Chemistry Books

Book SynopsisDie physikalischen Grundlagen und Vorgänge in lebendiger Materie sind die Themen der Biophysik. Die biologische Physik vereint Methoden und Ansätze aus unterschiedlichen Bereichen und bringt sowohl theoretische als auch experimentelle Konzepte aus vielen naturwissenschaftlichen Disziplinen zur Anwendung. Wichtige Themenfelder, die im vorliegenden Lehrbuch ausführlich behandelt werden, sind Zellstruktur, neuronale Signalübertragung, biologische Membranen, Evolution, Photosynthese, Immunologie u.v.a.m. In dieser vollständig überarbeiteten Auflage sind als neue Themen die Mikroanatomie der Zellhülle, Spannungs-Homeostasie und Krebs sowie die Echoortung der Fledermaus hinzugekommen. Das Buch wendet sich an Studierende der Naturwissenschaften im Haupt- bzw. Masterstudium sowie an Promovierende.Table of Contents1 Eine Einführung in das Studium der Biophysik 2 Die Zelle 3 Einführung in die Thermodynamik 4 Biologisch essenzielle physikochemische Reaktionen 5 Wichtige Bausteine lebender Systeme und deren Polymerisation 6 Physikalische Eigenschaften von Proteinen 7 Proteinfaltung, Konformations-Umwandlungen und -Fluktuationen 8 Molekulare Erkennung 9 Molekulare Architektur und Funktionen biologischer Membranen 10 Phasenumwandlungen und Dynamik biologischer Membranen 11 Membranen als semiflexible elastische Schalen 12 Thermomechanische Prinzipien der Strukturierung und Funktion biologischer Membranen 13 Zelladhäsion als Wechselspiel spezifischer, universeller und elastischer Kräfte 14 Physiologie und Elektrostatik der Nervenleitung 15 Elektrodynamik der Nervenerregung 16 Die Signalfortpflanzung in Axonen und Axon-Modelle 17 Biorhythmik durch Synchronisation selbsterregender Oszillatoren 18 Mikroanatomie und Funktionen des Zytoskeletts 19 Molekulare Linearmotoren der Zellen 20 Der Muskel: Anatomie und Phänomenologie der Funktion 21 Protonen-getriebene Rotationsmotoren 22 Leben bei kleinen Reynoldszahlen: Krafterzeugung durch Flagellen und Cilien 23 Makromoleküle des Extrazellulären Raums 24 Physik flexibler Makromoleküle: vom Einzelmolekül zur Lösung 25 Molekulare Dynamik und Elastizität semiflexibler Filamente 26 Viskoelastizität homogener Netzwerke und Gele 27 Physik und Funktion der Gele: Zustände zwischen Festkörper und Flüssigkeit 28 Zellen als Mechano-Sensoren und chemomechanische Aktuatoren 29 Mikromechanik und Spannungshomöostase der Zellen 30 Primärprozesse der Photosynthese 31 Physikalische Grundlagen photobiologischer Prozesse 32 Anatomie und Physiologie des Hörsinns 33 Mechanik und Hydrodynamik der Cochlea-Erregung 34 Haarzellen als akusto-elektrische Signaltransformatoren 35 Physik der Viren 36 Die Physik der Selbstorganisation und Verarbeitung des Genoms 37 Methoden der Biophysik

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Book SynopsisDas Übungsbuch zur dritten Auflage des Halliday-Lehrbuchs für natur- und ingenieurwissenschaftliche Studiengänge hilft bei der Durchdringung des Stoffs der einführenden Experimentalphysik-Vorlesungen für Ingenieure und Naturwissenschaftler. Es enthält die Lösungen inklusive des ausführlichen Lösungswegs zu mehr als 750 Aufgaben unterschiedlichen Schwierigkeitsgrades aus allen Kapiteln des Lehrbuchs. Sowohl einzeln erhältlich als auch im Deluxe-Set mit dem Lehrbuch!Table of Contents1 Geradlinige Bewegung 1 2 Kraft und Bewegung 63 3 Kinetische Energie und Arbeit 105 4 Potenzielle Energie und Energieerhaltung 125 5 Systeme von Teilchen 149 6 Die Rotation ausgedehnter Körper 175 7 Rollbewegung, Drehmoment und Drehimpuls 201 8 Gleichgewicht und Elastizität 223 9 Gravitation 245 10 Fluide 263 11 Schwingungen 277 12 Wellen – I 293 13 Wellen – II 311 14 Temperatur, Wärme und der erste Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik 327 15 Die kinetische Gastheorie 343 16 Entropie und der zweite Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik 361 17 Elektrische Ladung 377 18 Elektrische Felder 391 19 Der Gaußsche Satz 407 20 Das elektrische Potenzial 427 21 Kapazität 445 22 Elektrischer Strom und Widerstand 461 23 Stromkreise 475 24 Magnetfelder 495 25 Magnetfelder aufgrund von Strömen 511 26 Induktion und Induktivität 527 27 Elektromagnetische Schwingkreise und Wechselstrom 549 28 Magnetismus und Materie 567 29 Elektromagnetische Wellen 581 30 Abbildungen 597 31 Interferenz 611 32 Beugung 627 33 Relativitätstheorie 641 34 Photonen und Materiewellen 659 35 Mehr über Materiewellen 671 36 Atome 689 37 Elektrische Leitfähigkeit von Festkörpern 701

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Book SynopsisMathematica for Physicists and Engineers Hands-on textbook for learning how to use Mathematica to solve real-life problems in physics and engineering Mathematica for Physicists and Engineers provides the basic concepts of Mathematica for scientists and engineers, highlights Mathematica’s several built-in functions, demonstrates mathematical concepts that can be employed to solve problems in physics and engineering, and addresses problems in basic arithmetic to more advanced topics such as quantum mechanics. The text views mathematics and physics through the eye of computer programming, fulfilling the needs of students at master’s levels and researchers from a physics and engineering background and bridging the gap between the elementary books written on Mathematica and the reference books written for advanced users. Mathematica for Physicists and Engineers contains information on: Basics to Mathematica, its nomenclature and programming language, and possibilities for graphic output Vector calculus, solving real, complex and matrix equations and systems of equations, and solving quantum mechanical problems in infinite-dimensional linear vector spaces Differential and integral calculus in one and more dimensions and the powerful but elusive Dirac Delta function Fourier and Laplace transform, two integral transformations that are instrumental in many fields of physics and engineering for the solution of ordinary and partial differential equations Serving as a complete first course in Mathematica to solve problems in science and engineering, Mathematica for Physicists and Engineers is an essential learning resource for students in physics and engineering, master’s students in material sciences, geology, biological sciences theoretical chemists. Also lecturers in these and related subjects will benefit from the book.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Foreword xvii About the Authors xix 1 Preliminary Notions 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Versions of Mathematica 1 1.3 Getting Started 2 1.4 Simple Calculations 2 1.4.1 Arithmetic Operations 2 1.4.2 Approximate Numerical Results 3 1.4.3 Algebraic Calculations 3 1.4.4 Defining Variables 4 1.4.5 Using the Previous Results 5 1.4.6 Suppressing the Output 6 1.4.7 Sequences of Operations 6 1.5 Built-in Functions 7 1.6 Additional Features 9 1.6.1 Arbitrary-Precision Calculations 9 1.6.2 Value for Symbols 10 1.6.3 Defining Naming and Evaluating Functions 10 1.6.4 Composition of Functions 11 1.6.5 Conditional Assignment 12 1.6.6 Warnings and Messages 13 1.6.7 Interrupting Calculations 13 1.6.8 Using Symbols to Tag Objects 13 2 Basic Mathematical Operations 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Basic Algebraic Operations 15 2.3 Basic Trigonometric Operations 20 2.4 Basic Operations with Complex Numbers 21 3 Lists and Tables 25 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 Lists 25 3.3 Arrays 26 3.4 Tables 26 3.5 Extracting the Elements from the Arrays/Tables 29 4 Two-Dimensional Graphics 31 4.1 Introduction 31 4.2 Plotting Functions of a Single Variable 31 4.3 Additional Commands 34 4.4 Plot Styles 44 4.5 Probability Distribution 58 4.5.1 Binomial Distribution 58 4.5.2 Poisson Distribution 58 4.5.3 Normal or Gaussian Distribution 59 4.6 Some More Useful Commands 61 5 Parametric, Polar, Contour, Density, and List Plots 65 5.1 Introduction 65 5.2 Parametric Plotting 65 5.3 Polar Plots 72 5.3.1 Polar Plots of Circles 72 5.3.2 Polar Plots of Ellipse, Parabola, and Hyperbola 72 5.4 Implicit Plot 80 5.5 Contour Plots 81 5.6 Density Plot 85 5.7 ListPlot and ListLinePlot 85 5.8 LogPlot, LogLogPlot, ErrorListPlot 88 5.9 Least Square Fit 89 5.10 Plotting of Complex Numbers 92 6 Three-Dimensional Graphics 97 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 Plotting Function of Two Variables 97 6.3 Parametric Plots 101 6.4 3D Plots in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates 102 6.5 ContourPlot3D 105 6.6 ListContourPlot3D 108 6.7 ListSurfacePlot3D 110 6.8 Surface of Revolution 112 6.9 Conicoids 114 7 Matrices 123 7.1 Introduction 123 7.2 Properties of Matrices 123 7.2.1 Matrix Multiplication 123 7.3 Types of Matrices 123 7.4 The Rank of the Matrix 124 7.5 Special Matrices 124 7.6 Creation of a Matrix and Matrix Operations 125 7.6.1 Extraction of the Submatrices or the Elements of the Matrices 126 7.7 Properties of the Special Matrices 133 7.8 Direct Sum of Matrices 137 7.9 Direct Product of Matrices 137 7.10 Examples from Group Theory 138 7.10.1 SO(3) Group 138 7.10.2 SU(n)Group 139 7.10.3 SU(2) Group 140 7.10.4 SU(3) Group 141 8 Solving Algebraic and Transcendental Equations 143 8.1 Introduction 143 8.2 Solving System of Linear Equations 143 8.2.1 Number of Equations Equal to Number of Unknowns 144 8.2.2 Number of Equations Less than the Number of Unknowns 146 8.2.3 Number of Equations More than Number of Unknowns 146 8.3 Nonlinear Algebraic Equations 147 8.4 Solving Complex Equations 149 8.5 Solving Transcendental Equations 153 9 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of a Matrix 161 9.1 Introduction 161 9.2 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 161 9.2.1 Distinct Eigenvalues Having Independent Eigenvectors 162 9.2.2 Multiple Eigenvalues Having Independent Eigenvectors 163 9.2.3 Multiple Eigenvalues Not Having Independent Eigenvectors 165 9.3 Cayley–Hamilton Theorem 166 9.4 Diagonalization of a Matrix 167 9.4.1 Gram–Schmidt Orthogonalization Method 167 9.4.2 Diagonalizability of a Matrix 169 9.4.3 Case of a Non-diagonalizable Matrix 170 9.5 Some More Properties of the Special Matrices 172 9.6 Power of a Matrix 173 9.6.1 Roots of a Matrix 174 9.6.2 Exponential of a Matrix 174 9.6.3 Logarithm of a Matrix 174 9.6.4 Matrix Power Series 174 9.7 Power of a Matrix by Diagonalization 174 9.8 Bilinear, Quadratic, and Hermitian Forms 177 9.9 Principal Axes Transformation 178 10 Differential Calculus 183 10.1 Introduction 183 10.2 Limits 183 10.2.1 Evaluation of the Limits Using L’Hospital’s Rule 184 10.2.2 Application of L’Hospital’s Rule for the “Indeterminate Form” ∞ 185 ∞ 10.2.3 Evaluation of the Limit Using Taylor’s Theorem of Mean 186 10.3 Differentiation 188 10.3.1 Computation of Partial Derivatives 191 10.3.2 Total Derivative 193 10.4 Derivatives of Functions in Parametric Forms 195 10.4.1 Chain Rule for a Function of Two Independent Variables 196 10.4.2 Chain Rule for a Function of Three Independent Variables 196 10.5 Rolle’s Theorem 198 10.6 Mean Value Theorem 198 10.7 Series 200 10.8 Maxima and Minima 209 10.8.1 First Derivative Test 210 10.8.2 Second Derivative Test 211 10.8.3 Maximum and Minimum Values of a Function in a Closed Interval 213 10.8.4 Maxima and Minima of Two Variables 218 10.9 Differential Equations 222 10.9.1 Simple Harmonic Oscillator 225 10.9.2 LCR Circuit – Discharging of a Condenser Through an LR Circuit 227 11 Integral Calculus 235 11.1 Introduction 235 11.1.1 Indefinite Integral 235 11.1.2 Definite Integral 235 11.1.3 Numerical Value of the Integral 235 11.1.4 Assumptions While Evaluating the Integral 236 11.1.5 Multiple Integrals 236 11.1.6 Triple Integral 236 11.2 Evaluation of Indefinite Integrals 236 11.3 Evaluation of Definite Integrals 238 11.3.1 Numerical Value of the Integral 238 11.3.2 Options for Integration 239 11.4 Two and Three-Dimensional Integrals 240 11.5 Evaluation of the Integral in Polar Coordinates 242 11.6 Evaluation of Special Integrals 242 11.7 Orthogonal Polynomials 248 11.8 Area Between Curves 252 11.9 Application of Green’s Theorem in a Plane 256 11.10 Area of Surfaces of Revolution 257 12 Dirac Delta Function 263 12.1 Introduction 263 12.2 The Limiting Form of the Dirac Delta Function 263 12.3 Integral Representation of the Dirac Delta Function 265 12.4 Some Important Properties of the Dirac Delta Function 267 12.5 The Three-Dimensional Dirac Delta Function 270 13 Fourier Transforms 273 13.1 Introduction 273 13.2 Fourier Transforms 273 13.3 Scaling Property 280 13.4 Shifting Property 280 13.5 Fourier Sine and Cosine Transforms 281 13.6 Fourier Transform of the Derivative 282 13.7 Inverse Fourier Transform 282 13.8 Convolution 283 13.9 Convolution Theorem for Fourier Transforms 291 13.10 Parseval’s Theorem 293 14 Laplace Transforms 295 14.1 Introduction 295 14.2 Some Simple Examples 296 14.3 Properties of the Laplace Transforms 297 14.3.1 Linearity 297 14.3.2 Shifting Property 297 14.3.3 Scaling Property 297 14.4 Laplace Transform of the Derivative 298 14.5 Laplace Transform of Certain Special Functions 299 14.6 The Laplace Transform of Error and Complementary Error Functions 300 14.7 The Evaluation of a Certain Class of Definite Integrals Using Laplace Transforms 300 14.8 The Inverse Laplace Transform 302 14.8.1 Inverse Laplace Transform of Standard Functions 303 14.8.2 Shifting Properties 303 14.8.3 Inverse Laplace Transforms of Derivatives 305 14.9 Solving the Differential Equation by Laplace Transform 306 14.10 Convolution Theorem 307 14.11 Graphical Treatment of the Convolution 308 15 Vectors 315 15.1 Introduction 315 15.2 Properties 315 15.3 Vector Differentiation 319 15.4 Directional Derivative 320 15.5 Unit Vector Normal to the Surface 320 15.6 Gradient, Divergence, and Curl in the Cartesian Coordinate System 320 15.6.1 Gradient 320 15.6.2 Divergence 321 15.6.3 Curl 321 15.6.4 Laplacian Operator (∇ 2) 321 15.6.5 Examples 322 15.7 Expressing the Gradient, Divergence, and Curl in Other Coordinate Systems 326 15.7.1 Spherical Coordinate System 326 15.7.2 Cylindrical Coordinate System 330 15.8 Vector Plots 337 16 Linear Vector Spaces and Quantum Mechanics 343 16.1 Introduction 343 16.2 Linear Independence, Basis, and Dimension 343 16.3 Dimension of the Vector Space 343 16.4 Basis of the Vector Space 343 16.5 Completeness 344 16.6 Scalar Product in a Linear Vector Space 344 16.7 Norm of the Vector 344 16.8 Orthonormal Basis 344 16.9 Linear Independence of Functions 348 16.10 Hilbert Space 349 16.11 Completeness in Functional Space 350 16.12 The Dirac Ket and Bra Notation 351 16.12.1 The Scalar Product of Kets and Bras 351 16.12.2 Schwartz Inequality 352 16.12.3 The Orthonormal States 352 16.12.4 Basis 352 16.12.5 Probability Density 352 16.13 The Hermitian and Skew-Hermitian Operators in Dirac Ket and Bra Notation 352 16.14 Expectation Values 353 16.15 Matrix Representation of the Linear Operator 359 17 Application of Mathematica to Quantum Mechanics 361 17.1 Introduction 361 17.2 A Particle in a One-Dimensional Box 361 17.3 A Particle in a Two-Dimensional Box 365 17.4 The Hydrogen Atom Problem 368 17.4.1 The Orthonormal Property of the Hydrogen Atom Wave Functions 371 17.5 The One-Dimensional Linear Harmonic Oscillator Atom Problem 373 17.6 Three-Dimensional Harmonic Oscillator 377 17.7 Miscellaneous Problems 382 References 385 Index 387

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Book SynopsisSich all die Formeln, Funktionen und Regeln der Chemie zu merken ist schon schwierig genug - und dann soll man sie auch noch richtig anwenden. Da hilft nur üben, üben, üben! Das "Übungsbuch Chemie für Dummies" enthält über 250 Übungen zu Einheitenumrechnung, Periodensystem, Stöchiometrie, Säuren und Basen, Thermodynamik, Redoxreaktionen, funktionelllen Gruppen und vielen anderen grundlegenden Fragestellungen der Chemie. Zudem finden Sie zu Beginn eines jeden Themas eine kurze Widerholung der Theorie, bevor es dann an die Praxis geht. Natürlich gibt es auch ausführliche Lösungen zu allen Aufgaben, so gewinnen Sie Sicherheit und können sich zielgerichtet auf die nächste Prüfung vorbereiten.Table of ContentsÜber die Autoren 7 Einleitung 19 Über dieses Buch 19 Konventionen in diesem Buch 20 Törichte Annahmen über den Leser 20 Wie dieses Buch aufgebaut ist 20 Teil I: Mit Zahlen, Atomen und Elementen anbandeln 20 Teil II: Verbindungen aufbauen und erneuern 21 Teil III: Veränderungen auf energetischer Ebene betrachten 21 Teil IV: Ladung wechsle dich 21 Teil V: Jetzt wird's organisch 21 Teil VI: Der Top-Ten-Teil 22 Symbole in diesem Buch 22 Wie es ab hier weitergeht 23 Teil I Mit Zahlen, Atomen und Elementen anbandeln 25 Kapitel 1 Wissenschaftlich mit Zahlen umgehen 27 Exponentielle und wissenschaftliche Schreibweise zur Interpretation chemischer Messungen anwenden 27 Multiplizieren und Dividieren in der wissenschaftlichen Schreibweise 29 Addieren und Subtrahieren mithilfe der exponentiellen Schreibweise 31 Zwischen Genauigkeit und Präzision unterscheiden 32 Präzision mit signifikanten Stellen ausdrücken 34 Mit signifikanten Stellen rechnen 36 Lösungen zu den Aufgaben rund ums Thema Wissenschaftlich rechnen 38 Kapitel 2 Einheiten benutzen und umrechnen 43 Machen Sie sich mit Grundeinheiten und den Vorsilben des metrischen Systems vertraut 43 Abgeleitete Einheiten aus Grundeinheiten bilden 45 Der mit den Einheiten tanzt: Der Dreisatz 46 Lassen Sie sich von den Einheiten leiten 50 Lösungen zu den Aufgaben rund ums Thema Einheiten 52 Kapitel 3 Materie in Atome und Aggregatzustände einteilen 55 Atome aus subatomaren Teilchen zusammensetzen 55 J. J. Thomson: Nichts als Rosinen im Kopf 57 Ernest Rutherford: Der Goldschütze 57 Niels Bohr: Der nach den Sternen greift 58 Chemische Symbole entziffern: Ordnungs- und Massenzahlen 59 Isotope mithilfe von Massenzahlen erklären 62 Sich zwischen den Aggregatzuständen von Feststoffen, Flüssigkeiten und Gasen bewegen 65 Lösungen zu den Aufgaben rund ums Thema Atome und Aggregatzustände 68 Kapitel 4 Das Periodensystem der Elemente durchstreifen 71 Perioden und Gruppen im Periodensystem ausfindig machen 71 Chemische Eigenschaften anhand von Perioden und Gruppen des Periodensystems ableiten 75 Wie Valenzelektronen durch die Bildung von Ionen zu Stabilität verhelfen 77 Elektronen auf ihre Plätze verweisen: Elektronenkonfigurationen 78 Die Energiemenge (oder das Licht) messen, die ein angeregtes Elektron emittiert 82 Lösungen zu den Aufgaben rund um das Periodensystem der Elemente 83 Teil II Verindungen aufbauen und erneuern 87 Kapitel 5 Bindungen eingehen 89 Ladungspaarung bei Ionenbindungen 90 Elektronen durch kovalente Bindungen teilen 92 Molekülorbitale besetzen und überlappen 97 Tauziehen mit Elektronen: Polarität 100 Moleküle formen: VSEPR-Theorie und Hybridisierung 103 Lösungen zu den Aufgaben rund ums Thema Bindungen 107 Kapitel 6 Verbindungen benennen 113 Viele Wege führen nach Rom: Ionische Verbindungen benennen 113 Wenn nur diese verflixten mehratomigen Ionen nicht wären! 116 Molekularen Verbindungen Spitznamen verpassen 118 Licht am Ende des Tunnels: Ein vereinfachtes Schema zur Benennung von Verbindungen 120 Lösungen zu den Aufgaben rund ums Thema Verbindungen benennen 124 Kapitel 7 Das mächtige Mol beherrschen 129 Teilchen zählen: Das Mol 129 Masse und Volumen auf Mol beziehen 131 Ehre, wem Ehre gebührt: Prozentuale Zusammensetzung 135 Von der prozentualen Zusammensetzung zu empirischen Formeln 137 Von empirischen Formeln zu Summenformeln 139 Lösungen zu den Aufgaben rund ums Mol 140 Kapitel 8 Chemische Gleichungen in den Griff bekommen 147 Chemie in Gleichungen und Symbolen 147 Gleiches mit Gleichem vergelten: Chemische Reaktionen ausgleichen 149 Reaktionen erkennen und Produkte vorhersagen 152 Synthese 153 Zersetzung 153 Einfache Substitution 153 Metathese 155 Verbrennung 155 Gaffen verboten: Netto-Ionengleichungen 157 Lösungen zu den Aufgaben rund ums Thema chemische Gleichungen 159 Kapitel 9 So funktioniert Stöchiometrie 163 Mol/Mol-Umrechnungsfaktoren in ausbilanzierten Gleichungen nutzen 163 Das Mol am Schopf packen: Teilchen, Volumina und Massen umrechnen 166 Den Reaktanten Grenzen setzen 169 Die Küken nach dem Schlüpfen zählen: Prozentuale Ausbeute berechnen 173 Lösungen zu den stöchiometrischen Aufgaben 174 Teil III Veränderungen auf energetischer Ebene betrachten 185 Kapitel 10 Aggregatzustände in Verbindung mit Energie sehen 187 Materiezustände mit der kinetischen Theorie erklären 187 Den nächsten Zug machen: Phasenübergänge und Phasendiagramme 189 Unterschiede zwischen festen Aggregatzuständen wahrnehmen 192 Lösungen zu den Aufgaben rund ums Thema Phasenänderungen 194 Kapitel 11 Gasgesetzen gehorchen 197 Den Nebel lichten: Verdunstung und Dampfdruck 198 Mit Druck und Volumen spielen: Das Boyle’sche Gesetz 200 Mit Volumen und Temperatur herumspielen: Gesetz von Charles und absoluter Nullpunkt 201 Und jetzt alle zusammen: Das kombinierte und das ideale Gasgesetz 203 Daltons Gesetz der Partialdrücke ins Spiel bringen 205 Ausbreiten und Verteilen mit Grahams Gesetz 206 Lösungen zu den Aufgaben rund um Gasgesetze 208 Kapitel 12 Sich in Lösung begeben 211 Verschiedene Kräfte bei der Löslichkeit wirken sehen 211 Löslichkeit mithilfe der Temperatur verändern 214 Sich auf Molarität und Prozentangaben konzentrieren 216 Konzentrationen durch die Herstellung von Verdünnungen ändern 219 Lösungen zu den Aufgaben rund ums Thema Lösungen 221 Kapitel 13 Mal heiß, mal kalt: Kolligative Eigenschaften 225 Teilchen portionieren: Molalität und Stoffmengenanteile 225 Vorsicht Verbrennungsgefahr: Siedepunkte erhöhen und berechnen 228 Wie tief können Sie gehen? Gefrierpunkte berechnen und erniedrigen 230 Molekülmassen anhand von Siede- und Gefrierpunkten bestimmen 232 Lösungen zu den Aufgaben rund ums Thema kolligative Eigenschaften 234 Kapitel 14 Geschwindigkeit und Gleichgewicht erforschen 239 Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten messen 239 Geschwindigkeitsbeeinflussende Faktoren entdecken 244 Gleichgewichte messen 246 Die Gleichgewichtskonstante 247 Freie Enthalpie 248 Störfaktoren des Gleichgewichts kennen lernen 250 Lösungen zu den Aufgaben rund ums Thema Geschwindigkeit und Gleichgewicht 253 Kapitel 15 Aufwärmtraining für die Thermodynamik 257 Die Grundlagen der Thermodynamik 257 Wärme aufnehmen: Wärmekapazität und Kalorimetrie 260 Wärme absorbieren und abgeben: Endotherme und exotherme Reaktionen 262 Wärme mit dem Hess’schen Gesetz addieren 264 Lösungen zu den Aufgaben rund ums Thema Thermodynamik 267 Teil IV Ladung, wechsle dich! 271 Kapitel 16 Der Lackmustest für Säuren und Basen 273 Drei komplementäre Methoden zur Definierung von Säuren und Basen 273 Methode 1: Arrhenius hält sich an die Grundlagen 273 Methode 2: Brønsted-Lowry kümmern sich um Basen ohne Hydroxidionen 274 Methode 3: Lewis verlässt sich auf Elektronenpaare 276 Azidität und Basizität messen: pH, pOH und KW 278 Stärke durch Dissoziation bestimmen: KS und KB 280 Lösungen zu den Aufgaben rund ums Thema Säuren und Basen 283 Kapitel 17 Neutralität mit Äquivalenten, Titration und Puffern erreichen 287 Äquivalente und Normalität untersuchen 288 Molarität mithilfe von Titration bestimmen 290 Den pH-Wert mit Puffern einstellen 293 Salzlöslichkeit messen: KL 296 Lösungen zu den Aufgaben rund ums Thema neutralisierende Äquivalente 297 Kapitel 18 Elektronen in Redoxreaktionen nachweisen 301 Elektronen anhand von Oxidationszahlen verfolgen 301 Redoxreaktionen unter sauren Bedingungen ausbilanzieren 304 Redoxreaktionen unter alkalischen Bedingungen ausgleichen 306 Lösungen zu den Aufgaben rund ums Thema Elektronen in Redoxreaktionen 309 Kapitel 19 In der Elektrochemie auf Draht sein 315 Anoden und Kathoden unterscheiden 315 Elektromotorische Kräfte und Standardreduktionspotenziale berechnen 319 Strömungen in der Chemie: Elektrolysezellen 323 Lösungen zu den Aufgaben rund ums Thema Elektrochemie 325 Kapitel 20 Chemie mit Atomkernen 329 Kerne können auf mehrere Arten zerfallen 329 Alphazerfall 329 Betazerfall 330 Gammazerfall 330 Zerfallsgeschwindigkeiten messen: Halbwertszeiten 332 Kerne verschmelzen und aufbrechen: Fusion und Spaltung 333 Lösungen zu den Aufgaben rund ums Thema Kernchemie 335 Teil V Jetzt wird’s organisch 337 Kapitel 21 Ketten aus Kohlenstoff 339 In einer Reihe: Kohlenstoffe zu kettenförmigen Alkanen verbinden 339 Die Fühler ausstrecken: Verzweigte Alkane durch Substitution bilden 343 Unersättlich: Alkene und Alkine 346 Einmal im Kreis: Ringförmige Kohlenstoffketten 349 Zyklische aliphatische Kohlenwasserstoffe einkreisen 350 An aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen schnüffeln 350 Lösungen zu den Aufgaben rund ums Thema Kohlenstoffketten 352 Kapitel 22 Isomere in Stereo sehen 357 Platzanweisen mit geometrischen Isomeren 358 Alkene: Scharf auf cis-trans-Konfigurationen 358 Nichtoffenkettige Alkane: Eine Ringbindung herstellen 359 Alkine: Kein Platz für Stereoisomere 360 Spieglein, Spieglein an der Wand: Enantiomere und Diastereomere 361 Chiralität begreifen 361 Enantiomere und Diastereomere in Fischer-Projektionen darstellen 362 Lösungen zu den Aufgaben rund ums Thema Stereoisomere 367 Kapitel 23 Durch die bunte Welt der funktionellen Gruppen schlendern 371 Die Bühne der chemischen Akteure betreten 371 Alkohole: Beherbergen eine Hydroxylgruppe 373 Ether: Von Sauerstoff eingenommen 373 Carbonsäuren: -COOH bildet das Schlusslicht 374 Carbonsäureester: Bevorzugen zwei Kohlenstoffketten 374 Aldehyde: Klammern sich an ein Sauerstoffatom 375 Ketone: Einsame Sauerstoffatome pirschen sich in die Mitte 376 Halogenkohlenwasserstoffe: Hallo, Halogen! 376 Amine: Mit Stickstoff auf Du und Du 377 Reaktion durch Substitution und Addition 379 Wie die Chemie in der Biologie funktioniert 380 Kohlenhydrate: Kohlenstoff trifft Wasser 381 Proteine: Bestehen aus Aminosäuren 382 Nucleinsäuren: Das Rückgrat des Lebens 383 Lösungen zu den Aufgaben rund ums Thema Funktionelle Gruppen 386 Teil VI Der Top-Ten-Teil 389 Kapitel 24 Zehn Formeln, die Sie sich ins Gehirn brennen lassen sollten 391 Das kombinierte Gasgesetz 391 Daltons Gesetz der Partialdrücke 392 Die Verdünnungsgleichung 392 Geschwindigkeitsgesetze 392 Die Gleichgewichtskonstante 393 Änderung der Freien Enthalpie 393 Kalorimetrie bei konstantem Druck 394 Das Hess’sche Gesetz 394 pH, pOH und KW 395 KS und KB 395 Kapitel 25 Zehn nervige Ausnahmen von den chemischen Regeln 397 Wasserstoff ist kein Alkalimetall 397 Die Oktettregel trifft nicht immer zu 397 Einige Elektronenkonfigurationen ignorieren die Orbitalregeln 398 Vom ständigen Geben und Nehmen von Elektronen in koordinativen kovalenten Bindungen 399 Alle Hybridorbitale entstehen auf die gleiche Art und Weise 400 Seien Sie vorsichtig bei der Benennung von Verbindungen mit Übergangsmetallen 400 Sie dürfen mehratomige Ionen nicht vergessen 401 Wasser ist dichter als Eis 402 Es gibt keine idealen Gase 402 Bekannte Namen für organische Verbindungen erinnern an alte Zeiten 403 Stichwortverzeichnis 405

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Book SynopsisOb im Studium oder in der Praxis - bei der technischen Chemie kommt man schnell an seine Grenzen. Aber keine Sorge, "Technische Chemie für Dummies" hilft Ihnen, bei diesem komplexen Thema den Durchblick zu behalten. Nach einem allgemeinen Überblick über die Entwicklungen, Herausforderungen und Konzepte der technischen Chemie und einer verständlichen Übersicht über die nötige Mathematik lernen Sie, was man bei der praktischen und theoretischen Vorarbeit beachten muss, um die chemische Reaktion später in einem größeren Maßstab durchführen zu können. Anschließend erfahren Sie alles über Reaktionsmodellierung, Katalysatoren und chemische Reaktoren. Idealisierte Modelle helfen Ihnen dabei, aber auch die Umsetzung unter realen Bedingungen kommt nicht zu kurz. Der Verfahrenstechnik ist ein eigener Teil gewidmet, damit auch Trenntechnik, Strömungsmechanik, Fluidströmungen, Dimensionierung und Co. bald kein Problem mehr für Sie sind.

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Book SynopsisOrganik-Klausur? Können Sie nachts nicht mehr schlafen? Wer hätte gedacht, dass es der Kohlenstoff ist, aus dem die Träume sind. Aber Rettung naht: Mit diesem Buch können Sie noch einmal schnell die Grundlagen der Organischen Chemie wiederholen und dann üben, üben, üben. Mit Fragen und Antworten zur Lewis-Struktur, zu Alkanen über Alkene und Alkohole können Sie Ihr Können prüfen und nach und nach verbessern. Genauso können Sie auch Ihr Wissen über Stereochemie, Massenspektrometrie und Spektroskopie testen und somit der nächsten Prüfung gelassener entgegensehen.Table of ContentsÜber den Autor 9 Widmung 9 Danksagungen des Autors 9 Einleitung 17 Über dieses Buch 17 Konventionen in diesem Buch 18 Törichte Annahmen über den Leser 18 Wie dieses Buch aufgebaut ist 19 Teil I: Die Grundlagen der Organischen Chemie 19 Teil II: Die Skelette organischer Moleküle: Kohlenwasserstoffe 19 Teil III: Funktionelle Gruppen und ihre Reaktionen 19 Teil IV: Detektivarbeit: Spektroskopie und Spektrometrie 20 Teil V: Der Top-Ten-Teil 20 Symbole in diesem Buch 20 Wie es ab hier weitergeht 21 Teil I: Die Grundlagen der Organischen Chemie 23 Kapitel 1 Mit Modellen und Molekülen arbeiten 25 Lewis-Strukturen entwerfen 25 Bindungstypen bestimmen 28 Bindungsdipole bestimmen 30 Dipolmomente von Molekülen bestimmen 31 Hybridisierungszustände und Molekülgeometrien bestimmen 32 Orbitaldiagramme entwerfen 34 Lösungen 36 Kapitel 2 Lewis-Strukturen zeichnen und vereinfachen 43 Formalladungen zuordnen 43 Freie Elektronenpaare bestimmen 46 Lewis-Strukturen mit Gruppenformeln vereinfachen 47 Skelettformeln zeichnen 49 Wasserstoffatome in Skelettformeln bestimmen 51 Lösungen 52 Kapitel 3 Resonanzstrukturen zeichnen 59 Kationen neben Doppelbindungen, Dreifachbindungen oder freien Elektronenpaaren entdecken 60 Freie Elektronenpaare zu einer Doppel- oder Dreifachbindung verschieben 62 Doppel- oder Dreifachbindungen mit einem elektronegativen Atom verschieben 64 Alternierende Doppelbindungen in einem Ring verschieben 65 Mehrere Resonanzstrukturen zeichnen 67 Die Wichtigkeit von Resonanzstrukturen bestimmen 68 Lösungen 70 Kapitel 4 Mit Säuren und Basen arbeiten 77 Die Definition von Säuren und Basen 78 Säuren und Basen nach Brønsted-Lowry 78 Säuren und Basen nach Lewis 80 Aziditäten organischer Moleküle vergleichen 81 Atomelektronegativität, Atomgröße und Atomhybridisierung bewerten können 81 Die Auswirkungen benachbarter Atome 83 Resonanzeffekte 84 Säure-Base-Gleichgewichte mit pKs -Werten bestimmen 85 Lösungen 87 Teil II: Das Skelett organischer Moleküle: Kohlenwasserstoffe 93 Kapitel 5 Moleküle räumlich sehen: Stereochemie 95 Chiralitätszentren identifizieren und Substituenten nach Prioritäten ordnen 96 Chiralitätszentren R- und S-Konfigurationen zuordnen 99 Mit Fischer-Projektionen arbeiten 102 Stereoisomere und meso-Verbindungen in Beziehung zueinander sehen 105 Lösungen 108 Kapitel 6 Die Grundgerüste organischer Moleküle: die Alkane 117 Wie Sie Alkane benennen 118 Ein Molekül anhand seines Namens zeichnen 122 Lösungen 124 Kapitel 7 Fitnesstraining mit Bindungen und Molekülkonformationen 131 Die Newman-Projektion 131 Stabilitäten von Konformationen vergleichen 135 Seitenwechsel: Die cis-trans-Stereochemie der Cycloalkane 137 Platz nehmen im Cyclohexan-Sessel 138 Die Stabilität von Cyclohexan-Sesseln bestimmen 140 Lösungen 141 Kapitel 8 Doppelt hält besser: die Alkene 149 Alkene sicher benennen 149 Markownikov-Mischung: Hydrohalogenierung von Alkenen 153 Halogene und Wasserstoffe an Alkene addieren 156 Nun etwas Wasser dazu: H2O-Addition an Alkene 159 Wie sich Carbokationen umgruppieren 163 Lösungen 166 Kapitel 9 Spaß hoch drei: Alkine und ihre Reaktionen 181 Die Nomenklatur der Alkine 181 Wasserstoff addieren und Alkine reduzieren 183 Halogene und Halogenwasserstoffsäuren an Alkine addieren 185 Wasser an Alkine addieren 188 Alkine synthetisieren 190 Zurück zum Anfang: Mehrschrittsynthesen bearbeiten 192 Lösungen 194 Teil III: Funktionelle Gruppen und ihre Reaktionen 203 Kapitel 10 Der Abgangsgruppen-Boogie: Substituierung und Eliminierung von Alkylhalogeniden 205 Die Neubesetzungen: SN1- und SN2-Reaktionen vergleichen 205 Abgangsgruppen mit Eliminierungsreaktionen den Laufpass geben 209 Und jetzt alles zusammen: Substituierung und Eliminierung 212 Lösungen 215 Kapitel 11 Nicht so betrunken, wie Sie denken: die Alkohole 223 Kenne deinen Feind: Die Nomenklatur der Alkohole 224 Auf den Spuren der Schwarzbrenner: Alkohole herstellen 226 Alkohole umwandeln (ohne eine Party zu geben) 229 Lösungen 232 Kapitel 12 Konjugierte Diene und die Diels-Alder-Reaktion 237 1,2- und 1,4-Additionsreaktionen an konjugierte Diene 238 Diene und ihre Liebhaber: vorwärts denken in der Diels-Alder-Reaktion 242 Rückwärts kombinieren: Diels-Alder-Reaktionen von hinten nach vorn bearbeiten 246 Lösungen 248 Kapitel 13 Die Macht des Rings: aromatische Verbindungen 255 Aromatizität, Antiaromatizität oder Nichtaromatizität von Ringen bestimmen 256 Ein MO-Diagramm für ein Ringsystem entwerfen 258 Eine Frage der Richtung: Reaktionen aromatischer Verbindungen 260 Immer der Reihe nach! Mehrschrittsynthesen mit mehrfach substituierten aromatischen Verbindungen 264 Lösungen 267 Teil IV: Detektivarbeit: Spektroskopie und Spektrometrie 275 Kapitel 14 In die Brüche gehen: Massenspektrometrie 277 Molekülfragmente im Massenspektrum identifizieren 277 Eine Molekülstruktur anhand eines Massenspektrums bestimmen 285 Lösungen 288 Kapitel 15 Zitterpartie: IR-Spektroskopie 293 Moleküle mit der IR-Spektroskopie unterscheiden 293 Funktionelle Gruppen anhand eines IR-Spektrums identifizieren 300 Lösungen 305 Kapitel 16 Magnetische Moleküle: NMR-Spektroskopie 309 Molekülsymmetrien entdecken 310 Mit chemischer Verschiebung, Integration und Kopplung arbeiten 312 Und jetzt alles zusammen: Unbekannte Molekülstrukturen spektroskopisch analysieren 317 Lösungen 328 Teil V: Der Top-Ten-Teil 337 Kapitel 17 Die »Zehn Gebote« der Organischen Chemie 339 Sie sollen die Antworten zu den Übungsaufgaben nicht lesen, bevor Sie eine eigene Lösung gefunden haben 339 Sie sollen sich nur an das erinnern, was wirklich wichtig ist 340 Sie sollen die Reaktionsmechanismen verstehen 341 Sie sollen Ihre Schlafphase nicht in die Vorlesung legen 341 Sie sollen lernen, bevor Sie in den Unterricht gehen 341 Sie sollen beim Lernen nicht zurückfallen 342 Sie sollen wissen, wie Sie am besten lernen 342 Sie sollen keine Lektion überspringen 343 Sie sollen Fragen stellen 343 Sie sollen immer positiv nach vorn blicken 343 Stichwortverzeichnis 345

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Book SynopsisDieses Lehrbuch bietet den Studierenden der Biologie alle Lerninhalte des Grundstudiums für das Fach Chemie. Es vermittelt den Lesern chemische Grundbegriffe und Grundreaktionen, die für das Verständnis der Biochemie, auf die besonders die neuen Biologie-Studiengänge ausgerichtet sind, unerlässlich sind. Leicht können einzelne Themenblöcke unabhängig voneinander gelernt werden. Darüber hinaus werden vor allem Biologie-relevante Bereiche vertieft, z.B. in einem eigenen Kapitel die verschiedenen Klassen von Naturstoffen, ihr Vorkommen und ihre "typische Chemie". In der vierten Auflage ist der organische Teil ausgebaut und die Struktur des gesamten Buches wurde übersichtlicher gestaltet.Table of ContentsAllgemeine Chemie.- Chemische Elemente und chemische Grundgesetze.- Aufbau der Atome.- Periodensystem der Elemente.- Moleküle, chemische Verbindungen, Reaktionsgleichungen und Stöchiometrie.- Chemische Bindung – Bindungsarten.- Komplexverbindungen, Bindungen in Komplexen.- Zustandsformen der Materie (Aggregatzustände).- Mehrstoffsysteme Lösungen.- Redoxsysteme.- Säure-Base-Systeme.- Energetik chemischer Reaktionen (Grundlagen der Thermodynamik).- Kinetik chemischer Reaktionen.- Chemisches Gleichgewicht (Kinetische Ableitung).- Anorganische Chemie.- Hauptgruppenelemente.- Nebengruppenelemente.- Organische Chemie.- Allgemeine Grundlagen.- Grundbegriffe organisch-chemischer Reaktionen.- Gesättigte Kohlenwasserstoffe (Alkane).- Die radikalische Substitutions-Reaktion (SR).- Ungesättigte Kohlenwasserstoffe (Alkene, Alkine).- Additionen an Alkene und Alkine.- Aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (Arene).- Die aromatische Substitution (SAr).- Halogenkohlenwasserstoffe.- Die nucleophile Substitution (SN) am gesättigten C-Atom.- Die Eliminierungs-Reaktionen (E1, E2).- Sauerstoffverbindungen.- Schwefelverbindungen.- Stickstoffverbindungen.- Element-organische Verbindungen.- Verbindungen mit ungesättigten funktionellen Gruppen.- Aldehyde, Ketone und Chinone.- Reaktionen von Aldehyden und Ketonen.- Carbonsäuren.- Derivate der Carbonsäuren.- Reaktionen von Carbonsäurederivaten.- Kohlensäure und ihre Derivate.- Heterocyclen.- Stereochemie.- Chemie von Naturstoffen und Biochemie.- Chemie und Biochemie.- Kohlenhydrate.- Aminosäuren, Peptide und Proteine.- Lipide.- Nucleotide und Nucleinsäuren.- Terpene und Carotinoide.- Steroide.- Alkaloide.- Natürliche Farbstoffe.- Wichtige Medikamente.

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Book Synopsis Das Handbuch der gefährlichen Güter ist das Standardwerk für den Transport von Gefahrgütern. Es gibt Informationen zu nationalen und internationalen Transportvorschriften und zu Notfallmaßnahmen bei Unfällen mit gefährlichen Gütern sowie Hinweise für die ärztliche Erstbehandlung von Personen. Für alle Gefahrgüter, die im Hommel enthalten sind, wurden die GHS-Kennzeichnungen mit aufgenommen: Signalworte, Piktogramme, sowie die neuen Gefahrenhinweise (H-Statements) und Sicherheitshinweise (P-Statements). Band 6 wurde überarbeitet und dabei dem neuen Chemikalienrecht angepasst. Die Transportvorschriften wurden aktualisiert, und die Aussagen zur Umweltgefährdung durch chemische Stoffe wurden stark erweitert. Diesem Band liegt das Update der Einzelplatzversion 17.0 auf 18Dem Band liegen 66 neue Merkblätter bei, die in den Band 7 einzufügen sind..0 als Download bei.Table of Contentsnone

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Book Synopsis Das Handbuch der gefährlichen Güter ist das Standardwerk für den Transport von Gefahrgütern. Es gibt Informationen zu nationalen und internationalen Transportvorschriften und zu Notfallmaßnahmen bei Unfällen mit gefährlichen Gütern sowie Hinweise für die ärztliche Erstbehandlung von Personen. Für alle Gefahrgüter, die im Hommel enthalten sind, wurden die GHS-Kennzeichnungen mit aufgenommen: Signalworte, Piktogramme, sowie die neuen Gefahrenhinweise (H-Statements) und Sicherheitshinweise (P-Statements). Band 8 enthält 365 neue Merkblätter. Die Transportvorschriften wurden aktualisiert, und die Aussagen zur Umweltgefährdung durch chemische Stoffe wurden stark erweitert. Diesem Band liegt das Update der Einzelplatzversion 18.0 auf 19.0 bei.Table of Contentsnone

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Book Synopsis Das Handbuch der gefährlichen Güter ist das Standardwerk für den Transport von Gefahrgütern. Es gibt Informationen zu nationalen und internationalen Transportvorschriften und zu Notfallmaßnahmen bei Unfällen mit gefährlichen Gütern sowie Hinweise für die ärztliche Erstbehandlung von Personen. Für alle Gefahrgüter, die im Hommel enthalten sind, wurden die GHS-Kennzeichnungen mit aufgenommen: Signalworte, Piktogramme, sowie die neuen Gefahrenhinweise (H-Statements) und Sicherheitshinweise (P-Statements). Diesem Band liegt das Update der Einzelplatzversion 19.0 auf 20.0 bei.Table of ContentsInformationen zu nationalen und internationalen Transportvorschriften.- Notfallmaßnahmen bei Unfällen mit gefährlichen Gütern.- Hinweise für die ärztliche Erstbehandlung von Personen.

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Book Synopsis Das Handbuch der gefährlichen Güter ist das Standardwerk für den Transport von Gefahrgütern. Es gibt Informationen zu nationalen und internationalen Transportvorschriften und zu Notfallmaßnahmen bei Unfällen mit gefährlichen Gütern sowie Hinweise für die ärztliche Erstbehandlung von Personen. Für alle Gefahrgüter, die im Hommel enthalten sind, wurden die GHS-Kennzeichnungen mit aufgenommen: Signalworte, Piktogramme, sowie die neuen Gefahrenhinweise (H-Statements) und Sicherheitshinweise (P-Statements). Diesem Band liegt das Update der Einzelplatzversion 20.0 auf 21.0 bei.Table of ContentsInformationen zu nationalen und internationalen Transportvorschriften.- Notfallmaßnahmen bei Unfällen mit gefährlichen Gütern.- Hinweise für die ärztliche Erstbehandlung von Personen.

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Book Synopsis Das Handbuch der gefährlichen Güter ist das Standardwerk für den Transport von Gefahrgütern. Es gibt Informationen zu nationalen und internationalen Transportvorschriften und zu Notfallmaßnahmen bei Unfällen mit gefährlichen Gütern sowie Hinweise für die ärztliche Erstbehandlung von Personen. Für alle Gefahrgüter, die im Hommel enthalten sind, wurden die GHS-Kennzeichnungen mit aufgenommen: Signalworte, Piktogramme, sowie die neuen Gefahrenhinweise (H-Statements) und Sicherheitshinweise (P-Statements). Band 9 ist ergänzt mit weiteren 200 neuen Merkblättern. Die Transportvorschriften wurden aktualisiert, und die Aussagen zur Umweltgefährdung durch chemische Stoffe wurden stark erweitert. Table of ContentsHinweise zu Notfallmaßnahmen und Erstbehandlung.- Piktogramme.- Gefahrenhinweise (H-Statements).- Sicherheitshinweise (P-Statements).

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis1 Grundlagen.- 2 Wasserstoff und Gruppe 1 des PSE.- 3 Gruppe 2 und Gruppe 13 des PSE.- 4 Gruppe 14 und Gruppe 15 des PSE.- 5 Stickstoff, Phosphor und Gruppe 16 des PSE.- 6 Gruppe 17 und Gruppe 18 des PSE

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Book SynopsisThe behavior of substances in solutions may not be adequately characterized by the effect of any single physicochemical parameter of solvents, nor are numerous semi-empirical scales of the solvent effect (their ÃâËœpolarityÃââ) suitable for their limited selections only. In recent decades, it has been found that the variation of reaction rate constants in solutions or that spectral parameters of dissolved substances are determined by the total effect of different solvation processes. This monograph presents numerous examples of such an approach and characterizes various empirical and semi-empirical scales of solvent properties. It is shown that additional consideration of some structural parameters of solvents, namely, their cohesive energy and the molar volume, may provide for spreading this approach on homolytical and catalytic reaction. It is also shown that for the solvolysis reaction, one of the excessive reagents may represent either a reagent or a solvent, which requires

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Book SynopsisThis book introduces advanced or emerging technologies for conversion of wastes into a variety of high-value chemicals and materials. Energy and resources can be recovered from various residential, industrial and commercial wastes, such as municipal wastewater and sludge, e-waste, waste plastics and resins, crop residues, forestry residues and lignin. Advanced waste-to-resource and energy technologies like pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction, fractionation, de-polymerization, gasification and carbonization are also introduced. The book serves as an essential guide to dealing with various types of wastes and the methods of disposal, recovery, recycling and re-use. As such it is a valuable resource for a wide readership, including graduate students, academic researchers, industrial researchers and practitioners in chemical engineering, waste management, waste to energy and resources conversion and biorefinery.Table of ContentsWastes Generation, Characterization and Health and Environmental Impacts.- Conventional Technologies for Waste Management.- Advanced Technologies (Biological and Thermo-chemical) for Waste to Energy Conversion.- Nitrogen and Phosphorus Recovery from Municipal Wastewater and Sludge .- Recovery of Metals from Electronic Waste.- Conversion of Waste Plastics and Resins into Oils and Activated Carbon.- Fractionation of Crop Residues into Cellulose, Hemicellulose and Lignin.- Production of Phenolics for Fuels and Chemicals from Forestry Residues and Lignin by Pyrolysis, Liquefaction and De-polymerization.- Summary and Outlook.

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThe ultimate guide to the smells of the universe – the ambrosial to the malodorous, and everything in between – from the author of the acclaimed culinary guides On Food and Cooking and Keys to Good CookingFrom Harold McGee, James Beard Award-winning author and leading expert on the science of food and cooking, comes an extensive exploration of the long-overlooked world of smell. In Nose Dive, McGee takes us on a sensory adventure, from the sulfurous nascent earth more than four billion years ago, to the fruit-filled Tian Shan mountain range north of the Himalayas, to the keyboard of your laptop, where trace notes of phenol and formaldehyde escape between the keys. We'll sniff the ordinary (wet pavement and cut grass) and the extraordinary (ambergris and truffles), the delightful (roses and vanilla) and the challenging (swamplands and durians). We'll smell one another. We'll smell ourselves. Through it all, McGee familiarizes

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Book SynopsisThe stories behind drug discovery are fascinating, full of human and scientific interest. This is a book on the history of drug discovery that highlights the intellectual splendor of discoverers as well as the human frailty associated with them. History is replete with examples of breakthrough medicines that have saved millions of lives. Ether as an anesthetic by Morton; penicillin as an antibiotic by Fleming; and insulin as an anti-diabetic by Banting are just a few examples. The discoverers of these medicines are doubtlessly benefactors to mankind - for instance, without penicillin, 75% of us probably would not be alive because some of our parents or grandparents would have succumbed to infections.Dr. Jack Li, a medicinal chemist who is intimately involved with drug discovery, has assembled an astounding amount of facts and information behind important drugs through extensive literature research and interviews with many inventors of the drugs including Viagra and Lipitor. There have Trade Review"Laughing Gas, Viagra, and Lipitor:The Hunam Stories behind the Drugs We Use treats readers to the inspiring tales of discovery of dozens of drugs from digitalis to anesthetics to today's blockbuster pharmaceuticals."--C&EN NewsTable of Contents1. Cancer Drugs, From Nitrogen Mustards to Gleevec ; 2. Drugs to Kill Germs ; 3. Cardiovascular Drugs, From Nitroglycerin to Lipitor ; 4. Sex and Drugs ; 5. Drugs of the Mind ; 6. Diabetes Drugs ; 7. Anesthetics ; 8. Anti-Inflammatory Drugs ; 9. Reflections ; Appendix 1 Chemical Structures ; Appendix 2 Trademarks of the Drugs ; Bibliography

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Book SynopsisHuman Blood Plasma Proteins gives an overview of the proteins found in human blood plasma, with special emphasis on their structure and function and relationship to pathological states and disease. Topics covered include: introduction to blood components and blood plasma proteins blood plasma protein domains, motifs and repeats blood plasma protein families and posttranslational modifications blood coagulation and fibrinolysis the complement system the immune system enzymes inhibitors lipoproteins hormones cytokines and growth factors transport and storage The information of each protein discussed in this book in some detail is summarised at the end of each chapter in a Data Sheet, where one can find the most important data of each protein at one glance. Full cross-referencing to protein databases is given and many of the proteins discussed are accompTrade Review"A major addition to the protein library, with an attractive and authoritative display of critical information about each plasma protein and a color schema of its three-dimensional structure from PDB." (The Quarterly Review of Biology, December 2009)Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Introduction. References. Part I. 2 Blood Components. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Short History. 2.3 Blood Components. References. Data Sheet. 3 Blood Plasma Proteins. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Short History. 3.3 Classification of Blood Plasma Proteins. References. Part II. 4 Domains, Motifs and Repeats. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 The Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)-Like Domain. 4.3 The Kringle Domain. 4.4 The g-Carboxyglutamic Acid-Rich (Gla) Domain. 4.5 The PAN/Apple Domain. 4.6 The Sushi/CCP/SCR Domain. 4.7 The Fibronectin Type I, the Fibronectin Type II Collagen-Binding and the Fibronectin Type III Domains. 4.8 The Coagulation Factors 5/8 Type C Domain (FA58C). 4.9 The Thrombospondin Type I Repeat (TSP1). 4.10 The VWFA, VWFC and VWFD Domains. 4.11 The Cystatin-Like Domain. 4.12 The LDL-Receptor Class A (LDLRA) and Class B (LDLRB) Domains. 4.13 The C-Terminal Cystine Knot (CTCK) Structure. 4.14 The Anaphylatoxin Domain. 4.15 The CUB Domain. 4.16 The NTR Domain. 4.17 The C-Type Lectin (CTL) Domain. 4.18 The Ig-Like Domain. References. 5 Protein Families. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Serine Proteases: The Trypsin Family. 5.3 Serine Protease Inhibitors (Serpins). 5.4 The a2-Macroglobulin Family. 5.5 The Serum Albumin Family. 5.6 The Pancreatic Trypsin Inhibitor (Kunitz) Family Signature. 5.7 The Kazal Serine Protease Inhibitors Family Signature. 5.8 The Multicopper Oxidase Family. 5.9 The Lipocalin Family. 5.10 The Globin Family. 5.11 The Glucagon/Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP)/Secretin/Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) Family. 5.12 The Glycoprotein Hormone Family. 5.13 Membrane Attack Complex Components/Perforin Signature (The Complement C6/C7/C8/C9 Family). 5.14 The Lipase Family. 5.15 Hormone Families and Signatures. 5.16 Growth Factor Families. 5.17 Cytokine Families. 5.18 Interleukin Families and Signatures. 5.19 The Small Cytokine (Intercrine/Chemokine) Family and Signature. References. 6 Posttranslational Modifications. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Databases for Posttranslational Modifications (PTMs). 6.3 Disulfide Bridges. 6.4 Glycosylation. 6.5 Phosphorylation. 6.6 Hydroxylation. 6.7 Sulfation. 6.8 Acylation and Alkylation. 6.9 Amidation. 6.10 Carboxylation. 6.11 Crosslinks. References. Part III. 7 Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis. 7.1 Introduction. 7.1.1 Definition of haemostasis. 7.2 Primary Haemostasis. 7.3 The Coagulation Cascade. 7.4 The Fibrinolytic System. 7.5 The Regulation of Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis. 7.6 The Kinin and Angiotensin/Renin Systems. References. Data Sheets. 8 The Complement System. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 The Classical Pathway. 8.3 The Alternative Pathway. 8.4 The Terminal Components of the Complement System. 8.5 Components of Complement Activation. 8.6 Regulation of the Complement System. References. Data Sheets. 9 The Immune System. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Immunoglobulins. 9.3 Antibody Diversity. 9.4 Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Proteins. 9.5 Innate Immune System. 9.6 Other Proteins. References. Data Sheets. 10 Enzymes. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 EC 1: Oxidoreductases. 10.3 EC 2: Transferases. 10.4 EC 3: Hydrolases. 10.5 EC 5: Isomerases. References. Data Sheets. 11 Inhibitors. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Serine Protease Inhibitors (Serpins). 11.3 Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis. 11.4 The Complement System. 11.5 General Inhibitors. 11.6 Other Serpins. 11.7 Other Inhibitors. References. Data Sheets. 12 Lipoproteins. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Enzymes in Lipoprotein Metabolism. 12.3 Apolipoproteins. 12.4 LDL and VLDL Receptors. 12.5 Serum Amyloid A Proteins. References. Data Sheets. 13 Hormones. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Pancreatic Hormones. 13.3 Gastrointestinal Hormones. 13.4 Calcium-Related Hormones. 13.5 Hormone-Releasing Factors, Their Trophic Hormones and Related Hormones. 13.6 Vasopressin and Oxytocin. 13.7 Natural Opioid Peptides. 13.8 Vasoactive Peptides. 13.9 Erythropoietin and Thrombopoietin. 13.10 Others. References. Data Sheets. 14 Cytokines and Growth Factors. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Interleukin Families. 14.3 Tumour Necrosis Factor Family. 14.4 The Interferon Family. 14.5 Chemokines. 14.6 The Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Family. 14.7 Transforming Growth Factor-b Family. 14.8 Miscellaneous. References. Data Sheets. 15 Transport and Storage. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 The Serum Albumin Family. 15.3 The Globin Family. 15.4 Iron Transport and Storage. 15.5 Transport of Hormones, Steroids and Vitamins. 15.6 Other Transport Proteins in Plasma. References. Data Sheets. 16 Additional Proteins. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Additional Blood Plasma Proteins. Data Sheets. Appendix. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisFilling the need for a title devoted to Raman spectroscopy for this important class of materials, Raman Spectroscopy for Soft Matter Applications assembles a group of global authorities from various institutions to discuss their areas of expertise.Table of ContentsPreface. SECTION I: INTRODUCTION, THEORY AND INSTRUMENTATION. Chapter 1: Introduction & Overview (Maher S. Amer). Chapter 2: Raman Scattering Theory and Elements of Raman Instrumentation (Philippe Colomban, and Gwénaël Gouadec). SECTION II: POLYMERS, COLLOIDAL & FOOD APPLICATIONS. Chapter 3: Raman Applications in Polymer Films for Real-time Characterization (Giriprasath Gururajan and Amod A. Ogale). Chapter 4: Raman Applications in Synthetic and Natural Polymer Fibers and Their Composites (Robert Young and Steve Eichhorn). Chapter 5: Raman Application in Emulsion Polymerization Systems (Oihana Elizalde and Jose Ramon Leiza). Chapter 6: Raman Applications in Liquid Crystals (Naoki Hayashi). Chapter 7.Raman Applications in Foams (Maher S. Amer). Chapter 8: Raman Applications in Food Analysis (Nanna Viereck, Tina Salomonsen, Frans van den Berg, and Søren Balling Engelsen). SECTION III: MEDICAL APPLICATIONS. Chapter 9: Raman Applications in Bone Imaging (S. Gamsjäger, M. Kazanci, E.P. Paschalis, and P. Fratzl). Chapter 10: Raman Applications in Cancer Studies (Young-Kun Min, Satoru Naito, Hiroya Yamazaki, Ehiichi Kohda, and Hiro-o Hamaguchi).

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Book SynopsisOf the myriad of heterocycles known to man, the indole ring stands foremost for its remarkably versatile chemistry, its enormous range of biological activities, and its ubiquity in the terrestrial and marine environments.Table of Contents1 Introduction 1 1.1 Preview 1 1.2 Indole‐Containing Natural Products 1 1.3 Biological Activity of Indoles 4 1.4 Indole‐Containing Pharmaceuticals 15 1.5 Indole‐Containing Materials 21 1.6 Indole‐Containing Ligands 28 1.7 Reviews of Indole‐Ring Synthesis 32 1.7.1 General Reviews on Indole Ring Synthesis 32 1.7.2 Specialized Reviews 32 1.7.3 Name Reactions 33 1.7.4 Miscellaneous Reviews 33 1.7.5 Synthesis of Carbazoles, Carbolines, and Indolocarbazoles 34 1.7.6 Reviews of Indole Analogues 34 References 34 PART I Sigmatropic Rearrangements 39 2 Fischer Indole Synthesis 41 2.1 Preview 41 2.2 Methods 41 2.2.1 Traditional Methods 41 2.2.2 Metal‐Catalyzed Methods 44 2.2.3 Solid‐Phase Fischer Indolization Method 56 2.2.4 Other General Methods 57 2.2.5 Hydrazones 63 2.2.6 Other Variations of Fischer Indole Synthesis 66 2.3 Applications of Fischer Indolizations 68 2.3.1 Drug Targets 68 2.3.2 Natural Products 82 2.3.3 Materials 97 2.3.4 General 98 References 108 3 Gassman Indole Synthesis 116 4 Bartoli Indole Synthesis 121 5 Thyagarajan Indole Synthesis 131 6 Julia Indole Synthesis 137 7 Miscellaneous Sigmatropic Rearrangements 139 PART II Nucleophilic Cyclization 145 8 Madelung Indole Synthesis 147 9 Wittig–Madelung Indole Synthesis 156 10 Jones–Schmid Indole Synthesis 165 11 Couture Indole Synthesis 174 12 Wender Indole Synthesis 176 13 Smith Indole Synthesis 181 14 Kihara Indole Synthesis 186 15 Nenitzescu 5‐Hydroxyindole Synthesis 188 16 Engler‐Kita Indole Synthesis 206 17 Bailey–Liebeskind–O’Shea Indoline–Indole Synthesis 213 18 Wright Indoline Synthesis 219 19 Saegusa Indole Synthesis 221 20 Ichikawa Indole Synthesis 228 21 Miscellaneous Nucleophilic Cyclizations that Form the Indole Ring 230 22 Sugasawa Indole Synthesis 244 PART III Electrophilic Cyclization 247 23 Bischler Indole Synthesis 249 24 The Nordlander Indole Synthesis 260 25 Nitrene Cyclization 264 26 Cadogan–Sundberg Indole Synthesis 266 27 Sundberg Indole Synthesis 278 28 Hemetsberger Indole Synthesis 287 29 Taber Indole Synthesis 296 30 Knochel Indole Synthesis 299 31 Täuber Carbazole Synthesis 301 32 Quéguiner Azacarbazole Synthesis 304 33 Iwao Indole Synthesis 307 34 Hewson Indole Synthesis 309 35 Magnus Indole Synthesis 310 36 Feldman Indole Synthesis 311 37 Butin Indole Synthesis 313 38 Miscellaneous Electrophilic Cyclizations 317 PART IV Reductive Cyclization 323 39 Nenitzescu o,β‐Dinitrostyrene Reductive Cyclization 325 40 Reissert Indole Synthesis 332 41 Leimgruber–Batcho Indole Synthesis 338 42 Pschorr–Hoppe Indole Synthesis 349 43 Mąkosza Indole Synthesis 354 44 Rawal Indole Synthesis 361 45 The Baeyer–Jackson Indole Synthesis and Miscellaneous Reductive Cyclization Indole Syntheses 363 PART V Oxidative Cyclization 381 46 Watanabe Indole Synthesis 383 47 Knölker Carbazole Synthesis 391 48 Miscellaneous Oxidative Cyclizations 396 PART VI Radical Cyclization 403 49 Fukuyama Indole Synthesis 405 50 Other Tin‐Mediated Indole Syntheses 409 51 The Murphy Indole Synthesis 412 52 Miscellaneous Radical‐Promoted Indole Syntheses 414 53 The Graebe–Ullmann Carbazole‐Carboline Synthesis 424 PART VII Cycloaddition and Electrocyclization 435 54 Diels–Alder Cycloaddition 437 55 Plieninger Indole Synthesis 464 56 Photochemical Synthesis of Indoles and Carbazoles 468 57 Dipolar Cycloaddition, Anionic, and Electrocyclization Reactions 483 PART VIII Indoles from Pyrroles 493 58 Electrophilic Cyclization of Pyrrole 495 59 Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyclization of Pyrroles 503 60 Cycloaddition Syntheses from Vinyl Pyrroles 506 61 Electrocyclization of Pyrroles 512 62 Indoles from Pyrrolo‐2,3‐Quinodimethanes 517 63 Indoles via Dehydrogenation of Pyrroles 520 64 Miscellaneous Indole Syntheses from Pyrroles 525 65 Indoles via Arynes 528 PART IX Indoles from Indolines 537 66 Indoline Dehydrogenation 539 67 Indolines to Indoles by Functionalized Elimination 553 68 Indolines from Oxindoles, Isatins, and Indoxyls 558 PART X Metal‐Catalyzed Indole Synthesis 573 69 Copper‐Catalyzed Indole Synthesis 575 70 Palladium‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Synthesis: Hegedus 588 71 Palladium‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Synthesis: Mori–Ban–Heck 592 72 Palladium‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Synthesis: Aryl‐Heck 597 73 Palladium‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Synthesis: Oxidative Cyclization 600 74 Palladium‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Synthesis: Watanabe–Cenini–Söderberg 604 75 Palladium‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Synthesis: Yamanaka–Sakamoto–Sonogashira 607 76 Palladium‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Synthesis: Larock 611 77 Palladium‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Synthesis: Cacchi 615 78 Palladium‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Synthesis: Buchwald–Hartwig 619 79 Palladium‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Synthesis: Miscellaneous 623 80 Rhodium‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Synthesis 632 81 Gold‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Synthesis 640 82 Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Synthesis 645 83 Platinum‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Synthesis 648 84 Silver‐ and Zinc‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Synthesis 651 85 Iron‐, Iridium‐, and Indium‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Syntheses 655 86 Nickel‐, Cobalt‐, and Molybdenum‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Syntheses 660 87 Mercury‐ and Chromium‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Syntheses 663 88 Miscellaneous Metal‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Syntheses 666 PART XI Miscellaneous 669 89 Miscellaneous Indole Ring Syntheses 671 Index 676

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Book SynopsisToxicogenomics is the integration of genomics to toxicology. This technology is a powerful tool for collecting information from a large number of biological samples simultaneously and thus it is very useful for large-scale screening of potential toxicants. Toxicogenomics: A Powerful Tool For Toxicity Assessment provides up-to-date state-of-the-art information presented by the recognized experts, and is therefore an authoritative source of current knowledge in this field of research. The potential link between toxicology, genetics and human diseases makes this book very useful to investigators in many and varied disciplines of science and toxicology. Topics covered include: mechanistic toxicogenomics analysis and interpretation of toxicogenomic data principles of data mining in toxicogenomics design issues in toxicogenomics studies sources of variability in toxicogenomic assays Escherichia coli stress Trade Review"For those wishing to gain an insight the potential power of toxicogenomics in toxicity assessment Toxicogenomics: A Powerful Tool for Toxicity Assessment will be if interest." (BTS Newsletter, Summer 2009)Table of Contents1. Mechanistic toxicogenomics: Design and analysis of microarray experiments (Kirstin Meyer, Susanne Schwenke and Johanna M. Beekman). 2. Analysis and interpretation of toxicogenomic data: Biological responses to low, environmentally-relevant doses of toxicants (Julia A. Gosse, Jennifer Davey, Thomas Hampton and Joshua Hamilton). 3. Principles of data-mining in toxicogenomics (Yoko Hirabayashi and Tohru Inoue). 4. Design issues in toxicogenomics studies: The application of genomic technologies for mechanistic and predictive research (Woong-Yang Park, Lian Li and Daehee Kang). 5. Sources of variability in toxicogenomic assays (Karol Thompson, P. Scott Pine and Barry Rosenzweig). 6. Key aspects of toxicogenomic data analysis and interpretation as a safety assessment tool to identify and understand drug-induced toxicity (Antoaneta Vladimirova and Brigitte Ganter). 7. Toxicogenomics as a tool to assess immunotoxicity (Kirsten Baken, J. Ezendam, J. Pennings, R. Vandebriel,and H. Loveren). 8. Toxicogenomics and ecogenomics for studying endocrine disruption and basic biology (Taisen Iguchi, Hajime Watanabe and Yoshino Kata). 9. Gene expression profiling of transplacental arsenic carcinogenesis in mice (Jie Liu, B. Diwan, R. Tennant and Michael Waalkes). 10. Characterization of estrogen active compounds and estrogenic signaling by global gene expression profiling in vitro (Stephanie Simon, Kathleen Boehme, Susanne Schmidt and Stephan Mueller). 11. Escherichia coli stress response as a tool for detection of toxicity (Arindam Mitra, Nabarun Chakraborti and Suman Mukhopadhyay). 12. Toxicogenomics in vitro: A powerful tool for screening hepatotoxic potential of food-related products (Saura C. Sahu). 13. Toxicogenomics approach to drug-induced phospholipidosis (Hiroshi Sawada). 14. Use of toxicogenomics as an early predictive tool for Hepatotoxicity (Laura Suter). 15. Nutrigenomics: The application of genomic signatures in nutrition-related research (Stamotis Theocharis and Elisavet Gatzidou). 16. Application of toxicogenomics in drug discovery (Michael Liguori, Amy Ditewig and Jeffery Waring). 17. Natural products from medicinal plants and risk assessment (Leila Chekir-Ghedira). 18. The development of a metabonomic-based drug safety testing paradigm (Muireann Coen, Elaine Holms, Jeremy Nicholson and John Lindon). 19. Potential Uses of Toxicogenomic Biomarkers in Occupational Health and Risk Assessment (Paul A. Nony). 20. Usefulness of toxicogenomics in the regulatory environment (Daniel Casciano). 21. Toxicogenomics for regulatory use: the view from the bench (P. Ancian, S.Leuillett, S. Artaud, J. Jegard and Roy Forster). 22. Perspectives on toxicogenomics at the US Environmental Protection Agency (Karen Hamernik, Kenneth Haymes, Susan Hester and Thomas McClintock).

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Book SynopsisThis book provides up-to-date information on experimental and computational characterization of the structural and functional properties of viral proteins, which are widely involved in regulatory and signaling processes. With chapters by leading research groups, it features current information on the structural and functional roles of intrinsic disorders in viral proteomes. It systematically addresses the measles, HIV, influenza, potato virus, forest virus, bovine virus, hepatitis, and rotavirus as well as viral genomics. After analyzing the unique features of each class of viral proteins, future directions for research and disease management are presented.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Do viral proteins possess unique features? (Vladimir Uversky). 2. Functional role of structural disorder in capsid proteins (Lars Liljas). 3. Structural disorder within the nucleoproteins and phosphoproteins of measles, Nipah and Hendra viruses (Johnny Habchi and Sonia Longhi). 4. Structural disorder within the Sendai virus nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein (Rob Ruigrok and Martin Blackledge). 5. Structural disorder in Rhabdoviridae phosphoproteins (Marc Jamin). 6. Structural disorder in matrix proteins from HiV-related viruses (Vladimir Uversky and Keith Dunker). 7. Structural disorder in proteins from influenza virus (Vladmir Uversky and Keith Dunker). 8. Structural disorder in the HIV-1 Vif protein and oilgomerization-dependent gain of structure (Assaf Friedler). 9. Order from Disorder: Structure, Function and Dynamics of the HIV-1 Transactivator of Transcription (Joe D. O’Neil). 10. Intrinsically disordered protein domains of the non structural proteins of Sesbania mosaic virus and their functional role (Handanahal S. Savithri). 11. Intrinsic disorder in genome-linked viral proteins VPgs of potyviruses (Jadwiga Chroboczek, Eugénie Hébrard, Kristiina Mäkinen, Thierry Michon and Kimmo Rantalainen). 12. Intrinsic disorder in HPV 16 E7 protein (Gonzalo de Prat-Gay). 13. The Semiliki forest virus serine protease is disordered and yet displays catalytic activity (Manuel Morillas). 14. Intrinsic disorder in the core proteins of Flaviviridae (Jean-Luc Darlix). 15. Domains 2 and 3 of non-structural protein 5A (NS5A) of hepatitis C virus is natively unfolded (Ho Sup Yoon). 16. Intrinsic disorder within phage λ N protein and interaction with the E. coli NusA protein (Kristian Schweimer). 17. The N-terminal extension region of Hordeivirus movement TGB1 protein consists of two domains with different content of disordered structure (V.V. Makarov, M.E. Tailansky, E.N. Dobrov, N.O. Kalinina).

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Book SynopsisNanomaterials - substances smaller than 100 nanometers in size - have been added in recent years to an increasing numbers of consumer products used in day-to-day life; in food packaging, medical devices, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, odor-resistant textiles and household appliances. The extensive application of nanomaterials in a wide range of products for human use poses a potential for toxicity risk to human health and the environment. Such adverse effects of nanomaterials on human health have triggered the development of a new scientific discipline known as nanotoxicity the study of the toxicity of nanomaterials. Nanotoxicity: From in vivo and in vitro Models to Health Risks provides up-to-date state-of-the-art information presented by recognized experts in this emerging new field in toxicology. It discusses the safety evaluation of nanomaterials in foods, drugs, medical devices, cosmetics and other regulated products and its use in risk analysis for potentiaTrade Review"I can certainly envisage this book being used widely. Indeed, an excellent and most timely book, clearly written, and sensitively related to nano; above all, it really 'speaks' to the realities of nanotoxicity. An additional bonus.....an important one at that.... Is .the list of references cited at the end of every contribution that must make the acquisition of the volume urgent and imperative." (Current Engineering Practice, 2010) Table of ContentsPreface. List of Contributors. Acknowledgments. 1 Characterization of Nanomaterials for Toxicological Evaluation (Kevin W. Powers, Maria Palazuelos, Scott C. Brown and Stephen M. Roberts). 2 Criteria and Implementation of Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Nanomaterials for Human Health Effects and Ecological Toxicity Studies (Christie M. Sayes and David B. Warheit). 3 Considerations for the Design of Toxicity Studies of Inhaled Nanomedicines (Lea Ann Dailey). 4 High Aspect Ratio Nanoparticles and the Fibre Pathogenicity Paradigm (Craig A. Poland, Rodger Duffin and Ken Donaldson). 5 Application of Zinc Oxide Quantum Dots in Food Safety (Tony Jin, Dazhi Sun, Howard Zhang and Hung-Jue Sue). 6 Evaluation of Nanotoxicity of Foods and Drugs: Biological Properties of Red Elemental Selenium at Nano Size (Nano-Se) In Vitro and In Vivo (Jinsong Zhang). 7 Evaluation of Toxicity of Nanostructures in Biological Systems (Adam J. Gormley and Hamidreza Ghandehari). 8 Developing Bioassay Methods for Evaluating Pulmonary Hazards from Nanoscale or Fine Quartz/Titanium Dioxide Particulate Materials (David B. Warheit, Kenneth L. Reed and Christie M. Sayes). 9 Nanoparticles: Is Neurotoxicity a Concern? (Jianyong Wang, Wenjun Sun and Syed F. Ali). 10 Hepatotoxic Potential of Nanomaterials (Saura C. Sahu). 11 Nanotoxicity in Blood: Effects of Engineered Nanomaterials on Platelets (Jan Simak). 12 Sources, Fate and Effects of Engineered Nanomaterials in the Aquatic Environment (David S. Barber, Nancy D. Denslow, R. Joseph Griffitt and Christopher J. Martyniuk). 13 Nanotoxicity of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Vivo (Weiyue Feng, Bing Wang and Yuliang Zhao). 14 In Vivo Hypersensitive Pulmonary Disease Models for Nanotoxicity (Ken-ichiro Inoue and Hirohisa Takano). 15 In Vivo and In Vitro Models for Nanotoxicology Testing (Rosalba Gornati, Elena Papis, Mario Di Gioacchino, Enrico Sabbioni, Isabella Dalle Donne, Aldo Milzani and Giovanni Bernardini). 16 In Vitro and In Vivo Toxicity Study of Nanoparticles (Jayoung Jeong, Wan-Seob Cho, Seung Hee Kim and Myung-Haing Cho). 17 In Vitro and In Vivo Models for Nanotoxicity Testing (Kyung O. Yu, Laura K. Braydich-Stolle, David M. Mattie, John J. Schlager and Saber M. Hussain). 18 In Vitro Models for Nanotoxicity Testing (Yinfa Ma). 19 In Vitro Human Lung Cell Culture Models to Study the Toxic Potential of Nanoparticles (Fabian Blank, Peter Gehr and Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser). 20 Iron Oxide Magnetic Nanoparticle Nanotoxicity: Incidence and Mechanisms (Thomas R. Pisanic, Sungho Jin and Veronica I. Shubayev). 21 Toxicity Testing and Evaluation of Nanoparticles: Challenges in Risk Assessment (David Y. Lai and Philip G. Sayre). 22 Evaluating Strategies For Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials (Nastassja Lewinski, Huiguang Zhu and Rebekah Drezek). 23 Strategies for Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials (Hae-Seong Yoon, Hyun-Kyung Kim, Dong Deuk Jang and Myung-Haing Cho). 24 Metal Nanoparticle Health Risk Assessment (Mario Di Gioacchino, Nicola Verna, Rosalba Gornati, Enrico Sabbioni and Giovanni Bernardini). 25 Application of Toxicology Studies in Assessing the Health Risks of Nanomaterials in Consumer Products (J.S. Tsuji, F.S. Mowat, S. Donthu and M. Reitman). 26 Safety Assessment of Engineered Nanomaterials in Direct Food Additives and Food Contact Materials (Penelope A. Rice, Kimberly S. Cassidy, Jeremy Mihalov and T. Scott Thurmond). Index.

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Book SynopsisProteins in solution and at interfaces are increasingly used in exciting new applications, from biomimetic materials to nanoparticle patterning.Table of ContentsPREFACE ix CONTRIBUTORS xiii PART I 1 X-Ray Crystallography of Biological Macromolecules: Fundamentals and Applications 3 Antonio L. Llamas-Saiz and Mark J. van Raaij 2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Methods for Studying Soluble, Fibrous, and Membrane-Embedded Proteins 23 Victoria A. Higman 3 Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering Applied to Proteins in Solution 49 Leandro Ramos Souza Barbosa, Francesco Spinozzi, Paolo Mariani, and Rosangela Itri 4 Analyzing the Solution State of Protein Structure, Interactions, and Ligands by Spectroscopic Methods 73 Veronica I. Dodero and Paula V. Messina 5 Resolving Membrane-Bound Protein Orientation and Conformation by Neutron Reflectivity 99 Hirsh Nanda 6 Investigating Protein Interactions at Solid Surfaces—In Situ, Nonlabeling Techniques 113 Olof Svensson, Javier Sotres, and Alejandro Barrantes 7 Calorimetric Methods to Characterize the Forces Driving Macromolecular Association and Folding Processes 139 Conceic¸ ˜ao A.S.A. Minetti, Peter L. Privalov, and David P. Remeta 8 Virtual Ligand Screening Against Comparative Models of Proteins 179 Hao Fan 9 Atomistic and Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Membrane Proteins 193 Thomas J. Piggot, Peter J. Bond, and Syma Khalid PART II 10 Preparation of Nanomaterials Based on Peptides and Proteins 209 Yujing Sun and Zhuang Li 11 Natural Fibrous Proteins: Structural Analysis, Assembly, and Applications 219 Mark J. van Raaij and Anna Mitraki 12 Amyloid-Like Fibrils: Origin, Structure, Properties, and Potential Technological Applications 233 Pablo Taboada, Silvia Barbosa, Josue Juarez, Manuel-Alatorre Meda, and Výctor Mosquera 13 Proteins and Peptides in Biomimetic Polymeric Membranes 283 Alfredo Gonzalez-Perez 14 Study of Proteins and Peptides at Interfaces By Molecular Dynamics Simulation Techniques 291 David Poger and Alan E. Mark 15 A Single-Molecule Approach to Explore the Role of the Solvent Environment in Protein Folding 315 Katarzyna Tych and Lorna Dougan 16 Enhanced Functionality of Peroxidases By Its Immobilization at The Solid–Liquid Interface of Mesoporous Materials and Nanoparticles 335 Jose Campos-Teran, Iker Inarritu, Jorge Aburto, and Eduardo Torres 17 Superactivity of Enzymes in Supramolecular Hydrogels 353 Ye Zhang and Bing Xu 18 Surfactant Proteins and Natural Biofoams 365 Malcolm W. Kennedy and Alan Cooper 19 Promiscuous Enzymes 379 Luis F. Olguin 20 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Mixed Protein/Surfactant Adsorption Layers at Liquid Interfaces 389 Reinhard Miller, E.V. Aksenenko, V.S. Alahverdjieva, V.B. Fainerman, C.S. Kotsmar, J. Kragel, M.E. Leser, J. Maldonado-Valderrama, V. Pradines, C. Stefaniu, A. Stocco, and R. Wustneck 21 Application of Force Spectroscopy Methods to the Study of Biomaterials 429 Chuan Xu and Erika F. Merschrod S. 22 Protein Gel Rheology 437 Katie Weigandt and Danilo Pozzo 23 Exploring Biomolecular Thermodynamics in Aqueous and Nonaqueous Environments using Time-Resolved Photothermal Methods 449 Randy W. Larsen, Carissa M. Vetromile, William A. Maza, Khoa Pham, Jaroslava Miksovska INDEX 473

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Book SynopsisThe fifth edition of the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology builds upon the solid foundation of the previous editions, which have proven to be a mainstay for chemists, biochemists, and engineers at academic, industrial, and government institutions since publication of the first edition in 1949.

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Book SynopsisThe chemistry of superacids has developed in the last two decades into a field of growing interest and importance. Now available in a new expanded second edition, this definitive work on superacids offers a comprehensive review of superacids and discusses the development of new superacid systems and applications of superacids in the promotion of unusual reactions. Covering Bronsted and Leurs superacids, solid superacids, carbocations, heterocations, and catalyzed reactions, this timely volume is invaluable to professionals, faculty, and graduate students in organic, inorganic, and physical chemistry.Trade Review"Superacid Chemistry is a tightly worded description of the present state of the field, and as an inclusive reference book for this area of chemistry, I believe most active researchers will want access to it." (JACS , August 2009)Table of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition. Chapter 1: General Aspects. 1.1. Defining Acidity. 1.2. Definition of Superacids. 1.3. Types of Superacids. 1.4. Experimental Techniques for Acidity Measurements (Protic Acids). Chapter 2: Superacid Systems. 2.1. Primary Superacids. 2.2. Binary Superacids. 2.3. Ternary Superacids. 2.4. Solid Superacids. Chapter 3: Carbocations in Superacid Systems. 3.1. Introduction. 3.2. Methods of Generating Carbocations in Superacids. 3.3. Methods and Techniques in the Study of Carbocations. 3.4. Trivalent Carbocations. 3.5. Equilibrating (Degenerate) and Higher (Five or Six) Coordinate (Nonclassical) Carbocations. Chapter 4: Heterocations in Superacid Systems. 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Onium Ions. 4.3. Enium Ions. 4.4. Homo- And Heteropolyatomic Cations. 4.5. Cations of Group 6-12 Elements. Chapter 5: Superacid-Catalyzed Reactions. 5.1. Conversion of Saturated Hydrocarbons. 5.2. Alkylation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons. 5.3. Acylation of Aromatics. 5.4. Carboxylation. 5.5. Formylation. 5.6. Thio- and Dithiocarboxylation. 5.7. Sulfonation and Sulfonylation. 5.8. Nitration. 5.9. Nitrosonium Ion (No+)-Induced Reactions. 5.10. Halogenation. 5.11. Amination. 5.12. Oxyfunctionalization. 5.13. Superacids in Protection Group Chemistry. 5.14. Superacids in Heterocyclic Chemistry. 5.15. Dehydration. 5.16. Superacids in Carbohydrate Chemistry. 5.17. Rearrangements and Cyclizations. 5.18. Ionic Hydrogenation. 5.19. Esterification and Ester Cleavage. 5.20. Additions. 5.21. Ritter Reactions. 5.22. Polymerization. 5.23. Miscellaneous Reactions. References. Outlook. Index.

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Book SynopsisFeatures: 1,100 mass spectra of well defined compounds; information including mass spectra, chemical structure, chemical name, molecular formula, molecular weight, base peak, reference, and measurement condition; and, chemical structures elucidated by a variety of techniques including NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X ray structure analysis.

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Book SynopsisAn increasingly aging population will add to the number of individuals suffering from amyloid. Protein Misfolding Diseases provides a systematic overview of the current and emerging therapies for these types of protein misfolding diseases, including Alzheimer''s, Parkinson''s, and Mad Cow. The book emphasizes therapeutics in an amyloid disease context to help students, faculty, scientific researchers, and doctors working with protein misfolding diseases bridge the gap between basic science and pharmaceutical applications to protein misfolding disease.Trade Review“The book is very well organized and clearly written, and contains a large number of nice figures and illustrations, some in color, which certainly help to simplify the complex thematic material. The contributions provide a sufficient body of background information, are concisely written, and contain many references, which make them valuable bibliographic sources.” (Angewandte Chemie, December 2010) "In this valuable contribution to the understanding of protein- deposition diseases, Ramirez-Alvarado (biochemistry and molecular biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine) and international contributors to 45 chapters present an integrated approach to the process and consequences of protein aggregation." (Book News, September 2010)Table of ContentsCONTRIBUTORS. FOREWORD (R. John Ellis). PREFACE. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. INTRODUCTION TO THE WILEY SERIES ON PROTEIN AND PEPTIDE SCIENCE (Vladimir N. Uversky). PART I PRINCIPLES OF PROTEIN MISFOLDING. 1 Why Proteins Misfold (Silvia Campioni, Elodie Monsellier, and Fabrizio Chiti). 2 Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Oxidative Stress: Mechanisms and Link to Disease (Jyoti D. Malhotra and Randal J. Kaufman). 3 Role of Molecular Chaperones in Protein Folding (Kausik Chakraborty, Florian Georgescauld, Manajit Hayer-Hartl, and F. Ulrich Hartl). 4 Kinetic Models for Protein Misfolding and Association (Evan T. Powers and Frank A. Ferrone). 5 Toxicity in Amyloid Diseases (Massimo Stefani). 6 Autophagy: An Alternative Degradation Mechanism for Misfolded Proteins (Maria Kon and Ana Maria Cuervo). 7 Role of Posttranslational Modifications in Amyloid Formation (Andisheh Abedini, Ruchi Gupta, Peter Marek, Fanling Meng, Daniel P. Raleigh, Humeyra Taskent, and Sylvia Tracz). 8 Unraveling Molecular Mechanisms and Structures of Self-Perpetuating Prions (Peter M. Tessier and Susan Lindquist). 9 Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study the Biology of Protein Aggregation and Toxicity (Elise A. Kikis, Anat Ben-Zvi, and Richard I. Morimoto). 10 Using Drosophila to Reveal Insight Into Protein Misfolding Diseases (Julide Bilen and Nancy M. Bonini). 11 Animal Models to Study the Biology of Amyloid-β Protein Misfolding in Alzheimer Disease (Karen H. Ashe). PART II PROTEIN MISFOLDING DISEASE: GAIN-OF-FUNCTION AND LOSS-OF-FUNCTION DISEASES. 12 Alzheimer Disease: Protein Misfolding, Model Systems, and Experimental Therapeutics (Donald L. Price, Alena V. Savonenko, Tong Li, Michael K. Lee, and Philip C. Wong). 13 Prion Disease Therapy: Trials and Tribulations (Valerie L. Sim and Byron Caughey). 14 Misfolding and Aggregation in Huntington Disease and Other Expanded Polyglutamine Repeat Diseases (Ronald Wetzel). 15 Systemic Amyloidoses (Marina Ramirez-Alvarado and Joel N. Buxbaum). 16 Hemodialysis-Related Amyloidosis (David P. Smith, Alison E. Ashcroft, and Sheena E. Radford). 17 Copper?Zinc Superoxide Dismutase, Its Copper Chaperone, and Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Duane D. Winkler, Mercedes Prudencio, Celeste Karch, David R. Borchelt, and P. John Hart). 18 Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency (David A. Lomas and David H. Perlmutter). 19 Folding Biology of Cystic Fibrosis: A Consortium-Based Approach to Disease (William E. Balch, Ineke Braakman, Jeff Brodsky, Raymond Frizzell, William Guggino, Gergely L. Lukacs, Christopher Penland, Harvey Pollard, William Skach, Eric Sorscher, and Philip Thomas). 20 Thiopurine S-Methyltransferase Pharmacogenomics: Protein Misfolding, Aggregation, and Degradation (Fang Li and Richard M. Weinshilboum). 21 Gaucher Disease (Tim Edmunds). 22 Cataract as a Protein-Aggregation Disease (Yongting Wang and Jonathan A. King). 23 Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (Andisheh Abedini and Daniel P. Raleigh). PART III ROLE OF ACCESSORY MOLECULES AND RISK FACTORS. 24 Role of Metals in Alzheimer Disease (Blaine R. Roberts and Ashley I. Bush). 25 Why Study the Role of Heparan Sulfate in In Vivo Amyloidogenesis? (Robert Kisilevsky and John Ancsin). 26 Serum Amyloid P Component (Simon Kolstoe and Steve Wood). 27 Role of Oxidatively Stressed Lipids in Amyloid Formation and Toxicity (Paul H. Axelsen and Hiroaki Komatsu). 28 Role of Oxidative Stress in Protein Misfolding and/or Amyloid Formation (Johanna C. Scheinost, Daniel P. Witter, Grant E. Boldt, and Paul Wentworth, Jr.). 29 Aging and Aggregation-Mediated Proteotoxicity (Ehud Cohen and Andrew Dillin). PART IV MEDICAL ASPECTS OF DISEASE: DIAGNOSIS AND CURRENT THERAPIES. 30 Imaging of Misfolded Proteins (Harry LeVine, III). 31 Diagnosis of Systemic Amyloid Diseases (Morie A. Gertz). 32 Identification of Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Amyloid Diseases: Quantitative Free Light-Chain Assays (Jerry A. Katzmann). 33 Real-Time Observation of Amyloid-b Fibril Growth by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (Tadato Ban and Yuji Goto). 34 Current and Future Therapies for Alzheimer Disease (Paramita Chakrabarty, Pritam Das, and Todd E. Golde). 35 Current Therapies for Light-Chain Amyloidosis (Angela Dispenzieri and Shaji Kumar). 36 Familial and Senile Amyloidosis Caused by Transthyretin (Steven R. Zeldenrust and Merrill D. Benson). 37 Identifying Targets in a-Synuclein Metabolism to Treat Parkinson Disease and Related Disorders (Julianna Tomlinson, Valerie Cullen, and Michael G. Schlossmacher). 38 Emerging Molecular Targets in the Therapy of Dialysis-Related Amyloidosis (Gennaro Esposito and Vittorio Bellotti). 39 Familial Amyloidosis Caused by Lysozyme (Mireille Dumoulin). 40 Therapeutic Prospects for Polyglutamine Disease (Maria Pennuto and Kenneth H. Fischbeck). PART V APPROACHES FOR NEW AND EMERGING THERAPIES. 41 Chemistry and Biology of Amyloid Inhibition (Mark A. Findeis). 42 Immunotherapy in Secondary and Light-Chain Amyloidosis (Jonathan Wall). 43 Anti-Misfolding and Anti-Fibrillization Therapies for Protein Misfolding Disorders (Zane Martin and Claudio Soto). 44 Therapies Aimed at Controlling Gene Expression, Including Up-Regulating a Chaperone or Down-Regulating an Amyloidogenic Protein (Gregor P. Lotz and Paul J. Muchowski). 45 Understanding and Ameliorating the TTR Amyloidoses (Steven M. Johnson, R. Luke Wiseman, Natalia Reixach, Johan F. Paulsson, Sungwook Choi, Evan T. Powers, Joel N. Buxbaum, and Jeffery W. Kelly). INDEX.

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Book SynopsisPeople protest to try to change the world, because they think they can help change the world, and sometimes they do. But not by themselves, and generally not just how and when they want. This incisive book explains how groups of ordinary individuals can affect the world, what makes it possible when it works, and why it sometimes doesn't go to plan. Digging into previous scholarship on social movements, David S. Meyer looks at the origins of social movements, how they contrast with revolutionary campaigns, and assesses the periodic influence of activists on politics, policy, culture, and the way people live their lives. He concludes by stressing the narratives about political change that activists construct and the power that lies in these stories. With sharp insight and a wealth of intriguing cases, this book offers a fuller understanding of the politics and potential payoffs of protest politics.?Trade Review“With characteristic eloquence and humor, realism and optimism, David Meyer has given us a new book about the success (sometimes) of social movements, both in America and abroad. Readers will appreciate Meyer’s talent for synthesis, presenting complex arguments with clarity, and unearthing the deeper meanings behind familiar tropes. In a world that has become ever more protest-prone, Meyer’s book will take its place alongside classics like Tilly’s From Mobilization to Revolution and Gamson’s Strategy of Social Protest.”Sidney Tarrow, author of Power in Movement “David Meyer draws on expertise accumulated through a career studying and analyzing social movements to take the reader through the lifecycle of a social movement to understand how social movements sometimes lead to protest in the streets, revolution, political change, and all sorts of social and cultural outcomes.”Dana R. Fisher, University of MarylandTable of ContentsIntroduction Chapter 1. Why Movements Emerge and How They Work Chapter 2. Protest, Revolution, and Regime Change Chapter 3. Protest and Policy Chapter 4. Protest, Organizations, and Institutionalization Chapter 5. Protest Movements, Culture, and Participants Chapter 6. Claiming Credit References

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Book SynopsisThe cell can be viewed as a ''collection of protein machines'' and understanding these molecular machines requires sophisticated cooperation between cell biologists, geneticists, enzymologists, crystallographers, chemists and physicists. To observe these machines in action, researchers have developed entirely new methodologies for the detection and the nanomanipulation of single molecules. This book, written by expert scientists in the field, analyses how these diverse fields of research interact on a specific example - RNA polymerase. The book concentrates on RNA polymerases because they play a central role among all the other machines operating in the cell and are the target of a wide range of regulatory mechanisms. They have also been the subject of spectacular advances in their structural understanding in recent years, as testified by the attribution of the Nobel prize in chemistry in 2006 to Roger Kornberg. The book focuses on two aspects of the transcription cycle that have been Table of ContentsChapter 1: Where it all Begins: An Overview of Promoter Recognition and Open Complex Formation; Chapter 2: Opening the DNA at the Promoter; The Energetic Challenge; Chapter 3: Intrinsic In Vivo Modulators: Negative Supercoiling and the Constituents of the Bacterial Nucleoid; Chapter 4: Transcription by RNA Polymerases: From Initiation to Elongation, Translocation and Strand Separation; Chapter 5: Single-molecule FRET Analysis of the Path from Transcription Initiation to Elongation; Chapter 6: Real-time Detection of DNA Unwinding by Escherichia coli RNAP: From Transcription Initiation to Termination; Part II: Transcription Elongation and Termination, Interlude, The Engine and the Brake; Chapter 7: Substrate Loading, Nucleotide Addition, and Translocation by RNA Polymerase; Chapter 8: Regulation of RNA Polymerase through its Active Center; Chapter 9: Kinetic Modeling of Transcription Elongation; Chapter 10: Mechanics of Transcription Termination; Conclusion: Past, Present, and Future of Single-molecule Studies of Transcription

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Book SynopsisThe book couples in love have been waiting for. . .revised and updated! Engagement & Wedding Rings takes the fear and anxiety out of buying an engagement or wedding ring, restoring the romance and the magic of this once-in-a-lifetime experience.Inside Engagement & Wedding Rings, you''ll find everything you need to know to select, buy and enjoy ... to truly experience the wonder and excitement that should be part of findingor creating that perfect ring.Engagement & Wedding Rings;is filled with useful information to help you make the right choice, including: Romantic traditions behind engagement and wedding rings. How to select the right design and style for you. Tricks to get what you want on a budget. Steps to compare prices properly. How to select the perfect bridal pearls. The latest cuts, ring styles and designs. Secrets to differences in diamonds and colored gemstones

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Book SynopsisProviding a modern update of the field, Mossbauer Spectroscopy focuses on applications across a broad range of fields, including analysis of inorganic elements, nanoparticles, metalloenzymyes, biomolecules (including proteins), glass, coal, and iron. Ideal for a broad range of scientists, this one-stop reference presents advances gained in the field over past two decades, including a detailed theoretical description of Mossbauer spectroscopy, an extensive treatment of Mossbauer spectroscopy in applied areas, and challenges and future opportunities for the further development of this technique.Table of ContentsPreface xix Contributors xxi Chapter 1 In-Situ Mössbauer Spectroscopy with Synchrotron Radiation on Thin Films 3 S Stankov, T Ślęzak, M Zając, M Ślęzak, M Sladecek, R Röhlsberger, B. Sepiol, G Vogl, N Spiridis, J Łażewski, K Parliński, and J Korecki 1 1 Introduction 3 1.2 Instrumentation 4 1.3 Synchrotron radiation-based Mössbauer techniques 10 References 39 Chapter 2 Mössbauer Spectroscopy in Studying Electronic Spin and Valence States of Ironin the Earth’s Lower Mantle 43 Jung-Fu Lin, Zhu Mao, and Ercan E Alp 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 Synchrotron Mössbauer Spectroscopy at High Pressures and Temperatures 44 2.3 Crystal Field Theory on the 3d Electronic States 46 2.4 Conclusion 54 Acknowledgments 55 References 55 Chapter 3 In-beam Mössbauer Spectroscopy Using a Radioisotope Beam and a Neutron Capture Reaction 58 Yoshio Kobayashi 3.1 Introduction 58 3.2 57Mn (→ 57Fe) Implantation Mössbauer Spectroscopy 61 3.3 Neutron in-beam Mössbauer Spectroscopy 66 3 .4 Summary 66 References 67 Part II Radionuclides 71 Chapter 4 Lanthanides(151Eu and 155Gd)-Mössbauer Spectroscopic Study of Defect-FluoriteOxides Coupled with New Defect-Crystal-Chemistry Model 73 Nakamura, N Igawa, Y Okamoto, Y Hinatsu, J, Wang, M Takahashi and M. Takeda 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 Defect-crystal-Chemistry (DCC) Lattice-parameter Model 76 4.3 Lns Mössbauer and Lattice-parameter Data of DF Oxides 79 4.4 DCC-Model Lattice-parameter and Lns-Mössbauer Data Analysis 84 Conclusion 92 References 93 Chapter 5 Mössbauer and Magnetic Study of Neptunyl(+1) Complexes 95 T Nakamoto, A Nakamura and M Takeda 5.1 Introduction 95 5.2 237Np Mössbauer Spectroscopy 96 5.3 Magnetic Property of Neptunyl Monocation (NpO2+) 97 5.4 Mössbauer and Magnetic Study of Neptunyl(+1) Complexes 98 5.5 Discussion 106 Conclusion 113 Acknowledgment 113 References 113 Chapter 6 Mössbauer Spectroscopy of 161Dy in Dysprosium Dicarboxylates 116 M Takahashi, C I Wynter, B R Hillery, Virender K Sharma, D Quarless, Leopold May, T Misu, S G Sobel, M Takeda, and E Brown 6.1 Introduction 116 6.2 Experimental Methods 117 6.3 Results and Discussion 117 Acknowledgment 122 References 122 Chapter 7 Study of Exotic Uranium Compounds using 238U Mössbauer Spectroscopy 123 Satoshi Tsutsui1,2and Masami Nakada2 7.1 Introduction 123 7.2 Determination of Nuclear g-factor in the Excited State of 238U Nuclei 125 7.3 Application of 238U Mössbauer Spectroscopy to Heavy Fermion 127 7.4 Application to Two-dimensional (2D) Fermi Surface System of Uranium Dipnictides 134 Summary 137 Acknowledgment 138 References 138 Part III Spin Dynamics 141 Chapter 8 Reversible Spin-state Switching Involving a Structural Change 143 Satoru Nakashima 8.1 Introduction 143 8.2 Three Assembled Structures of Fe(NCX)2(bpa)2 (X=S, Se) and Their Structural Change by Desorption of Propanol Molecules 144 8.3 Occurrence of Spin-crossover Phenomenon in Assembled Complexes Fe(NCX)2(bpa)2 (X=S, Se, BH3) by Enclathrating Guest Molecules 145 8.4 Reversible Structural Change of Host Framework of Fe(NCS)2(bpp)2•2(benzene) Triggered By Sorption of Benzene Molecules 147 8.5 Reversible Spin-state Switching Involving a Structural Change of Fe(NCX)2(bpp)2•2(benzene) (X=Se, BH3) Triggered By Sorption of Benzene Molecules 149 8.6 Conclusion 150 References 151 Chapter 9 Spin- Crossover and Related Phenomena Coupled with Spin, Photon and Charge 152 N Kokima and A Sugahara 9.1 Introduction 152 9.2 Photo-induced Spin-crossover Phenomena 153 9 3 Charge Transfer Phase Transition 161 9 4 Spin Equilibrium and Succeeding Phenomena 168 References 175 Chapter 10 Spin Crossover in Iron(III) Porphyrins Involving the Intermediate-Spin State 177 Mikio Nakamura and Masashi Takahashi 10.1 Introduction 177 10.2 Methodology to Obtain Pure Intermediate-Spin Complexes 178 10.3 Spin Crossover Involving the Intermediate-Spin State 189 10.4 Spin Crossover Triangle in Iron(III) Porphyrins 195 10.5 Conclusion 198 Acknowledgments 198 References 199 Chapter 11 Tin(II) Lone Pair Stereoactivity: Influence on Structures and Properties, and Mössbauer Spectroscopic Properties 202 Georges Dénès, M Cecilia Madamba, Hocine Merazigand Abdualhafed Muntasar 11.1 Introduction 202 11.2 Experimental 203 11.3 Crystal Structures 204 11.4 Tin Electronic Structure and Mössbauer Spectroscopy 208 11.5 Application to the Structural Determination of α−SnF2 213 11.6 Application to the Structural Determination of the Highly Layered Structures of α−PbSnF4 and BaSnF4 216 11.7 Application to the Structural Study of Disordered Phases 226 11.8 Lone Pair Stereoactivity and Material Properties 241 11.9 Conclusion 242 Acknowledgments 243 References 243 Part IV Biological Applications 247 Chapter 12 Synchrotron Radiation Based Nuclear Resonant Scattering: Applications to Bioinorganic Chemistry 249 Yisong Guo, Yoshitaka Yoda, Xiaowei Zhang, Yuming Xiao, Stephen P Cram 12.1 Introduction 249 12.2 Technical Background 250 12.3 Applications in Bioinorganic Chemistry 258 12.4 Summary and Prospects 269 Acknowledgment 269 References 269 Chapter 13 Mössbauer Spectroscopy in Biological and Biomedical Research 272 Alexander A Kamnev1,*, Krisztina Kovács2, Irina V Alenkina3, and Michael I. Oshtrakh 13.1 Introduction 272 13.2 Microorganisms-related studies 273 13.3 Plants 276 13.4 Enzymes 280 13.5 Hemogoblin 281 13.6 Ferritin and Hemosiderin 283 13.7 Tissues 284 13.8 Pharmaceutical Products 286 13.9 Conclusions 286 Acknowledgments 287 References 287 Chapter 14 Controlled Spontaneous Decay of Mossbauer Nuclei (Theory and Experiments) 292 Vladimir I Vysotskii and Alla A Kornilova 14.1 Introduction to the Problem of Controlled Spontaneous Gamma-decay 292 14.2 General Consideration 293 14.3 Controlled Spontaneous Gamma-decay of Excited Nucleus in the System of Mutually Uncorrelated Modes of Electromagnetic Vacuum 295 14.4 Spontaneous Gamma-decay in the System of Synchronized Modes of Electromagnetic Vacuum 302 14.5 Experimental Study of the Phenomenon of Controlled Gamma-decay of Mossbauer Nuclei 303 14.6 Experimental Study of the Phenomenon of Controlled Gamma-decay by Investigation of Space Anisotropy and Self-focusing of Mossbauer Radiation 309 14.7 Direct Experimental Observation and Study of the Process of Controlled Radioactive and Excited Nuclei Radiative Gamma-decay by the Delayed Gamma-gamma Coincidence Method 311 14.8 Conclusion 314 References 314 Chapter 15 Natural's Strategy to Oxidize Tryptophan: EPR and Mossbauer Characterization of High-Valent Fe Intermediates 315 Kednerlin Dornevil and Aimin Liu 15.1 Two Oxidizing Equivalents Stored at a Ferric Heme 315 15.2 Oxidation of L-Tryptophan by Heme-Based Enzymes 316 15.3 The Chemical Reaction Catalyzed by MauG 318 15.4 A High-Valent bis-Fe(IV) Intermediate in MauG 319 15.5 High-Valent Fe Intermediate of Tryptophan 2,3-Dioxygenase 319 15.6 Concluding Remarks 321 References 322 Chapter 16 Iron in Neurodegeneration 324 Jolanta Gałązka-Friedman, Erika R Bauminger, and Andrzej Friedman 16.1 Introduction 324 16.2 Neurodegeneration and Oxidative Stress 324 16.3 Mössbauer Studies of Healthy Brain Tissue 325 16.4 Properties of Ferritin and Hemosiderin Present in Healthy Brain Tissue 327 16.5 Concentration of Iron Present in Healthy and Diseased Brain Issue 328 16.6 Asymmetry of the Mössbauer Spectra of Healthy and Diseased Brain Tissue 330 16.7 Conclusion – the Possible Role of Iron in Neurodegeneration 331 References 331 Chapter 17 Emission (57Co) Mössbauer Spectroscopy: Biology-related Applications, Potentials and Prospects 333 Alexander A Kamnev 17.1 Introduction 333 17.2 Methodology 334 17.3 Microbiological Applications 336 17.4 Enzymological Applications 340 17.5 Conclusions and Outlook 345 Acknowledgments 345 References 346 Part V Iron Oxides 349 Chapter 18 Mossbauer Spectroscopy in Study of Nanocrystalline Iron Oxides from Thermal Processes 351 Jiří Tuček, Libor Machala, Jiří Frydrych, Jiří Pechoušek, and Radek Zbořil 18.1 Introduction 351 18.2 Polymorphs of Iron (III) Oxide, Their Crystal Structures, Magnetic Properties, and Polymorphous Phase Transformations 352 18.3 Use of 57Fe Mössbauer Spectroscopy in Monitoring Solid State Reaction Mechanisms towards Iron Oxides 371 18.4 Various Mössbauer Spectroscopy Techniques in Study of Applications Related to Nanocrystalline Iron Oxides 378 18.5 Conclusion 389 Acknowledgment 389 References 389 Chapter 19 Transmission and Emission 57Fe Mössbauer Studies on Perovskites and Related Oxide Systems 393 Zoltán Homonnay and Zoltán Németh 19.1 Introduction 393 19.2 Study of high-Tc superconductors 394 19.3 Study of Strontium ferrate and its substituted analogues 401 19.4 Pursuing Colossal Magnetoresistance in Doped Lanthanum Cobaltates 407 References 413 Chapter 20 Enhancing the Possibilities of 57Fe Mössbauer Spectrometry to Study the Inherent Properties of Rust Layers 415 Karen E García, César A Barrero, Alvaro L Morales, and Jean-Marc Greneche 20.1 Introduction 415 20.2 Mössbauer Characterization of Some Iron Phases Presented in the Rust Layers 416 20.3 Determining Inherent Properties of Rust Layers by Mössbauer Spectrometry 421 20.4 Final Remarks 426 Acknowledgments 426 References 426 Chapter 21 Application of Mössbauer Spectroscopy in Nanomagnetics 429 Lakshmi Nambakkat 21.1 Introduction 429 21.2 Spinel Ferrites 430 21.3 Nano Sized Fe-Al Alloys Synthesized by High Energy Ball Milling 441 21.4 Magnetic Thin Films/Multilayer Systems: 57Fe/Al MLS 446 Conclusion 452 Acknowledgment 453 References 453 Chapter 22 Mössbauer Spectroscopy and Surface Analysis 455 José F Marco, J Ramón Gancedo, Matteo Monti and Juan de la Figuera 22.1 Introduction 455 22.2 The Physical Basis: How and Why Electrons Appear in Mössbauer Spectroscopy 456 22.3 Increasing Surface Sensitivity in Electron Mössbauer Spectroscopy 458 22.4 The Practical Way: Experimental Low Energy Electron Mössbauer Spectroscopy 460 22.5 Mössbauer Surface Imaging Techniques 465 22.6 Recent Surface Mössbauer Studies in an "ancient" Material: Fe3O4 466 Acknowledgments 468 References 468 Chapter 23 57Fe Mössbauer Spectroscopy in the Investigation of the Precipitation of Iron Oxides 470 Svetozar Musić, Mira Ristić, and Stjepko Krehula 23.1 Introduction 470 23.2 Complexation of Iron Ions by Hydrolysis 470 23.3 Precipitation of Iron Oxides by Hydrolysis Reactions 472 23.4 Precipitation of Iron Oxides from Dense -FeOOH Suspensions 480 23.5 Precipitation and Properties of Some Other Iron Oxides 483 23.6 Influence of Cations on the Precipitation of Iron Oxides 490 Acknowledgment 496 References 497 Chapter 24 Ferrates (IV, V, and VI): Mössbauer Spectroscopy Characterization 505 Virender K Sharma, Yurii Perfiliev, Radek Zboril, Libor Machala, and Clive Wynter 24.1 Introduction 505 24.2 Spectroscopic Characterization 506 24.3 Mössbauer Spectroscopy Characterization 508 Acknowledgments 517 References 517 Chapter 25 Characterization of Dilute Iron-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnets by Mössbauer Spectrometry 521 Kiyoshi Nomura and Zoltán Németh 25.1 Introduction 521 25.2 Sample Preparations by sol-gel Method 523 25.3 X-ray Diffraction and EXAFS Analysis 523 25.4 Magnetic Properties 525 25.5 Mössbauer Analysis of YAG Doped with Dilute Iron 526 25.6 Micro-discharge Treatment of Iron Doped YAG 528 Conclusion 531 Acknowledgment 532 References 532 Part VI Industrial Applications 533 Chapter 26 Some Mössbauer Studies of Fe-As Based High Temperature Superconductors 535 Amar Nath and Airat Khasanov 26.1 Introduction 535 26.2 Experimental 535 26.3 Where Do the Injected Electrons Go? 537 26.4 New Electron-rich Species in Ni-doped Single Crystals: Is it Superconducting? 538 26.5 Can O2 play an Important Role? 539 Acknowledgment 541 References 541 Chapter 27 Mossbauer Study of New Electrically Conductive Glass 542 Tetsuaki Nishida and Shiro Kubuki 27.1 Introduction 542 27.2 Structural Relaxation of Electrically Conductive Vanadate Glass 544 Acknowledgments 551 References 551 Chapter 28 Applications of Mössbauer Spectroscopy in the Study of Lithium Battery Materials 552 Ricardo Alcántara, Pedro Lavela, Carlos Pérez Vicente, José L Tirado 28.1 Introduction 552 28.2 Cathode Materials for Li-ion Batteries 554 28.3 Anode Materials for Li-ion Batteries 556 Conclusions 561 Acknowledgment 561 References 562 Chapter 29 Mössbauer Spectroscopic Investigations of Novel Bimetal Catalysts for Preferential CO Oxidation in H2 564 Wansheng Zhang, Junhu Wang, Kuo Liu, Jie Jin, and Tao Zhang 29.1 Introduction 564 29.2 Experimental Section 564 29.3 Results and Discussion 565 Conclusion 574 Acknowledgments 574 References 575 Chapter 30 The use of Mossbauer Spectroscopy in Coal Research-Is it Relevant or Not? 576 F B Waanders 30.1 Introduction 576 30.2 Experimental Procedures 577 30.3 Results and Discussion 578 Conclusions 590 References 591 Part VII Environmental Applications 593 Chapter 31 Water Purification and Characterization of Recycled Iron-Silicate Glass 595 Shiro Kubuki and Tetsuaki Nishida 31.1 Introduction 595 31.2 Property and Structure of Recycled Silicate Glasses 596 31.3 Summary 605 Reference 606 Chapter 32 Mössbauer Spectroscopy in the Study of Laterite Mineral Processing 608 Eamonn Devlin, Michail Samouhos, Charalabos Zografidis 32.1 Introduction 608 32.2 Conventional Processing 609 32.3 Microwave Processing 612 Reference 619 Index 621

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Book SynopsisPolymers have played a critical role in the rational design and application of drug delivery systems that increase the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of new and conventional therapeutics.Table of ContentsFOREWORD xi PREFACE xiii CONTRIBUTORS xv PART I INTRODUCTION 1 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF DRUG DELIVERY 3 Rebecca A. Bader 1.1 Introduction: History and Future of Drug Delivery 3 1.2 Terminology 5 1.3 Basic Pharmacokinetics 8 1.4 Basic Pharmacodynamics 12 1.5 Mass Transfer 13 1.6 Key Points 23 1.7 Homework Problems 23 2 CHALLENGES OF DRUG DELIVERY 29 Patricia R. Wardwell and Rebecca A. Bader 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 History and Challenges of Drug Delivery 30 2.3 Physical Barriers 31 2.4 Metabolic and Chemical Concerns 39 2.5 Physical Properties of Therapeutics 42 2.6 Polymer Carriers as a Solution to Challenges 45 2.7 Key Points 50 2.8 Homework Problems 50 PART II INJECTABLE POLYMERIC DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS 55 3 POLYMER–DRUG CONJUGATES 57 Cristina Fante and Francesca Greco 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Historical Perspective 58 3.3 Polymer–Drug Conjugates: Biological Rationale 59 3.4 Structural Features of Polymer–Drug Conjugates 62 3.5 Making a Polymer–Drug Conjugate 68 3.6 Current Challenges and Future Perspectives 71 3.7 Key Points 75 3.8 Worked Example 76 3.9 Homework Problems 76 4 POLYMERIC MICROPARTICLES 85 Noelle K. Comolli and Colleen E. Clark 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 The Rationale for Microparticles 86 4.3 Defining the Design Criteria 87 4.4 Polymer Selection 89 4.5 Microparticle Synthesis 91 4.6 Microparticle Characterization Methods 96 4.7 Drug Release from Microparticles 100 4.8 Microparticle Design Examples 108 4.9 Key Points 110 4.10 Worked Example 110 4.11 Homework Problems 111 5 POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES 117 Andrew L. Vasilakes, Thomas D. Dziubla, and Paritosh P. Wattamwar 5.1 Introduction 117 5.2 PNP Design 124 5.3 PNP Formulation Methods and Targeting 128 5.4 Nanoparticle Targeting Overview 133 5.5 PNP Characterization 139 5.6 Major Clinical Achievements 147 5.7 Key Points 148 5.8 Worked Example 149 5.9 Homework Problems 150 6 BLOCK COPOLYMER MICELLES AND VESICLES FOR DRUG DELIVERY 163 James D. Robertson, Nisa Patikarnmonthon, Adrian S. Joseph, and Giuseppe Battaglia 6.1 Introduction 163 6.2 Drug Encapsulation and Release 165 6.3 Bioavailability and Biodistribution 166 6.4 Stimuli Responsiveness 170 6.5 The Immune System 174 6.6 Gene Therapy 177 6.7 Cancer Therapy 180 6.8 Conclusions 182 6.9 Key Points 182 6.10 Homework Problems 183 PART III IMPLANTABLE POLYMERIC DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS 189 7 IMPLANTABLE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS 191 Luis Solorio, Angela Carlson, Haoyan Zhou, and Agata A. Exner 7.1 Introduction 191 7.2 Nondegradable Polymeric Implants 193 7.3 Biodegradable Polymeric Implants 198 7.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 215 7.5 Key Points 216 7.6 Homework Problems 216 8 POLYMERIC DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS IN TISSUE ENGINEERING 227 Matthew Skiles and James Blanchette 8.1 Introduction 227 8.2 Wound Healing as a Prototype for Adult Tissue Generation 228 8.3 Bioactive Factors in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 232 8.4 Delivery of Growth Factors in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 248 8.5 Key Points 268 8.6 Worked Example 269 8.7 Homework Problems 270 PART IV ORAL POLYMERIC DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS 283 9 ORAL CONTROLLED-RELEASE POLYMERIC DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS 285 James W. McGinity, James C. DiNunzio, and Justin M. Keen 9.1 Introduction 285 9.2 Release Mechanisms of Oral Polymeric Dosage Forms 288 9.3 Oral Polymeric Release Modifiers 295 9.4 Manufacturing Technologies and Industrial Applications of Controlled Release 297 9.5 Worked Example 311 9.6 Key Points 314 9.7 Homework Problems 314 10 MUCOADHESIVE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS 319 Srinath Muppalaneni, David Mastropietro, and Hossein Omidian 10.1 Introduction 319 10.2 Factors Affecting Mucoadhesion 320 10.3 Polymer–Mucus Interactions 320 10.4 Mucoadhesion Mechanisms 322 10.5 Mucoadhesive Polymers 324 10.6 Novel Mucoadhesive Materials 327 10.7 Mucoadhesion Testing 330 10.8 Drug Release Studies 332 10.9 Mucoadhesive Dosage Forms 332 10.10 Conclusion 334 10.11 Key Points 334 10.12 Homework Questions 337 11 ENHANCED ORAL DRUG DELIVERY THROUGH METABOLIC PATHWAYS 343 Gregory Russell-Jones 11.1 Introduction 343 11.2 Uptake of Nutrients from the Intestine 344 11.3 Nutrient Transport in the Intestine 349 11.4 Use of Nutrient Transporters for Drug Delivery 352 11.5 Case Study: The Use of the Vitamin B2 Uptake System for Drug Delivery 352 11.6 Key Points 365 11.7 Worked Example 365 11.8 Homework Problems 366 PART V ADVANCED POLYMERIC DRUG DELIVERY 375 12 STIMULI-RESPONSIVE POLYMER DELIVERY SYSTEMS 377 Amy Van Hove, Zhanwu Cui, and Danielle S.W. Benoit 12.1 Introduction 377 12.2 Temperature-Responsive Polymers for Drug Delivery 378 12.3 pH-Responsive Polymers for Drug Delivery 387 12.4 Reduction/Oxidation (Redox)-Responsive Polymers 397 12.5 Enzymatically Responsive Drug Delivery 403 12.6 Key Points 415 12.7 Homework Questions 416 13 AFFINITY-BASED DRUG DELIVERY 429 Andrew S. Fu and Horst A. von Recum 13.1 Introduction 429 13.2 Association Constant 430 13.3 Worked Example 432 13.4 Affinity-Based Drug Delivery Systems 437 13.5 Mathematical Modeling of Affinity-Based Systems 444 13.6 Challenges and Future Directions 448 13.7 Key Points 448 13.8 Homework Problems 449 INDEX 453

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Book SynopsisWith contributions from leading international experts in the field, this book is dedicated to all facets of uremic toxins research, including low molecular weight solutes, protein-bound solutes, and middle molecules. Moreover, it covers everything from basic mass spectrometry research to the latest clinical findings and practices.Table of ContentsPREFACE ix CONTRIBUTORS xi SECTION 1: UREMIC TOXINS 1 1. Uremic Toxins: An Integrated Overview of Definition and Classification 3 Richard J. Glassock and Shaul G. Massry 2. Classification and a List of Uremic Toxins 13 Nathalie Neirynck, Rita De Smet, Eva Schepers, Raymond Vanholder, and Griet Glorieux 3. Analysis of Uremic Toxins with Mass Spectrometry 35 Toshimitsu Niwa SECTION 2: SELECTED UREMIC TOXINS 51 4. Indoxyl Sulfate 53 Toshimitsu Niwa 5. p-Cresyl Sulfate 77 Anneleen Pletinck, Raymond Vanholder, and Griet Glorieux 6. 3-Carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic Acid 87 Toshimitsu Niwa 7. Phenylacetic Acid 99 Anna Schulz and Joachim Jankowski 8. Homocysteine and Hydrogen Sulfide, Two Opposing Aspects in the Pathobiology of Sulfur Compounds in Chronic Renal Failure 109 Alessandra F. Perna and Diego Ingrosso 9. Guanidino Compounds 125 Sunny Eloot, Griet Glorieux, Peter Paul De Deyn, and Raymond Vanholder 10. Asymmetric Dimethylarginine 143 Vladimýr Teplan and Jaroslav Racek 11. Nicotinamide Metabolites 163 Boleslaw Rutkowski and Przemyslaw Rutkowski 12. Dicarbonyls (Glyoxal, Methylglyoxal, and 3-Deoxyglucosone) 177 Naila Rabbani and Paul J. Thornalley 13. Glucose Degradation Products in Peritoneal Dialysis 193 Monika Pischetsrieder and Sabrina Gensberger 14. Dinucleoside Polyphosphates 209 Joachim Jankowski and Vera Jankowski 15. Parathyroid Hormone 227 Shaul G. Massry and Miroslaw Smogorzewski 16. b2-Microglobulin 249 Suguru Yamamoto, Junichiro James Kazama, Hiroki Maruyama, Ichiei Narita, and Fumitake Gejyo 17. Cytokines 259 Bj€orn Anderstam, Bengt Lindholm, and Peter Stenvinkel 18. Free Immunoglobulin Light Chains 279 Gerald Cohen and Walter H. H€orl 19. Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs) 293 Naila Rabbani and Paul J. Thornalley 20. Oxidized Albumin 305 Maurizio Bruschi, Giovanni Candiano, Laura Santucci, and Gian Marco Ghiggeri SECTION 3: THERAPEUTIC REMOVAL OF UREMIC TOXINS 315 21. Therapeutic Removal of Uremic Toxins by Hemodialysis 317 Tammy L. Sirich, Pavel Aronov, and Timothy W. Meyer 22. Therapeutic Removal of Uremic Toxins by Peritoneal Dialysis 331 Malgorzata Debowska, Elvia Garcýa-Lopez, Jacek Waniewski, and Bengt Lindholm 23. Therapeutic Removal of Uremic Toxins by Oral Sorbent 359 Toshimitsu Niwa INDEX 373

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Book SynopsisTaking a lifespan approach, this book gathers the top scholars in social work practice to create a resource that presents practice skills and interventions for working with individuals, children, and families.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii About the Editors xv Contributors xvii Chapter 1 Assessment of Children 1Michael E. Woolley Defining Assessment 2 Historical Background 4 Evolving Ecological-Systems Perspective 6 Biopsychosocial Assessment Report 12 Summary of Current Evidence-Based Assessment of Children 15 Emerging Trends in Child Assessment 23 Implications for Social Work on Micro-, Mezzo-and Macrolevels 25 Conclusion 31 Key Terms 32 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 32 Online Resources 33 References 34 Chapter 2 Intervention with Children 41Mary C. Ruffolo and Paula Allen-Meares Development of EBPs for Children at Risk for Emotional or Behavioral Problems 42 Current EBPs with Children 45 Limitations of the Evidence 60 Conclusion 61 Key Terms 63 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 63 Online Resources 63 References 64 Chapter 3 Assessment of Adolescents 71David W. Springer and Tara M. Powell Evidence-Based Assessment with Adolescents 73 Limitations of Evidence-Based Assessment with Adolescents 86 Treatment Goals 88 Implications for Social Work 89 Conclusion 90 Key Terms 91 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 91 Online Resources 91 References 92 Chapter 4 Intervention with Adolescents 97Craig Winston LeCroy and Lela Rankin Williams Overview of Issues and Problems Facing Adolescents 98 Promising Programs of Prevention and Intervention 102 Promoting the Development of Competencies and the Prevention of Disorders 102 Substance-Abuse-Prevention Programs 103 Promising Treatment Programs 106 Ongoing Treatment and Case Management 111 Considerations in Service Delivery 113 Motivation for Treatment 114 Context and Focus of Treatment 115 Conclusion 116 Key Terms 117 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 117 Online Resources 118 References 118 Chapter 5 Assessment of Adults 125Elaine Congress Historical Background 127 Summary of Current Evidence-Based Assessment for Individuals 131 Evidence-Based Assessment 140 Implications for Social Work on Micro-, Mezzo- and Macrolevels 140 Conclusion 141 Key Terms 142 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 142 Online Resources 142 References 142 Chapter 6 Intervention with Adults 147Bruce A. Thyer Historical Background 148 Summary of Useful Resources 161 Limitations of the Evidence 166 Implications for Social Work at the Micro-, Mezzo-and Macrolevels 168 Conclusion 171 Key Terms 172 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 172 Online Resources 173 References 173 Chapter 7 Assessment of the Elderly 177Gregory J. Paveza Historical Background 178 Elements of the Comprehensive Assessment 179 Mental Status 180 Functional Assessment 181 Medical History and Nutritional and Health-Behaviors Assessment 182 Assessment of Emotional Well-Being 184 Assessment of Social, Economic, and Environmental Well-Being 185 The Care Plan 189 Conclusion 190 Key Terms 190 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 190 Online Resources 191 References 191 Chapter 8 Intervention with the Elderly 197Michael J. Holosko, Jeffrey F. Skinner,Catherine A. Patterson, and Kimberly Brisebois Historical Background 197 Summary of Current Evidence-Based Interventions with the Elderly 200 Limitations of the Evidence 221 Implications for Social Work at Micro-, Mezzo- and Macrolevels 221 Conclusion 226 Key Terms 228 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 228 Online Resources 229 References 229 Chapter 9 Assessment of Families 237Robyn Munford and Jackie Sanders Historical Background 237 Current Evidence on the Assessment of Families 239 Limitations to the Evidence on the Assessment of Families 242 The Assessment Process within Social Work Practice—Micro-, Mezzo-, and Macrolevels 245 Conclusion 260 Key Terms 260 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 260 Online Resources 261 References 261 Chapter 10 Intervention with Families 265Cynthia Franklin, Catheleen Jordan and Laura Hopson Historical Background 266 Summary of Current Evidence-Based Intervention with Families 268 Cognitive Behavior Therapy with Parent Component 280 Limitations of Evidence-Based Family Interventions 283 Implications for Social Work Practice 286 Conclusion 288 Key Terms 288 Review Questions for Critical Thinking 289 Online Resources 289 References 289 Author Index 295 Subject Index 305

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Book SynopsisThis General, Organic and Biochemistry text has been written for students preparing for careers in health-related fields such as nursing, dental hygiene, nutrition, medical technology and occupational therapy. It is also suited for students majoring in other fields where it is important to have an understanding of the basics of chemistry.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1 SCIENCE AND MEASUREMENTS 1 1.1 The Scientific Method 2 1.2 Matter and Energy 5 1.3 Units of Measurement 9 1.4 Scientific Notation, SI and Metric Prefixes 13 1.5 Measurements and Significant Figures 15 1.6 Conversion Factors and the Factor Label Method 22 1.7 Density, Specific Gravity, and Specific Heat 25 1.8 Measurements in General Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, and Biochemistry 29 CHAPTER 2 ATOMS AND 2.1 Atoms 44 2.2 Elements 46 2.3 Trace Elements 48 2.4 Atomic Number and Mass Number 51 2.5 Periodic Table 54 2.6 The Mole 59 2.7 The Arrangement of Electrons 62 2.8 Radioactive Isotopes 68 2.9 Radioisotopes in Medicine 71 CHAPTER 3 COMPOUNDS 88 3.1 Ions 90 3.2 The Octet Rule 93 3.3 Ionic Compounds 96 3.4 Covalent Bonds 101 3.5 Molecules 103 3.6 Formula Weight, Molecular Weight, and Molar Mass 105 CHAPTER 4 AN INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 116 4.1 Structural Formulas 118 4.2 Polar Covalent Bonds, Shape, and Polarity 123 4.3 Noncovalent Interactions 130 4.4 Families of Organic Compounds 132 CHAPTER 5 REACTIONS 150 5.1 Chemical Equations 152 5.2 Reaction Types 156 5.3 Reactions Involving Water 158 5.4 Oxidation and Reduction 161 5.5 Mole and Mass Relationships in Reactions 167 5.6 Calculating the Yield of a Reaction 171 5.7 Free Energy and Reaction Rate 174 CHAPTER 6 GASES, SOLUTIONS, COLLOIDS, AND SUSPENSIONS 190 6.1 Gases and Pressure 192 6.2 The Gas Laws 197 6.3 Partial Pressure 202 6.4 Solutions 204 6.5 Precipitation Reactions 207 6.6 Solubility of Gases in Water 209 6.7 Organic and Biochemical Compounds 212 6.8 Concentration 216 6.9 Dilution 221 6.10 Colloids and Suspensions 222 6.11 Diffusion and Osmosis 225 CHAPTER 7 ACIDS, BASES, AND EQUILIBRIUM 238 7.1 Acids and Bases 240 7.2 Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases 241 7.3 Equilibrium 243 7.4 Le Châtelier’s Principle 246 7.5 Ionization of Water 250 7.6 The pH Scale 251 7.7 Acid and Base Strength 254 7.8 Neutralizing Acids and Bases 257 7.9 Effect of pH on Acid and Conjugate Base Concentrations 259 7.10 Buffers 261 7.11 Maintaining the pH of Blood Serum 263 CHAPTER 8 ORGANIC REACTIONS 1—HYDROCARBONS, CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, AMINES, AND RELATED COMPOUNDS 276 8.1 Alkanes 278 8.2 Constitutional Isomers 282 8.3 Conformations 284 8.4 Cycloalkanes 285 8.5 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds 287 8.6 Reactions of Hydrocarbons 291 8.7 Carboxylic Acids 297 8.8 Phenols 299 8.9 Carboxylic Acids and Phenols as Weak Organic Acids 301 8.10 Preparing Esters 304 8.11 Amines 307 8.12 Amines as Weak Organic Bases 311 8.13 Amides 313 ORGANIC REACTIONS 2—ALCOHOLS, ETHERS,ALDEHYDES, AND KETONES 334 9.1 Alcohols, Ethers, and Related Compounds 336 9.2 Preparation 339 9.3 Reactions 341 9.4 Aldehydes and Ketones 344 9.5 Oxidation of Aldehydes 347 9.6 Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones 349 9.7 Reactions of Alcohols with Aldehydes and Ketones 352 CHAPTER 10 CARBOHYDRATES 370 10.1 Monosaccharides 372 10.2 Stereoisomers 374 10.3 Important Monosaccharides and Monosaccharide Derivatives 381 10.4 Reactions of Monosaccharides 384 10.5 Monosaccharides in Their Cyclic Form 386 10.6 Oligosaccharides 390 10.7 Polysaccharides 401 CHAPTER 11 LIPIDS AND MEMBRANES 420 11.1 Fatty Acids 422 11.2 Waxes 427 11.3 Triglycerides 429 11.4 Phospholipids and Glycolipids 437 11.5 Steroids 441 11.6 Eicosanoids 445 11.7 Membranes 447 CHAPTER 12 PEPTIDES, PROTEINS, AND ENZYMES 458 12.1 Amino Acids 460 12.2 The Peptide Bond 464 12.3 Peptides, Proteins, and pH 468 12.4 Protein Structure 469 12.5 Denaturation 477 12.6 Enzymes 478 12.7 Control of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions 482 CHAPTER 13 NUCLEIC ACIDS 498 13.1 Nucleic Acid Building Blocks 500 13.2 Nucleoside Di- and Triphosphates, Cyclic Nucleotides 505 13.3 Polynucleotides 506 13.4 DNA Structure 509 13.5 Denaturation 512 13.6 Nucleic Acids and Information Flow 514 13.7 DNA Replication 515 13.8 Transcription and RNA 517 13.9 Translation 520 13.10 Control of Gene Expression 522 13.11 Mutation 524 13.12 Recombinant DNA 525 13.13 DNA Fingerprinting 529 CHAPTER 14 METABOLISM 540 14.1 Metabolic Pathways, Energy, and Coupled Reactions 542 14.2 Overview of Metabolism 543 14.3 Digestion 548 14.4 Glycolysis 551 14.5 Gluconeogenesis 556 14.6 Glycogen Metabolism 558 14.7 Citric Acid Cycle 560 14.8 Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation 562 14.9 Lipid Metabolism 566 14.10 Amino Acid Metabolism 571 Appendix A Important Families of Organic Compounds 582 Appendix B Naming Ions, Ionic Compounds, Binary Molecules, and Organic Compounds 584 Appendix C Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 591 Appendix D Glossary 639 Index I

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Book SynopsisAn excellent, unique, and up-to-date reference book on polyoxymethylene, its compounds, and nanocomposites, specifically dealing with synthesis, characterization, processing, morphology, and applications Polyoxymethylene Handbook: Structure, Properties, Applications, and Their Nanocomposites summarizes many of the state-of-the-art technological and research accomplishments in the area of polyoxymethylene (POM). It discusses in length the polymerization and manufacture of polyoxymethylene and various types of additives, as well as the structure and crystallization behavior of POM and its thermal, physical, mechanical, flame retardant, chemical, electrical, and optical properties. The environmental impact of POM is also addressed. The 15 chapters in the handbook are written by prominent researchers from industry, academia, and government/private research laboratories across the globe. Because so few books have ever been published on polyoxymethylene, the haTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Polyoxymethylene: State of Art, New Challenges and Opportunities 1 Sigrid Luft l and Visakh. P.M. 1.1 Scope 2 1.2 History 2 1.3 Commercial Significance 7 References 13 2 Polymerization and Manufacture of Polyoxymethylene 21 Johannes Karl Fink 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Monomers 22 2.3 Comonomers 25 2.4 Polymerization and Fabrication 28 2.5 Special Additives 44 References 46 3 Polyoxymethylene Additives 53 Emmanuel Richaud 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Antioxidants 54 3.3 Compounds Reacting with Secondary Reaction Products 59 3.4 UV Stabilization 60 3.5 Impact Modifier 65 3.6 Nucleating Agent 67 3.7 Pigments and Dyes 72 3.8 Flame Retardants 75 3.9 Antistatic Agents 79 3.10 Lubricating Agents 80 3.11 Fillers 82 3.12 Processing Aids 90 References 91 Appendix 3.1: List of Stabilizers 100 4 Polyoxymethylene Processing 107 Kinga Pielichowska 4.1 Introduction 107 4.2 Injection Molding 109 4.3 Melt Extrusion 116 4.4 Solid-State Extrusion 118 4.5 Extrusion Assisted by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide 120 4.6 Blow Molding 121 4.7 Others Methods 123 4.8 Highly Oriented Products 132 4.9 Recycling of Production Waste 136 4.10 Finishing and Machining of POM 138 4.11 Conclusions 141 References 142 5 Polyoxymethylene Applications 153 Lidia Tokarz, Slawomir Pawlowski and Michal Kedzierski 5.1 Introduction 153 5.2 Automotive Industry, Mechanical Engineering 156 5.3 Electrical and Electronic Industry, Fancy Goods 157 5.4 Medical Applications 158 5.5 Future Trends 160 References 160 6 Structure and Morphology of Polyoxymethylene 163 Maria Raimo 6.1 Introduction 163 6.2 Crystalline Structure of POM: Orthorhombic and Hexagonal Phases 165 6.3 Crystal Structure Determination 170 6.4 Morphology of Orthorhombic and Hexagonal POM 173 6.5 Morphology of Rubber-Modified POM 179 6.6 Structure-Properties Relationships 181 References 186 7 Crystal Structure and Crystallization Behavior of POM and its Microscopically-Viewed Relation with the Physical and Thermal Properties on the Basis of X-ray Scattering, Vibrational Spectroscopy and Lattice Dynamical Theory 193 Kohji Tashiro 7.1 Introduction 194 7.2 Crystal Structure Analysis of POM 195 7.3 Vibrational Spectra of POM 204 7.4 Structural Evolution in Isothermal Crystallization 207 7.5 Microscopically-Viewed Mechanical Property of POM 216 7.6 Conclusions 223 Acknowledgements 224 References 224 8 Physical Properties of Polyoxymethylene 227 Johannes Karl Fink 8.1 Introduction 227 8.2 Density 228 8.3 Hardness 230 8.4 Heat Capacity 231 8.5 Melt Flow 231 8.6 Water Absorption 235 8.7 Gas Permeability 236 8.8 Specific Absorption 238 References 239 9 POM Mechanical Properties 241 Fahmi Bedoui and Bruno Fayolle 9.1 Short Term Properties 242 9.2 Long-Term Properties 249 9.3 Conclusion 252 Acknowledgement 253 References 253 10 Thermal Properties and Flammability of Polyoxymethylene 257 Vasiliki-Maria Archodoulaki and Sigrid Luft l 10.1 Glass Transition and Melting Temperature 257 10.2 Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion 260 10.3 Thermal Conductivity and Specific Heat 260 10.4 HDT and Vicat 261 10.5 Thermo-Oxidative Degradation Behavior and Aging 261 10.6 Testing of Long-Term Heat Aging 266 10.7 Flammability 267 10.8 Hot Sterilization 270 References 271 11 Chemical Resistance of Polyoxymethylene 277 Sigrid Luft l and Emmanuel Richaud 11.1 Intoduction 277 11.2 Degradation and Oxidation Mechanisms in POM 278 11.3 Resistance to Chemicals 283 References 295 12 The Electrical Response of Polyoxymethylene (POM) 301 D.A. Wasylyshyn 12.1 Introduction 301 12.2 Interactions between POM and Electromagnetic Waves 302 12.3 Interactions between POM and Arc Plasma 313 References 318 13 Electrical and Optical Properties of Polyoxymethylene 321 Natamai Subramanian Muralisrinivasan 13.1 Introduction 321 13.2 Electrical Properties 322 13.3 Optical Properties 327 References 329 14 Nanocomposites of Polyoxymethylene 331 Agnieszka Leszczyñska and Krzysztof Pielichowski 14.1 Introduction 331 14.2 Preparation and Structure of POM Nanocomposites with Different Nanoadditives 332 14.3 Properties of Polyoxymethylene-Based Nanocomposites 347 14.4 POM Blends as Matrices in Nanocomposite Materials 376 14.5 POM Nanostructures - Electrospun POM Nanofibers 381 14.6 Applications of POM-Based Nanocomposites and Future Trends 385 14.7 Conclusions 386 List of acronyms 387 References 388 15 Future, Environmental Impact and Suppliers 399 Takashi Iwamoto and Junzo Masamoto 15.1 Introduction 400 15.2 Developments and Specialty Resins 400 15.3 Safety (Regulation and Approvals) 421 15.4 Environmental Impact 424 15.5 Suppliers and Commercial Grades 426 15.6 Future 426 References 432 Index 435

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Book SynopsisAggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) is a novel photophysical phenomenon which offers a new platformfor researchers to look into the light-emitting processes from luminogen aggregates, from which useful information on structureproperty relationships may be collected and mechanistic insights may be gained. The discovery of the AIE effect opens a new avenue for the development of new luminogen materials in the aggregate or solid state. By enabling light emission in the practically useful solid state, AIE has the potential to expand significantly the technological applications of luminescent materials. Aggregation-Induced Emission: Fundamentals is the first book to explore the fundamental issues of AIE, including the design, synthesis, and photophysical behavior of AIE-active molecules and polymers. The control of the morphological structures of the aggregates of AIE-active materials, and the experimental investigation and theoretical understanding of the AIE mechanism, are also Table of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Preface xvii 1 Synthesis of Siloles (and Germoles) that Exhibit the AIE Effect 1 Joyce Y. Corey 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Background 2 1.3 Synthesis of Siloles 4 1.4 Modification of Preformed Siloles 14 1.5 Related Germole Methodology 15 1.6 Metallaindenes and Metallafluorenes of Si and Ge 19 1.7 Oligomers and Polymers of Metalloles and Benzene-Annulated Metalloles 25 1.8 Summary and Future Directions 31 2 Aggregation-Induced Emission in Group 14 Metalloles (Siloles, Germoles, and Stannoles): Spectroscopic Considerations, Substituent Effects, and Applications 39 Jerome L. Mullin and Henry J. Tracy 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 Characteristics of AIE in the Group 14 Metalloles 44 2.3 Origins of AIE in Group 14 Metalloles: Restricted Intramolecular Rotation 48 2.4 Polymer Films and Polymerized Siloles 51 2.5 Applications of AIE-Active Metalloles 53 3 Aggregation-Induced Emission of 9,10-Distyrylanthracene Derivatives and Their Applications 61 Bin Xu, Jibo Zhang and Wenjing Tian 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 AIE Molecules Based on 9,10-Distyrylanthracene 63 3.3 AIE Mechanism of 9,10-Distyrylanthracene Molecule Systems 65 3.4 Application of AIE Luminogens Based on 9,10-Distyrylanthracene 67 3.5 Conclusion 80 4 Diaminobenzene-Cored Fluorophores Exhibiting Highly Efficient Solid-State Luminescence 83 Masaki Shimizu 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 1,4-Bis(alkenyl)-2,5-dipiperidinobenzenes 86 4.3 1,4-Diamino-2,5-bis(arylethenyl)benzenes 89 4.4 2,5-Diaminoterephthalates 93 4.5 2,5-Bis(diarylamino)-1,4-diaroylbenzenes 95 4.6 Applications 99 4.7 Conclusion 102 5 Aggregation-Induced Emission in Organic Ion Pairs 105 Suzanne Fery-Forgues 5.1 Introduction 105 5.2 Historical Background 106 5.3 Preparation and Control of the Fluorophore Arrangement 107 5.4 AIE-Active Organic Ion Pairs in Nano- and Microparticles 111 5.5 Applications as Fluorescent Probes and Sensors for Analytical Purposes 115 5.6 Perspectives 122 6 Aggregation-Induced Emission Materials: the Art of Conjugation and Rotation 127 Jing Huang, Qianqian Li and Zhen Li 6.1 Introduction 127 6.2 Rotation and Conjugation in AIE Molecules 128 6.3 Design of Functional Materials by Tuning the Conjugation Effect and Restricting Rotations 134 6.4 Outlook 151 7 Red-Emitting AIE Materials 155 Xiao Yuan Shen, Anjun Qin and Jing Zhi Sun 7.1 Introduction 155 7.2 Basic Principles of Molecular Design for Red-Emitting Materials 156 7.3 Acquirement of Red-Emitting AIE Materials by Reconstruction of Traditional Red-Emitting Molecules 158 7.4 Preparation of Red-Emitting Materials by Introduction of Electron Donors/Acceptors into AIE-Active Molecules 162 7.5 Outlook 164 8 Properties of Triarylamine Derivatives with AIE and Large Two-Photon Absorbing Cross-Sections 169 Jianli Hua, He Tian and Hao Zhang 8.1 Introduction 169 8.2 Design and Synthesis of Triarylamine Derivatives with AIE and 2PA 170 8.3 AIE Properties of Triarylamine Derivatives 170 8.4 One-Photon and Two-Photon Absorption Properties of Triarylamine Derivatives with AIE 176 8.5 Application of Triarylamine Materials with AIE and 2PA 180 8.6 Conclusion 181 9 Photoisomerization and Light-Driven Fluorescence Enhancement of Azobenzene Derivatives 185 Mina Han and Yasuo Norikane 9.1 Introduction 185 9.2 Photoisomerization and Fluorescence of Azobenzene Derivatives 186 9.3 Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) 191 9.4 Fluorescence from Azobenzene-Based Aggregates 193 9.5 Conclusion 199 10 Supramolecular Structure and Aggregation-Induced Emission 205 Hongyu Zhang and Yue Wang 10.1 Introduction 205 10.2 Hydrogen Bonding-Based Molecular Dimer and AIE 206 10.3 Quinacridine Derivatives with 1D Aggregation-Induced Red Emission 210 10.4 Multi-Stimuli-Responsive Fluorescence Switching of AIE/AIEE Luminogens 217 10.5 Pt Pt Interaction-Induced Emissive and Conductive 1D Crystals 222 10.6 Conclusion 226 11 Aggregation-Induced Emission in Supramolecular p-Organogels 233 Pengchong Xue and Ran Lu 11.1 Introduction 233 11.2 Organogels Based on Discotic Molecules with AIE 234 11.3 Organogels Based on Rod-Like Molecules with AIE 238 11.4 Organogels Based on Banana-Shaped Molecules with AIE 242 11.5 Organogels Based on Dendritic Molecules with AIE 246 11.6 Conclusion 249 12 AIE-Active Polymers 253 Rongrong Hu, Jacky W.Y. Lam and Ben Zhong Tang 12.1 Introduction 253 12.2 Polyolefins 254 12.3 Polyacetylenes 258 12.4 Polydiynes 259 12.5 Polyarylenes 263 12.6 Polytriazoles 269 12.7 Polysilylenevinylenes 271 12.8 Poly(Vinylene Sulfide)s 272 12.9 Other Systems 277 12.10 Conclusion 280 13 Enhanced Emission by Restriction of Molecular Rotation 285 Jin-Long Hong 13.1 Background 285 13.2 Strategy to Restrict Molecular Rotation 286 13.3 Characterizations of Hindered Molecular Rotations 297 13.4 Conclusion 302 14 Restricted Intramolecular Rotations: a Mechanism for Aggregation-Induced Emission 307 Junwu Chen and Ben Zhong Tang 14.1 Introduction: 2,3,4,5-Tetraphenylsilole, the Prototype Molecule of Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) 307 14.2 Crystal Structures of 2,3,4,5-Tetraphenylsiloles 310 14.3 Restricted Intramolecular Rotation (RIR) 312 14.4 Conclusion 320 15 Crystallization-Induced Emission Enhancement 323 Yongqiang Dong 15.1 Introduction 323 15.2 Traditional Luminogens 324 15.3 Crystallization-Induced Emission Enhancement (CIEE) 324 15.4 Conclusion 333 16 Time-Resolved Spectroscopic Study of the Aggregation-Induced Emission Mechanism 337 Bing-rong Gao, Hai-yu Wang, Qi-dai Chen and Hong-bo Sun 16.1 Introduction 337 16.2 Time-Resolved Spectroscopy 338 16.3 AIE Molecules Without Electron Donor–Acceptor Units 341 16.4 AIE Molecules with Electron Donor–Acceptor Units 344 16.5 Conclusion 353 17 Theoretical Understanding of AIE Phenomena Through Computational Chemistry 357 Qian Peng, Yingli Niu, Qunyan Wu, Xing Gao and Zhigang Shuai 17.1 Introduction 357 17.2 Fundamental Photophysics Relating to AIE Phenomena 358 17.3 Computational Approaches to Investigate AIE Molecules 360 17.4 Computational Results 370 17.5 Summary and Outlook 389 18 Recent Theoretical Advances in Understanding the Mechanism of Aggregation-Induced Emission for Small Organic Molecules 399 Jun-Ling Jin, Yun Geng and Zhong-Min Su 18.1 Introduction 399 18.2 Theoretical Methods 400 18.3 Recent Theoretical Advances in Understanding the Mechanism of Aggregation-Induced Emission 406 18.4 Prospects 413 Acknowledgments 414 References 414 Index 419

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Book SynopsisSociety is increasingly affected by climate impacts, from prolonged water shortages to damaging coastal floods and wildfires. Scientists studying climate variations are eager to have their knowledge used in adaptive decision making. To achieve this, science and society must engage productively around complex management and policy challenges.Table of ContentsList of contributors vii Foreword xiii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxiii Background on RISA xxv Section I: Understanding context and risk 1 Assessing needs and decision contexts: RISA approaches to engagement research 3 Caitlin F. Simpson, Lisa Dilling, Kirstin Dow, Kirsten J. Lackstrom, Maria Carmen Lemos and Rachel E. Riley 2 Understanding the user context: decision calendars as frameworks for linking climate to policy, planning, and decision-making 27 Andrea J. Ray and Robert S. Webb 3 Climate science for decision-making in the New York metropolitan region 51 Radley Horton, Cynthia Rosenzweig, William Solecki, Daniel Bader and Linda Sohl Section II: Managing knowledge-to-action networks 4 Connecting climate information with practical uses: Extension and the NOAA RISA program 75 John Stevenson, Michael Crimmins, Jessica Whitehead, Julie Brugger and Clyde Fraisse 5 Participatory, dynamic models: a tool for dialogue 99 Laura Schmitt Olabisi, Stuart Blythe, Ralph Levine, Lorraine Cameron and Michael Beaulac 6 Not another webinar! Regional webinars as a platform for climate knowledge-to-action networking in Alaska 117 Sarah F. Trainor, Nathan P. Kettle and J. Brook Gamble Section III: Innovating services 7 The making of national seasonal wildfire outlooks 143 Gregg Garfin, Timothy J. Brown, Tom Wordell and Ed Delgado 8 Challenges, pitfalls, and lessons learned in developing a drought decision-support tool 173 Greg Carbone, Jinyoung Rhee, Kirstin Dow, Jay Fowler, Gregg Garfin, Holly Hartmann, Ellen Lay and Art DeGaetano 9 Managing the 2011 drought: a climate services partnership 191 Mark Shafer, David Brown and Chad McNutt Section IV: Advancing science policy 10 Evaluation to advance science policy: lessons from Pacific RISA and CLIMAS 215 Daniel B. Ferguson, Melissa L. Finucane, Victoria W. Keener and Gigi Owen 11 Navigating scales of knowledge and decision-making in the Intermountain West: implications for science policy 235 Eric S. Gordon, Lisa Dilling, Elizabeth McNie and Andrea J. Ray 12 Evolving the practice of Regional Integrated Sciences and Assessments 255 Adam Parris, Sarah L. Close, Ryan Meyer, Kirstin Dow and Gregg Garfin Acronyms 263 Index 267

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Book SynopsisCementitious materials are an essential part in any radioactive waste disposal facility. Conditioning processes such as cementation are used to convert waste into a stable solid form that is insoluble and will prevent dispersion to the surrounding environment.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors xi Preface xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background of Nuclear Waste Problem 1 1.2 Nuclear Industry Facilities 2 1.2.1 NFC Facilities 2 1.2.2 Radioisotope Production and Application 8 1.3 Nuclear Waste Sources and Classification 10 1.4 Nuclear Waste Management 13 1.4.1 Development of Policy Principles, Strategy and Legal Framework 14 1.4.2 Technical Options for a Waste Management System 16 1.4.3 Technical Factors that Affect Technology Selection 22 1.5 Wasteform Materials 23 References 25 2 Cements: Portland Cement 27 2.1 Cements 27 2.2 Portland Cement: Manufacture, Mineral Composition, Properties 28 2.3 Phase and Mineral Composition of Ordinary Portland Cement 30 2.4 Properties of Portland Cement 31 2.5 Hydration of Portland Cement 32 2.5.1 Hydration and Hydraulic Activity of Clinker Phases and Portland Cement 32 2.5.2 Process Chemistry, Products and Hydration Stages 35 2.5.3 Microstructure, Phases and Properties of Fresh and Hardened Cement Paste 40 2.6 Interaction of Portland Cements with Water and Soil 44 2.6.1 Ground Waters and Their Interaction with Cement Hydration Products 44 2.6.2 Soil and Its Interaction with Cement Hydration Products 48 References 51 3 Portland Cements with Mineral and Chemical Admixtures 53 3.1 Chemical Admixtures to Control the Structure and Properties of Portland Cements 53 3.1.1 Accelerators 55 3.1.2 Retarders 56 3.1.3 Plasticizers, Super-Plasticizers and Hyperplasticizers 57 3.2 Mineral Admixtures in the Control of the Composition, Structure and Properties of Cements 61 3.2.1 Classification of Mineral Admixtures for Cements 62 3.2.2 Portland Cements with Mineral Admixtures from Natural Rocks and Minerals 66 3.2.3 Portland Cements with Mineral Admixtures from Wastes of Various Industries 67 3.2.4 Portland Cements with Synthetic Mineral Admixtures 69 3.2.5 Portland Cements with Hybrid Mineral and Organic-Mineral Admixtures 70 References 74 4 Alternative Binders 79 4.1 Calcium Aluminate Cements 80 4.1.1 Chemical and Mineralogical Composition of CACs 80 4.1.2 Hardening of CACs 81 4.1.3 Properties of CACs 82 4.2 Calcium Sulphoaluminate Cements 83 4.2.1 Chemical and Mineralogical Composition of CSACs 84 4.2.2 Hardening of CSACs 84 4.2.3 Properties of CSACs 86 4.3 Phosphate Cements 87 4.3.1 Properties of Phosphate Cements 89 4.3.2 Magnesium Phosphate Cements 90 4.3.3 Calcium Phosphate Cements 90 4.4 Alkali-Activated Cements 92 References 99 5 Cement Properties, Characterization and Testing 105 5.1 Water/Cement Ratio, Water Requirement, Workability and Water Retention 105 5.2 Setting Time 109 5.3 Specific Surface Area and Particle Size Distribution 111 5.4 Heat Evolution 113 5.5 Strength 114 5.6 Freeze–Thaw Resistance 119 5.7 Microstructure and Analysis 121 References 124 6 Radioactive Waste Cementation 127 6.1 Radioactive Waste Streams for Cementation 127 6.2 Liquid Waste 130 6.2.1 Organic Liquid Waste for Cementation 130 6.2.2 Aqueous Waste for Cementation 132 6.3 Bulk Solid Radioactive Wastes 138 6.3.1 Bulk Metallic Wastes 138 6.3.2 Bulk Concrete Wastes 140 6.3.3 Bulk Graphite 142 6.3.4 Bulk Hazardous Wastes 143 6.4 Fragmented (Dispersed) Solid Wastes 143 6.4.1 Compactable, Combustible Wastes 144 6.4.2 Non-compactable, Non-combustible Wastes 145 6.5 Additives for Radioactive Waste Cementation 147 6.5.1 Lime 148 6.5.2 Blast Furnace Slag 149 6.5.3 Clay Minerals 149 6.6 Cement-Based Composite Materials 152 6.7 Cement-Based Wasteform Optimization 153 References 154 7 Waste Cementation Technology 159 7.1 Methods of Liquid Waste Cementation 159 7.1.1 Regular Mixer Technology 161 7.1.2 Disposable Stirrer Technology 163 7.1.3 Slant Mixer Technology 167 7.1.4 High Energy and High Shear Mixer Technology 168 7.1.5 In-line Mixing Technology 168 7.2 Methods for Cementation of Fragmented (Dispersed) Solid Waste 168 7.3 Methods for Cementation of Bulk Solid Waste 173 7.4 Quality Control of Technological Processes and Materials Obtained 174 References 175 8 Cementitious Wasteform Durability 177 8.1 Wasteform Durability Requirements 177 8.2 Role of Material Performance 181 8.3 Expected Performance of Cements 182 8.4 Wasteform Leaching Parameters 185 8.5 Laboratory Tests 186 8.6 Long-Term Field Tests 188 8.6.1 Mound Type Repository Field Tests 189 8.6.2 Vault Repository Field Tests 194 8.7 Effect of Radiation 195 8.8 Biological Effects 196 8.9 Role of Filling Materials 197 References 198 9 Performance Assessment 201 9.1 Historical Disposal Practice 202 9.2 Disposal Facility Design 204 9.2.1 Shallow Land Disposal Options 206 9.2.2 Underground Disposal Option 208 9.3 Modelling Approaches 210 9.4 Performance Assessment 212 9.5 Safety Case 216 References 217 10 Future Trends and Concluding Remarks 221 10.1 Role of Cementitious Materials 221 10.2 Novel Cementitious Materials 222 10.3 Concluding Remarks 224 References 225 Index 227

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Book SynopsisNMR in Pharmaceutical Sciencesis intended to be a comprehensive source of information for the many individuals that utilize MR in studies of relevance to the pharmaceutical sector. The book is intended to educate and inform those who develop and apply MR approaches within the wider pharmaceutical environment, emphasizing the toolbox that is available to spectroscopists and radiologists. This book is structured on the key processes in drug discovery, development and manufacture, but underpinned by an understanding of fundamental NMR principles and the unique contribution that NMR (including MRI) can provide. After an introductory chapter, which constitutes an overview, the content is organised into five sections. The first section is on the basics of NMR theory and relevant experimental methods. The rest follow a sequence based on the chronology of drug discovery and development, firstly ''Idea to Lead'' then ''Lead to Drug Candidate'', followed by ''Clinical DevelopmenTable of ContentsContributors xi Series Preface xvii Preface xix Part A: Introduction 1 1 Drug Discovery and Development: The Role of NMRJeremy R. Everett 3 Part B: NMR Theory & Experimental Methods 21 2 Modern NMR Pulse Sequences in Pharmaceutical R&DJohn A. Parkinson 23 3 Experimental NMR Methods for Pharmaceutical Research and DevelopmentAnthony C. Dona 41 4 19F NMR Spectroscopy: Applications in Pharmaceutical StudiesJohn C. Lindon and Ian D. Wilson 53 5 Quantitative NMR Spectroscopy in Pharmaceutical R&DUlrike Holzgrabe 63 6 High-throughput NMR in Pharmaceutical R&DJohn C. Hollerton 79 7 Multivariate Data Analysis Methods for NMR-based Metabolic Phenotyping in Pharmaceutical and Clinical ResearchKirill A. Veselkov, James S. McKenzie, and Jeremy K. Nicholson 89 Part C: Idea to Lead 103 8 The Role of NMR in Target Identification and Validation for Pharmaceutical R&DKrishna Saxena and Harald Schwalbe 105 9 High-resolution MAS NMR of Tissues and CellsLeo L. Cheng 117 10 NMR Studies of Inborn Errors of MetabolismSarantos Kostidis and Emmanuel Mikros 131 11 NMR-based Structure Confirmation of Hits and Leads in Pharmaceutical R&DPhilip J. Sidebottom 147 12 Fragment-based Drug Design Using NMR MethodsLeonor Puchades-Carrasco and Antonio Pineda-Lucena 155 13 Hit Discovery from Natural Products in Pharmaceutical R&DOlivia Corcoran 173 Part D: Lead to Drug Candidate 183 14 NMR-based Structure Determination of Drug Leads and CandidatesTorren M. Peakman 185 15 Mixture Analysis in Pharmaceutical R&D Using Hyphenated NMR TechniquesIan D. Wilson and John C. Lindon 197 16 Conformation and Stereochemical Analysis of Drug MoleculesGary J. Sharman 207 17 NMR Methods for the Assignment of Absolute Stereochemistry of Bioactive CompoundsJose M. Seco and Ricardo Riguera 221 18 Applications of Preclinical MRI/MRS in the Evaluation of Drug Efficacy and SafetyThomas M. Bocan, Lauren Keith, and David M. Thomasson 255 19 Practical Applications of NMR Spectroscopy in Preclinical Drug Metabolism StudiesRaman Sharma and Gregory S. Walker 267 20 Preclinical Drug Efficacy and Safety Using NMR SpectroscopyMuireann Coen and Ian D. Wilson 281 21 Characterization of Pharmaceutical Compounds by Solid-state NMRFrederick G. Vogt 297 22 Structure-based Drug Design Using NMRMark Jeeves, Lee Quill, and Michael Overduin 317 23 Pharmaceutical Technology Studied by MRIDavid G. Reid and Stephen J. Byard 331 Part E: Clinical Development 345 24 NMR-based Metabolic Phenotyping for Disease Diagnosis and StratificationBeatriz Jiménez 347 25 NMR-based Pharmacometabonomics: A New Approach to Personalized MedicineJeremy R. Everett 359 26 Clinical MRI Studies of Drug Efficacy and SafetyDavid G. Reid, Paul D. Hockings, and Nadeem Saeed 373 27 The Role of NMR in the Protection of Intellectual Property in Pharmaceutical R&DFrederick G. Vogt 385 Part F: Drug Manufacture 395 28 Analysis of Counterfeit Medicines and Adulterated Dietary Supplements by NMRMyriam Malet-Martino and Robert Martino 397 29 Pharmaceutical Industry: Regulatory Control and Impact on NMR SpectroscopyAndrea Ruggiero and Sarah K. Branch 413 30 NMR Spectroscopy in the European and US PharmacopeiasHelen Corns and Sarah K. Branch 425 31 NMR in Pharmaceutical ManufacturingEdwin Kellenbach and Paulo Dani 441 Index 453

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