Chemistry of minerals, crystals and gems Books

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisA volcanic eruption occurs when a magma-filled fracture propagates from its source to the surface. Analysing and understanding the conditions that allow this to happen constitute a major part of the scientific field of volcanotectonics. This new volume introduces this cutting-edge and interdisciplinary topic in volcanological research, which incorporates principles and methods from structural geology, tectonics, volcano-deformation studies, physical volcanology, seismology, and physics. It explains and illustrates the physical processes that operate inside volcanoes and which controlthe frequencies, locations, durations, and sizes of volcanic eruptions. Featuring a clear theoretical framework and helpful summary descriptions of various volcanic structures and products, as well as many worked examples and exercises, this book is an ideal resource for students, researchers and practitioners seeking an understanding of the processes that give rise to volcanic deformation, earthquakes, andTrade Review'Overall, Volcanotectonics is a book that successfully puts together multiple techniques, datasets, theoretical framework, and practical exercises of various magmatic processes for a valuable volcanic hazard assessment. Critical thinking is encouraged through the book by reasoning about the complexity of volcanic systems and whether we are ready or not to successfully forecast eruptions.' Martha Gabriela Gómez-Vasconcelos, Bulletin of VolcanologyTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Volcanotectonic structures; 3. Volcanotectonic deformation; 4. Volcanotectonic earthquakes; 5. Volcanotectonic processes; 6. Formation and dynamics of magma chambers and reservoirs; 7. Magma movement through the crust: dike paths; 8. Dynamics of volcanic eruptions; 9. Formation and evolution of volcanoes; 10. Understanding unrest and forecasting eruptions; Appendix A. Units, dimensions, and prefixes; Appendix B. The Greek alphabet; Appendix C. Some mathematical and physical constants; Appendix D. Elastic constants; Appendix E. Properties of some crustal materials; Appendix F. Properties of lavas and magmas; Index.

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Book SynopsisDesigned for use on one- or two-semester courses, this is a comprehensive study of modern mineralogy, for undergraduate and graduate students in the fields of geology, materials science and environmental science. New online resources include laboratory exercises and PowerPoint slides, making this a sound investment for the next generation of mineralogists.Trade Review'Minerals: Their Constitution and Origin (second edition) by Wenk and Bulakh is an excellent treatment of classical mineralogy with a novel emphasis on mineral-forming environments. Its organization, straightforward tone, and copious figures, including color imagery, should be welcomed by students. Additional online resources permit extensive incorporation by lecturers should they desire these resources. Both make it a worthy candidate for adoption into coursework. Additionally, this is an excellent and affordable resource for professional mineralogists and amateur mineral enthusiasts who seek a comprehensive and modern overview of classical mineralogy with an emphasis on mineral genesis.' Jonathan D. Price, American Mineralogist'Minerals is my go-to text for teaching Earth and planetary materials. The updated chapters on analytical methods and applied mineralogy are especially valuable in teaching interdisciplinary students with a wide range of backgrounds and interests. This book captures the broadening scope of our field.' Steve Jacobsen, Northwestern University, Illinois'The new edition remains quantitative and scientifically rigorous and has been improved by reorganization and by addition of new material.' Timothy L. Grove, Massachusetts Institute of Technology'… an excellent book which is suitable for teaching both in undergraduate and graduate student education in mineralogy … From basic crystallography to applied mineralogy, Minerals contains it all, and the style of writing is conclusive and scientifically sound … I am very happy to see the new second edition.' Günther J. Redhammer, University of Salzburg'… this is a refreshing new mineral textbook and is a wonderful resource to freshen up an undergraduate course. Every lecturer who teaches mineralogy and every earth sciences library should get a copy … Very highly recommended.' Geological Magazine'I think this book represents a sound undergraduate investment - a textbook that an undergraduate could visit and revisit throughout their degree programme, to remind them of the basics and, by following up the references, to provide a deeper understanding of the subjects covered.' Chemistry World'… [this] book provides a good coverage of minerals, with clear diagrams and photographs to supplement the text … there is much of value … the text is clear, and deeper treatments can be skipped, while still gaining knowledge of the wider range of mineralogy.' OUGS Newsletter'Wenk and Bulakh's Minerals is both authoritative and accessible, providing a thorough grounding in many aspects of modern mineralogy in a first-rate text.' New ScientistTable of ContentsPart I. Minerals as Chemical Compounds: 1. Subject and history of mineralogy; 2. Elements, bonding, simple structures and ionic radii; 3. Isomorphism, solid solutions and polymorphism; 4. Chemical formulas of minerals; 5. Classification and names of minerals; 6. Mineral identification of hand specimens; Part II. Symmetry Expressed in Crystal Structures and Morphology: 7. The concept of a lattice and description of crystal structures; 8. Crystal symmetries: point groups and space groups; 9. Crystalline defects; 10. Crystal growth and aggregation; Part III. Physical Investigations and Properties of Minerals: 11. Experimental approaches to crystal structures: X-ray diffraction; 12. Physical properties; 13. Optical properties of crystals; 14. Mineral identification with the petrographic microscope; 15. Colour; 16. Advanced analytical methods; 17. Mechanical properties and deformation; Part IV. Mineral-Forming Processes: 18. Mineral genesis; 19. Considerations of thermodynamics; 20. Phase diagrams; Part V. A Systematic Look at Mineral Groups: 21. Important information about silica materials. Their occurrence in granite and pegmatite; 22. Simple compounds. Unusual mineral occurrences; 23. Halides. Evaporite deposits; 24. Carbonates and other minerals with triangular anion groups. Sedimentary origins; 25. Phosphates, sulfates and related minerals. Apatite as a biogenic material; 26. Sulfides. Hydrothermal processes; 27. Oxides and hydroxides. Review of ionic crystals; 28. Orthosilicates and ring silicates. Metamorphic mineral assemblages; 29. Sheet silicates. Weathering of silicate rocks; 30. Chain silicates. Discussion of some igneous and metamorphic processes; 31. Framework silicates. Zeolites and ion exchange properties of minerals; 32. Organic minerals; Part VI. Applied Mineralogy: 33. Metalliferous mineral deposits; 34. Gemstones; 35. Cement minerals; 36. Minerals and human health; 37. Mineral composition of the Solar System; 38. Mineral composition of the Earth; Appendix 1. Metallic, submetallic and nonmetallic luster, sorted according to hardness; Appendix 2. Minerals that display some distinctive physical properties; Appendix 3. Rock-forming minerals that are coloured in thin section; Glossary; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe new edition of this popular textbook, once again, provides an indispensable guide for the next generation of mineralogists. Designed for use on one- or two-semester courses, this second edition has been thoughtfully reorganised, making it more accessible to students, whilst still being suitable for an advanced mineralogy course. Additions include expanded introductions to many chapters, a new introductory chapter on crystal chemistry, revised figures, and an extended plates section containing beautiful colour photographs. Text boxes include historical background and case studies to engage students, and end-of-chapter questions help them reinforce concepts. With new online resources to support learning and teaching, including laboratory exercises, PowerPoint slides, useful web links and mineral identification tables, this is a sound investment for students in the fields of geology, materials science and environmental science, and a valuable reference for researchers, collectors and Trade Review'Minerals: Their Constitution and Origin (second edition) by Wenk and Bulakh is an excellent treatment of classical mineralogy with a novel emphasis on mineral-forming environments. Its organization, straightforward tone, and copious figures, including color imagery, should be welcomed by students. Additional online resources permit extensive incorporation by lecturers should they desire these resources. Both make it a worthy candidate for adoption into coursework. Additionally, this is an excellent and affordable resource for professional mineralogists and amateur mineral enthusiasts who seek a comprehensive and modern overview of classical mineralogy with an emphasis on mineral genesis.' Jonathan D. Price, American Mineralogist'Minerals is my go-to text for teaching Earth and planetary materials. The updated chapters on analytical methods and applied mineralogy are especially valuable in teaching interdisciplinary students with a wide range of backgrounds and interests. This book captures the broadening scope of our field.' Steve Jacobsen, Northwestern University, Illinois'The new edition remains quantitative and scientifically rigorous and has been improved by reorganization and by addition of new material.' Timothy L. Grove, Massachusetts Institute of Technology'… an excellent book which is suitable for teaching both in undergraduate and graduate student education in mineralogy … From basic crystallography to applied mineralogy, Minerals contains it all, and the style of writing is conclusive and scientifically sound … I am very happy to see the new second edition.' Günther J. Redhammer, University of Salzburg'… this is a refreshing new mineral textbook and is a wonderful resource to freshen up an undergraduate course. Every lecturer who teaches mineralogy and every earth sciences library should get a copy … Very highly recommended.' Geological Magazine'I think this book represents a sound undergraduate investment - a textbook that an undergraduate could visit and revisit throughout their degree programme, to remind them of the basics and, by following up the references, to provide a deeper understanding of the subjects covered.' Chemistry World'… [this] book provides a good coverage of minerals, with clear diagrams and photographs to supplement the text … there is much of value … the text is clear, and deeper treatments can be skipped, while still gaining knowledge of the wider range of mineralogy.' OUGS Newsletter'Wenk and Bulakh's Minerals is both authoritative and accessible, providing a thorough grounding in many aspects of modern mineralogy in a first-rate text.' New ScientistTable of ContentsPart I. Minerals as Chemical Compounds: 1. Subject and history of mineralogy; 2. Elements, bonding, simple structures and ionic radii; 3. Isomorphism, solid solutions and polymorphism; 4. Chemical formulas of minerals; 5. Classification and names of minerals; 6. Mineral identification of hand specimens; Part II. Symmetry Expressed in Crystal Structures and Morphology: 7. The concept of a lattice and description of crystal structures; 8. Crystal symmetries: point groups and space groups; 9. Crystalline defects; 10. Crystal growth and aggregation; Part III. Physical Investigations and Properties of Minerals: 11. Experimental approaches to crystal structures: X-ray diffraction; 12. Physical properties; 13. Optical properties of crystals; 14. Mineral identification with the petrographic microscope; 15. Colour; 16. Advanced analytical methods; 17. Mechanical properties and deformation; Part IV. Mineral-Forming Processes: 18. Mineral genesis; 19. Considerations of thermodynamics; 20. Phase diagrams; Part V. A Systematic Look at Mineral Groups: 21. Important information about silica materials. Their occurrence in granite and pegmatite; 22. Simple compounds. Unusual mineral occurrences; 23. Halides. Evaporite deposits; 24. Carbonates and other minerals with triangular anion groups. Sedimentary origins; 25. Phosphates, sulfates and related minerals. Apatite as a biogenic material; 26. Sulfides. Hydrothermal processes; 27. Oxides and hydroxides. Review of ionic crystals; 28. Orthosilicates and ring silicates. Metamorphic mineral assemblages; 29. Sheet silicates. Weathering of silicate rocks; 30. Chain silicates. Discussion of some igneous and metamorphic processes; 31. Framework silicates. Zeolites and ion exchange properties of minerals; 32. Organic minerals; Part VI. Applied Mineralogy: 33. Metalliferous mineral deposits; 34. Gemstones; 35. Cement minerals; 36. Minerals and human health; 37. Mineral composition of the Solar System; 38. Mineral composition of the Earth; Appendix 1. Metallic, submetallic and nonmetallic luster, sorted according to hardness; Appendix 2. Minerals that display some distinctive physical properties; Appendix 3. Rock-forming minerals that are coloured in thin section; Glossary; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisVolcanic Islands (1844) contains detailed geological descriptions of locations visited during the Beagle's voyage including Cape Verde, Ascension Island, St Helena, the Galápagos, and parts of Australia and South Africa. It includes woodcuts, maps and sketches, and provides valuable insights into the development of Darwin's ideas on geology.Table of Contents1. St. Jago, in the Cape de Verde archipelago; 2. Fernando Noronha; 3. Ascension; 4. St. Helena; 5. Galapagos archipelago; 6. Trachyte and basalt. Distribution of volcanic isles; 7. New South Wales; Appendix: Description of fossil shells G. B. Sowerby; Description of fossil corals from the Palaeozoic formation of Van Diemen's Land W. Lonsdale; Index.

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Book SynopsisBuilding upon the award-winning second edition, this comprehensive textbook provides a fundamental understanding of the formative processes of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Encouraging a deeper comprehension of the subject by explaining the petrologic principles, and assuming knowledge of only introductory college-level courses in physics, chemistry, and calculus, it lucidly outlines mathematical derivations fully and at an elementary level, making this the ideal resource for intermediate and advanced courses in igneous and metamorphic petrology. With over 500 illustrations, many in color, this revised edition contains valuable new material and strengthened pedagogy, including boxed mathematical derivations allowing for a more accessible explanation of concepts, and more qualitative end-of-chapter questions to encourage discussion. With a new introductory chapter outlining the bigger picture, this fully updated resource will guide students to an even greater mastery of petrology.Trade ReviewReview of previous edition: 'The real quality of this book lies in its authoritative character and depth of coverage … a volume which will likely be well thumbed and littered with 'stickies' and other place markers by students and professors alike … one of the excellent aspects of the book is the clever integration of different aspects of petrology … a 'must-have' for any self-respecting petrologist.' Jon Davidson, ElementsReview of previous edition: 'I will choose the second edition of Philpotts and Ague's Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology because of its forward-looking coverage.' John M. Ferry, American Journal of ScienceReview of previous edition: 'This is a book to read and a book to keep as a reference. It is a must-have for every student of tectonics.' Michael L. Williams, EOSReview of this third edition: 'The 3rd edition of Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology follows in the footsteps of its previous editions. It not only covers the fundamentals of igneous and metamorphic petrology, but delves into many petrological aspects in great detail and thoroughness. The authors are to be commended on their outstanding quantitative treatment of petrological processes, supported by explanatory boxes of mathematical formulations. Clearly structured and richly illustrated with field and thin section photographs as well as sketches and diagrams, the book provides a comprehensive resource for those keen on acquiring an in-depth understanding of igneous and metamorphic processes.' Ralf Halama, Keele UniversityReview of this third edition: 'This third edition of Philpotts and Ague builds upon an excellent record of textbooks focusing on igneous and metamorphic petrology. The book is comprehensive in its coverage of the processes involved in the petrogenesis of igneous and metamorphic rocks and the implications of these processes, is well illustrated with excellent diagrams and images throughout, and will be useful for a range of geoscientists from upper-level undergraduate students to graduate students and faculty, for both teaching and research. This edition is well supplemented by online resources that are ideally suited for teaching, including all of the figures in the textbook in digital formal and a solutions manual for instructors. Overall, I highly recommend this book and strongly suspect well-thumbed versions will end up on the shelves of many geologists worldwide.' Simon Jowitt, University of NevadaReview of this third edition: 'The 3rd edition of Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology is a detailed and well-illustrated textbook that lays out analytical petrologic methods in a clear, comprehensive manner. Extensive examples are given throughout to thoroughly elucidate complex topics and mathematical formulations. One standout feature that sets this textbook apart from others are the end-of-chapter questions. These questions are divided into quantitative and broad topics, facilitating multiple levels of student mastery and allowing for the text to be used at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. Much as I still regularly consult my copy of the 1st edition of this book many years after using it as an undergraduate, the 3rd edition … should be a mainstay of every petrology student's bookshelf.' Molly McCanta, University of TennesseeReview of this third edition: 'This is the definitive textbook on igneous and metamorphic petrology. Philpotts and Ague have found the perfect balance between ensuring that the content is accessible to students while avoiding oversimplification. I will continue to use this textbook in my online and campus courses.' Alasdair Skelton, Stockholm UniversityTable of ContentsPreface; Acknowledgments; List of units; List of abbreviations; 1. Introduction to igneous and metamorphic petrology; 2. Pressures and temperatures in the earth; 3. Physical properties of magma; 4. Intrusion of magma; 5. Forms of igneous bodies; 6. Heat transfer and other diffusion processes; 7. Classification of igneous rocks; 8. Introduction to thermodynamics; 9. Free energy and phase equilibria; 10. Thermodynamics of solutions; 11. Phase equilibria in igneous systems; 12. Effects of volatiles on melt equilibria; 13. Crystal growth; 14. Isotope geochemistry related to petrology; 15. Magmatic processes; 16. Igneous rock associations; 17. Metamorphism and metamorphic facies; 18. Deformation and textures of metamorphic rocks; 19. Graphical analysis of metamorphic mineral assemblages; 20. Geothermometry, geobarometry, and pseudosections; 21. Metamorphic mineral reactions involving fluids; 22. Material transport during metamorphism; 23. Pressure-temperature-time paths and heat transfer during metamorphism; 24. Origins of rocks; Answers to selected quantitative questions; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisStructured in the form of a dichotomous key, comparable to those widely used in botany, the mineral key provides an efficient and systematic approach to identifying rock-forming minerals in thin-section. This unique approach covers 150+ of the most commonly encountered rock-forming minerals, plus a few rarer but noteworthy ones. Illustrated in full colour, with 330+ high quality mineral photomicrographs from a worldwide collection of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks, it also provides a comprehensive atlas of rock-forming minerals in thin-section.Commencing with a brief introduction to mineral systems, and the properties of minerals in plane-polarised and cross-polarised light, the mineral key also includes line drawings, tables of mineral properties and an interference colour chart, to further aid mineral identification. To minimise the chance of misidentification, and enable less experienced petrologists to use the key with confidence, the key has been arranged toTable of ContentsIntroductionProperties of Minerals in Plane-Polarised and Cross-Polarised LightSymbols and AbbreviationsMinerals with 2 (or 3) Cleavage TracesMinerals with 1 Cleavage Trace and Inclined ExtinctionMinerals with 1 Cleavage Trace and Straight Extinction (Colourless)Minerals with 1 Cleavage Trace and Straight Extinction (Coloured)Minerals with Imperfect Cleavage, Parting of Arranged FracturesMinerals with 0 Cleavage Traces (Colourless)Minerals with 0 Cleavage Traces (Coloured)Common Opaque MineralsTable of Interference Colours and Corresponding Birefringence ValuesGlossaryIndex of Minerals (Cross-Referencing to Table Number(s) and Page(s))Colour Chart

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Book SynopsisThis volume, the third in a series on the Canadian Precambrian Shield presented by the Royal Society of Canada, was prepared by Fellows of the Geological Sciences Section, in response to their desire to bring up to date and to synthesize information available on the structures present in the Shield. It is a contribution to the basic understanding of the significant geological structures in the Canadian Shield.A knowledge of these features is valuable for long-range exploration and development of the extensive one deposits of gold, uranium, nickel, copper, lead, zinc, and other metals found in the Shield. It also has an importance in relations to oil structures found in rocks younger than the Precambrian, bordering the Shield.This work should be of great interest to those wishing to have a modern interpretation of Precambrian structures, especially the Canadian rocks, and to those concerned with the development of the Canadian North. It will be of special interest to pr

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Book SynopsisMetal usage by humans is vigorously increasing day-by-day. Since the turn of the new millennium, human needs have mainly depended on different types of metal. Ores and minerals are the primary natural sources of metals. In order to process metals, manufacturers require certain methods and technology. This reference book provides six widely used varieties of metal synthesizing and the chapters are contributed by internationally reputed professors and researchers. Chapter One focuses on biomineralization. Biomineralisation is an art of nature; it is an important process where organisms produce hierarchical mineral structures with diverse functions for their survival. This process happens through the self-organisation of organic and inorganic molecules under ambient conditions, resulting in highly structured materials with remarkable physical and chemical properties. Chapter Two refers to the application of biological methods in mineral processing. Chapter Three describes monazite mineral processing; monazite is the main resource of rare earth metals such as uranium and thorium. In this chapter, monazite mining, beneficiation and metallurgical routes are discussed. Chapter Four defines the hydrometallurgy of rare earth metals, including scandium. Chapter Five deals with ore extraction technology through computer aided engineering techniques. The final chapter concludes with the processing technology used to treat primary and secondary sources for base metal recovery.

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Book SynopsisHalloysite is a natural clay mineral that belongs to the kaolin group. Its chemical formula is Al2(OH)4Si2O5.nH2O. Primarily, this mineral is an ideal nanofiller for polymer composites, but it is also utilised in the manufacture of ceramic wares and in the encapsulation of drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. The authors present details regarding a simple, rapid, high-yield, and low-temperature synthetic approach for the in-situ growth of noble metal nanoparticles in the interior of halloysite nanotubes. Benefits of halloysite nanotubes for polymeric structures and technical applications in various fields are highlighted, particularly their thermal stability, mechanical strength, and non-flammability. The closing chapter focuses on the latest research concerning halloysite nanotubes applications in different fields such as biomedicine and pharmacotherapy, food packaging, agriculture, water treatment, catalysis and antifouling.

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Book SynopsisThe book first reviews the main advances in methods of obtaining synthetic montmorillonite for environmental and biomedical areas. The perspectives and main challenges in the application of these materials is critically analysed. The authors next study Polyhydroxy metal complexes of Al, Fe, Zr, Cr and Ti (inorganic pillarizing agents) for the synthesis of pillared clays. Information is provided on the possibility of using amorphous aluminosilicates as a modifying additive in the formulation of cement-based dry building mixtures. The physicochemical properties of the additive are considered, and the results of XRD and DTA analyzes are presented. The authors investigate the molecular orientation and surface morphology of organized molecular films with regard to solid-state structures for organo-modified aluminosilicates by a surface pressure-area isotherm, in-plane and out-of plane X-ray diffraction, and atomic force microscopy. A new method for the synthesis of amorphous mesoporous aluminosilicates with acidic properties and a narrow pore size distribution in the range of 2-7 nm is also explored. The urease immobilization of composite adsorbents polyacrylamide -- bentonite, polyacrylamide -- chitosan, and polyacrylamide chitosan -- bentonite is assessed, produced from polyacrylamide as a hydrogel, bentonite as an aluminosilicate mineral, and chitosan as a polysaccharide. Following this, the authors provide a brief overview of literature data where crystalline aluminosilicates have been utilized for the capture and immobilization of radionuclides. The physiochemical properties of as-synthesized layered aluminosilicate are characterized by small angle PXRD, FTIR, porosity studies, thermal studies, 27Al MAS NMR, and morphological studies. Subsequently, this compilation addresses the way in which magnetic nanoparticles have proven to be frequently occurring building blocks for hybrid structure construction and, moreover, have shown innovative prospects as multifunctional adsorbents. Modern methods for the synthesis of highly dispersed micro- and micromesoporous mordenite with a high degree of crystallinity, as well as high crystallinity mordenite with a hierarchical porous structure, methods for modifying the mentioned crystalline aluminosilicates as a result of postsynthetic treatments, and modern adsorption and catalytic systems based on them are described. Next, the high activity and selectivity of high crystallinity zeolite Y with a hierarchical porous structure in the synthesis of practically important oligomers of various unsaturated compounds is established. The authors highlight that the aluminosilicate present in kaolin may also be used in the production of zeolitic materials, and some details of this application are explained. The adsorptive features of PAAm-Ch-Z for Th4+ are investigated in view of its dependency on pH, concentration, time, temperature and ionic strength. The parameters derived from the compatibility of experimentally obtained data to Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich, van t'Hoff, pseudo frist-/second-order and Weber Morris models are utilized in the evaluation of adsorption and its thermodynamics and kinetics. Lastly, the authors consider a possible mechanism for the generation of an acetyl-zeolite intermediate via transfer from different acetyl donors through theoretical studies using a cluster model of H-ZSM-5 zeolite designed by three TO4 tetrahedral units.Table of ContentsPreface; Montmorillonite-Based Aluminosilicate Materials: Properties and Applications; Pillared Clays, a Class of Heterogeneous Catalysts Derived from Modified Clay Minerals: Properties and Uses in Waste Pyrolysis; Application of Synthetic Aluminosilicates in Adhesive Dry Construction Mixtures; Surface Modification of Aluminosilicate by Amphiphiles: Fabrication of Ultrathin Films; Amorphous Mesoporous Aluminosilicates in the Synthesis of N-Heterocyclic Compounds; Composites of Bentonite, Chitosan and Polyacrylamide: Preparation, Characterization, and Application in Urease Immobilization; Crystalline Aluminosilicates for Radionuclide Remediation; Synthesis of Layered Aluminosilicate by Direct Method; Clinoptilolite-Rich Tuff A Native Aluminosilicate Nanocomposite for the Removal of Trace Quantities of Pollutants; Modern Syntheses and the Use of MOR Type Zeolite in Adsorption and Catalysis; Oligomerization of Unsaturated Compounds in the Presence of Hierarchical Zeolite Y; Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan-Zeolite Composite@Polyacrylamide: Adsorptive Features for Thorium; Application of Kaolin as an Aluminosilicate Source to Produce Geopolymer and Zeolitic Materials; A DFT Study of the Acetyl Transfer Reaction Catalyzed by H-ZSM-5 Zeolite Using a 3T-Cluster Approach; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe exploitation of the mining and trade of "conflict minerals" -- in particular, tin, tungsten, tantalum, and gold from the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)-has contributed to the displacement of people and severe human rights abuses. The 2010 Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act) addresses, among other things, trade in conflict minerals. This book looks at the progress made since the Dodd-Frank Act went into effect.

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Book SynopsisA field guide to rocks and minerals of Washington and Oregon, featuring photos and details needed for identifying and collecting.

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Book SynopsisZeolites are microporous crystalline solids with well-defined structures. Generally they contain silicon, aluminium and oxygen in their framework and cations, water and/or other molecules within their pores. Many occur naturally as minerals, and are extensively mined in many parts of the world. Others are synthetic, and are made commercially for specific uses, or produced by research scientists trying to understand more about their chemistry. Because of their unique porous properties, zeolites are used in a variety of applications with a global market of several million tonnes per annum. In the western world, major uses are in petrochemical cracking, ion-exchange (water softening and purification), and in the separation and removal of gases and solvents. Other applications are in agriculture, animal husbandry and construction. They are often also referred to as molecular sieves. This book presents leading research from around the world.

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Book SynopsisThe United States has used multiple U.S. agencies and a private, not-for-profit entity to implement the domestic and international provisions of the Clean Diamond Trade Act (CDTA). The Departments of State and the Treasury have led U.S. efforts to implement the domestic provisions of the act; State has led the U.S. efforts to curtail trade in conflict diamonds abroad. Domestically, the Departments of State, the Treasury, Homeland Security, and Commerce, and the private entity, called the U.S. Kimberley Process Authority (USKPA), have been responsible for controlling U.S. imports and exports of rough diamonds. Internationally, State, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), and the U.S. Geological Survey have helped to strengthen KPCS. Domestically, the U.S. systems for reporting rough diamond statistics and for controlling imports and exports of these diamonds are vulnerable to illicit trade. The United States has enhanced the quality of its rough diamond trade data by improving its collection processes, but work remains to be done. Also, the United States does not periodically inspect rough diamond imports or exports to ensure that the contents of the rough diamond parcels match the Kimberley Process certificates. In addition, the United States lacks an effective system for confirming receipt of imports -- a Kimberley Process requirement for avoiding possible diversions of rough diamond imports.

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Book SynopsisBy definition, biosphere is the Earth''s geological shell populated by living organisms. Therefore, the biosphere''s origin and evolution is primarily a geological problem. At present geological problems are solved using methods of physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics. The multidisciplinary approach is a basis of this book. Life origin problems occupy the main part of the book. What is life, and can we understand its origin and evolution on the basis of laws of physics and chemistry? A number of works are dedicated to experimental study of the synthesis of organic compounds of the prebiotic significance, including ATP and photoactive systems. The characteristic feature of our scientific approach is to consider the problem of life origin in the context of the origin and evolution of the solar system, beginning with the protoplanetary stage and including the events of the Earth''s early history. The last chapter comprises papers that concern modern problems and approaches to the study of various aspects of biological evolution. The present edition is a collection of articles by scientists representing more than 20 institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences and other organisations, joined by the science program "Problems of Biosphere Origin and Evolution". This book will be interesting for a wide range of researchers: physicists, chemists, biologists, mathematicians. The book represents the stance of the Russian scientific school on the problem of life origin, which does not always coincide with opinions of other scientific schools.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, the authors present current research in the study of the crystallography, chemistry and catalytic performance of perovskites. Topics discussed include the defect structure and defect-induced expansion of perovskite oxides; perovskite-based catalysts for transformation of natural gas and oxygenates into syngas; Bi containing multiferroic perovskite oxide thin films; perovskites as catalysts for environmental remediation; microwave-assisted synthesis and characterisation of perovskite oxides; perovskite and lead based ceramic materials; photocatalytic properties of perovskite-type layered oxides; structure of perovskite electron-ionic conductors; and distorted perovskites.

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Book SynopsisBy definition, biosphere is the Earth''s geological shell populated by living organisms. Therefore, the biosphere''s origin and evolution are primarily a geological problem. At present geological problems are solved using methods of physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics. The multidisciplinary approach is a basis of this book. Life origin problems occupy the main part of this book. What is life, and can we understand its origin and evolution on the basis of laws of physics and chemistry? A number of works are dedicated to experimental study of the synthesis of organic compounds of the prebiotic significance, including ATP and photoactive systems. The characteristic feature of our scientific approach is to consider the problem of life origin in the context of the origin and evolution of the solar system, beginning with the protoplanetary stage and including the events of the Earth''s early history. The last chapter comprises papers that concern modern problems and approaches to the study of various aspects of biological evolution. The present edition is a collection of articles by scientists representing more than 20 institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences and other organisations, joined by the science program "Problems of Biosphere Origin and Evolution". This book will be interesting for a wide range of researchers: physicists, chemists, biologists, mathematicians. The book represents the stance of the Russian scientific school on the problem of life origin, which does not always coincide with opinions of other scientific schools.

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Book SynopsisThis book is exclusively devoted to a broad perspective of research interests centred around environmental geochemistry and the coupling of geology and geochemistry in sandstones. The main focus is to provide a well-balanced, up-to-date overview of all aspects related to geology, geochemistry and the understanding of ground-water systems, as geochemistry has contributed significantly to the understanding of ground-water systems. Water imbibition is fundamental to waterflood performance in low permeability reservoir rocks. Measuring the thermal properties of rocks and rock-fluid systems is difficult and time consuming and the results from such measurements are of limited value unless complete descriptions of the rock and fluids are given. The book also addresses an existing need for a method of predicting thermal behaviour from other more easily measurable properties, cementation of sandstones and sources of silica during the diagenesis. Presented here are correlations developed for predicting the thermal conductivity of consolidated sandstones from the knowledge of density, porosity, permeability, and the formation resistivity factor.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, the authors present current research in the study of the mineral composition, geology and petrogenesis significance of feldspar, a group of rock-forming tectosilicate minerals that make up as much as 60% of the Earth''s crust. Topics discussed in this compilation include the patterns of phosphorus enrichment in alkali feldspars; crystallisation conditions of feldspars in basement rocks in Bangladesh; industrial evaluation and beneficiation of Jordanian feldspar for application in the ceramic industry; unimpeded growth of K-feldspar megacrysts in granitic liquids; the extent to which simple twinning occurs in igneous K-feldspar; and multiple growth twinning of K-feldspar in hypersolvus granite.

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Book SynopsisNanocrystalline apatites constitute the main inorganic part of human hard tissues (bone and teeth), and a growing focus is devoted to prepare synthetic analogs, so-called "biomimetic", able to precisely mimic the morphological and physical-chemical features of biological apatites. In fact, it is reasonable to hypothesize that by virtue of their high similarity with the biogenic calcium phosphates, synthetic nano-sized and ionic substituted apatite nanocrystals can display better biological performances than coarser and ceramic hydroxyapatite. For this reason, the study of their crystallization mechanisms and the possibility to tailor the structural and physical-chemical properties of these materials open several possibilities to prepare optimal devices in medical sciences and also to better investigate the biomineralization processes of living organisms. This book is divided in three main parts and is principally devoted to highlight the recent progresses on the preparation and characterization of multifunctional nanocrystalline apatites with tailored properties to be used as healthcare materials (i.e. nanoparticles for drug or gene delivery and materials for bone substitution and regeneration). The first part is intended to be a comprehensive review of the importance and the occurrence of calcium phosphates in nature (geological and biological occurrence) and to underline the peculiar characteristics of nanocrystalline apatites. The aim of the second part is to show the most important analytical techniques for the characterization of apatite features and to describe the new theories behind the apatite crystallization and dissolution processes. The last part describes the traditional and the most exciting and innovative applications of pure, ionic-substituted, and organic-functionalized apatite as biomaterial. The chapters, written by eminent scientists, will serve as an important and useful reference source for a broad audience that consists of both expert (materials scientists, biomedical engineers and biologists) and non-expert readers to who want to improve their knowledge in the field of apatite based biomaterials.

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Book SynopsisSince the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the Act) was passed in 2010, relevant U.S. agencies have undertaken various activities related to responsible sourcing of conflict minerals from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and adjoining countries. In response to the Act, the Department of State (State) and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) developed a strategy in 2011 to address the linkages among human rights abuses, armed groups, and the mining of conflict minerals and are implementing various strategy objectives. This book examines, among other things, the extent to which relevant U.S. agencies have undertaken activities related to responsible sourcing of conflict minerals; and what is known about the status of, and information provided by, stakeholder initiatives focused on responsible sourcing of conflict minerals from the DRC and adjoining countries.

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Book SynopsisHydrothermal crystal growth offers a complementary alternative to many of the classical techniques of crystal growth used to synthesise new materials and grow bulk crystals for specific applications. This specialised technique is often capable of growing crystals at temperatures well below their melting points and thus potentially offers routes to new phases or the growth of bulk crystals with less thermal strain. Borate crystals are widely used as nonlinear optical, laser and luminescent materials due to their diversified structures, and good chemical and physical properties. The growth of high-quality borate crystals is required for their applications. A fundamental problem for borate crystal growth is the high-temperature melt structures in the crystal growth systems. This book discusses several crystals and the crystal growth processes.

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Book SynopsisBentonite are usually found in deep geographical areas. They are produced from rock, fossils, weathering of volcanic ash and disposal of high-level of radioactive waste in many countries. Bentonite mainly consist of clay mineral such as montmorillinite and kaolinite. They mainly exist in cationic form of organic compounds such as aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbon and are employed to modify high cations exchange capacity, higher structural integrity, thermal conductivity, high chemical buffering capacity, and stiffness. Bentonite is a layer of natural silicate clay mineral having numerous properties such as large specific surface area, great absorption and interlayer exchangeable cation. Bentonite consists of outstanding physico-chemical properties which make it applicable in the areas such as water treatment, medical, groundwater barrier, farming, and construction. They are well known to be one of the most versatile and inexpensive treatments. The current book describes the bentonite characteristic, uses and implications for the environment in many areas of environmental science in particular, such as remediation, clean energy, water research and waste management. Researchers working in the area will benefit from the fundamental concepts and advanced approaches described in the book. The book is going to also be beneficial to researchers who are working for their graduate and postgraduate degrees in the area of science and technology. The book also provides a platform for all researchers as it covers a wide background in the subject from recent literature, abbreviations, and summaries. Additionally, this book covers a broader research area of chemistry, physics, environmental science, materials science, polymer science and engineering to present an interdisciplinary approach. This book contains the fundamental knowledge as well as recent advancements in the research and development of bentonite. The book also covers recent approaches and prospects about the current research and development of bentonite.

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Book SynopsisThe essential illustrated rocks and minerals guide.Learn how to identify rocks and minerals and appreciate the beauty of the natural world with Rocks & Minerals: An Illustrated Field Guide. Expert geologist Dr. Evelyn Mervine takes you through 50 profiles of these natural materials, including their characteristics, chemical compositions, occurrences, and key identifiers.Take a deep dive into geology and learn all about rocks and minerals, including: Granite Limestone Meteorite Quartz Diamond Gold And many, many more!Complete with a glossary of terms and beautiful illustrations by Vlad Stankovic, this visually stunning book is a must-have for rock hounds and geologists alike.

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Book SynopsisMagnetite is a naturally occurring iron-oxide mineral with applications in several industries. This monograph includes five chapters that detail various aspects of magnetite. Chapter One focuses on understanding magnetite and its modifications in the context of the cancer treatment modality magnetic hyperthermia. Chapter Two examines various aspects of synthesis and characterisations of magnetic nanoparticles, surface functionalization and enzyme immobilisation with improved catalysis, stability, and reusability. Chapter Three presents data on the effect of magnetoacoustic emission and its relation to the behaviour of the domain structure of magnetites formed under various conditions. Chapter Four highlights the detection of trace levels of pesticides and drugs in different environmental samples by using magnetite-molecularly imprinted polymers. Lastly, Chapter Five discusses the methods of synthesis and typical characteristics of magnetite-based nanocomposites that can be used for different applications.Table of ContentsPreface; FE3O4 and Its Modification in Magnetic Hyperthermia: Background, Results and Synthesis Procedure; Magnetite Nanoparticles: An Efficient Support for Continuous Improved Biocatalysis; Investigation of the Effect of Magnetoacoustic Emission and Its Relation to the Domain Structure of Magnetite; Role of Magnetite-Molecularly Imprinted Polymers on Pesticide and Drug Analysis; Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Magnetite-Based Nanocomposites; Index.

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Book SynopsisPeople have been fascinated by minerals since prehistory. The attractions of minerals lie in their colours, their beautiful crystals and the discoveries of their uses and the metals that can be obtained from them. Minerals receive attention from a wide variety of people: mining executives, collectors, prospectors and scientists unravelling their molecular structure and origins. But, for someone new to mineralogy, the subject can appear to be overwhelmingly complex.In Introducing Mineralogy John Mason considers the essence of mineralogy in a clear and logical manner. The book begins with the basic chemistry of minerals and the way in which the mineral kingdom is classified. It then considers mineral occurrences, both typical, such as the minerals that largely make up common rocks like granite, and atypical, such as concentrations of rare metals in ore-deposits. The ways in which minerals are studied using microscopes and the importance of careful observation and interpretation are discussed and the topics of mineral collecting and related issues are addressed. The final chapters explore the uses of minerals, both industrial and scientific, and take a look at environmental issues associated with mineral extraction and usageLavishly illustrated in colour and complete with a glossary, the book is aimed at students embarking on courses in the Earth Sciences and at the amateur collector who wants to find out more about the colourful rocks they may find when out walking.Trade Review'The writing style is very clever, presenting concise technical information pitched at a level where even somebody with very little knowledge of science can become absorbed and learn at ease…In summary, this book does exactly what the title says: Introducing Mineralogy. It is an excellent introductory book on mineralogy, well written and covers all of the basics very well…'Mineralogical Magazine'Unlike others book about minerals, this does not provide pages of descriptions of individual minerals, for that is an area that's already well covered. Neither does it present a deep coverage of mineralogy in the style of some of the dusty old textbooks that I remember from my undergraduate days (thank goodness).What we have here is a refreshing approach to the subject from an author who knows minerals well from a collectors perspective, but who is a geology graduate - arguably the perfect person to write such a book to introduce the subject… The book is beautifully illustrated by specimens that haven't been chosen to make the book look pretty, but for good scientific reasons. I repeat that in many ways this a unique approach to the subject of mineralogy, but it is one that works and will provide anyone looking for a way in to the subject with some sound and interesting material.'Down to Earth magazine'Introducing Mineralogy is aimed at the amateur collector and anyone interested in minerals. It would also be appropriate for an introductory mineralogy class for nonscience majors. The author, John Mason, has done an outstanding job of presenting complex notions in simple terms, providing many examples to which the reader can relate. The book is divided into seven chapters, and throughout, terms defined in the exhaustive glossary are highlighted. The book is also well illustrated, with over 100 color photographs mostly illustrating examples from the UK.'ElementsTable of ContentsPrologue: a mineral prospector's tale; 1. The basics of mineralogy; 2. Typical mineral occurrences; 3. Atypical concentrations of minerals; 4. Mineral collecting: where science and leisure overlap; 5. Studying mineral assemblages and parageneses; 6. Uses of minerals; 7. Minerals and the environment. Epilogue. Glossary. Further reading and resources.

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Book SynopsisFrom small beach pebbles to huge megaliths, stones have been revered, collected, enhanced, sculpted or engraved for practical and artistic purposes throughout the ages. They have been used to delineate boundaries and to build homes and shelters, and utilized for cooking, games and competitions. This surprising and fascinating compendium of stone facts, myths and stories reveals the impact and importance of stones in our history and culture. Cally Oldershaw introduces the science in an accessible way and covers the aesthetic appeal of stones, their practical uses and metaphysical properties. With an eclectic mix of examples from the Stone Age to the present, Stones engagingly excavates the story of this essential matter.Table of ContentsIntroduction: Geology and the Science of Stones Chapter 1: Stone Tools, Weapons, Implements and Building Stones Chapter 2: Testimony in Stone Chapter 3: Stones and the Creative Mind Chapter 4: Medicinal, Health and Healing Stones Chapter 5: Collectors, Collections and Collecting Stones Appendix: Starting Your Collection References Bibliography Acknowledgements Photo Acknowledgements Index

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Book SynopsisProfessor Matthew Heddle (1828-97) was a larger-than-life character, a renowned academic and one of Scotland's most famous mineralogists. His rich legacy includes: Encyclopaedia Britannica 9th edition (section on Mineralogy) A fossil fish Heddleichthys A mineral named after him (Mattheddleite) A summary of the Mineralogy of Scotland (published posthumously) 55 scientific papers 5,700 specimens from his collection now housed in the National Museum of Scotland and the National Museums Collection Centre. 10 children This book, by Heddle's great-great-grandson, is not an account of his scientific work but is about Heddle the man; it provides a much fuller picture of him than anything that has appeared before.Trade Review' ... the book is a tribute to a mineralogist who will not soon be forgotten, written almost lovingly with great attention to detail by one with a family interest so deep that the resulting book can well serve as a model for others. It is highly recommended.' (Rocks and Minerals) ' ... The book gives a fascinating and detailed insight to Heddle the man, presenting his character and his contemporaries in a way which nicely augments his many technical publications and his fabulous collection of minerals, now in the National Museum [of Scotland]' (Journal of the Russell Society) ' ... it's pleasing to see this volume which reviews the lifetime contribution to science of this remarkable man. ... This superbly written volume will delight and enthrall you.' (Down to Earth) 'I can strongly recommend this book. It tells the story of a most interesting character who in the course of his epic collecting got to know the Scottish hills better than anyone else of his day.' (Scottish Mountaineering Club journal); 'I enjoyed reading it and found it a mass of information about Heddle, and the mineralogists, geologists, geological society, journals and museums of the day.' (Geological Curator);Table of ContentsChapter: 1 - Heddle's parentage 2 - Childhood and schooling 3 - The Edinburgh doctor 4 - Early mineralogical activities 5 - University of St Andrews 6 - Heddle's collecting and scientific papers 7 - Heddle the mountaineer 8 - The retired professor: a new beginning 9 - Heddle's last years and legacy

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Book SynopsisDiscover the common treatments and imitations plus gemstone properties, sources and typical cuts of stones, including a guide on appraisal techniques. Jewellers and designer goldsmiths, lapidaries and gem cutters, stone setters, gemologists, geologists, collectors and people who buy and sell jewellery at antique fairs and on the internet, this book is for anyone who has ever had a gemstone and wanted identification and information. Featuring a mix of gemstones and gem-set jewellery, it puts gems in context and contains historical context for those buying and selling antique and vintage gem-set jewellery, including details of the stones typically found in Georgian, Victorian and early 20th century settings. Packed with fascinating gemological details and up-to-date data on more than 70 of the most exquisite gemstones, and written by leading expert, Judith Crowe, learn the common pitfalls in identifying stones and clarify areas of confusion and misidentification.Table of ContentsAbout this Book Gemstone Identification Gemstone Appraisal Technical Methods of Identification Colour Gemmological Information Properties of Gemstone Material Optical Properties Inclusions Sources Gemstone Treatments Synthetics and Imitations Cutting Pricing and Grading Gemstone Directory Diamond Corundum Beryl Chrysoberyl Spinel Topaz Tourmaline Andalusite Iolite Quartz Zircon Garnet Jadeite Spodumene Zoisite Peridot Prehnite Orthoclase Feldspar Plagioclase Feldspar Sugilite Opal group Hematite Scapolite Diopside Turquoise lapis Lazuli Natural Glass Sphene Apatite Chrysocolla Rhodochrosite Fluorite Malachite Organic Coral Amber Birthstones Glossary Index Credits

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Book SynopsisIt is said that the sparkle from Canadian diamonds mimics the awesome and seductive radiance of the northern lights. Yet until 1991, no one thought diamonds could even be found in Canada--no one except geologists Chuck Fipke and Stu Blusson, who uncovered diamond-rich kimberlite in the Barrens at Point Lake in the Northwest Territories. Their spectacular discovery caused great excitement in international diamond circles and sparked the largest claim-staking rush in Canada since the 1896 Klondike gold rush. The two geologists sank their lives and savings into their belief that they''d find diamonds in the Barrens, and the story of their quest is a dramatic tale of perseverance in the face of immense odds.

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThis book offers a comprehensive view of the valuable uranium ores and analytical electron microscopy methods, including electron microdiffraction principles, an essential technique for studying uranous minerals.This book also explains the laws governing the formation of uranium mineral accumulations, based on concepts published by the renowned Russian mineralogist L.N. Belova. It addresses all types of ore uranium concentrations in the hypergene region and schematizes all uranium mineral formation processes. Readers will also find selected examples of different genetic types of uranium deposits of black sooty ores; the data gathered from all findings on ningyoite worldwide, and new crystal chemistry data on tetravalent uranium phosphates. Table of ContentsIntroduction I. Practice of studying of dispersal uranium minerals by ATEM methods 1) Possibilities of TEM when studying dispersible minerals 2) Microdiffraction SAED method Methods of interpretation of electron diffraction SAED-patterns Methodical ways of interpretation 3) Contribution of EM to uranium mineralogy II. Minerals of tetravalent uranium U4+ of hypergenesis zone 1. Ore mineralization of the reduction zone of hypergenesis – uranium blacks 1) Regularities of manifestation of the uranium blacks mineralization in a hypergenesis zone 2) Examples of deposites with the industrial blacks mineralization 3) The mineral composition of uranium blacks (Uraninite. Coffinite. Ningyoite.) 4) Genetic crystalchemistry of mineral components of uranium black/sooty 2. New minerals family – U4+ phosphates 1) Ningyoite – mineral of Rhabdophane group 2) Lermontovite mineral group (Lermontovite. Vyacheslavite. Urphoite.) 3. The crystal-chemistry data ATEM for questions of uranium mineralogy 1) Questions of isomorphism and systematics of phosphates of the rhabdophane group 2) About the position of calcium in minerals of tetravalent uranium 3) About phosphosilicates of tetravalent uranium Conclusion

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Book SynopsisThe evolution of geological cartography in Cuba in its more than 135 years of history has been possible through the consultation of numerous archival reports, publications, maps and personal interviews with different authors and geologists of vast experience. A brief critical analysis is made of the increase in the degree of geological knowledge of the country since the elaboration of the Geological Sketch of the Cuban Island at a scale of 1: 2 000 000 (Fernández de Castro, 1883), first of Cuba and of Ibero-America, until the most recent Digital Geological Map of Cuba at scale 1: 100 000 (Pérez Aragón, 2016). Cuba and its surroundings are a geological mosaic in the southeast corner of the North American plate with rocks from many different origins, from Proterozoic to Quaternary, extended along the southern border of the plate. From the Eocene, this belt has been dissected by several great faults, related to the development of some great oceanic depressions (Cayman trough and Yucatan basin). The fossil record of Cuba, which covers approximately the last 200 million years of life on Earth, is rich in very varied fossils, witnessing a wide diversity of organisms, both animals and plants, that inhabited the Antillean and Caribbean region; and that constitute the inheritance of the biological diversity that the current Cuban archipelago exhibits. As a result of the preparation of the Cuban Metallogenic Map at scale 1: 250 000, forty-one models and eight sub-models of metallic mineral deposits were identified. These models, of descriptive–genetic type, together with the analysis of their spatial distribution and their relationship with geology, allowed the identification and mapping of ten mineral systems, linked to the geodynamic environments present in the Cuban territory. Cuba has large deposits of limestone, loam, dolomite, kaolin, gypsum and anhydrite, rock salt, marbles, sands and clays of different types, zeolites, peat, therapeutic peloids and many more. There are manifestations of decorative and precious rocks such as jasper, jadeite, different varieties of quartz and even xylopals. A compilation of geochemical data of oceanic basalt samples from previous works, together with data of analyzed samples during this study in order to discuss geochemical criteria based on immobile element (proxies for fractionation indices, alkalinity, mantle flow and subduction addition), provide a comprehensive ophiolite classification according to their tectonic setting. This book addresses different facets of the geological knowledge of Cuba: history of its cartography, marine geology, fossil record, stratigraphy, tectonics, classification of its ophiolites, quaternary deposits, metallogeny and minerageny. Table of Contents1. Geological Cartography of Cuba.- 2. Geology of the Marine Territory of Cuba.- 3. Synthesis of Fossil Record of Cuba.- 4. Stratigraphy of Cuba.- 5. An Overview to the Tectonics of Cuba.- 6. Geochemical Fingerprinting of Ancient Oceanic Basalts: Classification of the Cuban Ophiolites.- 7. Stratigraphy of the Quaternary Deposits in Cuba.- 8. Mineral Systems of Cuba: a Panoramic Vision of Cuban Metallogeny.- 9. The Minerageny of Cuba.

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Book SynopsisThis open access atlas is an up-to-date visual resource on the features and structures observed in soil thin sections, i.e. soil micromorphology. The book addresses the growing interest in soil micromorphology in the fields of soil science, earth science, archaeology and forensic science, and serves as a reference tool for researchers and students for fast learning and intuitive feature and structure recognition. The book is divided into six parts and contains hundreds of images and photomicrographs. Part one is devoted to the way to sample properly soils, the method of preparation of thin sections, the main tool of soil micromorphology (the microscope), and the approach of soil micromorphology as a scientific method. Part two focuses on the organisation of soil fragments and presents the concept of fabric. Part three addresses the basic components, e.g. rocks, minerals, organic compounds and anthropogenic features. Part four lists all the various types of pedogenic features observed in a soil, i.e. the imprint of pedogenesis. Part five gives interpretations of features associated with the main processes at work in soils and paleosols. Part six presents a view of what the future of soil micromorphology could be. Finally, the last part consists of the index and annexes, including the list of mineral formulas. This atlas will be of interest to researchers, academics, and students, who will find it a convenient tool for the self-teaching of soil micromorphology by using comparative photographs.Table of ContentsChapter 1. The multiscalar nature of soils.- Chapter 2. History of micromorphology.- Chapter 3. Observation and sampling of soils.- Chapter 4. How to make thin sections.- Chapter 5.The polarised light microscope.- Chapter 6. Other techniques of observation.- Chapter 7. Electron and energy imaging.- Chapter 8. Colours of minerals.- Chapter 9. The micromorphological approach.- Chapter 10. Concept of fabric.- Chapter 11. Multiscalar approach to fabric.- Chapter 12. Basic distribution patterns.- Chapter 13. c/f related distributions I.- Chapter 14. c/f related distributions II.- Chapter 15. Aggregates and aggregation.- Chapter 16. Degree of separation and accommodation of aggregates.- Chapter 17. The nature of voids.- Chapter 18. Morphology of voids I.- Chapter 19. The morphology of voids II.- Chapter 20. Microstructure I.- Chapter 21. Microstructure II.- Chapter 22. Mineral and organic constituents.- Chapter 23. Particle size and sorting.- Chapter 24. Shape of grains: equidimensionality.- Chapter 25. Shape of grains: roundness and sphericity.- Chapter 26. Basalt, granite, and gabbro.- Chapter 27. Schist, gneiss, and amphibolite.- Chapter 28. Quartzite and marble.- Chapter 29. Calcium-bearing sedimentary rocks.- Chapter 30. Sand and sandstone.- Chapter 31. Mineral grains in the soil I: quartz and chalcedony.- Chapter 32. Mineral grains in the soil II: feldspar and mica.- Chapter 33. Mineral grains in the soil III: inosilicates and nesosilicates.- Chapter 34. Mineral grains in the soil IV: carbonates.- Chapter 35. Mineral grains in the soil V: chlorides and sulfates.- Chapter 36. Biominerals I.- Chapter 37. Biominerals II.- Chapter 38. Biominerals III.- Chapter 39. Anthropogenic features I.- Chapter 40. Anthropogenic features II.- Chapter 41. Organic matter I.- Chapter 42. Organic matter II.- Chapter 43. Humus.- Chapter 44. Micromass.- Chapter 45. B-fabric I.- Chapter 46. B-fabric II.- Chapter 47. Imprints of pedogenesis.- Chapter 48. Iron- and manganese-bearing nodules.- Chapter 49. Carbonate nodules.- Chapter 50. Polygenetic nodules.- Chapter 51. Nodules: morphology and border shape.- Chapter 52. Nodules: orthic, anorthic, disorthic.- Chapter 53. Crystals and crystal intergrowths.- Chapter 54. Impregnations.- Chapter 55. Depletions.- Chapter 56. Coatings with clays I.- Chapter 57. Coatings with clays II.- Chapter 58. Micropans, coarse coatings, cappings, and crusts.- Chapter 59. Hypocoatings and quasicoatings: amorphous.- Chapter 60. Coatings and hypocoatings: crystalline.- Chapter 61. Mineral infillings.- Chapter 62. Mineral infillings of biological origin.- Chapter 63. Pedoturbations.- Chapter 64. Faecal pellets.- Chapter 65. Dung and vertebrate excrements.- Chapter 66. Composite pedogenic features.- Chapter 67. Uncommon features.- Chapter 68. Pedofeatures and soil processes.- Chapter 69. Clay dynamics I - Translocation.- Chapter 70. Clay dynamics II - Swelling.- Chapter 71. Water dynamics..- Chapter 72. Carbonate and gypsum dynamics.- Chapter 73. Processes involving iron oxyhydroxides.- Chapter 74. Biogeochemical processes I.- Chapter 75. Biogeochemical processes II.- Chapter 76. The future of soil micromorphology.- Chapter 77. Beyond the two dimensions.- Chapter 78. The prospect of chemical imaging

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Aside from water the materials which are used by mankind in highest quantities arecementitious materials and concrete. This book shows how the quality of the technical product depends on mineral phases and their reactions during the hydration and strengthening process. Additives and admixtures infl uence the course of hydration and the properties. Options of reducing the CO2-production in cementitious materials are presented and numerous examples of unhydrous and hydrous phases and their formation conditions are discussed. This editorial work consists of four parts including cement composition and hydration, Special cement and binder mineral phases, Cementitious and binder materials, and Measurement and properties. Every part contains different contributions and covers a broad range within the area. ContentsPart I: Cement composition and hydrationDiffraction and crystallography applied to anhydrous cementsDiffraction and crystallography applied to hydrating cementsSynthesis of highly reactive pure cement phasesThermodynamic modelling of cement hydration: Portland cements – blended cements – calcium sulfoaluminate cements Part II: Special cement and binder mineral phasesRole of hydrotalcite-type layered double hydroxides in delayed pozzolanic reactions and their bearing on mortar datingSetting control of CAC by substituted acetic acids and crystal structures of their calcium saltsCrystallography and crystal chemistry of AFm phases related to cement chemistry Part III: Cementitious and binder materialsChemistry, design and application of hybrid alkali activated bindersBinding materials based on calcium sulphatesMagnesia building material (Sorel cement) – from basics to applicationNew CO2-reduced cementitious systemsComposition and properties of ternary binders Part IV: Measurement and propertiesCharacterization of microstructural properties of Portland cements by analytical scanning electron microscopyCorrelating XRD data with technological propertiesNo cement production without refractories

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