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Springer Microbial Degradation Processes in Radioactive Waste Repository and in Nuclear Fuel Storage Areas Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop 11 Nato Science Partnership Subseries 1
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Springer Animal Cell Technology Basic Applied Aspects Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Japanese Association for Animal Cell Technology Yokohama Japan September 14 1996
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Springer Nitrogen Fixation with NonLegumes Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Nitrogen Fixation with NonLegumes Held 1621 October 1996 in F 79 Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences
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Springer New Developments and New Applications in Animal Cell Technology Proceedings of the 15th ESACT Meeting
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Springer Cell Culture Engineering VI 3 Current Applications of Cell Culture Engineering
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Springer Structural Biology and Functional Genomics Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop Held in Trieste Italy 48 May 1999 71 Nato Science Partnership Subseries 3
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Springer Cell Engineering
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Springer Plant Biotechnology and In Vitro Biology in the 21st Century Proceedings of the IXth International Congress of the International Association of Plant Science and Biotechnology in Agriculture
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Springer Biology and Biotechnology of the Plant Hormone Ethylene II
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Springer Thermophilic Moulds in Biotechnology
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Springer Expanded Bed Chromatography
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Springer Metabolic Engineering of Plant Secondary Metabolism
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Springer Novel Frontiers in the Production of Compounds for Biomedical Use 1 Focus on Biotechnology
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Springer Environmental Monitoring and Biodiagnostics of Hazardous Contaminants
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Springer Engineering and Manufacturing for Biotechnology v 4 Focus on Biotechnology
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Springer Physics and Chemistry Basis of Biotechnology Focus on Biotechnology 7
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Springer Chemical Process Computations
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Pharmagellan, LLC Analyzing Biotec Clinical Trials
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LEGARE STREET PR What is Darwinism
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LEGARE STREET PR What is Darwinism
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LEGARE STREET PR Immunity in Infective Diseases
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LEGARE STREET PR Immunity in Infective Diseases
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LEGARE STREET PR A Critique of the Theory of Evolution
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LEGARE STREET PR A Critique of the Theory of Evolution
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LEGARE STREET PR Naturally Occurring Animal Models Of Human Disease
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Legare Street Press The Social Construction of Technological Reality
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Creative Media Partners, LLC The Potential Of An Artificial Pancreas
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Creative Media Partners, LLC Annual Report
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Wiley-Blackwell Body Area Communications
Book SynopsisProviding an introduction to the fundamentals of body area communications, this book covers the key topics of channel modeling, modulation and demodulation, and performance evaluation A systematic introduction to body area networks (BAN), this book focuses on three major parts: channel modeling, modulation/demodulation communications performance, and electromagnetic compatibility considerations. The content is logically structured to lead readers from an introductory level through to in-depth and more advanced topics. Provides a concise introduction to this emerging topic based on classroom-tested materials Details the latest IEEE 802.15.6 standard activities Moves from very basic physics, to useful mathematic models, and then to practical considerations Covers not only EM physics and communications, but also biological applications Topics approached include: link budget, bit error rate performance, RAKE and diversityTable of ContentsPreface ix 1 Introduction to Body Area Communications 1 1.1 Definition 1 1.2 Promising Applications 2 1.2.1 Medical and Healthcare Applications 3 1.2.2 Assistance to People with Disabilities 7 1.2.3 Consumer Electronics and User Identification 7 1.3 Available Frequency Bands 8 1.3.1 UWB Band 8 1.3.2 MICS Band 10 1.3.3 ISM Band 10 1.3.4 HBC Band 11 1.4 Standardization (IEEE Std 802.15.6-2012) 11 1.4.1 Narrow Band PHY Specification 12 1.4.2 UWB PHY Specification 13 1.4.3 HBC PHY Specification 15 References 18 2 Electromagnetic Characteristics of the Human Body 21 2.1 Human Body Composition 21 2.2 Frequency-Dependent Dielectric Properties 22 2.3 Tissue Property Modeling 23 2.4 Aging Dependence of Tissue Properties 30 2.5 Penetration Depth versus Frequency 35 2.6 In-Body Absorption Characteristic 39 2.7 On-Body Propagation Mechanism 43 2.8 Diffraction Characteristic 49 References 52 3 Electromagnetic Analysis Methods 55 3.1 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method 55 3.1.1 Formulation 55 3.1.2 Absorbing Boundary Conditions 59 3.1.3 Field Excitation 64 3.1.4 FDTD Flow Chart and Code 65 3.1.5 Frequency-Dependent FDTD Method 67 3.2 MoM-FDTD Hybrid Method 71 3.2.1 MoM Formulation 73 3.2.2 Scattered Field FDTD Formulation 75 3.2.3 Hybridization of MoM and FDTD Method 76 3.3 Finite Element Method 78 3.4 Numerical Human Body Model 83 References 87 4 Body Area Channel Modeling 89 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Path Loss Model 91 4.2.1 Free-Space Path Loss 91 4.2.2 On-Body UWB Path Loss 92 4.2.3 In-Body UWB Path Loss 98 4.2.4 In-Body MICS Band Path Loss 104 4.2.5 HBC Band Path Loss and Equivalent Circuit Expression 107 4.3 Multipath Channel Model 118 4.3.1 Saleh–Valenzuela Impulse Response Model 119 4.3.2 On-Body UWB Channel Model 119 4.3.3 In-Body UWB Channel Model 135 References 141 5 Modulation/Demodulation 143 5.1 Introduction 143 5.2 Modulation Schemes 144 5.2.1 ASK, FSK and PSK 144 5.2.2 IR-UWB 147 5.2.3 MB-OFDM 151 5.3 Demodulation and Error Probability 155 5.3.1 Optimum Demodulation for ASK, FSK and PSK 155 5.3.2 Noncoherent Detection for ASK, FSK and PSK 159 5.3.3 Optimum Demodulation for IR-UWB 161 5.3.4 Noncoherent Detection for IR-UWB 164 5.3.5 MB-OFDM Demodulation 167 5.4 RAKE Reception 168 5.5 Diversity Reception 174 References 179 6 Body Area Communication Performance 181 6.1 Introduction 181 6.2 On-Body UWB Communication 182 6.2.1 Bit Error Rate 182 6.2.2 Link Budget 194 6.2.3 Maximum Communication Distance 198 6.3 In-Body UWB Communication 201 6.3.1 Bit Error Rate 201 6.3.2 Link Budget 206 6.4 In-Body MICS-Band Communication 212 6.4.1 Bit Error Rate 212 6.4.2 Link Budget 213 6.5 Human Body Communication 216 6.5.1 Bit Error Rate 216 6.5.2 Link Budget 217 6.6 Dual Mode Body Area Communication 219 References 221 7 Electromagnetic Compatibility Considerations 223 7.1 Introduction 223 7.2 SAR Analysis 225 7.2.1 Safety Guidelines 225 7.2.2 Analysis and Assessment Methods 227 7.2.3 Transmitting Power versus SAR 234 7.3 Electromagnetic Interference Analysis for the Cardiac Pacemaker 245 7.3.1 Cardiac Pacemaker Model and Interference Mechanism 245 7.3.2 Electromagnetic Field Approach 249 7.3.3 Electric Circuit Approach 250 7.3.4 Transmitting Signal Strength versus Interference Voltage 255 7.3.5 Experimental Assessment System 262 References 266 8 Summary and Future Challenges 267 Index 273
£114.90
Wiley-Blackwell Protein Analysis using Mass Spectrometry
Table of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Foreword xvii Preface xix 1 Contemporary Protein Analysis by Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry 1Johannes P.C. Vissers and James I. Langridge 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Traveling-Wave Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry 1 1.3 IM–MS and LC–IM–MS Analysis of Simple and Complex Mixtures 2 1.4 Outlook 7 Acknowledgment 8 References 8 2 High-Resolution Accurate Mass Orbitrap and Its Application in Protein Therapeutics Bioanalysis 11Hongxia Wang and Patrick Bennett 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer and Its Challenges 11 2.3 High-Resolution Mass Spectrometers 12 2.4 Quantitation Modes on Q Exactive Hybrid Quadrupole Orbitrap 13 2.5 Protein Quantitation Approaches Using Q Exactive Hybrid Quadrupole Orbitrap 14 2.6 Data Processing 16 2.7 Other Factors That Impact LC–MS-based Quantitation 16 2.8 Conclusion and Perspectives of LC–HRMS in Regulated Bioanalysis 18 References 18 3 Current Methods for the Characterization of Posttranslational Modifications in Therapeutic Proteins Using Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry 21Zhiqi Hao, Qiuting Hong, Fan Zhang, Shiaw-Lin Wu, and Patrick Bennett 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Characterization of PTMs Using Higher-Energy Collision Dissociation 23 3.3 Application of Electron Transfer Dissociation to the Characterization of Labile PTMs 26 3.4 Conclusion 31 Acknowledgment 32 References 32 4 Macro- to Micromolecular Quantitation of Proteins and Peptides by Mass Spectrometry 35Suma Ramagiri, Brigitte Simons, and Laura Baker 4.1 Introduction 35 4.2 Key Challenges of Peptide Bioanalysis 36 4.3 Key Features of LC/MS/MS-Based Peptide Quantitation 38 4.4 Advantages of the Diversity of Mass Spectrometry Systems 41 4.5 Perspectives for the Future 41 References 42 5 Peptide and Protein Bioanalysis Using Integrated Column-to-Source Technology for High-Flow Nanospray 45Shane R. Needham and Gary A. Valaskovic 5.1 Introduction – LC–MS Has Enabled the Field of Protein Biomarker Discovery 45 5.2 Integration of Miniaturized LC with Nanospray ESI-MS Is a Key for Success 46 5.3 Micro- and Nano-LC Are Well Suited for Quantitative Bioanalysis 47 5.4 Demonstrating Packed-Emitter Columns Are Suitable for Bioanalysis 49 5.5 Future Outlook 51 References 52 6 Targeting the Right Protein Isoform: Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomic Characterization of Alternative Splice Variants 55Jiang Wu 6.1 Introduction 55 6.2 Alternative Splicing and Human Diseases 55 6.3 Identification of Splice Variant Proteins 56 6.4 Conclusion 64 References 64 7 The Application of Immunoaffinity-Based Mass Spectrometry to Characterize Protein Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics 67Bradley L. Ackermann and Michael J. Berna 7.1 Introduction 67 7.2 Overview of IA-MS Methods 69 7.3 IA-MS Applications – Biomarkers 74 7.3.1 Peptide Biomarkers 74 7.4 IA-MS Applications – Biotherapeutics 81 7.5 Future Direction 84 References 85 8 Semiquantification and Isotyping of Antidrug Antibodies by Immunocapture-LC/MS for Immunogenicity Assessment 91Jianing Zeng, Hao Jiang, and Linlin Luo 8.1 Introduction 91 8.2 Multiplexing Direct Measurement of ADAs by Immunocapture-LC/MS for Immunogenicity Screening, Titering, and Isotyping 93 8.3 Indirect Measurement of ADAs by Quantifying ADA Binding Components 95 8.4 Use of LC–MS to Assist in Method Development of Cell-Based Neutralizing Antibody Assays 96 8.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 97 References 97 9 Mass Spectrometry-Based Assay for High-Throughput and High-Sensitivity Biomarker Verification 99Xuejiang Guo and Keqi Tang 9.1 Background 99 9.2 Sample Processing Strategies 100 9.3 Advanced Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Instrumentation 102 9.4 Conclusion 105 References 105 10 Monitoring Quality of Critical Reagents Used in Ligand Binding Assays with Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS) 107Brian Geist, Adrienne Clements-Egan, and Tong-Yuan Yang 10.1 Introduction 107 10.2 Case Study Examples 114 10.3 Discussion 122 Acknowledgment 126 References 126 11 Application of Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry in the Quantification of Intact Proteins in Biological Fluids 129Stanley (Weihua) Zhang, Jonathan Crowther, and Wenying Jian 11.1 Introduction 129 11.2 Workflows for Quantification of Proteins Using Full-Scan LC-HRMS 131 11.3 Internal Standard Strategy 133 11.4 Calibration and Quality Control (QC) Sample Strategy 135 11.5 Common Issues in Quantification of Proteins Using LC-HRMS 135 11.6 Examples of LC-HRMS-Based Intact Protein Quantification 137 11.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 138 Acknowledgment 140 References 140 12 LC–MS/MS Bioanalytical Method Development Strategy for Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies in Preclinical Studies 145Hongyan Li, Timothy Heath, and Christopher A. James 12.1 Introduction: LC-MS/MS Bioanalysis of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies 145 12.2 Highlights of Recent Method Development Strategies 146 12.3 Case Studies of Preclinical Applications of LC–MS/MS for Monoclonal Antibody Bioanalysis 154 12.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 156 References 158 13 Generic Peptide Strategies for LC–MS/MS Bioanalysis of Human Monoclonal Antibody Drugs and Drug Candidates 161Michael T. Furlong 13.1 Introduction 161 13.2 A Universal Peptide LC–MS/MS Assay for Bioanalysis of a Diversity of Human Monoclonal Antibodies and Fc Fusion Proteins in Animal Studies 161 13.3 An Improved “Dual” Universal Peptide LC–MS/MS Assay for Bioanalysis of Human mAb Drug Candidates in Animal Studies 165 13.4 Extending the Universal Peptide Assay Concept to Human mAb Bioanalysis in Human Studies 170 13.5 Internal Standard Options for Generic Peptide LC–MS/MS Assays 173 13.6 Sample Preparation Strategies for Generic Peptide LC–MS/MS Assays 175 13.7 Limitations of Generic Peptide LC–MS/MS Assays 177 13.8 Conclusion 178 Acknowledgments 178 References 178 14 Mass Spectrometry-Based Methodologies for Pharmacokinetic Characterization of Antibody Drug Conjugate Candidates During Drug Development 183Yongjun Xue, Priya Sriraman, Matthew V. Myers, Xiaomin Wang, Jian Chen, Brian Melo, Martha Vallejo, Stephen E. Maxwell, and Sekhar Surapaneni 14.1 Introduction 183 14.2 Mechanism of Action 183 14.3 Mass Spectrometry Measurement for DAR Distribution of Circulating ADCs 186 14.4 Total Antibody Quantitation by Ligand Binding or LC–MS/MS 189 14.5 Total Conjugated Drug Quantitation by Ligand Binding or LC–MS/MS 193 14.6 Catabolite Quantitation by LC–MS/MS 196 14.7 Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacokinetic Support 197 14.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 198 References 198 15 Sample Preparation Strategies for LC–MS Bioanalysis of Proteins 203Long Yuan and Qin C. Ji 15.1 Introduction 203 15.2 Sample Preparation Strategies to Improve Assay Sensitivity 205 15.3 Sample Preparation Strategies to Differentiate Free, Total, and ADA-Bound Proteins 213 15.4 Sample Preparation Strategies to Overcome Interference from Antidrug Antibodies or Soluble Target 214 15.5 Protein Digestion Strategies 214 15.6. Conclusion 215 Acknowledgment 216 References 216 16 Characterization of Protein Therapeutics by Mass Spectrometry 221Wei Wu, Hangtian Song, Thomas Slaney, Richard Ludwig, Li Tao, and Tapan Das 16.1 Introduction 221 16.2 Variants Associated with Cysteine/Disulfide Bonds in Protein Therapeutics 221 16.3 N–C-Terminal Variants 225 16.4 Glycation 226 16.5 Oxidation 226 16.6 Discoloration 228 16.7 Sequence Variants 230 16.8 Glycosylation 232 16.9 Conclusion 240 References 240 Index 251
£144.35
Palgrave MacMillan UK Inquiring into Human Enhancement Interdisciplinary and International Perspectives Health Technology and Society
Book SynopsisHuman enhancement has become a major concern in debates about the future of contemporary societies. This interdisciplinary book is devoted to clarifying the underlying ambiguities of these debates, and to proposing novel ways of exploring what human enhancement means and understanding what practices, goals and justifications it entails.Table of ContentsIntroduction; Simone Bateman, Jean Gayon, Sylvie Allouche, Jérôme Goffette, Michela Marzano PART I: HUMAN ENHANCEMENT: WHAT DO WE MEAN? 1. The Concept and Practices of Human Enhancement: What is at Stake?; Simone Bateman and Jean Gayon 2. Enhancement: Why We Should Distinguish Anthropotechnics from Medicine; Jérôme Goffette 3. Why Do We Wish to Be Enhanced; Vincent Menuz 4. The Moral Ambiguity of Human Enhancement; Ruud ter Meulen PART II: LEARNING FROM ENHANCEMENT PRACTICES 5. A Scale and a Paradigmatic Framework for Human Enhancement; Pascal Nouvel 6. From Repair to Enhancement: The Use of Technical Aids in the Field of Disability; Myriam Winance, Anne Marcellini and Eric de Léséleuc 7. BMI (Brain-Machine Interface) as a Tool for Understanding Human-Machine Cooperation; Selim Eskiizmirliler and Jérôme Goffette 8. Doping Behavior as an Indicator of Performance Pressure; Patrick Laure and Sylvie Allouche PART III: VISIONS OF THE FUTURE: LESSONS FROM ART AND FICTION 9. The Earth as Our Footstool: Visions of Human Enhancement in 19th and 20th Century Britain; Christopher Coenen 10. Transcendental Medicine Versus the ' 'Prisonhouse of the Flesh ' ': Enhancement in R.L. Stevenson ' 's The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde; Françoise Dupeyron-Lafay 11. Biotechnology and the Future of Sport: A Scenario; Jean-Noël Missa 12. Adaptation and Emortality: Human Enhancement in ' 'Tales of the Biotech Revolution ' '; Brian Stableford
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Lulu.com BIOTECHNOLOGY BASICS
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Bloomsbury Publishing PLC Visceral Prostheses
Book SynopsisIn the postmodern era, when the interface of bodies, biologies and technologies increasingly challenges the very notion of what counts as human, this open access book proposes new understandings of the limits and possible extensions of posthuman embodiment. Focusing on prostheses, Margrit Shildrick broadens our understanding of both what prostheses are and what they might mean for human embodiment. As well as rehabilitation devices used by disabled people to replace or augment impaired parts of the body, Shildrick introduces visceral organic prostheses, which involve any cellular material that cannot be identified with the self, from organ transplantation to the physiological processes of microchimerism and the microbiome. Beyond origin narratives that concentrate on host' and guest' and self' and other', she examines the transformative possibilities that prostheses offer as they extend the nature of the embodied self beyond genetic singularity. Building on cutting-eTrade ReviewMargrit Shildrick is an important and original thinker whose work brilliantly brings together bioethics, feminist and queer theories, and critical disability studies. In Visceral Prostheses, Shildrick extends her thinking on posthuman embodiment into new territories, including the microbiome and microchimerism. Her analyses of various case studies of prostheses as both external and internal to corporeality takes feminist thought in new directions. * Lisa Diedrich, Professor of Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, Stony Brook University, USA *A fascinating reconceptualization of the notion of prosthesis through the lens of critical disability studies that views a range of contemporary medical interventions involving live but non-self materials as visceral prostheses requiring a reconceptualization of the human body as open to creative expansion. To frame stem cell transplants, heart and liver transplants, or even fecal transplants as prosthetics is reframes our conventional understanding of prosthetics as remedying a lack. Instead, these are all seen as journeys into a new realm of problematized and extended selfhood. For those engaged in critical disability studies, this reconfiguration of prosthesis is exciting. And for scholars engaged in studying biomedical innovations, the foundational role played by critical disability studies in this analysis of new biomedical strategies promises to reorient medicine in productive ways. * Susan M. Squier, Brill Professor Emeritus of English and Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, Penn State University, USA *Table of ContentsAcknowledgments Introduction Part 1: From Mechanical To Visceral Prostheses Chapter 1: Disability Chapter 2: Organ And Tissue Transplantation Chapter 3: Microchimerism And The Microbiome Part 2: Some Case Studies Chapter 4: Dementia Chapter 5: Stem Cell Transplant Chapter 6: Surrogacy Part 3: Towards Posthuman Embodiment Chapter 7: Life And Death Chapter 8: The Ethics Of A New Imaginary Conclusion References Index
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Springer Microorganisms in Foods 8
Book SynopsisPreface.- Contributors and Reviewers.- Abbreviations Used in the Book.- Part I. Principles of Using Data in Microbial Control.- 1. Utility of Microbial Testing for Safety and Quality.- 2. Validation of Control Measures.- 3. Verification of Process Control.- 4. Verification of Environmental Control.- 5. Corrective Actions to Re-Establish Control.- 6. Microbiological Testing in Customer-Supplier Relations.- Part II. Applications of Principles to Product Categories.- 7. Applications and Use of Criteria and Other Tests.- 8. Meat Products.- 9 Poultry Products.- 10. Fish and Seafood Products.- 11. Feeds and Pet Food.- 12. Vegetablesand Vegetable Products.- 13. Fruits and Fruit Products.- 14. Spice, Dry Soups and Asian Flavorings.- Cereals and Cereal Products.- 16. Nuts, Oilseeds, Dried Legumes and Coffee.- 17. Cocoa, Chocolate and Confectionary.- 18. Oil- and Fat-based Foods.- 19. Sugar, Syrups and Honey.- 20. Non-Alcoholic Beverages.- 21. Water.- 22. Eggs and Egg Products.- 23. Milk and DaiTrade Review"Microorganisms in Foods 8 is a virtual gold mine for all who wish to make themselves familiar with current approaches and policy of microbial food safety, or to update their knowledge on the subject...The ICMSF has established itself as a leading source of independent and impartial scientific advice to international standard setting bodies and national governments and industry. [Microorganisms in Foods 8] is a noble piece of work, which adds to this reputation."-Niels Skovgaard, International Journal of Food Microbiology"A...reference book that I believe should be in every food processor's library."-Ron Wasik, President of RJW Consulting Canada, Ltd.Table of ContentsPreface.- Contributors and Reviewers.- Abbreviations Used in the Book.- Part I. Principles of Using Data in Microbial Control.- 1. Utility of Microbial Testing for Safety and Quality.- 2. Validation of Control Measures.- 3. Verification of Process Control.- 4. Verification of Environmental Control.- 5. Corrective Actions to Re-Establish Control.- 6. Microbiological Testing in Customer-Supplier Relations.- Part II. Applications of Principles to Product Categories.- 7. Applications and Use of Criteria and Other Tests.- 8. Meat Products.- 9 Poultry Products.- 10. Fish and Seafood Products.- 11. Feeds and Pet Food.- 12. Vegetables and Vegetable Products.- 13. Fruits and Fruit Products.- 14. Spice, Dry Soups and Asian Flavorings.- Cereals and Cereal Products.- 16. Nuts, Oilseeds, Dried Legumes and Coffee.- 17. Cocoa, Chocolate and Confectionary.- 18. Oil- and Fat-based Foods.- 19. Sugar, Syrups and Honey.- 20. Non-Alcoholic Beverages.- 21. Water.- 22. Eggs and Egg Products.- 23. Milk and Dairy Products.- 24. Shelf-Table Heat Treated Foods.- 25. Dry Foods for Infants and Young Children.- 26. Combination Foods.- Appendix 1. Sampling Considerations and Statistical Aspects of Sampling Plans.- Appendix 2. Calculations for Chapter 2.- Appendix 3. ISO Methods Referenced in Tables.- Appendix 4. Objectives and Accomplishments of the ICMSF.- Appendix 5. ICMSF Participants.- Appendix 6. ICMSF Publications.- Appendix 7. Sponsors of ICMSF Activities.
£237.99
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Extrusion Processing Technology
Book SynopsisExtrusion is the operation of forming and shaping a molten or dough-like material by forcing it through a restriction, or die. It is applied and used in many batch and continuous processes. However, extrusion processing technology relies more on continuous process operations which use screw extruders to handle many process functions such as the transport and compression of particulate components, melting of polymers, mixing of viscous media, heat processing of polymeric and biopolymeric materials, product texturization and shaping, defibering and chemical impregnation of fibrous materials, reactive extrusion, and fractionation of solid-liquid systems. Extrusion processing technology is highly complex, and in-depth descriptions and discussions are required in order to provide a complete understanding and analysis of this area: this book aims to provide readers with these analyses and discussions. Extrusion Processing Technology: Food and Non-Food Biomaterials provides an ovTable of ContentsForeword ix Acknowledgements xi 1 Generic Extrusion Processes 1 1.1 A history of extrusion processing technology 1 1.1.1 The introduction of screw extruders 1 1.1.2 The generic extrusion process concept 2 1.1.3 Extrusion technology in the polymer-processing industry 3 1.1.4 Extrusion technology in the food- and feed-processing industry 4 1.1.5 Extrusion technology in the paper-milling industry 8 1.2 Factors driving the development of extrusion processing technology 9 1.2.1 Process productivity 9 1.2.2 Product innovation and functionality 9 1.2.3 Environmentally friendly processing 10 1.3 The industrial and economic importance of extrusion processing technology 10 1.3.1 In the polymer and plastics industry 10 1.3.2 In the food and feed industry 10 1.3.3 In the paper milling industry 11 1.4 Contents and structure of the book 11 References 12 2 Extrusion Equipment 13 2.1 Extruders 13 2.1.1 The kinematics of extruders 13 2.1.2 The screw-barrel assembly 15 2.1.3 The die assembly 20 2.1.4 The central operating cabinet 28 2.2 Extruder screw-barrel configurations 28 2.2.1 Single screw extruders 29 2.2.2 Intermeshing co-rotating twin screw extruders 31 2.2.3 Screw-barrel configuration and wear 33 2.3 Ancillary equipment 39 2.3.1 Upstream ancillary equipment 40 2.3.2 On-line ancillary equipment 44 2.3.3 Downstream ancillary equipment 46 References 51 3 Extrusion Engineering 53 3.1 Thermomechanical processing in screw extruders 53 3.1.1 Process configuration of single screw extruders 53 3.1.2 Process configuration of intermeshing co-rotating twin screw extruders 55 3.1.3 Processing specificities 56 3.2 Thermomechanical flow in screw extruders 58 3.2.1 Modeling approaches 58 3.2.2 Solids conveying section 67 3.2.3 Melt conveying section 72 3.2.4 Single screw extrusion versus twin screw extrusion 110 3.3 Thermomechanical extrusion processing: use of numerical methods 115 3.3.1 Single screw extrusion 115 3.3.2 Twin screw extrusion 118 3.3.3 Commercial software 120 References 122 4 The Generic Extrusion Process I: Thermomechanical Plasticating of Polymers and Polymer Melt Forming 125 4.1 The bio-based polymers and bio-based plastics 126 4.1.1 Definitions 126 4.1.2 Macromolecular characteristics of bio-based polymers 129 4.2 Melting mechanism of polymer materials in screw extruders 138 4.2.1 Melting mechanism in single screw extruders: qualitative description 139 4.2.2 Engineering analysis of polymer melting in single screw extruders 140 4.2.3 Melting mechanism in intermeshing co-rotating twin screw extruders 143 4.2.4 Polymer melting: single screw extrusion versus twin screw extrusion 146 4.3 Physical transitions of bio-based polymers 147 4.3.1 Physical transitions of polymeric materials: generalities 147 4.3.2 Glass and melting transitions: basics 149 4.3.3 Glass and melting transitions of bio-based polymers 151 4.4 Flow properties of bio-based polymer melts 157 4.4.1 Flow behavior: basics 157 4.4.2 Measurement of flow properties of polymer melts 159 4.4.3 Rheological characteristics of bio-based polymer melts 161 4.5 Case studies: emerging applications 162 4.5.1 Melting of polyamide-11 in a single screw extruder: exercise 162 4.5.2 Extrusion processing of biodegradable starch-based loose-fill packaging foams 163 4.5.3 Extrusion compounding of flax fiber-reinforced thermoplastics 165 References 168 5 The Generic Extrusion Process II: Thermomechanical Micromixing and Reactive Extrusion 173 5.1 Reactive extrusion: qualitative description 174 5.1.1 Bulk polymerization 174 5.1.2 Reactive processing of polymers. Reactive plastics reprocessing 175 5.1.3 Reactive extrusion in classic organic chemistry 177 5.1.4 Reactive solid-liquid extrusion-pressing 178 5.1.5 Processing characteristics of reactive extrusion 178 5.2 Reactive extrusion: chemical reaction engineering approach 179 5.2.1 The continuous plug flow reactor 181 5.2.2 Mixing in screw extruder-reactors 189 5.2.3 Heat transfer mechanisms in extruder-reactors 206 5.2.4 Coupling of transport phenomena and chemical reactions 210 5.2.5 Basic principles of process engineering in reactive extrusion 213 5.3 Reactive extrusion applications and processing lines 215 5.3.1 The classes of chemical reactions in reactive extrusion 215 5.3.2 Case study 1: casein-to-caseinate extrusion processing 217 5.3.3 Case study 2: extrusion pulping of non-wood fibers 220 5.3.4 Case study 3: enzymatic hydrolysis of starch 225 References 238 6 The Generic Extrusion Process III: Thermomechanical Cooking and Food Product Texturization 243 6.1 Food extrusion-cooking: qualitative description 244 6.1.1 Thermomechanical cooking of biopolymer-based systems 244 6.1.2 Texturization of extrusion-cooked melts 254 6.2 Engineering analysis of process functions 255 6.2.1 Preconditioning 255 6.2.2 Extrusion-cooking 261 6.2.3 Steam-induced die texturization 276 6.3 Examples of industrial applications: food extrusion processing lines 293 6.3.1 Breakfast cereals extrusion processing 294 6.3.2 Aquafeed extrusion-cooking process 300 6.3.3 High-moisture extrusion-cooking process 304 References 306 7 Quality Analysis of Extrusion-Textured Food Products 311 7.1 Methods of thermomechanical cooking analysis 311 7.1.1 Optical microscopy for birefringence analysis 312 7.1.2 Water solubility (WSI) and absorption (WAI) indices 312 7.1.3 Alkaline viscosity 313 7.1.4 Differential scanning calorimetry 313 7.1.5 Rapid Visco™ Analyzer 314 7.2 Methods of characterizing extrudate texture 327 7.2.1 Measurement of product density 327 7.2.2 Measurement of structural characteristics 328 7.2.3 Measurement of mechanical characteristics 334 7.2.4 Physical texture of directly expanded extrudates 342 7.3 Case study: texture monitoring of directly expanded extrudates 343 7.3.1 Main features of process–product relationships 343 7.3.2 Methodology for texture monitoring 344 7.3.3 Master correlations between sensory attributes and puncture parameter 346 References 348 8 The Generic Extrusion Process IV: Thermomechanical Pretreatment and Solid–Liquid Separation 351 8.1 The fourth Generic Extrusion Process: continuous mechanical expression 352 8.2 Engineering analysis of thermomechanical expression 356 8.2.1 Structure of cellular biological materials 357 8.2.2 Introduction of the nomenclature 359 8.2.3 General description of the filtration and consolidation processes 363 8.2.4 Rheological properties of cellular biological materials and their characterization 367 8.3 Process modeling 370 8.3.1 The fluid mechanics of the process and determination of relevant parameters 370 8.3.2 Effects of material properties on the process yield 375 8.3.3 Effects of processing conditions and screw geometry on pressure build-up and liquid expression 378 8.4 Case studies: examples of industrial applications 381 8.4.1 Continuous screw extrusion-pressing of copra, a hard cellular material 382 8.4.2 Continuous screw extrusion-pressing of groundnuts/peanuts, a soft cellular material 382 8.4.3 Soybean processing 383 8.4.4 Feed pretreatments 386 References 390 9 The Generic Extrusion Process V: Thermophysical Micromixing and Material Porosification 393 9.1 The new generic extrusion-porosification process 395 9.1.1 Typical drying processes for instant powders 395 9.1.2 Main drivers of instant powder drying 417 9.1.3 The extrusion-porosification process 421 9.2 Engineering discussion of process functions 425 9.2.1 Vacuum evaporation 426 9.2.2 Twin screw extrusion-aeration 440 9.2.3 Intensified spray drying 450 9.3 Perspectives on industrial applications 451 9.3.1 Range of applications 451 9.3.2 Case study: extrusion-porosification of dairy products 453 References 459 10 Extrusion Technology and Process Intensification 465 10.1 From sustainable development to process intensification 465 10.1.1 The IPAT equation 466 10.1.2 Sustainable development 467 10.1.3 Sustainable technology 469 10.1.4 Concept of process intensification 470 10.2 Process intensification in extrusion processing technology 472 10.2.1 Characteristic times of process phenomena 473 10.2.2 Process-intensifying methods in extrusion 474 10.2.3 Sustainability of extrusion processing technology 497 10.3 Case studies: exercises 499 10.3.1 Exercise 1: Residence time distribution 499 10.3.2 Exercise 2: Polymer melt coupling in reactive extrusion 501 10.3.3 Exercise 3: Weighted average total strain 502 10.3.4 Exercise 4: Energy saving in extrusion-cooking 503 10.3.5 Exercise 5: Water saving in solid-liquid extrusion-pressing 503 10.4 Conclusion: future trends 504 References 505 Index 507
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