Chemistry Books

Book SynopsisThe fifth edition of the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology builds upon the solid foundation of the previous editions, which have proven to be a mainstay for chemists, biochemists, and engineers at academic, industrial, and government institutions since publication of the first edition in 1949.Table of ContentsSupercritical Fluids. Supramolecular Chemistry. Surface and Interface Analysis. Surfactants. Sustainable Development and Chemistry. Sutures. Sweeteners. Synthetic Organic Chemicals, Economic Evaluation. Tanks and Pressure Vessels. Tantalum and Tantalum Compounds. Technical Service. Technology Transfer. Tellurium and Tellurium Compounds. Temperature Measurement. Terpenoids. Tetracyclines. Textiles. Thallium and Thallium Compounds. Thermodynamics. Thermoplastic Elastomers. Thin Film Formation Techniques. Thorium and Thorium Compounds. Tin and Tin Alloys. Tin Compounds. Titanium and Titanium Alloys.

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Book SynopsisFirst published in 1949, this edition deals with the field of chemical technology.Table of ContentsCotton. Cryogenic Technology. Crystal Engineering. Crystallization. Cumene. Cyanamides. Cyanides. Cyanuric and Isocyanuric Acids. Cyclopentadiene and Dicyclopentadiene. Defoamers. Dendrimers, Luminescent. Dental Materials. Desiccants. Design of Experiments. Detergency and Detergents. Deuterium and Tritium. Diamines and Higher Amines, Aliphatic. Diamond, Natural. Diamond, Synthetic. Dichlorine Monoxide, Hypochlorous Acid, and Hypochlorites. Dimensional Analysis. Disinfection. Dispersants. Dispersions. Distillation. Distillation, Azeotropic, and Extractive.

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Book SynopsisThe fifth edition of the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology builds upon the solid foundation of the previous editions, which have proven to be a mainstay for chemists, biochemists, and engineers at academic, industrial, and government institutions since publication of the first edition in 1949.Table of ContentsAlcohols, Higher Aliphatic, Survey 1 Alcohols, Higher Aliphatic, Synthetic Processes 26 Alcohols, Polyhydric 46 Aldehydes 58 Alkaloids 71 Alkanolamines from Nitro Alcohols 113 Alkanolamines from Olefin Oxides and Ammonia 122 Alkyd Resins 147 Alkylation 169 Alkylphenols 203 Allyl Alcohol and Monoallyl Derivatives 234 Allyl Monomers and Polymers 250 Aluminates 273 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys 279 Aluminum Compounds, Survey 344 Aluminum Halides and Aluminum Nitrate 360 Aluminum Oxide (Alumina), Activated 391 Aluminum Oxide, Calcinated, Tabular, Cements 403 Aluminum Oxide (Alumina), Hydrated 421 Aluminum Sulfate and Alums 434 Amides, Fatty Acid 442 Amine Oxides 463 Amines by Reduction 476 Amines, Cycloaliphatic 498 Amines, Fatty 518 Amines, Lower Aliphatic Amines 537 Amino Acids 554 Amino Resins and Plastics 618 Aminophenols 652 Ammonia 678 Ammonium Compounds 711 Amyl Alcohols 762 Aniline and Its Derivatives 783 Antiaging Agents 810

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Book SynopsisThe fifth edition of the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology builds upon the solid foundation of the previous editions, which have proven to be a mainstay for chemists, biochemists, and engineers at academic, industrial, and government institutions since publication of the first edition in 1949.Table of ContentsAbrasives 1 Absorption 26 Acetaldehyde 99 Acetic Acid 115 Acetic Acid, Halogenated Derivatives 136 Acetic Anhydride 146 Acetone 160 Acetylene 177 Acetylene-Derived Chemicals 227 Acrolein and Derivatives 265 Acrylamide 288 Acrylamide Polymers 304 Acrylic Acid and its Derivatives 342 Acrylic Ester Polymers 369 Acrylonitrile 397 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Polymers 414 Acrylonitrile Polymers, Survey and Styrene-Acrylonitrile (SAN) 439 Actinides and Transactinides 463 Adhesion 501 Adhesives 524 Adipic Acid 553 Adsorption 582 Adsorption, Gas Separation 617 Adsorption, Liquid Separation 664 Advanced Materials, Economic Evaluation 691 Aeration, Biotechnology 730 Aerogels 748 Aerosols 769 Air Pollution 787 Air Pollution and Control, Indoor 816

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Book SynopsisLaser Chemistry: Spectroscopy, Dynamics and Applications provides a basic introduction to the subject, written for students and other novices. It assumes little in the way of prior knowledge, and carefully guides the reader through the important theory and concepts whilst introducing key techniques and applications.Trade ReviewAn excellent reference book. (Reviews, June 2008)Table of ContentsPreface. About the authors. Chapter 1 Introduction. 1.1 Basic concepts in laser chemistry. 1.2 Organization of the book. Part 1 Principles of lasers and laser systems. Chapter 2 Atoms and molecules, and their interaction with light waves. 2.1 Quantum states, energy levels and wave functions. 2.2 Dipole transitions and transition probabilities. 2.3 Einstein coefficients and excited-state lifetimes. 2.4 Spectroscopic line shapes. 2.5 The polarization of light waves. 2.6 Basic concepts of coherence. 2.7 Coherent superposition of quantum states and the concept of wave packets. Chapter 3 The basics of lasers. 3.1 Fundamentals of laser action. 3.2 Laser resonators. 3.3 Frequency and spatial properties of laser radiation. 3.4 Gain in continuous-wave and pulsed lasers. 3.5 Q-switching and the generation of nanosecond pulses. 3.6 Mode locking and the generation of picosecond and femtosecond pulses. Chapter 4 Laser systems. 4.1 Fixed-wavelength gas lasers: helium–neon, rare-gas ion and excimer lasers. 4.2 Fixed-wavelength solid-state lasers: the Nd:YAG laser. 4.3 Tuneable dye laser systems. 4.4 Tuneable Ti:sapphire laser systems. 4.5 Semiconductor diode lasers. 4.6 Quantum cascade lasers. 4.7 Non-linear crystals and frequency-mixing processes. 4.8 Three-wave mixing processes: doubling, sum and difference frequency generation. 4.9 Optical parametric oscillation. Part 2 Spectroscopic techniques in laser chemistry. Chapter 5 General concepts of laser spectroscopy. 5.1 Spectroscopy based on photon detection. 5.2 Spectroscopy based on charged particle detection. 5.3 Spectroscopy based on measuring changes of macroscopic physical properties of the medium. Chapter 6 Absorption spectroscopy. 6.1 Principles of absorption spectroscopy. 6.2 Observable transitions in atoms and molecules. 6.3 Practical implementation of absorption spectroscopy. 6.4 Multipass absorption techniques. Chapter 7 Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. 7.1 Principles of laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. 7.2 Important parameters in laser-induced fluorescence. 7.3 Practical implementation of laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. Chapter 8 Light scattering methods: Raman spectroscopy and other processes. 8.1 Light scattering. 8.2 Principles of Raman spectroscopy. 8.3 Practical implementation of Raman spectroscopy. Chapter 9 Ionization spectroscopy. 9.1 Principles of ionization spectroscopy. 9.2 Photoion detection. 9.3 Photoelectron detection. 9.4 Photoion imaging. Part 3 Optics and measurement concepts. Chapter 10 Reflection, refraction and diffraction. 10.1 Selected properties of optical materials and light waves. 10.2 Reflection and refraction at a plane surface. 10.3 Light transmission through prisms. 10.4 Light transmission through lenses and imaging. 10.5 Imaging using curved mirrors. 10.6 Superposition, interference and diffraction of light waves. 10.7 Diffraction by single and multiple apertures. 10.8 Diffraction gratings. Chapter 11 Filters and thin-film coatings. 11.1 Attenuation of light beams. 11.1 Beam splitters. 11.3 Wavelength-selective filters. 11.4 Polarization filters. 11.5 Reflection and filtering at optical component interfaces. 11.6 Thin-film coatings. Chapter 12 Optical fibres. 12.1 Principles of optical fibre transmission. 12.2 Attenuation in fibre transmission. 12.3 Mode propagation in fibres. Chapter 13 Analysis instrumentation and detectors. 13.1 Spectrometers. 13.2 Interferometers. 13.3 Photon detectors exploiting the photoelectric effect. 13.4 Photodetectors based on band-gap materials. 13.5 Measuring laser power and pulse energy. 13.6 Analysis of charged particles for charge, mass and energy. 13.7 Charged-particle detection. Chapter 14 Signal processing and data acquisition. 14.1 Signals, noise and noise reduction. 14.2 DC, AC and balanced detection methods. 14.3 Lock-in detection techniques. 14.4 Gated integration/boxcar averaging techniques. 14.5 Event counting. 14.6 Digital conversion and data acquisition. Part 4 Laser studies of photodissociation, photoionization and unimolecular processes. Chapter 15 Photodissociation of diatomic molecules. 15.1 Photofragment kinetic energy. 15.2 Angular distributions and anisotropic scattering. 15.3 Predissociation and curve crossing. 15.4 Femtosecond studies: chemistry in the fast lane. 15.5 Dissociation and oscillatory continuum emission. Chapter 16 Photodissociation of triatomic molecules. 16.1 Photodissociation of water. 16.2 Photodissociation of ozone. 16.3 Laser-induced fluorescence and cavity ring-down studies. 16.4 Femtosecond studies: transition-state spectroscopy. Chapter 17 Photodissociation of larger polyatomic molecules: energy landscapes. 17.1 Rydberg tagging. 17.2 Photodissociation of ammonia. 17.3 Selective bond breaking. 17.4 Molecular elimination and three-body dissociation. Chapter 18 Multiple and multiphoton excitation, and photoionization. 18.1 Infrared multiple-photon activation and unimolecular dissociation. 18.2 Continuum intermediate states and bond stretching. 18.3 High-resolution zero kinetic energy photoelectron spectroscopy. 18.4 Autoionization. 18.5 Photoion-pair formation. Chapter 19. Coherent control and the future of ultra-short probing. 19.1 Coherent control of chemical processes. 19.2 The future of attosecond probing. Part 5 Laser studies of bimolecular reactions. Chapter 20 Basic concepts of kinetics and reaction dynamics. 20.1 Résumé of kinetics. 20.2 Introduction to reaction dynamics: total and differential reaction cross-section. 20.3 Connection between dynamics and kinetics. 20.4 Basic concepts of potential energy surfaces. 20.5 Calculating potential energy surfaces. Chapter 21 The molecular beam method: basic concepts and examples of bimolecular reaction studies. 21.1 Basic concepts. 21.2 Interpretation of spatial and energy distributions: dynamics of a two-body collision. 21.3 Interpretation of spatial and energy distributions: products angular and velocity distributions as a route to the reaction mechanism. Chapter 22 Chemical reactions with laser-prepared reagents. 22.1 Energy selectivity: mode-selective chemistry. 22.2 Energy selectivity: electronic excitation. 22.3 Stereodynamical effects with laser-prepared reagents. 22.4 Vibrationally excited reagents and their effect on stereo-dynamics. Chapter 23 Laser probing of chemical reaction products. 23.1 Where does the energy of a chemical reaction go? 23.2 Probing the product state distribution of a chemical reaction. 23.3 Crossed-beam techniques and laser spectroscopic detection: towards the state-to-state differential reaction cross-section measurements. Part 6 Laser studies of cluster and surface reactions. Chapter 24 Laser studies of complexes: van der Waals and cluster reactions. 24.1. Experimental set-ups and methodologies. 24.2. Metal-containing complexes. 24.3. Non-metal van der Waals complexes. Chapter 25 Solvation dynamics: elementary reactions in solvent cages. 25.1. Dissociation of clusters containing I2. 25.2. Dissociation of clusters containing I2. 25.3. Proton-transfer reactions. Chapter 26 Laser studies of surface reactions: an introduction. 26.1. Résumé of metal surface properties and electronic structure. 26.2. Particle–surface interaction. 26.3. Surface reaction mechanisms. 26.4. Experimental methods to investigate laser-induced surface reactions. Chapter 27 Laser studies of surface reactions: photochemistry in the adsorbed state. 27.1. Adsorbate- versus substrate-mediated processes. 27.2. Examples of photoinduced reactions in the adsorbed state. 27.3. Femto-chemistry at surfaces: the ultrafast reaction CO/O–[Ru(0001)]. Part 7 Selected applications. Chapter 28 Environmental and other analytical applications. 28.1 Atmospheric gas monitoring using tuneable diode laser absorption spectroscopy. 28.2 Closed-path tuneable diode laser absorption spectroscopy applications. 28.3 Open-path tuneable diode laser absorption spectroscopy applications. 28.4 The lidar technique for remote gas analysis. 28.5 Lidar in the study of atmospheric chemistry: tropospheric measurements. 28.6 Lidar in the study of atmospheric chemistry: stratospheric measurements. 28.7 Laser desorption and ionization: laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization, and aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Chapter 29 Industrial monitoring and process control. 29.1 Analysis of internal combustion engines. 29.2 Laser-spectroscopic analysis of burners and incinerators. 29.3 Laser-chemical processes at surfaces: nanoscale patterning. Chapter 30 Laser applications in medicine and biology. 30.1 Photodynamic therapy. 30.2 Intra-cell mapping of drug delivery using Raman imaging. 30.3 Breath diagnostics using laser spectroscopy. 30.4 From photons to plant defence mechanisms. 30.5 Application to volatile compounds: on-line detection of plant stress. 30.6 Laser applications to the study of non-volatile compounds in fruits. References. References grouped by chapter. Further reading grouped by part. Web pages. Appendix. Common abbreviations and acronyms. Physical constants. Useful conversions and other relationships. Energy conversion factors. Index.

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Book SynopsisAssuming only a basic chemical knowledge this textbook carefully introduces basic concepts of environmental chemistry and places it in an applied and practical setting. It then moves on to cover specific topics, each chapter dealing first with theory and then providing a selection of experiments.Trade Review"...valuable addition to the range of available texts..." (Times Higher Educational Supplement, 4 January 2002) "...Ian Williams has done an excellent job of formulating this well-thought-out text that students without a strong background in chemistry should fine most informative and enjoyable." (Environment, Vol. 44, No. 6, July/August 2002)Table of ContentsPreface. Concepts and Skills in Environmental Chemistry. Laboratories for Environmental Chemistry. Laboratory Report Writing. The Structure and Composition of the Earth. Earth's Vital Resources - Minerals, Metals and Fossil Fuels. Natural Cycles. Water - The Lifeblood of the Earth. Self-Study Exercises. Challenging Exercises. References. Further Sources of Information. Glossary. Useful Addresses. Index.

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Book SynopsisProvides a comprehensive introduction to this multi-disciplinary area of chemistry, Environmental Chemistry. Intended not only for chemists, but also for environmental and other science students, this text introduces the chemistry needed to appreciate this subject, placing it in an applied and practical setting.Trade Review".... valuable addition to the range of available texts ..." (Times Higher Educational Supplement, 4 January 2002) "...a well-written text than could be understood by undergraduates." (Journal of Environmental Engineering, April 2002)Table of ContentsPreface. Concepts and Skills in Environmental Chemistry. Laboratories for Environmental Chemistry. Laboratory Report Writing. The Structure and Composition of the Earth. Earth's Vital Resources - Minerals, Metals and Fossil Fuels. Natural Cycles. Water - The Lifeblood of the Earth. Self-Study Exercises. Challenging Exercises. References. Further Sources of Information. Glossary. Useful Addresses. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe application of mathematical models to molecules has now reached maturity. Scientists as diverse as astrophysicists, biologists, chemists, materials scientists and zoologists can reach for their PC, Mac or laptop to model molecular phenomena of unbelievable complexity. Following the highly successful first edition of Modelling Molecular Structures, this newly updated edition is your guide through the myriad of applications for molecular modelling. This easy-to-read, highly illustrated text covers all areas of molecular modelling, including molecular dynamics, quantum mechanics, and the Hartree-Fock self-consistent field model, providing background information and critically discussing the latest techniques in the field. Covering developments in the field since the first publication, this title also includes updated text and new material on: * Molecular Dynamics * Dealing with the Solvent This title is an indispensable introduction for all chemists, materials scieTrade Review"this excellent handbook should be on the desk of all interested in the use of computational methods in chemistry..." --Applied Organometallic Chemistry, March 2001Table of ContentsSeries Preface Preface to the First Edition Preface to the Second Edition Prerequisites Molecular Mechanics Dynamics The Hydrogen Molecule Ion The Hydrogen Molecule The Electron Density The Hartree-Fock Model The Hückel Model Neglect of Differential Overlap Models Basis Sets Ab Initio Packages Electron Correlation Slater's X Model Density Functional Therory Potential Energy Surfaces Dealing with the Solvent Primary Properties and their Derivatives Induced Properties Miscellany References Index

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the use of modern computational methods in predicting high resolution molecular spectra, which allows the experimental spectroscopist to interpret and assign real spectra. aeo Offers a comprehensive treatment of modern computation techniques.Trade Review"Twenty studies bridge the gaps between traditional quantum chemistry...theoretical high-resolution spectroscopy..and molecular dynamics..." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 2, June 2001) "...a valuable source of information..." (Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 42, No. 1, January 3, 2003)Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: The Born-Oppenheimer Approximation (P. Bunker & P. Jensen). ELECTRONIC STATES. Ab Initio Determination of Accurate Ground Electronic State Potential Energy Hypersurfaces for Small Molecules (A. Császár, et al.). Symmetry Adapted Perturbation Theory Applied to the Computation of Intermolecular Forces (R. Moszynski, et al.). The Ab Initio Calculation of Molecular Properties Other than the Potential Energy Surface (S. Sauer & M. Packer). ROTATION-VIBRATION STATES. Perturbation Theory, Effective Hamiltonians and Force Constants (K. Sarka & J. Demaison). Variational Calculations of Rotation-Vibration Spectra (J. Tennyson). ROVIBRONIC STATES AND THE BREAKDOWN OF THE BORN-OPPENHEIMER APPROXIMATION. The Renner Effect (P. Jensen, et al.). The Renner-Teller Effect: The Effective Hamiltonian Approach (J. Brown). DYNAMICS. Forming Superposition States (T. Seideman). Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics (J. Tse & R. Rousseau). Index.

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Book SynopsisPresents the developments in organic chemistry. This work is compiled by editors with many years of relevant experience.Table of ContentsReactions of Aldehydes and Ketones and their Derivatives (B. A. Murray). Reactions of Carboxylic, Phosphoric, and Sulfonic Acids and their Derivatives (C. T. Bedford). Radical Reactions: Part 1 (A. J. Clark and J. Sherringham). Radical Reactions: Part 2 (A. P. Dobbs and P. Dimopoulos). Oxidation and Reduction (B. G. Davis, et al.). Carbenes and Nitrenes (J. G. Knight). Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (M. R. Crampton). Electophilic Aromatic Substitution (R. G. Coombes). Carbocations (R. A. Cox). Nucleophilic Aliphatic Substitution (J. Shorter). Carbanions and Electrophilic Aliphatic Substitution (A. C. Knipe). Elimination Reactions (A. C. Knipe). Addition Reactions: Polar Addition (P. Kocovský). Addition Reactions: Cycloaddition. (N. Dennis). Molecular Rearrangements (A. W. Murray). Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisPresents a unified theoretical treatment, which is complete and rigorous but nonetheless readable. The theoretical treatment requires a variety of mathematical and physical tools. To keep the main text uncluttered, these tools are developed in comprehensive Appendices to which cross--references are made in the main text.Trade Review"…makes a broad sweep over the Raman spectroscopy field…" (Analytical Chemistry, November 2002) "...this book will rapidly become a classic text in Raman spectroscopy..." (The Analyst, October 2002) "...This is a masterpiece of a textbook written by an eminent member of the international Raman community ...." (Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, February 2003)Table of ContentsPreface Part One Linear Raman Spectroscopy 1 Survey of light-scattering phenomena 2 Introduction to theoretical treatments of incoherent light scattering 3 Classical theory of Rayleigh and Raman scattering 4 Quantum mechanical theory of Rayleigh and Raman scattering 5 Vibrational Raman scattering 6 Rotational and vibration-rotation Raman scattering 7 Vibrational resonance Raman scattering 8 Rotational and vibration-rotation resonance Raman scattering 9 Normal and resonance electronic and vibronic Raman scattering 10 Rayleigh and raman scattering by chiral systems Part Two Appendices - a compendium of mathematical and physical tools Introduction Appendix 1 The right-handed cartesian axis system and related coordinate systems Appendix 2 The summation convention Appendix 3 Direction cosines Appendix 4 Isotropic averages of products of direction cosines Appendix 5 The Euler angles and the rotation operator Appendix 6 Complex numbers and quantities Appendix 7 Some properties of matrices Appendix 8 Vectors I Appendix 9 Vectors II Appendix 10 Tensors Appendix 11 Elescrostatics Appendix 12 Appendix 13 The interaction of a system of electric charges with electric and magnetic fields Appendix 14 The polarizability tensor Appendix 15 Appendix 16 Maxwell equations in vacuum and in media Appendix 17 Monochromatic plane harmonic waves in vacuum and in a non-absorbing linear medium Appendix 18 Appendix 19 Appendix 20 Sources of electromagentic radiation Appendix 21 Polarization of electromagnetic radiation Appendix 22 Appendix 23 Clebsch-Gordan coeeficients and Wigner 3-j and 6-j symbols

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Book SynopsisThis work examines the synthesis, structure and how main group elements behave chemically. The author has produced a readable text covering the main group elements, enabling the reader to be guided through the pathway of the main group of chemistry.Table of ContentsIntroduction The Periodic Table Hydrogen Group 1: The Alkali Metals - Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium and Francium Group 2: Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium and Radium Group 12: Zinc, Cadmium and Mercury Group 13: Boron, Aluminium, Gallium, Indium and Thallium Group 14: Carbon, Silicon, Germanium, Tin and Lead Group 15: The Pnictides - Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth Group 16: The Chalcogens - Oxygen, Sulfur, Selenium, Tellerium and Polonium Group 17: The Halogens - Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine and Astatine Group 18: The Rare Gases - Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon Solution Chemistry Steric Effects in Inorganic Chemistry Appendix A Common Crystal Structures Appendix B Comparison of Main Group and 3d Transition Metal Cations Appendix C Brief Summary of Main Group Chemistry Appendix D Slef-assessment Questions Appendix E Suggested Further General Reading '

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Book SynopsisThis extensively updated and revised version builds on the success of the first edition featuring new discoveries in powder technology, spraying techniques, new coatings applications and testing techniques for coatings -- Many new spray techniques are considered that did not exist when the first edition was published! The book begins with coverage of materials used, pre-spray treatment, and the techniques used. It then leads into the physics and chemistry of spraying and discusses coatings build-up. Characterization methods and the properties of the applied coatings are presented, and the book concludes with a lengthy chapters on thermal spray applications covers such areas as the aeronautics and space, automobiles, ceramics, chemicals, civil engineering, decorative coatings, electronics, energy generation and transport, iron and steel, medicine, mining and the nuclear industries.Table of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition. Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols. 1 Materials Used for Spraying. 1.1 Methods of Powders Production. 1.1.1 Atomization. 1.1.2 Sintering or Fusion. 1.1.3 Spray Drying (Agglomeration). 1.1.4 Cladding. 1.1.5 Mechanical Alloying (Mechanofusion). 1.1.6 Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis (SHS). 1.1.7 Other Methods. 1.2 Methods of Powders Characterization. 1.2.1 Grain Size. 1.2.2 Chemical and Phase Composition. 1.2.3 Internal and External Morphology. 1.2.4 High-temperature Behaviour. 1.2.5 Apparent Density and Flowability. 1.3 Feeding, Transport and Injection of Powders. 1.3.1 Powder Feeders. 1.3.2 Transport of Powders. 1.3.3 Injection of Powders. References. 2 Pre-Spray Treatment. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Surface Cleaning. 2.3 Substrate Shaping. 2.4 Surface Activation. 2.5 Masking. References. 3 Thermal Spraying Techniques. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Flame Spraying (FS). 3.2.1 History. 3.2.2 Principles. 3.2.3 Process Parameters. 3.2.4 Coating Properties. 3.3 Atmospheric Plasma Spraying (APS). 3.3.1 History. 3.3.2 Principles. 3.3.3 Process Parameters. 3.3.4 Coating Properties. 3.4 Arc Spraying (AS). 3.4.1 Principles. 3.4.2 Process Parameters. 3.4.3 Coating Properties. 3.5 Detonation-Gun Spraying (D-GUN). 3.5.1 History. 3.5.2 Principles. 3.5.3 Process Parameters. 3.5.4 Coating Properties. 3.6 High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) Spraying. 3.6.1 History. 3.6.2 Principles. 3.6.3 Process Parameters. 3.6.4 Coating Properties. 3.7 Vacuum Plasma Spraying (VPS). 3.7.1 History. 3.7.2 Principles. 3.7.3 Process Parameters. 3.7.4 Coating Properties. 3.8 Controlled-Atmosphere Plasma Spraying (CAPS). 3.8.1 History. 3.8.2 Principles. 3.8.3 Process Parameters. 3.8.4 Coating Properties. 3.9 Cold-Gas Spraying Method (CGSM). 3.9.1 History. 3.9.2 Principles. 3.9.3 Process Parameters. 3.9.4 Coating Properties. 3.10 New Developments in Thermal Spray Techniques. References. 4 Post-Spray Treatment. 4.1 Heat Treatment. 4.1.1 Electromagnetic Treatment. 4.1.2 Furnace Treatment. 4.1.3 Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP). 4.1.4 Combustion Flame Re-melting. 4.2 Impregnation. 4.2.1 Inorganic Sealants. 4.2.2 Organic Sealants. 4.3 Finishing. 4.3.1 Grinding. 4.3.2 Polishing and Lapping. References. 5 Physics and Chemistry of Thermal Spraying. 5.1 Jets and Flames. 5.1.1 Properties of Jets and Flames. 5.2 Momentum Transfer between Jets or Flames and Sprayed Particles. 5.2.1 Theoretical Description. 5.2.2 Experimental Determination of Sprayed Particles’ Velocities. 5.2.3 Examples of Experimental Determination of Particles Velocities. 5.3 Heat Transfer between Jets or Flames and Sprayed Particles. 5.3.1 Theoretical Description. 5.3.2 Methods of Particles’ Temperature Measurements. 5.4 Chemical Modification at Flight of Sprayed Particles. References. 6 Coating Build-Up. 6.1 Impact of Particles. 6.1.1 Particle Deformation. 6.1.2 Particle Temperature at Impact. 6.1.3 Nucleation, Solidification and Crystal Growth. 6.1.4 Mechanisms of Adhesion. 6.2 Coating Growth. 6.2.1 Mechanism of Coating Growth. 6.2.2 Temperature of Coatings at Spraying. 6.2.3 Generation of Thermal Stresses at Spraying. 6.2.4 Coatings Surfaces. 6.3 Microstructure of the Coatings. 6.3.1 Crystal Phase Composition. 6.3.2 Coatings’ Inhomogeneity. 6.3.3 Final Microstructure of Sprayed Coatings. 6.4 Thermally Sprayed Composites. 6.4.1 Classification of Sprayed Composites. 6.4.2 Composite Coating Manufacturing. References. 7 Methods of Coatings’ Characterization. 7.1 Methods of Microstructure Characterization. 7.1.1 Methods of Chemical Analysis. 7.1.2 Crystallographic Analyses. 7.1.3 Microstructure Analyses. 7.1.4 Other Applied Methods. 7.2 Mechanical Properties of Coatings. 7.2.1 Adhesion Determination. 7.2.2 Hardness and Microhardness. 7.2.3 Elastic Moduli, Strength and Ductility. 7.2.4 Properties Related to Mechanics of Coating Fracture. 7.2.5 Friction and Wear. 7.2.6 Residual Stresses. 7.3 Physical Properties of Coatings. 7.3.1 Thickness, Porosity and Density. 7.3.2 Thermophysical Properties. 7.3.3 Thermal Shock Resistance. 7.4 Electrical Properties of Coatings. 7.4.1 Electrical Conductivity. 7.4.2 Properties of Dielectrics. 7.4.3 Electron Emission from Surfaces. 7.5 Magnetic Properties of Coatings. 7.6 Chemical Properties of Coatings. 7.6.1 Aqueous Corrosion. 7.6.2 Hot-gas Corrosion. 7.7 Characterization of Coatings’ Quality. 7.7.1 Acoustical Methods. 7.7.2 Thermal Methods. References. 8 Properties of Coatings. 8.1 Design of Experiments. 8.2 Mechanical Properties. 8.2.1 Hardness and Microhardness. 8.2.2 Tensile Adhesion Strength. 8.2.3 Elastic Moduli, Strengths and Fracture Toughness. 8.2.4 Friction and Wear. 8.3 Thermophysical Properties. 8.3.1 Thermal Conductivity and Diffusivity. 8.3.2 Specific Heat. 8.3.3 Thermal Expansion. 8.3.4 Emissivity. 8.3.5 Thermal Shock Resistance. 8.4 Electric Properties. 8.4.1 Properties of Conductors. 8.4.2 Properties of Resistors. 8.4.3 Properties of Dielectrics. 8.4.4 Electric Field Emitters. 8.4.5 Properties of Superconductors. 8.5 Magnetic Properties. 8.5.1 Soft Magnets. 8.5.2 Hard Magnets. 8.6 Optical Properties. 8.6.1 Decorative Coatings. 8.6.2 Optically Functional Coatings. 8.7 Corrosion Resistance. 8.7.1 Aqueous Corrosion. 8.7.2 Hot-medium Corrosion. References. 9 Applications of Coatings. 9.1 Aeronautical and Space Industries. 9.1.1 Aero-engines. 9.1.2 Landing-gear Components. 9.1.3 Rocket Thrust-chamber Liners. 9.2 Agroalimentary Industry. 9.3 Automobile Industry. 9.4 Ceramics Industry. 9.4.1 Free-standing Samples. 9.4.2 Brick–Clay Extruders. 9.4.3 Crucibles to Melt Oxide Ceramics. 9.4.4 Ceramic Membranes. 9.5 Chemical Industry. 9.5.1 Photocatalytic Surfaces. 9.5.2 Tools in Petrol Search Installations. 9.5.3 Vessels in Chemical Refineries. 9.5.4 Gas-well Tubing. 9.5.5 Polymeric Coatings on Pipeline Components. 9.5.6 Ozonizer Tubes. 9.6 Civil Engineering. 9.7 Decorative Coatings. 9.8 Electronics Industry. 9.8.1 Heaters. 9.8.2 Sources for Sputtering. 9.8.3 Substrates for Hybrid Microelectronics. 9.8.4 Capacitor Electrodes. 9.8.5 Conductor Paths for Hybrid Electronics. 9.8.6 Microwave Integrated Circuits. 9.9 Energy Generation and Transport. 9.9.1 Solid-oxide Fuel Cell (SOFCs). 9.9.2 Thermopile Devices for Thermoelectric Generators. 9.9.3 Boilers in Power-generation Plants. 9.9.4 Stationary Gas Turbines. 9.9.5 Hydropower Stations. 9.9.6 MHD Generators. 9.10 Iron and Steel Industries. 9.10.1 Continuous Annealing Line (CAL). 9.10.2 Continuous Galvanizing Section. 9.10.3 Stave Cooling Pipes. 9.11 Machine Building Industry. 9.12 Medicine. 9.13 Mining Industry. 9.14 Non-ferrous Metal Industry. 9.14.1 Hot-extrusion Dies. 9.14.2 Protective Coatings against Liquid Copper. 9.14.3 Protective Coatings against Liquid Zirconium. 9.15 Nuclear Industry. 9.15.1 Components of Tokamak Device. 9.15.2 Magnetic-fusion Energy Device. 9.16 Paper Industry. 9.16.1 Dryers. 9.16.2 Gloss Calender Rolls. 9.16.3 Tubing in Boilers. 9.17 Printing and Packaging Industries. 9.17.1 Corona Rolls. 9.17.2 Anilox Rolls. 9.18 Shipbuiding and Naval Industries. 9.18.1 Marine Gas-turbine Engines. 9.18.2 Steam Valve Stems. 9.18.3 Non-skid Helicopter Flight Deck. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis series offers practical help for advanced undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate students, as well as experienced chemists in industry and academia working with catalysts in organic and organometallic synthesis.Table of ContentsSeries Preface. Preface to Volume 4. Abbreviations. 1 An Overview of Zeolite, Zeotype and Mesoporous Solids Chemistry: Design, Synthesis and Catalytic Properties (Thomas Maschmeyer and Leon van de Water). 1.1 Zeolites, zeotypes and mesoporous solids: synthetic aspects. 1.2 Design of extra-large pore zeolites and other micro- and mesoporous catalysts. 1.3 Potential of post-synthesis functionalized micro- and mesoporous solids as catalysts for fine chemical synthesis. 2 Problems and Pitfalls in the Applications of Zeolites and other Microporous and Mesoporous Solids to Catalytic Fine Chemical Synthesis (Michel Guisnet and Matteo Guidotti). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Zeolite catalysed organic reactions. 2.3 General conclusions. References. 3 Aromatic Acetylation (Michel Guisnet and Matteo Guidotti). 3.1 Aromatic acetylation. 3.2 Procedures and protocols. References. 4 Aromatic Benzoylation (Patrick Geneste and Annie Finiels). 4.1 Aromatic benzoylation. 4.2 Acylation of anisole over mesoporous aluminosilicates. References. 5 Nitration of Aromatic Compounds (Avelino Corma and Sara Iborra). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Reaction mechanism. 5.3 Nitration of aromatic compounds using zeolites as catalysts. 5.4 Conclusions. References. 6 Oligomerization of Alkenes (Avelino Corma and Sara Iborra). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Reaction mechanisms. 6.3 Acid zeolites as catalysts for oligomerization of alkenes. 6.4 Mesoporous aluminosilicates as oligomerization catalysts. 6.5 Nickel supported aluminosilicates as catalysts. References. 7 Microporous and Mesoporous Catalysts for the Transformation of Carbohydrates (Claude Moreau). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Hydrolysis of sucrose in the presence of H-form zeolites. 7.3 Hydrolysis of fructose and glucose precursors. 7.4 Isomerization of glucose into fructose. 7.5 Dehydration of fructose and fructose-precursors. 7.6 Dehydration of xylose. 7.7 Synthesis of alkyl-D-glucosides. 7.8 Synthesis of alkyl-D-fructosides. 7.9 Hydrogenation of glucose. 7.10 Oxidation of glucose. 7.11 Conclusions. References. 8 One-pot Reactions on Bifunctional Catalysts (Michel Guisnet and Matteo Guidotti). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Examples. References. 9 Base-type Catalysis (Didier Tichit, Sara Iborra, Avelino Corma and Daniel Brunel). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Characterization of solid bases. 9.3 Solid base catalysts. 9.4 Conclusions. References. 10 Hybrid Oxidation Catalysts from Immobilized Complexes on Inorganic Microporous Supports (Dirk De Vos, Ive Hermans, Bert Sels and Pierre Jacobs). 10.1 Introduction and scope. 10.2 Oxygenation potential of heme-type complexes in zeolite. 10.3 Oxygenation potential of zeolite encapsulated nonheme complexes. 10.4 Conclusions. Acknowledgements. References. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisUnderstanding Physical Chemistry is a gentle introduction to the principles and applications of physical chemistry. The book aims to introduce the concepts and theories in a structured manner through a wide range of carefully chosen examples and case studies drawn from everyday life. These real-life examples and applications are presented first, with any necessary chemical and mathematical theory discussed afterwards. This makes the book extremely accessible and directly relevant to the reader. Aimed at undergraduate students taking a first course in physical chemistry, this book offers an accessible applications/examples led approach to enhance understanding and encourage and inspire the reader to learn more about the subject. A comprehensive introduction to physical chemistry starting from first principles. Carefully structured into short, self-contained chapters. Introduces examples and applications first, followed by the necessary chemical Trade Review"…a physical chemistry textbook that is interesting, easy to read, and makes the subject comprehensible is overdue…[this book] achieves this goal and does so quire well." (Journal of Chemical Education, May 2006) "…Monk has a deep understanding of many of the thorny issues in physical chemistry and is able to avoid the unnecessary mystery that plagues other texts." (Clinical Chemistry, June 2005) “…an original, refreshing and valuable approach to a complicated subject.” (Chemistry and Industry, No.17, 6th September 2004) Table of ContentsPreface. Etymological Introduction. List of Symbols. Powers of Ten: Standard Prefixes. 1. Introduction to physical chemistry . 1.1 What is physical chemistry? Variables, relationships and laws. 1.2 The practice of thermodynamic measurement. 1.3 Properties of gases and the gas laws. 1.4 Further thoughts on energy. 2. Introducing interactions and bonds. 2.1 Physical and molecular interactions. 2.2 Quantifying the interactions and their influence. 2.3 Creating formal chemical bonds. 3. Energy and the first law of thermodynamics. 3.1 Introduction to thermodynamics: internal energy. 3.2 Enthalpy. 3.3 Indirect measurement of enthalpy. 4. Reaction spontaneity and the direction of thermodynamic change. 4.1 The direction of physicochemical change: entropy. 4.2 The temperature dependence of entropy. 4.3 Introducing the Gibbs function. 4.4 The effect of pressure on thermodynamic variables. 4.5 Thermodynamics and the extent of reaction. 4.6 The effect of temperature on thermodynamic variables. 5. Phase equilibria. 5.1 Ene rgetic introduction to phase equilibria. 5.2 Pressure and temperature changes with a single-component system: qualitative discussion. 5.3 Quantitative effects of pressure and temperature change for a single-component system. 5.4 Phase equilibria involving two-component systems: partition. 5.5 Phase equilibria and colligative properties. 5.6 Phase equilibria involving vapour pressure. 6. Acids and bases. 6.1 Properties of Lowry–Brønsted acids and bases. 6.2 ‘Strong’ and ‘weak’ acids and bases. 6.3 Titration analyses. 6.4 pH buffers. 6.5 Acid–base indicators. 7. Electrochemistry. 7.1 Introduction to cells: terminology and background. 7.2 Introducing half cells and electrode potentials. 7.3 Activity. 7.4 Half cells and the Nernst equation. 7.5 Concentration cells. 7.6 Transport phenomena. 7.7 Batteries. 8. Chemical kinetics. 8.1 Kinetics definitions. 8.2 Qualitative discussion of concentration changes. 8.3 Quantitative concentration changes: integrated rate equations. 8.4 Kinetic treatment of complicated reactions. 8.5 Thermodynamic considerations: activation energy, absolute reaction rates and catalysis. 9. Physical chemistry involving light: spectroscopy and photochemistry. 9.1 Introduction to photochemistry. 9.2 Photon absorptions and the effect of wavelength. 9.3 Photochemical and spectroscopic selection rules. 9.4 Photophysics: emission and loss processes. 9.5 Other optical effects. 10. Adsorption and surfaces, colloids and micelles. 10.1 Adsorption and definitions. 10.2 Colloids and interfacial science. 10.3 Colloid stability. 10.4 Association colloids: micelles. Answers to SAQs. Bibliography.

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Book SynopsisBrings together different aspects of procedures for speciation analysis at different levels starting from sample collection and storage, through sample preparation approaches to render the species chromatographable, principles of separation techniques used in speciation analysis, to the element specific detection.Trade Review"This book provides broad coverage of the different aspects of the analysis of elemental species..." (Journal of the American Chemistry Society, 2004 Vol. 126) "...a welcome contribution to the literature...will provide a useful insight..." (Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol 23(4), April 2004) "...the reader can use this book as a reference book for the next 5 to 10 years.." (Applied Organmettallic Chemistry, Jan 2004) "...a long-awaited high-quality handbook...will be of great value in both academia and industry." (Angewandte Chemie, Vol.43, No.42, 25th October 2004) "Each chapter, written by an expert on the field, is a stand alone reference...an excellent introductory text" (International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 2004) "...provides an excellent compendium of information on all the important methods of speciation analysis..." (Analytical & Bioanalytical Chemistry, No.380, 2004) "...this is a long-awaited high-quality handbook for speciation analysis ...(and) has the potential to become one of the most frequently used books in the personal shelves of specialists in the field and teachers of analytical chemistry!" (also in German, Angewandte Chemie, 2004; Vol 43; No. 42)Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Preface. Technical Abbreviations and Acronyms. 1 Introduction. 2 Sampling: Collection, Storage. 2.1 Sampling: Collection, Processing and Storage of Environmental Samples. 2.2 Sampling of Clinical Samples: Collection and Storage. 2.3 Food: Sampling with Special Reference to Legislation, Uncertainty and Fitness for Purpose. 2.4 Sampling: Collection, Storage – Occupational Health. 3 Sample Preparation. 3.1 Sample Treatment for Speciation Analysis in Biological Samples. 3.2 Sample Preparation Techniques for Elemental Speciation Studies. 3.3 Sample Preparation – Fractionation (Sediments, Soils, Aerosols and Fly Ashes). 4 Separation Techniques. 4.1 Liquid Chromatography. 4.2 Gas Chromatography and Other Gas Based Methods. 4.3 Capillary Electrophoresis in Speciation Analysis. 4.4 Gel Electrophoresis for Speciation Purposes. 5 Detection. 5.1 Atomic Absorption and Atomic Emission Spectrometry. 5.2 Flow Injection Atomic Spectrometry for Speciation. 5.3 Detection by ICP-Mass Spectrometry. 5.4 Plasma Source Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry: a Powerful Tool for Elemental Speciation. 5.5 Glow Discharge Plasmas as Tunable Sources for Elemental Speciation. 5.6 Electrospray Methods for Elemental Speciation. 5.7 Elemental Speciation by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry with High Resolution Instruments. 5.8 On-line Elemental Speciation with Functionalised Fused Silica Capillaries in Combination with DIN-ICP-MS. 5.9 Speciation Analysis by Electrochemical Methods. 5.10 Future Instrumental Development for Speciation. 5.11 Biosensors for Monitoring of Metal Ions. 5.12 Possibilities Offered by Radiotracers for Method Development in Elemental Speciation Analysis and for Metabolic and Environmentally Related Speciation Studies. 6 Direct Speciation of Solids. 6.1 Characterization of Individual Aerosol Particles with Special Reference to Speciation Techniques. 6.2 Direct Speciation of Solids: X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy for Species Analysis in Solid Samples. 7 Calibration. 7.1 Calibration in Elemental Speciation Analysis. 7.2 Reference Materials. 8 Screening Methods for Semiquantitative Speciation Analysis. 9 Risk Assessments/Regulations. 9.1 Environmental Risk Assessment and the Bioavailability of Elemental Species. 9.2 Speciation and Legislation. Index.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive introduction, examining both macroscopic and microscopic aspects of the subject, the book applies the theory of thermodynamics to a broad range of materials; from metals, ceramics and other inorganic materials to geological materials. Focusing on materials rather than the underlying mathematical concepts of the subject, this book will be ideal for the non-specialist requiring an introduction to the energetics and stability of materials. Macroscopic thermodynamic properties are linked to the underlying miscroscopic nature of the materials and trends in important properties are discussed. A unique approach covering both macroscopic and microscopic aspects of the subject Authors have worldwide reputations in this area Fills a gap in the market by featuring a wide range of real up-to-date examplesand covering a large amount of materials Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Thermodynamic foundations. 1.1 Basic concepts. 1.2 The first law of thermodynamics. 1.3 The second and third laws of thermodynamics. 1.4 Open systems and non-expansion work. References. Further reading. 2. Single-component systems. 2.1 Phases, phase transitions and phase diagrams. 2.2 The gas phase. 2.3 Condensed phases. References. Further reading. 3. Solution thermodynamics. 3.1 Fundamental definitions. 3.2 Thermodynamics of solutions. 3.3 Standard states. 3.4 Analytical solution models. 3.5 Integration of the Gibbs-Duhem equation. References. Further reading. 4. Phase diagrams. 4.1 Binary phase diagrams from thermodynamics. 4.2 Multi-component systems. 4.3 Predominance diagrams. References. Further reading. 5. Phase stability. 5.1 Supercooling of liq uids - superheating of crystals. 5.2 Fluctuations and instability. 5.3 Metastable phase equilibria and kinetics. References. Further reading. 6. Surfaces, interfaces and adsorption. 6.1 Thermodynamics of interfaces. 6.2 Surface effects on heterogeneous phase equilibria. 6.3 Adsorption and segregation. References. Further reading. 7. Trends in enthalpy of formation. 7.1 Compound energetics: trends. 7.2 Compound energetics: rationalization schemes. 7.3 Solution energetics: trends and rationalization schemes. References. Further reading. 8. Heat capacity and entropy. 8.1 Simple models for molecules and crystals. 8.2 Lattice heat capacity. 8.3 Vibrational entropy. 8.4 Heat capacity contributions of electronic origin. 8.5 Heat capacity of disordered systems. References. Further reading. 9. Atomistic solution models. 9.1 Lattice models for solutions. 9.2 Solutions with more than one sub-lattice. 9.3 Order-disorder. 9.4 Non-stoichiometric compounds. References. Further reading. 10. Experimental thermodynamics. 10.1 Determination of temperature and pressure. 10.2 Phase equilibria. 10.3 Energetic properties. 10.4 Volumetric techniques. Further reading. 11. Thermodynamics and materials modelling (by Neil L. Allan). 11.1 Interatomic potentials and energy minimization. 11.2 Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics. 11.3 Quantum mechanical methods. 11.4 Applications of quantum mechanical methods. 11.5 Discussion. References. Further Reading. Symbols and Data. Index.

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Book SynopsisEnvironmental concerns are now an integral part of todaya s legislation, product design and development, waste minimization and disposal. There have also been developments in the analytical techniques used for environmental analysis.Trade Review"...covers established and innovative methods in the field.." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 26, No. 2, June 2002) "...The approach works well and this book is a good primer on an important subject..." (Laboratory News, July 2002) "...Anyone interested in the topic should give this book a closer look..." (Environmental Geology, October 2002) "...useful to working environmental analysts..." (Industry & Environment, July-December 2002) "...This is an extremely useful book ....Suitable for self-study, the book would be a valuable addition to the library of anyone working in environmental analysis". (Education in Chemistry, July 2003) "...offers all that an instructor or student would desire to have in a text...a good reference for environmental professionals..." (The Chemist, Summer 2003) "...easy-to-read...a wide range of excellent material..." (Metrohm Information Issue, Vol 3 2003)Table of ContentsSeries Preface xiii Preface xv Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols xix About the Author xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Environment 1 1.2 Reasons for Concern 2 1.2.1 Today’s World 4 1.2.2 Past and Current Crimes 4 1.3 Pollution 4 1.4 The Necessity of Chemical Analysis 8 2 Transport of Pollutants in the Environment and Approaches to their Analysis 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Sources, Dispersal, Reconcentration and Degradation 12 2.3 Transport and Reconcentration of Neutral Organic Compounds 15 2.3.1 Bioconcentration 16 2.3.2 Accumulation in Sediments 17 2.3.3 Biomagnification 18 2.3.4 Degradation 19 2.4 Transport and Reconcentration of Metal Ions 20 2.4.1 Solubilization 22 2.4.2 Deposition in Sediments 22 2.4.3 Uptake by Organisms 22 2.5 What is a Safe Level? 23 2.6 Sampling and Sample Variability 24 2.6.1 Representative Samples 24 2.6.2 Sample Storage 25 2.6.3 Critical Paths and Critical Groups 26 2.7 General Approach to Analysis 26 2.8 The Choice of Laboratory or Field Analysis 28 2.9 Quality Assurance 30 2.9.1 Finding a Suitable Method 32 2.9.2 Laboratory Standards 33 3 Water Analysis – Major Constituents 35 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Sampling 41 3.3 Measurement of Water Quality 46 3.3.1 Suspended Solids 46 3.3.2 Dissolved Oxygen and Oxygen Demand 47 3.3.3 Total Organic Carbon 54 3.3.4 pH, Acidity and Alkalinity 55 3.3.5 Water Hardness 57 3.3.6 Electrical Conductivity 59 3.4 Techniques for the Analysis of Common Ions 61 3.4.1 Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrometry 61 3.4.2 Emission Spectrometry (Flame Photometry) 68 3.4.3 Ion Chromatography 69 3.4.4 Examples of the Use of Other Techniques 73 4 Water Analysis – Trace Pollutants 77 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Organic Trace Pollutants 78 4.2.1 Guidelines for Storage of Samples and their Subsequent Analysis 80 4.2.2 Extraction Techniques for Chromatographic Analysis 81 4.2.3 Gas Chromatography 88 4.2.4 Liquid Chromatography 101 4.2.5 Immunoassay 105 4.2.6 Spectrometric Methods 110 4.3 Metal Ions 112 4.3.1 Storage of Samples for Metal Ion Analysis 112 4.3.2 Pretreatment 113 4.3.3 Atomic Spectrometry 114 4.3.4 Visible Spectrometry 124 4.3.5 Anodic Stripping Voltammetry 125 4.3.6 Liquid Chromatography 128 4.3.7 Metal Speciation: A Comparison of Techniques 131 5 Analysis of Land, Solids and Waste 135 5.1 Introduction 135 5.2 Common Problem Areas in the Analysis of Solids 138 5.2.1 Sampling 138 5.2.2 Pretreatment 139 5.2.3 Extraction of the Analyte 140 5.2.4 Sample Clean-up 140 5.2.5 Analytical Determination 141 5.2.6 Quality Assurance and Quality Control 141 5.3 Specific Considerations for the Analysis of Biological Samples 142 5.3.1 Sampling and Storage of Plant Material 142 5.3.2 Pretreatment 142 5.3.3 Extraction Techniques for Organic Contaminants 144 5.3.4 Ashing and Dissolution Techniques for Trace Metals 145 5.3.5 Analysis of Animal Tissues 146 5.4 Specific Considerations for the Analysis of Soils 146 5.4.1 Sampling and Storage 146 5.4.2 Pretreatment 148 5.4.3 Extraction of Organic Contaminants 148 5.4.4 Extraction of Available Ions 149 5.4.5 Dissolution Techniques for the Determination of Total Metal Concentrations in Soil 150 5.4.6 Determination of pH 150 5.5 Specific Considerations for the Analysis of Contaminated Land 151 5.5.1 Steps in the Investigation of Contaminated Land 152 5.5.2 Sampling, Sample Storage and Pretreatment 154 5.6 Specific Considerations for the Analyses Involved in Waste and its Disposal by Landfill 156 5.6.1 Types of Waste and their Disposal 156 5.6.2 Sampling and Storage 158 5.6.3 Pretreatment of Solids and Liquids with a High Solid Content 160 5.6.4 Analysis of Leachate 161 5.6.5 Introduction to Gaseous Emissions 164 5.7 Specific Considerations for the Analysis of Sediments and Sewage Sludge 165 5.7.1 Sampling and Storage 165 5.7.2 Pretreatment 165 5.7.3 Extraction Techniques for Organic Contaminants 167 5.7.4 Dissolution Techniques for Trace Metals 167 5.7.5 Analysis of Sewage Sludge 168 5.8 New Extraction and Dissolution Techniques 168 5.8.1 Automated Soxhlet 169 5.8.2 Accelerated Solvent Extraction 169 5.8.3 Microwave Digestion and Microwave-Assisted Extraction 169 5.8.4 Sonication 170 5.8.5 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 170 5.8.6 Comparison of the Techniques 172 6 Atmospheric Analysis – Gases 175 6.1 Introduction 175 6.1.1 A Note on Units 181 6.2 Determination of Time-Weighted Average Concentrations 183 6.2.1 Absorption Trains 183 6.2.2 Solid Adsorbents 186 6.2.3 Diffusion (or Palmes) Tubes 189 6.3 Determination of Instantaneous Concentrations 191 6.3.1 Direct-Reading Instruments 191 6.3.2 Gas Detector Tubes 199 6.3.3 Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry 201 6.3.4 Monitoring Networks and Real-Time Monitoring 205 6.3.5 Remote Sensing and other Advanced Techniques 206 7 Atmospheric Analysis – Particulates 213 7.1 Introduction 213 7.2 Sampling Methods 216 7.2.1 High-Volume Samplers 216 7.2.2 Personal Samplers 217 7.2.3 Cascade Impactors 218 7.2.4 Further Considerations for Organic Compounds 219 7.2.5 Sampling Particulates in Flowing Gas Streams 220 7.2.6 PM 10 Sampling 222 7.2.7 Sampling of Acid Deposition 224 7.3 Analytical Methods Involving Sample Dissolution 225 7.3.1 Metals 225 7.3.2 Organic Compounds 226 7.4 Direct Analysis of Solids 227 7.4.1 X-Ray Fluorescence 227 7.4.2 X-Ray Emission 229 7.4.3 Neutron Activation Analysis 230 7.4.4 Infrared Spectrometry 230 7.4.5 Methods for Asbestos Analysis 230 8 Ultra-Trace Analysis 233 8.1 Introduction 233 8.1.1 What Groups of Compounds are We Discussing? 234 8.2 Analytical Methods 236 8.2.1 General Considerations 236 8.2.2 Factors Affecting Detection Sensitivity 237 8.2.3 Mass Spectrometric Detection 239 8.2.4 Quantification 245 8.2.5 Quality Control 246 8.3 A Typical Analytical Scheme 246 8.3.1 Pretreatment 248 8.3.2 Gas Chromatography 250 Responses to Self-Assessment Questions 253 Bibliography 273 Glossary of Terms 279 Units of Measurement and Physical Constants 285 Periodic Table 291 Index 293

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisProvides a comprehensive introduction to the mechanical behaviour of solid polymers. Extensively revised and updated throughout, the second edition now includes new material on mechanical relaxations and anisotropy, composites modelling, non-linear viscoelasticity, yield behaviour and fracture of tough polymers. The accessible approach of the book has been retained with each chapter designed to be self contained and the theory and applications of the subject carefully introduced where appropriate. The latest developments in the field are included alongside worked examples, mathematical appendices and an extensive reference. * Fully revised and updated throughout to include all the latest developments in the field * Worked examples at the end of the chapter * An invaluable resource for students of materials science, chemistry, physics or engineering studying polymer scienceTable of ContentsPreface. 1 Structure of Polymers. 2 The Deformation of an Elastic Solid. 3 Rubber-like Elasticity. 4 Principles of Linear Viscoelasticity. 5 The Measurement of Viscoelastic Behaviour. 6 Experimental Studies of Linear Viscoelastic Behaviour as a Function of Frequency and Temperature: Time-Temperature Equivalence. 7 Anisotropic Mechanical Behaviour. 8 Polymer Composites: Macroscale and Microscale. 9 Relaxation Transitions: Experimental Behaviour and Molecular Interpretation. 10 Creep, Stress Relaxation and Non-linear Viscoelasticity. 11 Yielding and Instability in Polymers. 12 Breaking Phenomena. Appendix 1. Appendix 2. Answers to Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisExplores the way in which peptides, proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates use therapeutically. With help of illustrations, this book covers both compounds and how therapeutics exert their influence through an understanding of biological processes.Trade Review"...an excellent introduction to biomacromolecular drugs..." (Chemistry in Britain, July 2002) "...a welcome addition to the library of any pharmacy student, chemistry instructor, or laboratory researcher." (The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, Vol. 36, October 2002 "...this is an excellent book..." (Organic Process Research and Development) "...many interesting snippets..." (Chemistry & Industry, 2 December 2002)Table of ContentsPreface. Abbreviations. Introduction. Endogenous Peptides and Proteins. Modification of Endogenous Peptides and Proteins. The Immune System. Oligonucleotides. Oligosaccharides. Appendix. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisDealing with solubility measurements, this book discusses procedures for measurement of various types of solubility data, as assessed by experienced researchers in various areas.Trade Review"...a must for any serious library...the value of this volume and this series extends far beyond chemistry..." (Applied Organometallic Chemistry, Vol 19 (10), October 2005)Table of ContentsList of Contributors xi Series Preface xv Preface xvii Acknowledgements xxi List of Symbols xxiii Quantities, Units and Conversions 1John W. Lorimer 1. Quantities and Units Used to Describe Solubility 2 2. Quantities and Units Used to Describe Solubilities of Gases 6 3. References 14 1 Fundamentals of Solubility 17 Chapter 1.1 Thermodynamics of Solubility 19John W. Lorimer and Roger Cohen-Adad 1. Introduction 19 2. Basic Definitions in Thermodynamics of Solubility 19 3. Thermodynamics of Solubility 22 4. Solubility of Gases in Liquids 26 5. Solubility of Liquids in Liquids 41 6. Solubility of Solids in Liquids 50 7. Concluding Remarks 62 8. References 62 Appendix A: Some Useful Thermodynamic Concepts and Relations 70 Appendix B: Numerical and Statistical Procedures in Constructing Fitting Equations 74 Chapter 1.2 Kinetics and Mechanisms of Crystal Growth and Dissolution 77Jørgen Christoffersen and Margaret R. Christoffersen 1. Introduction 77 2. Fundamental Concepts 77 3. Mechanisms and Rate Expressions for Dissolution and Growth 81 4. Comparison of Dissolution and Precipitation Kinetics 93 5. Kinetics of Approach to Equilibrium 93 6. Summary of Rate-determining Mechanisms 95 7. Acknowledgement 95 8. References 96 2 Gases 99 Chapter 2.1 Solubility of Gases in Liquids 101H. Lawrence Clever and Rubin Battino 1. Introduction 101 2. Quantities Used as a Measure of Gas Solubility 102 3. The Solution Components 107 4. Degassing The Solvent 108 5. Experimental Methods 110 6. Related Experiments that Complement Gas Solubility Data 130 7. Treatment of Data 132 8. Standards 137 9. Summary and Recommendations 144 10. References 145 Chapter 2.2 Solubility of Gases in Polymers 151Y uri Y ampolski and Russell Paterson 1. Introduction 151 2. Manometric Methods 152 3. Gravimetric Methods 156 4. Inverse Gas Chromatography 160 5. Miscellaneous 165 6. Conclusions 167 7. References 168 Chapter 2.3 Solubility of Gases in Molten Salts and Molten Metals 173Reginald P.T. Tomkins 1. Solubility of Gases in Molten Salts 173 2. Solubility of Gases in Molten Metals 203 3. References 215 Chapter 2.4 Solubility of Gases in Solid Metals 219Y Sakamoto and F. A. Lewis 1. Sieverts Method 220 2. Equilibrate.Quench.Analyze Method 222 3. Gravimetric Method 224 4. Changes of Lattice Parameters and Electrical Resistivity Due to Dissolved Hydrogen in Metals 225 5. Determination of Changes of Hydrogen Solubilities from Measurements of Electrode Potential Under Conditions of Controlled Electolyte Stirring 228 6. References 232 3 Liquids 235 Chapter 3 Liquid–Liquid Solubilities 237Glenn T. Hefter 1. Introduction 237 2. The Synthetic Method 238 3. The Analytical Method 244 4. Miscellaneous Methods 249 5. Sample Purity 253 6. Test Systems 253 7. References 254 4 Solids 257 Chapter 4.1 Solubility of Solids in Liquids 259Roger Cohen-Adad and Marie-Thérèse Cohen Adad 1. General Review of Methods 259 2. Analytical Methods 264 3. Synthetic Methods 277 4. Combinatorial. Methods 306 5. Summary of Experimental Difficulties 309 6. References 311 Chapter 4.2 Solubility of Sparingly Soluble Ionic Solids in Liquids 315Heinz Gamsjger and Erich Königsberger 1. Introduction 315 2. Fundamentals and Applications of Solubility Measurements 316 3. The Experimental Determination of Solubilities of Sparingly Soluble Compounds 331 4. Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations 351 5. References 353 Chapter 4.3 Solubility of Salt–Water Systems at High Temperatures and Pressures 359Vladimir M. Valyashko and B.R. Churagulov 1. Introduction 359 2. Phase Diagram Construction (Theory) 361 3. Methods and Equipment for Studying Phase Equilibria in Aqueous Systems at High Pressures and Temperatures 387 4. References 427 Chapter 4.4 Solubility of Metals and Non-metallic Substances in Liquid Metals 437Cezary Guminski and Hans U. Borgstedt 1. Methods Based on Phase Separation 437 2. Methods Without Separation of the Solute from the Saturated Solution 448 3. Indirect Methods 465 4. Solubility Determinations of Metals and Non-metals in Solid Metals 469 5. References 469 Chapter 4.5 Solubility of Solids in Solids 477James Sangster 1. Introduction 477 2. The Equilibrium Phase Diagram 477 3. Thermal Analysis 479 4. Quenching Followed by Analysis 485 5. X-Ray Examination 486 6. Ionic Conductivity 486 7. Interdiffusion 487 8. Other Methods 487 9. References 489 5 Special Systems 491 Chapter 5.1 Solubility of Solids and Liquids in Supercritical Fluids 493Karel Aim and Maurizio Fermeglia 1. Introduction 493 2. Basic Equations and Nomenclature 496 3. Experimental Determination of Solubilities in Dense Gases 498 4. Static Methods 504 5. Recirculation Methods 515 6. Flow Methods 522 7. Saturation (Transpiration) Methods 528 8. Dew- and Bubble-point Methods 534 9. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 538 10. References 541 Chapter 5.2 Solubility of Solids and Liquids in Cryogenic Liquids 557Elzbieta Szczepaniec-Cieciak 1. Introduction 557 2. Experimental Techniques for the Determination of Solid.Liquid (S.L) and Solid.Liquid.Vapor (S.L.V) Equilibria in Cryogenic Systems 565 3. Concluding Remarks 584 4. References 586 Chapter 5.3 Solubility of Polymers in Liquids 595Sonja Krause 1. Sample Problems 596 2. Kinetic Problems 600 3. Phase Diagrams 601 4. Methods 605 5. References 615 Index 617

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Book SynopsisCombinatorial chemistry has taken the pharmaceutical industry by storm over the past ten to fifteen years. There has been a massive investment in automation by pharmaceutical companies and a demand for graduates/PhDs with experience and knowledge of combinatorial chemistry.Trade Review"...I found the book a strangely enduring read...I do hope that many chemist, and even biologists will take the time to look at it..." (Synthesis, No.8 2002) "Describes combinatorial techniques for the discovery of new drug compounds." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 26, No. 2, June 2002) "...perfect for scientists seeking to catch up with current trends or...students seeking to bridge the...divide between their basic scientific education and current practices." (Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 124, No. 40, 2002) "...This book helps to ease the transition from biology into chemistry and vice versa..." (Pharmazeutische Industrie, Vol.64, No.12, 2002)Table of ContentsIntroduction Peptide Libraries - How it all Began Nonpeptide Libraries Chemical Libraries Based on the Use of Mixtures Parallel Syntheses and Automation Combinatorial Methods With Molecular Biological Techniques The Analysis of Libraries and Arrays

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Book SynopsisLC-MS has become an indispensable tool for problem solving in virtually all analytical fields and is particularly useful for the separation and indentification of complex mixtures or organic/biological compounds.Trade Review"...should significantly enhance...understanding of the selected topic..." (THES Textbook Guide, 27 Feb 2004)Table of ContentsSeries Preface. Preface. Acknowledgements. Abbreviations, Acronyms and Symbols. About the Author. Introduction. Liquid Chromatography. Mass Spectrometry. Interface Technology. Applications of High Performance Liquid Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry. Responses to Self-Assessment Questions. Bibliography. Glossary of Terms. SI Units and Physical Constants. Periodic Table. Index.

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Book SynopsisPresents a balance between science and philosophy. To explain and treat human disease, it is nearly always necessary to move beyond genetic reductionism and take into account holistic and integrative aspects that require the context of the patient in his biological and psychological entirety.Trade Review"...will stimulate anyone with an interest in philosophy or science to reflect on reductionism...fruitful dialogues offer a rich trove of insights..." (The Quarterly Review of Biology, Sept 2003)Table of ContentsPreface Contributors About the Editors Introduction (D.L. Hull and M.H.V. Van Regenmortel) Emergent Properties of Biological Molecules and Cells (R. P. J. Williams) From Nineteenth Century Ideas on Reduction in Physiology to Non-reductive Explanations in Twentieth Century Biochemistry (C. Debru) Pitfalls of Reductionism in Immunology (M. H. V. Van Regenmortel) Reductionism in Medicine: Social Aspects of Health (E.A. Lloyd) 'Who's Afraid of Reductionism?' 'I am!' (S. Shostak) Round Table Discussion 1 (Chair: A. Rosenberg) Reductionism in a Historical Science (A. Rosenberg) Varieties of Reductionism: Derivation and Gene Selection (D. L. Hull) The Gene: Between Holism and Reductionism (M. Morange) Genes versus Molecules: How to, and How Not To, Be a Reductionist (S. Sarak) Limits on Reproduction: A Reductionist Research Strategy in Evolutionary Biology (J. Griesemer) Evolutionary Psychology: A Case Study in the Poverty of Genetic Determinism (J. Dupre) Round Table Discussion 2 (Chair: M.H.V. Van Regenmortel) The Ethical Imperative of Holism in Medicine (A. Tauber) Levels of Explanation in Human Behaviour: the Poverty of Evolutionary Psychology (S. P. R. Rose) Reductionism and Social Policy (D. Nelkin) Reductionism, Complexity and Molecular Medicine: Genetic Chips and the 'Globalization' of the Genome (K. Schaffner) Round Table Discussion 3 (Chair: K.F. Schaffner) Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisModern Polyester Polymers provides an overview of the family of polyester polymers which comprise an important group of plastics that span the range of commodity polymers to engineering resins. It describes the preparation, properties and applications of polyesters.Trade Review"…a very informative book." (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, March/April 2006) "…for those involved in research or in manufacturing or polyester processing, this book will be essential.” (E-STREAMS, August 2004) "...examines the chemistry and technology of polyester and copolyesters and illustrates the diversity and importance of these materials..." (Materials World, Thursday 1 January 2004) "...successful in presenting and discussing its technical topics...an excellent collection of data...an essential and invaluable resource..." (Materials World, Vol 12(8), August 2004) “…informative…written clearly in a consistent style…should be a key acquisition for any research chemist seeking to investigate polyesters…” (Applied Organometallic Chemistry, Vol.19, No.1, January 2005)Table of ContentsContributors. Series Preface. Preface. About the Editors. I HISTORICAL OVERVIEW. 1 The Historical Development of Polyesters (J. Eric McIntyre). 1 Introduction. 2 Alkyd and Related Resins. 3 Fibres from Partially Aromatic Polyesters. 3.1 Early Work Leading to Poly(ethylene Terephthalate). 3.2 Spread of Polyester Fibre Production. 3.3 Intermediates. 3.4 Continuous Polymerisation. 3.5 Solid-phase Polymerisation. 3.6 End-use Development. 3.7 High-speed Spinning. 3.8 Ultra-fine Fibres. 4 Other Uses for Semi-aromatic Polyesters. 4.1 Films. 4.2 Moulding Products. 4.3 Bottles. 5 Liquid-crystalline Polyesters. 6 Polyesters as Components of Elastomers. 7 Surface-active Agents. 8 Absorbable Fibres. 9 Polycarbonates. 10 Natural Polyesters. 10.1 Occurrence. 10.2 Poly(β-hydroxyalkanoate)s. 11 Conclusion. References. II POLYMERIZATION AND POLYCONDENSATION. 2 Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) Polymerization – Mechanism, Catalysis, Kinetics, Mass Transfer and Reactor Design (Thomas Rieckmann and Susanne Volker). Notation. 1 Introduction .35 2 Chemistry, Reaction Mechanisms, Kinetics and Catalysis. 2.1 Esterification/Hydrolysis. 2.2 Transesterification/Glycolysis. 2.3 Reactions with Co-monomers. 2.4 Formation of Short Chain Oligomers. 2.5 Formation of Diethylene Glycol and Dioxane. 2.6 Thermal Degradation of Diester Groups and Formation of Acetaldehyde. 2.7 Yellowing. 2.8 Chemical Recycling. 2.9 Conclusions. 3 Phase Equilibria, Molecular Diffusion and Mass Transfer. 3.1 Phase Equilibria. 3.2 Diffusion and Mass Transfer in Melt-phase Polycondensation. 3.3 Diffusion and Mass Transfer in Solid-state Polycondensation. 3.4 Conclusions. 4 Polycondensation Processes and Polycondensation Plants. 4.1 Batch Processes. 4.2 Continuous Processes. 5 Reactor Design for Continuous Melt-phase Polycondensation. 5.1 Esterification Reactors. 5.2 Polycondensation Reactors for Low Melt Viscosity. 5.3 Polycondensation Reactors for High Melt Viscosity. 6 Future Developments and Scientific Requirements. Acknowledgements . References. 3 Synthesis and Polymerization of Cyclic Polyester Oligomers (Daniel J. Brunelle). 1 Introduction. 2 History. 3 Preparation of Polyester Cyclic Oligomers from Acid Chlorides. 4 Polyester Cyclic Oligomers via Ring–Chain Equilibration (Depolymerization). 5 Mechanism for Formation of Cyclics via Depolymerization. 6 Polymerization of Oligomeric Ester Cyclics. 7 Conclusions. References. 4 Continuous Solid-state Polycondensation of Polyesters (Brent Culbert and Andreas Christel). 1 Introduction. 2 The Chemical Reactions of PET in the Solid State. 2.1 Basic Chemistry. 2.2 Mechanism and Kinetics. 2.3 Parameters Affecting SSP. 3 Crystallization of PET. 3.1 Nucleation and Spherulite Growth. 3.2 Crystal Annealing. 4 Continuous Solid-state Polycondensation Processing. 4.1 PET-SSP for Bottle Grade. 4.2 Buhler PET-SSP Bottle-grade Process. 4.3 Process Comparison. 4.4 PET-SSP for Tyre Cord. 4.5 Other Polyesters. 5 PET Recycling. 5.1 PET Recycling Market. 5.2 Material Flow. 5.3 Solid-state Polycondensation in PET Recycling. References . 5 Solid-state Polycondensation of Polyester Resins: Fundamentals and Industrial Production (Wolfgang Goltner). 1 Introduction. 2 Principles. 2.1 Aspects of Molten-state Polycondensation. 2.2 Aspects of Solid-state Polycondensation. 2.3 Physical Aspects. 3 Equipment. 3.1 Batch Process. 3.2 Continuous Process. 3.3 SSP of Small Particles and Powders. 3.4 SSP in the Suspended State. 4 Practical Aspects of the Reaction Steps. 4.1 Crystallization and Drying. 4.2 Solid-state Polycondensation. 5 Economic Considerations. 6 Solid-state Polycondensation of Other Polyesters. 7 Conclusions. References. III TYPES OF POLYESTERS 6 New Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Copolymers (David A. Schiraldi). 1 Introduction. 2 Crystallinity and Crystallization Rate Modification. 2.1 Amorphous Copolyesters of PET. 2.2 Increased Crystallization Rates and Crystallinity in PET .3 PET Copolymers with Increased Modulus and Thermal Properties. 3.1 Semicrystalline Materials. 3.2 Liquid Crystalline Copolyesters of PET. 4 Increased Flexibility Copolymers of PET. 5 Copolymers as a Scaffold for Additional Chemical Reactions. 6 Other PET Copolymers. 6.1 Textile-related Copolymers. 6.2 Surfaced-modified PET. 6.3 Biodegradable PET Copolymers. 6.4 Terephthalate Ring Substitutions. 6.5 Flame-retardant PET. 7 Summary and Comments. References. 7 Amorphous and Crystalline Polyesters based on 1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol (S. Richardurner, Robert W. Seymour and John R. Dombroski). Notation. 1 Introduction. 2 1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol. 3 1,3- and 1,2-Cyclohexanedimethanol: Other CHDM Isomers. 3.1 Definitions: PCT, PCTG, PCTA and PETG. 4 Synthesis of CHDM-based Polyesters. 5 Poly(1,4-Cyclohexylenedimethylene Terephthalate). 5.1 Preparation and Properties. 5.2 Other Crystalline Polymers Based on PCT or CHDM. 5.3 Processing of Crystalline PCT-based Polymers. 5.4 Applications For PCT-based Polymers. 6 GLYCOL-modified PCT Copolyester: Preparation and Properties. 7 CHDM-modified PET Copolyester: Preparation and Properties. 8 Dibasic-acid-modified PCT Copolyester: Preparation and Properties. 9 Modification of CHDM-based Polyesters with Other Glycols and Acids. 9.1 CHDM-based Copolyesters with Dimethyl 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate. 9.2 Polyesters Prepared with 1,4-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic Acid. 9.3 CHDM-based Copolyesters with 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol. 9.4 CHDM-based Copolyesters with Other Selected Monomers. Acknowledgments. References. 8 Poly(Butylene Terephthalate) (Robert R. Gallucci and Bimal R. Patel). 1 Introduction. 2 Polymerization of PBT. 2.1 Monomers. Acid. 2.2 Catalysts. 2.3 Process Chemistry. 2.4 Commercial Processes. 3 Properties of PBT. 3.1 Unfilled PBT. 3.2 Fiberglass-filled PBT. 3.3 Mineral-filled PBT. 4 PBT Polymer Blends. 4.1 PBT–PET Blends. 4.2 PBT–Polycarbonate Blends. 4.3 Impact-modified PBT and PBT–PC Blends. 4.4 PBT Blends with Styrenic Copolymers. 5 Flame-retardant Additives. 6 PBT and Water. 7 Conclusions. References. 9 Properties and Applications of Poly(Ethylene 2,6-naphthalene), its Copolyesters and Blends (Doug D. Callander). 1 Introduction. 2 Manufacture of PEN. 3 Properties of PEN. 4 Thermal Transitions of PEN. 5 Comparison of the Properties of PEN and PET. 6 Optical Properties of PEN. 7 Solid-state Polymerization of PEN. 8 Copolyesters. 8.1 Benefits of Naphthalate-modified Copolyesters. 8.2 Manufacture of Copolyesters. 9 Naphthalate-based Blends. 10 Applications for PEN, its Copolyesters and Blends. 10.1 Films. 10.2 Fiber and Monofilament. 10.3 Containers. 10.4 Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Containers. 11 Summary. References. 10 Biaxially Oriented Poly(Ethylene 2,6-naphthalene) Films: Manufacture, Properties and Commercial Applications (Bin Hu, Raphael M. Ottenbrite and Junaid A. Siddiqui). 1 Introduction. 2 The Manufacturing Process for PEN Films. 2.1 Synthesis of Dimethyl-2,6-naphthalene Dicarboxylate. 2.2 Preparation Process of PEN Resin. 2.3 Continuous Process for the Manufacture of Biaxially Oriented PEN Film. 3 Properties of PEN. 3.1 Morphology of PEN. 3.2 Chemical Stability. 3.3 Thermal Properties. 3.4 Mechanical Properties. 3.5 Gas-barrier Properties. 3.6 Electrical Properties. 3.7 Optical Properties. 4 Applications for PEN Films. 4.1 Motors and Machine Parts. 4.2 Electrical Devices. 4.3 Photographic Films. 4.4 Cable and Wires Insulation. 4.5 Tapes and Belts. 4.6 Labels. 4.7 Printing and Embossing Films. 4.8 Packaging Materials. 4.9 Medical Uses. 4.10 Miscellaneous Industrial Applications. References. 11 Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Poly(Trimethylene Terephthalate) (Hoe H. Chuah). 1 Introduction. 2 Polymerization. 2.1 1,3-Propanediol Monomer. 2.2 The Polymerization Stage. 2.3 Side Reactions and Products. 3 Physical Properties. 3.1 Intrinsic Viscosity and Molecular Weights. 3.2 Crystal Structure. 3.3 Crystal Density. 3.4 Thermal Properties. 3.5 Crystallization Kinetics. 3.6 Non-isothermal Crystallization Kinetics. 3.7 Heat Capacity and Heat of Fusion. 3.8 Glass Transition and Dynamic Mechanical Properties. 3.9 Mechanical and Physical Properties. 3.10 Melt Rheology. 4 Fiber Properties. 4.1 Tensile Properties. 4.2 Elastic Recovery. 4.3 Large Strain Deformation and Conformational Changes. 4.4 Drawing Behavior. 4.5 Crystal Orientation. 5 Processing and Applications. 5.1 Applications. 5.2 Fiber Processing. 5.3 Dyeing. 5.4 Injection Molding. 6 PTT Copolymers. 7 Health and Safety. References. IV FIBERS AND COMPOUNDS. 12 Polyester Fibers: Fiber Formation and End-use Applications (Glen Reese). 1 Introduction. 2 General Applications. 3 Chemical and Physical Structure. 3.1 Melt Behavior. 3.2 Polymer Structure. 3.3 Fiber Geometry. 4 Melt Spinning of PET Fibers. 4.1 Spinning Process Control. 5 Drawing of Spun Filaments. 5.1 Commercial Drawing Processes. 6 Specialized Applications. 6.1 Light Reflectance. 6.2 Low Pill Fibers. 6.3 Deep Dye Fibers. 6.4 Ionic Dyeability. 6.5 Antistatic/Antisoil Fibers. 6.6 High-shrink Fibers. 6.7 Low-melt Fibers. 6.8 Bicomponent (Bico) Fibers. 6.9 Hollow Fibers. 6.10 Microfibers. 6.11 Surface Friction and Adhesion. 6.12 Antiflammability and Other Applications. 7 The Future of Polyester Fibers. References. 13 Relationship Between Polyester Quality and Processability: Hands-on Experience(Wolfgang Goltner). 1 Introduction. 2 Polyesters for Filament and Staple Fiber Applications. 2.1 Spinnability. 2.2 Yarn Break. 3 Polymer Contamination. 3.1 Oligomeric Contaminants. 3.2 Technological Aspects. 3.3 Thermal, Thermo-oxidative and Hydrolytic Degradation. 3.4 Insoluble Polyesters. 3.5 Gas Bubbles and Voids. 3.6 Dyeability. 4 Films. 4.1 Surface Properties. 4.2 Streaks. 4.3 Processability. 5 Bottles . 5.1 Processing. 5.2 The Quality of Polyester Bottle Polymer. 6 Other Polyesters. 7 Conclusions. References . 14 Additives for the Modification of Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) to Produce Engineering-grade Polymer (John Scheirs). 1 Introduction. 2 Chain Extenders. 2.1 Pyromellitic Dianhydride. 2.2 Phenylenebisoxazoline. 2.3 Diepoxide Chain Extenders. 2.4 Tetraepoxide Chain Extenders. 2.5 Phosphites Chain Extension Promoters. 2.6 Carbonyl Bis(1-caprolactam). 3 Solid-stating Accelerators. 4 Impact Modifiers (Tougheners). 4.1 Reactive Impact Modifiers. 4.2 Non-reactive Impact Modifiers (Co-modifiers) . 4.3 Theory of Impact Modification of PET. 5 Nucleating Agents. 6 Nucleation/Crystallization Promoters. 7 Anti-hydrolysis Additives. 8 Reinforcements. 9 Flame Retardants. 10 Polymeric Modifiers for PET. 11 Specialty Additives. 11.1 Melt Strength Enhancers. 11.2 Carboxyl Acid Scavengers. 11.3 Transesterification Inhibitors. 11.4 Gloss Enhancers. 11.5 Alloying (Coupling) Agents. 11.6 Processing Stabilizers. 12 Technology of Commercial PET Engineering Polymers. 12.1 Rynite. 12.2 Petra. 12.3 Impet. 13 Compounding Principles for Preparing Engineering-grade PET Resins. 14 Commercial Glass-filled and Toughened PET Grades. 15 ‘Supertough’ PET. 16 Automotive Applications for Modified PET. References. 15 Thermoplastic Polyester Composites (Andrew E. Brink). 1 Introduction. 2 Poly(ethylene Terephthalate). 2.1 Crystallization of Poly(ethylene Terephthalate). 2.2 Advantages of Poly(ethylene Terephthalate). 3 Comparison of Thermoplastic Polyesters. 3.1 Poly(butylene Terephthalate). 3.2 Poly(1,4-cyclohexylenedimethylene Terephthalate). 3.3 Poly(trimethylene Terephthalate). 4 Composite Properties. 4.1 Kelly–Tyson Equation. 4.2 Interfacial Shear Strength – The Importance of Sizing. 4.3 Carbon Fiber Reinforcements. 5 New Composite Applications. References. V DEPOLYMERIZATION AND DEGRADATION. 16 Recycling Polyesters by Chemical Depolymerization (David D. Cornell). 1 Introduction. 2 Chemistry. 3 Background. 4 Technology for Polyester Depolymerization . 5 Commercial Application. 6 Criteria for Commercial Success. 7 Evaluation of Technologies. 7.1 Feedstock. 7.2 Capital. 8 Results. 9 Conclusions. 10 Acknowledgement and disclaimer. References. 17 Controlled Degradation Polyesters (F. Glenn Gallagher). 1 Introduction. 2 Why Degradable Polymers? 3 Polymer Degradation. 4 Degradable Polyester Applications. 4.1 Medical. 4.2 Aquatic. 4.3 Terrestrial. 4.4 Solid Waste. 5 Selecting a Polymer for an Application. 5.1 Understand Application Requirement for a Specific Location. 5.2 Degradation Testing Protocol including Goal Degradation Product. 5.3 Lessons from Natural Products. 6 Degradable Polyesters. 6.1 Aromatic Polyesters. 6.2 Aliphatic Polyesters. 6.3 Copolyesters of Terephthalate to Control Degradation. 7 Conclusions. References. 18 Photodegradation of Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) and Poly(ethylene/1,4-Cyclohexylenedimethylene Terephthalate) (David R. Fagerburg and Horst Clauberg ). 1 Introduction. 2 Weather-induced Degradation. 2.1 Important Climate Variables. 2.2 Artificial Weathering Devices. 3 Recent Results for Degradation in PECT. 3.1 Coloration. 3.2 Loss of Toughness. 3.3 Depth Profile of the Damage. 4 Degradation Mechanisms in PET and PECT. 5 Summary. References and Notes. VI LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYESTERS. 19 High-performance Liquid Crystal Polyesters with Controlled Molecular Structure (Toshihide Inoue and Toru Yamanaka). 1 Introduction – Chemical Structures and Liquid Crystallinity. 2 Experimental. 2.1 Synthesis of Polyarylates. 2.2 Preparation of Fibers. 2.3 Preparation of Specimens. 3 Measurements. 3.1 Flexural Modulus. 3.2 Dynamic Storage Modulus. 3.3 Anisotropic Melting Temperature and Clearing Point. 3.4 Melting Temperature and Glass Transition Temperature. 3.5 Orientation Function of Nematic Domains. 3.6 Relative Degree of Crystallinity. 3.7 Morphology. 3.8 Heat Distortion Temperatures. 4 Results and Discussion. 4.1 Moduli of As-spun Fibers. 4.2 Moduli of Injection Molded Specimens. 4.3 Heat Resistance. 4.3.1 Glass Transition Temperature. 4.3.2 Heat Distortion Temperature. 5 Conclusions. 6 Acknowledgement. References. 20 Thermotropic Liquid Crystal Polymer Reinforced Polyesters (Seong H. Kim). 1 Introduction. 2 PHB/PEN/PET Mechanical Blends. 2.1 The Liquid Crystalline Phase. 2.2 Thermal behavior. 2.3 Mechanical properties. 2.4 Transesterification. 3 Effect of a catalyst on the compatibility of LCP/PEN Blends. 3.1 Mechanical property improvement. 3.2 Dispersion of LCP in PEN. 3.3 Heterogeneity of the blend. 4 Thermodynamic miscibility determination of TLCP and polyesters. 5 Crystallization kinetics of LCP with polyesters. 5.1 Non-isothermal crystallization dynamics. 5.2 Isothermal crystallization dynamics. 6 Conclusions. 7 Acknowledgements. References. VII UNSATURATED POLYESTERS. 21 Preparation, Properties and Applications of Unsaturated Polyesters (Keith G. Johnson and Lau S. Yang ). 1 Introduction. 2 Preparation of Unsaturated Polyester Resins. 2.1 Three Types of Unsaturated Polyester Resin Products. 3 Properties of Unsaturated Polyester Resins. 3.1 Chemical Constituents. 3.2 Additives. 3.3 Fillers. 3.4 Reinforcements. 4 Applications of Unsaturated Polyester Resins. 4.1 Marine. 4.2 Construction. 4.3 Transportation. 5 Future Developments. References. 22 PEER Polymers: New Unsaturated Polyesters for Fiber-reinforced Composite Materials (Lau S. Yang). 1 Introduction. 2 Experimental. 2.1 Materials. 2.2 General Procedure for the Preparation of Unsaturated Polyester Resin from a Polyether Polyol . 2.3 A Typical Example of the Preparation of Cured Polyesters. 2.4 Other Examples of Cured Polyester Processes. 3 Results and Discussion . 3.1 Ether Cleavage Reaction Leading to Poly(Ether Ester) Resins. 3.2 Reaction Conditions and Mechanisms. 3.3 The Early Product and Strong-acid Catalysis Development. 3.4 Liquid properties of PEER Resins. 3.5 Physical properties of Cured PEER Resins. 4 Applications. 5 Acknowledgements. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisIn recent years silicon-centered radicals have played an important role in organic synthesis, polymer chemistry and material sciences. The aim of this book is to offer for the first time a description of silyl radicals within an interdisciplinary context, connecting structural characteristics and chemical properties to their application in different areas of chemistry. The first time different aspects of silyl radicals have been brought together Excellent reference tool for experienced practitioners ofradical and/or silicon chemistry Presents various aspects of these intermediates in an original, comprehensive fashion This book is essential for anyone working in free radical and/orsilicon chemistry as well as for those who want to approach these fields for the first time.Trade Review"...dense with useful information...well written and easyto read..." (Applied Organometallic Chemistry, vol 19 No 1,January 2005) "...well referenced, well produced and contains anabundance of useful examples...a welcome addition to anylibrary..." (Chemistry World, November 2004) "...effectively blows aside the entropic fog of fuzzysuperficiality and opens a new vista of pure knowledge..."(Chemistry & Industry, 25 June 2004) "...interesting examples and applications oforganosilanes...recommended to all researchers working in thefield..." (www.organische-chemie.ch, 25 Mar 2004) "The scientist who already works in the field will find thisvolume to be an excellent primary source of information. It shouldalso be very useful to those teaching graduate-level courses ininorganic chemistry..." (Journal of the American ChemicalSociety, January 26, 2004) "...an impressive work that will find favour with experiencedusers and newcomers alike...informative and stimulating...deservesspecial praise..." (Jnl of Organic Process Res and Dev,2004)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. 1 Formation and Structures of Silyl Radicals. 1.1 Methods of Generation of Silyl Radicals. 1.2 Structural Properties of Silyl Radicals. 1.2.1 Chemical Studies. 1.2.2 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectra. 1.2.3 Crystal Structures. 1.2.4 UV–Visible Spectra. 1.2.5 Theoretical Studies. 1.3 References. 2 Thermochemistry. 2.1 General Considerations. 2.2 Bond Dissociation Enthalpies. 2.2.1 Radical Kinetics. 2.2.2 Photoacoustic Calorimetry. 2.2.3 Theoretical Data. 2.2.4 Derived Bond Dissociation Energies. 2.3 Ion Thermochemistry. 2.3.1 Negative-ion Cycles. 2.3.2 Hydride-affinity Cycles. 2.4 References. 3 Hydrogen Donor Abilities of Silicon Hydrides. 3.1 Carbon-centred Radicals. 3.1.1 Primary Alkyl Radicals and Free-Radical Clock Methodology. 3.1.2 Other Types of Carbon-centred Radicals. 3.2 Nitrogen-centred Radicals. 3.3 Oxygen-centred Radicals. 3.3.1 Alkoxyl Radicals. 3.3.2 Peroxyl Radicals. 3.3.3 Aryloxyl and Aroyloxyl Radicals. 3.4 Sulfur-centred Radicals. 3.5 Ketone Triplets. 3.6 Hydrogen Atom: An Example of Gas-phase Kinetics. 3.7 Theoretical Approaches. 3.8 References. 4 Reducing Agents. 4.1 General Aspects of Radical Chain Reactions. 4.1.1 Radical–Radical Reactions. 4.2 Radical Initiators. 4.3 Tris(trimethylsilyl)silane. 4.3.1 Dehalogenations. 4.3.2 Reductive Removal of Chalcogen Groups (RS and RSe). 4.3.3 Deoxygenation of Alcohols (Barton–McCombie Reaction). 4.3.4 Miscellaneous Reactions. 4.3.5 Appendix. 4.4 Other Silicon Hydrides. 4.4.1 Trialkylsilanes. 4.4.2 Phenyl Substituted Silicon Hydrides. 4.4.3 Silyl Substituted Silicon Hydrides. 4.4.4 Alkylthio Substituted Silicon Hydrides. 4.5 Silicon Hydride/Thiol Mixture. 4.6 Silanethiols. 4.7 Silylated Cyclohexadienes. 4.8 References. 5 Addition to Unsaturated Bonds. 5.1 Carbon–Carbon Double Bonds. 5.1.1 Formation of Silyl Radical Adducts. 5.1.2 Hydrosilylation of Alkenes. 5.2 Carbon–Carbon Triple Bonds. 5.2.1 Formation of Silyl Radical Adducts. 5.2.2 Hydrosilylation of Alkynes. 5.3 Carbon–Oxygen Double Bonds. 5.3.1 Formation of Silyl Radical Adducts. 5.3.2 Hydrosilylation of Carbonyl Groups. 5.3.3 Radical Brook Rearrangement. 5.4 Other Carbon–Heteroatom Multiple Bonds. 5.5 Cumulenes and Hetero-Cumulenes. 5.6 Heteroatom–Heteroatom Multiple Bonds. 5.7 References. 6 Unimolecular Reactions. 6.1 Cyclization Reactions of Silyl Radicals. 6.1.1 Five-membered Ring Expansion. 6.2 Aryl Migration. 6.3 Acyloxy Migration. 6.4 Intramolecular Homolytic Substitution at Silicon. 6.5 Homolytic Organosilicon Group Transfer. 6.6 References. 7 Consecutive Radical Reactions. 7.1 Basic Concepts of Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation. 7.2 Intermolecular Formation of Carbon–Carbon Bonds. 7.3 Intramolecular Formation of Carbon–Carbon Bonds (Cyclizations). 7.3.1 Construction of Carbocycles. 7.3.2 Construction of Cyclic Ethers and Lactones. 7.3.3 Construction of Cyclic Amines and Lactames. 7.4 Formation of Carbon–Heteroatom Bonds. 7.5 Other Useful Radical Rearrangements. 7.6 Allylations. 7.7 Application to Tandem and Cascade Radical Reactions. 7.8 References. 8 Silyl Radicals in Polymers and Materials. 8.1 Polysilanes. 8.1.1 Poly(hydrosilane)s and Related Silyl Radicals. 8.2 Oxidation Studies on Silyl-substituted Silicon Hydrides. 8.2.1 Poly(hydrosilane)s. 8.2.2 (Me3Si)3SiH and (Me3Si)2Si(H)Me as Model Compounds. 8.3 Functionalization of Poly(hydrosilane)s. 8.3.1 Halogenation. 8.3.2 Addition of Unsaturated Compounds. 8.3.3 Other Useful Radical Reactions. 8.4 Silylated Fullerenes. 8.5 Radical Chemistry on Silicon Surfaces. 8.5.1 Oxidation of Hydrogen-terminated Silicon Surfaces. 8.5.2 Halogenation of HwSi(111). 8.5.3 Addition of Unsaturated Compounds on HwSi(111). 8.5.4 Addition of Alkenes on Si(100) Surfaces. 8.5.5 Some Examples of Tailored Experiments on Monolayers. 8.6 References. List of Abbreviations. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisWritten by top researchers in the field, this new edition of a best--selling title is still the only one on this topic on the market. Includes 20% new material and a new chapter on novel surfactants, including cleavable surfactants, now very widely used in fabric conditions as are more easily degradable (more environmentally friendly.Trade Review"I highly recommend Sufactants and Polymers in Aqueous Solution..." (Polymer News)Table of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition. Introduction to Surfactants. Surfactant Micellization. Phase Behaviour of Concentrated Surfactant Systems. Physicochemical Properties of Surfactants and Polymers Containing Oxyethylene Groups. Mixed Micelles. Microemulsions. Intermolecular Interactions. Colloidal Forces. Polymers in Solution. Regular Solution Theory. Novel Surfactants. Surface Active Polymers. Surfactant-Polymer Systems. Surfactant-Protein Mixtures. An Introduction to the Rheology of Polymer and Surfactant Solutions. Surface Tension and Adsorption at the Air-Water Interface. Adsorption of Surfactants at Solid Surfaces. Wetting and Wetting Agents, Hydrophobization and Hydrophobizing Agents. Interaction of Polymers with Surfaces. Foaming of Surfactant Solutions. Emulsions and Emulsifiers. Microemulsions for Soil and Oil Removal. Chemical Reactions in Microheterogeneous Systems. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe volumes of Organic Reactions are collections of chapters each devoted to a single reaction, or a definite phase of a reaction, of wide applicability. The material is treated from a preparative viewpoint, with emphasis on limitations, interfering influences, effects of structure, and the selection of experimental techniques. Numerous detailed procedures illustrate the significant modifications of each method. Includes tables that contain all possible examples of the reaction under consideration.Table of ContentsChiral Synthons by Ester Hydrolysis Calalyzed by Pig Liver Esterase (M. Ohno & M. Otsuka). The Electrophilic Substitution of Allylsilanes and Vinylsilanes (I. Fleming et al.). Author Index, Volumes 1-37. Chapter and Topic Index, Volumes 1-37.

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Book SynopsisHeterocycles are an important class of compounds and the key building blocks for biomolecules. Part 2 of the subseries on isoxazoles, this volume is the latest addition to this series.Table of Contents1,2 Benzisoxales (F. Gualtieri & M. Giannella). 2,1-Benzisoxazoles (S. Eswaran). Heterocycles Condensed to the Isoxazole Ring (G. Desimoni & G.Faita). Partially Saturated Polynuclear Isoxazoles (R. Gandolfi & P.Grunanger). Index.

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Book SynopsisThis ongoing series, originated in 1967, has become the standard guide to the preparation, properties and uses of thousands of reagents, and additional references to reagents previously discussed. It includes data on structural formulae, molecular weight, physical constants, preferred method of preparation, and examples of important uses. It also contains data on commonly used reagents from 1966 to 1988.

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Book SynopsisExplains the basics of inorganic chemistry with a primary emphasis on facts; then uses the student''s growing factual knowledge as a foundation for discussing the important principles of periodicity in structure, bonding and reactivity. New to this updated edition: improved treatment of atomic orbitals and properties such as electronegativity, novel approaches to the depiction of ionic structures, nomenclature for transition metal compounds, quantitative approaches to acid-base chemistry, Wade''s rules for boranes and carboranes, the chemistry of major new classes of substances including fullerenes and silenes plus a chapter on the inorganic solid state.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: FIRST PRINCIPLES. Some Preliminaries. Structure and Bonding in Molecules. The Chemistry of Selected Anions. Solvents, Solutions, Acids, and Bases. THE MAIN GROUP ELEMENTS. Hydrogen. The Group IIA(2) Elements: Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, and Barium. The Group IIIB(13) Elements: Aluminum, Gallium, Indium, and Thallium. The Group IVB(14) Elements: Silicon, Germanium, Tin, and Lead. The Group VB(15) Elements: Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth. The Group VIB(16) Elements: Sulfur, Selenium, Tellurium, and Polonium. The Noble Gases. TRANSITION ELEMENTS. Introduction to the Transition Elements: Ligand Field Theory. The Elements of the Second and Third Transition Series. The Actinide Elements. SOME SPECIAL TOPICS. Organometallic Compounds. Bioinorganic Chemistry. Appendices. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisRecent volumes in the Treatise on Analytical Chemistry. Part I, Second Edition Theory and Practice Volume 14 1986 795 pp. Volume 8 1986 767 pp. Volume 4 1984 675 pp. The Treatise on Analytical Chemistry is a complete and definitive source of information for all analytical chemists, designed to stimulate fundamental research in pure and applied analytical chemistry. Coverage includes aspects of classical and modern analytical chemistry and the scientific and instrumental fundamentals of analytical methods. Praise for the Second Edition of the Treatise on Analytical Chemistry For two decades the Kolthoff and Elving Treatise has been the outstanding comprehensive work on analytical chemistry to which one could always turn, confident that the writer of a given section had gotten it all together and gotten it right. The long-awaited Second Edition is now appearing and it is a pleasure to be able to report that the high standards characteristic ofTable of ContentsMass Spectrometry of Organic and Biological Compounds (G.Eadon). Recent Developments in Experimental Fourier Transform-Ion CyclotronResonance (C. Hanson, et al.). Spark Source Mass Spectrometry (W. Harrison & D.Donohue). Plasma Chromatography (R. Keller). Low-Energy Ion-Scattering Spectrometry (A. Miller). Conclusions. Acknowledgements. References. Subject Index for Volume II.

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Book SynopsisThe volumes in this continuing series provide a compilation of current techniques and ideas in inorganic synthetic chemistry. Includes inorganic polymer syntheses and preparation of important inorganic solids, syntheses used in the development of pharmacologically active inorganic compounds, small-molecule coordination complexes, and related compounds. Also contains valuable information on transition organometallic compounds including species with metal-metal cluster molecules. All syntheses presented here have been tested.Table of ContentsTransition Metal Polyhydride Complexes. Transition Metal Chalcogenide Complexes. Early Transition Metal Polyoxoanions. Lanthanide and Actinide Complexes. Transition Metal Cluster Complexes. Phosphorus Complexes and Compounds. Transition Metal Complexes of Biological Interest. Miscellaneous Transition Metal Complexes. Ligands and Other Main Group Compounds. Sources of Chemicals and Equipment. Index of Contributors. Subject Index. Formula Index.

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Book SynopsisAquatic Chemistry An Introduction Emphasizing Chemical Equilibria in Natural Waters Second Edition Edited by Werner Stumm and James J. Morgan This second edition of the renowned classic unites concepts, applications, and techniques with the growing amounts of data in the field. Expanded treatment is offered on steady-state and dynamic models employing mass-balance approaches and kinetic information. New chapters address such topics as: environmental aspects of aquatic chemistry; new material on organic compounds in natural water systems; the use of stable and radioactive isotopes in chemical and physical processes; the latest advances in marine chemistry; solid-solution interface; kinetic considerations of equilibria; metal-ligand interactions; and an expanded compilation of thermodynamic data for important reactions in natural water systems. 1981 (0 471-04831-3) Cloth 780 pp. (0 471-09173-1) Paper Chemical Processes in Lakes Edited by Werner Stumm This is a multidisciplinary analysis Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Kinetics of Chemical Transformation (A. Stone & J.Morgan). Catalysis in Aquatic Environments (M. Hoffmann). The Kinetics of Trace Metal Complexation: Implications for MetalReactivity in Natural Waters (J. Hering & F. Morel). Chemical Transformations of Organic Pollutants in the AquaticEnvironment (R. Schwarzenbach & P. Gschwend). Ab-Initio Quantum-Mechanical Calculations of Surface Reactions--ANew Era? (A. Lasaga & G. Gibbs). Redox Reactions of Metal Ions at Mineral Surfaces (B.Wehrli). Modeling of the Dissolution of Strained and Unstrained MultipleOxides: The Surface Speciation Approach (J. Schott). Dissolution of Oxide Minerals: Rates Depend on Surface Speciation(W. Stumm & E. Wieland). Photoredox Reactions at Hydrous Metal Oxide Surfaces: A SurfaceCoordination Chemistry Approach (B. Sulzberger). Rate and Mechanism of Dissolution of Carbonates in the SystemCaCo3-MgCO3 (R. Wollast). Kinetics of Colloid Chemical Processes in Aquatic Systems (C.O'Melia). Kinetics of Chemical Weathering: A Comparison of Laboratory andField Weathering Rates (J. Schnoor). Transport and Kinetics in Surficial Processes (A. Lerman). Index.

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Book SynopsisDescribes the basic prerequisities for a fluorometric immunoassay: the antibody, the immunological technology, the fluorescent probe, and the instrument. Provides a profile of the clinical applications of the various assay technologies.Table of ContentsAntibodies as Analytical Reagents. Evolution of Immunoassays. Non-Isotopic Immunoassays. Photoluminescence Spectroscopy. Instruments in Fluorometric Immunoassays. Photoluminescent Probes. Fluorescence Immunoassays. Fluorometric Enzyme Immunoassays. Other Specific Binding Assays Using Fluorescence. Multiparametric Immunoassays. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisRetains the easy-to-read format and informal flavor of the previous editions, and includes new material on the symmetric properties of extended arrays (crystals), projection operators, LCAO molecular orbitals, and electron counting rules. Also contains many new exercises and illustrations.Table of ContentsPRINCIPLES. Definitions and Theorems of Group Theory. Molecular Symmetry and the Symmetry Groups. Representations of Groups. Group Theory and Quantum Mechanics. Symmetry-Adapted Linear Combinations. APPLICATIONS. Molecular Orbital Theory and Its Applications in Organic Chemistry. Molecular Orbital Theory for Inorganic and Organometallic Compounds. Ligand Field Theory. Molecular Vibrations. Crystallographic Symmetry. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis is a complete introduction to the concepts, applications and techniques of aquatic chemistry. It has been revised and updated to focus upon pollution and its control, as well as the processes affecting the circulation of chemical substances in water.Table of ContentsChemical Thermodynamics and KineticsAcid and BasesDissolved Carbon DioxideAtmosphere-Water InteractionsMetal Ions in Aqueous Solution: Aspects of Coordination ChemistryPrecipitation and DissolutionOxidation and Reduction; Equilibria and Microbial MediationThe Solid-Solution InterfaceTrace Metals: Cycling, Regulation, and Biological RoleKinetics of Redox ProcessesPhotochemical ProcessesKinetics at the Solid-Water Interface: Adsorption, Dissolution of Minerals, Nucleation, and Crystal GrowthParticle-Particle Interaction: Colloids, Coagulation, and FiltrationRegulation of the Chemical Composition of Natural WatersReferencesAppendicesIndex

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Book SynopsisThe Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, since its inception, has been recognized as a cornerstone of heterocyclic chemistry. Each volume attempts to discuss all aspects properties, synthesis, reactions, physiological and industrial significance of a specific ring system. To keep the series up-to-date, supplementary volumes covering the recent literature on each individual ring system have been published. Many ring systems (such as pyridines and oxazoles) are treated in distinct books, each consisting of separate volumes or parts dealing with different individual topics. With all authors are recognized authorities, the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Chemistry is considered worldwide as the indispensable resource for organic, bioorganic, and medicinal chemists.Table of ContentsAcylpyrroles (T. Toube). Vinylpyrroles (B. Trofimov). Aminopyrroles (G. Cirrincione, et al.). 3-Hydroxypyrroles (H. McNab & L. Monahan). Index.

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Book SynopsisFor the analyses of DNA and RNA, high pressure/performance liquid chromatography has proven itself to be extremely useful. This text deals with both trace and ultratrace analyses at or below ppm level. A variety of applications and methods are discussed, as well as equipment considerations.Table of ContentsThe Scope of Trace and Ultratrace Analysis by HPLC. Theoretical Considerations. Equipment Considerations. Sensitive Detectors in HPLC. Sample Preparation. Method Development for Trace and Ultratrace Analysis. Selectivity Optimization for Trace and Ultratrace Analysis. Optimizing Detectability. Applications. Index.

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Book SynopsisMost chemical reactions in industry and biology are catalytic and play a role at some stage of the processing of about 80% of the goods manufactured in the U.S., yet catalysis is a neglected subject in chemical education. The fragmentary treatment accorded the topic until now is integrated. It covers, in a unified way, catalysis in solutions, by enzymes, in synthetic polymers within the molecular scale cages of zeolites and other molecular sieves, and on surfaces of inorganic solids. The central ideas are chemical; principles are illustrated by emphasizing industrial reactions and catalysts.Table of ContentsCatalysis in Solutions. Catalysis by Enzymes. Catalysis by Polymers. Catalysis in Molecular-Scale Cavities. Catalysis on Surfaces. References. Further Reading. Problems. Glossary. Reading List. Acknowledgements. Index.

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Book SynopsisOriginating in 1967, this series provides a guide to the preparation, properties and uses of thousands of reagents, with additional references to reagents previously discussed. It includes data on structural formulas, molecular weight, physical constants, preferred method of preparation, and examples of important uses. The series'' standard format continues with this current volume, which covers the reagent literature published from mid-1988 to the end of 1989.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Reagents (A to Z). Suppliers. Index of Apparatus. Index of Reagents According to Types. Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisUpdated every five years, the series represents the optimal compromise between currency and a sufficient body of material for cohesive and comprehensive treatment in a monograph. Provides a quick yet thorough overview of the synthetic routines that have been used to access specific classes of therapeutic agents. Materials are organized by chemical class, and syntheses are taken back to available starting materials. Discusses disease state, rational for method of drug therapy, biological activities of each compound and preparation. Coverage also includes those generic pharmaceutical compounds not accorded clinical status. A glossary defines biological terms.Table of ContentsA Case Study in Molecular Manipulation: The LocalAnesthetics. Monocyclic Alicyclic Compounds. Benzyl and Benzhydryl Derivatives. Penethyl and Phenylpropylamines. Arylacetic and Arylpropionic Acids. Arylethylenes and Their Reduction Products. Monocyclic Aromatic Compounds. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. Steroids. Tetracyclines. Acyclic Compounds. Five-Membered Heterocycles. Six-Membered Heterocycles. Derivatives of Morphine, Morphinan, and Benzomorphan; 4-Phenylpiperidines. Five-Membered Heterocycles Fused to One Benzene Ring. Six-Membered Heterocycles Fused to One Benzene Ring. Benzodiazepines. Phenothiazines. Additional Heterocycles Fused to Two Benzene Rings. beta-Lactam Antibiotics. Miscellaneous Fused Heterocycles. Cross Index of Drugs. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis monograph on the chemistry of ylides and their related imines is directed principally towards the organic synthesis researcher. It relates current understanding of the structure, bonding and behaviour of each type of ylide as well as its preparation, handling and composition.Table of ContentsTheoretical Description of the Bonding in Ylides. Introduction to Phosphonium Ylides. Preparation of Phosphonium Ylides. Reactions of Phosphonium Ylides 1: Cleavages andDecompositions. Reactions of Phosphonium Ylides 2: With ElectrophilicReagents. Reactions of Phosphonium Ylides 3: With Multiple-Bonded Compoundsand Three-Membered Rings. The Wittig Reaction 1: Scope and Applications. The Wittig Reaction 2: Mechanism and Stereochemistry. Phosphonate Carbanions (Phosphono Ylides). Phosphinoxy Carbanions (Phosphino Ylides). Other Phosphorus Ylides/Carbanions. Iminophosphoranes and Related Compounds. Transition Metal Complexes with Ylides. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe well respected and ever popular Fieser and Fieser series on reagents for organic synthesis provides concise descriptions, good structural formulas and selected examples of applications. Provides references to new reagents as well as to reagents included in previous volumes Thousands of entries abstract the most important information on commonly used and new reagents, including preparation, uses, sources of supply, critical comments, references and more Reagents are considered in alphabetical order by common usage names.

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Book SynopsisExplores the latest findings for both selective and efficient separation devices in the field of kidney research. It is divided into three major sections. Part one deals with the ``biochemistry'''' part of the problem, including how to identify ligands of interest, how to link them to synthetic membranes, and some kinetic limitations of frontal elution chromatography. The second part comprehensively discusses the various substrata used in affinity separations and the formation processes of semi-permeable membranes. The final section explores the filtration processes using membranes and the kinetics of separations based on affinity membranes.Table of ContentsAffinity Adsorption. Substrates. Binding Chemistries. Ligand Types. Capacity of Affinity Matrices. Membrane Formation. Characterization. Microfiltration. Applications for Affinity Microfiltration Membranes. Appendix. Index.

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