Chemistry Books

Book SynopsisThere has been significant expansion in the application of atomic spectrographic techniques in recent years, which has brought with it the need to provide more flexible methods to a wider range of samples, particularly non-aqueous samples.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Biography xv Acknowledgements xvii 1 A Practical Approach to Quantitative Metal Analysis of Organic Matrices Using ICP-OES 1 1.1 Introduction and Basic Overview 1 1.2 Schematic Representation of the Energies Generated by Atomic Spectroscopic Methods 4 1.3 Excitation Energy (Quantum Theory and Atomic Spectra) 5 1.4 Ionisation Energy and Number of Excited Atoms 7 1.5 Width of Atomic Lines 9 1.5.1 Natural Broadening 9 1.5.2 Doppler Broadening 9 1.5.3 Lorentzian Broadening or Pressure Broadening 9 1.5.4 Holtsmark Broadening or Resonance Broadening 11 1.5.5 Field Broadening or Stark Broadening 11 1.5.6 Self-Absorption and Self-Reversal Broadening 11 1.6 Brief Summary of Atomic Spectroscopic Techniques Used for Elemental Analysis 12 1.6.1 The Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer 12 1.6.2 Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy 13 1.6.3 Direct Current Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (DCP-OES) 13 1.6.4 Microwave Induced Plasma (MIP) 14 1.6.5 Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry (GD-OES) 15 1.6.6 Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) 15 1.7 Summary: Applications of Atomic Spectroscopy 16 References 18 2 Instrumentations Associated with Atomic Spectroscopy 21 2.1 Instrumentation 21 2.2 Types of Plasma Sources 24 2.2.1 Direct Current Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrograph 25 2.2.2 Microwave Induced Plasma 25 2.2.3 Optical Emission Spectroscopy 26 2.3 Sample Introduction Systems 30 2.3.1 Mechanical Transfer of Sample/Standards Using Peristaltic Pump, Pressure Valves, Motorised Syringes, etc. 31 2.3.2 Nebulisers 31 2.3.3 Brief Outline of Atomic Spectroscopy Hyphenated Systems 39 2.4 Spray Chambers 43 2.5 ICP-OES Torches 45 2.6 Optics 49 2.6.1 Grating Orders 51 2.7 Signal Detectors 53 2.7.1 Photomultiplier Tubes 53 2.7.2 Charge Coupled Devices 55 References 58 3 Methodologies of Metal Analysis of Organic Matrices Using ICP-OES 59 3.1 Sample Preparation Techniques and Methods of Analysis 59 3.2 Defining Goals 60 3.3 Steps in Chemical Analytical Protocol 61 3.4 Sampling and its Importance 62 3.5 Sample Preparation Methods 63 3.5.1 Direct Analysis of Organic Solutions 64 3.5.2 Sample Dissolution 65 3.5.3 Chemical Extraction of Metals from Organic Matrices 65 3.5.4 Dry Ashing without Retaining Aids 66 3.5.5 Dry Ashing with Retaining Aids 69 3.5.6 Acid Digestion Using Microwave Oven 69 3.5.7 Oxygen Bomb Flask Combustion (Low Pressure) 71 3.5.8 High Pressure Oxygen Combustion 72 3.5.9 Sample Preparation Using Fusion Methods 73 3.5.10 Analysis Using Slurry Solution Method 74 3.5.11 Sample Preparation Using Leaching Method 75 3.5.12 Sample Preparation Using a UV Digester 75 3.6 Non-Spectral Corrections Using ICP-OES 76 3.6.1 Effect of Solvents on ICP-OES 76 3.6.2 Effect of Viscosity on Signal Response 77 3.6.3 Comparison of Nebulisation Efficiency of Solvents Using ICP-OES 78 3.6.4 Choice of Carrier Liquid 80 3.7 Methodology of Measurement 81 3.7.1 Choice of Standard Materials 82 3.7.2 Quantitative Analysis Using Calibration Graph Method 82 3.7.3 Quantitative Analysis Using Standard Addition Method 85 3.7.4 Quantitative Analysis Using Internal Standard Method 87 3.7.5 Quantitative Analysis Using Matrix Matching Method 88 3.7.6 Quantitative Analysis Using Flow Injection Technique 89 3.8 Validation of an Analytical Method 90 3.8.1 Method Validation of Analysis of Organic Matrices 91 3.9 Control and Range Charts 99 3.10 Brief Outline of Measurement Uncertainty 101 References 105 4 Analysis of Plastics, Fibres and Textiles for Metals Content Using ICP-OES 107 4.1 A Brief History of Natural and Synthetic Plastic Materials 107 4.2 A Brief History of Chemistry of Plastics 109 4.3 Chemical Structure of Plastics 110 4.4 Polymerization Process of Plastics 111 4.4.1 Polymerisation by Addition Reactions 112 4.4.2 Polymerisation by Condensation Reactions 112 4.5 Additives in Plastics 113 4.6 Methods of Sample Preparation for Metal Content of Plastics, Fibres and Textiles 115 4.6.1 Sample Preparation Using Dissolution Method 115 4.6.2 Sample Preparation Using Dry Ashing Methods 117 4.6.3 Sample Preparation Using Microwave Acid Digestion Method 119 4.6.4 Sample Preparation Using Oxygen Bomb Combustion Method 121 4.7 Comparative Study of Methods of Analysis of Plastic Samples for Metals Content 121 4.8 Study of Leaching of Metals from Plastics 123 4.8.1 Study of Leaching of Metals from Children’s Toys 124 4.9 Analysis for Toxic Metals in Plastics and Non-Electrical Additives Used in Electrical and Electronic Components as Required by RoHS 125 4.9.1 Method for Metal Analysis of Plastics and Non-Electrical Additives Used in Electrical and Electronic Products 127 4.10 Conclusion 131 References 132 5 Metal Analysis of Virgin and Crude Petroleum Products 133 5.1 Introduction 133 5.2 Brief Introduction to Refining Process in the Petroleum Industry 134 5.3 Metals in Crude Oils and Petroleum Products 135 5.4 Requirements for the Determination of Metal Content in Virgin and Crude Oils 136 5.5 Wear Metals and Metal Contaminants in Lubricating Oils 138 5.6 Brief Outline of the Determination of Metals in Organic Materials Using Atomic Spectroscopy Methods 139 5.7 Application of Atomic Spectroscopic Techniques in the Analysis of Virgin and Wear Oils for Metals Content 140 5.7.1 Choice of Solvents Suitable for Metal Analysis of Crude and Lubricating Oils Using ICP-OES 141 5.7.2 Selection of Representative Samples in the Study of Metal Analysis of High Viscosity and Low Viscosity Oil Blends 141 5.7.3 Physical Properties of Selected Solvents for Dissolving High Viscosity and Low Viscosity Oils for Metal Analysis 142 5.7.4 Methods of Sample Preparation for Metal Analysis of High Viscosity and Low Viscosity Oil Blends 142 5.7.5 Long-Term Study of Metal Analysis Using Kerosene, Teralin and Decalin Solvents Using ICP-OES 143 5.7.6 Comparative Study of Non-Destructive Methods of Analysis of Metals ‘Spiked’ in High Viscosity and Low Viscosity Oil Blends Using ICP-OES 144 5.8 Analysis of Type C and D Fractions for Metal Content Using Dry Ashing Method 149 5.9 Analysis of ‘Metal Spiked’ Oil Blends Using Microwave Acid Digestion for Metals Content 150 5.10 Analysis of ‘Metal Spiked’ Oil Blends Using High Pressure Oxygen Combustion for Metals Content 152 5.11 Comparative Study of Analysis of Trace Levels of Toxic Metals Using Microwave Acid Digestion and Oxygen Bomb Combustion 153 5.11.1 Conclusion to Trace Analysis of Toxic Metals in Oil Products 155 5.12 Extraction Method for the Determination of Metals of High Viscosity and Low Viscosity Oil Blends 155 5.13 Analysis of Old Lubricating Oil for Total Metal Content Using a Slurry Method with Internal Standard 156 5.14 Conclusion 158 References 160 6 Metal Analysis of Structural Adhesives 161 6.1 Introduction 161 6.2 Setting and Curing of Adhesives 162 6.3 Introduction to Modern Synthetic Adhesives 162 6.3.1 Cyanoacrylate Adhesives 162 6.3.2 Anaerobic and Acrylic Adhesives 163 6.3.3 Epoxy Structural Adhesives 165 6.3.4 Phenolic Adhesives 167 6.3.5 Polyurethane Adhesives 167 6.4 Metal Salts and Concomitant Metals in Adhesives 168 6.5 Metals Associated with Cyanoacrylate Adhesives 169 6.6 Non-Destructive Methods of Analysis for Metals Content in Cyanoacrylate Adhesives 170 6.6.1 General Method 170 6.6.2 Standard Addition Method 171 6.6.3 Internal Standard Method 171 6.7 Destructive Methods of Analysis for Metals Content in Cyanoacrylate Adhesives 172 6.7.1 Sample Preparation Using Ashing Method 173 6.7.2 Sample Preparation Using Microwave Acid Digestion 174 6.7.3 Sample Preparation Using Oxygen Bomb Combustion 174 6.8 Conclusion to Analysis of Cyanoacrylate Products 175 6.9 Metals Associated with Anaerobic Adhesives 176 6.10 Destructive Methods of Sample Preparation for Metals Content in Anaerobic Adhesives 177 6.10.1 Ashing Method of Type A and Type B Anaerobic Adhesives 177 6.10.2 Sample Preparation of Anaerobic Adhesives Using Microwave Acid Digestion 178 6.10.3 Sample Preparation of Anaerobic Adhesive Using Oxygen Bomb Combustion 180 6.10.4 Conclusion to Analysis of Anaerobic Adhesives 180 6.11 Metal Analysis of Chemical Raw Materials Used to Manufacture Anaerobic Adhesives 181 6.11.1 Column Extraction of Metal from Liquid Monomers 181 6.12 Analysis of Metal Salt Content Dissolved in Aerosol Solvent(s) 182 6.12.1 Sample Preparation and Analysis of Metals in Aerosol 183 6.13 A Study of the Effects of Anaerobic Adhesives on Metallic Substrates 183 6.14 Metals Associated with Epoxy Adhesives 186 6.14.1 Composition of Epoxy Adhesives 187 6.14.2 Preparation of Epoxy Adhesive ‘Spiked’ with Ge(AcAc)BF4 187 6.14.3 Determination of the Concentration of Ge(AcAc)BF4 in Epoxy Adhesives Using Non-Destructive Methods 188 6.14.4 Determination of the Concentration of Ge(AcAc)BF4 in Epoxy Adhesives Using Destructive Methods 190 6.14.5 Conclusion of Metal Analysis of Epoxy Adhesives 192 6.15 Metals Associated with Phenolic Adhesives 193 6.15.1 Preparation of Typical Phenolic Adhesives Containing Calcium and Copper Sulphonate Salts 193 6.15.2 Non-Destructive Methods of Analysis of Phenolic Adhesives 194 6.16 Metals Associated with Polyurethane Adhesives 194 6.16.1 Preparation and Analysis of Polyurethane Adhesives Containing Organometallic Catalysts 195 6.17 Conclusion to Metal Analysis of Phenolic and Polyurethane Adhesives 197 References 198 7 Hyphenated and Miscellaneous Techniques Used with ICP-OES 199 7.1 Introduction 199 7.2 Coupling of Flow Injection Analysis with ICP-OES 200 7.2.1 Theory of Flow Injection 201 7.2.2 Configuration of ICP-OES/FIA System 202 7.2.3 Signal Acquisition and Data Management 203 7.2.4 Reproducibility of Measurements Using ICP-OES/FIA 204 7.2.5 Dispersion and Diffusion of ‘Sample Plug’ in a Carrier Stream 205 7.2.6 Metal Analysis of Organic Compounds Using ICP-OES-FIA 206 7.2.7 Effect of Loop Size on Signal Response 207 7.2.8 Comparative Measurements of Peak Height and Peak Area 208 7.2.9 Effect of Viscosity Using ICP-OES/FIA 209 7.2.10 A Study of Solvent Effects Using ICP-OES/FIA 210 7.2.11 Determination of Limit of Detection and Quantification 210 7.2.12 Conclusions of Analysis Using ICP-OES-FIA 211 7.3 Use of Internal Standard(s) with ICP-OES 213 7.3.1 Conclusion to Internal Standard(s) Study 217 7.4 Coupling of Ion Chromatography with ICP-OES 218 7.4.1 Preconcentration of Metals Using Ion Chromatography 220 7.4.2 Analysis of Lanthanide and Transition Metals with ICP-OES/IC 221 7.5 Coupling of Gas Chromatography with ICP-OES or Atomic Emission Detector 222 7.6 Metal Analysis Using ICP-OES Coupled with Electro-Thermal Vaporisation 224 7.7 Surface Analysis Using Laser Ablation with ICP-OES 226 7.8 Determination of Thickener Content of Paints, Pharmaceutical Products and Adhesives Using ICP-OES 227 7.9 Metal Analysis of Metallo-Pharmaceutical Products 230 7.9.1 Metallic Type Antibiotic Drugs 233 7.9.2 Platinum and Palladium Drugs for Cancer Treatments 234 7.10 Metal Analysis of Infusion and Dialysis and Bio-Monitoring Solutions 235 7.11 Organometallic Compounds 236 7.12 Metals and Metalloid Analysis in Support of Forensic Science 237 7.13 Non-Prescription Nutritional Dietary Supplements 239 7.14 Trace Metal Analysis of Foods 244 7.14.1 General Methods of Metal Analysis of Foods 244 7.14.2 Conclusion to Food Analysis 246 References 246 Index 249

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Book SynopsisAll areas of (bio-) inorganic chemistry depend on a variety of physical methods and instruments to characterize molecules and materials and their reactions. It is difficult, however, for newcomers to the field, and even experts in allied fields, to establish the utility of a given physical method for the characterization of their particular system.Trade ReviewOutstanding, useful, and practical resource to help them understand the effectiveness of each physical method. (Journal of the American Chemical Society, July 2, 2008)Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Series Preface. Volume Preface. Circular Dichroism (CD) Spectroscopy (P. Anthony Presta and Martin J. Stillman). Electrochemistry (Mark C. Elvington and Karen J. Brewer). Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy (Brian J. Hales). Electron Spin Echo Envelope Modulation (ESEEM) Spectroscopy (John McCracken). Electronic Spectroscopy (Joseph L. Hughes and Elmars Krausz). Electron-Nuclear Double Resonance (ENDOR) Spectroscopy (Joshua Telser). Freeze-Quench Kinetics (Simon de Vries). High-Energy Electron Diffraction (Jian-Min Zuo). High Resolution Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy (Manuel P. Soriaga, Xiaole Chen, Ding Li and John L. Stickney). Magnetic Circular Dichroism (MCD) Spectroscopy (John Mack and Martin J. Stillman). Metal Analysis (Katarzyna Wrobel, Kazimierz Wrobel and Joseph A. Caruso). Microwave Rotational Spectroscopy (Yunjie Xu and Wolfgang Jager). Mossbauer Spectroscopy (Volker Schunemann and Hauke Paulsen). Neutron Diffraction (Muhammed Yousufuddin and Robert Bau). Neutron Scattering (J.Z. Larese). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy of Inorganic/Organometallic Molecules (Jonathan A. Iggo, Jianke Liu and Yaroslav Z. Khimyak). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy of Metallobiomolecules (Kara L. Bren). Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR) Spectroscopy (Gary P. Wulfsberg). Nuclear Resonance Vibration Spectroscopy (NRVS) (Weiqiao Zeng, Nathan J. Silvernail, W. Robert Scheidt and J. Timothy Sage). Perturbed Angular Correlations of y-rays (PAC) Spectroscopy (Lars Hemmingsen and Tilman Butz). Photoelectron Spectroscopy (Nadine E. Gruhn and Dennis L. Lichtenberger). Photoluminescence and Electroluminescence, Solid State (Joel R. Deye and Keith A. Walters). Rapid Scan, Stopped-Flow Kinetics (Rui-Young Wang). Vibrational Spectroscopy (R. Brian Dyer and William H. Woodruff). X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy (Krisztina A. Bencze, Kalyan C. Kondapalli and Timothy L. Stemmler). X-Ray Powder Diffraction (Abraham Clearfield and Nattamai Bhuvanesh). Index.

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Book SynopsisOrganic Reaction Mechanisms, 2005 is the 41st volume in this classical series. In every volume, the content is divided in the different classes of organic reaction mechanisms. An experienced team of authors compiles these reviews every year, so that the reader can rely on a continuing quality of selection and presentation.Table of Contents1. Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones and their Derivatives (B. A. Murray). 2. Reactions of Carboxylic, Phosphoric, and Sulfonic Acids and their Derivatives (C. T. Bedford). 3. Oxidation and Reduction (K. K. Banerji). 4. Carbenes and Nitrenes (M. Christlieb, and E. Gras). 5. Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (M. R. Crampton). 6. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (R. G. Coombes). 7. Carbocations (R. A. McClelland). 8. Nucleophilic Aliphatic Substitution (K. C. Westaway). 9. Carbanions and Electrophilic Aliphatic Substitution (M. L. Birsa). 10. Elimination Reactions (M. L. Birsa). 11. Addition Reactions: Polar Addition (P. Kočovský). 12. Addition Reactions: Cycloaddition (N. Dennis). 13. Molecular Rearrangements: Part 1. Pericyclic Molecular Rearrangements (S. K. Armstrong). 14. Molecular Rearrangements: Part 2 (J. M. Coxon). Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisThis manual was designed to bring relevance and critical thinking skills to the allied health chemistry course. Students are encouraged to become diagnosticians and apply their newly-acquired chemistry knowledge to solving real life health and environmental cases.Table of ContentsIntroduction Chapter 1 Science and Measurement case 1: Uncovering the Source of a Coma case 2: How Much is Too Much? Chapter 2 Atoms and Elements case 3: Chelated Calcium case 4: The Discovery of Guacamolium (Gu) case 5: Running from Radiation Chapter 3 Compounds case 6: Swimming in Chromium case 7: Consuming Chromium Chapter 4 An Introduction to Organic case 8: Molecules in the Movies case 9: Food and Forensics Chapter 5 Gases, Liquids, and Solids case 10: Diving and Flying case 11: Vomiting on Vacation Chapter 6 Reactions case 12: All '-Caines' are Not the same case 13: Malaria and Methemoglobin Chapter 7 Solutions, Colloids, and Suspensions case 14: Surviving a Ship-Wreck case 15: Vanishing Varicose Veins case 16: Ineffective Antibiotics Chapter 8 Lipids and Membranes case 17: OTCs for Arthritis case 18: Patch Me Up Chapter 9 Acids, Bases, and Equilibrium case 19: Only Half Awake case 20: Diaper Rash Dilemma Chapter 10 Carboxylic Acids, Phenols, and Amines case 21: Treatments for Toothaches case 22: pH and the Parasite case 23: Which Vitamin C is Best for Me case 24: Medicine in the Mirror Chapter 11 Alcohols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones case 25: Sweet, Clear, Colorless, and Deadly case 26: Gallstones and Gasoline Chapter 12 Carbohydrates case 27: Scanning for Sugars case 28: A Polyhydroxy What? Chapter 13 Peptides, Proteins, and Enzymes case 29: The Case of the Red Hot Chili Peppers case 30: A Boost for Red Blood Cells Chapter 14 Nucleic Acids case 31: Surviving with Sickle Cell Anemia Chapter 15 Metabolism case 32: Intermingled Pathways case 33: WARNING! Detour Ahead

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Book SynopsisBioactive Components of Eggs provides a very focused look at the most recent advances in the study and value-added use of the bioactive components of eggs. This book focuses mainly on biologically active substances derived from egg components and their potential use.Trade Review"The publication describes the most recent advances in the study." (Food Science and Technology Abstracts, September 2008)Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. 1 Structure and Chemical Compositions of Eggs (Eunice C. Y. Li-Chan and Hyun-Ock Kim). 2 Biosynthesis and Structural Assembly of Eggshell Components (M. T. Hincke, O. Wellman-Labadie, M. D. McKee, J. Gautron, Y. Nys, and K, Mann) 3 Bioavailability and Physiological Function of Eggshells and Eggshell Membranes (Y. Masuda and H. Hiramatsu). 4 Bioactive Components in Egg White (Y. Mine and I. D'Silva) 5 Bioactive Components in Egg Yolk (Hajime Hatta, Mahendra P. Kapoor, and Lekh Raj Juneja). 6 Egg Allergens (Marie Yang and Yoshinori Mine). 7 Production of Novel Proteins in Chicken Eggs (Robert J. Etches). 8 Egg Products Industry and Future Perspectives (Glenn W. Froning). Index.

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Book SynopsisThermohydrodynamic Instability in Fluid-Film Bearings aims to establish instability criteria for a rotor-bearing system associated with fluid-film journal bearings. It focuses on how the influencing factors such as rotor flexibility, manufacturing imperfections such as residual shaft unbalance, and service-related imperfections such as uneven wear affect the stability of a rotor-bearing system It shows how the specific operating conditions such as oil inlet temperature, inlet pressure, and inlet position of a rotor-bearing system directly influence the system stability General design guidelines have been summarized to guide the engineering system design and the correction of failure and/or malfunction Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xiii 1 Fundamentals of Hydrodynamic Bearings 1 1.1 Reynolds Equation 3 1.1.1 Boundary Conditions for Reynolds Equation 6 1.1.2 Short Bearing Approximation 7 1.1.3 Long Bearing Approximation 7 1.2 Short Bearing Theory 8 1.2.1 Analytical Pressure Distribution 8 1.2.2 Hydrodynamic Fluid Force 9 1.2.3 Static Performance of Short Journal Bearings 11 1.3 Long Bearing Theory 13 1.3.1 Analytical Pressure Distribution of Long Journal Bearings 13 1.3.2 Hydrodynamic Fluid Force of Long Journal Bearings 17 1.3.3 Static Performance of Long Journal Bearings 19 1.4 Finite Bearing Solution 26 References 28 2 Governing Equations for Dynamic Analysis 29 2.1 Equation of Motion 29 2.2 Decomposition of the Equations of Motion Based on Short Bearing Theory 31 2.2.1 Laminar Flow Simplification 33 2.3 Decomposition of the Equations of Motion Based on Long Bearing Theory 34 2.4 Summary 37 References 37 3 Conventional Methods on System Instability Analysis 39 3.1 Linearized Stiffness and Damping Method 41 3.1.1 Derivation of Linearized Bearing Stiffness and Damping Coefficients 41 3.1.2 Instability Threshold Speed Based on the Linearized Stiffness and Damping Coefficients 48 3.2 Nonlinear Method 51 3.2.1 Brief Description of Trial-and-Error Method 51 3.2.2 Illustration of the Trial-and-Error Method 51 3.2.3 Comparison Between Different Types of Fluid-Film Boundary Conditions 54 References 56 4 Introduction to Hopf Bifurcation Theory 59 4.1 Brief Description of Hopf Bifurcation Theory 60 4.2 Shape and Size and Stability of Periodic Solutions 61 4.3 Definition of Orbital-Asymptotically Stable with an Asymptotic Phase 62 References 62 5 Application of HBT to Fluid-Film Bearings 63 5.1 Application I: Prediction of Stability Envelope 64 5.1.1 Definition of Stability Envelope 64 5.1.2 Equations of Motion 66 5.1.3 Application of Hopf Bifurcation Theory to the Equations of Motion 67 5.1.4 Numerical Investigation of the Stability Envelope Rs 69 5.1.5 Illustrative Case Study 70 5.2 Application II: Explanation of Hysteresis Phenomenon Associated with Instability 74 5.2.1 Introduction 74 5.2.2 Definition of Hysteresis Phenomenon Associated with Instability 75 5.2.3 Experimental Investigation 77 5.2.4 Relationship between Hysteresis Phenomenon and Subcritical Bifurcation 81 5.2.5 Case Studies 83 References 88 6 Analysis of Thermohydrodynamic Instability 91 6.1 Inlet Temperature Effects 91 6.1.1 Theoretical Prediction 92 6.1.2 Experimental Studies 97 6.1.3 Explanation of Newkirk and Lewis’s Experimental Results 104 6.1.4 Design Guidelines for Improving System Stability Based on Oil Supply Temperature 104 6.2 Effects of Inlet Pressure and Inlet Position 105 6.2.1 Equations of Motion with Consideration of Inlet Pressure and Position Effects 106 6.2.2 Influence of Oil Inlet Pressure on the Instability Threshold Speed 108 6.2.3 Influence of Oil Inlet Position on the Instability Threshold Speed 110 6.2.4 Design Guidelines on Inlet Pressure and Inlet Position 111 6.3 Rotor Stiffness Effects 112 6.3.1 Equations of Motion of a Flexible Rotor 113 6.3.2 Effects of Rotor Flexibility 117 6.3.3 Comparison with the Results Based on Rigid-Rotor Model 120 6.3.4 Experimental Verification 121 6.3.5 Application Examples 122 6.3.6 Design Guidelines on Rotor Stiffness 128 6.4 Worn Bearing Bushing Effects 129 6.4.1 Wear Profile Model 129 6.4.2 Dynamic Pressure Distribution in Worn Journal Bearing 132 6.4.3 Hydrodynamic Fluid Force in Worn Journal Bearing 133 6.4.4 Example Showing the Worn Bearing Bushing Profile and Its Pressure Profile 135 6.4.5 Bearing Bushing Wear Effect on System Stability 136 6.5 Shaft Unbalance Effects 139 6.5.1 Equation of Motion with Shaft Unbalance 140 6.5.2 Decomposition of the Equations of Motion with Shaft Unbalance 142 6.5.3 Numerical Solution of the Equations of Motion 144 6.5.4 Example Showing Shaft Unbalance Effects on Journal Orbits 145 6.6 Turbulence Effects 147 6.6.1 Governing Equations for Turbulent Flow 147 6.6.2 Effects of Turbulence on the Dynamic Performance 153 6.6.3 Effects of Turbulence on the Shape and Size and Stability of the Periodic Solutions 154 6.7 Drag Force Effect 160 6.7.1 Dynamic Fluid Forces in Journal Bearings 160 6.7.2 Equations of Motion 162 6.7.3 Effects of Drag Force on the Hopf Bifurcation Profile 163 References 165 Appendix A: Derivation of the Dynamic Pressure for Long Journal Bearing 169 Reference 171 Appendix B: Integrals Used in Section 1.3 173 References 174 Appendix C: Curve-fitting Functions for Long Journal Bearings 175 Reference 177 Appendix D: Jacobian Matrix of the Equations of Motion 179 Reference 181 Appendix E: Matlab Code to Evaluate Rotor Shaft Unbalance Effects 183 E1 Main Code 183 E2 Functions 189 E2.1 Function whirl_ fullflexiblewithunbalance.m 189 E2.2 Function kshaft.m 190 Appendix F: Nomenclature 193 Index 197

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Book SynopsisThe manipulation of fluids in channels with dimensions in the range from tens to hundreds of micrometers microfluidics has recently emerged as a new field of science and technology. Microfluidics has applications spanning analytical chemistry, organic and inorganic synthesis, cell biology, optics and information technology.Trade Review"I highly recommend this volume to all colleagues interested in the preparation of polymer micro- and nanoparticles with unusual properties. The authors have done a fabulous job compiling all relevant works, showing the state of the art in this fascinating interdisciplinary area between particle synthesis, microfluidics and several other fields of application." (Materials Views, 2 August 2011) Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Applications of Polymer Particles. References. 2 Methods for the Generation of Polymer Particles. 2.1 Conventional Methods Used for Producing Polymer Particles. 2.2 Microfluidic Generation of Polymer Particles. References. 3 Introduction to Microfluidics. 3.1 Microfluidics. 3.2 Droplet Microfluidics. References. 4 Physics of Microfluidic Emulsification. 4.1 Energy of the Interfaces Between Immiscible Fluids. 4.2 Surfactants. 4.3 Interfacial Tension. 4.4 Laplace Pressure. 4.5 Rayleigh–Plateau Instability. 4.6 Wetting of a Solid Surface. 4.7 Analysis of Flow. 4.8 Flow in Networks of Microchannels. 4.9 Dimensional Groups. References. 5 Formation of Droplets in Microfluidic Systems. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Microfluidic Generators of Droplets and Bubbles. 5.3 T-Junction. 5.4 Formation of Droplets and Bubbles in Microfluidic Flow-Focusing Devices. 5.5 Practical Guidelines for the Use of Microfluidic Devices for Formation of Droplets. 5.6 Designing Droplets. 5.7 Conclusions. References. 6 High-Throughput Microfluidic Systems for Formation of Droplets. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Effects that Modify the Pressure Distribution. 6.3 Hydrodynamic Coupling. 6.4 Integrated Systems. 6.5 Parallel Formation of Droplets of Distinct Properties. 6.6 Conclusions. References. 7 Synthesis of Polymer Particles in Microfluidic Reactors. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Particles Synthesized by Free-Radical Polymerization. 7.3 Polymer Particles Synthesized by Polycondensation. 7.4 Combination of Free-Radical Polymerization and Polycondensation Reactions. 7.5 General Considerations on the Use of Other Polymerization Mechanisms. 7.6 Important Aspects of Microfluidic Polymerization of Polymer Particles. 7.7 Synthesis of Composite Particles. References. 8 Microfluidic Production of Hydrogel Particles. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Methods Used for the Production of Polymer Microgels. 8.3 Microfluidic Synthesis and Assembly of Polymer Microgels. 8.4 Microfluidic Encapsulation of Bioactive Species in a Microgel Interior. References. 9 Polymer Capsules. 9.1 Polymer Capsules with Dimensions in Micrometer Size Range. 9.2 Microfluidic Methods for the Generation of Polymer Capsules. 9.3 Emerging Applications of Polymer Capsules Produced by Microfluidic Methods. References. 10 Microfluidic Synthesis of Polymer Particles with Non-Conventional Shapes. 10.1 Generation of Particles with Non-Spherical Shapes. 10.2 Synthesis of Janus and Triphasic Particles. 10.3 Other Particles with “Non-Conventional” Morphologies. References. Summary and Outlook. Index.

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Book SynopsisRapid Chemical and Biological Techniques for Water Monitoring presents in one volume the broad spectrum of monitoring tools, both available and under development, and provides an assessment of their potential for underpinning environmental management and legislation. The book explores screening methods in the context of water policies; chemical methods; biological methods; potential use of screening methods; quality assurance and validation methods; integration of screening methods in water monitoring strategies. The text provides a timely source of information for post-graduates, researchers, and professionals involved in water management at all levels.Trade Review"Scientists, analysts and policy developers will find the book attractive for their specific needs." (Chemistry Journals, 11 April 2011) Table of ContentsSeries Preface. Preface. The Series Editor – Philippe Quevauviller. List of Contributors. Section 1: Screening Methods in the Context of Water Policies. 1.1 WFD Monitoring and Metrological Implications (Philippe Quevauviller). 1.2 Use of Screening Methods in US Water Regulation (Guillaume Junqua, Estelle Baurès, Emmanuelle Hélias and Olivier Thomas). 1.3 Existing and New Methods for Chemical and Ecological Status Monitoring under the WFD (Benoit Roig, Ian Allan, Graham A. Mills, Nathalie Guigues, Richard Greenwood and Catherine Gonzalez). Section 2: Chemical Methods. 2.1 The Potential of Passive Sampling to Support Regulatory Monitoring of the Chemical Quality of Environmental Waters (Graham A. Mills, Branislav Vrana and Richard Greenwood). 2.2 Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler and Semi-permeable Membrane Devices (David Alvarez and Audrone Simule). 2.3 Main Existing Methods for Chemical Monitoring (Guillaume Junqua, Catherine Gonzalez and Evelyne Touraud). 2.4 UV Spectrophotometry: Environmental Monitoring Solutions (Daniel Constant, Catherine Gonzalez, Evelyne Touraud, Nathalie Guigues and Olivier Thomas). Section 3: Biological Methods. 3.1 Application of Microbial Assay for Risk Assessment (MARA) to Evaluate Toxicity of Chemicals and Environmental Samples (Kirit Wadhia and K. Clive Thompson). 3.2 Bioassays and Biosensors (Marinella Farré and Damia Barcelò). 3.3 Immunochemical Methods (Petra M. Krämer). 3.4 Biomolecular Recognition Systems for Water Monitoring Benoit Roig, Ingrid Bazin, Sandrine Bayle, Denis Habauzit and Joel Chopineau). 3.5 Continuous Monitoring of Waters by Biological Early Warning Systems (Kees J.M. Kramer). 3.6 Biological Markers of Exposure and Effect for Water Pollution Monitoring (Josephine A. Hagger and Tamara S. Galloway). Section 4: Potential Use of Screening Methods and Performance Evaluation. 4.1 Monitoring Heavy Metals Using Passive Sampling Devices (Graham A. Mills, Ian J. Allan, Nathalie Guigues, Jesper Knutsson A. Holmberg and Richard Greenwood). 4.2 On-site Heavy Metal Monitoring Using a Portable Screen-printed Electrode Sensor (Catherine Berho, Nathalie Guigues, Jean-Philippe Ghestem, Catherine Crouzet, Anne Strugeon, Stéphane Roy and Anne-Marie Fouillac). 4.3 Field Monitoring of PAHs in River Water by Direct Fluorimetry on C18 Solid Sorbent (Guillaume Bernier and Michel Lamotte). 4.4 Evaluation of the Field Performance of Emerging Water Quality Monitoring Tools (Catherine Berho, Nathalie Guigues, Anne Togola, Stéphane Roy, Anne-Marie Fouillac, Ian Allan, Graham A. Mills, Richard Greenwood, Benoît Roig, Charlotte Valat and Nirit Ulitzur). 4.5 Sampling Uncertainty and Environmental Variability for Trace Elements on the Meuse River, France (Anne Strugeon-Dercourt). Section 5: Quality Assurance and Validation Method. 5.1 Preparation of Reference Materials for Proficiency Testing Schemes (Angels Sahuquillo, Marina Ricci, Ofelia Bercaru, Hakan Emteborg, Franz Ulberth, Roberto Morabito, Claudia Brunori, Yolanda Madrid, Erwin Rosenberg, Klara Polyak and Herbert Muntau). 5.2 Participation of Screening Methods and Emerging Tools (SMETs) to Proficiency Testing Schemes on the Determination of Priority Substances in Real Water Matrices Organized in Support of the Water Framework Directive Implementation (Claudia Brunori, Ildi Ipolyi and Roberto Morabito). 5.3 Traceability and Interlaboratory Studies on Yeast-based Assays for the Determination of Estrogenicity (Rikke Brix and Damià Barcelò). Section 6: Integration of Screening Methods in Water Monitoring Strategies. 6.1 Assessing the Impacts of Alternative Monitoring Methods and Tools on Costs and Decision Making: Methodology and Experience from Case Studies (Helen Lückge, Pierre Strosser, Nina Graveline, Thomas Dworak and Jean-Daniel Rinaudo). 6.2 Acceptance of Screening Methods by Actors Involved in Water Monitoring (Didier Taverne). Index.

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Book SynopsisIonic Liquids UnCOILed presents decisively important reviews on new processes and recent developments in ionic liquid technology with an emphasis on commercial applications in which ionic liquids are replacing, or may replace, processes currently using conventional solvents. Ranging from applied to theoretical, synthetic to analytical, and biotechnological to electrochemical, the book features eleven chapters written by an international group of key academic and industrial chemists, exercising the judicious evaluation which they are uniquely qualified to do. This book is a must for R&D chemists in industrial, governmental and academic laboratories, and for commercial developers of environmentally-friendly, sustainable processes.Table of ContentsCOIL Conferences vi Preface vii Acknowledgements ix Contributors xi Abbreviations xiii 1 Electrodeposition from Ionic Liquids: Interface Processes, Ion Effects, and Macroporous Structures 1 Frank Endres, Natalia Borisenko, Rihab Al Salman, Mohammad Al Zoubi, Alexandra Prowald, Timo Carstens, and Sherif Zein El Abedin 2 Interfaces of Ionic Liquids (1) 29 Werner Freyland 3 Interfaces of Ionic Liquids (2) 51 Robert Hayes, Deborah Wakeham, and Rob Atkin 4 Ionic Liquids in Separation Science 87 Christa M. Graham and Jared L. Anderson 5 Separation Processes with Ionic Liquids 119 Wytze (G. W.) Meindersma and André B. De Haan 6 Theoretical Approaches to Ionic Liquids: From Past History to Future Directions 181 Ekaterina I. Izgorodina 7 Ionic Liquids Derived from Natural Sources 231 Junko Kagimoto and Hiroyuki Ohno 8 Ionic Liquids Studied at Ultra-High Vacuum 251 Kevin R.J. Lovelock and Peter Licence 9 Pioneering Biological Processes in the Presence of Ionic Liquids: The Potential of Filamentous Fungi 283 Marija Petkovic and Cristina Silva Pereira 10 Use of Ionic Liquids in Dye-Sensitised Solar Cells 305 Jennifer M. Pringle 11 Phase Behaviour of Gases in Ionic Liquids 349 Mark B. Shifl ett and Akimichi Yokozeki Index 387

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Book SynopsisThe most current guide to solid state polymerization Solid State Polymerization (SSP)is an indispensable tool in the design, manufacture, and study of polymers, plastics, and fibers.Trade Review"Solid State Polymerization provides a solid overview over the entire field of industrial condensation polymers particularly polyamides and polyesters, and researchers and engineers will find relevant knowledge to develop polmerization reactors and design pertinent plants in the solid state." (Plastics Engineering, 15 November 2010). "Each and every chapter is critically reviewed and gathered most important and useful literature on this technique. ... A very useful resource." (Macromolecular Chemistry and Psychics, January 2010)Table of ContentsContributors. Preface. 1 Fundamentals of Solid State Polymerization (C. D. Papaspyrides and S. N. Vouyiouka). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Solid State Polymerization of Chain-Growth Polymers (Solid State Polyaddition). 1.3 Solid State Polymerization of Step-Growth Polymers (Solid State Polycondensation). 1.4 Solid State Polymerization Apparatus and Assemblies. 1.5 Solid State Applications in the Polymer Industry. 1.6 Conclusions. 2 Solid State Polymerization Chemistry and Mechanisms: Unequal Reactivity of End Groups (Haibing Zhang and Saleh A. Jabarin). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Special Characteristics of Solid State Polymerization. 2.3 Classical Kinetic Equations in Solid State Polymerization. 2.4 Model of Molecular Morphology and Chain-End Movement. 2.5 Reactivity of End Groups. 2.6 Why Intrinsic Viscosity Levels Off During Solid State Polymerization. 2.7 Solid State Polymerization Kinetics. 2.8 Conclusions. 3 Kinetic Aspects of Polyester Solid State Polymerization (F. Pilati and M. Toselli). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Phenomena Involved in Solid State Polymerization of Polyesters. 3.3 Modeling Solid State Polymerization of Polyesters. 3.4 Solid State Polymerization of Typical Polyesters. 3.5 Conclusions. 4 Kinetic Aspects of Polyamide Solid State Polymerization (S. N. Vouyiouka and C. D. Papaspyrides). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Simple Kinetic Models of Solid State Polyamidation. 4.3 Simulation of Solid State Polyamidation. 4.4 Simple SSP Kinetics: The Case of Poly(hexamethylene adipamide). 4.5 Conclusions. 5 Catalysis in Solid State Polymerization Processes (Rudolf Pfaendner). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Catalysts in Polyester Solid State Polymerization Processes. 5.3 Catalysts in Polyamide Solid State Polymerization Processes. 5.4 Reactive Additives in Solid State Polymerization Processes. 5.5 Inert Additives in Solid State Polymerization Processes. 5.6 Conclusions. 6 High-Pressure Solid State Polymerization of Polyamide Monomer Crystals (Tokimitsu Ikawa). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 High-Pressure Solid State Polymerization. 6.2.1 Crystals and Characteristics of Monomers. 6.3 Polymerizability and Structure Formation. 6.4 Conclusions. 7 Fundamental Process Modeling and Product Design for the Solid State Polymerization of Polyamide 6 and Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (Kevin C. Seavey and Y. A. Liu). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Solid State Polymerization Modeling Guide. 7.3 Fundamentals of Solid State Polymerization Reactors. 7.4 Numerical Solution. 7.5 Example Simulation and Application. 7.6 Modifications to Account for Crystallization. 7.7 Conclusions. 8 Recent Developments in Solid State Polymerization of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (S. A. Wadekar, U. S. Agarwal, W. H. Boon, and V. M. Nadkarni). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Conventional Solid State Polymerization Processes. 8.3 New Solid State Polymerization Processes. 8.4 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Flake Recycling Using Solid State Polymerization. 8.5 Particle Formation Technologies. 8.6 Alternatives to Solid State Polymerization. 8.7 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) for Fluid Packaging Applications. 8.8 Conclusions. Abbreviations and Symbols. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe Chemistry of Organozinc Compounds is a new volume in the Chemistry of Functional Groups series.Table of Contents1 The reaction mechanisms of zinc enzymes (Gudrun Schürer, Timothy Clark and Rudi van Eldik). 2 Structural organozinc chemistry (Johann T. B. H. Jastrzebski, Jaap Boersma and Gerard van Koten). 3 Thermochemistry of organozinc compounds (Joel F. Liebman and Suzanne W. Slayden). 4 67Zn NMR, a tool for coordination chemistry problems (Athanassios G. Coutsolelos and Georgios A. Spyroulias). 5 Mass spectrometry of organozinc compounds (Sergiu P. Palii and Dmitri V. Zagorevskii). 6 Dynamic behavior of organozinc compounds (Albert Guijarro). 7 Cyclopropanation mediated by zinc organometallics (André B. Charette). 8 Functionalized organozinc compounds (Paul Knochel, Helena Leuser, Liu-Zhu Gong, Sylvie Perrone and Florian F. Kneisel). 9 Photochemical transformations involving zinc porphyrins and phthalocyanines (Mathias O. Senge and Natalia N. Sergeeva). 10 Synthesis and reactions of allenylzinc reagents (James A. Marshall). 11 Palladium- or nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions with organozincs and related organometals (Ei-ichi Negishi, Qian Hu, Zhihong Huang, Guangwei Wang and Ning Yin). 12 Enantioselective addition of organozinc compounds (Kenso Soai, Tsuneomi Kawasaki and Itaru Sato). 13 Rearrangements of organozinc compounds (Varinder K. Aggarwal and Knut Sommer). 14 1,1-Bismetallated species (Seijiro Matsubara). 15 The chemistry of organozincate compounds (Toshiro Harada). 16 Fluorinated organozinc reagents (Charles R. Davis and Donald J. Burton). 17 Electrochemical generation and reaction of zinc reagents (Jacques Périchon, Corinne Gosmini and Olivier Buriez). 18 The chemistry of zinc enolates (Marco Lombardo and Claudio Trombini). 19 Carbozincation of alkenes and alkynes (Edwige Lorthiois and Christophe Meyer). Author index. Subject index.

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Book SynopsisIn Vivo Glucose Sensing is a key reference for scientists and engineers working on the development of glucose sensing technologies for the management of diabetes and other medical conditions. It discusses the analytical chemistry behind the strategies currently used for measuring glucose in vivo.Trade Review"The book chapters are written by well-known experts in the field. The book can be considered as an important contribution to the literature on implantable and transdermal sensors and provides a description of the latest technology and a practically oriented approach to in vivo glucose sensing." (Anal Bioanal Chem, 2010) Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. Chapter 1. Introduction to the Glucose Sensing Problem (George S. Wilson and Yanana Zhang). Chapter 2. The Macrophage in Wound Healing Surrounding Implanted Devices (Marisha L. Godek and David W. Grainger). Chapter 3. Strategies to Overcome Biological Barriers to Biosensing (W. Kenneth Ward and Heather M. Duman). Chapter 4. A Window to Observe the Foreign Body Reaction to Glucose Sensors (Milan T. Makale and Jared B. Goor). Chapter 5. Commercially Available Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems (Timothy Henning). Chapter 6. Membrane-Based Separations Applied to In Vivo Glucose Sensing-Microdialysis and Ultrafiltration Sampling (Julie A. Stenken). Chapter 7. Transdermal Microfluidic Continuous Monitoring Systemsn (David D. Cunningham). Chapter 8. Redundant Arrays and Next-Generation Sensors (Becky L. Clark and Michael V. Pishko). Chapter 9. Nitric Oxide-Releasing Subcutaneous Glucose Sensors (Heather S. Paul and Mark H. Schoenfisch). Chapter 10: Fluorescence-Based Glucose Sensors (Mike McShane and Erich Stein). Chapter 11. The Use of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Optical Glucose Detection (Paul W. Barone and Michael S. Strano). Chapter 12. Introduction to Spectroscopy for Noninvasive Glucose Sensing (Wei-Chuan Shih, Kate L. Bechtel, Michael S. Feld, Mark A. Arnold and Gary W. Small). Chapter 13. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Noninvasive Glucose Sensing (Mark A. Arnold, Jonathon T. Olesberg and Gary W. Small). Chapter 14. Noninvasive Glucose Sensing with Raman Spectroscopy (Wei-Chuan Shih, Kate L. Bechtel and Michael S. Feld). Chapter 15. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Glucose Sensing (Nilam C. Shah, Jonathan M. Yuen Olga Lyandres, Matthew R. Glucksberg, Joseph T. Walsh and Richard P. Van Duyne). Index.

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Book SynopsisDetails the many benefits of applying mass spectrometry to supramolecular chemistry Except as a method for the most basic measurements, mass spectrometry (MS) has long been considered incompatible with supramolecular chemistry. Yet, with today''s methods, the disconnect between these two fields is not warranted. Mass Spectrometry and Gas-Phase Chemistry of Non-Covalent Complexes provides a convincing look at how modern MS techniques offer supramolecular chemists a powerful investigatory toolset. Bringing the two fields together in an interdisciplinary manner, this reference details the many different topics associated with the study of non-covalent complexes in the gas phase. The text begins with brief introductions to supramolecular chemistry and such relevant mass spectrometric methods as ionization techniques, analyzers, and tandem MS experiments. The coverage continues with: How the analyte''s transition into the gas phase changes covalent Trade Review"Whether the reader is a mass spectrometrist or a supramolecular chemist ... both are accommodated." (Book News, December 2009)Table of ContentsPreface. List of Tutorials. PART A: GENERAL ISSUES. 1. INTRODUCTION. 2. SUPRAMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY: SOME BACKGROUND. 2.1. The Nature of Non-Covalent Interactions. 2.2. Classical Building Blocks in Supramolecular Chemistry. 2.3. Key Areas and Key Concepts in Supramolecular Chemistry. 2.4. Biomolecules: Intra- and Intermolecular Non-Covalent Bonds. References. 3 MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR THE EXAMINATION OF NON-COVALENT COMPLEXES. 3.1. Common Mass Spectrometric Instrumentation for the Examination of Non-Covalent Bonds. 3.2. How Non-Covalent Bonds Change on the Transition from Solution to the Gas Phase. 3.3. Ion Energetics Issues. 3.4. Tandem-MS-Experiments. 3.5. Potential Sources of Error or Misinterpretation. References. PART B: ARTIFICIAL SUPRAMOLECULAR SYSTEMS. 4 FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES ON SMALLER NON-COVALENT COMPLEXES. 4.1. Ion Neutral Complexes. 4.2. High-Pressure Mass Spectrometry: Bridging the Gap Between Gas and Condensed Phase. References. 5 DETERMINATION OF THE "SECONDARY STRUCTURE" OF SUPRAMOLECULES BY MASS SPECTROMETRY. 5.1. Mechanically Interlocked Molecules and Their Precursors. 5.2. Guest Encapsulation. 5.3. Gas-Phase Conformations. 5.4. Zwitterions and Salt-Bridges. References. 6 CHIRAL RECOGNITION. 6.1. Tartrate Clusters. 6.2. Chiral Crown Ether-Ammonium Complexes: The Three-Point Model. 6.3. Cyclodextrin-Amino Acid Recognition. 6.4. Chiral Recognition in Amino Acid Clusters. 6.5. Homochiral Serine Octamers. 6.6. Resonant Two Photon Ionization Studies of Chiral Complexes: Spectroscopy of Diastereomeric Complexes in the Gas Phase. References. 7 MONITORING SOLUTION REACTIVITY OF NON-COVALENT COMPLEXES BY MASS SPECTROMETRY. 7.1. Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Metallo-Supramolecular Aggregates. 7.2. Simple Ligand Exchanges in Metallo-Supramolecular Squares. 7.3. Titration Experiments with Helicates. 7.4. Helicates Again: Mechanistic Insight into Ligand Exchange Reactions. 7.5. Titration Experiments with Self-Sorting Tetraurea-Calixarenes. 7.6. Self-Sorting Reactions of Pseudorotaxane Assemblies. 7.7. Shorter Time-Scales: A Mixed-Flow Technique Applied to Self-Assembly. References. 8. GAS-PHASE REACTIVITY OF SUPRAMOLECULES. 8.1. Molecular "Mouse Traps": Covalent Bond Formation Within Non-Covalent Complexes. 8.2. Fragmentation of Metallo-Supramolecular Helicates, Squares, and Cages. 8.3. Host-Guest Chemistry of Dendrimers in the Gas Phase. 8.4. H/D Exchange Reactions in Gaseous Non-Covalent Complexes. References. 9 DETERMINATION OF THERMOCHEMICAL DATA. 9.1. Crown Ether Binding Affinities in Solution. 9.2. Ranking of Anion-Cavitand Gas-Phase Binding Energies. 9.3. Crown Ether-Ammonium Ion Complexes in the Gas Phase. 9.4. Crown Ether-Alkali Metal Ion Complexes and the Best-Fit Model. References. PART C NON-COVALENT COMPLEXES OF BIOMOLECULES. 10 NON-COVALENT COMPLEXES WITH PETIDES AND PROTEINS. 10.1. Metal-Ion Binding to Peptides and Small Proteins. 10.2. Probing Three-Dimensional Protein Structure and Protein-Protein Interactions. 10.3. Interactions of Proteins with Small Molecules. 10.4. Sugar-Peptide and Sugar-Protein Complexes. 10.5. Interactions of Proteins with Oligonucleotides, DNA, and RNA. References. 11. NON-COVALENT COMPLEXES OF NUCLEOTIDES. 11.1. Metal-Ion Binding to DNA Bases and Oligonucleotides. 11.2. Are Watson-Crick Base Pairing and Double Helix Conserved in the Gas Phase? 11.3. G-Quartets. 11.4. The Folding of G-Rich Strands into Quadruplexes. 11.5. Minor Groove Binders and Intercalators: The Binding to Duplexes. 11.6. Non-Covalent Interactions With G-Quadruplexes. References. 12. CARBOHYDRATES. 12.1 Carbohydrates: Their Importance and Analysis. 12.2. Stereodifferentiation of Small Carbohydrates. 12.3. Structural Aspects of Oligosaccharides by MS and IMS. 12.4. Carbohydrate Association. 12.5. Summary and Outlook. References. 13. EPILOGUE. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on practical applications for using adult and embryonic stem cells in the pharmaceutical development process. It emphasizes new technologies to help overcome the bottlenecks in developing stem cells as therapeutic agents.Table of ContentsForeword Current state of stem cell field: Overview (Mahendra S. Rao). Chapter 1: Derivation methods for human embryonic stem cells: Past, present & future Necati Findikli. Mohan Vemuri. Chapter 2: Isolation of human ESCs from various stages of the human embryo (Yuri Verlinsky, N. Strelchenko, V. Kukharenko, A. Shkumatov, S. Rechitsky, O. Verlinsky, and A. Kuliev). Chapter 3: Derivation of stem cells from epiblasts (Michal Amit). Chapter 4: Derivation of Embryonic Stem Cells from Parthenogenetic Eggs (Jose Cibelli). Chapter 5: Reprogramming Developmental Potential (Costas A. Lyssiotis Cradley D. Charette, and Luke L. Lairson). Chapter 6: Adult stem cells and their role in endogenous tissue repair (N. Sachewsky and Cindi Morshead). Chapter 7: Greater differentiation potential of adult stem cells (Carlos Clavel and Catherine Verfaillie). Chapter 8: Cancer stem cells (Scott Dylla, In-Kyung Park and Austin L. Gurney). Chapter 9: Large scale production of adult stem cells for clinical use (Kristin Goltry, Brian Hampson, Naia Venturi and Ronnda Bartel). Chapter 10: Genetic and epigenetic features of stem cells (Jonathan Auerbach and Richard Josephson). Chapter 11: Directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells (Marjorie Pick). Chapter 12: Identification of signaling pathways involved during differentiation Takumi Miura. Chapter 13 Media and extracellular matrix requirements for large scale ESC growth (Allan J. Robins and Tom Schultz). Chapter 14: Automated method for culturing ES cells (S. Terstegge and Oliver Brustle). Chapter 15: Quantitative 2D Imaging of Human Embryonic Stem Cells (Steven K.W. Oh, Allen K. Chen, Andre B.H. Choo and Ivan Reading). Chapter 16: Nanobiotechonology for stem cell culture and Maintenance (Minseok S. Kim, Wonhye Lee and Je-Kyun Park). Chapter 17: Engineering Microenvironments to Control Stem Cell Functions (Anielle An-Chi Tsou and Song Li). Chapter 18: Improved lentiviral gene delivery tools for stem cells (Sanjay Vasu, Jian-Ping Yang and Wieslaw Kudlicki). Chapter 19: Sleeping Beauty-mediated Transposition in Stem Cells (Andrew Wilbur, Jakub Tolar, Bruce R Blazar, Catherine M Verfaillie, Uma Lakshmipathy, Dan S Kaufman and Scott McIvor). Chapter 20: PhiC31 Integrase for Modification of Stem Cells (W. Edward Jung and Michelle Calos). Chapter 21: Cell Engineering using Integrase and Recombinase systems (Takefumi Sone, Fumiko Nishi, Kazuhide Yahata, Yukari Sasaki, Hiroe Kishine, Taichi Andoh, Ken Inoue, Bhaskar Thyagarajan, Jonathan D. Chesnut and Fumio Imamoto). Chapter 22: hESC derived cardiomyocytes for cell therapy and drug discovery (William Sun and Robert Zweigerdt). Chapter 23: hESC in Drug discovery (Catharina Ellerstrom, Petter Bjorquist, Peter Sartipy, Johan Hyllner and Raimund Strehl). Chapter 24: Characterization and Culturing of Adipose-Derived Precursor Cells (Dietmar Hutmacher, Joanna Olkowska-Truchanowicz, David Leong, Johannes Reichert and Thiam Chye Lim). Chapter 25: Bringing Mesenchymal stem cells to clinic (Robert Deans).

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Book SynopsisDetection of drugs at low concentration is required in a variety of biological and medical situations, in order to avoid harmful side effects posed by some drug residues. The book details the instrumentation, detection, and application of nano chromatography (that is, any chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic method dealing with the detection of a sample at nano gram per liter or lower) and capillary electrophoresis in the analyses of biological and environmental samples. Methods discussed include: Nano Gas Chromatography, Nano Capillary Electrophoresis, Nano Chiral Chromatography, Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid Chromatography, and Nano High Performance Liquid Chromatography.Trade Review"This book will be useful for researchers, academicians and students in analytical chemistry, environmental monitoring and drugs analyses, and professionals of pharmaceutical, agrochemical and other chemical industries." (Chemistry Journals, 11 April 2011) Table of ContentsPREFACE xiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1. Nanoanalyses 1 1.2. Definition of Nanochromatography and Nanocapillary Electrophoresis 2 1.3. Nanochromatography and Nanocapillary Electrophoresis 3 1.4. Fabrication of Microdevices 4 1.5. Developments in Nanoanalyses 6 1.6. Data Integration 7 1.7. Protocol of Nanoanalyses 10 1.8. Scope of the Book 12 1.9. Conclusion 12 2 Fabrication of Microchips 17 2.1. Introduction 17 2.2. Substrates 18 2.3. Techniques of Fabrication 20 2.4. Surface Modification 39 2.5. Designs of Chips 45 2.6. Bindings in Chips 49 2.7. Conclusion 50 3 Instrumentation of Nanochromatography and Nanocapillary Electrophoresis 59 3.1. Introduction 59 3.2. Nanoliquid Chromatography (NLC) 60 3.3. Nanocapillary Electrophoresis 74 3.4. Conclusion 85 4 Detection in Nanochromatography and Nanocapillary Electrophoresis 91 4.1. Introduction 91 4.2. Mass Spectrometer Detectors 92 4.3. Fluorescence Detectors 97 4.4. Electrochemical Detectors 99 4.5. Element Specific Detectors 101 4.6. Miscellaneous Detectors 103 4.7. Conclusion 105 5 Sample Preparation in Nanochromatography and Nanocapillary Electrophoresis 109 5.1. Introduction 109 5.2. Sample Preparation 111 5.3. Sampling 111 5.4. Preservation 115 5.5. Filtration 116 5.6. Digestion/Homogenization 118 5.7. Extractions 119 5.8. Clean Up 119 5.9. Preconcentration 121 5.10. Off-Line Nanosample Preparation Methods 121 5.11. Online Nanosample Preparation Methods 125 5.12. Conclusion 138 6 Nano-High Performance Liquid Chromatography 145 6.1. Introduction 145 6.2. Nano-HPLC 146 6.3. Applications 146 6.4. Optimization of Separations in Nano-HPLC 161 6.5. Troubleshooting in Nano-HPLC 161 6.6. Conclusion 161 7 Nanocapillary Electrochromatography and Nanomicellar Electrokinetic Chromatography 167 7.1. Introduction 167 7.2. Nanocapillary Electrochromatography 167 7.3. Nanomicellar Electrokinetic Chromatography 181 7.4. Conclusion 188 8 Nanocapillary Electrophoresis 191 8.1. Introduction 191 8.2. Optimization 192 8.3. Applications 200 8.4. Mechanism of Separation 234 8.5. Conclusion 234 9 Chiral Separations by Nanoliquid Chromatography and Nanocapillary Electrophoresis 245 9.1. Introduction 245 9.2. Nanoliquid Chromatography 246 9.3. Nanocapillary Electrophoresis 249 9.4. Mechanisms of Chiral Separation 260 9.5. Conclusion 261 10 Perspectives on Nanoanalyses 263 10.1. Introduction 263 10.2. Future of Microfluidic Devices 264 10.3. Future Challenges 265 10.4. Conclusion 266 References 267 Subject Index 269

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Book SynopsisExtracting and applying knowledge from chemical, biological, and clinical data is one of the biggest problems for the pharmaceutical industry.Trade Review"Its strength is that it gives beginners a good impression of our contemporary data jungle." (ChemMedChem, 2010) Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Contributors. PART I: DATA MINING IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY: A GENERAL OVERVIEW. 1 A History of the development of Data Mining in Pharmaceutical Research ( David J. Livingstone and John Bradshaw). 2 Drug Gold and Data Dragons: Myths and Realities of Data Mining in the Pharmaceutical Industry (Barry Robson and Andy Vaithiligam). 3 Application of Data Mining Algorithms in Pharmaceutical Research and Development (Konstantin V. Balakin and Nikolay P. Savchuk). PART II: CHEMOINFORMATICS-BASED APPLICATIONS. 4 Data Mining Approaches for Compound Selection and Iterative Screening (Martin Vogt and Jurgen Bajorath). 5 Prediction of Toxic Effects of Pharmaceutical Agents (Andreas Maunz and Christoph Helma). 6 Chemogenomics-Based Design of GPCR-Targeted Libraries Using Data Mining Techniques (Konstantin V. Balakin and Elena V. Bovina). 7 Mining High-Throughput Screening Data by Novel Knowledge-Based Optimization Analysis (S. Frank Yan, Frederick J. King, Sumit K. Chanda, Jeremy S. Caldwell, Elizabeth A. Winzeler, and Yingyao Zhou). PART III: BIOINFORMATICS-BASED APPLICATIONS. 8 Mining DNA Microarray Gene Expression Data (Paolo Magni). 9 Bioinformatics Approaches for Analysis of Protein-Ligand Interactions (Munazah Andrabi, Chioko Nagao, Kenji Mizuguchi, and Shandar Ahmad). 10 Analysis of Toxicogenomic Databases (Lyle D. Burgoon). 11 Bridging the Pharmaceutical Shortfall: Informatics Approaches to the Discovery of Vaccines, Antigens, Epitopes, and Adjuvants (Matthew N. Davies and Darren R. Flower). PART IV: DATA MINING METHODS IN CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT. 12 Data Mining in Pharmacovigilance (Manfred Hauben and Andrew Bate). 13 Data Mining Methods as Tools for Predicting Individual Drug Response (Audrey Sabbagh and Pierre Darlu). 14 Data Mining Methods in Pharmaceutical Formulation (Raymond C. Rowe and Elizabeth A Colbourn). PART V: DATA MINING ALGORITHMS AND TECHNOLOGIES. 15 Dimensionality Reduction Techniques for Pharmaceutical Data Mining (Igor V. Pletnev, Yan A. Ivanenkov, and Alexey V. Tarasov). 16 Advanced Artificial Intelligence Methods Used in the Design of Pharmaceutical Agents (Yan A. Ivanenkov and Ludmila M. Khandarova). 17 Databases for Chemical and Biological Information (Tudor I. Oprea, Liliana Ostopovici-Halip, and Ramona Rad-Curpan). 18 Mining Chemical Structural Information from the Literature (Debra L. Banville). Index.

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Book SynopsisDrug Efficacy, Safety, and Biologics Discovery: Emerging Technologies and Tools covers key emerging technologiesin pharmaceutical R & D and how they have substantially impacted (or are currently impacting) drug discovery. The cross-disciplinary collaborations implicit in integrating these technologies with drug discovery operations will fuel the engine for future innovations. This book cuts across the multiple areas of drug discovery, each chapter authored by pioneers in that field, making for a broad appeal to the chemical and biological scientists and technologists involved in drug discovery and development.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Contributors. PART I: DRUG EFFICACY AND SAFETY TECHNOLOGY. 1. Focus on Fundamentals: Towards Better Therapeutic Index Prediction (Jinghai J. Xu and Li J. Yu). 2. High-Throughput Protein-Based Technologies and Computational Models for Drug Development, Efficacy and Toxicity (Leonidas G. Alexopoulos, Julio Saez-Rodriguez and Christopher W. Espelin). 3. Cellular Systems Biology Applied to Pre-Clinical Safety Testing: A Case Study of CellCiphrTM Profiling (Lawrence Vernetti, William Irwin, Kenneth A. Giuliano, Albert Gough, Kate Johnston and D. Lansing Taylor). 4. Systems Pharmacology, Biomarkers and Biomolecular Networks (Aram Adourian, Thomas N. Plasterer, Raji Balasubramanian, Ezra Jennings, Shunguang Wang, Jan van der Greef, Robert McBurney, Pieter Muntendam, and Noubar Afeyan). 5. Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Discovery (Hanbing Zhong, Ning-Ai Liu and Shuo Lin). 6. Toxicity Pathways and Models: Mining for Potential Side Effects (Sean Ekins and Josef Scheiber). 7. Computational Systems Biology Modeling of Dosimetry and Cellular Response Pathways (Qiang Zhang, Yu-Mei Tan, Sudin Bhattacharya and Melvin E. Andersen). 8. Stem Cell Technology for Embryotoxicity, Cardiotoxicity and Hepatotoxicity Evaluation (Julio C. Davila, Donald B. Stedman, Sandra J. Engle, Howard I. Pryor II and Joseph P. Vacanti). 9. Telemetry Technology for Preclinical Drug Discovery and Development (Yi Yang). PART II. BIOLOGICS TECHNOLOGY. 10. Nanotechnology to Improve Oral Drug Delivery (Mayank D. Bhavsar, Shardool Jain, and Mansoor M. Amiji). 11. Functional Glycomics and the Future of Glycomic Drugs (Ram Sasisekharan). 12. Modeling Efficacy and Safety of Engineered Biologics (Jeff Chabot and Bruce Gomes). 13. Regulation of Gene Expression by Small, Non-Coding RNAs: Practical Applications (Roman Herrara and Eric Tien). PART III. FUTURE PERSPECTIVE. 14. Future Perspectives of Biological Engineering in Pharmaceutical Research: The Paradigm of Modeling, Mining, Manipulation and Measurements (Jinghai J. Xu, Sean Ekins, Michael McGlashen and Douglas Lauffenburger). Index.

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Book SynopsisHardness is one the most important properties of solid materials and requires a comprehensive treatment. There are books on hardness testing and on the hardnesses of particular types of materials, but there are none that treat the physics and chemistry of the subject in a general way.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Why Hardness Matters (A Short History) 1 1.2 Purpose of This Book 5 1.3 The Nature of Hardness 7 2 Indentation 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 The Chin-Gilman Parameter 14 2.3 What Does Indentation Hardness Measure? 14 2.4 Indentation Size Effect 20 2.5 Indentation Size (From Macro to Nano) 22 2.6 Indentation vs. Scratch Hardness 23 2.7 Blunt or Soft Indenters 24 2.8 Anisotropy 24 2.9 Indenter and Specimen Surfaces 25 3 Chemical Bonding 27 3.1 Forms of Bonding 27 3.2 Atoms 28 3.3 State Symmetries 29 3.4 Molecular Bonding (Hydrogen) 31 3.5 Covalent Bonds 36 3.6 Bonding in Solids 41 3.7 Electrodynamic Bonding 45 3.8 Polarizability 47 4 Plastic Deformation 51 4.1 Introduction 51 4.2 Dislocation Movement 52 4.3 Importance of Symmetry 55 4.4 Local Inelastic Shearing of Atoms 56 4.5 Dislocation Multiplication 57 4.6 Individual Dislocation Velocities (Microscopic Distances) 59 4.7 Viscous Drag 60 4.8 Deformation-Softening and Elastic Relaxation 62 4.9 Macroscopic Plastic Deformation 63 5 Covalent Semiconductors 67 5.1 Introduction 67 5.2 Octahedral Shear Stiffness 69 5.3 Chemical Bonds and Dislocation Mobility 71 5.4 Behavior of Kinks 75 5.5 Effect of Polarity 77 5.6 Photoplasticity 79 5.7 Surface Environments 80 5.8 Effect of Temperature 80 5.9 Doping Effects 80 6 Simple Metals and Alloys 83 6.1 Intrinsic Behavior 83 6.2 Extrinsic Sources of Plastic Resistance 85 7 Transition Metals 99 7.1 Introduction 99 7.2 Rare Earth Metals 101 8 Intermetallic Compounds 103 8.1 Introduction 103 8.2 Crystal Structures 104 8.3 Calculated Hardness of NiAl 112 8.4 Superconducting Intermetallic Compounds 113 8.5 Transition Metal Compounds 115 9 Ionic Crystals 119 9.1 Alkali Halides 119 9.2 Glide in the NaCl Structure 120 9.3 Alkali Halide Alloys 123 9.4 Glide in CsCl Structure 124 9.5 Effect of Imputities 124 9.6 Alkaline Earth Fluorides 126 9.7 Alkaline Earth Sulfi des 128 9.8 Photomechanical Effects 128 9.9 Effects of Applied Electric Fields 129 9.10 Magneto-Plasticity 129 10 Metal-Metalloids (Hard Metals) 131 10.1 Introduction 131 10.2 Carbides 132 10.3 Tungsten Carbide 134 10.4 Borides 136 10.5 Titanium Diboride 137 10.6 Rare Metal Diborides 138 10.7 Hexaborides 138 10.8 Boron Carbide (Carbon Quasi-Hexaboride) 140 10.9 Nitrides 141 11 Oxides 143 11.1 Introduction 143 11.2 Silicates 143 11.3 Cubic Oxides 147 11.4 Hexagonal (Rhombohedral) Oxides 152 11.5 Comparison of Transition Metal Oxides with "Hard Metals" 155 12 Molecular Crystals 157 12.1 Introduction 157 12.2 Anthracene 158 12.3 Sucrose 159 12.4 Amino Acids 159 12.5 Protein Crystals 160 12.6 Energetic Crystals (Explosives) 161 12.7 Commentary 161 13 Polymers 163 13.1 Introduction 163 13.2 Thermosetting Resins (Phenolic and Epoxide) 164 13.3 Thermoplastic Polymers 165 13.4 Mechanisms of Inelastic Plasticity 166 13.5 "Natural" Polymers (Plants) 166 13.6 "Natural" Polymers (Animals) 168 14 Glasses 171 14.1 Introduction 171 14.2 Inorganic Glasses 172 14.3 Metallic Glasses 176 14.3.1 Hardness—Shear Modulus Relationship 177 14.3.2 Stable Compositions 180 15 Hot Hardness 183 15.1 Introduction 183 15.2 Nickel Aluminide versus Oxides 184 15.3 Other Hard Compounds 184 15.4 Metals 185 15.5 Intermetallic Compounds 187 16 Chemical Hardness 189 16.1 Introduction 189 16.2 Defi nition of Chemical Hardness 190 16.3 Physical (Mechanical) Hardness 192 16.4 Hardness and Electronic Stability 193 16.5 Chemical and Elastic Hardness (Stiffness) 194 16.6 Band Gap Density and Polarizability 194 16.7 Compression Induced Structure Changes 195 16.8 Summary 196 17 "Superhard" Materials 197 17.1 Introduction 197 17.2 Principles for High Hardness 197 17.3 Friction at High Loads 198 17.4 Superhard Materials 199 References 200 Index 203

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Book SynopsisThis book gathers present knowledge on the involvement of ABC transporters in drug transport and resistance. Bringing together updated information from an otherwise-scattered field of scientific literature, this resource helps researchers in pharmaceutical science in discovering drugs able to counteract multidrug resistance in diseases like cancer.Trade Review"The book is both interesting for both novice and experienced researches in the field." (ChemMedChem, July 2010) Table of ContentsPREFACE ix CONTRIBUTORS xi INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE? 1Jonathan A. Sheps and Victor Ling PART I ABC PROTEINS: AN OVERVIEW AND DESCRIPTION OF THE STRUCTURE, GENOME, NORMAL TISSUE EXPRESSION, PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECT, AND MECHANISM OF ACTION 15 1 The P-glycoprotein 170: Just a multidrug resistance protein or a protean molecule? 17Fabienne Grandjean-Forestier, Christophe Stenger, Jacques Robert, Mireille Verdier, and Marie-Hélène Ratinaud 2 Multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP/ABCC proteins) 47Mylène Honorat, Charles Dumontet, and Lea Payen 3 ABCG2: A new challenge in cancer drug resistance 83Orsolya Polgar, Robert W. Robey, Kin Wah To, John Deeken, Patricia A. Fetsch, and Susan E. Bates PART II ABC PROTEINS AND ONCOLOGY: EXPRESSION, DETECTION, AND IMPLICATION OF ABC PROTEINS IN HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES AND SOLID TUMORS 119 4 Expression, detection, and implication of ABC proteins in acute myeloblastic leukemia 121Ollivier Legrand, Ruo-Ping Tang, and Jean-Pierre Marie 5 ABC proteins and oncology: Expression, detection, and implication of ABC proteins in solid tumors 143Jean François Bernaudin, Anne Fajac, Jocelyne Fleury-Feith, Khaldoun Kerrou, and Roger Lacave PART III ABC PROTEINS AND PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS 177 6 ABC transporters and resistance to antibiotics 179Serge Michalet and Marie-Geneviève Dijoux-Franca 7 ABC proteins involved in protozoan parasite resistance 195Bruno Pradines PART IV MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE (MDR) MODULATION THROUGH INHIBITION OF ABC TRANSPORTERS: DESIGN OF INHIBITORS AND MECHANISM OF ACTION 239 8 Reversal agents for P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance 241Hamid Morjani and Claudie Madoulet 9 Reversal agents of multidrug resistance mediated by multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) 261Ahcène Boumendjel, Anne Florin, and Jean Boutonnat 10 Reversal agents for breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)-mediated multidrug resistance 289Jean Boutonnat, Anne Florin, and Ahcène Boumendjel 11 Strategies to overcome drug resistance in acute and chronic leukemias 315Eric Solary, Vincent Ribrag, and Stéphane de Botton 12 Multidrug resistance reversal in solid tumors 349Tatiana Bogush and Jacques Robert PART V BIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL ASPECTS OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE: THE ROLE OF THE TRANSPORTERS AT THE MAIN PROTECTION BARRIERS (ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCC2, ABCG2) ON THE BIOAVAILABILITY OF MANY TYPES OF DRUGS AND MEDICATIONS 363 13 ABC superfamily transporters at the human blood–brain barrier 365Jean-Michel Scherrmann 14 The role of ABC transporters at the intestinal barrier 385Roos L. Oostendorp, Jos H. Beijnen, and Jan H.M. Schellens 15 Genetic polymorphisms in ABC transporters 411Leslie W. Chinn and Deanna L. Kroetz PERSPECTIVES 437 INDEX 441

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Book Synopsis* In-depth look created by the unique perspective of the author, the leader in this field. * Serves as a comprehensive collection of current trends, thoughts and emerging hot aspects in the field of metal-fluorophore interactions and applications.Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. Mental-Enhanced Fluorescence: Progress Towards a Unified Plasmon-Fluorophore Description (Kadir Aslan and Chris D. Geddes). Spectral Profile Modifications In Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (E. C. Le Ru, J. Grand, N. Félidj, J. Aubard, G. Lévi, A. Hohenau, J. R. Krenn, E. Blackie and P. G. Etchegoin). The Role Of Plasmonic Engineering In Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (Daniel J. Ross, Nicholas P.W. Pieczonka and R. F. Aroca). Importance of Spectral Overlap: Fluorescence Enhancement by Single Metal Nanoparticles (Keiko Munechika, Yeechi Chen, Jessica M. Smith and.David S. Ginger). Near-IR Metal Enhanced Fluorescence And Controlled Colloidal Aggregation (Jon P. Anderson, Mark Griffiths, John G. Williams, Daniel L. Grone, Dave L. Steffens, and Lyle M. Middendorf). Optimisation Of Plasmonic Enhancement Of Fluorescence For Optical Biosensor Applications (Colette McDonagh, Ondrej Stranik, Robert Nooney and Brian D. MacCraith). Microwave-Accelerated Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (Kadir Aslan and Chris D. Geddes). Localized Surface Plasmon Coupled Fluorescence Fiber Optic Based Biosensing (Chien Chou, Ja-An Annie Ho, Chii-Chang Chen, Ming-Yaw, Wei-Chih Liu, Ying-Feng Chang, Chen Fu, Si-Han Chen and Ting-Yang Kuo). Surface Plasmon Enhanced Photochemistry (Stephen K. Gray). Metal-Enhanced Generation of Oxygen Rich Species (Yongxia Zhang, Kadir Aslan and Chris D. Geddes). Synthesis Of Anisotropic Noble Metal Nanoparticles (Damian Aherne, Deirdre M. Ledwith and John M. Kelly). Enhanced Fluorescence Detection Enabled By Zinc Oxide Nanomaterials (Jong-in Hahm). ZnO Platforms For Enhanced Directional Fluorescence Applications (H.C. Ong, D.Y. Lei, J. Li and J.B. Xu). E-Beam Lithography And Spontaneous Galvanic Displacement Reactions For Spatially Controlled MEF Applications (Luigi Martiradonna, S. Shiv Shankar and Pier Paolo Pompa). Metal-Enhanced Chemiluminescence (Yongxia Zhang, Kadir Aslan and Chris D. Geddes). Enhanced Fluorescence From Gratings (Chii-Wann Lin, Nan-Fu Chiu, Jiun-Haw Lee and Chih-Kung Lee). Enhancing Fluorescence with Sub-Wavelength Metallic Apertures (Steve Blair and Jérôme Wenger). Enhanced Multi-Photon Excitation of Tryptophan-Silver Colloid (Renato E. de Araujo, Diego Rativa and Anderson S. L. Gomes). Plasmon-enhanced radiative rates and applications to organic electronics (Lewis Rothberg and Shanlin Pan). Fluorescent Quenching Gold Nanoparticles: Potential Biomedical Applications (Xiaohua Huang, Ivan H. El-Sayed, and Mostafa A. El-Sayed). Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an overview of different protein kinases structure, function, regulation, and their role in cancer. Itcombines kinase biology with chemistry and pharmacologyapplications for discovery and development of cancer drugs.Trade Review"The comprehensive coverage makes the book highly recommendable for beginners and expert researchers in oncology and should be present on their shelves." (ChemMedChem, November 2010)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. 1 KINASES AND CANCER. 1.1 A Brief History of Protein Phosphorylation. 1.2 Kinases and Cancer. 1.3 A Tour of the Human Protein Kinase Superfamily. 1.3.1 Tyrosine Kinase Group. 1.3.2 TKL (Tyrosine Kinase-Like) Group. 1.3.3 STE Group. 1.3.4 CSNK1 Group. 1.3.5 AGC group. 1.3.6 CAMK Group. 1.3.7 CMGC Group. 1.3.8 RGC Group. 1.3.9 Others. 1.3.10 Atypical Protein Kinases. 1.3.11 Non-Protein Kinases. 1.4 Strategic Considerations for Selecting Kinases as Drug Targets. 1.5 Comparison of Kinase Inhibitor Therapeutic Strategies. 1.5.1 Small Molecule Versus Antibody-Directed Therapies. 1.5.2 Alternative Strategies for Kinase Inhibition. References. 2 PROTEIN KINASE STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND REGULATION. 2.1 Ligand Binding to Receptor Tyrosine Kinases. 2.1.1 EGF:EGF Receptor Interactions. 2.1.2 Insulin:Insulin Receptor and IGF1:IGF1R. 2.1.3 FGF:FGF Receptor (Heparin/Heparan Sulphate) Interactions. 2.1.4 VEGF:VEGF Receptor Interactions. 2.1.5 Angiopoietin2:TIE2 Receptor Interactions. 2.1.6 Ephrin:EPH Receptor Interactions. 2.1.7 The Role of Transmembrane Domains. 2.2 Protein Kinase Domain Structure and Function. 2.3 Catalytic Activity of Protein Kinases. 2.3.1 Steady State Kinetics. 2.3.2 Chemistry of Protein Kinase Catalysis. 2.4 Protein Kinase Regulation. 2.4.1 Regulation Via Activation Segment Phosphorylation. 2.4.2 Regulation by N-terminal Sequences and Domains. 2.4.3 C-Terminal Regulatory Regions. 2.4.4 Regulation by Other Domains and Partner Proteins. References. 3 RECPETOR TYROSINE KINASES. 3.1 EGF/ERBB Receptors. 3.1.1 ERBB Receptors and Cancer. 3.2 Insulin/IGF Receptors. 3.2.1 Insulin/IGF Receptors and Cancer. 3.3 Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase. 3.3.1 ALK and Cancer. 3.4 VEGF Receptors (VEGFR1, VEGFR2, VEGFR3). 3.5 PDGF Receptors. 3.5.1 PDGFRs and Cancer. 3.6 FGF Receptors. 3.6.1 FGFRs and Cancer. 3.7 KIT. 3.7.1 KIT and Cancer. 3.8 FLT3. 3.8.1 FLT3 and Cancer. 3.9 RET. 3.9.1 RET and Thyroid Carcinoma. 3.10 MET and RON. 3.10.1 MET. 3.10.2 RON. References. 4 NONRECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASES. 4.1 ABL. 4.2 ARG. 4.3 SRC and SRC Family Kinases. 4.3.1 SRC. 4.3.2 Cellular Roles of SRC. 4.3.3 SRC and Cancer. 4.4 FAK. 4.4.1 FAK and Cancer. 4.5 JAK2. 4.5.1 Activation and Known Mutations and Fusions of the JAK Family of Tyrosine Kinases. 4.5.2 Further Roles of JAK2 in Tumor Growth. References. 5 INTRACELLULAR SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION CASCADES. 5.1 The PI3K/PTEN Pathway. 5.1.1 PI3K. 5.1.2 PDK1. 5.1.3 AKT. 5.1.4 Other AGC Kinases. 5.1.5 PI3K Pathway Activation in Cancer. 5.2 mTOR Signaling. 5.2.1 mTOR. 5.2.2 p70S6 Kinase. 5.2.3 mTOR Pathway Activation in Cancer. 5.3 MAPK Signaling Pathways. 5.3.1 ERK/MAPK Signaling. 5.3.2 RAF Family Kinases. 5.3.3 MEK and ERK Kinases. 5.3.4 ERK/MAPK Pathway Activation in Cancer. 5.4 PIM Kinases. 5.5 Protein Kinase C. 5.5.1 PKC Activation. 5.5.2 Classical PKCs. 5.5.3 Novel PKCs. 5.5.4 Atypical PKCs. References. 6 CELL CYCLE CONTROL. 6.1 Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs) and Cell Cycle Progression. 6.1.1 Introduction. 6.1.2 CDK4 and CDK6. 6.1.3 CDK2. 6.1.4 CDK3. 6.1.5 CDK1. 6.1.6 CDK10. 6.1.7 CCRK/CDCH/p42. 6.2 CDKs and mRNA Production. 6.2.1 Introduction. 6.2.2 CDK7. 6.2.3 CDK8. 6.2.4 CDK9. 6.2.5 CDK11. 6.2.6 CDK12 (CDC2-Related Kinase CRKRS). 6.2.7 CDK13 (CDC2L5). 6.3 Other CDK-Related Kinases. 6.3.1 CDK5. 6.3.2 GAK. 6.4 Mitotic Kinases. 6.4.1 PLKs. 6.4.2 Aurora Kinases. 6.5 Cell Cycle Checkpoint Kinases. 6.5.1 ATM, ATR and DNAPK. 6.5.2 CHK1, CHK2 and MAPKAPK2. References. 7 STRUCTURAL BIOCHEMSITRY OF KINASE INHIBITORS. 7.1 Strategies for Inhibitor Design. 7.1.1 Targeting the Active Versus Inactive Form. 7.1.2 ATP-Competitive Versus Noncompetitive Inhibitors. 7.1.3 Specific Versus Multitargeted Inhibitors. 7.2 Architecture of the ATP Binding Site: DFG-in. 7.3 Case Study: Inhibitors of CHK1. 7.4 Case Study: Inhibitors of CDK2. 7.5 Case Study: Inhibitors of SRC Family Kinases. 7.6 Case Study: EGF Receptor Inhibitors. 7.7 Targeting the Inactive Conformation. 7.7.1 Binding Mode of Imatinib. 7.7.2 Binding of BAY-43-9006 (Sorafenib) to the Inactive BRAF Kinase. 7.8 Noncompetitive Inhibition. 7.9 Kinase Inhibitor Specificity. References. 8 TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS. 8.1 BCR-ABL Inhibitors. 8.2 SRC Inhibitors. 8.3 JAK2 Inhibitors. 8.4 EGFR/ERBB Inhibitors. 8.4.1 Determinants of Response and Resistance to ERBB Inhibitors. 8.5 IGF1R Inhibitors. 8.6 FLT3 Inhibitors. 8.7 KIT Inhibitors. 8.8 MET/RON Inhibitors. 8.9 RET Inhibitors. 8.10 Other Inhibitors. 8.10.1 FAK. 8.10.2 TGFß Receptor. References. 9 ANGIOKINASE INHIBITORS. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Angiokinase Inhibitors. References. 10 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING KINASE INHIBITORS. 10.1 mTOR Inhibitors. 10.1.1 Clinical Pharmacodynamics and Tolerability of mTOR Inhibitors. 10.2 PI3K Inhibitors. 10.3 RAF Kinase Inhibitors. 10.4 MEK Inhibitors. 10.5 CDK Inhibitors. 10.6 Cell Cycle Checkpoint Kinase Inhibitors. 10.7 Mitotic Kinase Inhibitors. 10.7.1 PLK Inhibitors. 10.7.2 Aurora Kinase Inhibitors. 10.8 Protein Kinase C Inhibitors. References. 11 CURRENT CHALLENGES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS. 11.1 Kinase Inhibitor Drug Resistance. 11.1.1 Efflux Pumps and Drug Transporters. 11.1.2 Other DMPK factors. 11.1.3 Target Mutation. 11.1.4 Target Overexpression and Activation. 11.1.5 Downstream Pathway Activation. 11.1.6 Redundant Receptors/Pathways. 11.2 Combination Therapy With Kinase Inhibitors. 11.2.1 Angiogenesis Inhibitors and Chemotherapy. 11.2.2 Survival Pathway Inhibitors and Chemotherapy/Targeted Therapy. 11.2.3 DNA Damage Checkpoint Inhibitors and Chemotherapy. 11.2.4 RTK Switching: Targeting Receptor Redundancy. 11.3 Systems Biology and Translational Medicine. 11.3.1 Classification of Tumors and Prediction of Response: Expression Profiling. 11.3.2 Phosphoprotein Analysis, Kinomics and Systems-Based Approaches. 11.3.3 Translational Medicine. 11.4 Conclusions. References. List of Abbreviations. Index.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsCommon Reactions Employed in Synthesis. Ceramic Procedures. Precursor Methods. Combustion Synthesis. Topochemical Reactions. Intercalation Chemisty. Sol-Gel Synthesis. Ion Exchange Method. Use of Alkali Media. Electrochemical Methods. Nebulized Spray Pyrolysis. Arc and Skull Methods. Reactions at High Pressures. Intergrowth Structures. Superconducting Cuprates. Metal Borides, Carbides and Nitrides. Metal Fluorides. Metal Silicides, Phosphides, Sulfides and Related Material. Nanomaterials. Index.

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Book SynopsisWith a weight-of-the-evidence approach, cancer risk assessment indentifies hazards, determines dose-response relationships, and assesses exposure to characterize the true risk. This book focuses on the quantitative methods for conducting chemical cancer risk assessments for solvents, metals, mixtures, and nanoparticles.Trade Review"This book aims to inform and to provide interpretive guidance on evaluating toxicological data and understanding the relevance of such data to hazard evaluation and cancer risk estimation." (The British Toxicology Society, 1 November 2011) Table of ContentsPREFACE. CONTRIBUTORS. ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS. PART I CANCER RISK ASSESSMENT, SCIENCE POLICY, AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS. CHAPTER 1 CANCER RISK ASSESSMENT(Elizabeth L. Anderson, Kimberly Lowe, and Paul Turnham). 1.1. Cancer Risk Assessment. 1.2. The Weight of Evidence (WOE) for Determining Carcinogenicity. 1.3. Risk Assessment in the 21st Century. 1.4. Applications in Risk Management. References. CHAPTER 2 SCIENCE POLICY AND CANCER RISK ASSESSMENT (Gary E. Marchant). 2.1. Introduction. 2.2. Use of Risk Assessment in Regulatory Decision-Making. 2.3. Role Of Risk Assessment Guidelines. 2.4. Data Quality Requirements. 2.5. Types of Data Used in Risk Assessment. 2.6. Application of "Conservative" Assumptions and Precaution. 2.7. Conclusion. References. CHAPTER 3 HAZARD AND RISK ASSESSMENT OF CHEMICAL CARCINOGENICITY WITHIN A REGULATORY CONTEXT (Henk Tennekes, Virginia A. Gretton, and Todd Stedeford). 3.1. Overview. 3.2. Risk Assessment. 3.3. Regulatory Schemes for Industrial Chemicals and Biocides. 3.4. Scientific Aspects of Carcinogenic Risk Assessment. 3.5. Conclusions. References. CHAPTER 4 USE OF CANCER RISK ASSESSMENTS IN DETERMINATION OF REGULATORY STANDARDS (Robert A. Howd and Anna M. Fan). 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Air Standards. 4.3. Water Standards. 4.4. Food Standards, Pesticide Tolerances, Additives, and Impurities. 4.5. Soil Standards. 4.6. Consumer Product Standards. 4.7. Recent Developments and Future Directions. References. PART II CANCER BIOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY. CHAPTER 5 THE INTERPLAY OF CANCER AND BIOLOGY (James W. Holder). 5.1. Historical Account of Some Important Events in Understanding Cancer. 5.2. Recent Foundations of Biological Mechanisms of Cancer. 5.3. Cell Biology of Cancer. 5.4. Some Final Thoughts on Biology and Cancer. References. CHAPTER 6 CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ITS CONCEPTS WITH A FOCUS ON POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (Stephen Nesnow). 6.1. A Brief History of Chemical Carcinogenesis. 6.2. James A. and Elizabeth C. Miller and Their Theory of Metabolic Activation. 6.3. The Concepts of Initiation, Promotion, and Progression: The Origin of Multistage Carcinogenesis. References. CHAPTER 7 HORMESIS AND CANCER RISKS: ISSUES AND RESOLUTION (Paolo F. Ricci and Edward J. Calabrese). 7.1. Introduction. 7.2. Evidence for Regulatory Cancer Risk Assessment. 7.3. Hormesis and Cancer Risk Assessment: Models. 7.4. Conclusions. References. CHAPTER 8 THRESHOLDS FOR GENOTOXIC CARCINOGENS: EVIDENCE FROM MECHANISM-BASED CARCINOGENICITY STUDIES (Shoji Fukushima, Min Wei, Anna Kakehashi, and Hideki Wanibuchi). 8.1. Overview. 8.2. Introduction. 8.3. Low-Dose Carcinogenicity of 2-Amino-3,8-Dimethylimidazo[4,5-f ]-Quinoxaline (MEIQX) in the Rat Liver. 8.4. Low-Dose Hepatocarcinogenicity of N-Nitroso Compounds. 8.5. Low-Dose Carcinogenicity of 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[5,6-b]pyridine (PHIP) in the Rat Colon. 8.6. Low-Dose Carcinogenicity of Potassium Bromate, KBrO3 in the Rat Kidney. 8.7. Conclusion. References. PART III GENETIC TOXICOLOGY, TESTING GUIDELINES AND REGULATIONS, AND NOVEL ASSAYS. CHAPTER 9 DEVELOPMENT OF GENETIC TOXICOLOGY TESTING AND ITS INCORPORATION INTO REGULATORY HEALTH EFFECTS TEST REQUIREMENTS (Errol Zeiger). 9.1. Introduction. 9.2. Definitions and Usage. 9.3. The Historical Development of Genetic Toxicity Testing. 9.4. Types of Available Tests. 9.5. Testing Approaches. 9.6. Where Are We Now?. 9.7. Summary. References. CHAPTER 10 GENETIC TOXICOLOGY TESTING GUIDELINES AND REGULATIONS (Lutz Müller and Hans-Jörg Martus). 10.1. Historical Overview of Genotoxicity Testing Guidelines. 10.2. Organization for Economic cooperation and Development (OECD) Guidelines for Genotoxicity. 10.3. International Conference of Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) Guidelines for Pharmaceuticals. 10.4. International Workshop on Genotoxicity Tests (IWGT). 10.5. The International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS) Under the Auspices of the World Health Organization (WHO). 10.6. In Vitro Testing. 10.7. In Vivo Testing. 10.8. European Union Guideline for Testing of Chemicals Under the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemical (REACH). 10.9. Specialty Guidelines for Genotoxicity: Genotoxic Impurities in Pharmaceuticals. 10.10. The Quintessence for Regulatory Assessment: In Vivo Testing for Risk Assessment. 10.11. Summary and Outlook. References. CHAPTER 11 IN VITRO GENOTOX ASSAYS (David Kirkland and David Gatehouse). 11.1. Introduction. 11.2. In Vitro Metabolic Activation. 11.3. In Vitro Tests for Gene Mutation in Bacteria. 11.4. In Vitro Tests for Gene Mutation in Mammalian Cells. 11.5. In Vitro Tests for Chromosome Damage in Mammalian Cells. 11.6. The In Vitro Micronucleus Test. 11.7. In Vitro Test for Unscheduled DNA Synthesis in Rat Hepatocytes. 11.8. In Vitro Comet Assay. 11.9. Strengths and Limitations. References. CHAPTER 12 IN VIVO GENOTOXICITY ASSAYS (Véronique Thybaud). 12.1. Introduction. 12.2. Parameters and Criteria for Valid In Vivo Genotoxicity Assays and Implications for Experimental Design. 12.3. In Vivo Genotoxicity Assays Required in the Standard Battery of Tests. 12.4. In Vivo Genotoxicity Assays Used Mainly as Complementary or Follow-Up Tests. 12.5. Conclusion and Perspectives. References. PART IV ASSESSING THE HUMAN RELEVANCE OF CHEMICAL-INDUCED TUMORS. CHAPTER 13 FRAMEWORK ANALYSIS FOR DETERMINING MODE OF ACTION AND HUMAN RELEVANCE (R. Julian Preston). 13.1. Introduction. 13.2. Framework Analysis: Mode of Action and Key Events. 13.3. Framework Analysis: Human Relevance. 13.4. Future Directions. References. CHAPTER 14 EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL STUDIES AND CARCINOGENICITY (Mary Elizabeth (Bette) Meek). 14.1. Introduction. 14.2. Current Status of Hazard Testing for Cancer for Regulatory Risk Assessment. 14.3. Application in Risk Assessment. 14.4. Evolution of Testing Strategies. 14.5. Discussion: Closing the GAP Between Hazard Testing and Risk Assessment. References. CHAPTER 15 CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY (Herman J. Gibb and Jessie P. Buckley). 15.1. Introduction. 15.2. Considerations for the Epidemiologic Study of Cancer. 15.3. Epidemiologic Study Methods. 15.4. Evaluation of Studies and Their Results. 15.5. Substances Causally Associated with Cancer. 15.6. Future for Cancer Epidemiology. References. CHAPTER 16 RODENT HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS (James E. Klaunig). 16.1. Introduction. 16.2. Mechanisms of Action of Hepatic Carcinogens. 16.3. Human Relevance Framework. 16.4. Summary. References. CHAPTER 17 MODE OF ACTION ANALYSIS AND HUMAN RELEVANCE OF LIVER TUMORS INDUCED BY PPARa ACTIVATION (J. Christopher Corton). 17.1. Overview. 17.2. Introduction. 17.3. Mode of Action Analysis in the EPA Risk Assessment Framework. 17.4. Relevance of PPARá Activator-Induced Rodent Liver Tumor Response to Humans. References. CHAPTER 18 ALPHA2U-GLOBULIN NEPHROPATHY AND CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE NEPHROPATHY AS MODES OF ACTION FOR RENAL TUBULE TUMOR INDUCTION IN RATS, AND THEIR POSSIBLE INTERACTION (Edward A. Lock and Gordon C. Hard). 18.1. Introduction. 18.2. Chemicals that Increase the Incidence of Renal Tubule Tumors in Male Rats by an á2u-Globulin Mode of Action. 18.3. Chemicals Increasing the Incidence of Renal Tumors Through Exacerbation of Spontaneous Chronic Progressive Nephropathy (CPN). 18.4. Chemicals Increasing RTT Incidence Through a Mode of Action Involving Exacerbation of CPN. 18.5. Examples Where the á2u-Globulin and Exacerbated CPN Modes of Action May Be Acting in Concert. 18.6. Relevance of Rat á2u-Globulin Nephropathy and CPN to Humans. References. CHAPTER 19 URINARY TRACT CALCULI AND BLADDER TUMORS (Samuel M. Cohen, Lora L. Arnold, and Shugo Suzuki). 19.1. Introduction. 19.2. Direct and Indirect Formation of Urinary Solids. 19.3. Urinary Factors Influencing the Formation of Urinary Solids. 19.4. Collection of Urine for Detection of Urinary Solids. 19.5. Interspecies Comparison of Urine Composition. 19.6. Urinary Solid Carcinogenesis in Rodents. 19.7. Epidemiology. 19.8. Risk Assessment. References. PART V METHODS FOR INFORMING CANCER RISK QUANTIFICATION. CHAPTER 20 (Q)SAR ANALYSIS OF GENOTOXIC AND NONGENOTOXIC CARCINOGENS: A STATE-OF-THE-ART OVERVIEW (Yin-tak Woo and David Y. Lai). 20.1. Introduction. 20.2. Overview of (Q)SAR Analysis and Modeling. 20.3. Mechanism-Based SAR Analysis of Chemical Carcinogens, Fibers, and Particles/Nanoparticles. 20.4. Uses of (Q)SAR in Cancer Hazard/Risk Assessment and Brief Overview of Predictive Systems/Softwares. 20.5. Future Perspectives. References. CHAPTER 21 PHYSIOLOGICALLY BASED PHARMACOKINETIC (PBPK) MODELS IN CANCER RISK ASSESSMENT (Mathieu Valcke and Kannan Krishnan). 21.1. Introduction. 21.2. PBPK Modeling: Characteristics and Approaches. 21.3. PBPK Models in Cancer Risk Assessment. 21.4. PBPK Models in Cancer Risk Assessment: Case Studies. 21.5. Concluding Remarks. References. CHAPTER 22 GENOMICS AND ITS ROLE IN CANCER RISK ASSESSMENT (Banalata Sen, Douglas C. Wolf, and Vicki Dellarco). 22.1. Introduction. 22.2. "-Omics" Technologies. 22.3. Genomics and the New Risk Assessment Paradigm. 22.4. Case Studies. 22.5. Use of Genomics in Predictive Toxicology. 22.6. Conclusions. References. CHAPTER 23 COMPUTATIONAL TOXICOLOGY IN CANCER RISK ASSESSMENT (Jerry N. Blancato). 23.1. Introduction. 23.2. Risk Assessment: Historical Perspective. 23.3. Enhancements in Quantitative Risk Assessment. 23.4. Computational Toxicology and Future Risk Assessments. 23.5. Conclusion. References. PART VI GENERAL APPROACHES FOR QUANTIFYING CANCER RISKS. CHAPTER 24 LINEAR LOW-DOSE EXTRAPOLATIONS (Michael Dourson and Lynne Haber). 24.1. Introduction. 24.2. Historical. 24.3. Issues Related to Extrapolation from Experimental Data. 24.4. Conclusion. References. CHAPTER 25 QUANTITATIVE CANCER RISK ASSESSMENT OF NONGENOTOXIC CARCINOGENS (Rafael Meza, Jihyoun Jeon, and Suresh H. Moolgavkar). 25.1. Introduction. 25.2. Some Examples and Applications. 25.3. Concluding Remarks. References. CHAPTER 26 NONLINEAR LOW-DOSE EXTRAPOLATIONS (Ari S. Lewis and Barbara D. Beck). 26.1. Introduction. 26.2. Mechanistic Aspects of Nonlinear Carcinogenesis. 26.3. DNA-Reactive Carcinogens and Nonlinearity. 26.4. Nonmutagenic Carcinogens and Nonlinearity. 26.5. Cancer Risk Assessment. 26.6. Nonlinearity Principles into Practice. 26.7. Summary and Conclusion. References. CHAPTER 27 CANCER RISK ASSESSMENT: MORE UNCERTAIN THAN WE THOUGHT (Edmund A. C. Crouch). 27.1. Introduction. 27.2. Summary of Previous Analyses. 27.3. Selection of Carcinogenicity Measure—The CD10. 27.4. The Variation of CD10 Within a Species. 27.5. Extrapolation of the Median CD10 Between Species. 27.6. Extrapolation of the IntraSpecies Variation in CD10. 27.7. Conclusions. 27.8. Appendix. References. CHAPTER 28 COMBINING NEOPLASMS FOR EVALUATION OF RODENT CARCINOGENESIS STUDIES (Amy E. Brix, Jerry F. Hardisty, and Ernest E. McConnell). 28.1. Introduction. 28.2. Rationale for Combining Neoplasms. 28.3. Usefulness of Differentiating Benign from Malignant Neoplasms and of Subclassifying Neoplasms. 28.4. Criteria for Combining Neoplasms. 28.5. Summary. References. CHAPTER 29 CANCER RISK BASED ON AN INDIVIDUAL TUMOR TYPE OR SUMMING OF TUMORS (Andrew G. Salmon and Lindsey A. Roth). 29.1. Introduction. 29.2. Summing of Tumors of Related Types. 29.3. Summing of Unrelated Tumor Types. 29.4. Example: 1,3-Butadiene. 29.5. Conclusions. References. CHAPTER 30 EXPOSURE RECONSTRUCTION AND CANCER RISK ESTIMATE DERIVATION (Shannon Gaffney, Jennifer Sahmel, Kathryn D. Devlin, and Dennis J. Paustenbach). 30.1. Introduction. 30.2. Exposure Reconstruction Methodology. 30.3. Application of Estimated Historical Exposure Values to Cancer Risk Estimates. 30.4. Summary. References. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisPrinciples and Applications of Chemical Microreactors provides the information chemists and engineers need to evaluate the use of microreactors, covering the technical, operational, and economic considerations for various applications.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Introduction (Thomas Dietrich). 1.1 The Impact of Micro-Technologies in Chemical Processing (Jean F. Jenck). Chapter 2: Microfluidic Modules. 2.1 Materials and Production Technology. 2.1.1 Micro-reactors built of metallic materials (Frank N. Herbstritt). 2.1.2 Microreactors built of insulating materials (Norbert Schwesinger and Andreas Freitag). 2.2 Unit Operations. 2.2.1: Micromixers (Joölle Aubin and Catherine Xuereb). 2.2.2. Micro-Channel Heat Exchangers and Reactors (Mark George Kirby and Svend Rumbold). 2.2.3. Separation Units (Asterios Gavriilidis and John Edward Andrew Shaw). 2.3 Calculations and Simulations (Dieter Bothe). Chapter 3: Peripheric Equipment. 3.1. Dosage Equipment (Asif Karim and Wolfgang Loth). 3.2 Micromachined sensors for microreactors (Jan Dziuban). 3.3 Automating Micro Process Systems (Thomas Mller-Heinzerling). Chapter 4: Microreaction Plants. 4.1 Strategies for lab scale development (Dirk Kischneck). 4.2. Microreaction Systems for Education (Marcel A. Liauw and Dina E. Treu). 4.3 Microreaction Systems for Large-Scale Production (Anna Lee Y. Tonkovich and Eric A. Daymo). 4.4 Process intensification (Michael Matlosz and Ing. Hab. Laurent Falk). 4.5 Standardisation in Micro Process Engineering (Alexis Bazzanella). Chapter 5: Applications. 5.1 Polymerization in Microfluidic Reactors (Eugenia Kumacheva, Hong Zhang, and Zhihong Nie). 5.2. Photo Reactions (Teijiro Ichimura, Yoshihisa Matsushita, Kosaku Sakeda, Tadashi Suzuki). 5.3 Intensification of catalytic process by micro-structured reactors: opportunities and limits (Kiwi Minsker and Albert Renken). 5.4 Separation Units (Bernd Nidetzky and Malene S. Thomsen). 5.5 Multiphase Reactions (J.G.E. (Han) Gardeniers).

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Book SynopsisTeaches, using simple analytical models how physical, chemical, and biological processes in the subsurface affect contaminant transport Uses simple analytical models to demonstrate the impact of subsurface processes on the fate and transport of groundwater contaminants Includes downloadable modeling tool that provides easily understood graphical output for over thirty models Modeling tool and book are integrated to facilitate reader understanding Collects analytical solutions from many sources into a single volume and, for the interested reader, shows how these solutions are derived from the governing model equations Table of ContentsList of Symbols xi Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii About the Companion Website xix 1 Modeling 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Definitions 3 1.3 A Simple Model – Darcy’s Law and Flow Modeling 3 1.3.1 Darcy’s Law 3 1.3.2 Flow Equation 5 1.3.3 Example Application of Darcy’s Law and the Flow Equation 8 1.3.4 Note of Caution – Know Model Assumptions and Applicable Conditions 9 1.3.5 Superposition (For a Fuller Discussion of Superposition Applied to Groundwater Flow, See Reilly et al., 1984) 13 1.3.6 Example Application of the Principle of Superposition 13 References 16 2 Contaminant Transport Modeling 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Fate and Transport Processes 19 2.2.1 Advection 19 2.2.2 Dispersion 20 2.2.3 Sorption 22 2.2.4 Chemical and Biological Reactions 24 2.3 Advective–Dispersive–Reactive (ADR) Transport Equation 25 2.3.1 Reaction Submodel 27 2.3.2 Sorption Submodel 28 2.3.2.1 Linear Equilibrium 28 2.3.2.2 Rate-Limited Sorption 28 2.4 Model Initial and Boundary Conditions 29 2.4.1 Initial Conditions 30 2.4.2 Boundary Conditions 31 2.5 Nondimensionalization 32 References 35 3 Analytical Solutions to 1-D Equations 37 3.1 Solving the ADR Equation with Initial/Boundary Conditions 37 3.2 Using Superposition to Derive Additional Solutions 38 3.3 Solutions 40 3.3.1 AnaModelTool Software 40 3.3.2 Virtual Experimental System 41 3.4 Effect of Advection 41 3.5 Effect of Dispersion 43 3.6 Effect of Sorption 48 3.6.1 Linear, Equilibrium Sorption 48 3.6.2 Rate-Limited Sorption 51 3.6.2.1 First-Order Kinetics 51 3.6.2.2 Diffusion-Limited 57 3.7 Effect of First-Order Degradation 60 3.8 Effect of Boundary Conditions 64 3.8.1 Effect of Boundary Conditions on Breakthrough Curves 64 3.8.2 Volume-Averaged Resident Concentration Versus Flux-Averaged Concentration 66 References 68 4 Analytical Solutions to 3-D Equations 71 4.1 Solving the ADR Equation with Initial/Boundary Conditions 71 4.2 Using Superposition to Derive Additional Solutions 72 4.3 Virtual Experimental System 72 4.4 Effect of Dispersion 73 4.5 Effect of Sorption 78 4.5.1 Linear, Equilibrium Sorption 78 4.5.2 Rate-Limited Sorption 80 4.6 Effect of First-Order Degradation 83 5 Method of Moments 87 5.1 Temporal Moments 87 5.1.1 Definition 87 5.1.2 Evaluating Temporal Moments 88 5.1.3 Temporal Moment Behavior 88 5.1.3.1 Advective–Dispersive Transport with First-Order Degradation and Linear Equilibrium Sorption 88 5.1.3.2 Advective–Dispersive Transport with First-Order Degradation and Rate-Limited Sorption 97 5.2 SpatialMoments 102 5.2.1 Definition 102 5.2.2 Evaluating Spatial Moments 103 5.2.3 Spatial Moment Behavior 104 5.2.3.1 Advective–Dispersive Transport with First-Order Degradation and Linear Equilibrium Sorption 104 5.2.3.2 Advective–Dispersive Transport with First-Order Degradation and Rate-Limited Sorption 105 References 120 6 Application of Analytical Models to Gain Insight into Transport Behavior 121 6.1 Contaminant Remediation 121 6.2 Borden Field Experiment 124 References 127 A Solution to One-Dimensional ADR Equation with First-Order Degradation Kinetics Using Laplace Transforms 129 Reference 132 B Solution to One-Dimensional ADR Equation with Zeroth-Order Degradation Kinetics Using Laplace Transforms 133 Reference 135 C Solutions to the One-Dimensional ADR in Literature 137 References 140 D User Instructions for AnaModelTool Software 141 E Useful Laplace Transforms 145 E.1 Laplace Transforms from van Genuchten and Alves (1982) 145 Reference 148 F Solution to Three-Dimensional ADR Equation with First-Order Degradation Kinetics for an Instantaneous Point Source Using Laplace and Fourier Transforms 149 References 151 G Solution to Three-Dimensional ADR Equation with Zeroth-Order Degradation Kinetics for an Instantaneous Point Source Using Laplace and Fourier Transforms 153 References 155 H Solutions to the Three-Dimensional ADR in Literature 157 References 160 I Derivation of the Long-Time First-Order Rate Constant to Model Decrease in Concentrations at a Monitoring Well Due to Advection, Dispersion, Equilibrium Sorption, and First-Order Degradation (Three-Dimensional Infinite System with an Instantaneous Point Source) 161 J Application of Aris’ Method of Moments to Calculate Temporal Moments 163 K Application of Modified Aris’ Method of Moments to Calculate Spatial Moments Assuming Equilibrium Sorption 165 L Application of Modified Aris’ Method of Moments to Calculate Spatial Moments Assuming Rate-Limited Sorption 167 L.1 Zeroth Spatial Moment 168 L.2 First Spatial Moment 168 L.3 Second Spatial Moment 168 M Derivation of Laplace Domain Solutions to a Model Describing Radial Advective/Dispersive/Sorptive Transport to an Extraction Well 171 References 173 N AnaModelTool Governing Equations, Initial and Boundary Conditions, and Source Code 175 N.1 Model 101 175 N.2 Model 102 176 N.3 Model 103 178 N.4 Model 104 179 N.5 Model 104M 180 N.6 Model 105 182 N.7 Model 106 184 N.8 Model 107 185 N.9 Model 108 187 N.10 Model 109 189 N.11 Model 201 191 N.12 Model 202 193 N.13 Model 203 195 N.14 Model 204 197 N.15 Model 205 200 N.16 Model 206 201 N.17 Model 207 203 N.18 Model 208 206 N.19 Model 301 207 N.20 Model 302 210 N.21 Model 303 212 N.22 Model 304 215 N.23 Model 305 217 N.24 Model 306 220 N.25 Model 401 222 N.26 Model 402 223 N.27 Model 403 225 N.28 Model 404 227 N.29 Model 405 229 N.30 Model 406 232 Index 235

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Book SynopsisOncology Book of 2011, British Medical Association''s Medical Book Awards Awarded first prize in the Oncology category at the 2011 BMA Medical Book Awards, Monoclonal Antibody and Peptide-Targeted Radiotherapy of Cancer helps readers understand this hot pharmaceutical field with up-to-date developments. Expert discussion covers a range of diverse topics associated with this field, including the optimization of design of biomolecules and radiochemistry, cell and animal models for preclinical evaluation, discoveries from key clinical trials, radiation biology and dosimetry, and considerations in regulatory approval. With chapters authored by internationally renowned experts, this book delivers a wealth of information to push future discovery.Trade Review"The book is well written and the topics of individual chapters are wisely chosen in order to cover the most important aspects of targeted radionuclide therapy. This book gives rich insights into theoretical and practical aspects of targeted radionuclide therapy, particularly considering its position as a rapidly emerging, exciting, new therapy modality for cancer. It speaks in favor of this book that valuable information is available for people entering the field, as well as for experienced researchers who need profound information." (ChemMedChem, November 2010) Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. 1. Antibody Engineering: Optimizing the Delivery Vehicle (Diane E. Milenic). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Intact Murine Monoclonal Antibodies. 1.3 Recombinant Immunoglobulin Molecules. 1.4 Nanobodies. 1.5 Domain-Deleted Monoclonal Antibodies. 1.6 Hypervariable Domain Region Peptides. 1.7 Fv Fragments. 1.8 Minibodies. 1.9 Selective High Affinity Ligands. 1.10 Affibodies. 1.11 Other Strategies. 1.12 Concluding Remarks. References. 2. The Radiochemistry of Monoclonal Antibodies and Peptides (Raymond M. Reilly). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Tumor and Normal Tissue Uptake of Monoclonal Antibodies and Peptides. 2.3 Selection of a Radionuclide for Tumor Imaging. 2.4 Selection of a Radionuclide for Targeted Radiotherapy. 2.5 Labeling Antibodies and Peptides with Radiohalogens. 2.6 Labeling Antibodies and Peptides with Radiometals. 2.7 Characterization of Radiolabeled mAbs and Peptides. 2.8 Summary. Acknowledgments. References. 3. The Design of Radiolabeled Peptides for Targeting Malignancies (Leonard G. Luyt). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Peptide Targets. 3.3 Peptides as Cancer Targeting Agents. 3.4 Multimodality Agents. 3.5 Future Outlook. References. 4. Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy in Patients with Somatostatin Receptor-Positive Neuroendocrine Tumors (Martijn van Essen, Dik J. Kwekkeboom, Wouter W. de Herder, Lisa Bodei, Boen L. R. Kam, Marion de Jong, Roelf Valkema, and Eric P. Krenning). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Radiotherapy with 111In-Octreotide. 4.3 Radiotherapy with 90Y-DOTATOC. 4.4 Targeted Radiotherapy Studies with 177Lu-Octreotate. 4.5 PRRT with Other Somatostatin Analogues. 4.6 Comparison of Different PRRT Studies. 4.7 Comparison with Chemotherapy. 4.8 Options for Improving PRRT and Future Directions. 4.9 Conclusions. References. 5. Targeted Radiotherapy of Central Nervous System Malignancies (Michael R. Zalutsky, David A. Reardon, and Darell D. Bigner). 5.1 Malignant Brain Tumors. 5.2 Rationale for Locoregional Therapy. 5.3 Targeted Radiotherapy of Brain Tumors. 5.4 Rationale for Tenascin-C as a Target for Radionuclide Therapy. 5.5 Perspective for the Future. Acknowledgments. References. 6. Radioimmunotherapy for B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (Thomas E. Witzig). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Radioimmunotherapy. 6.3 Antibodies Against CD22. 6.4 RIT Versus Immunotherapy. 6.5 RIT in Rituximab Refractory Patients. 6.6 RIT for Previously Untreated Patients. 6.7 RIT for Relapsed Large-Cell Lymphoma. 6.8 RIT for Transformed Lymphoma. 6.9 RIT for Mantle Cell Lymphoma. 6.10 Long-Term Results of RIT. 6.11 Risk of Myelodysplasia with RIT. 6.12 Feasibility of Treatment After RIT Failure. 6.13 Combinations of RIT and Chemotherapy. 6.14 High-Dose RIT with Stem Cell Support. 6.15 RIT for Central Nervous System Lymphoma. 6.16 Retreatment with RIT. 6.17 RIT in Children with Relapsed NHL. 6.18 RIT in Patients with Lung Involvement. 6.19 RIT in Patients with Skin Lymphoma. 6.20 RIT in Patients with >25% Marrow Involvement. 6.21 RIT in Older Patients. 6.22 RIT in Hodgkin’s Disease. 6.23 Viral Infections After RIT. 6.24 Radiation Therapy After RIT. 6.25 Summary. 6.26 Future Directions. References. 7. Radioimmunotherapy of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (Todd L. Rosenblat and Joseph G. Jurcic). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Antigenic Targets. 7.3 Radionuclide Selection. 7.4 Radiolabeling. 7.5 Pharmacokinetics and Dosimetry. 7.6 RIT with b-Particle Emitters. 7.7 RIT with a-Particle Emitters. 7.8 Summary. References. 8. Pretargeted Radioimmunotherapy of Cancer (Robert M. Sharkey and David G. Goldenberg). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 The Challenge of Improving Tumor/Nontumor Ratios. 8.3 Pretargeting: Uncoupling the Antibody–Radionuclide Conjugate. 8.4 Clinical Studies of Pretargeting. 8.5 Prospects for Combination Therapies. 8.6 Future Innovations. 8.7 Conclusions. References. 9. Targeted Auger Electron Radiotherapy of Malignancies (Raymond M. Reilly and Amin Kassis). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Radiobiological Effects of Auger Electrons. 9.3 Selection of an Auger Electron-Emitting Radionuclide. 9.4 Microdosimetry. 9.5 Molecular Targets for Auger Electron Radiotherapy of Cancer. 9.6 Small-Molecule Auger Electron Radiotherapy. 9.7 Summary and Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. 10. Viral Introduction of Receptors for Targeted Radiotherapy (Kathryn Ottolino-Perry and Judith Andrea McCart). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Viral Vectors. 10.3 Virally Delivered Receptors. 10.4 Combined Oncolytic and Targeted Radiotherapy. 10.5 Summary. References. 11. Preclinical Cell and Tumor Models for Evaluating Radiopharmaceuticals in Oncology (Ann F. Chambers, Eva A. Turley, John Lewis, and Leonard G. Luyt). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Traditional Approaches to Preclinical Evaluation of Radiotherapeutics. 11.3 Models of Cancer. 11.4 Animal Models for Evaluating Radiopharmaceuticals: Unresolved Issues and Challenges for Translation. References. 12. Radiation Biology of Targeted Radiotherapy (David Murray and Michael Weinfeld). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Targeted Radionuclide Therapy: Concepts. 12.3 Radiation-Induced DNA Damage. 12.4 Cellular DNA Damage Surveillance–Response Networks. 12.5 Mammalian DNA-Repair Pathways. 12.6 Modes of Cell Death Following Radiation Exposure. 12.7 Conventional Models for Cell Survival Curves, Fractionation, and Dose-Rate Effects. 12.8 Low-Dose Hyperradiosensitivity-Increased Radioresistance. 12.9 Inverse Dose-Rate Effects. 12.10 Cross fire. 12.11 The Radiobiological Bystander Effect. 12.12 The Adaptive Response. 12.13 A Possible Contribution from Low-Dose Radiobiological Mechanisms to TRT Tumor. Responses?. 12.14 Use of Radionuclides Other Than b-Particle Emitters. 12.15 Role of Tumor Hypoxia and Fractionation Effects. 12.16 Summary and Future Directions. Acknowledgments. References. 13. Dosimetry for Targeted Radiotherapy (Sui Shen and John B. Fiveash). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Basic Concepts of MIRD Dosimetry. 13.3 Preclinical Dosimetry. 13.4 Clinical Dosimetry Methods. 13.5 Dosimetry for Dose-Limiting Organs and Tumors. 13.6 Conclusions. References. 14. The Bystander Effect in Targeted Radiotherapy (Carmel Mothersill and Colin Seymour). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Historical Review of Bystander Effects in the Context of Radiation Damage to Cells. 14.3 New Knowledge and the Pillars of the Developing New Paradigm. 14.4 Concept of Hierarchical Levels of Assessment of Targeted Radiation Effects. 14.5 The New Meaning of the LNT Model. 14.6 Techniques for Studying Bystander Effects. 14.7 Bystander Phenomena in Targeted and Conventional Radiotherapy. 14.8. Mechanisms Underlying Bystander Effects and Detection Techniques. 14.9. The Future. References. 15. The Role of Molecular Imaging in Evaluating Tumor Response to Targeted Radiotherapy (Norbert Avril). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Positron Emission Tomography. 15.3 Response to Cancer Treatment Including Targeted Radiotherapy. References. 16. The Economic Attractiveness of Targeted Radiotherapy: Value for Money? (Jeffrey S. Hoch). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Applying Economics in Theory. 16.3 Applying Economics in Practice. 16.4 The Economic Attractiveness of Targeted Radiotherapy: the Case of 90Y-Ibritumomab Tiuxetan (Zevalin). 16.5 Conclusions. References. 17. Selected Regulatory Elements in the Development of Protein and Peptide Targeted Radiotherapeutic Agents (Thomas R. Sykes and Connie J. Sykes). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Administrative and Organizational Elements. 17.3 Pharmaceutical Quality Elements. 17.4 Nonclinical Study Elements. 17.5 Clinical Study Elements. 17.6 Summary. Dedication. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book introduces readers to powerful parameter estimation and computational methods for modeling complex chemical reactions and reaction processes. It presents useful mathematical models, numerical methods for solving them, and statistical methods for testing and discriminating candidate models with experimental data.Trade Review"The book is a very useful tool…all presented in a very rigorous style." (Computing Reviews, September 3, 2008)Table of ContentsChapter 1. Overview. References. Chapter 2. Chemical Reaction Models. 2.1 Stoichiometry of Reaction Schemes. 2.2 Computability of Reaction Rates from Data. 2.3 Equilibria of Chemical Reactions. 2.4 Kinetics of Elementary Steps. 2.5 Properties of Reaction Networks. 2.6 Evidence for Reaction Steps. References. Chapter 3. Chemical Reactor Models. 3.1 Macroscopic Conservation Equations. 3.2 Heat and Mass Transfer in Fixed Beds. 3.3 Interfacial States in Fixed-Bed Reactors. 3.4 Material Transport in Porous Catalysts. 3.4.1 Material Transport in a Cylindrical Pore Segment. 3.4.2 Material Transport in a Pore Network. 3.4.3 Working Models of Flow and Diffusion an Isotropic Media. 3.4.4 Discussion. 3.4.5 Transport and Reaction in Porous Catalysts. 3.5 Gas Properties at Low Pressures. 3.6 Notation. References. Chapter 4. Introduction to Probability and Statistics. 4.1 Strategy of Data-Based Investigation. 4.2 Basic Concepts in Probability Theory. 4.3 Distributions of Sums of Random Variables. 4.4 Multiresponse Normal Error Distributions. 4.5 Statistical Inference and Criticism. References. Chapter 5. Introduction to Bayesian Estimation. 5.1 The Theorem. 5.2 Bayesian Estimation with Informative Priors. 5.3 Introduction to Noninformative Priors. 5.4 Jeffreys’ Prior for One-Parameter Models. 5.5 Jeffreys’ Prior for Multiparameter Models. 5.6 Summary. References. Chapter 6. Process Modeling With Single-Response Data. 6.1 The Objective Function S(_). 6.2 Weighting and Observation Forms98. 6.3 Parametric Sensitivities; Normal Equations. 6.4 Constrained Minimization Of S(_). 6.4.1 The Quadratic Programming Algorithm GRQP. 6.4.2 The Line Search Algorithm GRS1. 6.4.3 Final Expansions Around b_. 6.5 Testing the Residuals. 106. 6.6 Inferences from the Posterior Density. 6.6.1 Inferences for the Parameters. 6.6.2 Inferences for Predicted Functions. 6.6.3 Discrimination of Rival Models by Posterior Probability. 6.7 Sequential Planning Of Experiments. 6.7.1 Planning For Parameter Estimation. 6.7.2 Planning For Auxiliary Function Estimation. 6.7.3 Planning For Model Discrimination. 6.7.4 Combined Discrimination and Estimation. 6.7.5 Planning For Model Building. 6.8 Examples. 6.9 Summary. 6.10 Notation. References. Chapter 7. Process Modeling With Multiresponse Data. 7.1 Problem Types. 7.2 Objective Function. 7.2.1 Selection of Working Responses. 7.2.2 Derivatives of EQS. (7.2-1) and (7.2-3)150. 7.2.3 Quadratic Expansions; Normal Equations. 7.3 Constrained Minimization Of S(_. 7.3.1 Final Expansions Around b_. 7.4 Testing the Residual. 7.5 Posterior Probabilities and Regions. 7.5.1 Inferences Regarding Parameters. 7.5.2 Inferences Regarding Functions. 7.5.3 Discrimination among Rival Models. 7.6 Sequential Planning Of Experiments. 7.7 Examples. 7.8 Process Investigations. 7.9 Conclusion. 7.10 Notation. 7.11 Proof of EQS. (7.1-16) and (7.1-17). References. Appendix A. Solution of Linear Algebraic Equations. A.1 Introductory Concepts and Operations. A.2 Operations with Partitioned Matrices. A.3 Gauss-Jordan Reduction. A.4 Gaussian Elimination. A.5 Lu Factorization. A.6 Software. References. Appendix B. Ddaplus Documentation. B.1 What Ddaplus Does. B.2 Object Code. B.3 Calling Ddaplus. B.4 Description of The Calling Arguments. B.5 Exit Conditions and Continuation Calls. B.6 The Subroutine fsub. B.7 The Subroutine Esub. B.8 The Subroutine Jac. B.9 The Subroutine Bsub. B.10numerical Examples. References. Appendix C. Gregplus Documentation. C.1 Description Of Gregplus. C.2 Levels of Gregplus. C.3 Calling Gregplu. C.4 Work Space Requirements for Gregplus. C.5 Specifications For The User-Provided Model. C.6 Single-Response Examples. C.7 Multiresponse Examples. References. Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisThe book gives students and young researchers a resource on zinc enzymes, some of which were intensively studied for more than six decades and translated into model success stories of the pharmaceutical industry.Table of ContentsPREFACE. CONTRIBUTORS. PART I: INTRODUCTION. 1. Introduction to Zinc Enzymes as Drug Targets (Claudiu T. Supuran and Jean-Yves Winum). PART II: DRUG DESIGN OF CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS AND ACTIVATORS. 2. Carbonic Anhydrases as Drug Targets: General Presentation (Claudiu T. Supuran). 3. Zinc Binding Functions in the Design of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Jean-Yves Winum, Jean-Louis Montero, Andrea Scozzafava, and Claudiu T. Supuran). 4. X-Ray Crystallography of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors and Its Importance in Drug Design (Vincenzo Alterio, Anna Di Fiore, Katia D’Ambrosio, Claudiu T. Supuran, and Giuseppina De Simone). 5. Antiglaucoma Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors as Ophthalomologic Drugs (Francesco Mincione, Andrea Scozzafava, and Claudiu T. Supuran). 6. Diuretics with Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitory Activity: Toward Novel Applications for Sulfonamide Drugs (Daniela Vullo, Alessio Innocenti, and Claudiu T. Supuran). 7. Drug Design of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors as Anticonvulsant Agents (Anne Thiry, Jean-Michel Dogne, Claudiu T. Supuran, and Bernard Masereel). 8. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Targeting Cancer: Therapeutic, Immunologic, and Diagnostic Tools Targeting Isoforms IX and XII (Silvia Pastorekova, Monika Barathova, Juraj Kopacek, and Jaromir Pastorek). 9. Fluorescent- and Spin-Labeled Sulfonamides as Probe for Carbonic Anhydrase IX (Alessandro Cecchi, Laura Ciani, Sandra Ristori, and Claudiu T. Supuran). 10. Drug Design of Antiobesity Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Giuseppina De Simone and Claudiu T. Supuran). 11. Dual Carbonic Anhydrase and Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibition (Jean-Michel Dogne, Anne Thiry, Bernard Masereel, and Claudiu T. Supuran). 12. Advances in the Inhibitory and Structural Investigations on Carbonic Anhydrase Isozymes XIII and XV (Mika Hilvo, Giuseppina De Simone, Claudiu T. Supuran, and Seppo Parkkila). 13. Mechanism and Inhibition of the b-Class and c-Class Carbonic Anhydrases (James G. Ferry and Claudiu T. Supuran). 14. Fungal and Nematode Carbonic Anhydrases: Their Inhibition in Drug Design (Rebecca A. Hall and Fritz. A. M€uhlschlegel). 15. Crystallographic Studies on Carbonic Anhydrases from Fungal Pathogens for Structure-Assisted Drug Development (Uta-Maria Ohndorf, Christine Schlicker, and Clemens Steegborn). 16. Malaria Parasite Carbonic Anhydrase and Its Inhibition in the Development of Novel Therapies of Malaria (Jerapan Krungkrai, Sudaratana R. Krungkrai, and Claudiu T. Supuran). 17. Inhibitors of Helicobacter pylori a- and b-Carbonic Anhydrases as Novel Drugs for Gastroduodenal Diseases (Isao Nishimori, Hiroaki Takeuchi, and Claudiu T. Supuran). 18. QSAR of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors and Their Impact on Drug Design (Adriano Martinelli and Tiziano Tuccinardi). 19. Selectivity Issues in the Design of CA Inhibitors (Claudiu T. Supuran and Jean-Yves Winum). 20. Bicarbonate Transport Metabolons (Danielle E. Johnson and Joseph R. Casey). 21. Metal Complexes of Sulfonamides as Dual Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Marc A. Ilies). 22. Drug Design Studies of Carbonic Anhydrase Activators (Claudia Temperini, Andrea Scozzafava, and Claudiu T. Supuran). PART III DRUG DESIGN OF MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE INHIBITORS. 23. Matrix Metalloproteinases: An Overview (Hideaki Nagase and Robert Visse). 24. MMP Inhibitors Based on Earlier Succinimide Strategies: From Early to New Approaches (M. Amelia Santos). 25. Drug Design of Sulfonylated MMP Inhibitors (Armando Rossello and Elisa Nuti). 26. ADAMs and ADAMTs Selective Synthetic Inhibitors (Armando Rossello, Elisa Nuti, and Alfonso Maresca). 27. QSAR Studies of MMP Inhibitors (Tiziano Tuccinardi and Adriano Martinelli). PART IV DRUG DESIGN OF BACTERIAL ZINC PROTEASE INHIBITORS. 28. Bacterial Zinc Proteases as Orphan Targets (Claudiu T. Supuran). 29. Botulinus Toxin, Tetanus Toxin, and Anthrax Lethal Factor Inhibitors (Antonio Mastrolorenzo and Claudiu T. Supuran). 30. Clostridium histolyticum Collagenase Inhibitors in the Drug Design (Claudiu T. Supuran). 31. Other Bacterial Zinc Peptidases as Potential Drug Targets (Kunihiko Watanabe). PART V DRUG DESIGN STUDIES OF OTHER ZINC-CONTAINING ENZYMES. 32. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors (Ana Camara-Artigas, Vicente Jara-Perez, and Montserrat Andujar-Sanchez). 33. P-III Metalloproteinase (Leucurolysin-B) from Bothrops leucurus Venom: Isolation and Possible Inhibition (Eladio F. Sanchez and Johannes A. Eble). 34. CaaX-Protein Prenyltransferase Inhibitors (Martin Schlitzer, Regina Ortmann, and Mirko Altenkamper). 35. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors (Paul W. Finn). 36. Recent Development of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Agents Targeting Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) (Youngjoo Byun, Ronnie C. Mease, Shawn E. Lupold, and Martin G. Pomper). 37. Targeting HIV-1 Integrase Zinc Binding Motif (Mario Sechi, Mauro Carcelli, Dominga Rogolino, and Nouri Neamati). 38. Inhibitors of Histidinol Dehydrogenases as Antibacterial Agents (Pascale Joseph, Franc¸ois Turtaut, Stephan K€ohler, and Jean-Yves Winum). 39. Dihydroorotase Inhibitors (Mihwa Lee, Megan J. Maher, Richard I. Christopherson, and J. Mitchell Guss). 40. APOBEC3G: A Promising Antiviral Target (Claudiu T. Supuran and Jean-Yves Winum). Index.

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Book SynopsisExpDesign Studio facilitates more efficient clinical trial design This book introduces pharmaceutical statisticians, scientists, researchers, and others to ExpDesign Studio software for classical and adaptive designs of clinical trials. It includes the Professional Version 5.0 of ExpDesign Studio software that frees pharmaceutical professionals to focus on drug development and related challenges while the software handles the essential calculations and computations. After a hands-on introduction to the software and an overview of clinical trial designs encompassing numerous variations, Classical and Adaptive Clinical Trial Designs Using ExpDesign Studio: Covers both classical and adaptive clinical trial designs, monitoring, and analyses Explains various classical and adaptive designs including groupsequential, sample-size reestimation, dropping-loser, biomarker-adaptive, and response-adaptive randomization designs Includes instructions fTrade Review“This book has been selected for The First Clinical Research Bookshelf. Essential reading for clinical research professionals” (Journal of Clinical Research Best Practices, June 2009)Table of ContentsPreface. Self-Study and Practice Guide. 1 ExpDesign Studio. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 How to Design a Trial Using ExpDesign Studio. 1.2.1 How to Design a Classical Trial. 1.2.2 How to Design a Group Sequential Trial. 1.2.3 How to Design an Adaptive Trial. 1.2.4 How to Run Adaptive Trial Simulations. 1.2.5 How to Design a Multistage Trial. 1.2.6 How to Design a Dose-Escalation Trial. 1.3 ExpDesign Menus. 2 Clinical Trial Design. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Classical Clinical Trial Design. 2.2.1 Substantial Evidence. 2.2.2 Clinical Trial Endpoint. 2.2.3 Confirmatory Trials. 2.2.4 Exploratory Trials. 2.2.5 Multicenter Trials. 2.2.6 Trials to Show Superiority. 2.2.7 Trials to Show Equivalence or Noninferiority. 2.2.8 Trials to Show a Dose–Response Relationship. 2.2.9 Parallel Design. 2.2.10 Crossover Design. 2.2.11 Factorial Design. 2.3 Selection of a Trial Design. 2.3.1 Balanced Versus Unbalanced Designs. 2.3.2 Crossover Versus Parallel Designs. 2.3.3 Dose Escalation Versus Titration Designs. 2.3.4 Bioavailability Versus Bioequivalence Designs. 2.3.5 Equivalence Versus Bioequivalence. 2.3.6 Sample-Size Determination. 2.4 Adaptive Clinical Trial Design. 2.4.1 Group Sequential Design. 2.4.2 Sample-Size Reestimation Design. 2.4.3 Drop-Loser Design. 2.4.4 Response-Adaptive Randomization Design. 2.4.5 Adaptive Dose-Escalation Design. 2.4.6 Biomarker-Adaptive Design. 2.4.7 Multistage Design of Single-Arm Trials. 3 Classical Trial Design. 3.1 Introduction. 3.1.1 Hypothesis Test. 3.1.2 Importance of Sample-Size Calculation. 3.1.3 Factors Affecting Sample Size. 3.1.4 Avoiding Under- or Overpowered Designs. 3.2 How to Calculate Sample Size Using ExpDesign. 3.2.1 Testing the Mean Difference Between Two Groups. 3.2.2 Testing the Proportion Difference Between Two Groups. 3.2.3 Testing the Survival Difference Between Two Groups. 3.2.4 Testing the Survival Difference with a Follow-up Period. 3.2.5 Exact Test for a One-Sample Proportion. 3.2.6 McNemar’s Test for Paired Data. 3.2.7 Noninferiority Test for Two Means. 3.2.8 Bioequivalence Test for Two Means. 3.2.9 Bioequivalence Test for Two Means of Lognormal Data. 3.2.10 Equivalence Test Based on the Ratio of Two Means. 3.2.11 Precision Method for the Mean Difference for a Paired Sample. 3.2.12 Mantel–Haenszel Test for an Odds Ratio with Two Strata. 3.2.13 Pearson’s Chi-Square Test for Rate Difference. 3.2.14 One-Way ANOVA for Parallel Groups. 3.2.15 Dose–Response Trial for a Myocardial Infarction. 3.3 Mathematical Notes on Classical Design. 3.3.1 Large-Sample-Size Calculation for Classical Design. 3.3.2 Commonly Used Terms and Their Mathematical Expressions. 3.3.3 Relationship Between Enrollment Rate and Number of Events. 4 Group Sequential Trial Design. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Basics of Group Sequential Design. 4.3 How to Design Sequential Trials Using ExpDesign. 4.3.1 Design Featuring Early Efficacy Stopping for Two Means. 4.3.2 Design Featuring Early Futility Stopping for a Proportion. 4.3.3 Design Featuring Early Stopping for a Survival Endpoint. 4.3.4 Design Featuring Early Stopping for Paired Proportions. 4.4 How to Monitor a Group Sequential Trial Using ExpDesign. 4.4.1 Need for Trial Monitoring. 4.4.2 Techniques for Monitoring a Sequential Trial. 4.4.3 How to Monitor a Trial Using ExpDesign. 4.5 Mathematical Notes on Sequential Trial Design. 4.5.1 Unified Formulation for Sequential Trial Design. 4.5.2 Calculation of Conditional Probability. 4.5.3 Conditional and Predictive Power and RCI for Trial Monitoring. 4.5.4 Bias-Adjusted Estimates. 5 Adaptive Trial Design. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Basics of Adaptive Design Methods. 5.3 How To Design a Sample-Size Reestimation Trial Using ExpDesign. 5.3.1 Sample-Size Adjustment Based on the Effect-Size Ratio. 5.3.2 Sample-Size Adjustment Based on Conditional Power. 5.3.3 Adaptive Design for an Acute Ischemic Stroke Trial. 5.3.4 Adaptive Design for an Asthma Study. 5.3.5 Adaptive Design for an Oncology Trial. 5.3.6 Noninferiority Design with a Binary Endpoint. 5.4 How to Design a Drop-Loser Trial Using ExpDesign. 5.4.1 Drop-Loser Mechanism. 5.4.2 Seamless Design of an Asthma Trial. 5.5 How to Design a Trial Using a Classifier Biomarker. 5.5.1 Biomarker Classifications. 5.5.2 Biomarker-Adaptive Design. 5.6 How to Design a Play-the-Winner Trail Using ExpDesign. 5.6.1 Randomized Play-the-Winner Design. 5.6.2 Adaptive Randomization with a Normal Endpoint. 6 Adaptive Trial Monitoring. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Error-Spending Approach. 6.3 How to Recalculate Stopping Boundaries Using ExpDesign. 6.4 Conditional Power and the Futility Index. 6.5 How to Reestimate Sample Size Using ExpDesign. 6.5.1 Calculating Conditional Power Using ExpDesign. 6.5.2 Reestimating Sample Size Using ExpDesign. 6.6 Trial Examples. 6.6.1 Changes in Number and Timing of the Analyses. 6.6.2 Recursive Two-Stage Adaptive Design. 6.6.3 Conditional Power and Sample-Size Reestimation. 7 Oncology Adaptive Trial Design. 7.1 Multistage Trial Design. 7.1.1 Introduction. 7.1.2 How to Design a Multistage Design Using ExpDesign. 7.2 Dose-Escalation Trial Design. 7.2.1 Introduction. 7.2.2 Bayesian Continual Reassessment Method. 7.2.3 How to Design a Dose-Escalation Trial Using ExpDesign. 7.3 Dose-Escalation Trial Monitoring Using CRM. 7.4 Mathematical Notes on Multistage Design. 7.4.1 Decision Tree for a Multistage Trial. 7.4.2 Two-Stage Design. 7.4.3 Three-Stage Design. 7.5 Mathematical Notes on the CRM. 7.5.1 Probability Model for Dose–Response. 7.5.2 Prior Distribution of a Parameter. 7.5.3 Likelihood Function. 7.5.4 Reassessment of a Parameter. 7.5.5 Assignment of the Next Patient. 8 Adaptive Trial Simulator. 8.1 Adjusting the Critical Region Method. 8.2 Classical Design with Two Parallel Treatment Groups. 8.3 Flexible Design with Sample-Size Reestimation. 8.4 Design with Random-Play-the-Winner Randomization. 8.5 Group Sequential Design with One Interim Analysis. 8.6 Design Permitting Early Stopping and Sample-Size Reestimation. 8.7 Classical Design with Multiple Treatment Groups. 8.8 Multigroup Trial with Response-Adaptive Randomization. 8.9 Adaptive Design Featuring Dropping Losers. 8.10 Dose–Response Trial Design. 8.11 Dose-Escalation Design for an Oncology Trial. 9 Further Assistance from ExpDesign Studio. 9.1 ExpDesign Probability Functions. 9.2 Virtual Trial Data Generation Using ExpDesign Randomizor. 9.2.1 Random Number Generation Using ExpDesign. 9.2.2 How to Generate a Random Univariate Using ExpDesign. 9.2.3 How to Generate a Random Multivariate Using ExpDesign. 9.2.4 How to Generate a Random Multibinomial Using ExpDesign. 9.3 ExpDesign Toolkits. 9.3.1 Graphic Calculator. 9.3.2 Statistical Calculator. 9.3.3 Confidence Interval Calculator. 10 Classical Design Method Reference. 10.1 Single-Group Design. 10.1.1 One/Paired-Sample Hypothesis Test for the Mean. 10.1.2 One/Paired-Sample Hypothesis Test for the Proportion. 10.1.3 One/Paired-Sample Hypothesis Test for Others. 10.1.4 Paired-Sample Equivalence Test for the Mean. 10.1.5 Paired-Sample Equivalence Test for the Proportion. 10.1.6 One-Sample Confidence Interval for the Mean. 10.1.7 One-Sample Confidence Interval for the Proportion. 10.1.8 One-Sample Confidence Interval for Others. 10.2 Two-Group Design. 10.2.1 Two-Sample Hypothesis Test for the Mean. 10.2.2 Two-Sample Hypothesis Test for the Proportion. 10.2.3 Two-Sample Hypothesis Test for Others. 10.2.4 Two-Sample Equivalence/Noninferiority Test for the Mean. 10.2.5 Two-Sample Equivalence/Noninferiority Test for the Proportion. 10.2.6 Two-Sample Equivalence/Noninferiority Test for Survival. 10.2.7 Two-Sample Confidence Interval for the Mean. 10.2.8 Two-Sample Confidence Interval for the Proportion. 10.3 Multigroup Trial Design. 10.3.1 Multisample Hypothesis Test for the Mean. 10.3.2 Multisample Hypothesis Test for the Proportion. 10.3.3 Multisample Hypothesis Test for Others. 10.3.4 Multisample Confidence Interval for Others. Afterword. Appendix A: Validation of ExpDesign Studio. A.1 Validation Process for ExpDesign Studio. A.1.1 Algorithm Validation. A.1.2 Statistical Outcome Validation. A.1.3 Criteria for Passing Validation. A.1.4 Input and GUI Validation. A.2 Validation of the Classical Design Module. A.3 Validation of the Group Sequential Design Module. A.3.1 Stopping Boundary and Type I Error Rate Validation. A.3.2 Power and Sample-Size Validation. A.4 Validation of the Adaptive Design Module. A.4.1 Stopping Boundary and Type I Error Rate Validation. A.4.2 Validation of Adaptive Design Monitoring. A.5 Validation of the Multistage Design Module. A.6 Validation of the Traditional Dose-Escalation Design Module. A.6.1 Validation of the Traditional Escalation Rule. A.6.2 Validation of the Bayesian Continual Reassessment Method. A.7 Validation of the Trial Simulation Module. A.8 Validation of the Randomizor. A.9 Validation of the ExpDesign Toolkits. A.10 Computer Programs for Validations. A.10.1 SAS Macro for Three-Stage Design Validation. A.10.2 Traditional 3 + 3 Escalation Design Validation. A.10.3 SAS Program for CRM Validation. Appendix B: Sample-Size Calculation Methods: Classical Design. References. Index. System Requirements, Software Installation, and Software License Agreement.

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Book SynopsisState-of-the-art techniques for tapping the vast potential of polymers The use of specific non-covalent interactions to control polymer structure and properties is a rapidly emerging field with applications in diverse disciplines. Molecular Recognition and Polymers covers the fundamental aspects and applications of molecular recognitionin the creation of novel polymeric materials for use in drug delivery, sensors, tissue engineering, molecular imprinting, and other areas. This reference begins by explaining the fundamentals of supramolecular polymers; it progresses to cover polymer formation and self-assembly with a wide variety of examples, and then includes discussions of biomolecular recognition using polymers. With chapters contributed by the foremost experts in their fields, this resource: Provides an integrated resource for supramolecular chemistry, polymer science, and interfacial science Covers advanced, state-of-the-art technTrade Review"This book is an excellent up-to-date source for scientists in the field, as well as for teachers and graduate students of advanced organic chemistry or material science. Industrial researchers might also find the thorough reviews of emerging field stimulating ... The book should serve as a very valuable source and reference in any institutional or personal library." (Journal of the American Chemical Society, February 4, 2009)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. List of Contributors. List of Figures. List of Tables. Editor Biographies. PART I: FUNDAMENTALS OF SUPRAMOLECULAR POLYMERS. 1. A Brief Introduction to Supramolecular Chemistry in a Polymer Context1 (Raymond J. Thibault and Vincent M. Rotello). 1.1 Introduction and Background. 1.2 Main-chain versus Side-chain Supramolecular Polymers. References. 2. Molecular Recognition Using Amphiphilic Macromolecules (Malar A Azagarsamy, K. Krishnamoorthy, and S. Thayumanavan). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Amphiphilic Block Copolymers. 2.2.1 Non-Specific Interactions. 2.2.2 Specific Interactions. 2.3 Amphiphilic Homopolymers. 2.3.1 Container Properties. 2.4 Amphiphilic Dendrimers. 2.5 Conclusions. 2.6 Acknowledgements. References. 3. Supramolecular Control of Mechanical Properties in Single Molecules, Interfaces and Macroscopic Materials (David M. Loveless, Farrell R. Kersey and Stephen L. Craig). 3.1 Introduction and Background. 3.2 Mechanical Properties of Linear Supramolecular Polymers. 3.3 Mechanical Properties of Supramolecular Polymer Networks. 3.4 Mechanical Properties in Supramolecular Polymers at Interfaces. 3.5 Mechanical Forces and Supramolecular Interactions. 3.6 Conclusions. References. PART II: POLYMER FORMATION AND SELF-ASSEMBLY. 4. Hydrogen Bond Functionalized Block Copolymers and Telechelic Oligomers (Brian D. Mather and Timothy E. Long). 4.1 Scientific Rationale and Perspective. 4.2 Hydrogen Bonding Interactions in Macromolecular Design. 4.2.1 Fundamentals of Hydrogen Bonding. 4.2.2 Performance Advantages of Hydrogen Bond Containing Polymers. 4.3 Hydrogen Bond Containing Block Copolymers. 4.4 Telechelic Hydrogen Bond Functional Polymers. 4.5 Combining Hydrogen Bonding with other Non-Covalent Interactions. 4.6 Reversible Attachment of Guest Molecules via Hydrogen Bonding. 4.7 Conclusions and Summary. References. 5. NonCovalent Side Chain Modification (Kamlesh P. Nair and Marcus Weck). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Strategies Towards Noncovalent Side-Chain Functionalization of Polymeric Scaffolds. 5.3 Noncovalent Multifunctionalization of the Side-Chains of Polymeric Scaffolds. 5.4 Applications of Noncovalently Functionalized Side-Chain Copolymers. 5.5 Conclusions and Outlook. 5.6 Acknowledgements. References. 6. Polymer-Mediated Assembly of Nanoparticles Using Engineered Interactions (Hung-Ting Chen, Yuval Ofir, and Vincent M. Rotello). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Design of Nanoparticles and Polymers. 6.3 Self-Assembly Polymer-particle Nanocomposites. 6.4 Conclusions and Outlook. References. 7. Metallosupramolecular Polymers, Networks, and Gels (Blayne M. McKenzie and Stuart J. Rowan). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Metal-Ligand Binding Motifs. 7.3 Linear and Macrocyclic Main-Chain Metallo-Supramolecular Polymers. 7.4 Metallo-Supramolecular Networks and Gels. 7.5 Conclusion and Outlook. References. 8. Polymeric Capsules: Catalysis and Drug Delivery (Brian P. Mason, Jeremy L. Steinbacher, and D. Tyler McQuade). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Methods of Encapsulation. 8.3 Catalyst Encapsulation. 8.4 Drug Delivery with Microcapsules. 8.5 Conclusion. References. 9. Sequence-Specific Hydrogen-Bonded Units for Directed Association, Assembly and Ligation (Bing Gong). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 General Design: Information-Storing Molecular Duplexes Based on the Recombination of H-Bond Donors and Acceptors. 9.3 Quadruply H-Bonded Duplexes with Sequence-Independent Stability. 9.4 Tuning Binding Strength by Varying the Number of Interstrand H-Bonds. 9.5 Probing Sequence-Specificity. 9.6 Unexpected Discovery: Duplexes Containing Folded Strands. 9.7 Directed Assembly: Formation of β-sheets and Supramolecular Block Copolymers. 9.8 Integrating Non-covalent and Covalent Interactions: Directed Olefin Metathesis and Disulfide Bond Formation. 9.9 Conclusions and Future Perspective. 9.10 Acknowledgements. References. 10. Bioinspired Supramolecular Design in Polymers for Advanced Mechanical Properties (Zhibin Guan). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Biomimetic Concept of Modular Polymer Design. 10.3 Results and Discussion. 10.4 Summary and Perspective. 10.5 Acknowledgements. References. 11. The Structure and Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Dendrimers in Water (Hui Shao and Jon R. Parquette). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Structure. 11.3 Self-Assembly and Aggregation. 11.4 Folded Amphiphilic Dendrimers. 11.5 Langmuir-Blodgett Monolayers. 11.6 Conclusion. References. PART III: BIOMOLECULAR RECOGNITION USING POLYMERS. 12. Colorimetric Sensing and Biosensing Using Functionalized Conjugated Polymers (Amit Basu). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Polydiacetylene. 12.3 Polythiophenes. 12.4 Other Materials. 12.5 Summary. References. 13. Glycodendrimers and Other Macromolecules Bearing Multiple Carbohydrates (Mary J. Cloninger). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Dendrimers to Glycodendrimers. 13.3 Multivalency. 13.4 Heteromultivalent Carbohydrate Systems. 13.5 Comments Regarding the Synthesis of Heteromultivalent Carbohydrate Systems. 13.6 EPR Characterization of Heterogeneously Functionalized Dendrimers. 13.7 Conclusions and Outlook. 13.8 Acknowledgement. References. 14. Supramolecular Polymerization of Peptides and Peptide Derivatives: Nanofibrous Materials (He Dong, Virany M. Yuwono, and Jeffrey D. Hartgerink). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Self-Assembly of Nanofibers Based on Alpha-Helices. 14.3 Nanofibers Self-Assembled from Beta-Sheets. 14.4 Collagen Mimetics. 14.5 Conclusions. References. 15. Molecular Imprinting for Sensor Applications (Xiangyang Wu and Ken D. Shimizu). 15.1 Introduction to Sensing Platforms. 15.2 Synthesis of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers. 15.3 Recognition Properties of MIPs. 15.4 Polymer Formats and Morphologies. 15.5 Application of MIPs in Sensing. 15.6 Conclusions and Outlook. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book offers both a practical as well a theoretical approach to Solvent Microextraction (SME) and will help analytical chemists to evaluate SME for a given sample preparation. Introductory chapters overview a comparison of SME with other sample preparation methods, a summary of the technical aspects, and a detailed theoretical treatment of SME.

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Book SynopsisThis book teaches the fundamentals of fluid flow by including both theory and the applications of fluid flow in chemical engineering. It puts fluid flow in the context of other transport phenomena such as mass transfer and heat transfer, while covering the basics, from elementary flow mechanics to the law of conservation.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. I. Introduction to Fluid Flow. 1. History of Chemical Engineering—Fluid Flow. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Fluid Flow. 1.3 Chemical Engineering. References. 2. Units and Dimensional Analysis. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Dimensional Analysis. 2.3 Buckingham Pi (π) Theorem. 2.4 Scale-Up and Similarity. References. 3. Key Terms and Definitions. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Definitions. References. 4. Transport Phenomena Versus Unit Operations. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 The Differences. 4.3 What is Engineering? References. 5. Newtonian Fluids. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Newton’s Law of Viscosity. 5.3 Viscosity Measurements. 5.4 Microscopic Approach. References. 6. Non-Newtonian Flow. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Classification of Non-Newtonian Fluids. 6.3 Microscopic Approach. References. II. Basic Laws. 7. Conservation Law for Mass. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Conversation of Mass. 7.3 Microscopic Approach. References. 8. Conservation Law for Energy. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Conservation of Energy. 8.3 Total Energy Balance Equation. References. 9. Conservation Law for Momentum. 9.1 Momentum Balances. 9.2 Microscopic Approach: Equation of Momentum Transfer. References. 10. Law of Hydrostatics. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Pressure Principles. 10.3 Manometry Principles. Reference. 11. Ideal Gas Law. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Boyle’s and Charles’ Laws. 11.3 The Ideal Gas Law. 11.4 Non-Ideal Gas Behavior. References. III. Fluid Flow Classification. 12. Flow Mechanisms. 12. 1 Introduction. 12.2 The Reynolds Number. 12.3 Strain Rate, Shear Rare, and Velocity Profile. 12.4 Velocity Profile and Average Velocity. Reference. 13. Laminar Flow in Pipes. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Friction Losses. 13.3 Tube Size. 13.4 Other Considerations. 13.5 Microscopic Approach. References. 14. Turbulent Flow in Pipes. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Describing Equations. 14.3 Relative Roughness in Pipes. 14.4 Friction Factor Equations. 14.5 Other Cosiderations. 14.6 Flow Through Several Pipes. 14.7 General Predictive and Design Approaches. 14.8 Microscopic Approach. References. 15. Compressible and Sonic Flow. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Compressible Flow. 15.3 Sonic Flow. 15.4 Pressure Drop Equations. References. 16. Two-Phase Flow. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2. Gas (G)-Liquid (L) Flow Principles: Generalized Approach. 16.3 Gas (Turbulent) Flow—Liquid (Turbulent) Flow. 16.4 Gas (Turbulent) Flow-Liquid (Viscous) Flow. 16.5 Gas (Viscous) Flow-Liquid (Viscous) Flow. 16.6 Gas – Solid Flow. References. IV. Fluid Flow Transport and Applications. 17. Prime Movers. 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Fans. 17.3 Pumps. 17.4 Compressors. References. 18. Valves and Fittings. 18.1 Valves. 18.2 Fittings. 18.3 Expansion and Contraction Effects. 18.4 Calculating Losses of Valves and Fittings. 18.5 Fluid Flow Experiment: Data and Calculations. References. 19. Flow Measurement. 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 Manometry and Pressure Measurements. 19.3 Pitot Tube. 19.4 Venturi Meter. 19.5 Orifice Meter. 19.6 Selection Process. Reference. 20. Ventilation. 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 Indoor Air Quality. 20.3 Indoor Air/Ambient Air Comparison. 20.4 Industrial Ventilation Systems. References. 21. Academic Applications. References. 22. Industrial Applications. References. V. Fluid-Particle Applications. 23. Particle Dynamics. 23.1 Introduction. 23.2 Particle Classification and Measurement. 23.3 Drag Force. 23.4 Particle Force Balance. 23.5 Cunningham Correction. 23.6 Liquid-Particle Systems. 23.7 Drag on a Flat Plate. References. 24. Sedimentation, Centrifugation, Flotation. 24.1 Sedimentation. 24.2 Centrifugation. 24.3 Hydrostatic Equilibrium in Centrifugation. 24.4 Flotation. References. 25. Porous Media and Packed Beds. 25.1 Introduction. 25.2 Definitions. 25.3 Flow Regimes. References. 26. Fluidization. 26.1 Introduction. 26.2 Fixed Beds. 26.3 Permeability. 26.4 Minimum Fluidization Velocity. 26.5 Bed Height, Pressure Drop and Porosity. 26.6 Fluidization Modes. 26.7 Fluidization Experiment Data and Calculations. References. 27. Filtration. 27.1 Introduction. 27.2 Filtration Equipment. 27.3 Describing Equations. 27.4 Filtration Experimental Data and Calculations. References. VI. Special Topics. 28. Environmental Management. 28.1 Introduction. 28.2 Environmental Management History. 28.3 Environmental Management Topics. 28.4 Applications. References. 29. Accident and Emergency Management. 29.1 Introduction. 29.2 Legislation. 29.3 Health Risk Assessment. 29.4 Hazard Risk Assessment. 29.5 Illustrative Examples. References. 30. Ethics. 30.1 Introduction. 30.2 Teaching Ethics. 30.3 Case Study Approach. 30.4 Integrity. 30.5 Moral Issues. 30.6 Guardianship. 30.7 Engineering and Environmental Ethics. 30.8 Applications. References. 31. Numerical Methods. 31.1 Introduction. 31.2 Early History. 31.3 Simultaneous Linear Algebraic Equations. 31.4 Nonlinear Algebraic Equations. 31.5 Numerical Integration. References. 32. Economics and Finance. 32.1 Introduction. 32.2 The Need for Economic Analyses. 32.3 Definitions. 32.4 Principles of Accounting. 32.5 Applications. References. 33. Biomedical Engineering. 33.1 Introduction. 33.2 Definitions. 33.3 Blood. 33.4 Blood Vessels. 33.5 Heart. 34.6 Plasma/Cell Flow. 34.7 Biomedical Engineering Opportunities. References. 34. Open-Ended Problems. 34.1 Introduction. 34.2 Developing Students’ Power of Critical Thinking. 34.3 Creativity. 34.4 Brainstorming. 34.5 Inquiring Minds. 34.6 Angels on a Pin. 34.7 Applications. References. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book describes, with references to key source materials,the background to, and conduct of, the principal nonclinical studiesthat are central to drug development. The chapters provide an understanding of the key components of the preclinical phase of drug development with a hands-on description, with core chapters addressing study conduct, types, and reporting. As such, it is a practical guide through toxicology testing and an up-to-date reference on current issues, new developments, and future directions in toxicology. Opening with a practical description of toxicology and its role in the development of pharmaceuticals, the book proceeds to detail international regulations (including the impact of the new REACH standards for chemical safety),interdisciplinary interactions among scientists in drug development, steps in toxicity testing, andrisk management.Further, the book covers the methods of genetic toxicology (assays, genomics, in vivo screening) as a complement to traditional Trade Review"So, overall, this is a wonderful book for all those who want to learn more about pharmaceutical toxicology and for those who start working in the field." (The British Toxicology Society, 1 May 2011) "As such, it is a practical guide through toxicology testing and an up-to-date reference on current issues, new developments, and future directions in toxicology". (Quote.com, 19 January 2011)Table of ContentsCONTRIBUTORS. Chapter 1: Introduction (Alberto Lodola and Jeanne Stadler). Chapter 2: The Regulatory Environment (Claudio Bernardi and Marco Brughera). Chapter 3: Toxicological development: Roles and Responsibilities (Franck Chuzel and Bernard Ruty). Chapter 4: Contract Research Organizations (Maurice Cary). Chapter 5: Safety Pharmacology (Claudio Arrigoni and Valeria Perego). Chapter 6: Formulations, Impurities and Toxicokinetics (Claude Charuel). Chapter 7: General Toxicology (Alberto Lodola). Chapter 8: Genetic Toxicology (Peggy Guzzie-Peck, Jennifer Sasaki and Sandy Weiner). Chapter 9: Developmental and reproductive toxicology (Jeanne Stadler). Chapter 10: Data analysis, report writing and regulatory documentation (Monique Y. Wells). Chapter 11: Risk Management (Alberto Lodola). INDEX.

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Book SynopsisAs the building blocks of biological membranes, lipids have a very complex set of behaviors that, when defective, can be a major distributor of diseases, including cancer.Table of ContentsIntroduction List of Contributors. Part I: ASSESSING TRANSMEMBRANE MOVEMENT AND ASYMMETRY OF LIPIDS. 1. Methods for the Determination of Lipid Transmembrane Distribution and Movement in Biological Membranes (Philippe F. Devaux and Andreas Herrmann). 2. Detection and Measurement of Unlabeled Lipid Transmembrane Movement(Iván López-Montero, Marisela Vélez and Philippe F. Devaux). Part II: LIPID ASYMMETRY IN CELL MEMBRANES. 3. New Insights in Membrane Lipid Asymmetry in Animal and Plant Cells (Alain Zachowski). 4. Sphingolipid Asymmetry and Transmembrane Translocation in Mammalian Cells (Gerrit van Meer, Sylvia Neumann, and Per Haberkant). 5. Transbilayer Movement and Distribution of Cholesterol (Peter Müller, Anna Pia Plazzo, and Andreas Herrmann). Part III. ENERGY-INDEPENDENT PROTEIN-MEDIATED TRANSMEMBRANE MOVEMENT OF LIPIDS. 6. Phospholipid Flip-Flop in Biogenic Membranes (Anant K. Menon and Andreas Herrmann). 7. Phospholipid Scramblase: When Phospholipid Asymmetry Goes Away (Edouard M. Bevers and Patrick L. Williamson). Part IV: ENERGY-DEPENDENT LIPID TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANES. 8. Flip or Flop: Mechanism and (Patho)Physiology of P4-ATPase-Catalyzed Lipid Transport (Patricia M. Verhulst, Joost C.M. Holthuis, and Thomas G. Pomorski). 9. Coupling Drs2p to Phospholipid Translocation, Membrane Asymmetry, and Vesicle Budding (Xiaoming Zhou, Paramasivam Natarajan, Baby-Periyanayaki Muthusamy, Todd R. Graham, and Ke Liu). 10. Substrate Specifi city of the Aminophospholipid Flippase (Shelley M. Cook and David L. Daleke). 11. The Flippase Delusion? (Naomi L. Pollock, Petra H.M. Niesten, and Richard Callaghan). Part V: RELEVANCE OF LIPID TRANSMEMBRANE DISTRIBUTION FOR MEMBRANE PROPERTIES AND PROCESSES 12. Membrane Lipid Asymmetry and Permeability to Drugs: A Matter of Size (Adam Blanchard and Cyril Rauch). 13. Endocytosis and Lipid Asymmetry (Nina Ohlwein, Andreas Herrmann, and Philippe F. Devaux). Part VI: APOPTOSIS AND DISEASES: CONSEQUENCES OF DISRUPTION TO LIPID TRANSMEMBRANE ASYMMETRY 14. Membrane Lipid Asymmetry in Aging and Apoptosis (Krishnakumar Balasubramanian and Alan J. Schroit). 15. Phosphatidylserine Exposure in Hemoglobinopathies (Frans A. Kuypers and Eric Soupene). 16. Scott Syndrome: More Than a Hereditary Defect of Plasma Membrane Remodeling (Florence Toti and Jean-Marie Freyssinet). 17. ABCA1, Tangier Disease, and Lipid Flopping (Ana Zarubica and Giovanna Chimini).

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Book SynopsisMicro and nano molding is a relatively new but fast-growing field that is impacting industries that use plastic parts in their products. Micro/Nano Molding introduces the fundamentals and processes for micro and nano molding for plastic components. This book also covers applications, details, and examples.Table of ContentsAuthor's preface7 1. Introduction 10 1.1 Introduction 10 1.2 Micro/nano replication 12 1.3 Application fields of micro/nano replicated parts 15 1.4 Required technologies for micro/nano replication 19 2. Patterning technology for micro/nano mold fabrication 27 2.1 Material removal 27 2.1.1 Mechanical machining 27 2.1.2 Laser ablation 28 2.1.3 Silicon etching process 29 2.1.4 Focused ion beam pattering 30 2.2 Lithography process 31 2.2.1 Electron beam lithography 31 2.2.2 Photo lithography 32 2.2.3 Reflow method 32 2.2.4 Laser interference lithography 38 2.3 Electroforming processes 42 2.3.1 Theory of electroforming process 43 2.3.2 Electroforming results 43 3. Modification of mold surface properties 51 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Study of thiol-based self-assembled monolayer 52 3.2.1 Thiol-based self assembled monolayer and deposition process 52 3.2.2 Experiment results and analysis 53 3.2.3 The changing properties of SAM at actual replication environment 54 3.2.4 Analysis of replicated polymeric patterns 56 3.3 Silane-based self-assembled monolayer (SAM) for nano master 57 3.3.1 Silane-based self-assembled monolayer 57 3.3.2 Deposition process of silane-based self assembled monolayer 58 3.3.3 Self-assembled monolayer on polymer mold 59 3.3.4 Analysis of replicated polymeric patterns 60 3.4 Dimethyldichlorosilane self-assembled monolayer for metal mold 60 4. Micro/nano injection molding with an intelligent mold system 63 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Effects of the mold surface temperature on micro/nano injection molding 64 4.3 Theoretical analysis of passive/active heating methods for controlling the mold surface temperature 65 4.3.1 Mathematical modeling and simulation 66 4.3.2 Passive heating 71 4.3.3 Active heating 73 4.4. Fabrication and control of an active heating system using a MEMS heater and an RTD Sensor 75 4.4.1 Construction of an intelligent mold system 75 4.4.2 Control system for the intelligent mold system 77 4.4.2.1 Kalman filter observer of the thermal plant 79 4.4.2.2 LQGI controller 81 4.4.2.3 Performance of the constructed control system 84 5 Hot embossing of microstructured surfaces and thermal nano imprinting 89 5.1 Introduction 89 5.2 Development of micro-compression molding process 90 5.3 Temperature dependence of anti-adhesion between a mold and the polymer in thermal imprintingprocesses 92 5.3.1 Defects in imprintedmicro optical elements 93 5.3.2 Analysis of polymer in process condition of thermal imprinting 93 5.3.3 Analysis of replication quality fabricated in different peak temperature 95 5.4 Fabrication of a micro optics using micro-compression molding with a silicon mold insert 96 5.4.1 Fabrication of microlens components using Si mold insert 96 5.4.2 Analysis of refractive micro lens 97 5.5 Fabrication of a microlens array using micro-compression molding with an electroforming mold insert 98 5.5.1 Fabrication of microlens components using Ni mold insert 98 5.5.2 Analysis of Replication quality 99 5.6 Application of micro compression molding process 100 5.6.1 Fabrication of a microlens array using micro-compression molding 100 5.6.2 Fabrication of metallic nano mold and replication of nano patterned substrate for patterned media 101 6 UV imprinting process and imprinted micro/nano structures 106 6.1 Introduction 106 6.2 Photopolymerization 106 6.3 Design and construction of UV-imprinting system 108 6.4 UV-transparent mold 108 6.5 Effects of processing conditions on replication qualities 110 6.6 Controlling of residual layer thickness using drop and pressing method 112 6.7 Elimination of micro air bubbles 113 6.8 Applications 114 6.8.1 Wafer scale UV-imprinting 114 6.8.2 Diffractive optical element 118 6.8.3 Roll to roll imprint lithography process 121 6.9 Conclusion 124 7 High temperature micro/nano replication process 128 7.1 Fabrication of metal conductive tracks using direct imprinting of metal nano powder 128 7.1.1 Introduction 128 7.1.2 Direct patterning method using imprinting and sintering 129 7.1.3 Mold and processing system 130 7.1.4 Defect analysis and process design 131 7.1.5 Analysis of imprinted conductive tracks 131 7.1.6 Conclusions 133 7-2 Glass molding of microlens array 134 7.2.1 Introduction 134 7.2.2 Fabrication of master patterns 135 7.2.3 Fabrication of tungsten carbide core for micro glass molding 136 7.2.4 Surface finishing and coating process of tungsten carbide core 138 7.2.5 Comparison of surface roughness before and after finishing process 139 7.2.6 Fabrication of glass microlens array by micro thermal forming process 140 7.2.7 Measurement and analysis of optical properties of formed glass microlens array 141 8. Micro/nano-optics for light emitting diodes 145 8.1 Designing an initial lens shape 146 8.1.1 LED illumination design 146 8.1.2 Source Modeling 147 8.1.3 Modeling a spherical refractive lens 147 8.1.4 Modeling a micro Fresnel lens 148 8.1.5 Verifying the micro Fresnel lens performance 149 8.2 Fabrication results and discussion 151 8.2.1 Fabrication of the micro Fresnel lens 151 8.2.2 Elimination of air bubbles 152 8.2.3 Optimization of the UV-imprinting process 152 8.2.4 Evaluation of the micro Fresnel lens for LED illumination 153 8.3 Conclusions 154 9. Micro/nano-optics for optical communications 158 9.1 Fiber Coupling Theory 159 9.2 Separated microlens array 161 9.2.1 Design 161 9.2.2 Fabrication 162 9.2.3 Measurement results 163 9.3 Integrated microlens array 166 9.3.1 Design 166 9.3.2 Fabrication 167 9.3.3 Measurement results 168 9.4 Conclusions 170 10. Hard Disk Drive (HDD) 173 10.1 Introduction 173 10.2 Fabrication of a metallic nano mold using a UV-imprinted polymeric master 175 10.3 Fabrication of patterned media using the nano replication process 181 10.4 Fabrication of patterned media using injection molding 184 10.5 Measurement and analysis of magnetic domains of patterned media by magnetic force microscopy 187 10.6 Conclusions 190 11. Optical Disk Drive(ODD) 194 11.1 Introduction 194 11.2 Improvements in the optical and geometrical properties of HD-DVD substrates 196 11.3 Effects of the insulation layer on the optical and geometrical properties of the DVD mold 199 11.4 Optimized design of the replication process for optical disk substrates 202 11.5 Conclusions 206 12. Biomedical applications 209 12.1 Introduction 209 12.2 GMR based protein sensors 210 12.2.1 Principle of GMR protein sensors 210 12.2.2 Principle of guided mode resonance effect 210 12.2.3 Nano replication process of a GMR protein chip for mass production 213 12.2.4 Feasibility test of GMR protein chip 217 12.3 Conclusions 218

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Book SynopsisThis series provides inorganic chemists and materials scientists with a forum for critical, authoritative evaluations of advances in every area of the discipline. Volume 56 continues to report recent advances with a significant, up-to-date selection of contributions by internationally-recognized researchers.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Silver-Mediated Oxidation Reactions: Recent Advances and New Prospects (ZIGANG LI, DAVID A. CAPRETTO, and CHUAN HE). Chapter 2 Roles of Metal Ions in Controlling Bioinspired Electron-Transfer Systems. Metal Ion-Coupled Electron Transfer (SHUNICHI FUKUZUMI). Chapter 3 Cyanide-Bridged Complexes of Transition Metals: A Molecular Magnetism Perspective (MICHAEL SHATRUK, CAROLINA AVENDANO, and KIM R. DUNBAR). Chapter 4 The Use of Metalloligands in Metal-Organic Frameworks (SERGIO J. GARIBAY, JAY R. STORK, and SETH M. COHEN). Chapter 5 Exploring the Supramolecular Coordination Chemistry-Based Approach for Nanotechnology (HENRIQUE E. TOMA and KOITI ARAKI). Chapter 6 Synthetic Models for the Urease Active Site (FRANC MEYER). Subject Index. Cumulative Index, Volumes 1–56.

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Book SynopsisSolution Processing of Inorganic Materials covers everything from the more traditional fields of sol-gel processing and chemical bath deposition to the cutting-edge use of nanomaterials in thin-film deposition.Trade Review"Throughout the text, illustrations and examples of applications are provided to help the reader fully appreciate the concepts and opportunities involved in this exciting field." (International Journal Microstructure & Materials Properties, 2009)Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. 1. Introduction to Solution-Deposited Inorganic Electronics (Robert H. Reuss and Babu R. Chalamala). 1.1 Background and Motivation. 1.2 Importance of Solution Processing. 1.3 Application Challenges: TFT Devices and Circuits. 1.4 Application Challenges: Optoelectronics. 1.5 Application Challenges: Power Sources, Sensors, and Actuators. 1.6 Conclusions. References. 2. Chemical Solution Deposition—Basic Principles (Robert W. Schwartz and Manoj Narayanan). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Substrate Surface Preparation. 2.3 Starting Reagents and Solvents. 2.4 Precursor Solution Preparation and Characteristics. 2.5 Film Formation Behavior. 2.6 Structural Evolution: Film Formation, Densifi cation, and Crystallization. 2.7 Summary. References. 3. Solution Processing of Chalcogenide Semiconductors via Dimensional Reduction (David B. Mitzi). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Dimensional Reduction. 3.3 Hydrazine Precursor Route. 3.4 Similar Approaches without Hydrazine. 3.5 Future Prospects. References. 4. Oxide Dielectric Films for Active Electronics (Douglas A. Keszler, Jeremy T. Anderson, and Stephen T. Meyers). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Gate Dielectric Materials Selection. 4.3 Producing High-Quality Films from Solution. 4.4 HafSOx Thin-Film Dielectrics. 4.5 AlPO Thin-Film Dielectric. 4.6 Compositionally Graded and Laminated Structures. 4.7 Summary and Perspective. References. 5. Liquid Silicon Materials (Masahiro Furusawa and Hideki Tanaka). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Liquid Silicon Material. 5.3 Forming Silicon Films from the Liquid Silicon Materials. 5.4 Fabrication of a TFT Using a Solution-Processed Silicon Film. 5.5 Fabrication of TFT Using Inkjet-Printed Silicon Film. 5.6 Forming SiO2 Films from the Liquid Silicon Materials. 5.7 LTPS Fabrication Using Solution-Processed SiO2 Films. 5.8 Forming Doped Silicon Films. 5.9 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. 6. Spray CVD of Single-Source Precursors for Chalcopyrite I–III–VI2 Thin-Film Materials (Aloysius F. Hepp, Kulbinder K. Banger, Michael H.-C. Jin, Jerry D. Harris, Jeremiah S. McNatt, and John E. Dickman). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Single-Source Precursor Studies. 6.3 Spray or Atmosphere-Assisted CVD Processing. 6.4 Atmospheric Pressure Hot-Wall Reactor Parametric Study. 6.5 Fabrication and Testing of CIS Solar Cells. 6.6 Concluding Remarks. Acknowledgments. References. 7. Chemical Bath Deposition, Electrodeposition, and Electroless Deposition of Semiconductors, Superconductors, and Oxide Materials (Raghu Bhattacharya). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Chemical Bath Deposition. 7.3 Deposition of CIGS by Electrodeposition and Electroless Deposition. 7.4 Electrodeposition of Oxide Superconductors. 7.5 Electrodeposition of Cerium Oxide Films. 7.6 Electrodeposition of Gd2Zr2O7. References. 8. Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) and Related Sequential Solution-Phase Deposition Techniques (Seppo Lindroos and Markku Leskelä). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 SILAR. 8.3 Materials Grown by SILAR. 8.4 ILGAR. 8.5 ECALE. 8.6 Other Sequential Solution-Phase Deposition Techniques. References. 9. Evaporation-Induced Self-Assembly for the Preparation of Porous Metal Oxide Films (Bernd Smarsly and Dina Fattakhova-Rohlfing). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 The EISA Process. 9.3 Characterization of Self-Assembled Films. 9.4 Generation of Mesoporous Crystalline Metal Oxide Films Via Evaporation-Induced Self-Assembly. 9.5 Electronic Applications. 9.6 Mesoporous Films in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. 9.7 Conclusions. References. 10. Engineered Nanomaterials as Soluble Precursors for Inorganic Films (Dmitri V. Talapin). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Synthesis of Inorganic Nanomaterials. 10.3 Nanoparticles as Soluble Building Blocks for Inorganic Films. 10.4 Films and Arrays of Inorganic Nanowires. 10.5 Applications Using Networks and Arrays of Carbon Nanotubes. 10.6 Concluding Remarks. Acknowledgments. References. 11. Functional Structures Assembled from Nanoscale Building Blocks (Yu Huang). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Building Blocks: Synthesis and Properties. 11.3 Hierarchical Assembly of Nanowires. 11.4 Nanowire Electronics and Optoelectronics. 11.5 Nanowire Thin-Film Electronics—Concept and Performance. 11.6 Summary and Perspective. References. 12. Patterning Techniques for Solution Deposition (Paul Brazis, Daniel Gamota, Jie Zhang, and John Szczech). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Opportunities for Printable Inorganic verses Organic Materials Systems. 12.3 Printing and the Microelectronics Industry—Present and Future. 12.4 Printed Electronics Value Chain. 12.5 Electrically Functional Inks. 12.6 Printing Technologies. 12.7 Structure of a Printed Transistor. 12.8 Patterning Techniques for Solution Deposition: Technology Diffusion. 12.9 Conclusions. References. 13. Transfer Printing Techniques and Inorganic Single-Crystalline Materials for Flexible and Stretchable Electronics (Jong-Hyun Ahn, Matthew A. Meitl, Aflred J. Baca, Dahl-Young Khang, Hoon-Sik Kim, and John A. Rogers). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Inorganic Single-Crystalline Semiconductor Materials for Flexible Electronics. 13.3 Transfer Printing Using an Elastomer Stamp. 13.4 Flexible Thin-Film Transistors that Use μs-Sc on Plastic. 13.5 Integrated Circuits on Plastic. 13.6 μs-Sc Electronics on Rubber. 13.7 Conclusion. References. 14. Future Directions for Solution-Based Processing of Inorganic Materials (M. F. A. M. van Hest and D. S. Ginley). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Materials. 14.3 Deposition Approaches. 14.4 Next Generation of Applications. 14.5 Conclusions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on biodegradable polymers that are already in clinical use or under clinical development. Synthetic and natural polymers will be included. This excludes polymers that have been investigated and did not reach clinical development. The purpose of this book is to provide updated status of the polymers that are clinical use and those that are now being developed for clinical use and hopefully will reach the clinic during the next 5 years. The book provides information that of interest to academics and practicing researchers including chemists, biologists and bioengineers and users: physicians, pharmacists.Table of ContentsCONTRIBUTORS. PREFACE. PART I GENERAL. 1 Biodegradable Polymers in Drug Delivery (Jay Prakash Jain, Wubante Yenet, Abraham J. Domb, and Neeraj Kumar). PART II BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS OF NATURAL ORIGIN: PROTEIN-BASED POLYMERS. 2 Collagen (Wahid Khan, Deepak Yadav, Abraham J. Domb, and Neeraj Kumar). 3 Properties and Hemostatic Application of Gelatin (Jalindar Totre, Diana Ickowicz, and Abraham J. Domb). PART III BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS OF NATURAL ORIGIN: POLYSACCHARIDES. 4 Chitosan and Its Derivatives in Clinical Use and Applications (Anuradha Subramanian, Kirthanashri Srinivasan Vasanthan, Uma Maheswari Krishnan, and Swaminathan Sethuraman). 5 Clinical Uses of Alginate (Udi Nussinovitch and Amos Nussinovitch). 6 Dextran and Pentosan Sulfate — Clinical Applications (Ramu Parthasarathi and Athipettah Jayakrishnan). 7 Arabinogalactan in Clinical Use (Rajendra P. Pawar, Babasaheb A. Kushekar, Bhaskar S. Jadhav, Kiran R. Kharat, Ravikumar M. Borade, and Abraham J. Domb). PART IV BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS OF NATURAL ORIGIN: POLYESTERS. 8 Polyhydroxyalkanoate (Kesaven Bhubalan, Wing-Hin Lee, and Kumar Sudesh). PART V SYNTHETIC BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS. 9 Lactide and Glycolide Polymers (Kevin Letchford, Anders Sodergard, David Plackett, Samuel Gilchrist, and Helen Burt). 10 Polyanhydrides Poly(CPP-SA), Fatty-Acid-Based Polyanhydrides (Ravikumar M. Borade, Abraham J. Domb, Archana A. Sawale, Rajendra P. Pawar, and Kiran R. Kharat). 11 Poly(e-Caprolactone-co-Glycolide): Biomedical Applications of a Unique Elastomer (Kevin Cooper, Aruna Nathan, and Murty Vyakarnam). 12 Medicinal Applications of Cyanoacrylate (Rajendra P. Pawar, Ashok E. Jadhav, Sumangala B. Tathe, Bhimrao C. Khade, and Abraham J. Domb). 13 Polyethylene Glycol in Clinical Application and PEGylated Drugs (Teerapol Srichana, and Tan Suwandecha). PART VI INORGANIC POLYMERS. 14 Calcium-Phosphate-Based Ceramics for Biomedical Applications (Qing Lv, Kevin W.-H. Lo, Lakshmi S. Nair, and Cato T. Laurencin). PART VII BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS FOR EMERGING CLINICAL USES. 15 Biocompatible Polymers for Nucleic Acid Delivery (Jeff Sparks, and Khursheed Anwer). 16 Biodegradable Polymers for Emerging Clinical Use in Tissue Engineering (Shalini Verma, Kalpna Garkhal, Anupama Mittal, and Neeraj Kumar). 17 Injectable Polymers (Shimon A. Unterman, Norman A. Marcus, and Jennifer H. Elisseeff). PART VIII IPR ASPECTS OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS. 18 Global Patent and Technological Status of Biodegradable Polymers in Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering (Parikshit Bansal, Shalini Verma, Wahid Khan, and Neeraj Kumar). Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book concentrates specifically on the applications of thermodynamics, rather than the theory. It addresses both technical and pragmatic problems in the field, and covers such topics as enthalpy effects, equilibrium thermodynamics, non-ideal thermodynamics and energy conversion applications.Table of ContentsPREFACE. Part I INTRODUCTION. 1. Basic Calculations. Introduction. Units and Dimensions. Conversion of Units. The Gravitational Constant, gc. Significant Figures and Scientific Notation. References. 2. Process Variables. Introduction. Temperature. Pressure. Moles and Molecular Weights. Mass and Volume. Viscosity. Heat Capacity. Thermal Conductivity. Reynolds Number. pH. Vapor Pressure. Property Estimation. References. 3. Gas Laws. Introduction. Boyle's and Charles' Laws. The Ideal Gas Law. Standard Conditions. Partial Pressure and Partial Volume. Critical and Reduced Properties. Non-Ideal Gas Behavior. Non-Ideal Mixtures. References. 4. Conservation Laws. Introduction. The Conservation Laws. The Conservation Law for Momentum. The Conservation Law for Mass. The Conservation Law for Energy. References. 5. Stoichiometry. Introduction. Combustion of Methane. Excess and Limiting Reactant(s). Combustion of Ethane. Combustion of Chlorobenzene. References. 6. The Second Law of Thermodynamics. Introduction. Qualitative Review of the Second Law. Quantitative Review of the Second Law. Ideal Work and Lost Work. The Heat Exchanger Dilemma. Chemical Plant and Process Applications. The Third Law of Thermodynamics. References. Part II ENTHALPY EFFECTS. 7. Sensible Enthalpy Effects. Introduction. The Gibbs Phase Rule (GPR). Enthalpy Values. Heat Capacity Values. Predictive Methods for Heat Capacity. References. 8. Latent Enthalpy Effects. Introduction. The Clausius-Clapeyron (C-C) Equation. Predictive Methods: Normal Boiling Point. Predictive Methods: Other Temperatures. Industrial Applications. References. 9. Enthalpy of Mixing Effects. Introduction. Enthalpy-Concentration Diagrams. H2SO4-H2O Diagram. NaOH-H2O Diagram. Enthalpy of Mixing at Infinite Dilution. Evaporator Design. References. 10. Chemical Reaction Enthalpy Effects. Introduction. Standard Enthalpy of Formation. Standard Enthalpy of Reaction. Effect of Temperature on Enthalpy of Reaction. Gross and Net Heating Values. References. Part III EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS. 11. Phase Equilibrium Principles. Introduction. Psychometric Chart. Raoult's Law. Henry's Law. Raoult's Law vs Henry's Law. Vapor-Solid Equilibrium. Liquid-Solid Equilibrium. References. 12. Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Calculations. Introduction. The DePriester Charts. Raoult’s Law Diagrams. Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Nonideal Solutions. NRTL Diagrams. Wilson Diagrams. Relative Volatility. References. 13. Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Principles. Introduction. Standard Free Energy of Formation, ∆Gof. Standard Free Energy of Reaction, ∆Go. The Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Constant, K. Effect of Temperature on ∆Go and K: Simplified Approach. Effect of Temperature on ∆Go and K: α, β, and γ Data. Effect of Temperature on ∆Go and K: a, b, and c Data. Procedures to Determine K. References. 14. Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Applications. Introduction. Rate vs Equilibrium Considerations. Extent of Reaction. The Reaction Coordinate. Gas Phase Reactions. Equilibrium Conversion Calculations: Simplified Approach. Equilibrium Conversion Calculations: Rigorous Approach. Other Reactions. References. Part IV OTHER TOPICS. 15. Economic Considerations. Introduction. Capital Costs. Operating Costs. Project Evaluation. Perturbation Studies in Optimization. References. 16. Open-Ended Problems. Introduction. Developing Students’ Power of Critical Thinking. Creativity. Brainstorming. Inquiring Minds. References. 17. Other ABET Topics. Introduction. Environmental Management. Health, Safety, and Accident Management. Numerical Methods. Ethics. References. 18. Fuel Options. Introduction. Fuel Properties. Natural Gas. Liquid Fuels. Coal. Fuel Selection. Stoichiometric Calculations. References. 19. Exergy: The Concept of "Quality Energy". Introduction. The Quality of Heat vs Work. Exergy. Quantitative Exergy Analysis. Environmental Impact. Exergy Efficiency. References. Appendix. I. Steam Tables. A. Saturated Steam. B. Superheated Steam. C. Saturated Steam-Ice. II. SI Units. III. Conversion Constants. IV. Selected Common Abbreviations. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a compilation of summarized analytical methods designed to serve the needs of pharmacologists, toxicologists, and other allied health professionals involved the development, use, or monitoring of pharmaceuticals. The summaries are structured monographs on 511 different drug entities detailing 964 different analytical methods, providing the reader with a thorough description of method validation. These analytical methods include not only high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), but also gas chromatography (GC), immunoassay, electrophoresis, ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with UV (UPLC-UV) detection and mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). With more detailed and complete summariesthan sketchy and abbreviated formats used in the other books, this book provides a thorough description of method validation and results, as well as the operating parameters.Trade Review"This book is valuable for pharmacologists, toxicologists, and health professionals working in academic, industrial, and regulatory agencies who are involved in therapeutic drug monitoring. . . This is a comprehensive sourcebook that details 964 different analytical methods for 511 different drugs." (Doody's, 9 September 2011) "This is an important reference for students and professionals involved with barley research, production, trade, and utilization. Editor Ullrich is an agronomist affiliated with Washington State U." (Booknews, 1 April 2011) Table of ContentsPreface. MONOGRAPHS. Abacavir. Abecarnil. Acamprosate Calcium. Acebutolol Hydrochloride. Aceclofenac. Acemetacin. Acenocoumarol. Acetaminophen. Acetazolamide. Aconitine. Acrivastine. Acyclovir. Albendazole. Albuterol. Alcuronium Chloride. Alfentanil Hydrochloride. Alfuzosin Hydrochloride. Allobarbital. Allopurinol. Alprazolam. Alprenolol. Ambroxol Hydrochloride. Amikacin. Amiloride Hydrochloride. Amiodarone Hydrochloride. Amisulpride. Amitriptyline Hydrochloride. Amlodipine Besylate. Amobarbital. Amoxapine. Amoxicillin. Amphetamine. Amphotericin B. Ampicillin. Amprenavir. Amsacrine. Apomorphine Hydrochloride. Aripiprazole. Arotinolol Hydrochloride. Artemisinin. Artesunate. Aspirin. Atazanavir Sulfate. Atenolol. Azathioprine. Azithromycin. Baclofen. Barbital. Benactyzine Hydrochloride. Bendroflumethiazide. Benzthiazide. Benzylpenicillin Potassium. Betaxolol Hydrochloride. Biapenem. Bisoprolol Fumarate. Bromazepam. Bromisoval. Bromperidol. Brompheniramine Maleate. Buflomedil Hydrochloride. Bumetanide. Buparvaquone. Bupivacaine Hydrochloride. Buprenorphine. Bupropion Hydrochloride. Buspirone Hydrochloride. Busulfan. Caffeine. Candesartan Cilexetil. Canrenone. Capecitabine. Capreomycin Sulfate. Carbamazepine. Carbidopa. Carbinoxamine Maleate. Carboplatin. Carbromal. Carteolol Hydrochloride. Carvedilol. Caspofungin Acetate. Cathine. Cefaclor. Cefadroxil. Cefalexin. Cefazolin Sodium. Cefdinir. Cefditoren Pivoxil. Cefepime Hydrochloride. Cefixime. Cefotaxime Sodium. Cefozopran Hydrochloride. Cefpiramide. Cefpirome Sulfate. Cefpodoxime Proxetil. Cefprozil. Ceftazidime. Ceftibuten. Ceftiofur Hydrochloride. Ceftizoxime Sodium. Ceftriaxone Sodium. Cefuroxime. Celecoxib. Celiprolol Hydrochloride. Cephalexin Hydrochloride. Cetirizine Hydrochloride. Chloramphenicol. Chlordiazepoxide. Chlorhexidine Acetate. Chlorothiazide. Chlorphenamine Maleate. Chlorpromazine. Chlorpropamide. Chlorthalidone. Cilnidipine. Cimetidine. Ciprofloxacin. Cisapride. Cisplatin. Citalopram Hydrobromide. Clarithromycin. Clavulanate Potassium. Clemastine Fumarate. Clenbuterol Hydrochloride. Clinafloxacin Hydrochloride. Clobazam. Clofazimine. Clomipramine Hydrochloride. Clonazepam. Clonidine. Clopamide. Cloperastine. Clotiapine. Cloxacillin. Clozapine. Cocaine. Codeine. Cotinine. Cyclopenthiazide. Cyclophosphamide. Cyclosporine. Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride. Cytarabine. Dabigatran Etexilate. Dapsone. Daptomycin. Darunavir. Debrisoquine Sulfate. Decitabine. Delavirdine Mesylate. Derxazoxane. Desipramine Hydrochloride. Desloratadine. Dexamethasone. Dexfenfluramine Hydrochloride. Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide. Dextromoramide Tartrate. Diamorphine Hydrochloride. Diazepam. Dibenzepin Hydrochloride. Diclofenac Sodium. Diclofenamide. Dicloxacillin Sodium. Didanosine. Digoxin. Diltiazem Hydrochloride. Dimethylformamide. Dimethylsulfoxide. Diphemanil Metilsulfate. Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride. Diphenylpyraline Hydrochloride. Diprophylline. Dipyridamole. Dipyrone. Docetaxel. Donepezil Hydrochloride. Dopamine Hydrochloride. Doripenem. Dosulepin Hydrochloride. Doxapram Hydrochloride. Doxazosin Mesylate. Doxepin Hydrochloride. Doxifluridine. Doxofylline. Doxorubicin Hydrochloride. Doxycycline. Doxylamine Succinate. Droloxifene. Droperidol. Drospirenone. Ecabet Sodium. Efavirenz. Emedastine Difumarate. Emtricitabine. Enalapril Maleate. Enoxacin. Enoxolone (Glycyrrhetic Acid). Ephedrine Hydrochloride. Epinephrine. Eprosartan Mesylate. Erlotinib Hydrochloride. Ertapenem Sodium. Escitalopram Oxalate. Esmolol Hydrochloride. Estazolam. Ethacrynic Acid. Ethambutol Hydrochloride. Ethionamide. Ethosuximide. Ethotoin. Etodolac. Etoposide. Everolimus. Famotidine. Faropenem Sodium. Felbamate. Felodipine. Fenoterol. Fenretinide. Fentanyl Citrate. Fexofenadine Hydrochloride. Flavopiridol. Flecainide Acetate. Fleroxacin. Floxacillin. Fluconazole. Flucytosine. Flunarizine Hydrochloride. Flunitrazepam. Fluorouracil. Fluoxetine Hydrochloride. Flupentixol Decanoate. Fluphenazine Hydrochloride. Flurbiprofen Sodium. Fluvoxamine Maleate. Formic Acid. Furosemide. Gabapentin. Ganciclovir. Garenoxacin Mesylate. Gatifloxacin. Gemcitabine Hydrochloride. Gemfibrozil. Glibenclamide. Glimepiride. Gluconolactone. Griseofulvin. Haloperidol. Heptabarbital. Homochlorcyclizine Hydrochloride. Hydrochlorothiazide. Hydrocortisone. Ibafloxacin. Ibudilast. Ibuprofen. Ifenprodil Tartrate. Ifosfamide. Imatinib Mesylate. Imidafenacin. Imipenem. Imipramine. Indapamide. Indinavir Sulfate. Indomethacin. Iomeprol. Iprindole Hydrochloride. Irbesartan. Isepamicin. Isoniazid. Itraconazole. Kanamycin A. Ketamine Hydrochloride. Ketanserin. Ketobemidone Hydrochloride. Ketoconazole. Ketoprofen. Ketorolac Tromethamine. Ketotifen Fumarate. Labetalol Hydrochloride. Lacidipine. Lamivudine. Lamotrigine. Lansoprazole. Lapatinib Ditosylate. Lercanidipine Hydrochloride. Levetiracetam. Levocetirizine. Levodopa. Levofloxacin. Levomepromazine Hydrochloride. Levonorgestrel. Lidocaine. Lomefloxacin Hydrochloride. Lopinavir. Loratadine. Lorazepam. Losartan Potassium. Loxapine. Lysergide. Manidipine Hydrochloride. Maprotiline. Mefruside. Melitracen Hydrochloride. Meloxicam. Melperone Hydrochloride. Mepindolol Sulfate. Mercaptopurine. Meropenem. Mesalazine. Mesuximide. Metformin Hydrochoride. Methadone Hydrochloride. Methamphetamine Hydrochloride. Methcathinone. Methotrexate. Methyclothiazide. 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Methylephedrine Hydrochloride. Metoclopramide Hydrochloride. Metolazone. Metoprolol. Metronidazole. Mexiletine Hydrochloride. Mianserin Hydrochloride. Midazolam Hydrochloride. Milnacipran Hydrochloride. Minocycline Hydrochloride. Minoxidil. Mirtazapine. Mitotane. Moclobemide. Modafinil. Montelukast Sodium. Morphine. Moxifloxacin. Mycophenolate Mofetil. Nadolol. Nafcillin Sodium. Naftifine Hydrochloride. Naproxen Sodium. Nateglinide. Nelfinavir Mesylate. Nevirapine. Nicardipine Hydrochloride. Nifedipine. Nimesulide. Nimodipine. Nisoldipine. Nitrazepam. Nitrendipine. Nizatidine. Nordazepam. Norepinephrine Bitartrate. Norfloxacin. Nortriptyline Hydrochloride. Nystatin. Octopamine. Ofloxacin. Olanzapine. Olopatadine Hydrochloride. Omeprazole. Opipramol Hydrochloride. Orphenadrine Citrate. Oxacillin Sodium. Oxazepam. Oxcarbazepine. Oxolinic Acid. Oxprenolol Hydrochloride. Paclitaxel. Paroxetine. Pasiniazide. Pefloxacin Mesylate. Pemoline. Penciclovir. Pentazocine Hydrochloride. Pentisomide. Pentobarbital. Pentoxifylline. Perazine Dimalonate. Perifosine. Perphenazine. Pethidine Hydrochloride. Phenazone. Phencyclidine Hydrochloride. Phenethylamine. Pheneturide. Phenobarbital Sodium. Penicillin V. Phenprocoumon. Phenylethanolamine. Phenytoin. Pimozide. Pindolol. Pipamperone. Piperacillin Sodium. Pipethanate Ethobromide. Pirarubicin. Piroxicam. Posaconazole. Prednisolone. Pregabalin. Primidone. Probenecid. Procainamide Hydrochloride. Proguanil Hydrochloride. Promethazine Hydrochloride. Propofol. Propranolol Hydrochloride. Protionamide. Protriptyline Hydrochloride. Pseudoephedrine. Pyrazinamide. Pyrimethamine. Quetiapine Fumarate. Quinethazone. Quinine Sulfate. Raltegravir Potassium. Ranitidine Hydrochloride. Reboxetine Mesylate. Resveratrol. Ribavirin. Rifampin. Rifapentine. Riluzole. Risperidone. Ritonavir. Rizatriptan Benzoate. Rofecoxib. Rogletimide. Ropivacaine Hydrochloride. Salicylic Acid. Saquinavir. Secbutabarbital Sodium. Secobarbital Sodium. Serotonin. Sertraline Hydrochloride. Sildenafil Citrate. Sirolimus. Sodium Valproate. Sotalol Hydrochloride. Sparfloxacin. Spironolactone. Stavudine. Sufentanil Citrate. Sulfadiazine. Sulfadoxine. Sulfamerazine. Sulfamethizole. Sulfamethoxazole. Sulfaquanidine. Sulpiride. Sultopride Hydrochloride. Sumatriptan Succinate. Tacrine Hydrochloride. Tacrolimus. Tadalafil. Tamoxifen Citrate. Tegaserod Maleate. Telithromycin. Telmisartan. Temazepam. Teniposide. Tenofovir. Terazosin Hydrochloride. Terbutaline Sulfate. Tertatolol Hydrochloride. Testosterone. Tetracaine Hydrochloride. Theobromine. Theophylline. Thioguanine. Thioridazine. Thiotepa. Tiapride Hydrochloride. Timolol Maleate. Tipranavir. Tobramycin. Tolbutamide. Toloxatone. Topiramate. Toremifene Citrate. Torsemide. Tosufloxacin. Tramadol Hydrochloride. Triamterene. Triazolam. Trimethoprim. Trimipramine. Triprolidine Hydrochloride. Tryptophan. Tyramine Hydrochloride. Valacyclovir Hydrochloride. Valganciclovir Hydrochloride. Valproic Acid. Vancomycin Hydrochloride. Venlafaxine Hydrochloride. Verapamil Hydrochloride. Vigabatrin. Viloxazine Hydrochloride. Vincristine Sulfate. Vinorelbine Tartrate. Voriconazole. Vorinostat. Warfarin Sodium. Zalcitabine. Zidovudine. Zolmitriptan. Zonisamide. Zopiclone. Zotepine. Zuclopenthixol Hydrochloride. Index.

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Book SynopsisProvides corrosion basics in a lucid manner to students and working professionals and over 80 corrosion-failure analysis case studies Correlates Failure Analysis with Corrosion Science Exclusively provides corrosion-related failure analysis case histories in one place in a convenient format One-stop shop for both science and real time occurrence of the phenomenon of corrosion Full coverage of all MOC, Materials of Construction, used for process equipments Simple but Lucid presentation of Failure Analysis procedure Table of ContentsAbout the Authors xiii Foreword xv Preface xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Phenomenon of Corrosion 1 1.2 Importance of Corrosion 2 1.2.1 Cost of Corrosion: Direct and Indirect 2 1.3 The Purpose and Format of the Book 6 References 7 2 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Electrochemical Corrosion 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Thermodynamics 10 2.2.1 Corrosion Reactions and Gibbs Free Energy Change 10 2.2.2 Electrochemical Nature of Corrosion 11 2.2.3 Summary 16 2.3 Kinetics of Corrosion 17 2.3.1 Description of a Corrosion System 18 2.3.2 Predicting Corrosion 19 2.3.3 Passivity 21 2.3.4 Summary 22 2.4 Corrosion Evaluation and Monitoring 23 2.4.1 Electrochemical Techniques 24 2.4.2 Non-electrochemical Techniques 26 References 27 3 Forms of Corrosion 29 3.1 Introduction 29 3.2 Uniform Corrosion 30 3.3 Galvanic Corrosion 31 3.3.1 Factors Affecting Galvanic Corrosion 31 3.3.2 Controlling Galvanic Corrosion 34 3.4 Pitting Corrosion 35 3.4.1 Pitting Process and Pitting Morphology 35 3.4.2 Factors Affecting Pitting Corrosion 35 3.4.3 Controlling Pitting Corrosion 38 3.5 Differential Aeration-Assisted Corrosion (Crevice Under Deposit and Water-Line Corrosion) 39 3.5.1 Characteristics of Differential Aeration Corrosion 39 3.5.2 Factors Affecting Differential Aeration Corrosion 40 3.5.3 Differential Aeration Corrosion Control 41 3.6 Intergranular Corrosion 41 3.6.1 IGC of Stainless Steels 41 3.6.2 Weld Decay of Stainless Steels 45 3.7 Selective Dissolution/Selective Attack 47 3.7.1 Characteristics of Selective Dissolution 47 3.7.2 Dezincification 47 3.7.3 Graphitic Corrosion 49 3.8 Flow-Assisted/Erosion/Cavitation Corrosion 50 3.8.1 Flow-Assisted Corrosion (FAC) 50 3.8.2 Erosion Corrosion 51 3.8.3 Cavitation Damage 55 3.9 Stress Corrosion Cracking 55 3.9.1 Characteristics of SCC 56 3.9.2 Effect of SCC on Mechanical Properties 57 3.9.3 Factors Affecting SCC 59 3.9.4 Controlling SCC 63 3.10 Hydrogen Damage 63 3.10.1 Low Temperature Hydrogen-Induced Cracking 63 3.10.2 High Temperature Hydrogen Damage/Decarburization 67 3.11 Stray Current Corrosion 68 3.12 High Temperature Corrosion 70 3.12.1 Oxidation 70 3.12.2 Sulfidation 71 3.12.3 Hot Corrosion 71 3.12.4 Chloridation 71 3.12.5 Carburization/Metal Dusting 72 References 72 4 Materials of Construction for Chemical Process Industries 75 4.1 Introduction 75 4.2 Cast Irons 76 4.3 Carbon Steels 78 4.3.1 Corrosion 79 4.3.2 Stress Corrosion Cracking Including Hydrogen Cracking and Sulfide Stress Cracking 80 4.3.3 Caustic Stress Corrosion Cracking 81 4.3.4 Favorable and Unfavorable Points in Using Carbon Steel as MOC 82 4.4 Low Alloy Steels 82 4.5 Stainless Steels 86 4.5.1 Ferritic/Martensitic Stainless Steels 87 4.5.2 Austenitic Stainless Steels 88 4.5.3 Super Austenitic Stainless Steels 92 4.5.4 Duplex Stainless Steels 94 4.6 Nickel Base Alloys 96 4.7 Copper Base Alloys 96 4.8 Titanium 99 4.9 Aluminum Alloys 100 4.10 Nonmetallic Materials 102 4.11 Ceramics/Inorganic Oxide Glasses 103 4.12 Organic Polymers/Plastics 103 4.13 Materials Selection for Corrosion Prevention in Hydrocarbon Service 104 4.13.1 Materials Selection as per NACE MR0175 107 References 109 5 Failure Analysis Procedure with Reference to Corrosion Failures 111 5.1 Introduction 111 5.2 Purpose of Failure Analysis Investigations 112 5.3 Failure Analysis Steps 112 5.3.1 Site Visit 112 5.3.2 Tests on the Samples 114 5.3.3 Analysis Interpretation and Diagnosis of the Failure 116 5.4 Failure Analysis Report: Contents and Preparation 117 References 118 6 Case Studies 119 6.1 Preamble 119 Classification of Case Studies 120 General 123 1 Bromine Preheater in a Pharmaceutical Fine Chemical Plant 124 2 Structurals in a White Clay Manufacturing Plant 125 3 Sea Water Cooler Tubes in an Oil Refinery 126 4 Package Boiler Tube in an Organic Chemical Plant 127 5 Shell of a Packed Column for Ammonia and Water Contact in an Ammonia Processing Plant 128 6 Instrumentation Tube in an Offshore Platform of an Oil and Gas Plant 129 7 Plate Type Heat Exchanger/Cooler in a Sulfuric Acid Plant 130 8 Dissimilar Stainless Steel Weld in an Organic Chemical Plant 131 9 Digestor Preheater in a Pulp and Paper Plant 132 10 Esterification Column in an Organic Chemical Plant 133 11 Half Pipe Limpet Coil of a Stirred Reactor in an Organic Chemical Plant 134 12 Firewater Lines Buried Underground in an Organic Chemical Plant 135 13 Alcohol Superheater in a PVC Manufacturing Petrochemical Plant 136 14 Package Boiler Tubes in an Alcohol Distillery Plant 137 15 Reducers in a Reformer Tube in an Ammonia Plant of a Fertilizer Industry 138 16 Pressure Safety Valve (PSV) Fitting on Instrumentation Tubes in an Off-shore Platform in an Oil and Gas Company 139 17 Water Drum (Mud Drum) Shell in a Coal-Fired Steam Boiler 140 18 Tubes in a Kettle Re-boiler of an Amine Plant 141 19 Evaporator Tubes in an Organic Chemical Plant 142 20 Top Tube Sheet Vent Equalizer Weld Zone of a Gas Cooler in a Petrochemical Plant 143 21 Bottom Row Tubes in a Kettle Re-boiler of an Organic Chemical Plant 144 22 Cages for Filter Bags in an Inorganic Chemical Plant 145 23 High Temperature Generator (HTG) Tubes of Vapor Absorption Chiller of an Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Unit 146 24 Gasket Seat in a Shell and Tube Condenser in a Petrochemical Plant 147 25 Acid Gas CO2 Cooler Condenser in Ammonia Plant of a Fertilizer Unit 148 26 Naphtha Coolers in a Fertilizer Plant 149 27 U Type Jet Dyeing Machine in a Textile Dyeing Unit 150 28 Acetic Acid Manufacturing Unit in a Petrochemical Plant 151 29 Large Stainless Steel Pipeline in a Urea Plant of a Fertilizer Unit 152 30 Heat Recovery System of a PVC Unit in a Petrochemical Plant 153 31 EDC Furnace Coil of a PVC Plant in a Petrochemical Unit 155 32 Internals of a Stirred Reactor Processing Ortho Phosphoric Acid 157 33 Salt Evaporator 158 34 Cooler/Condenser Tubes of an Absorption Chiller Machine of an Airconditioning Plant 159 35 Nitro Mass Cooler in an Organic Chemical Plant 161 36 Fertilizer Industry Ammonia Plant Natural Gas Feed Preheater Coil 162 37 Petrochemical Unit. PVC Plant. Radiant Coils of the EDC Pyrolysis Furnace 164 38 Exhaust Gas Boiler in a Sugar Mill 166 39 Domestic Storage Water Heater 167 40 Stirred Reactor in a Rubber Chemical Plant 168 41 Stainless Steel Tubes During Long Storage in Packed Condition 169 42 Fertilizer Plant. Ammonia Units. Secondary Waste Heat Boiler Tubes 170 43 Hospital Hydroclave for Treating Wastes 172 44 Petrochemical Plant. Phosgene Absorption Column Internals 174 45 Fertilizer Unit Ammonia Plant Start-Up Preheater Outlet Line 176 46 Petrochemical Plant Underground Fire–Water Pipelines 177 47 Monel Clad Evaporator in a Pure Water Plant 178 48 Loop Steamer Machine in a Textile Dyeing Unit 179 49 Rubber Chemicals Plant: Leakage in Process Pipelines 180 50 Clay Drier in a Clay manufacturing Plant 181 51 Hydrogen Sulfide Processing Plant 182 52 Textile Bleaching Vessel in a Dyeing Industry 184 53 Condenser of an Absorption Chilling Machine in an Air-Conditioning Plant 185 54 Petrochemical Complex: Lube Oil Cooler Tubes of Captive Gas Turbine Power Plant 187 55 Petrochemical Plant: Plate Heat Exchanger (PHE) Exchanging Heat Between Spent Caustic and Vent Gas in a Cracker Plant 188 56 Inorganic Chemical Plant: Distillation Pots 189 57 Starch Industry: Economizer Tubes of High Pressure Captive Boilers 190 58 Rubber Chemical Plant–Crump Slurry Tank 191 59 Petrochemical Plant: Gas Cracker Unit Dilute Steam Kettle Re-boiler 193 60 Textile Dyeing Unit: Jet Dyeing Machine Shell 194 61 Oil Refinery: 12 Inch Dia. Overhead Pipeline 195 62 Fertilizer Plant: CO2 Compressor Inter-stage Cooler 196 63 Oil Refinery: Flash Crude Heater Shell Cover Drain Nozzle 198 64 Oil Refinery: Light Cycle Oil Steam Generator 199 65 Organic Chemical Plant: High Pressure Autoclave in R&D Laboratory 200 66 Fertilizer Industry: Captive Power Plant: Economizer Tube 202 67 Inorganic Chemicals Plant: Reactor Shell 203 68 Reactor for an Organic Chemical Plant 204 69 Fertilizer Unit. Ammonia Plant. Primary Waste Heat Boiler 205 70 Pulp and Paper Plant. TL Vertical Screen Inlet Line of the Paper Section 207 71 Fertilizer Plant. Underground Sections of Cooling Water and Fire Hydrant Water Pipe Lines 208 72 Thermal Power Plant. Condenser Cooling Sea Water In-take Line. Butter Fly Valve 210 73 Petrochemical Plant. Pressure Transmitter Sensors 211 74 Organic Chemicals Plant: Coolers and Condensors 212 75 Organic Chemicals Plant: Alcohol Vaporizer 214 76 Organic Chemicals Plant. Thermowells 215 77 Fertilizer Unit. Ammonia Plant. Gas to Gas Heat Exchanger 216 78 Oil Refinery. Sulfolane Recovery Column Reboiler 217 79 Oil Refinery. Hydrocarbon vapor-liquid heat exchanger 218 80 Chlor-Alkali Plant Stainless Steel Laboratory Reactor 219 Index 221

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Book SynopsisThe accessible, easy-to-follow guide that demystifies documentation management When it comes to receiving documentation to confirm good science, U.S. and international regulators place high demands on the healthcare industry. As a result, companies developing and manufacturing therapeutic products must implement a strategy that allows them to properly manage their records and documents, since they must comply with rigorous standards and be available for regulatory review or inspection at a moment's notice. Written in a user-friendly Q&A style for quick reference, Managing the Documentation Maze provides answers to 750 questions the authors encounter frequently in their roles as consultants and trainers. In simple terms, this handy guide breaks down the key components that facilitate successful document management, and shows why it needs to be a core discipline in the industry with information on: Compliance with regulations in pharmaceutical, bioloTrade Review"Managing the Document Maze takes a fascinating and extremely effective approach to its topic . . . this organisational framework makes it very easy to target information that will answer specific questions of interest to the reader, while also providing a comprehensive overview of key information . . .Managing the Document Maze is recommended to readers, and receives the JCS Library Award." (Journal for Clinical Studies, 1 July 2010) Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION. ABOUT THE AUTHORS. CHAPTER 1 UNDERSTANDING THE REGULATIONS. CHAPTER 2 PEOPLE, PROCESS, AND DOCUMENTATION. CHAPTER 3 PRINCIPLES OF DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT. CHAPTER 4 DECIDING TO GO ELECTRONIC AND FINDING A VENDOR. CHAPTER 5 MAKING THE TRANSITION FROM HYBRID TO VALIDATED E-SYSTEM. CHAPTER 6 PART 11 COMPLIANCE. CHAPTER 7 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES. CHAPTER 8 NONCLINICAL RECORDS. CHAPTER 9 CLINICAL AND SUBMISSION RECORDS. CHAPTER 10 CONSISTENCY AND READABILITY IN DOCUMENTS. CHAPTER 11 MAINTAINING THE SYSTEM. CHAPTER 12 MAINTAINING INSPECTION READINESS. CHAPTER 13 RESOURCES. APPENDIX. FEDERAL REGISTER. GUIDANCE FOR INDUSTRY. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisAn all-in-one reference combining hydrodynamic theory with drilling applications for the design, planning, and optimization of drilling operations Hydromechanical processes underlie the majority of technology operations in drilling and present a crucial concern as the pace and depth of drilling increasesin today''s energy-hungry world. Applied Hydro-aeromechanics in Oil and Gas Drilling offers a unique resource for properly modeling and understanding the hydro-dynamic forces affecting a drilling site. Combining hydrodynamic theory with specific drilling applications, this coverage provides readers with a comprehensive reference for designing, planning, and optimizing drilling operations. Featuring the latest technologies and developments affecting the field, Applied Hydro-aeromechanics in Oil and Gas Drilling covers topics including: The physics of hydro-aeromechanical phenomena in drilling processes Calculation methodsTable of ContentsPreface. Notation. 1 Main results and development lines in hydro-aeromechanics of drilling processes. 2 Basic problems of hydro-aeromechanics in drilling processes. 3 Multiphase media in drilling processes. 4 Hydro- aeromechanic equations in drilling processes. 4.1 Mass conservation equation. 4.2 Momentum (motion) equation. 4.3 Thermodynamic equations of state. 4.4 Rheological equations of state. 4.5 Equation of concentrations. 4.6 Formulation of hydro-aerodynamic problems for drilling processes. 5 Hydrostatics of single-phase fluids and two-phase mixtures in gravity field. 5.1 Hydrostatics of single-phase fluids. 5.2 Hydrostatics of incompressible fluid at τw = 0. 5.3 Hydrostatics of single-phase compressible fluid (gas) at τw = 0. 5.4 Hydrostatics of slightly compressible fluid τw = 0. 5.5 Hydrostatics of a fluid with dynamic shear stress (τw‡0). 5.6 Hydrostatics of two-phase fluids. 6 Stationary flow of fluids in elements of well circulation system. 6.1 Equations for stationary flows of homogeneous incompressible fluids. 6.2 Calculation of pressure in laminar flows of viscous incompressible fluids in circular slots, pipes and annular channels. 6.3 Calculation of pressure in laminar flow of viscous-plastic fluids in circular slots, pipes and annular channels. 6.4 Calculation of pressure in laminar flow of power incompressible fluids in circular slots, pipes and annular channels. 6.5 Calculation of pressure in turbulent flow in circular pipes and annular channels. 6.6 Transition of laminar flow of viscous, viscous-plastic and power fluids into turbulent one. 6.7 Calculation of pressure in eccentric annulus. Formation of stagnation zones. 6.8 Effect of internal pipe rotation on pressure in annulus. 6.9 Pressure drop in local resistances of circulation system. 7 Equilibrium and motion of rigid particles in fluid, gas and gas-liquid mixture. 7.1 Washing of the well bottom. 7.2 Levitation of rigid particles in fluid, gas and gas-liquid flows. 7.3 Flow rate of fluid, gas and gas-liquid mixture needed for removal of cutting from well bore. 7.4 Calculation of ball drop time in descending flow of washing fluid in a column of pipes. 7.5 Hydraulic calculation of a circulation system in drilling with incompressible washing fluid. 8 Stationary flow of gas and gas-cutting mixture in elements of well circulation system. 8.1 Pressure distribution in ascending flow of gas and gas-cutting mixture in annular channel of a well. 8.2 Pressure distribution in descending flow of gas in pipes. 8.3 Pressure losses in bit heads and pipe joints. 8.4 Calculation procedure of pump capacity and compressor pressure in drilling with blasting. 9 Stationary flows of gas-liquid mixtures in a well. 9.1 Equations of gas-liquid mixture flow. 9.2 Laminar ascending flow of gas-liquid mixtures in pipes and annular channels. 9.3 Calculation of pressure in pipes and annular space in ascending vertical turbulent flows of gas-liquid mixtures. 9.4 Pressure drop in bit heads in flow of gas-liquid mixture. 9.5 Pressure drop in turbo-drills. 9.6 Calculation of pressure in pipes in descending vertical turbulent flow of gas-liquid mixture. 9.7 Method of calculation of delivery and pressure of pumps and compressors in drilling with aerated fluid washing. 9.8 Effect of gas solubility in fluid on pressure of a mixture in a well. 10 Non-stationary flows of single-phase fluids in a well. 10.1 Equations for non-stationary single-phase flows. 10.2 Non-stationary flows of incompressible fluid in round trip operations. 10.3 Hydrodynamic pressure in round trip operation in a well filled by viscous fluid. 10.4 Hydrodynamic pressure generated by drill-stem descent in a well filled by viscous-plastic fluid. 10.5 Examples of pressure calculations in round trip operations. 10.6 Non-stationary fluid flow in a well as wave process. 10.7. Pressure calculation in deterioration of the safety bypass. 10.8 Calculation of pressure in recovery of circulation in a well. 10.9 Calculation of pressure in a well in settling of ball cage on a seat (thrust ring) in drill-stem. 10.10 Calculation of pressure in round trip of a drill-stem as wave process. 11 Flows of formation fluids and rock solids. 11.1 Basic equations of fluid and rock solid flows. 11.2 Stationary laminar flows of incompressible and compressible fluids and gases. 11.3 Nonstationary laminar flows of incompressible and compressible fluids and gases. 11.4 Flows of formation fluids and rock solids at regimes different from laminar. 12 Nonstationary flow of gas-liquid mixtures in well-formation system. 12.1 Estimation of bottom-hole decompression in removal of gas bench from a well. 12.2 Recognition of gas outburst and selection of regimes of its liquidation. 12.3 Calculation of amount, density and delivery of fluid needed to kill the open gas blowout. 12.4 Calculation of pressure at the well mouth in blowout killing by direct pumping of killing fluid into the well. 13 Nonstationary flows of fluid mixtures in well-formation system Calculation of fluid-gas blowout killing. 14 Distribution of concentration and pressure in displacement of Newtonian and viscous-plastic fluids from circular pipes and annular channels. Hydraulic calculation of cementation regime. 14.1 Main reasons of incompletely displacement of fluids. 14.2 Distribution of concentrations in displacement of one fluid by another fluid. 14.3 Taking into account needed displacement completeness in calculations of cementing. 14.4 Method of hydraulic calculation of cementing regimes with regard to given concentration in channel cross-section. 14.5 Calculation of single-stage well cementation. Method and calculation of cementation with foam-cement slurry. 15 Sedimentation of rigid phase in drilling fluid after deadlock of mixing. 15.1 One-dimensional equation for hydraulic pressure in sedimentation of rigid phase of suspension. 15.2 Lowering of hydraulic pressure in a well after deadlock of solution circulation. 16 Experimental determination of rheological characteristics. 16.1 Determination of rheological characteristics with rotary viscometer. 16.2 Determination of rheological characteristics with capillary viscometer. 16.3 Determination of rheological characteristics of rock solids. 16.4 Examples of application of rheological characteristics. References. Author index. Subject index. About the Authors.

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Book SynopsisBringing together current advances and in-depth reviews of bio-based industrial products and agricultural biotechnology, Biocatalysis and Molecular Engineering examines the recent energy and food crises and points out the importance of using bio-based products from renewable resources and agricultural biotechnology.Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. Section I. Improvement of Agronomic and Microbial Traits. 1.Insights into the Structure and Function of Acyl-CoA: Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase (Rodrigo M.P. Siloto, Qin Liu, Randall J. Weselake, Xiaohua He, and Thomas McKeon). 2. Improving Enzyme Character by Molecular Breeding: Preparation of Chimeric Genes (Kiyoshi Hayashi, Motomitsu Kitaoka, and Mamoru Nishimoto). 3. Production and Accumulation of Unusual Fatty Acids in Plant Tissues (D. Hildebrand, J.R, Thoguru, S. Rao, R Li, and T. Hatanaka). 4. Preparation of Oleaginous Yeast by Genetic Modification and Its Potential Applications (Yasushi Kamisaka). 5. Improving Value of Oil Palm Using Genetic Engineering (Ghulam Kadir Admad Parveez, Abrizah Othman, Umi Salamah Ramli, Ravigadevi Sambanthamurthi, Abdul Masani Mat Yunus, Ahmad Tarmizi Hashim, Ahmad Kushairi Din, and Mohd Basri Wahid). 6. Potential in Using Arabidopsis Acyl-Coenzyme-A-Binding Proteins in Engineering Stress-Tolerant Plants (Mee-Len Chye, Shi Xiao, Qin-Fang Chen, and Wei Gao). 7. Modification of Lipid Composition by Genetic Engineering in Oleaginous Marine Microorganism, Thraustochytrid (Tsunehiro Aki, Hiroaki Iwasaka, Hirofumi Adachi, Maya Nanko, Hiroko Kawasaki, Seiji Kawamoto, Toshihide Kakizono, and Kazuhisa Ono). 8. Integrated Approaches to Manage Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Viruses (R. C, de la Peña, P. Kadirvel, S. Venkatesan, L. Kenyon, and J. Hughes). 9. Carbohydrate Acquisition During Legume Seed Development (Jocelyn A. Ozga, Dennis M. Reinecke, and Pankaj K. Bhowmik). 10. Biotechnology Enhancement of Phytosterol Biosynthesis in Seed Oils (Qilin Chen and Jitao Zou). Section II: Functional Foods and Biofuels. 11. Dietary Phosphatidylinositol in Metabolic Syndrome (Bungo Shirouchi, Koji Nagao, and Teruyoshi Yanagita). 12. Biotechnological Enrichment of Cereals with Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (Milan Certik, Zuzana Adamechova, and Lucia Slavikova). 13. Lipophilic Ginsenoside Derivatives Production (Jiang-Ning Hu and Ki-Teak Lee). 14. Brown Seaweed Lipids as Possible Source for Nutraceuticals and Functonal Foods (M. Airanthi K. Widjaja-Adhi, Takayuki Tsukui, Masashi Hosokawa, and Kazuo Miysahita). 15. Processes for Production of Biodiesel Fuel (Yomi Watanabe and Yuji Shimada). 16. Noncatalytic Alcoholysis Process for Production of Biodiesel Fuel: Its Potential in Japan and Southeast Asia (Hiroshi Nabetani, Shoji Hagiwara, and Mitsutoshi Nakajima). 17. Use of Coniochaeta ligniaria to Detoxify Fermentation Inhibitors Present in Cellulosic Sugar Streams (Nancy N. Nichols, Bruce S. Dien, Maria J. López, and Joaquín Moreno). 18. Omics Applications to Biofuel Research (Tzi-Yuan Wang, Hsin-Liang Chen, Wen-Hsiung Li, Huang-Mo Sung, and Ming-Che Shih). Section III: Renewable Bioproducts. 19. Biotechnological Uses of Phospholipids (Jeong Jun Han, Jae Kwang Song, Joon Shick Rhee, and Suk Hoo Yoon). 20. Application of Partition Chromatographic Theory on the Routine Analysis of Lipid Molecular Species (Koretaro Takahashi and Tsugihiko Hirano). 21. Dehydrogenase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Chiral Intermediates for Drugs (Ramesh N. Patel). 22. Engineering of Bacterial Cycochrome P450 Monooxygenase as Biocatalysts for Chemical Synthesis and Environmental Bioremedication (Jun Ogawa, Quin-Shan Li, Sakayu Shimizu, Vlada Urlancher, and Rolf D. Schmid). 23. Glycosynthases from Inverting Hydrolases (Motomitsu Kitaoka). 24. Molecular Species of Diacylglycerols and Triacylglycerols Containing Dihydroxy Fatty Acids in Castor Oil (Jiann-Tsyh Lin). 25. Biocatalytic Production of Lactobionic Acid (Hirofumi Nakano, Takaaki Kiryu, Taro Kiso, and Hiromi Murakami). 26. Recent Advances in Aldolase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Unnatural Sugars and Iminocyclitols (Masakazu Sugiyama, Zhangyong Hong, William A. Greenberg, and Chi-Huey Wong). 27, Production of Value-Added Products by Lactic Acid Bacteria (Siqing Liu, Kenneth M. Bischoff, Yebo Li, Fengjie Cui, Hassan Azaizeh, and Ahmed Tafesh). 28. Enzymatic Synthesis of Glycosides Using Alpha-Amylase Family Enzymes (Kazuhisa Sugimoto, Takahisa Nishimura, Koji Nomura, Hiromi Nishiura, and Takashi Kuriki). 29. Biological Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Using Plant Leaf Extracts and Antimicrobial Application (Beom Soo Kim and Jae Yong Song). 30. Potential Approach of Microbial Conversion to Develop New Antifungal Products of Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Vivek K. Bajpai, Sun-Chul Kang, Hak-Ryul Kim, and Ching T. Hou). Index.

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Book SynopsisWhile its results normally complement the information obtained by chemical experiments, computer computations can in some cases predict unobserved chemical phenomena Electronic-Structure Computational Methods for Large Systems gives readers a simple description of modern electronic-structure techniques.Table of ContentsContributors xiii Preface: Choosing the Right Method for Your Problem xvii A. DFT: The Basic Workforce 1 1. Principles of Density Functional Theory: Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Applications 3 Ferdinand Evers 1.1 Equilibrium Theories 3 1.2 Local Approximations 8 1.3 Kohn-Sham Formulation 11 1.4 Why DFT Is So successful 13 1.5 Exact Properties of DFTs 14 1.6 Time-Dependent DFT 19 1.7 TDDFT and Transport Calculations 28 1.8 Modeling Reservoirs In and Out of Equilibrium 34 2. SIESTA: A Linear-Scaling Method for Density Functional Calculations 45 Julian D. Gale 2.1 Introduction 45 2.2 Methodology 48 2.3 Future Perspectives 73 3. Large-Scale Plane-Wave-Based Density Functional Theory: Formalism, Parallelization, and Applications 77 Eric Bylaska, Kiril Tsemekhman, Niranjan Govind, and Marat Valiev 3.1 Introduction 78 3.2 Plane-Wave Basis Set 79 3.3 Pseudopotential Plane-Wave Method 81 3.4 Charged Systems 89 3.5 Exact Exchange 92 3.6 Wavefunction Optimization for Plane-Wave Methods 95 3.7 Car – Parrinello Molecular Dynamics 98 3.8 Parallelization 101 3.9 AIMD Simulations of Highly Charged Ions in Solution 106 3.10 Conclusions 110 B. Higher-Accuracy Methods 117 4. Quantum Monte Carlo, Or, Solving the Many-Particle Schrödinger Equation Accurately While Retaining Favorable Scaling with System Size 119 Michael D. Towler 4.1 Introduction 119 4.2 Variational Monte Carlo 124 4.3 Wavefunctions and Their Optimization 127 4.4 Diffusion Monte Carlo 137 4.5 Bits and Pieces 146 4.6 Applications 157 4.7 Conclusions 160 5. Coupled-Cluster Calculations for Large Molecular and Extended Systems 167 Karol Kowalski, Jeff R. Hammond, Wibe A. de Jong, Peng-Dong Fan, Marat Valiev Dunyou Wang, and Niranjan Govind 5.1 Introduction 168 5.2 Theory 168 5.3 General Structure of Parallel Coupled-Cluster Codes 174 5.4 Large-Scale Coupled-Cluster Calculations 179 5.5 Conclusions 194 6. Strong-Correlated Electrons: Renormalized Band Structure Theory and Quantum Chemical Methods 201 Liviu Hozoi and Peter Fulde 6.1 Introduction 201 6.2 Measure of the Strength of Electron Correlations 204 6.3 Renormalized Band Structure Theory 206 6.4 Quantum Chemical Methods 208 6.5 Conclusions 221 C. More-Economical Methods 225 7. The Energy-Based Fragmentation Approach for Ab Initio Calculations of Large Systems 227 Wei Li, Weijie Hua, Tao Fang, and Shuhua Li 7.1 Introduction 227 7.2 The Energy-Based Fragmentation Approach and Its Generalized Version 230 7.3 Results and Discussion 238 7.4 Conclusions 251 7.5 Appendix: Illustrative Example of the GEBF Procedure 252 8. MNDO-like Semiempirical Molecular Orbital Theory and Its Application to Large Systems 259 Timothy Clark and James J. P. Stewart 8.1 Basic Theory 259 8.2 Parameterization 271 8.3 Natural History or Evolution of MNDO-like Methods 278 8.4 Large Systems 281 9. Self-Consistent-Charge Density Functional Tight-Binding Method: An Efficient Approximation of Density Functional Theory 287 Marcus Elstner and Michael Cous 9.1 Introduction 287 9.2 Theory 289 9.3 Performance of Standard SCC-DFTB 300 9.4 Extensions of Standard SCC-DFTB 302 9.5 Conclusions 304 10. Introduction to Effective Low-Energy Hamiltonians in Condensed Matter Physics and Chemistry 309 Sen J. Powell 10.1 Brief Introduction to Second Quantization Notation 310 10.2 Hückel or Tight-Binding Model 314 10.3 Hubbard Model 326 10.4 Heisenberg Model 339 10.5 Other Effective Low-Energy Hamiltonians for Correlated Electrons 349 10.6 Holstein Model 353 10.7 Effective Hamiltonian or Semiempirical Model? 358 D. Advanced Applications 367 11. SIESTA: Properties and Applications 369 Michael J. Ford 11.1 Ethynylbenzene Adsorption on Au(111) 370 11.2 Dimerization of Thiols on Au(111) 377 11.3 Molecular Dynamics of Nanoparticles 384 11.4 Applications to Large Numbers of Atoms 387 12. Modeling Photobiology Using Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Calculations 397 Xin Li, Lung Wa Chung, and Keiji Morokuma 12.1 Introduction 397 12.2 Computational Strategies: Methods and Models 400 12.3 Applications 410 12.4 Conclusions 425 13. Computational Methods for Modeling Free-Radical Polymerization 435 Michelle L. Coote and Chung Lin 13.1 Introduction 435 13.2 Model Reactions for Free-Radical Polymerization Kinetics 441 13.3 Electronic Structure Methods 444 13.4 Calculation of Kinetics and Thermodynamics 457 13.5 Conclusion 468 14. Evaluation of Nonlinear Optical Properties of Large Conjugated Molecular Systems by Long-Range-Corrected Density Functional Theory 475 Hideo Sekino, Akihide Miyazaki, Jong-Won Song, and Kimihiko Hirao 14.1 Introduction 476 14.2 Nonlinear Optical Response Theory 478 14.3 Long-Range-Corrected Density Functional Theory 480 14.4 Evaluation of Hyperpolarizability for Long Conjugated Systems 482 14.5 Conclusions 488 15. Calculating the Raman and HyperRaman Spectra of Large Molecules and Molecules Interacting with Nanoparticles 493 Nicholas Valley, Lasse Jensen, Jochen Autschbach, and George C. Schatz 15.1 Introduction 494 15.2 Displacement of Coordinates Along Normal Modes 496 15.3 Calculation of Polarizabilities Using TDDFT 496 15.4 Derivatives of the Polarizabilities with Respect to Normal Modes 500 15.5 Orientation Averaging 501 15.6 Differential Cross Sections 502 15.7 Surface-Enhanced Raman and HyperRaman Spectra 506 15.8 Application of Tensor Rotations to Raman Spectra for Specific Surface Orientations 507 15.9 Resonance Raman 508 15.10 Determination of Resonant Wavelength 509 15.11 Summary 511 16. Metal Surfaces and Interfaces: Properties from Density Functional Theory 515 Irene Yarovsky, Michelle J. S. Spencer, and Ian K. Snook 16.1 Background, Goals, and Outline 515 16.2 Methodology 517 16.3 Structure and Properties of Iron Surfaces 521 16.4 Structure and Properties of Iron Interfaces 538 16.5 Summary, Conclusions, and Future Work 553 17. Surface Chemistry and Catalysis from Ab Initio-Based Multiscale Approaches 561 Catherin Samofl and Simone Piccinin 17.1 Introduction 561 17.2 Predicting Surface Structures and Phase Transitions 563 17.3 Surface Phase Diagrams from Ab Initio Atomistic Thermodynamics 568 17.4 Catalysis and Diffusion from Ab Initio Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulations 576 17.5 Summary 584 18. Molecular Spintronics 589 Woo Youn Kim and Kwang S. Kim 18.1 Introduction 589 18.2 Theoretical Background 591 18.3 Numerical Implementation 600 18.4 Examples 604 18.5 Conclusions 612 19. Calculating Molecular Conductance 645 Gemma C. Solomon and Mark A. Ratner 19.1 Introduction 615 19.2 Outline of the MEGF Approach 617 19.3 Electronic Structure Challenges 623 19.4 Chemical Trends 625 19.5 Features of Electronic Transport 630 19.6 Applications 634 19.7 Conclusions 639 Index 649

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Book SynopsisOf the myriad of heterocycles known to man, the indole ring stands foremost for its remarkably versatile chemistry, its enormous range of biological activities, and its ubiquity in the terrestrial and marine environments.Table of Contents1 Introduction 1 1.1 Preview 1 1.2 Indole‐Containing Natural Products 1 1.3 Biological Activity of Indoles 4 1.4 Indole‐Containing Pharmaceuticals 15 1.5 Indole‐Containing Materials 21 1.6 Indole‐Containing Ligands 28 1.7 Reviews of Indole‐Ring Synthesis 32 1.7.1 General Reviews on Indole Ring Synthesis 32 1.7.2 Specialized Reviews 32 1.7.3 Name Reactions 33 1.7.4 Miscellaneous Reviews 33 1.7.5 Synthesis of Carbazoles, Carbolines, and Indolocarbazoles 34 1.7.6 Reviews of Indole Analogues 34 References 34 PART I Sigmatropic Rearrangements 39 2 Fischer Indole Synthesis 41 2.1 Preview 41 2.2 Methods 41 2.2.1 Traditional Methods 41 2.2.2 Metal‐Catalyzed Methods 44 2.2.3 Solid‐Phase Fischer Indolization Method 56 2.2.4 Other General Methods 57 2.2.5 Hydrazones 63 2.2.6 Other Variations of Fischer Indole Synthesis 66 2.3 Applications of Fischer Indolizations 68 2.3.1 Drug Targets 68 2.3.2 Natural Products 82 2.3.3 Materials 97 2.3.4 General 98 References 108 3 Gassman Indole Synthesis 116 4 Bartoli Indole Synthesis 121 5 Thyagarajan Indole Synthesis 131 6 Julia Indole Synthesis 137 7 Miscellaneous Sigmatropic Rearrangements 139 PART II Nucleophilic Cyclization 145 8 Madelung Indole Synthesis 147 9 Wittig–Madelung Indole Synthesis 156 10 Jones–Schmid Indole Synthesis 165 11 Couture Indole Synthesis 174 12 Wender Indole Synthesis 176 13 Smith Indole Synthesis 181 14 Kihara Indole Synthesis 186 15 Nenitzescu 5‐Hydroxyindole Synthesis 188 16 Engler‐Kita Indole Synthesis 206 17 Bailey–Liebeskind–O’Shea Indoline–Indole Synthesis 213 18 Wright Indoline Synthesis 219 19 Saegusa Indole Synthesis 221 20 Ichikawa Indole Synthesis 228 21 Miscellaneous Nucleophilic Cyclizations that Form the Indole Ring 230 22 Sugasawa Indole Synthesis 244 PART III Electrophilic Cyclization 247 23 Bischler Indole Synthesis 249 24 The Nordlander Indole Synthesis 260 25 Nitrene Cyclization 264 26 Cadogan–Sundberg Indole Synthesis 266 27 Sundberg Indole Synthesis 278 28 Hemetsberger Indole Synthesis 287 29 Taber Indole Synthesis 296 30 Knochel Indole Synthesis 299 31 Täuber Carbazole Synthesis 301 32 Quéguiner Azacarbazole Synthesis 304 33 Iwao Indole Synthesis 307 34 Hewson Indole Synthesis 309 35 Magnus Indole Synthesis 310 36 Feldman Indole Synthesis 311 37 Butin Indole Synthesis 313 38 Miscellaneous Electrophilic Cyclizations 317 PART IV Reductive Cyclization 323 39 Nenitzescu o,β‐Dinitrostyrene Reductive Cyclization 325 40 Reissert Indole Synthesis 332 41 Leimgruber–Batcho Indole Synthesis 338 42 Pschorr–Hoppe Indole Synthesis 349 43 Mąkosza Indole Synthesis 354 44 Rawal Indole Synthesis 361 45 The Baeyer–Jackson Indole Synthesis and Miscellaneous Reductive Cyclization Indole Syntheses 363 PART V Oxidative Cyclization 381 46 Watanabe Indole Synthesis 383 47 Knölker Carbazole Synthesis 391 48 Miscellaneous Oxidative Cyclizations 396 PART VI Radical Cyclization 403 49 Fukuyama Indole Synthesis 405 50 Other Tin‐Mediated Indole Syntheses 409 51 The Murphy Indole Synthesis 412 52 Miscellaneous Radical‐Promoted Indole Syntheses 414 53 The Graebe–Ullmann Carbazole‐Carboline Synthesis 424 PART VII Cycloaddition and Electrocyclization 435 54 Diels–Alder Cycloaddition 437 55 Plieninger Indole Synthesis 464 56 Photochemical Synthesis of Indoles and Carbazoles 468 57 Dipolar Cycloaddition, Anionic, and Electrocyclization Reactions 483 PART VIII Indoles from Pyrroles 493 58 Electrophilic Cyclization of Pyrrole 495 59 Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyclization of Pyrroles 503 60 Cycloaddition Syntheses from Vinyl Pyrroles 506 61 Electrocyclization of Pyrroles 512 62 Indoles from Pyrrolo‐2,3‐Quinodimethanes 517 63 Indoles via Dehydrogenation of Pyrroles 520 64 Miscellaneous Indole Syntheses from Pyrroles 525 65 Indoles via Arynes 528 PART IX Indoles from Indolines 537 66 Indoline Dehydrogenation 539 67 Indolines to Indoles by Functionalized Elimination 553 68 Indolines from Oxindoles, Isatins, and Indoxyls 558 PART X Metal‐Catalyzed Indole Synthesis 573 69 Copper‐Catalyzed Indole Synthesis 575 70 Palladium‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Synthesis: Hegedus 588 71 Palladium‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Synthesis: Mori–Ban–Heck 592 72 Palladium‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Synthesis: Aryl‐Heck 597 73 Palladium‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Synthesis: Oxidative Cyclization 600 74 Palladium‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Synthesis: Watanabe–Cenini–Söderberg 604 75 Palladium‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Synthesis: Yamanaka–Sakamoto–Sonogashira 607 76 Palladium‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Synthesis: Larock 611 77 Palladium‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Synthesis: Cacchi 615 78 Palladium‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Synthesis: Buchwald–Hartwig 619 79 Palladium‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Synthesis: Miscellaneous 623 80 Rhodium‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Synthesis 632 81 Gold‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Synthesis 640 82 Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Synthesis 645 83 Platinum‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Synthesis 648 84 Silver‐ and Zinc‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Synthesis 651 85 Iron‐, Iridium‐, and Indium‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Syntheses 655 86 Nickel‐, Cobalt‐, and Molybdenum‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Syntheses 660 87 Mercury‐ and Chromium‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Syntheses 663 88 Miscellaneous Metal‐Catalyzed Indole Ring Syntheses 666 PART XI Miscellaneous 669 89 Miscellaneous Indole Ring Syntheses 671 Index 676

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