstoffanhang. Neue Entwicklungen in der NMR-Spektroskopie, der Massenspektrometrie und der Röntgenstrukturanalyse. Aktuelle Literaturhinweise zu jedem Kapitel. Für jeden Chemiker, ob Anfänger oder Fortgeschrittener, ob Student oder Chemiker in der Forschung oder Industrie, ist das Organikum nach wie vor ein unentbehrliches Nachschlagewerk mit wertvollen Tipps und Informationen für die erfolgreiche Labor-arbeit.Trade ReviewZusammenfassend kann gesagt werden, dass dieses grundlegende Lehrbuch auch 54 Jahre nach seiner Erstausgabe nichts an seiner Nützlichkeit für das Chemiestudium eingebüßt hat. Entsprechende Passagen wurden überarbeitet und dem aktuellen Wissens- und Ausrüstungsstand angepasst. Es sollte in keinem Bücherregal eines Chemikers fehlen, egal ob Anfänger oder Fortgeschrittener, ob Student oder in der Forschung oder Industrie tätig, liefert es doch hervorragende Anleitungen und ein hilfreiches Nachschlagewerk. Materials and Corrosion (08.03.2017) "Dem Anspruch des hohen Wertes dieses Buches sowohl für die praktische Ausbildung im Chemiestudium als auch für den in der Forschung tätigen Industriechemiker wird das 'Organikum' auch in seiner 24. Auflage perfekt gerecht." Chemie in unserer Zeit (17.08.2016) "Fazit: ein Muss für jeden Organiker." FRS Chemie Universität Leipzig (01.03.2016) "Die vielen Literaturhinweise, Recherchetipps und Hilfestellungen zur Protokollführung machen das Organikum zu einem sehr guten Lehrbuch für jeden Chemiestudenten, der sich, gerade bei uns, auf POC oder VOC vorbereiten möchte." Fachschaft Chemie der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf (22.02.2016) "Das Organikum, nun schon in der 24. Auflage erschienen, ist das Standardwerk der organischen Chemie und bietet als eine Art Allrounder viele hilfreiche Tipps und Tricks, besonders für Praktika." fschemie.hhu.derrezensionen (01.12.2015) "Diese sehr empfehlenswerte Neuauflage des Organikum wird nicht nur als Praktikumsbuch, sondern auch als Lehrbuch und Nachschlagewerk für alle eingangs genannten Zielgruppen, insbesondere für Chemie-Studenten, von großem Nutzen sein." Chemie in Labor und Biotechnik (Heft 11-12/2015) "Was dieses Buch auszeichnet: die sehr gut ausgearbeiteten Versuchsvorschriften zu Experimenten, die wirklich funktionieren. Ebenso die gelungene Darstellung der chemischen Literatur und die Hinweise zu Literatursuche und zur Protokollierung von Experimenten. (...) kaufen, lesen und an einer gut zuganglichen Stelle im Labor aufbewahren und auch nach dem Studium wertschätzen." BioSpektrum (05.09.2015) "Sollten Sie in dem Fach Organische Chemie im Labor stehen (müssen), sollten Sie sich dieses Buch unbedingt als Anleitung aber auch als Nachschlagwerk zulegen." Die Chemieseite (April 2015) "Das Organikum ist ein Klassiker der präparativen organischen Chemie. Seit dem ersten Erscheinen im Jahr 1962 hat es sich zum Standartwerk für organische Chemiker entwickelt." LaborPraxis (Juni 2015) "Zusammenfassend ist dieses Buch eine sehr umfangreiche und gelungene Mischung, da es die für Studenten im Praktikum relevanten Informationen zu Reaktionen und Spektroskopie, aber auch sicheres und kontrolliertes Arbeiten im Labor prägnant und übersichtlich zusammenfasst." www.amazon.de (Kundenrezension) (28.05.2015) "Nach wie vor der Klassiker der organischen Praktikumschemie, angereichert mit aktuellen Entwicklungen." Prof. Dr. Holger Butenschön, Leipniz Universität Hannover (04/2015)Table of ContentsA Einführung in die Laboratoriumstechnik A.1. Hilfsmittel und Methoden zur Durchführung organisch-chemischer Reaktionen 1 A.1.1. Glassorten und -verbindungen 1 A.1.2. Arbeitsgefäße 3 A.1.3. Kühler. 3 A.1.4. Standardapparaturen für organisch-chemische Reaktionen 5 A.1.5. Rühren und Schütteln 8 A.1.5.1. Rührertypen 8 A.1.5.2. Führungen und Abdichtungen 9 A.1.5.3. Antrieb 10 A.1.5.4. Schütteln 11 A.1.6. Dosieren und Einleiten von Gasen 11 A.1.7. Heizen und Kühlen. 14 A.1.7.1. Wärmequellen, Wärmeübertragung, Wärmebäder 14 A.1.7.2. Erhitzen brennbarer Flüssigkeiten 15 A.1.7.3. Kühlmittel 16 A.1.8. Arbeiten unter Druck 17 A.1.8.1. Bombenrohre 17 A.1.8.2. Autoklaven 18 A.1.8.3. Druckgasflaschen 19 A.1.9. Arbeiten unter vermindertem Druck 21 A.1.9.1. Vakuumerzeugung 21 A.1.9.2. Vakuummessung 22 A.1.9.3. Arbeiten unter Vakuum 23 A.1.10. Trocknen 24 A.1.10.1. Trocknen von Gasen 25 A.1.10.2. Trocknen von Flüssigkeiten 26 A.1.10.3. Trocknen von Feststoffen 27 A.1.10.4. Gebräuchliche Trockenmittel 29 A.2. Trennverfahren 29 A.2.1. Filtrieren und Zentrifugieren. 29 A.2.2. Kristallisieren 32 A.2.2.1. Wahl des Lösungsmittels 32 A.2.2.2. Umkristallisieren 33 A.2.2.3. Kristallisation aus der Schmelze 33 A.2.3. Destillation und Rektifikation 34 A.2.3.1. Abhängigkeit der Siedetemperatur vom Druck 34 A.2.3.2. Einfache Destillation 35 A.2.3.2.1. Physikalische Grundlagen des Trennvorgangs 35 A.2.3.2.2. Durchführung einer einfachen Destillation 37 A.2.3.2.3. Abdestillieren von Lösungsmitteln 40 A.2.3.2.4. Kurzwegdestillation. Kugelrohrdestillation 42 A.2.3.3. Rektifikation 42 A.2.3.3.1. Physikalische Grundlagen der Rektifikation 42 A.2.3.3.2. Durchführung der Rektifikation 45 A.2.3.4. Wasserdampfdestillation 48 A.2.3.5. Azeotrope Destillation 50 A.2.4. Sublimation 52 A.2.5. Extraktion und Verteilung 53 A.2.5.1. Extraktion von Feststoffen 53 A.2.5.1.1. Einmalige einfache Extraktion 53 A.2.5.1.2. Wiederholte einfache Extraktion 54 A.2.5.2. Extraktion von Flüssigkeiten 54 A.2.5.2.1. Ausschütteln von Lösungen bzw. Suspensionen 55 A.2.5.2.2. Perforation 56 A.2.6. Adsorption 57 A.2.6.1. Entfärben von Lösungen 58 A.2.7. Chromatographie 59 A.2.7.1. Dünnschichtchromatographie (DC) 60 A.2.7.2. Säulenflüssigchromatographie 63 A.2.7.3. Hochdruckflüssigchromatographie (HPLC) 66 A.2.7.4. Gaschromatographie 68 A.3. Arbeiten im Mikromaßstab 70 A.3.1. Apparaturen und Techniken 71 A.4. Bestimmung physikalischer Eigenschaften organischer Verbindungen 75 A.4.1. Schmelztemperatur 75 A.4.1.1. Bestimmung der Schmelztemperatur in der Kapillare 76 A.4.1.2. Mikroschmelztemperaturbestimmung auf dem Heiztisch 77 A.4.2. Siedetemperatur 78 A.4.3. Refraktometrie 79 A.4.4. Polarimetrie 80 A.4.5. Optische Spektroskopie 81 A.4.5.1. UV-VIS-Spektroskopie 83 A.4.5.2. Infrarotspektroskopie 88 A.4.6. Kernmagnetische Resonanzspektroskopie 93 A.4.6.1. 1H-NMR-Spektroskopie 97 A.4.6.2. 13C-NMR-Spektroskopie 102 A.4.7. Massenspektrometrie 108 A.4.8. Hinweise zur Strukturaufklärung mit Hilfe spektroskopischer Methoden 114 A.4.9. Röntgen-Strukturanalyse 115 A.5. Aufbewahrung von Chemikalien, Entsorgung gefährlicher Abfälle 116 A.5.1. Aufbewahrung von Chemikalien 116 A.5.2. Abfälle und ihre Entsorgung 118 A.6. Die erste Ausrüstung 119 A.7. Literaturhinweise 121 B Organisch-chemische Literatur. Protokollführung B.1. Originalliteratur 127 B.1.1. Fachzeitschriften 127 B.1.2. Patentschriften 128 B.2. Zusammenfassungen und Übersichten 129 B.3. Referierende Literatur 131 B.3.1. Beilsteins Handbuch der Organischen Chemie 131 B.3.2. Referateorgane 132 B.3.3. Schnellreferatedienste 134 B.4. Tabellenbücher 134 B.5. Nomenklaturrichtlinien 136 B.6. Durchführung einer Recherche 137 B.6.1. Recherche über eine definierte chemische Verbindung 137 B.6.1.1. Vollständige Literaturrecherche 137 B.6.1.2. Suche nach einer günstigen Darstellungsmöglichkeit 138 B.6.1.3. Recherche über Verbindungsklassen 138 B.6.2. Computergestützte Recherche 139 B.6.2.1. SciFinder Scholar 140 B.6.2.2. Reaxys 145 B.7. Protokollführung 146 B.8. Literaturhinweise 147 C Einige allgemeine Grundlagen C.1. Klassifizierung organisch-chemischer Reaktionen 148 C.2. Energieänderungen bei chemischen Reaktionen 149 C.3. Zum zeitlichen Ablauf organisch-chemischer Reaktionen 153 C.3.1. Folgereaktionen 153 C.3.2. Konkurrenzreaktionen 154 C.3.3. Einfluss von Lösungsmitteln auf die Reaktivität. 155 C.3.4. Katalyse 156 C.4. Säure-Base-Reaktionen 157 C.5. Einflüsse von Substituenten auf die Elektronendichteverteilung und die Reaktivität organischer Moleküle 160 C.5.1. Polare Effekte von Substituenten 160 C.5.2. Quantitative Behandlung von polaren Substituenteneffekten. Hammett-Gleichung 164 C.5.3. Sterische Effekte 166 C.6. Zur störungstheoretischen Behandlung der chemischen Reaktivität 167 C.7. Stereoisomerie 170 C.7.1. Konformation 170 C.7.2. cis-trans-Isomerie 173 C.7.3. Chiralität und Stereoisomerie 174 C.7.3.1. Enantiomerie 174 C.7.3.2. Diastereomerie 176 C.7.3.3. Synthese chiraler Verbindungen 177 C.7.3.3.1. Racematspaltung 178 C.7.3.3.2. Stereoselektive Synthese 179 C.8. Syntheseplanung 181 C.8.1. Retrosynthese 181 C.8.2. Schutzgruppen 183 C.9. Literaturhinweise 185 D Organisch-präparativer Teil Zur Benutzung der Arbeitsvorschriften und Tabellen 189 D.1. Radikalische Substitution 191 D.1.1. Erzeugung und Stabilität von Radikalen 192 D.1.2. Reaktionen und Lebensdauer von Radikalen. Radikalkettenreaktionen 194 D.1.3. Reaktivität und Selektivität bei radikalischen Substitutionen 196 D.1.4. Radikalische Halogenierungen 200 D.1.4.1. Chlorierung 200 D.1.4.2. Bromierung 206 D.1.5. Peroxygenierung 209 D.1.6. Weitere radikalische Substitutionsreaktionen 211 D.1.7. Literaturhinweise 213 D.2. Nucleophile Substitution am gesättigten Kohlenstoffatom 214 D.2.1. Allgemeiner Verlauf und Mechanismus der Reaktion 214 D.2.1.1. Monomolekulare nucleophile Substitution (S N 1) 216 D.2.1.2. Bimolekulare nucleophile Substitution (S N 2) 217 D.2.2. Faktoren, die den Verlauf nucleophiler Substitutionen beeinflussen 218 D.2.2.1. Reaktivität des Substrates RX 218 D.2.2.2. Nucleophilie von Reagenzien 222 D.2.3. Zur Regioselektivität ambifunktioneller Nucleophile 225 D.2.4. Reaktionsbedingungen nucleophiler Substitutionen mit anionischen Nucleophilen 226 D.2.4.1. Möglichkeiten der Reaktionsführung 226 D.2.4.2. Phasentransferkatalyse 227 D.2.5. Nucleophile Substitution an Alkoholen und Ethern 229 D.2.5.1. Ersatz der Hydroxylgruppe in Alkoholen durch anorganische Säurereste 230 D.2.5.2. Saure Veretherung von Alkoholen. Etherspaltung 235 D.2.6. Nucleophile Substitution an Alkylhalogeniden, -sulfaten und -sulfonaten 237 D.2.6.1. Hydrolyse 237 D.2.6.2. Synthese von Ethern aus Alkoholaten bzw. Phenolaten 240 D.2.6.3. Synthese von Carbonsäureestern 244 D.2.6.4. Alkylierung von Ammoniak und Aminen 245 D.2.6.5. Alkylierung von Phosphorverbindungen 249 2.6.5.1. Alkylierung von tertiären Phosphinen 249 D.2.6.5.2. Michaelis-Arbuzov-Reaktion 250 D.2.6.6. Alkylierung von Schwefelverbindungen 251 D.2.6.7. Synthese von Alkylhalogeniden durch Finkelstein-Reaktion 255 D.2.6.8. Darstellung von Nitroalkanen 257 D.2.6.9. Darstellung von Alkylcyaniden (Kolbe-Nitrilsynthese) 259 D.2.7. Nucleophile Substitution an substituierten Silanen 262 D.2.8. Literaturhinweise 264 D.3. Eliminierung unter Bildung von C–C-Mehrfachbindungen 266 D.3.1. Ionische a,b-Eliminierungen 266 D.3.1.1. Substitution und Eliminierung als Konkurrenzreaktionen. Mechanismus ionischer Eliminierungen 267 D.3.1.1.1. Monomolekulare Eliminierung 269 D.3.1.1.2. Bimolekulare Eliminierung 270 D.3.1.2. Einfluss der Molekularität und der allgemeinen räumlichen Verhältnisse auf die Richtung der Eliminierung. 271 D.3.1.3. Stereoelektronische Verhältnisse und Richtung der Eliminierung. Stereochemischer Verlauf von Eliminierungen 273 D.3.1.4. Eliminierung von Wasser aus Alkoholen (Dehydratisierung) und von Alkoholen aus Ethern 276 D.3.1.5. Eliminierung von Halogenwasserstoff aus Alkylhalogeniden 280 D.3.1.6. Eliminierung von Trialkylamin aus quartären Ammoniumbasen (Hofmann-Abbau) 284 D.3.2. Thermische syn-Eliminierungen 286 D.3.3. a,a-Eliminierung 288 D.3.4. Literaturhinweise 289 D.4. Addition an nichtaktivierte C–C-Mehrfachbindungen 291 D.4.1. Elektrophile Addition an Olefine und Acetylene 293 D.4.1.1. Mechanismus der elektrophilen Addition 293 D.4.1.2. Zur Additionsrichtung und zum stereochemischen Verlauf elektrophiler Additionen. 295 D.4.1.3. Addition von Protonensäuren und Wasser an Olefine und Acetylene 297 D.4.1.4. Addition von Halogenen und unterhalogenigen Säuren an Olefine und Acetylene 301 D.4.1.5. Oxymercurierung 304 D.4.1.6. Epoxidierung und Dihydroxylierung 305 D.4.1.7. Ozonierung 310 D.4.1.8. Hydroborierung 311 D.4.1.9. Kationische Oligomerisierung und Polymerisation 313 D.4.2. Nucleophile Addition 315 D.4.2.1. Anionische Polymerisation von Olefinen 315 D.4.2.2. Nucleophile Addition an Acetylene 316 D.4.3. Radikalische Additions- und Polymerisationsreaktionen 319 D.4.4. Cycloadditionen 326 D.4.4.1. [1 + 2]-Cycloadditionen. Addition von Carbenen und Carbenoiden 328 D.4.4.2. [2 + 2]-Cycloadditionen 330 D.4.4.3. [3 + 2]-Cycloadditionen (1,3-Dipoladditionen) 331 D.4.4.4. [4 + 2]-Cycloadditionen (Diels-Alder-Reaktion) 333 D.4.5. Metall- und metallkomplexkatalysierte Umsetzungen von Olefinen 337 D.4.5.1. Homogenkatalysierte Reaktionen von Olefinen und Acetylenen 337 D.4.5.2. Heterogenkatalysierte Hydrierung 344 D.4.6. Literaturhinweise 350 D.5. Reaktionen an Aromaten 355 D.5.1. Elektrophile aromatische Substitution 356 D.5.1.1. Mechanismus der elektrophilen aromatischen Substitution 357 D.5.1.2. Einfluss von Substituenten auf die Reaktivität des Aromaten und auf den Ort der Zweitsubstitution 358 D.5.1.3. Nitrierung 361 D.5.1.4. Sulfonierung 364 D.5.1.5. Halogenierung 370 D.5.1.6. Thiocyanierung (Rhodanierung) 375 D.5.1.7. Friedel-Crafts-Alkylierung 376 D.5.1.8. Elektrophile aromatische Substitution durch Carbonylverbindungen 380 D.5.1.8.1. Friedel-Crafts-Acylierung 381 D.5.1.8.2. Gattermann-Synthesen 385 D.5.1.8.3. Vilsmeier-Synthese 386 D.5.1.8.4. Elektrophile Substitution durch Formaldehyd 389 D.5.1.8.5. Sauer katalysierte und beförderte Reaktionen von Aromaten mit anderen Aldehyden und Ketonen 392 D.5.1.8.6. Carboxylierungen 395 D.5.1.9. Nitrosierung 397 D.5.2. Nucleophile aromatische Substitution 398 D.5.2.1. Nucleophile Substitution an aktivierten Aromaten 398 D.5.2.2. Nucleophile Substitution an nichtaktivierten Aromaten 402 D.5.3. Metallvermittelte Substitutionen an Aromaten 404 D.5.3.1. Metallierung von Aromaten 404 D.5.3.2. Kupplungen von Aryl- mit Organometallverbindungen 408 D.5.3.2.1. Kupplungen mit alkalimetall- und kupferorganischen Verbindungen 408 D.5.3.2.2. Übergangsmetall-katalysierte Kreuzkupplungen 409 D.5.3.3. Heck-Reaktion 414 D.5.3.4. Aryl-Heteroatom-Kupplungen 417 D.5.4. Reduktion von Aromaten (Birch-Reduktion) 418 D.5.5. Literaturhinweise 421 D.6. Oxidation und Dehydrierung 424 D.6.1. Allgemeine Gesetzmäßigkeiten 424 D.6.2. Oxidation von Methyl- und Methylengruppen 427 D.6.2.1. Oxidation von Alkylaromaten zu aromatischen Carbonsäuren 429 D.6.2.2. Oxidation von Alkylaromaten zu Aldehyden und Ketonen 433 D.6.2.3. Oxidation von aktivierten Methyl- und Methylengruppen zu Carbonylgruppen 434 D.6.2.3.1. Oxidation mit Selendioxid 434 D.6.2.3.2. Willgerodt-Reaktion 435 D.6.3. Oxidation von primären und secundären Alkoholen und Aldehyden sowie von Aminen 439 D.6.3.1. Oxidation von primären und secundären Alkoholen zu 440 D.6.3.2. Aldehyden bzw. Ketonen Oxidation von primären Alkoholen und Aldehyden zu Carbonsäuren 446 D.6.3.3. Oxidation primärer aromatischer Amine zu aromatischen Nitrosoverbindungen 449 D.6.4. Chinone durch Oxidation 450 D.6.4.1. Chinone aus aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen 450 D.6.4.2. Chinone aus substituierten Aromaten. 452 D.6.4.3. Chinonimine durch oxidative Kupplung 454 D.6.5. Oxidationen unter C–C-Spaltung 456 D.6.5.1. Oxidation von C–C-Mehrfachbindungen 457 D.6.5.2. Glycolspaltung 459 D.6.5.3. Oxidative Spaltung von secundären Alkoholen und Ketonen 460 D.6.6. Dehydrierung von Kohlenwasserstoffen und Hydroaromaten 462 D.6.7. Literaturhinweise 465 D.7. Reaktionen von Carbonylverbindungen 468 D.7.1. Reaktionen von Carbonylverbindungen mit Heteroatom-Nucleophilen 470 D.7.1.1. Reaktionen von Aldehyden und Ketonen mit Aminoverbindungen 474 D.7.1.2. Reaktionen von Aldehyden und Ketonen mit Wasser und Alkoholen 480 D.7.1.3. Reaktionen von Aldehyden und Ketonen zu Thioacetalen und Bisulfitaddukten 484 D.7.1.4. Reaktionen von Carbonsäuren und Carbonsäurederivaten mit Heteroatom-Nucleophilen 484 D.7.1.4.1. Darstellung von Estern durch Alkoholyse von Carbonsäuren und Carbonsäurederivaten 486 D.7.1.4.2. Darstellung von Säureamiden durch Aminolyse von Carbonsäuren und ihren Derivaten 493 D.7.1.4.3. Hydrolyse von Carbonsäurederivaten 500 D.7.1.4.4. Acidolyse von Carbonsäuren und ihren Derivaten 506 D.7.1.5. Addition von Nucleophilen an Nitrile 512 D.7.1.6. Addition von Nucleophilen an spezielle Carbonylverbindungen 516 D.7.1.7. Thionierung von Carbonylverbindungen 520 D.7.2. Reaktionen von Carbonylverbindungen mit Kohlenstoff-Nucleophilen 522 D.7.2.1. D.7.2.2. Reaktionen von Carbonylverbindungen mit CH-aciden Verbindungen 524 D.7.2.1.1. Anlagerung von Blausäure an Aldehyde und Ketone 526 D.7.2.1.2. Ethinylierung von Carbonylverbindungen 530 D.7.2.1.3. Aldolreaktion 532 D.7.2.1.4. Knoevenagel-Reaktion 541 D.7.2.1.5. Mannich-Reaktion. 544 D.7.2.1.6. Acyloinkondensation und Umpolung 547 D.7.2.1.7. Reaktionen von Aldehyden und Ketonen mit Alkylphosphonsäureestern und Alkylidenphosphoranen 550 D.7.2.1.8. Esterkondensation 554 D.7.2.1.9. Esterspaltung und Säurespaltung von b-Dicarbonylverbindungen 563 D.7.2.1.10. Reaktion von Carbonsäurechloriden mit b-Dicarbonylverbindungen 565 D.7.2.1.11. Addition von CH-aciden Verbindungen an Heterocumulene 567 D.7.2.1.12. Polymethinkondensation 569 D.7.2.2. Reaktionen von Carbonylverbindungen mit Organometallverbindungen 571 D.7.3. Reduktion von Carbonylverbindungen 580 D.7.3.1. Reduktion von Carbonylverbindungen durch H-Nucleophile 582 D.7.3.1.1. Reduktion von Carbonylverbindungen durch Aluminium- und Borhydride 582 D.7.3.1.2. Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley-Reduktion und Oppenauer-Oxidation 586 D.7.3.1.3. Reaktionen nach Cannizzaro und Claisen-Tishchenko 589 D.7.3.1.4. Leuckart-Wallach-Reaktion 591 D.7.3.1.5. Enzymatische Reduktion 593 D.7.3.1.6. Wolff-Kizhner-Reduktion 593 D.7.3.2. Katalytische Hydrierung von Carbonylverbindungen 596 D.7.4. D.7.3.3. Reduktion von Carbonylverbindungen durch unedle Metalle und niedervalente Metallverbindungen 600 D.7.4. Reaktionen vinyloger Carbonylverbindungen und anderer vinyloger Systeme 606 D.7.4.1. Reaktionen vinyloger Elektronenacceptorverbindungen –a,b-ungesättigter Carbonylverbindungen 608 D.7.4.1.1. Addition von Aminen an vinyloge Carbonylverbindungen 609 D.7.4.1.2. Addition von Wasser, Halogenwasserstoff, Schwefelwasserstoff, Alkoholen und Thiolen an vinyloge Carbonylverbindungen 611 D.7.4.1.3. Addition von CH-aciden Verbindungen an vinyloge Carbonylverbindungen (Michael-Addition) 613 D.7.4.1.4. Addition von Säureamiden an vinyloge Carbonylverbindungen 619 D.7.4.1.5. Substitutionsreaktionen an vinylogen Carbonylverbindungen 619 D.7.4.2. Reaktionen vinyloger Elektronendonorverbindungen – Enolate, Enole, Enolether, Enamine 621 D.7.4.2.1. Alkylierung von Carbonylverbindungen 622 D.7.4.2.2. Halogenierung von Carbonylverbindungen 627 D.7.4.2.3. Acylierung und Alkylierung von Enaminen 630 D.7.5. Literaturhinweise 633 D.8. Reaktionen weiterer heteroanaloger Carbonylverbindungen 638 D.8.1. Reduktion von Nitroverbindungen und Nitrosoverbindungen 641 D.8.2. Reaktionen der salpetrigen Säure 645 D.8.2.1. Reaktionen der salpetrigen Säure mit Aminoverbindungen 645 D.8.2.2. Reaktionen der salpetrigen Säure mit Alkoholen (Veresterung) 649 D.8.2.3. Reaktionen der salpetrigen Säure mit CH-aciden Verbindungen 650 D.8.3. Reaktionen der Diazoniumsalze 651 D.8.3.1. Verkochung und Reduktion 651 D.8.3.2. Sandmeyer-Reaktionen 654 D.8.3.3. Azokupplung, Azofarbstoffe 657 D.8.4. Aliphatische Diazoverbindungen 662 D.8.4.1. Darstellung von Diazoalkanen 662 D.8.4.2. Reaktionen aliphatischer Diazoverbindungen 663 D.8.4.2.1. Reaktionen aliphatischer Diazoverbindungen mit Protonensäuren 663 D.8.4.2.2. Reaktionen aliphatischer Diazoverbindungen mit Carbonylverbindungen 665 D.8.5. Reaktionen der Sulfonsäurederivate 667 D.8.6. Literaturhinweise 673 D.9. Umlagerungen 675 D.9.1. [1,2]-Umlagerungen 676 D.9.1.1. Nucleophile [1,2]-Umlagerungen am Kohlenstoffatom 678 D.9.1.1.1. Pinacolon-Umlagerung 678 D.9.1.1.2. Wagner-Meerwein-Umlagerung 681 D.9.1.1.3. Wolff-Umlagerung 682 D.9.1.2. Umlagerungen am Stickstoffatom 684 D.9.1.2.1. Hofmann-Abbau 684 D.9.1.2.2. Curtius-Abbau 686 D.9.1.2.3. Schmidt-Reaktion 687 D.9.1.2.4. Beckmann-Umlagerung 689 D.9.1.3. Umlagerungen am Sauerstoffatom 690 D.9.2. [3,3]-Umlagerungen 693 D.9.3. Literaturhinweise 697 E Identifizierung organischer Substanzen E.1. Vorproben und Prüfung auf funktionelle Gruppen 699 E.1.1. Vorproben 700 E.1.1.1. Äußere Erscheinung der Substanz 700 E.1.1.2. Bestimmung physikalischer Konstanten 701 E.1.1.3. Brenn- und Glühprobe 701 E.1.1.4. Nachweis der Elemente 701 E.1.1.5. Bestimmung der Löslichkeit 703 E.1.2. Prüfung auf funktionelle Gruppen 704 E.1.2.1. Hinweise auf ungesättigte Verbindungen 705 E.1.2.1.1. Umsetzung mit Brom 705 E.1.2.1.2. Umsetzung mit Permanganat 705 E.1.2.2. Hinweise auf Aromaten 706 E.1.2.2.1. Umsetzung mit Salpetersäure 706 E.1.2.2.2. Umsetzung mit Chloroform und Aluminiumchlorid 706 E.1.2.3. Hinweis auf stark reduzierende Substanzen (Umsetzung mit ammoniakalischer Silbersalzlösung) 706 E.1.2.4. Hinweise auf Aldehyde und Ketone 707 E.1.2.4.1. Umsetzung mit Dinitrophenylhydrazin 707 E.1.2.4.2. Umsetzung mit Fehlingscher Lösung 707 E.1.2.4.3. Umsetzung mit fuchsinschwefliger Säure (Schiffsches Reagens) 707 E.1.2.5. Hinweise auf Alkohole, Phenole, Enole 707 E.1.2.5.1. Umsetzung mit Cerammoniumnitrat-Reagens 707 E.1.2.5.2. Umsetzung mit Eisen(III)-chlorid 708 E.1.2.5.3. Umsetzung mit Kupfer(II)-Salzen 708 E.1.2.5.4. Umsetzung mit Zinkchlorid/Salzsäure (Lukas-Reagens) 708 E.1.2.5.5. Umsetzung mit Deniges-Reagens 709 E.1.2.6. Iodoformprobe (Umsetzung mit Natriumhypoiodid) 709 E.1.2.7. Hinweise auf alkalisch hydrolysierbare Verbindungen 709 E.1.2.7.1. Umsetzung mit wässriger Natronlauge (Rojahn-Probe) 709 E.1.2.7.2. Umsetzung mit Hydroxylamin (Hydroxamsäuretest) 710 E.1.2.7.3. Umsetzung mit konzentrierter Kalilauge 710 E.1.2.8. Hinweise auf Amine. 710 E.1.2.8.1. Umsetzung mit Chloroform (Isocyanidprobe) 710 E.1.2.8.2. Umsetzung mit salpetriger Säure 711 E.1.2.8.3. Umsetzung mit Ninhydrin 711 E.1.2.9. Hinweise auf Nitro- und Nitrosoverbindungen 711 E.1.2.9.1. Umsetzung mit Zink und Ammoniumchlorid 711 E.1.2.9.2. Umsetzung der aci-Form mit Eisen(III)-chlorid 711 E.1.2.9.3. Umsetzung der aci-Form mit salpetriger Säure 712 E.1.2.10. Hinweis auf hydrolysierbares Halogen 712 E.1.2.11. Hinweise auf Thiole und Thiophenole 712 E.1.2.11.1. Umsetzung mit Schwermetallsalzen 712 E.1.2.11.2. Umsetzung mit salpetriger Säure 712 E.1.2.11.3. Umsetzung mit Dinatriumpentacyanonitrosylferrat(III) (Nitroprussidnatrium) 713 E.2. Derivate und Spektren 713 E.2.1. Identifizierung von Aminoverbindungen 714 E.2.1.1. Primäre und secundäre Amine 714 E.2.1.1.1. Darstellung der Benzamide 714 E.2.1.1.2. Darstellung der Benzen- und Toluensulfonamide und Hinsberg-Trennung 714 E.2.1.1.3. Darstellung der Pikrate 714 E.2.1.1.4. Darstellung der Phenylthioharnstoffe 714 E.2.1.1.5. Äquivalentmassebestimmung 714 E.2.1.2. Tertiäre Amine 718 E.2.1.2.1. Darstellung der Pikrate 718 E.2.1.2.2. Darstellung der Methoiodide und Methotosylate 718 E.2.1.2.3. Äquivalentmassebestimmung 718 E.2.1.3. Aminosäuren 719 E.2.1.3.1. Darstellung der Benzamide 719 E.2.1.3.2. Darstellung der Phenylharnstoffe 719 E.2.1.3.3. Papierchromatographie 720 E.2.2. Identifizierung von Carbonylverbindungen 721 E.2.2.1. Aldehyde und Ketone 721 E.2.2.1.1. Darstellung der Phenylhydrazone 721 E.2.2.1.2. Darstellung der Semicarbazone 721 E.2.2.1.3. Darstellung des Dimedonderivats 721 E.2.2.1.4. Äquivalentmassebestimmung durch Oximtitration 721 E.2.2.2. Chinone 725 E.2.2.2.1. Darstellung der Semicarbazone 725 E.2.2.2.2. Darstellung der Hydrochinondiacetate 725 E.2.2.3. Monosaccharide 726 E.2.2.3.1. Darstellung der Osazone 726 E.2.2.4. Acetale 728 E.2.2.5. Carbonsäuren 728 E.2.2.5.1. Darstellung der p-Brom- und p-Phenylphenacylester 728 E.2.2.5.2. Darstellung der Carbonsäureamide 728 E.2.2.5.3. Darstellung der Carbonsäure-N-benzyl-amide 729 E.2.2.5.4. Darstellung der Carbonsäureanilide. 729 E.2.2.5.5. Äquivalentmassebestimmung 729 E.2.2.6. Carbonsäureamide und Nitrile 732 E.2.2.6.1. Darstellung der Carbonsäuren 732 E.2.2.6.2. Darstellung der Amine (Bouveault-Blanc- Reduktion) 732 E.2.2.7. Carbonsäureester 732 E.2.2.7.1. Darstellung der Carbonsäuren und Alkohole 732 E.2.2.7.2. Darstellung der 3,5-Dinitro-benzoesäureester 733 E.2.2.7.3. Darstellung der Carbonsäureamide 733 E.2.3. Identifizierung von Ethern 734 E.2.3.1. Etherspaltung mit Iodwasserstoff- bzw. Bromwasserstoffsäure 734 E.2.3.2. Etherspaltung mit Zinkchlorid/3,5-Dinitro-benzoylchlorid 734 E.2.4. Identifizierung von Halogenverbindungen 734 E.2.4.1. Darstellung der Carbonsäureanilide 735 E.2.4.2. Darstellung der S-Alkyl-thiouroniumpikrate 735 E.2.5. Identifizierung von Hydroxyverbindungen 737 E.2.5.1. Primäre und secundäre Alkohole 737 E.2.5.1.1. Darstellung der Nitrobenzoesäureester 737 E.2.5.1.2. Darstellung der Halbester der 3-Nitrophthalsäure 737 E.2.5.1.3. Darstellung der Urethane 737 E.2.5.2. Tertiäre Alkohole 738 E.2.5.2.1. Darstellung der S-Alkyl-thiouroniumpikrate 738 E.2.5.2.2. Äquivalentmassebestimmung 738 E.2.5.3. Phenole 740 E.2.5.3.1. Darstellung der Benzoate 740 E.2.5.3.2. Darstellung der Urethane 740 E.2.5.3.3. Darstellung der Bromphenole 740 E.2.5.3.4. Darstellung der Aryloxyessigsäuren 740 E.2.6. Identifizierung von Kohlenwasserstoffen 742 E.2.6.1. Alkane und Cycloalkane 742 E.2.6.2. Aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe. 743 E.2.6.2.1. Darstellung der Sulfonamide 743 E.2.6.2.2. Darstellung der o-Aroyl-benzoesäuren 743 E.2.6.2.3. Darstellung der Nitroderivate 743 E.2.6.2.4. Darstellung der Pikrinsäureaddukte 743 E.2.6.2.5. Oxidation mit Permanganat oder Chromsäure 743 E.2.6.3. Alkene und Alkine 744 E.2.6.3.1. Überführung in die Carbonylverbindungen 745 E.2.6.3.2. Hydratation von Acetylenderivaten 745 E.2.7. Identifizierung von Nitro- und Nitrosoverbindungen 745 E.2.7.1. Darstellung der Amine mit Zinn/Salzsäure. 746 E.2.7.2. Darstellung der Amine mit Hydrazinhydrat/Raney-Nickel 746 E.2.8. Identifizierung von Sulfanylverbindungen 746 E.2.8.1. Darstellung der 3,5-Dinitro-thiobenzoate 746 E.2.8.2. Darstellung der 2,5-Dinitro-phenylsulfide und deren Oxidation zu Sulfonen 746 E.2.8.3. Äquivalentmassebestimmung 746 E.2.9. Identifizierung von Sulfonsäuren 747 E.2.9.1. Darstellung der S-Benzyl-thiouroniumsulfonate 747 E.2.9.2. Darstellung der Sulfonamide 747 E.2.9.3. Äquivalentmassebestimmung 748 E.3. Trennung von Gemischen 748 E.4. Aufgaben zur Identifizierung und Trennung organisch-chemischer Verbindungen 749 F Eigenschaften, Reinigung und Darstellung wichtiger Reagenzien, Lösungsmittel und Hilfsstoffe (Reagenzienanhang) 751 Literaturhinweise 774 G Eigenschaften gefährlicher Stoffe (Gefahrstoffanhang) 775 G.1. Gefahrenpiktogramme, Gefahren- und Sicherheitshinweise und Angaben zur Toxizität gefährlicher Stoffe 778 G.2. Wortlaut der H- und P-Sätze 794 G.2.1. H-Sätze des EU-GHS-Systems 794 G.2.2. Die P-Sätze des EU-GHS-Systems 799 Literaturhinweise 805 Register 807 Tabelle: IR-, UV-, NMR- und MS-spektroskopische Daten wichtiger Strukturelemente organischer Verbindungen 886 Maßnahmen zur Ersten Hilfe im Labor: vorderer innerer Buchdeckel

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Book SynopsisA must-have reference on sustainable organic energy storage systems Organic electrode materials have the potential to overcome the intrinsic limitations of transition metal oxides as cathodes in rechargeable batteries. As promising alternatives to metal-based batteries, organic batteries are renewable, low-cost, and would enable a greener rechargeable world. Rechargeable Organic Batteries is an up-to-date reference and guide to the next generation of sustainable organic electrodes. Focused exclusively on organic electrode materials for rechargeable batteries, this unique volume provides comprehensive coverage of the structures, advantages, properties, reaction mechanisms, and performance of various types of organic cathodes. In-depth chapters examine carbonyl-, organosulfur-, radical-, and organometallic complexes, as well as polymer-based active materials for electrochemical energy storage (EES) technologies. Throughout the book, possible application cases and potential challenges are discussed in detail. Presents advanced characterization methods for verifying redox mechanisms of organic materials Examines recent advances in carbonyl-based small-molecule cathode materials in battery systems including lithium-ion, sodium-ion, and aqueous zinc-ion batteries Introduces organosulfide-inorganic composite cathodes with high electrical conductivity and fast reaction kinetics Outlines research progress on radical electrode materials, polymer-based organic cathode materials, and the development of all-organic batteries Summarizes the synthesis processes, redox mechanisms, and electrochemical performance of different kinds of organic anode materials for metal-ion batteries Featuring a general introduction to organic batteries, including a discussion of their necessity and advantages, Rechargeable Organic Batteries is essential reading for electrochemists, materials scientists, organic chemists, physical chemists, and solid-state chemists working in the field.

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Book SynopsisKohlenstoff ist ein ganz besonderer Stoff und so ist die Organische Chemie, die sich mit ihm beschäftigt, besonders wichtig. David R. Klein erklärt Ihnen in dieser umfassend korrigierten Auflage die Grundlagen der Organischen Chemie: von Einstiegsthemen, wie der korrekten Zeichnung von Bindungen, bis zu komplexeren Punkten wie Konfigurationen. Er fasst sich dabei so knapp wie möglich und so können Sie sich schnell das für Sie relevante Wissen aneignen. Mit zahlreichen Übungsaufgaben können Sie Ihr Wissen dann auch noch überprüfen und festigen.Table of ContentsEinführung 13 1 Skelettformeln zeichnen 19 Skelettformeln lesen 20 Skelettformeln zeichnen 25 Fehler vermeiden 27 Weitere Übungen 28 Formalladungen identifizieren 31 Freie Elektronenpaare aufspüren, die nicht eingezeichnet sind 36 2 Resonanz 43 Was ist Resonanz? 43 Geschwungene Pfeile: DieWerkzeuge zum Zeichnen von Resonanzstrukturen 45 Die zwei Gebote 49 Gute Pfeile zeichnen 54 Formalladungen in Resonanzstrukturen 58 Resonanzstrukturen zeichnen – Schritt für Schritt 63 Resonanzstrukturen zeichnen – durch Mustererkennung 70 Die relative Bedeutung von Resonanzstrukturen abschätzen 82 3 Säure-Base-Reaktionen 89 Faktor 1 – Welches Atom trägt die Ladung? 91 Faktor 2 – Resonanz 95 Faktor 3 – der Induktive Effekt 100 Faktor 4 – Orbitale 104 Die vier Faktoren in eine Rangfolge bringen 106 QuantitativeMessung (pKS-Werte) 111 Die Lage des Gleichgewichts bestimmen 112 Reaktionsverläufe veranschaulichen –Reaktionsmechanismen 114 4 Geometrie 119 Orbitale und Hybridisierungszustände 120 Der räumliche Bau 125 Freie Elektronenpaare 129 5 Nomenklatur 131 Stoffklasse 133 Grad der Ungesättigtheit 136 Der Stammname – oder: die Hauptkette benennen 138 Substituenten benennen 142 Stereoisomerie 147 Nummerieren 152 Trivialnamen 160 Von einem Namen auf eine Struktur schließen 161 6 Konformationen 163 Wie Sie eine Newman-Projektion zeichnen 164 Die Stabilität verschiedener Konformationen anhand von Newman-Projektionen bewerten 171 Sesselkonformationen zeichnen 175 Substituenten am Sessel platzieren 179 Eine Ringinversion durchführen 184 Die Stabilität der Sessel vergleichen 192 Lassen Sie sich nicht von der Nomenklatur verwirren 196 7 Konfigurationen 199 Chiralitätszentren aufspüren 201 Die Konfiguration eines Chiralitätszentrums bestimmen 205 Nomenklatur 218 Enantiomere zeichnen 224 Diastereomere 231 meso-Verbindungen 234 Fischer-Projektionen zeichnen 239 Optische Aktivität 245 Lösungen 247 Stichwortverzeichnis 267

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThe manufacture and commercialization of optically-active products and intermediates is a rapidly evolving field. There have been significant new developments since the first volume of Chirality in Industry was published.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Chiral Drugs: Regulatory Aspects (J. Blumenstein). Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure Nucleosides (B. Bray, etal.). PHYSICAL METHODS AND CLASSICAL RESOLUTION. Crystal Science Techniques in the Manufacture of Chiral Compounds(W. Wood). BIOLOGICAL METHODS AND CHIRAL POOL SYNTHESES. Development of a Multi-Stage Chemical and Biological Process for anOptically Active Intermediate for an Anti-Glaucoma Drug (A. Blacker& R. Holt). ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESES BY CHEMICAL METHODS. Asymmetric Hydrocyanation of Vinylarenes (A. Casalnuovo & T.Rajanbabu). Sharpless Asymmetric Epoxidation: Scale-up and IndustrialProduction (W. Shum & M. Cannarsa). Index.

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Book SynopsisIndustrial Pollution Control: Issues and Techniques Second Edition Nancy J. Sell This revised guide incorporates all the important information on pollution sources, control methods, and pollution regulations generated since publication of the previous edition in 1981.Table of ContentsThe Nature of Pollution. Regulations Governing Pollutant Emissions. Methods for Air Pollution Control. Methods for Water Pollution Control. Solid and Hazardous Waste Disposal. Iron and Steel Industries. Foundry Operations. Nonferrous Metals Production. Metals Finishing. Cement Manufacture. Glass Manufacture. Paper and Pulp Industry. Food Process Industries. The Brewing Industry. The Tanning Industry. Chemical Industries. Impact of Environmental Regulations. Index.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive examination of rheometry theory and its practical applications This publication enables readers to understand and characterize the flow properties of complex fluids and, with this knowledge, develop a wide range of industrial and consumer products.Trade Review"...this book offers a good balance of theoretical and practical information relating to the rheology and characterization of filled systems..." (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, January/February 2006)Table of ContentsPREFACE. NOTATION. INTRODUCTION. 1 MATERIAL MECHANICS. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Continuum Mechanics. 1.3 Constitutive Equation. 1.4 Viscometric Flows. 2 RHEOPHYSICS OF PASTES AND GRANULAR MATERIALS. 2.1 Interactions between Material Elements. 2.2 Rheology of Soft Jammed Systems (Pastes). 2.3 Rheology of Granular Materials. 2.4 Rheology of Granular Pastes. 3 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES AND PROBLEMS IN PASTE VISCOMETRY. 3.1 Experimental Procedures. 3.2 Wall Slip. 3.3 Shear Localization. 3.4 Surface Tension Effects. 3.5 Drying. 3.6 Phase Separation. 3.7 Cracking. 3.8 Temperature Effects. 3.9 Inertia Effects and Turbulence. 4 LOCAL RHEOMETRY. 4.1 Techniques for Measuring the Velocity Field in Fluids. 4.2 Rheological Interpretation of Velocity Profiles. 4.3 Velocity Profile Reconstruction From Rheometry. 4.3.4 Specific Behavior Types. 4.3.5 Wall Slip Effect. 4.3.6 Inclined Plane Flow. 5 NONVISCOMETRIC FLOWS OF YIELD STRESS FLUIDS. 5.1 Displacement of an Object Through a Yield Stress Fluid. 5.2 Squeeze or Stretch Flows. 5.3 Spreading or Coating Flows. 6 GRANULAR FLOWS IN FRICTIONAL REGIME. 6.1 Viscometric Flows. 6.2 Free Surface Flows. 6.3 Conduit Flows. 6.4 Compression Flows. 6.5 Displacement of an Object. 6.6 Free Surface Flow of a Granular Paste. 7 PRACTICAL RHEOMETRICAL TECHNIQUES. 7.1 Tests Involving Displacement of an Object through Fluid. 7.2 Tests Involving Squeeze Flows. 7.3 Tests Involving Spreading or Coating Flows. 7.4 Tests Involving Conduit Flows. 7.5 Practical Tests for Granular Materials. 7.6 Study of Thixotropy using Practical Rheometrical Tests. 7.7 Applications to Industrial and Environmental Materials. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisOrganic Synthesis: Strategy and Control is the long-awaited sequel to Stuart Warren's bestseller Organic Synthesis: The Disconnection Approach, which looked at the planning behind the synthesis of compounds.Trade Review"The authors can be commended on producing a really useful and enjoyable new book on Organic Synthesis! … .Rewarding to read." (The Higher Education Academy Physical Sciences Centre, June 2008)Table of ContentsPreface. A: Introduction: Selectivity. 1. Planning Organic Syntheses: Tactics, Strategy, andControl. 2. Chemoselectivity. 3. Regioselectivity: Controlled Aldol Reactions. 4. Stereoselectivity: Stereoselective AldolReactions. 5. Alternative Strategies for Enone Synthesis. 6. Choosing a Strategy : The Synthesis ofcyclopentenones. B: Making Carbon-Carbon Bonds. 7. The Ortho Strategy for Aromatic Compounds. 8. delta-Complexes of Metals. 9. Controlling the Michael Reaction. 10. Specific Enol Equivalents. 11. Extended Enolates. 12. Allyl Anions. 13. Homoenolates. 14. Acyl Anion Equivalents. C: Carbon-Carbon Double Bonds. 15. Synthesis of Double Bonds of DefinedStereochemistry. 16. Stereo-Controlled Vinyl Anion Equivalents. 17. Electrophilic Attack on Alkenes. 18. Vinyl Cations: Palladium-Catalysed C-CCoupling. 19. Allyl Alcohols: Allyl Cation Equivalents (andMore). D: Stereochemistry. 20. Control of Stereochemistry -- Introduction. 21 Controlling Relative Stereochemistry. 22. Resolution. 23. The Chiral Pool. 24. Asymmetric Induction I: Reagent-Based Strategy. 25. Asymmetric Induction II: Asymmetric Catalysis:Formation of C-O and C-N Bonds. 26. Asymmetric Induction III: Asymmetric Catalysis:Formation of C-H and C-C Bonds. 27. Asymmetric Induction IV: Substrate-BasedStrategy. 28. Kinetic Resolution. 29. Enzymes: Biological Methods in AsymmetricSynthesis. 30. New Chiral Centres from Old --Enantiomerically Pure Compounds & SophisticatedSyntheses. 31. Strategy of Asymmetric Synthesis. E: Functional Group Strategy. 32. Functionalisation of Pyridine. 33. Oxidation of Aromatic Compounds, Enols andEnolates. 34. Functionality and Pericyclic Reactions: NitrogenHeterocycles by Cycloadditions and Sigmatropic Rearrangements. 35. Synthesis and Chemistry of Azoles and otherHeterocycles with Two or more Heteroatoms. 36. Tandem Organic Reactions. General References. Index.

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