Chemistry Books
Nova Science Publishers Inc Advances in Chemistry Research. Volume 78
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Nova Science Publishers Inc Triazoles and Their Uses
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Nova Science Publishers Inc Applications of Silver Nanoparticles
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£113.59
Nova Science Publishers Inc Advances in Chemistry Research. Volume 79
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£177.59
Nova Science Publishers Inc Advances in Chemistry Research. Volume 80
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£182.39
Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Advances in Chemistry Research. Volume 81
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£177.59
Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Properties and Uses of Linolenic Acid
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£62.04
Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Characteristics and Applications ofÂMicrowave Irradiation
£163.19
Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Drug Repurposing Novel Therapeutic Avenues and Innovations in Healthcare
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Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Advances in Chemistry Research. Volume 88
£177.59
HarperCollins Publishers THE FONTANA HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY
Book SynopsisThe Fontana History of Chemistry, which draws extensively on both the author’s own original research and that of other scholars world wide, is conceived as a work of synthesis. Nothing like it has been attempted in decades.
£22.50
Oxford University Press The Ethical Chemist
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£52.25
Oxford University Press Inc Roald Hoffmann on the Philosophy Art and Science of Chemistry
Book SynopsisNobel laureate Roald Hoffmann''s contributions to chemistry are well known. Less well known, however, is that over a career that spans nearly fifty years, Hoffmann has thought and written extensively about a wide variety of other topics, such as chemistry''s relationship to philosophy, literature, and the arts, including the nature of chemical reasoning, the role of symbolism and writing in science, and the relationship between art and craft and science. In Roald Hoffmann on the Philosophy, Art, and Science of Chemistry, Jeffrey Kovac and Michael Weisberg bring together twenty-eight of Hoffmann''s most important essays. Gathered here are Hoffmann''s most philosophically significant and interesting essays and lectures, many of which are not widely accessible. In essays such as Why Buy That Theory, Nearly Circular Reasoning, How Should Chemists Think, The Metaphor, Unchained, Art in Science, and Molecular Beauty, we find the mature reflections of one of America''s leading scientists. OrgTrade ReviewEach of the 28 chapters brings new arguments and should provoke thoughtful self-examination. * Phillip Broadwith, Chemistry World *Table of ContentsPreface ; Acknowledgments ; Introduction, by Michael Weisberg and Jeffrey Kovac. ; 1 Trying to Understand, Making Bonds, by Roald Hoffmann ; Part 1: Chemical Reasoning and Explanation ; 2. Why Buy That Theory?, by Roald Hoffmann. ; 3. What Might Philosophy of Science Look Like If Chemists Built It?, by Roald Hoffmann ; 4. Unstable, by Roald Hoffmann ; 5. Nearly Circular Reasoning, by Roald Hoffmann ; 6. Ockham's Razor and Chemistry, by Roald Hoffmann, Vladimir I. Minkin, and Barry K. Carpenter ; 7. Qualitative Thinking in the Age of Modern Computational Chemistry, or What Lionel Salem Knows, by Roald Hoffmann ; 8. Narrative, by Roald Hoffmann ; 9. Learning from Molecules in Distress, by Roald Hoffmann and Henning Hopf ; 10. Why Think Up New Molecules? by Roald Hoffmann ; 11. Protean, by Roald Hoffmann and Pierre Laszlo ; 12. How Should Chemists Think? by Roald Hoffmann ; Part 2: Writing and Communicating in Chemistry ; 13. Under the Surface of the Chemical Article, by Roald Hoffmann ; 14. Representation in Chemistry, by Roald Hoffmann and Pierre Laszlo ; 15.. The Say of Things, by Roald Hoffmann and Pierre Laszlo ; 16. How Symbolic and Iconic Languages Bridge the Two Worlds of the Chemist: A Case Study from Contemporary Bioorganic Chemistry, by Emily R. Grosholz and Roald Hoffmann ; 17 How Nice to Be an Outsider, by Roald Hoffmann ; 18. The Metaphor, Unchained, by Roald Hoffmann, ; Part 3: Art and Science ; 19. Art in Science? by Roald Hoffmann ; 20. Science and Crafts by Roald Hoffmann ; 21. Molecular Beauty, by Roald Hoffmann ; Part 4 Chemical Education ; 22. Teach to Search by Roald Hoffmann ; 23. Some Heretical Thoughts on What Our Students Are Telling Us, by Roald Hoffmann and Brian P. Coppola ; 24 Very Specific Teaching Strategies, and Why They Work, by Roald Hoffmann and Saundra Y. McGuire ; Part 5 Ethics in Science ; 25. Mind the Shade, by Roald Hoffmann ; 26. Science and Ethics: A Marriage of Necessity and Choice for this Millennium,>" by Roald Hoffmann ; 27. Honesty to the Singular Object, by Roald Hoffmann ; 28. The Material and Spiritual Rationales Are Inseparable, by Roald Hoffmann ; Index
£45.59
Oxford University Press Crucible of Science
Book SynopsisCrucible of Science is the story of a unique laboratory at Washington University in St. Louis, and of Carl and Gerty Cori, the biochemists who established it. Carl and Gerty met and married at medical school in Prague in the 1920s. After graduation, they immigrated to the U.S. to escape deteriorating conditions in Europe. Carl soon received an offer from Washington University to become Pharmacology Chair, and the couple settled in St. Louis. Not only did both Coris go on to win the Nobel Prize, the laboratory they established at the University has since produced some of the most outstanding scientists the U.S. has ever seen. Six laboratory scientists also won Nobel Prizes; few, if any, laboratories can claim such an impressive record. The Coris themselves were instrumental in establishing the then new science of Biochemistry in the U.S. They applied chemical approaches to elucidating the transformations of compounds such as glucose in animal tissues and defined the enzyme BIOL15GENRthaTable of ContentsINTRODUCTION ; CHAPTER 1 - CARL AND GERTY CORI ; CHAPTER 2 - SIDNEY COLOWICK - THEIR FIRST GRADUATE STUDENT ; CHAPTER 3 - HERMAN KALCKAR - THE GREAT DANE ; CHAPTER 4 - SEVERO OCHOA - SPANISH GENIUS ; CHAPTER 5 - MOVE TO ENZYMOLOGY AND WORK OF ARDA GREEN ; CHAPTER 6 - LUIS LELOIR - ONE OF ARGENTINA'S GREATEST SCIENTISTS ; CHAPTER 7 - EARL SUTHERLAND - MASTER OF INTUITION ; CHAPTER 8 - CORI'S MOVE TO THE DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY - AWARD OF NOBEL PRIZES AND CAREER OF TOM CORI ; CHAPTER 9 - SIDNEY VELICK - MODEST ENZYMOLOGIST ; CHAPTER 10 - VICTOR NAJJAR - PEDIATRICIAN AND IMMUNOCHEMIST ; CHAPTER 11 - EDWIN KREBS - ACCIDENTAL BIOCHEMIST ; CHAPTER 12 - MILDRED COHN - AGAINST ALL ODDS ; CHAPTER 13 - CHRISTIAN de DUVE - BELGIAN WITH SAVOIR FAIRE ; CHAPTER 14 - ARTHUR KORNBERG - A GIANT OF BIOCHEMISTRY ; CHAPTER 15 - HORMONE EFFECTS ON MUSCLE CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM ; CHAPTER 16 - CHARLES PARK - ARISTOCRATIC PHYSIOLOGIST ; CHAPTER 17 - JANE HARTING PARK - ENTHUSIAST FOR SCIENCE ; CHAPTER 18 - GERTY CORI'S WORK ON GLYCOGEN STRUCTURE AND GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASES ; CHAPTER 19 - JOSEPH LARNER - FOCUS ON GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE ; CHAPTER 20 - CONTRIBUTIONS OF BARBARA AND DAVID BROWN ; CHAPTER 21 - WILLIAM DAUGHADAY - ALL ABOUT GROWTH ; CHAPTER 22 - ROBERT CRANE - A DECADE WITH CARL CORI ; CHAPTER 23 - ALBERTO SOLS - SPANISH ENZYMOLOGIST ; CHAPTER 24 - LUIS GLASER - THE COMPLEXITY OF CARBOHYDRATES ; CHAPTER 25 - ERNST HELMREICH - JOVIAL BAVARIAN ; CHAPTER 26 - CARL FRIEDEN - ENZYME KINETICIST ; CHAPTER 27 - DAVID KIPNIS - DIABETOLOGIST ; CHAPTER 28 - WILLIAM DANFORTH - ACADEMIC LEADER ; CHAPTER 29 - THE INFLUENCE OF THE CORIS ON WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY AND CARL CORI'S RESEARCH AT BOSTON ; CHAPTER 30 - THE HERITAGE OF THE CORIS
£63.65
Springer Autoxidation in Food and Biological Systems
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£123.49
Springer GlacialMarine Sedimentation
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£170.99
Springer Mycotoxins and Food Safety 504 Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 504
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£123.49
Springer Expectations and the Food Industry
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£85.49
Springer Structure Determination by Xray Crystallography
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Springer Expectations and the Food Industry
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Springer Food Preservatives
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Springer PCR Methods in Foods
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Springer Sigma Receptors
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£197.99
Springer Current Developments in Solidstate Fermentation
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Springer Meat Biotechnology
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Springer Additives for Plastics
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Springer Edible Films and Coatings for Food Applications
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Springer Otto Hahn Achievement and Responsibility
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Springer Chemical Fundamentals of Geology
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Springer Basic Concepts in Organic Chemistry A Programmed Learning Approach
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Springer Hake Fisheries Ecology and Markets 15 Fish Fisheries Series
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£170.99
Springer Guide to the British Food Manufacturing Industry
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Taylor & Francis Ltd Enzymes and Their Inhibitors
Book SynopsisFocusing on the development of enzyme inhibitors as therapeutic drugs, Enzymes and Their Inhibitors: Drug Development provides a concise overview of the chemistry of major types of enzymes and their inhibitors. The opening chapters introduce readers to the structure, functions, mechanisms, and kinetics of enzymes, including their use as disease markers, analytical reagents, and in industrial processes. Subsequent chapters discuss the different types of enzyme inhibitors and the principles involved in developing them into effective drugs. This outstanding text, also valuable as a professional reference, will be useful to all students of pharmacology and medicinal chemistry.Table of ContentsFocusing on the development of enzyme inhibitors as therapeutic drugs, Enzymes and Their Inhibitors: Drug Development provides a concise overview of the chemistry of major types of enzymes and their inhibitors. The opening chapters introduce readers to the structure, functions, mechanisms, and kinetics of enzymes, including their use as disease markers, analytical reagents, and in industrial processes. Subsequent chapters discuss the different types of enzyme inhibitors and the principles involved in developing them into effective drugs. This outstanding text, also valuable as a professional reference, will be useful to all students of pharmacology and medicinal chemistry.
£999.99
Springer Animal Feed Formulation Economic and Computer Applications Plant Animal Science
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£170.99
Springer Enzyme Assays for Food Scientists
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Wiley-Blackwell The Biology and Troubleshooting of Facultative Lagoons
Book SynopsisFor years, operators have been taught that they have very little control over lagoon and fixed film sewage treatment systems. This book gives these personnel a new understanding of how these processes work and does so in a practical manner that emphasizes necessary information for understanding biological conditions at the treatment process.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii PART I OVERVIEW 1 1 Introduction 3 2 Carbon and Energy Substrates 13 3 Microbial Interactions 19 4 The Facultative Lagoon 35 PART II LOWER LIFE FORMS 43 5 Bacteria 45 6 Archaea 59 7 Fungi 65 8 Bioaugmentation 69 9 Purple and Green Sulfur Bacteria 73 10 Pathogens and Disinfection 77 PART III ALGAE 85 11 Green Algae and Diatoms 87 12 Blue]Green Algae (Cyanobacteria) 97 13 Algae, Alkalinity, and pH 105 14 Control Measures for Undesired Algal Growth 111 PART IV HIGHER LIFE FORMS 121 15 Protozoa 123 16 Metazoa 135 PART V PLANTS 143 17 Cattails and Bulrushes 145 18 Duckweed and Watermeal 149 19 Weed Problems 153 PART VI LARGE AQUATIC AND TERRESTIAL ANIMALS 157 20 Insects 159 21 Fish 167 22 Animal Control 171 PART VII SLUDGE AND ODORS 175 23 Sludge Accumulation and Disposal 177 24 Reed Beds 181 25 Odors 183 PART VIII MONITOR ING 189 26 Nitrification 191 27 BOD and TSS 195 28 Monitoring Parameters 199 29 Troubleshooting Notes 203 Bibliography 209 List of Abbreviations 213 Glossary 215 SUBJECT INDEX 223 GENERA AND SPECIES INDEX 227
£70.16
Wiley Mushrooms as Functional Foods
Book SynopsisMushrooms as Functional Foods provides up-to-date information on the chemistry and biology, cultivation, nutritional and medicinal value, and use of mushrooms in the modern functional foods industry. It covers physiology and genetics and highlights applications for functional food, such as sclerotia, and medicinal uses.Trade Review"This well-edited hardcover is an authoritative guide for mushroom biologists, and caters to a range of experts in diverse fields of medicine and horticulture from a nutritional viewpoint. The topics covered in the book's six chapters will speak volumes to researchers and students alike." (Microbiology Today, May 2009)Table of ContentsForeword xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix Contributors xxi 1 Overview of Mushroom Cultivation and Utilization as Functional Foods 1Shu-Ting Chang 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. What Are Mushrooms? 3 1.2.1. Definition of a Mushroom 3 1.2.2. Ecological Classification of Mushrooms 4 1.2.3. Identification of Mushrooms 4 1.3. Concept of Mushroom Biology and Applied Mushroom Biology 6 1.3.1. Mushroom Biology 6 1.3.2. Applied Mushroom Biology 7 1.3.3. Impact of Applied Mushroom Biology 9 1.3.3.1. Nongreen Revolution 9 1.3.3.2. Mushroom Bioremediation 11 1.4. Mushroom Cultivation 11 1.4.1. Major Phases of Mushroom Cultivation 12 1.4.2. Cultivation of Several Selected Mushrooms 13 1.4.2.1. Cultivation of it Agaricus 14 1.4.2.2. Cultivation of Lentinula edodes 14 1.4.2.3. Cultivation of Pleurotus sajor-caju 17 1.4.2.4. Cultivation of Volvariella 17 1.4.2.5. Cultivation of Agaricus brasiliensis 18 1.4.2.6. Cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum 19 1.4.3. Utilization of Mushroom Germplasm 20 1.5. World Mushroom Production 21 1.6. Mushroom Biotechnology 23 1.6.1. Nutritional and Medicinal Value of Mushrooms 23 1.6.2. Nutriceuticals and Dietary Supplements 24 1.7. Development of World Mushroom Industry Movements 25 1.7.1. International Movement for Edible Mushrooms 26 1.7.2. International Movement for Medicinal Mushrooms 27 1.7.3. International Movement for Wild Mushrooms 27 1.8. Concluding Remarks 28 References 29 2 Molecular Analysis and Genomic Studies of Shiitake Mushroom Lentinula edodes 35Hoi-Shan Kwan and Winnie W. Y. Chum 2.1. Introduction 35 2.2. Isolation of Genes 36 2.2.1. Growth 36 2.2.1.1. Substrate-Utilizing Genes 36 2.2.2. Development 37 2.2.2.1. Mating-Type Genes 38 2.2.2.2. Genes Differentially Expressed in Dikaryotic Mycelium 38 2.2.2.3. Genes for Initial Fruiting Bodies/Primordium Formation 38 2.2.2.4. Genes for Mature Fruiting Bodies Formation 44 2.2.3. Physiological Processes in Lentinula edodes 47 2.2.3.1. Signal Transduction 47 2.2.3.2. Energy Production 47 2.2.3.3. Structural Proteins in Development 48 2.3. Molecular Genetics 48 2.3.1. Generation of Markers 49 2.3.2. Typing/Fingerprinting 50 2.3.3. Genetic Mapping 50 2.4. Functional Genomic Approaches for Gene Expression Analysis 50 2.4.1. Differential Display: RAP-PCR 51 2.4.2. cDNA Representation Difference Analysis 52 2.4.3. SAGE and LongSAGE 52 2.4.3.1. SAGE Profiles: Mycelium to Primordium 53 2.4.3.2. SAGE Profiles: Fruiting Bodies 53 2.4.4. cDNA Microarray 53 2.4.5. Expressed Sequence Tag 54 2.4.6. Yeast Two-Hybrid System 54 2.4.7. Sequencing-by-Synthesis Approach (454 Life Science) 54 2.5. Transcriptional Regulation 55 2.5.1. Transcriptional Factors 55 2.5.2. Promoter Analysis 55 2.6. Transformation 56 2.6.1. Transformation Methods 56 2.6.1.1. PEG-Mediated Transformation 56 2.6.1.2. Restriction Enzyme–Mediated Integration 57 2.6.1.3. Others 58 2.6.2. Lentinula edodes Genes Used in Transformation 58 2.7. Process Analysis 59 2.7.1. Postharvest Studies 59 2.7.2. Stress Responses 59 2.7.2.1. Studies of Temperature Stress in Mushrooms 59 2.7.2.2. Studies of Molecular Chaperones in Fungi 59 2.7.3. Lignocellulose Degradation 60 2.7.4. Meiosis 60 2.8. Conclusion 61 References 61 3 Nutritional Value and Health Benefits of Mushrooms 71Peter C. K. Cheung 3.1. Introduction 71 3.2. Wild and Cultivated Edible Mushrooms 72 3.3. Production of Cultivated Mushrooms 72 3.4. Nutritional Composition 73 3.4.1. Conventional Edible Mushrooms 73 3.4.1.1. Moisture 73 3.4.1.2. Protein and Amino Acids 74 3.4.1.3. Fat 75 3.4.1.4. Ash and Minerals 75 3.4.1.5. Vitamins 76 3.4.1.6. Dietary Fiber 77 3.4.1.7. Carbohydrates 78 3.4.1.8. Energy 78 3.4.1.9. Other Components 78 3.5. Newly Cultivated/Nonconventional Mushrooms 79 3.6. Nutritional Evaluation 80 3.6.1. General Aspects 80 3.6.2. Biological Methods for Nutritional Evaluation 80 3.6.3. Mushroom Protein Quality 87 3.7. Health Benefits of Edible Mushrooms 89 3.7.1. General Aspects 89 3.7.2. Antioxidants in Mushrooms 89 3.7.2.1. Bioactive Components and Their Antioxidative Activities 89 3.7.2.2. Characterization of Mushroom Phenolic Antioxidants 91 3.7.2.3. Biosynthesis of Phenolic Compounds from Mushrooms or Fungi 93 3.7.3. Hypocholesterolemic Effect of Mushrooms 94 3.7.4. Hypoglycemic Effect of Mushrooms 97 3.8. Conclusion 99 References 99 4 Sclerotia: Emerging Functional Food Derived from Mushrooms 111Ka-Hing Wong and Peter C. K. Cheung 4.1. Introduction 111 4.2. Concepts of Mushroom Sclerotia 112 4.3. Ontogeny of Sclerotia 112 4.3.1. Morphological Aspects 112 4.3.2. Physiological Aspects 114 4.3.2.1. Translocation 114 4.3.2.2. Exudation 115 4.4. Structure of Sclerotia 115 4.4.1. Rind 115 4.4.2. Cortex 116 4.4.3. Medulla 117 4.5. Cultivation of Mushroom Sclerotia 117 4.5.1. Sclerotia of Pleurotus tuber-regium (Fries) Singer 118 4.5.2. Sclerotia of Polyporus rhinocerus Cooke 119 4.5.3. Sclerotia of Wolfiporia cocos (Schw.) Ryv. Et Gilbn [Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf] 120 4.6. Biochemical, Nutritional, and Technological Characteristics of Mushroom Sclerotia 121 4.6.1. Biochemical Components of Mushroom Sclerotia 121 4.6.1.1. Cell Walls 121 4.6.1.2. Extracellular Matrix 122 4.6.1.3. Cytoplasmic Reserves 122 4.6.2. Nutritional Evaluation of Mushroom Sclerotia 123 4.6.2.1. Proximate Composition 123 4.6.2.2. Sclerotial Dietary Fiber 124 4.6.3. Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Mushroom Sclerotial DF 126 4.7. Biopharmacological Values of Mushroom Sclerotia of P. tuber-regium, P. rhinocerus, and W. cocos 128 4.7.1. In Vitro Mineral Binding Capacity 128 4.7.2. In Vitro Fermentability 129 4.7.3. In Vivo Ca and Mg Absorption 131 4.7.4. Antitumor and Immunomodulatory Activities 132 4.8. Conclusion 134 References 134 5 Antitumor and Immunomodulatory Activities of Mushroom Polysaccharides 147Vincent E. C. Ooi 5.1. Introduction 147 5.2. Antitumor Polysaccharides from Mushrooms (Higher Fungi) 149 5.3. Mechanisms of Antitumor Action of Mushroom Polysaccharides 153 5.3.1. Antiproliferation of Cancer Cells and Induction of Apoptosis 153 5.3.2. Immunomodulation 161 5.3.2.1. Effects of Mushroom Polysaccharides on Macrophages and Spleen Cells 163 5.3.2.2. Effects of Mushroom Polysaccharides on NK Cells 167 5.3.2.3. Effects of Mushroom Polysaccharides on DCs 168 5.3.2.4. Effects of Mushroom Polysaccharides on Hematopoietic Stem Cells 170 5.3.3. Antimetastasis 171 5.3.4. Antiangiogenesis 172 5.4. Structure and Antitumor Activity Relationship of Polysaccharides 173 5.4.1. Effect of Molecular Mass 174 5.4.2. Impact of Branching Configuration 174 5.4.3. Relationship of Antitumor Activity and Conformation 175 5.4.4. Improvement of Antitumor Activity by Chemical Modifications 176 5.5. Conclusions 178 References 179 6 Regulatory Issues of Mushrooms as Functional Foods and Dietary Supplements: Safety and Efficacy 199Solomon P. Wasser and Eden Akavia 6.1. Introduction 199 6.2. Legal and Regulatory Issues of Introducing and Controlling Dietary Supplements from Medicinal Mushrooms in Different Countries 202 6.2.1. World Health Organization Guidelines 202 6.2.2. Codex Alimentarius 202 6.2.3. United States 203 6.2.4. European Union 208 6.2.5. Canada 210 6.2.6. Australia and New Zealand 212 6.2.7. Japan 213 6.2.8. Israel 215 6.3. Safety and Diversity of Dietary Supplement Types from Culinary–Medicinal Mushrooms 216 6.4. Submerged Culturing as Best Technique for Obtaining Consistent and Safe Mushroom Products 220 6.5. Experiences of Seven Countries in Consolidating Their Food Safety Systems 220 6.6. Summary 221 References 221 Index 227
£105.40
Wiley Drying in the Process Industry
Book SynopsisAmong those interested in drying are chemical engineers, energy specialists, and mechanical engineers. This book assists the process development engineer, the process engineer, and the plant engineer in selecting drying equipment.Trade Review“The book is an excellent review of all drying operations employed in the process industries including the food industries.” (International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 1 May 2013) “While intended for professionals in the field, the book is clearly written with abundant photographs and clear illustrations.” (Book News, 1 April 2012)Table of ContentsPreface ix 1 Introduction 1 2 Drying as Part of the Overall Process 9 2.1 Residual Moisture / 9 2.2 Optimization of the Dewatering Step / 10 2.3 Process Changes to Simplify Drying / 10 2.4 Combination of Drying and Other Process Steps / 12 2.5 Nonthermal Drying / 15 2.6 Process Changes to Avoid Drying / 17 2.7 No Drying / 19 3 Procedures for Choosing a Dryer 21 3.1 Selection Schemes / 21 3.2 Processing Liquids, Slurries, and Pastes / 31 3.3 Special Drying Techniques / 33 3.4 Some Additional Comments / 34 3.5 Testing on Small-Scale Dryers / 37 3.6 Examples of Dryer Selection / 38 4 Convective Drying 41 4.1 Common Aspects of Continuous Convective Dryers / 42 4.2 Saturated Water Vapor Pressure / 43 4.3 Wet-Bulb Temperature / 44 4.4 Adiabatic Saturation Temperature / 46 4.5 Humidity Chart / 47 4.6 Water–Material Interactions / 49 4.7 Drying with an Auxiliary Material / 52 4.8 Gas Velocities / 54 4.9 Heat Losses / 55 4.10 Electrical Energy Consumption / 57 4.11 Miscellaneous Aspects / 59 4.12 Material Balance (kg·h−1) / 61 4.13 Heat Balance (kJ·h−1) / 61 4.14 Specific Heat of Solids / 63 4.15 Gas Flows and Fan Power / 64 4.16 Direct Heating of Drying Air / 65 5 Continuous Fluid-Bed Drying 67 5.1 General Description / 67 5.2 Fluidization Theory / 70 5.3 Drying Theory for Rectangular Dryers / 76 5.4 Removal of Bound Moisture from a Product in a Rectangular Dryer / 88 5.5 Circular Fluid-Bed Dryers / 90 6 Continuous Direct-Heat Rotary Drying 99 6.1 General Description / 99 6.2 Design Methods / 103 7 Flash Drying 117 7.1 General Description / 117 7.2 Design Methods / 120 7.3 Drying in Seconds / 122 7.4 Application of the Design Methods / 126 8 Spray Drying 133 8.1 General Description / 133 8.2 Single-Fluid Nozzle / 138 8.3 Rotary Atomizer / 143 8.4 Pneumatic Nozzle / 145 8.5 Product Quality / 149 8.6 Heat of Crystallization / 153 8.7 Product Recovery / 154 8.8 Product Transportation / 154 8.9 Design Methods / 155 9 Miscellaneous Continuous Convective Dryers and Convective Batch Dryers 163 9.1 Conveyor Dryers / 164 9.2 Wyssmont Turbo-Dryer / 169 9.3 Nara Media Slurry Dryer / 170 9.4 Anhydro Spin Flash Dryer / 172 9.5 Hazemag Rapid Dryer / 174 9.6 Combined Milling and Drying System / 176 9.7 Batch Fluid-Bed Dryer / 178 9.8 Atmospheric Tray Dryer / 182 9.9 Centrifuge–Dryer / 184 10 Atmospheric Contact Dryers 189 10.1 Plate Dryers / 189 10.2 Mildly Agitated Contact Dryers (Paddle Dryers) / 193 10.3 Vigorously Agitated Contact Dryers / 198 10.4 Vertical Thin-Film Dryers / 202 10.5 Drum Dryers / 204 10.6 Steam-Tube Dryers / 208 10.7 Spiral Conveyor Dryers / 212 10.8 Agitated Atmospheric Batch Dryers / 213 11 Vacuum Drying 217 11.1 Vacuum Drying / 219 11.2 Freeze-Drying / 232 11.3 Vacuum Pumps / 242 12 Steam Drying 251 12.1 Sugar Beet Pulp Dryer / 252 12.2 GEA Exergy Barr–Rosin Dryer / 255 12.3 Advantages of Continuous Steam Drying / 257 12.4 Disadvantages of Continuous Steam Drying / 257 12.5 Additional Remarks Concerning Continuous Steam Drying / 258 12.6 Eirich Evactherm Dryer / 258 13 Radiation Drying 263 13.1 Dielectric Drying / 264 13.2 Infrared Drying / 278 14 Product Quality and Safeguarding Drying 289 14.1 Product Quality / 289 14.2 Safeguarding Drying / 291 15 Continuous Moisture-Measurement Methods, Dryer Process Control, and Energy Recovery 313 15.1 Continuous Moisture-Measurement Methods for Solids / 313 15.2 Continuous Moisture-Measurement Methods for Gases / 321 15.3 Dryer Process Control / 327 15.4 Energy Recovery / 335 16 Gas–Solid Separation Methods 339 16.1 Cyclones / 340 16.2 Fabric Filters / 343 16.3 Scrubbers / 346 16.4 Electrostatic Precipitators / 349 17 Dryer Feeding Equipment 357 17.1 Fluid-Bed Dryers / 358 17.2 Direct-Heat Rotary Dryers / 360 17.3 Flash Dryers / 360 17.4 Spray Dryers / 361 17.5 Conveyor Dryers / 361 17.6 Hazemag Rapid Dryer / 363 17.7 Anhydro Spin Flash Dryer / 365 17.8 Plate Dryers / 365 17.9 Vigorously Agitated Contact Dryers / 365 17.10 Vertical Thin-Film and Drum Dryers / 365 Notation 369 Index 377
£108.25
John Wiley & Sons Inc Biocatalysis and Bioenergy
Book SynopsisBased upon the 2006 International Symposium on Biocatalysis and Bioenergy, this timely reference is the first comprehensive book on biocatalysis for bioenergy and biofuel applications. Explores every stage of biocatalysis, including enzyme catalysis, biotransformation, bioconversion, fermentation, and biotechnology.Table of ContentsDedication. Preface. (A). Biodiesel. Chapter 1. Biodiesel Research at NCAUR, USDA (Sevim Erhan). Chapter 2. Enzymatic Reactions for Production of Biodiesel Fuel and Their Application to Oil and Fat Industry (Yuji Shimada, Yomi Watanabe, and Toshihiro Nagao). Chapter 3. Biodiesel cost optimizer-least cost raw material blending for "Standard" quality biodiesel (Ignace Debruyne). Chapter 4. New catalytic systems for vegetable oil transesterification based on tin compounds (Paulo A. Z. Suarez*, Joel C. Rubim and Melquizedeque B. Alves). Chapter 5. Noncatalytic Alcoholysis of Vegetable Oils for Production of Biodiesel Fuel (Hiroshi Nabetani, Mitsutoshi Nakajima, Shoji Hagiwara, Rie Yamazaki, and Hitoshi Maeda). Chapter 6. Improvements to the Biodiesel Batch Process and Impact on Low Temperature Performances (Franz Luxem, Stepan Company). Chapter 7. Development of New Products from Biodiesel Glycerin (Ronald Alan Holser). Chapter 8. Industrial Products from Biodiesel Glycerols (Richard D. Ashby, Victor T. Wyatt, Thomas A. Foglia and Daniel K. Y. Solaiman). Chapter 9. Optimization of Lipase-Catalyzed Biodiesel by Statistical Approach (Chee-Shan Chen, Jiann-Yih Jeng, Hen-Yi Ju, and Chwen-Jen Shieh). Chapter 10. Production of biofuel from lipids and alternative resources (R. Verhé1, V. Van Hoed1, C. Echim1, C. Stevens1, W. De Greyt, and M. Kellens). (B). Bioethanol. Chapter 11. Biotechnology of Holocellulose-Degrading Enzymes (Jürgen Andreausa, Edivaldo Ximenes Ferreira Filhob, and Elba Pinto da Silva Bonc). Chapter 12. From biogas energy to keratinase technology (Jason C.H. Shih, and Jeng-Jie Wang). Chapter 13. Emerging Technologies in dry grind ethanol production (Vijay Singh). Chapter 14. Gram positive bacteria as biocatalysts to convert biomass-derived sugars into biofuel and chemicals (Siqing Liu and Mike Cotta). Chapter 15. Biological Hydrogen Production by Strict Anaerobic Bacteria: Fundamentals, Strategies to Operation, and Limitations (Shihwu Sung and Wen-Hsing Chen). (C). Biocatalysis (Products from Renewable Resources). Chapter 16. Some Properties of a Self-sufficient Cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase system from Bacillus megaterium strain ALA2 (Brian L. Hilker, Herotada Fukushige, Ching T. Hou1 and David Hildebrand). Chapter 17. Biocatalysis-based development of oligosaccharides in Japan (Hajime Taniguchi). Chapter 18. Biocatalysis: Synthesis of chiral intermediates for drugs (Ramesh Patel). Chapter 19. Screening of novel microbial enzymes and their application to chiral compound Production (Michihiko Kataoka and Sakayu Shimizu). Chapter 20. Hydrogenation Technologies for the Production of High Quantity of Biobeneficiary Conjugated Fatty Acids (Mun Yhung Jung and Suk Hoo Yoon ). Chapter 21. Biotechnology of Mannitol Production (Badal Saha). Chapter 22. Physiological function of DHA phospholipids (Teruyoshi Yanagita, Bungo Shirouchi, koji Nagao, and Nao Inoue). Chapter 23. Conversion of fisheries by-products and waste into value-added products –Attempts undergoing in Hokkaido, Japan (Koretaro Takahashi and Kenji Fykunaga). Chapter 24. Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of structured lipids (Gudmundur G. Haraldsson). Chapter 25. Biosynthesis of Castor Oil Studied by the Regiospecific Analysis of Castor Triacylglycerols by ESI-MS (Jiann-Tsyh Lin). Chapter 26. Composition, Functionality and Potential Applications of Seaweed Lipids (Bhaskar Narayan1, Chandini S. Kumar1, Tokutake Sashima, Hayato Maeda, Masashi Hosokawa and Kazuo Miyashita). Chapter 27. Enzymatic production of marine-derived protein hydrolysates and their bioactive peptides for use in foods and nutraceuticals (Tomoko OKADA, Masashi HOSOKAWA, Seigo ONO, and Kazuo Miyashita). Chapter 28. Bioengineering and Application of Glucose Polymers (Kayo Hosoya, Iwao Kojima and Takeshi Takaha). Chapter 29. Peroxidase-Catalyzed Polymerization of Phenolic Compounds Containing Carbohydrate Residues (Hirofumi Nakano). Chapter 30. Production of lipase and oxygenated fatty acids from vegetable oils (Beom Soo Kim, Byung-Seob Song, and Ching T. Hou). Chapter 31. Production of Biologically Active Hydroxy Fatty Acids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PR3 (Hak-Ryul Kim, Jae-Han Bae, Ching T. Hou, and Sun-Chul Kang). Chapter 32. Biotransformation of oils to value-added compounds (Milan Certik).
£159.26
Wiley Structural Bioinformatics
Book SynopsisStructural Bioinformatics was the first major effort to show the application of the principles and basic knowledge of the larger field of bioinformatics to questions focusing on macromolecular structure, such as the prediction of protein structure and how proteins carry out cellular functions, and how the application of bioinformatics to these life science issues can improve healthcare by accelerating drug discovery and development. Designed primarily as a reference, the first edition nevertheless saw widespread use as a textbook in graduate and undergraduate university courses dealing with the theories and associated algorithms, resources, and tools used in the analysis, prediction, and theoretical underpinnings of DNA, RNA, and proteins. This new edition contains not only thorough updates of the advances in structural bioinformatics since publication of the first edition, but also features eleven new chapters dealing with frontier areas of high scientific impact, includingTrade Review"Offering a detailed coverage for practitioners but remaining accessible to the novice, Structural Bioinformatics, Second Edition is a valuable and excellent textbook for readers in the bioinformatics and advanced biology fields, and on the best way to become a classic reference for all interested parties (educators, researchers and graduate students.)" (Advances in Food Sciences, 2011)Table of ContentsForeword xi Preface xv Acknowledgments xix Contributors xxi Section I Data Collection, Analysis, and Visualization 1 1 Defining Bioinformatics and Structural Bioinformatics 3 Russ B. Altman and Jonathan M. Dugan 2 Fundamentals of Protein Structure 15 Eric D. Scheeff and J. Lynn Fink 3 Fundamentals of DNA and RNA Structure 41 Stephen Neidle, Bohdan Schneider, and Helen M. Berman 4 Computational Aspects of High-throughput Crystallographic Macromolecular StructureDetermination 77 Paul D. Adams, Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve, and Axel T. Brunger 5 Macromolecular Structure Determination by NMR Spectroscopy 93 John L. Markley, Arash Bahrami, Hamid R. Eghbalnia, Francis C. Peterson, Robert C. Tyler, Eldon L. Ulrich, William M. Westler, and Brian F. Volkman 6 Electron Microscopy in the Context of Structural Systems Biology 143 Niels Volkmann and Dorit Hanein 7 Study of Protein Three-dimensional Structure and Dynamics Using Peptide Amide Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry (DXMS) and Chemical Cross-linking with Mass Spectrometryto Constrain Molecular Modeling 171 Sheng Li, Dmitri Mouradov, Gordon King, Tong Liu, Ian Ross, Bostjan Kobe, Virgil L. Woods Jr, and Thomas Huber 8 Search and Sampling in Structural Bioinformatics 207 Ilan Samish 9 Molecular Visualization 237 Steven Bottomley and Erik Helmerhorst Section II Data Representation and Databases 269 10 The PDB FORMAT, mmCIF Formats, and Other Data Formats 271 John D. Westbrook and Paula M.D. Fitzgerald 11 The Worldwide Protein Data Bank 293 Helen M. Berman, Kim Henrick, Haruki Nakamura, and John L. Markley 12 The Nucleic Acid Database 305 Bohdan Schneider, Joanna de la Cruz, Zukang Feng, Li Chen, Shuchismita Dutta, Irina Persikova, John D. Westbrook, Huanwang Yang, Jasmine Young, Christine Zardecki, and Helen M. Berman 13 Other Structure-based Databases 321 J. Lynn Fink, Helge Weissig, and Philip E. Bourne Section III Data Integrity and Comparative Features 339 14 Structural Quality Assurance 341 Roman A. Laskowski 15 The Impact of Local Accuracy in Protein and RNA Structures: Validation as an Active Tool 377 Jane S. Richardson and David C. Richardson 16 Structure Comparison and Alignment 397 Marc A. Marti-Renom, Emidio Capriotti, Ilya N. Shindyalov, and Philip E. Bourne 17 Protein Structure Evolution and the SCOP Database 419 Raghu P. R. Metpally and Boojala V. B. Reddy 18 the Cath Domain Structure Database 433 Frances M. G. Pearl, Alison Cuff, and Christine A. Orengo Section IV Structural and Functional Assignment 457 19 Secondary Structure Assignment 459 Claus A. Andersen and Burkhard Rost 20 Identifying Structural Domains in Proteins 485 Stella Veretnik, Jenny Gu, and Shoshana Wodak 21 Inferring Protein Function From Structure 515 James D. Watson, Gail J. Bartlett, and Janet M. Thornton 22 Structural Annotation of Genomes 539 Adam J. Reid, Corin Yeats, Jonathan Lees, and Christine A. Orengo 23 Evolution Studied Using Protein Structure 559 Song Yang, Ruben Valas, and Philip E. Bourne Section V Macromolecular Interactions 573 24 Electrostatic Interactions 575 Nathan A. Baker and J. Andrew McCammon 25 Prediction of Protein–nucleic Acid Interactions 593 Timothy Robertson and Gabriele Varani 26 Prediction of Protein–protein Interactions From Evolutionary Information 615 Alfonso Valencia and Florencio Pazos 27 Docking Methods, Ligand Design, and Validating Data Sets in the Structural Genomics Era 633 Natasja Brooijmans Section VI Structure Prediction 663 28 CASP and other Community-wide Assessments to Advance the Field Of Structure Prediction 665 Jenny Gu and Philip E. Bourne 29 Prediction of Protein Structure in 1d: Secondary Structure, Membrane Regions, and SolventAccessibility 679 Burkhard Rost 30 Homology Modeling 715 Hanka Venselaar, Elmar Krieger, and Gert Vriend 31 Fold Recognition Methods 733 Adam Godzik 32 De Novo Protein Structure Prediction: Methods and Application 755 Kevin Drew, Dylan Chivian, and Richard Bonneau 33 Rna Structural Bioinformatics 791 Magdalena A. Jonikas, Alain Laederach, and Russ B. Altman Section VII Therapeutic Discovery 807 34 Structural Bioinformatics in Drug Discovery 809 William R. Pitt, Alícia Perez Higueruelo, and Colin R. Groom 35 B-cell Epitope Prediction 847 Julia V. Ponomarenko and Marc H.V. van Regenmortel Section VIII Future Challenges 879 36 Methods to Classify and Predict the Structure of Membrane Proteins 881 Marialuisa Pellegrini-Calace and Janet M. Thornton 37 Protein Motion: Simulation 907 Ilan Samish, Jenny Gu, and Michael L. Klein 38 The Significance and Impacts of Protein Disorder and Conformational Variants 937 Jenny Gu and Vincent J. Hilser 39 Protein Designability and Engineering 961 Nikolay V. Dokholyan 40 Structural Genomics of Protein Superfamilies 983 Stephen K. Burley, Steven C. Almo, Jeffrey B. Bonanno, Mark R. Chance, Spencer Emtage, Andras Fiser, Andrej Sali, J. Michael Sauder, and Subramanyam Swaminathan Index 1019
£109.20
Wiley Mechanical Catalysis
Book Synopsis Provides a clear and systematic description of the key role played by catalyst reactant dynamism including: (i) the fundamental processes at work, (ii) the origin of its general and physical features, (iii) the way it has evolved, and (iv) how it relates to catalysis in man-made systems. Unifies homogeneous, heterogeneous, and enzymatic catalysis into a single, conceptually coherent whole. Describes how to authentically mimic the underlying principles of enzymatic catalysis in man-made systems. Examines the origin and role of complexity and complex Systems Science in catalysis--very hot topics in science today. Trade Review?This book is a useful addition to the library of any individual working with functionalized catalysts, especially those that may undergo conformational changes during the reaction process. This text is especially informative for those working with enzymes, biomimetic, and organometallic-based catalysts. It also unifies many of the kinetic models that have been put forth to describe heterogeneous, homogeneous, and enzymatic catalysis.? (Journal of the American Chemical Society, October 2009)Table of ContentsPREFACE. CONTRIBUTORS. GLOSSARY. 1. Introduction to Thermodynamic (Energy-Dependent) and Mechanical (Time-Dependent) Processes: What Are They and How Are They Manifested in Chemistry and Catalysis? (Gerhard F. Swiegers). 1.1 Thermodynamic (Energy-Dependent) and Mechanical (Time-Dependent) Processes. 1.2 What Is a Thermodynamic Process? 1.3 What Is a Mechanical Process? 1.4 The Difference between Energy-Dependent (Thermodynamic) and Time-Dependent (Mechanical) Processes. 1.5 Time- and Energy-Dependence in Chemistry and Catalysis. 1.6 The Aims, Structure, and Major Findings of this Series. 2. Heterogeneous, Homogeneous, and Enzymatic Catalysis. A Shared Terminology and Conceptual Platform. The Alternative of Time-Dependence in Catalysis (Gerhard F. Swiegers). 2.1 Introduction: The Problem of Conceptually Unifying Heterogeneous, Homogeneous, and Enzymatic Catalysis? Trends in Catalysis Science. 2.2 Background: What Is Heterogeneous, Homogeneous, and Enzymatic Catalysis. 2.3 Distinctions Within Homogeneous Catalysis: Single-Centered and Multicentered Homogeneous Catalysis. 2.4 The Distinction between Single-Site/Multisite Catalysts and Single-Centered/MultiCentered Catalysts in Heterogeneous Catalysis: An Important Convention Used in This Series. 2.5 The Alternative of Time-Dependence in Catalysis. 3. A Conceptual Description of Energy-Dependent (“Thermodynamic”) and Time-Dependent (“Mechanical”) Processes in Chemistry and Catalysis (Gerhard F. Swiegers). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Theoretical Considerations: Common Processes in Uncatalyzed Reactions. 3.3 Theoretical Considerations: Common Processes in Catalyzed Reactions. 4. Time-Dependence in Heterogeneous Catalysis. Sabatier’s Principle Describes Two Independent Catalytic Realms: Time-Dependent (“Mechanical”) Catalysis and Energy-Dependent (“Thermodynamic”) Catalysis (Gerhard F. Swiegers). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Sabatier’s Principle in Heterogeneous Catalysis. 4.3 Exceptions to Sabatier’s Principle. 4.4 Sabatier’s Principle in Homogeneous Catalysis. 4.5 Conclusions. Sabatier’s Principle Describes Two Independent Catalytic Domains: Energy- and Time-Dependent Catalysis. 5. Time-Dependence in Homogeneous Catalysis. 1. Many Enzymes Display the Hallmarks of Time-Dependent (“Mechanical”) Catalysis. Nonbiological Homogeneous Catalysts Are Typically Energy-Dependent (“Thermodynamic”) Catalysts (Robin Brimblecombe, Jun Chen, Junhua Huang, Ulrich T. Mueller-Westerhoff and Gerhard F. Swiegers). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Historical Background: Are Enzymes Generally Energy-Dependent or Time-Dependent Catalysts? 5.3 The Methodology of This Chapter: Identify, Contrast, and Rationalize the Common Processes Present in Biological and Nonbiological Homogeneous Catalysts. 5.4 Does Michaelis–Menten Kinetics in Enzymes Indicate that They Are Time-Dependent Catalysts? 5.5 Other General Characteristics of Catalysis by Enzymes and Comparable Nonbiological Homogeneous Catalysts. 5.6 Rationalization of the Underlying Processes. The Mechanism of Action in Time-Dependent and Energy-Dependent Catalysts. 5.7 All Generalizations Support Time-Dependence in Enzymes. 5.8 Time-Dependence in a Nonbiological Catalyst Generates the Distinctive Properties of Enzymes. 5.9 Conclusion: Many Enzymes Are Time-Dependent Catalysts. 6. Time-Dependence in Homogeneous Catalysis. 2. The General Actions of Time-Dependent (“Mechanical”) and Energy-Dependent (“Thermodynamic”) Catalysts (Robin Brimblecombe, Jun Chen, Junhua Huang, Ulrich T. Mueller-Westerhoff, and Gerhard F. Swiegers). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Time- and Energy-Dependent, Multicentered Homogeneous Catalysts. 6.3 The Action of Energy-Dependent, Multicentered Homogeneous Catalysts. 6.4 The Action of Time-Dependent, Multicentered Homogeneous Catalysts. 6.5 The Importance of Recognizing Time-Dependent Catalysis. 6.6 Time-Dependent Catalysis Is Very Different to Energy-Dependent Catalysis and Therefore Seems Unfamiliar. 6.7 Conclusions for Biology. 6.8 Conclusions for Homogeneous Catalysis. 6.9 The “Ideal” Homogeneous Catalyst. 6.10 Conclusions for the Conceptual Unity of the Field of Catalysis. 7. Unifying the Many Theories of Enzymatic Catalysis. Theories of Enzymatic Catalysis Fall into Two Camps: Energy-Dependent (“Thermodynamic”) and Time-Dependent (“Mechanical”) Catalysis (Gerhard F. Swiegers). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Theories of Enzymatic Catalysis. 7.3 Theories Explaining Enzymatic Catalysis Fall into Two Camps: Energy-Dependent and Time-Dependent Catalysis. 7.4 Studies Verifying Pauling’s Theory in Model Systems Are Correct, but Describe Energy-Dependent and not Time-Dependent Catalysis. 7.5 The Anomaly Described in the Spatiotemporal Hypothesis Originates, in Part, from the Onset of Time-Dependence. 8. Synergy in Heterogeneous, Homogeneous, and Enzymatic Catalysis. The “Ideal” Catalyst (Gerhard F. Swiegers). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Synergy in Heterogeneous Catalysts. 8.3 Single-Centered Nonbiological Homogeneous Catalysts and Their ‘Mutually Enhancing’ Synergies. 8.4 Multicentered, Energy-Dependent Homogeneous Catalysts and Their Functionally Complementary Synergies. 8.5 Enzymes and Their Functionally Convergent Synergies. 8.6 Biomimetic Chemistry and Its Pseudo-Convergent Synergies. 8.7 The Spectrum of Synergistic Action in Homogeneous Catalysis. 8.8 Synergy in Catalysis Is Conceptually Related to Other Synergistic Processes in Human Experience. 9. A Conceptual Unification of Heterogeneous, Homogeneous, and Enzymatic Catalysis (Gerhard F. Swiegers). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Diffusion-Controlled and Reaction-Controlled Catalysis. 9.3 The Diversity of Catalytic Action in Heterogeneous Catalysts. 9.4 The Diversity of Catalytic Action in Nonbiological Homogeneous Catalysts. 9.5 The Diversity of Catalytic Action in Enzymes. 9.6 Heterogeneous Catalysis and Enzymatic Catalysis Has, Effectively, Involved Combinatorial Experiments that Have Produced Time-Dependent Catalysts. Nonbiological Homogeneous Catalysis Has Not. 9.7 Homogeneous and Enzymatic Catalysts Are the 3-D Equivalent of 2-D Heterogeneous Catalysts. 9.8 A Conceptual Unification of Heterogeneous, Homogeneous, and Enzymatic Catalysis. 10. The Rational Design of Time-Dependent (“Mechanical”) Homogeneous Catalysts. A Literature Survey of Multicentered Homogeneous Catalysis (Junhua Huang and Gerhard F. Swiegers). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 The Rational Design of Time-Dependent Homogeneous Catalysts. 10.3 Elements of Rational Design in Multicentered Catalysis. 10.4 A Review of Nonbiological, Multicentered Molecular Catalysts Described in the Chemical Literature. 11. Time-Dependent (“Mechanical”), Nonbiological Catalysis. 1. A Fully Functional Mimic of the Water-Oxidizing Center (WOC) in Photosystem II (PSII) (Robin Brimblecombe, G. Charles Dismukes, Greg A. Felton, Leone Spiccia, and Gerhard F. Swiegers). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 The Physical and Chemical Properties of the Cubanes 1a-b. 11.3 Nafion Provides a Means of Solubilizing and Immobilizing Hydrophobic Metal Complexes. 11.4 Photoelectrochemical Cells and Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells for Water-Splitting. 11.5 Photocatalytic Water Oxidation by Cubane 1b Doped into a Nafion Support. 11.6 The Challenge of Dye-Sensitized Water-Splitting. 11.7 The Mechanism of the Catalysis. 11.8 Conclusions. 12. Time-Dependent (“Mechanical”), Nonbiological Catalysis. 2. Highly Efficient, “Biomimetic” Hydrogen-Generating Electrocatalysts (Jun Chen, Junhua Huang, Gerhard F. Swiegers, Chee O. Too, and Gordon G. Wallace). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Monomer and Polymer Preparation. 12.3 Catalytic Experiments. 12.4 Conclusions: A Combinatorial “Statistical Proximity” Catalyst Was Obtained as a Bulk, Hybrid Homogeneous–Heterogeneous Catalyst. 13. Time-Dependent (“Mechanical”), Nonbiological Catalysis. 3. A Readily Prepared, Convergent, Oxygen-Reduction Electrocatalyst (Jun Chen, Gerhard F. Swiegers, Gordon G. Wallace, and Weimin Zhang). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Cofacial Diporphyrin Oxygen-Reduction Catalysts. 13.3 Vapor-Phase Polymerization of Pyrrole as a Means of Immobilizing High Concentrations of Monomeric Catalytic Groups at an Electrode Surface. 13.4 Preparation and Catalytic Properties of PPy-3. 13.5 PPy-3 as a Fuel Cell Catalyst. 13.6 Conclusions. Appendix A Why Is Saturation Not Observed in Catalysts that Display Conventional Kinetics? Appendix B Graphical Illustration of the Processes Involved in the Saturation of Molecular Catalysts. Index.
£105.26
John Wiley & Sons Inc Internal Reflection and ATR Spectroscopy
Book SynopsisAttenuated Total Reflection (ATR) spectroscopy is the most frequently used sampling technique for infrared spectroscopy, enabling samples to be examined in solid or liquid states. This book shows how ATR is used for materials that are either too thick or strong to be analyzed by other methods.Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Introduction to Spectroscopy 1 1.1 History 1 1.2 Definition of Transmittance and Reflectance 6 1.3 The Spectroscopic Experiment and the Spectrometer 10 1.4 Propagation of Light through a Medium 13 1.5 Transmittance and Absorbance 15 1.6 S/N in a Spectroscopic Measurement 16 2 Harmonic Oscillator Model for Optical Constants 20 2.1 Harmonic Oscillator Model for Polarizability 20 2.2 Clausius–Mossotti Equation 25 2.3 Refractive Index 26 2.4 Absorption Index and Concentration 29 3 Propagation of Electromagnetic Energy 31 3.1 Poynting Vector and Flow of Electromagnetic Energy 31 3.2 Linear Momentum of Light 34 3.3 Light Absorption in Absorbing Media 35 3.4 Lambert Law and Molecular Cross Section 36 4 Fresnel Equations 39 4.1 Electromagnetic Fields at the Interface 39 4.2 Snell’s Law 41 4.3 Boundary Conditions at the Interface 42 4.4 Fresnel Formulae 43 4.5 Refl ectance and Transmitance of Interface 44 4.6 Snell’s Pairs 46 4.7 Normal Incidence 47 4.8 Brewster’s Angle 47 4.9 The Case of the 45° Angle of Incidence 48 4.10 Total Internal Reflection 49 5 Evanescent Wave 55 5.1 Exponential Decay and Penetration Depth 55 5.2 Energy Flow at a Totally Internally Reflecting Interface 58 5.3 The Evanescent Wave in Absorbing Materials 59 6 Electric Fields at a Totally Internally Reflecting Interface 61 6.1 Ex, Ey, and Ez for s-Polarized Incident Light 61 6.2 Ex, Ey, and Ez for p-Polarized Incident Light 62 7 Anatomy of ATR Absorption 67 7.1 Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) Reflectance for s- and p-Polarized Beam 67 7.2 Absorbance Transform of ATR Spectra 69 7.3 Weak Absorption Approximation 70 7.4 Supercritical Reflectance and Absorption of Evanescent Wave 73 7.5 The Leaky Interface Model 76 8 Effective Thickness 79 8.1 Defi nition and Expressions for Effective Thickness 79 8.2 Effective Thickness and Penetration Depth 80 8.3 Effective Thickness and ATR Spectroscopy 82 8.4 Effective Thickness for Strong Absorptions 84 9 Internal Reflectance near Critical Angle 85 9.1 Transition from Subcritical to Supercritical Reflection 85 9.2 Effective Thickness and Refractive Index of Sample 87 9.3 Critical Angle and Refractive Index of Sample 88 10 Depth Profiling 92 10.1 Energy Absorption at Different Depths 92 10.2 Thin Absorbing Layer on a Nonabsorbing Substrate 93 10.3 Thin Nonabsorbing Film on an Absorbing Substrate 94 10.4 Thin Nonabsorbing Film on a Thin Absorbing Film on a Nonabsorbing Substrate 94 11 Multiple Interfaces 97 11.1 Reflectance and Transmittance of a Two-Interface System 97 11.2 Very Thin Films 100 11.3 Interference Fringes 101 11.4 Normal Incidence 102 11.5 Interference Fringes and Transmission Spectroscopy 104 11.6 Thin Films and ATR 108 11.7 Internal Reflection: Subcritical, Supercritical, and in between 109 11.8 Unusual Fringes 110 11.9 Penetration Depth Revisited 113 11.10 Reflectance and Transmittance of a Multiple Interface System 116 12 Metal Optics 121 12.1 Electromagnetic Fields in Metals 121 12.2 Plasma 126 12.3 Reflectance of Metal Surfaces 127 12.4 Thin Metal Films on Transparent Substrates 130 12.5 Curious Reflectance of Extremely Thin Metal Films 132 12.6 ATR Spectroscopy through Thin Metal Films 134 13 Grazing Angle ATR (GAATR) Spectroscopy 136 13.1 Attenuated Total Refl ection (ATR) Spectroscopy of Thin Films on Silicon Substrates 136 13.2 Enhancement for s- and p-Polarized Light 137 13.3 Enhancement and Film Thickness 139 13.4 Electric Fields in a Very Thin Film on a Si Substrate 141 13.5 Source of Enhancement 143 13.6 GAATR Spectroscopy 145 14 Super Grazing Angle Reflection Spectroscopy (SuGARS) 147 14.1 Reflectance of Thin Films on Metal Substrates 147 14.2 Problem of Reference 148 14.3 Sensitivity Enhancement 150 15 ATR Experiment 151 15.1 Multiple Reflection Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) 151 15.2 Facet Reflections 155 15.3 Beam Spread and the Angle of Incidence 156 15.4 Effect of Facet Shape 158 15.5 Beam Spread and the Number of Reflections in Multiple Refl ection ATR 160 15.6 Effect of Beam Alignment on Multiple Reflection ATR 162 15.7 Change in the Refractive Index of the Sample due to Concentration Change 166 16 ATR Spectroscopy of Small Samples 168 16.1 Benefits of Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) for Microsampling 168 16.2 Contact Problem for Solid Samples 170 17 Surface Plasma Waves 172 17.1 Excitation of Surface Plasma Waves 172 17.2 Effect of Metal Film Thickness on Reflectance 173 17.3 Effect of the Refractive Index of Metal on Reflectance 174 17.4 Effect of the Absorption Index of Metal on Reflectance 174 17.5 Use of Plasmons for Detecting Minute Changes of the Refractive Index of Materials 175 17.6 Use of Plasmons for Detecting Minute Changes of the Absorption Index of Materials 178 18 Extraction of Optical Constants of Materials from Experiments 180 18.1 Extraction of Optical Constants from Multiple Experiments 180 18.2 Kramers–Kronig Relations 184 18.3 Kramers–Kronig Equations for Normal Incidence Reflectance 187 19 ATR Spectroscopy of Powders 192 19.1 Propagation of Light through Inhomogeneous Media 192 19.2 Spectroscopic Analysis of Powdered Samples 193 19.3 Particle Size and Absorbance of Powders 195 19.4 Propagation of Evanescent Wave in Powdered Media 198 20 Energy Flow at a Totally Internally Reflecting Interface 209 20.1 Energy Conservation at a Totally Reflecting Interface 209 20.2 Speed of Propagation and the Formation of an Evanescent Wave 212 21 Orientation Studies and ATR Spectroscopy 214 21.1 Oriented Fraction and Dichroic Ratio 214 21.2 Orientation and Field Strengths in Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) 217 22 Applications of ATR Spectroscopy 220 22.1 Solid Samples 220 22.2 Liquid Samples 220 22.3 Powders 221 22.4 Surface-Modified Solid Samples 221 22.5 High Sample Throughput ATR Analysis 221 22.6 Process and Reaction Monitoring 222 Appendix A ATR Correction 224 Appendix B Quantification in ATR Spectroscopy 227 Index 237
£999.99
John Wiley & Sons Inc Biomass and Alternate Fuel Systems An
Book SynopsisUpdating the Industrial Wood Energy Handbook by a team from Georgia Tech, this book explains characteristics of renewable fuels, especially biomass and wood, and the cost-effective and environmentally-friendly methods of handling, storing and burning these fuels.Trade Review"Covering everything from the theory (such as energy content and physical properties of different fuels) to the practical (e.g. boiler, hopper and filter design), … this is a very useful guide." (Enagri, November 2009)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Alternate Fuels. CHAPTER 2 Fuel Properties and Combustion Theory. CHAPTER 3 Liquid Fuels from Biomass. CHAPTER 4 Biomass Combustion Equipment—Steam, Hot Oil, and Hot Gas. CHAPTER 5 Biomass Fuel Storage and Handling. CHAPTER 6 Cogeneration and Power Generation. CHAPTER 7 Emissions and Control. CHAPTER 8 Environment and Safety: Rules, Regulations, and Safe Practice. CHAPTER 9 Biomass Fuel Supply and Purchasing. CHAPTER 10 Fuel-Switching Feasibility Study Methodology. CHAPTER 11 Economic Analysis of Biomass Combustion Systems. CHAPTER 12 Biomass Fuel Processing Routes and Economics. CHAPTER 13 Biomass Fuel Processing Network. CHAPTER 14 Example Feasibility Study: Nonforest Products Facility. APPENDIX 1 Equipment Manufacturers/Vendors Listing. APPENDIX 2 State Forestry Commission Offices. APPENDIX 3 Glossary. INDEX.
£90.86
Wiley-Blackwell Acid Mine Drainage Rock Drainage and Acid Sulfate Soils
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£116.06
Wiley Environmentally Friendly Production of Pulp and Paper
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£95.36
Wiley Guidelines for Evaluating Process Plant Buildings for External Explosions Fires and Toxic Releases
Book SynopsisSiting of permanent and temporary buildings in process areas requires careful consideration of potential effects of explosions and fires arising from accidental release of flammable materials. This book, which updates the 1996 edition, provides a single-source reference that explains the American Petroleum Institute (API) permanent (752) and temporary (753) building recommended practices and details how to implement them. New coverage on toxicity and updated standards are also highlighted. Practical and easy-to-use, this reliable guide is a must-have for implementing safe building practices.Table of Contents1. Introduction 1 1.1 Objective 4 1.2 Building Siting Evaluation Process 5 1.3 Selection of Approach 6 1.4 Background 6 1.5 Phillips, Pasadena, Texas USA: Propylene HDPE Unit VCE ad BLEVEs 10 1.6 Evolution of Design and Siting Practices for Buildings in Process Plants 18 1.7 Organization of the Book 20 2. Management Overview 21 2.1 Process Overview 21 2.2 Management Responsibilities under API RP-752 and API RP-753 27 3. Determining the Scope of the Building Siting Evaluation 31 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Buildings Considered 31 3.3 Scenario Selection 36 4. Building Siting Evaluation Criteria 45 4.1 Introduction 45 4.2 Occupant Vulnerability 46 4.3 Criteria for Existing Buildings Exposed to Explosion Hazards 48 4.4 Criteria for Fires 58 4.5 Criteria for Toxic Exposures 62 4.6 Criteria for Building Upgrades and New Buildings 64 4.7 Risk Criteria 65 5. Explosion Hazards 71 5.1 Introduction 71 5.2 Select Explosion Approach 72 5.3 Modeling and Quantifying and Explosion Hazards 74 5.4 Building Response to Explosion Hazards 78 5.5 Occupant VULNERABILITY to Explosion Hazards 90 5.6 Actions Required at the Completion of the Evaluation 90 6. Fire Hazards Assessment 93 6.1 Introduction 93 6.2 Determining if a Fire Hazard Exists 97 6.3 Spacing Table Approach 97 6.4 Performing a Consequence-Based or Risk-Based building siting evaluation for Fire 99 6.5 Occupant Response to Fire Hazards 105 6.6 Defining the Fire Protection Concept 106 7. Toxic Hazards Assessment 109 7.1 Introduction 109 7.2 Determining if a Toxic Hazard Exists 109 7.3 Building siting evaluation for toxics 111 7.4 Defining the Toxic Protection Concept 120 7.5 Evacuation vs. Sheltering-In-Place 120 8. Frequency and Probability Assessment 125 8.1 Introduction 125 8.2 Developing a Scenario List 127 8.3 Calculation of Frequency of Initiating Event or accident 129 8.4 Probability and Frequency of Final Outcomes 144 8.5 Unit-Based Outcome Frequencies 149 9. Risk Assessment 151 9.1 Introduction 151 9.2 Risk Measure Types 154 9.3 Calculating Risk 158 9.4 Interpretation and Use of Risk Measures 169 10. Mitigation Plans and Ongoing Risk Management 171 10.1 Development of Mitigation Plans 171 10.2 Building Modifications 177 11. Managing the Building Siting Process 185 11.1 Management of Change 185 11.2 Documentation Requirements 187 11.3 Documentation of Mitigation Systems Criteria and Performance 188 11.4 Maintaining Documentation “EverGreen” 189
£101.66
John Wiley & Sons Inc Nonclinical Safety Assessment
Book SynopsisNonclinical Safety Assessment Nonclinical Safety Assessment A Guide to International Pharmaceutical Regulations Bringing a new drug to market is a costly time-consuming process. Increased regional and international regulation over the last twenty years, while necessary, has only served to amplify these costs. In response to this escalation, developmental strategies have shifted towards a more global approach. In order to create the most cost-effective and safe processes, it is critical for those bringing drugs to market to understand both the globally accepted regulations and the local variations. Nonclinical Safety Assessment: A Guide to International Pharmaceutical Regulations provides a practical description of nonclinical drug development regulations and requirements in the major market regions. It includes: ICH the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Trade Review“As a toxicologist with a quarter-century of experience in pharmaceutical drug development, I found the reading of this book thoroughly enjoyable and useful.” (British Toxicology Society Newsletter, 1 October 2013) Table of ContentsList of Contributors xvii Preface xix Part I International Regulations and Nonclinical Studies for Pharmaceuticals 1 1 Introduction 3 Kathy M. McGown and William J. Brock 1.1 The Global Pharmaceutical Market 6 1.2 Looking to the Future 9 1.3 Legal and Regulatory Considerations in Drug Development 10 1.4 The Drug Development Process – General Considerations 12 2 ICH: History and Nonclinical Guidances 17 Jan-Willem van der Laan and Kenneth L. Hastings 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Organization of the ICH 19 2.3 The ICH Process 20 2.4 Animal Welfare and Alternative Methods 22 2.5 ICH M3 23 2.6 New Initiatives and Topics 24 3 Food and Drug Administration: Nonclinical Program and Pharmaceutical Approval 27 William J. Brock and Kenneth L. Hastings 3.1 Legislative Authority of the FDA 27 3.2 Nonclinical Drug Development and the FDA 31 3.3 Nonclinical Testing: General Conditions and Considerations 34 3.4 Toxicity Testing: Small Molecules and Traditional Pharmaceuticals 34 3.5 Toxicity Testing of Pharmaceuticals – The General Approach 35 3.6 First-in-Human Dosing: Results from Nonclinical Studies 37 4 Nonclinical Pharmaceutical Development in MERCOSUR and Brazil 41 Cristiana Leslie Corr^ea, Giuliana Selmi, and Flavio Ailton Duque Zambrone 4.1 Introduction 41 4.2 MERCOSUR 41 4.3 Brazil 44 5 Nonclinical Safety Assessment: Canada 57 Jamie L. Doran and Mark T. Goldberg 5.1 Introduction 57 5.2 Organization of Health Canada 58 5.3 The Regulatory Framework for Drug Approval in Canada 60 5.4 Nonclinical Assessment in Canada 64 5.5 Clinical Trial Applications 70 5.6 Special Regulatory Considerations 74 6 European Pharmaceutical Regulation – Nonclinical Testing Requirements 79 Adam Woolley and Jan Willem van der Laan 6.1 Introduction 79 6.2.1 Overview 82 6.3 Nonclinical Testing in the Support of Clinical Trials 86 6.4 Overview 96 7 South Africa 99 Fariza Feraoun and Malik Feraoun 7.1 Introduction 99 7.2 Country Information 100 7.3 The Regulatory Aspects 101 7.4 The Nonclinical Safety Assessment 109 7.5 Conclusion 114 8 Asia Pacific: China 117 Lijie Fu and Qingli Wang 8.1 Introduction 117 8.2 History of Drug Administration 118 8.3 The Provisions for Drug Registration 122 8.4 The SFDA 123 8.5 The SFDA Affiliated Organizations 123 8.6 General Registration Procedures 125 8.7 Pharmaceutical Application 125 8.8 Import Drug Application 127 8.9 Testing Guidelines and Safety Evaluation 129 8.10 GLP Compliance in China 131 8.11 Animal Welfare Requirements 133 9 Pharmaceutical Regulations for Nonclinical Safety Assessment in Japan 135 Kazuichi Nakamura and Osamu Fueki 9.1 History of Regulation for Nonclinical Safety Assessment in Japan 135 9.2 Approval Application of New Drugs in Japan 136 9.3 Current Nonclinical Safety Guidelines Available in Japan 139 9.4 Current Trends of Conduct of Nonclinical Safety Evaluation in Japan 139 9.5 Safety Assessment of Unapproved Drugs 142 9.6 Necessity of 3Rs (Reduction/Refinement/Replacement) of Animal Studies 142 9.7 Attitude of Japanese Pharmaceutical Companies and the Regulatory Agency toward Nonclinical Safety Assessment 142 10 Indian Regulatory Process for Nonclinical Drug Development 145 K.S. Rao and S. Natesan 10.1 Introduction 145 10.2 Drug Development 146 10.3 Quality Systems 147 10.4 Nonclinical Drug Development – Key Regulatory Requirements 148 10.5 Nonclinical Safety Assessment – Key Approval Requirements 149 10.6 Data Required for Clinical Study Approval 151 10.7 Animal Toxicology 154 10.8 Animal Pharmacology 166 10.9 Safety Assessment Requirements: Indian Schedule Yand International Guidelines 168 10.10 Good Laboratory Practice Quality System in India 168 10.11 Safety Assessment Test Facilities in India 171 10.12 Investigational New Drug Application for Undertaking Clinical Trials 173 11 Asia Pacific: Australia 175 Douglas Francis 11.1 Introduction 175 11.2 Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) 176 11.3 Clinical Trials in Australia 183 11.4 Nonclinical Data to Support the Conduct of Clinical Trials in Australia and Marketing Application to the TGA 188 Part II Toxicology Studies Supporting Clinical Development 197 12 Repeated-Dose Toxicity Studies in Nonclinical Drug Development 199 Shana Azri-Meehan and Louise Latriano 12.1 Introduction 199 12.2 General Considerations 200 12.3 Study Design Considerations 205 12.4 Study Observations and Assessments 211 13 Evaluation of Potential Carcinogenicity 219 James A. Popp and Matthew S. Bogdanffy 13.1 Introduction 219 13.2 Preparation for the Carcinogenicity Study 223 13.3 Elements of the Protocol/Study Plan 228 13.4 Study Performance 241 13.5 Alternative Models to Evaluate Potential Carcinogenicity in Lieu of a 2-Year Mouse Study 244 13.6 Special Consideration for Carcinogenicity Evaluation of Biotherapeutics 247 13.7 Regulatory Implications of a Study Identifying an Animal Carcinogenic Response 248 13.8 Interpreting the Relevance of Positive Results for Human Safety 249 13.9 Communicating the Results in the Product Label 251 14 Genetic Toxicology 255 Mark W. Powley 14.1 Background 255 14.2 Regulations Guiding Drug Development 256 14.3 Genotoxic Impurities 261 14.4 Regulatory Decision Making 263 15 Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology 265 Robert M. Parker and Raymond G. York 15.1 Introduction 265 15.2 Standard Reproduction and Developmental Toxicity Study Designs 266 15.3 Timing of Preclinical Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity Studies 273 15.4 Based on Disease Indication 275 15.5 Based on Pharmaceutical Characteristic 279 15.6 Other Reasons to Conduct Preclinical Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity Studies 291 15.7 Excipients 293 15.8 Conclusion 293 16 Juvenile Animal Toxicity Studies: Regulatory Expectations, Decision Strategies and Role in Paediatric Drug Development 297 Melissa S. Tassinari, Luc M. De Schaepdrijver, and Mark E. Hurtt 16.1 Introduction 297 16.2 Regulatory Environment 298 16.3 Relevance and Place in Drug Development 302 16.4 Strategies for Decision Making: When are Studies Needed and Appropriate? 304 16.5 Case Studies: Application of Data Review and Decision Making 307 16.6 Summary 309 17 Immunotoxicology 313 Leigh Ann Burns-Naas and Marc J. Pallardy 17.1 Introduction 313 17.2 Regulatory Expectations for the Immunotoxicology Evaluation of Pharmaceuticals 314 17.3 Special Considerations 335 17.4 Summary 342 References 342 18 Nonclinical Safety Assessment: Biotechnology-Derived Pharmaceuticals 347 Christopher E. Ellis, Melanie T. Hartsough, Martin D. Green, and Hanan Ghantous 18.1 Introduction 347 18.2 Unique Characteristics of Biopharmaceuticals 348 18.3 Species Selection 349 18.4 Immunogenicity 356 18.5 Biological Activity/Pharmacodynamics 358 18.6 Pharmacokinetics/Toxicokinetics 359 18.7 Nonclinical Safety Assessment 362 18.8 Tissue Cross-Reactivity (TCR) 371 18.9 Clinical Starting Dose Selection for Biopharmaceuticals 373 18.10 Comparability 375 19 International Safety Regulations for Vaccine Development 381 Robert V. House 19.1 Introduction 381 19.2 What "Toxicities" have been Attributed to Vaccination? 381 19.3 How Vaccines are (Slightly) Different from Other Biopharmaceuticals 383 19.4 Regulatory Framework for Assessing Safety of Vaccines 383 19.5 Parameters Monitored 387 19.6 Clinical Safety Assessment of Vaccines 389 19.7 Summary 390 20 Phototoxicity and Photocarcinogenicity 393 Robert E. Osterberg, Christopher P. Sambuco, and Paul Donald Forbes 20.1 History of Phototoxicity, Photocarcinogenicity and Photogenotoxicity Testing at the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 393 20.2 FDA Photosafety Testing Guidance 397 20.3 Status of In Vivo Testing for Photocarcinogenesis 417 20.4 Photocarcinogenesis Study Designs 418 20.5 Photo Co-Carcinogenesis 418 20.6 Future Testing Concepts, with Emphasis on Biomarkers 423 21 Degradants, Impurities, Excipients and Metabolites 431 Robert E. Osterberg and Mark W. Powley 21.1 Degradants, Impurities, and Excipients 431 21.2 Metabolites 442 References 446 Index 449
£999.99
John Wiley & Sons Inc Aqueous Pretreatment of Plant Biomass for
Book SynopsisPlant biomass is attracting increasing attention as a sustainable resource for large-scale production of renewable fuels and chemicals. However, in order to successfully compete with petroleum, it is vital that biomass conversion processes are designed to minimize costs and maximize yields.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xvii Foreword xxi Series Preface xxiii Preface xxv Acknowledgements xxvii 1 Introduction 1 Charles E. Wyman 1.1 Cellulosic Biomass: What and Why? 2 1.2 Aqueous Processing of Cellulosic Biomass into Organic Fuels and Chemicals 3 1.3 Attributes for Successful Pretreatment 5 1.4 Pretreatment Options 7 1.5 Possible Blind Spots in the Historic Pretreatment Paradigm 8 1.6 Other Distinguishing Features of Pretreatment Technologies 9 1.7 Book Approach 9 1.8 Overview of Book Chapters 10 Acknowledgements 10 References 11 2 Cellulosic Biofuels: Importance, Recalcitrance, and Pretreatment 17 Lee Lynd and Mark Laser 2.1 Our Place in History 17 2.2 The Need for Energy from Biomass 17 2.3 The Importance of Cellulosic Biomass 18 2.4 Potential Barriers 18 2.5 Biological and Thermochemical Approaches to the Recalcitrance Barrier 19 2.6 Pretreatment 20 Acknowledgements 21 References 21 3 Plant Cell Walls: Basics of Structure, Chemistry, Accessibility and the Influence on Conversion 23 Brian H. Davison, Jerry Parks, Mark F. Davis and Bryon S. Donohoe 3.1 Introduction 23 3.2 Biomass Diversity Leads to Variability in Cell-wall Structure and Composition 24 3.3 Processing Options for Accessing the Energy in the Lignocellulosic Matrix 26 3.4 Plant Tissue and Cell Types Respond Differently to Biomass Conversion 28 3.5 The Basics of Plant Cell-wall Structure 29 3.6 Cell-wall Surfaces and Multilamellar Architecture 30 3.7 Cell-wall Ultrastructure and Nanoporosity 31 3.8 Computer Simulation in Understanding Biomass Recalcitrance 32 3.8.1 What Can We Learn from Molecular Simulation? 32 3.8.2 Simulations of Lignin 33 3.8.3 Simulations of Cellulose 34 3.8.4 Simulation of Lignocellulosic Biomass 35 3.8.5 Outlook for Biomass Simulations 35 3.9 Summary 35 Acknowledgements 36 References 36 4 Biological Conversion of Plants to Fuels and Chemicals and the Effects of Inhibitors 39 Eduardo Ximenes, Youngmi Kim and Michael R. Ladisch 4.1 Introduction 39 4.2 Overview of Biological Conversion 40 4.3 Enzyme and Ethanol Fermentation Inhibitors Released during Pretreatment and/or Enzyme Hydrolysis 42 4.3.1 Enzyme Inhibitors Derived from Plant Cell-wall Constituents (Lignin, Soluble Phenolics, and Hemicellulose) 43 4.3.2 Effect of Furfurals and Acetic Acid as Inhibitors of Ethanol Fermentations 48 4.4 Hydrolysis of Pentose Sugar Oligomers Using Solid-acid Catalysts 50 4.4.1 Application of Solid-acid Catalysts for Hydrolysis of Sugar Oligomers Derived from Lignocelluloses 50 4.4.2 Factors Affecting Efficiency of Solid-acid-catalyzed Hydrolysis 51 4.5 Conclusions 56 Acknowledgements 57 References 57 5 Catalytic Strategies for Converting Lignocellulosic Carbohydrates to Fuels and Chemicals 61 Jesse Q. Bond, David Martin Alonso and James A. Dumesic 5.1 Introduction 61 5.2 Biomass Conversion Strategies 62 5.3 Criteria for Fuels and Chemicals 64 5.3.1 General Considerations in the Production of Fuels and Fuel Additives 64 5.3.2 Consideration for Specialty Chemicals 66 5.4 Primary Feedstocks and Platforms 66 5.4.1 Cellulose 66 5.4.2 Hemicellulose 67 5.5 Sugar Conversion and Key Intermediates 68 5.5.1 Sugar Oxidation 69 5.5.2 Sugar Reduction (Polyol Production) 70 5.5.3 Sugar Dehydration (Furan Production) 77 5.6 Conclusions 91 Acknowledgements 92 References 92 6 Fundamentals of Biomass Pretreatment at Low pH 103 Heather L. Trajano and Charles E. Wyman 6.1 Introduction 103 6.2 Effects of Low pH on Biomass Solids 104 6.2.1 Cellulose 104 6.2.2 Hemicellulose 105 6.2.3 Lignin 106 6.2.4 Ash 107 6.2.5 Ultrastructure 107 6.2.6 Summary of Effects of Low pH on Biomass Solids 108 6.3 Pretreatment in Support of Biological Conversion 108 6.3.1 Hydrolysis of Cellulose to Fermentable Glucose 108 6.3.2 Pretreatment for Improved Enzymatic Digestibility 109 6.3.3 Pretreatment for Improved Enzymatic Digestibility and Hemicellulose Sugar Recovery 110 6.4 Low-pH Hydrolysis of Cellulose and Hemicellulose 114 6.4.1 Furfural 114 6.4.2 Levulinic Acid 115 6.4.3 Drop-in Hydrocarbons 115 6.5 Models of Low-pH Biomass Reactions 116 6.5.1 Cellulose Hydrolysis 117 6.5.2 Hemicellulose Hydrolysis 118 6.5.3 Summary of Kinetic Models 120 6.6 Conclusions 122 Acknowledgements 123 References 123 7 Fundamentals of Aqueous Pretreatment of Biomass 129 Nathan S. Mosier 7.1 Introduction 129 7.2 Self-ionization of Water Catalyzes Plant Cell-wall Depolymerization 130 7.3 Products from the Hydrolysis of the Plant Cell Wall Contribute to Further Depolymerization 131 7.4 Mechanisms of Aqueous Pretreatment 131 7.4.1 Hemicellulose 131 7.4.2 Lignin 134 7.4.3 Cellulose 136 7.5 Impact of Aqueous Pretreatment on Cellulose Digestibility 137 7.6 Practical Applications of Liquid Hot Water Pretreatment 138 7.7 Conclusions 140 References 140 8 Fundamentals of Biomass Pretreatment at High pH 145 Rocıo Sierra Ramirez, Mark Holtzapple and Natalia Piamonte 8.1 Introduction 145 8.2 Chemical Effects of Alkaline Pretreatments on Biomass Composition 146 8.2.1 Non-oxidative Delignification 147 8.2.2 Non-oxidative Sugar Degradation 148 8.2.3 Oxidative Delignification 150 8.2.4 Oxidative Sugar Degradation 151 8.3 Ammonia Pretreatments 153 8.4 Sodium Hydroxide Pretreatments 155 8.5 Alkaline Wet Oxidation 155 8.6 Lime Pretreatment 158 8.7 Pretreatment Severity 161 8.8 Pretreatment Selectivity 161 8.9 Concluding Remarks 163 References 163 9 Primer on Ammonia Fiber Expansion Pretreatment 169 S.P.S. Chundawat, B. Bals, T. Campbell, L. Sousa, D. Gao, M. Jin, P. Eranki, R. Garlock, F. Teymouri, V. Balan and B.E. Dale 9.1 Historical Perspective of Ammonia-based Pretreatments 169 9.2 Overview of AFEX and its Physicochemical Impacts 170 9.3 Enzymatic and Microbial Activity on AFEX-treated Biomass 175 9.3.1 Impact of AFEX Pretreatment on Cellulase Binding to Biomass 175 9.3.2 Enzymatic Digestibility of AFEX-treated Biomass 176 9.3.3 Microbial Fermentability of AFEX-treated Biomass 178 9.4 Transgenic Plants and AFEX Pretreatment 183 9.5 Recent Research Developments on AFEX Strategies and Reactor Configurations 185 9.5.1 Non-extractive AFEX Systems 185 9.5.2 Extractive AFEX Systems 186 9.5.3 Fluidized Gaseous AFEX Systems 186 9.6 Perspectives on AFEX Commercialization 186 9.6.1 AFEX Pretreatment Commercialization in Cellulosic Biorefineries 186 9.6.2 Novel Value-added Products from AFEX-related Processes 190 9.6.3 AFEX-centric Regional Biomass Processing Depot 192 9.7 Environmental and Life-cycle Analyses for AFEX-centric Processes 193 9.8 Conclusions 194 Acknowledgements 195 References 195 10 Fundamentals of Biomass Pretreatment by Fractionation 201 Poulomi Sannigrahi and Arthur J. Ragauskas 10.1 Introduction 201 10.2 Organosolv Pretreatment 202 10.2.1 Organosolv Pulping 202 10.2.2 Overview of Organosolv Pretreatment 202 10.2.3 Solvents and Catalysts for Organosolv Pretreatment 203 10.2.4 Fractionation of Biomass during Organosolv Pretreatment 209 10.3 Nature of Organosolv Lignin and Chemistry of Organosolv Delignification 210 10.3.1 Composition and Structure of Organosolv Lignin 210 10.3.2 Mechanisms of Organosolv Delignification 213 10.3.3 Commercial Applications of Organosolv Lignin 214 10.4 Structural and Compositional Characteristics of Cellulose 214 10.5 Co-products of Biomass Fractionation by Organosolv Pretreatment 216 10.5.1 Hemicellulose 216 10.5.2 Furfural 217 10.5.3 Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) 218 10.5.4 Levulinic Acid 218 10.5.5 Acetic Acid 219 10.6 Conclusions and Recommendations 219 Acknowledgements 219 References 219 11 Ionic Liquid Pretreatment: Mechanism, Performance, and Challenges 223 Seema Singh and Blake A. Simmons 11.1 Introduction 223 11.2 Ionic Liquid Pretreatment: Mechanism 225 11.2.1 IL Polarity and Kamlet–Taft Parameters 226 11.2.2 Interactions between ILs and Cellulose 226 11.2.3 Interactions between ILs and Lignin 227 11.3 Ionic Liquid Biomass Pretreatment: Enzymatic Route 228 11.3.1 Grasses 228 11.3.2 Agricultural Residues 230 11.3.3 Woody Biomass 230 11.4 Ionic Liquid Pretreatment: Catalytic Route 231 11.4.1 Acid-catalyzed Hydrolysis 232 11.4.2 Metal-catalyzed Hydrolysis 232 11.5 Factors Impacting Scalability and Cost of Ionic Liquid Pretreatment 233 11.6 Concluding Remarks 234 Acknowledgements 234 References 234 12 Comparative Performance of Leading Pretreatment Technologies for Biological Conversion of Corn Stover, Poplar Wood, and Switchgrass to Sugars 239 Charles E. Wyman, Bruce E. Dale, Venkatesh Balan, Richard T. Elander, Mark T. Holtzapple, Rocıo Sierra Ramirez, Michael R. Ladisch, Nathan Mosier, Y.Y. Lee, Rajesh Gupta, Steven R. Thomas, Bonnie R. Hames, Ryan Warner and Rajeev Kumar 12.1 Introduction 240 12.2 Materials and Methods 242 12.2.1 Feedstocks 242 12.2.2 Enzymes 243 12.2.3 CAFI Pretreatments 243 12.2.4 Material Balances 244 12.2.5 Free Sugars and Extraction 244 12.3 Yields of Xylose and Glucose from Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis 245 12.3.1 Yields from Corn Stover 245 12.3.2 Yields from Standard Poplar 247 12.3.3 Yields from Dacotah Switchgrass 248 12.4 Impact of Changes in Biomass Sources 249 12.5 Compositions of Solids Following CAFI Pretreatments 251 12.5.1 Composition of Pretreated Corn Stover Solids 252 12.5.2 Composition of Pretreated Switchgrass Solids 252 12.5.3 Composition of Pretreated Poplar Solids 253 12.5.4 Overall Trends in Composition of Pretreated Biomass Solids and Impact on Enzymatic Hydrolysis 253 12.6 Pretreatment Conditions to Maximize Total Glucose Plus Xylose Yields 254 12.7 Implications of the CAFI Results 255 12.8 Closing Thoughts 256 Acknowledgements 257 References 258 13 Effects of Enzyme Formulation and Loadings on Conversion of Biomass Pretreated by Leading Technologies 261 Rajesh Gupta and Y.Y. Lee 13.1 Introduction 261 13.2 Synergism among Cellulolytic Enzymes 262 13.3 Hemicellulose Structure and Hemicellulolytic Enzymes 263 13.4 Substrate Characteristics and Enzymatic Hydrolysis 264 13.5 Xylanase Supplementation for Different Pretreated Biomass and Effect of b-Xylosidase 265 13.6 Effect of b-Glucosidase Supplementation 269 13.7 Effect of Pectinase Addition 269 13.8 Effect of Feruloyl Esterase and Acetyl Xylan Esterase Addition 270 13.9 Effect of a-L-arabinofuranosidase and Mannanase Addition 270 13.10 Use of Lignin-degrading Enzymes (LDE) 271 13.11 Effect of Inactive Components on Biomass Hydrolysis 271 13.12 Adsorption and Accessibility of Enzyme with Different Cellulosic Substrates 271 13.13 Tuning Enzyme Formulations to the Feedstock 272 13.14 Summary 273 References 274 14 Physical and Chemical Features of Pretreated Biomass that Influence Macro-/Micro-accessibility and Biological Processing 281 Rajeev Kumar and Charles E. Wyman 14.1 Introduction 281 14.2 Definitions of Macro-/Micro-accessibility and Effectiveness 283 14.3 Features Influencing Macro-accessibility and their Impacts on Enzyme Effectiveness 284 14.3.1 Lignin 284 14.3.2 Hemicellulose 286 14.4 Features Influencing Micro-accessibility and their Impact on Enzymes Effectiveness 289 14.4.1 Cellulose Crystallinity (Structure) 289 14.4.2 Cellulose Chain Length/Reducing Ends 291 14.5 Concluding Remarks 293 Acknowledgements 296 References 296 15 Economics of Pretreatment for Biological Processing 311 Ling Tao, Andy Aden and Richard T. Elander 15.1 Introduction 311 15.2 Importance of Pretreatment 311 15.3 History of Pretreatment Economic Analysis 313 15.4 Methodologies for Economic Assessment 314 15.5 Overview of Pretreatment Technologies 315 15.5.1 Acidic Pretreatments 315 15.5.2 Alkaline Pretreatments 315 15.5.3 Solvent-based Pretreatments 316 15.6 Comparative Pretreatment Economics 316 15.6.1 Modeling Basis and Assumptions for Comparative CAFI Analysis 317 15.6.2 CAFI Project Comparative Data 320 15.6.3 Reactor Design and Costing Data 320 15.6.4 Comparison of Sugar and Ethanol Yields 324 15.6.5 Comparison of Pretreatment Capital Costs 325 15.6.6 Comparison of MESP 326 15.7 Impact of Key Variables on Pretreatment Economics 327 15.7.1 Yield 327 15.7.2 Conversion to Oligomers/Monomers (Shift of Burden between Enzymes and Pretreatment) 328 15.7.3 Biomass Loading/Concentration 328 15.7.4 Chemical Loading/Recovery/Metallurgy 329 15.7.5 Reaction Conditions: Pressure, Temperature, Residence Time 330 15.7.6 Reactor Orientation: Horizontal/Vertical 330 15.7.7 Batch versus Continuous Processing 330 15.8 Future Needs for Evaluation of Pretreatment Economics 331 15.9 Conclusions 332 Acknowledgements 332 References 332 16 Progress in the Summative Analysis of Biomass Feedstocks for Biofuels Production 335 F.A. Agblevor and J. Pereira 16.1 Introduction 335 16.2 Preparation of Biomass Feedstocks for Analysis 337 16.3 Determination of Non-structural Components of Biomass Feedstocks 338 16.3.1 Moisture Content of Biomass Feedstocks 338 16.3.2 Determination of Ash in Biomass 338 16.3.3 Protein Content of Biomass 338 16.3.4 Extractives Content of Biomass 339 16.4 Quantitative Determination of Lignin Content of Biomass 340 16.5 Quantitative Analysis of Sugars in Lignocellulosic Biomass 342 16.5.1 Holocellulose Content of Plant Cell Walls 342 16.5.2 Monoethanolamine Method for Cellulose Determination 343 16.6 Chemical Hydrolysis of Biomass Polysaccharides 343 16.6.1 Mineral Acid Hydrolysis 343 16.6.2 Trifluoroacetic Acid (TFA) 344 16.6.3 Methanolysis 344 16.7 Analysis of Monosaccharides 345 16.7.1 Colorimetric Analysis of Biomass Monosaccharides 345 16.7.2 Gas Chromatographic Sugar Analysis 345 16.8 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) 347 16.9 High-performance Liquid Chromatographic Sugar Analysis 347 16.10 NMR Analysis of Biomass Sugars 349 16.11 Conclusions 349 References 349 17 High-throughput NIR Analysis of Biomass Pretreatment Streams 355 Bonnie R. Hames 17.1 Introduction 355 17.2 Rapid Analysis Essentials 356 17.2.1 Rapid Spectroscopic Techniques 357 17.2.2 Calibration and Validation Samples 358 17.2.3 Quality Calibration Data for Each Calibration Sample 359 17.2.4 Multivariate Analysis to Resolve Complex Sample Spectra 362 17.2.5 Validation of New Methods 364 17.2.6 Standard Reference Materials and Protocols for Ongoing QA/QC 364 17.3 Summary 366 References 367 18 Plant Biomass Characterization: Application of Solution- and Solid-state NMR Spectroscopy 369 Yunqiao Pu, Bassem Hallac and Arthur J. Ragauskas 18.1 Introduction 369 18.2 Plant Biomass Constituents 370 18.3 Solution-state NMR Characterization of Lignin 371 18.3.1 Lignin Sample Preparation 372 18.3.2 1 H NMR Spectroscopy 372 18.3.3 13 c NMR Spectroscopy 372 18.3.4 HSQC Correlation Spectroscopy 375 18.3.5 31 P NMR Spectroscopy 377 18.4 Solid-state NMR Characterization of Plant Cellulose 381 18.4.1 CP/MAS 13 C NMR Analysis of Cellulose 381 18.4.2 Cellulose Crystallinity 383 18.4.3 Cellulose Ultrastructure 385 18.5 Future Perspectives 387 Acknowledgements 387 References 387 19 Xylooligosaccharides Production, Quantification, and Characterization in Context of Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment 391 Qing Qing, Hongjia Li, Rajeev Kumar and Charles E. Wyman 19.1 Introduction 391 19.1.1 Definition of Oligosaccharides 391 19.1.2 Types of Oligosaccharides Released during Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment 392 19.1.3 The Importance of Measuring Xylooligosaccharides 392 19.2 Xylooligosaccharides Production 394 19.2.1 Thermochemical Production of XOs 394 19.2.2 Production of XOs by Enzymatic Hydrolysis 396 19.3 Xylooligosaccharides Separation and Purification 397 19.3.1 Solvent Extraction 397 19.3.2 Adsorption by Surface Active Materials 397 19.3.3 Chromatographic Separation Techniques 398 19.3.4 Membrane Separation 399 19.3.5 Centrifugal Partition Chromatography 401 19.4 Characterization and Quantification of Xylooligosaccharides 402 19.4.1 Measuring Xylooligosaccharides by Quantification of Reducing Ends 402 19.4.2 Characterizing Xylooligosaccharides Composition 402 19.4.3 Direct Characterization of Different DP Xylooligosaccharides 403 19.4.4 Determining Detailed Structures of Oligosaccharides by MS and NMR 408 19.5 Concluding Remarks 408 Acknowledgements 409 References 410 20 Experimental Pretreatment Systems from Laboratory to Pilot Scale 417 Richard T. Elander 20.1 Introduction 417 20.2 Laboratory-scale Pretreatment Equipment 421 20.2.1 Heating and Cooling Capability 421 20.2.2 Contacting of Biomass Particles with Water and/or Pretreatment Chemicals 421 20.2.3 Mass and Heat Transfer 422 20.2.4 Proper Materials of Construction 423 20.2.5 Instrumentation and Control Systems 424 20.2.6 Translating to Pilot-scale Pretreatment Systems 424 20.3 Pilot-scale Batch Pretreatment Equipment 424 20.4 Pilot-scale Continuous Pretreatment Equipment 427 20.4.1 Feedstock Handling and Size Reduction 427 20.4.2 Pretreatment Chemical and Water Addition 429 20.4.3 Pressurized Continuous Pretreatment Feeder Equipment 432 20.4.4 Pretreatment Reactor Throughput and Residence Time Control 436 20.4.5 Reactor Discharge Devices 438 20.4.6 Blow-down Vessel and Flash Vapor Recovery 438 20.5 Continuous Pilot-scale Pretreatment Reactor Systems 439 20.5.1 Historical Development of Pilot-scale Reactor Systems 439 20.5.2 NREL Gravity-flow Reactor Systems 441 20.6 Summary 445 Acknowledgements 446 References 447 21 Experimental Enzymatic Hydrolysis Systems 451 Todd Lloyd and Chaogang Liu 21.1 Introduction 451 21.2 Cellulases 452 21.2.1 Endoglucanase 452 21.2.2 Cellobiohydrolase 453 21.2.3 b-glucosidase 453 21.3 Hemicellulases 453 21.4 Kinetics of Enzymatic Hydrolysis 454 21.4.1 Empirical Models 455 21.4.2 Michaelis–Menten-based Models 455 21.4.3 Adsorption in Cellulose Hydrolysis Models 456 21.4.4 Rate Limitations and Decreasing Rates with Increasing Conversion 457 21.4.5 Summary of Enzyme Reaction Kinetics 459 21.5 Experimental Hydrolysis Systems 460 21.5.1 Laboratory Protocols 460 21.5.2 Considerations for Scale-up of Hydrolysis Processes 463 21.6 Conclusion 465 References 465 22 High-throughput Pretreatment and Hydrolysis Systems for Screening Biomass Species in Aqueous Pretreatment of Plant Biomass 471 Jaclyn DeMartini and Charles E. Wyman 22.1 Introduction: The Need for High-throughput Technologies 471 22.2 Previous High-throughput Systems and Application to Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis 472 22.3 Current HTPH Systems 473 22.4 Key Steps in HTPH Systems 478 22.4.1 Material Preparation 478 22.4.2 Material Distribution 479 22.4.3 Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis 480 22.4.4 Sample Analysis 481 22.5 HTPH Philosophy, Difficulties, and Limitations 482 22.6 Examples of Research Enabled by HTPH Systems 484 22.7 Future Applications 485 22.8 Conclusions and Recommendations 485 References 486 23 Laboratory Pretreatment Systems to Understand Biomass Deconstruction 489 Bin Yang and Melvin Tucker 23.1 Introduction 489 23.2 Laboratory-scale Batch Reactors 491 23.2.1 Sealed Glass Reactors 491 23.2.2 Tubular Reactors 492 23.2.3 Mixed Reactors 495 23.2.4 Zipperclave 496 23.2.5 Microwave Reactors 497 23.2.6 Steam Reactors 499 23.3 Laboratory-scale Continuous Pretreatment Reactors 501 23.4 Deconstruction of Biomass with Bench-Scale Pretreatment Systems 503 23.5 Heat and Mass Transfer 505 23.5.1 Mass Transfer 506 23.5.2 Direct and Indirect Heating 506 23.6 Biomass Handling and Comminuting 508 23.7 Construction Materials 508 23.7.1 Overall Considerations 508 23.7.2 Materials of Construction 509 23.8 Criteria of Reactor Selection and Applications 510 23.8.1 Effect of High/Low Solids Concentration on Reactor Choices 510 23.8.2 Role of Heat-up and Cool-down Rates in Laboratory Reactor Selection 510 23.8.3 Effect of Mixing and Catalyst Impregnation on Reactor Design 510 23.8.4 High Temperatures and Short Residence Times Result in High Yields 511 23.8.5 Pretreatment Severity: Tradeoffs of Time and Temperature 511 23.8.6 Minimizing Construction and Operating Costs 512 23.9 Summary 513 Acknowledgements 514 References 514 Index 523
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