Biotechnology Books

Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xv 1 Machine Learning–Assisted Remote Patient Monitoring with Data Analytics 1Vinutha D. C., Kavyashree and G. T. Raju 1.1 Introduction 2 1.1.1 Traditional Patient Monitoring System 2 1.1.2 Remote Monitoring System 3 1.1.3 Challenges in RPM 4 1.2 Literature Survey 5 1.2.1 Machine Learning Approaches in Patient Monitoring 7 1.3 Machine Learning in RPM 8 1.3.1 Support Vector Machine 9 1.3.2 Decision Tree 10 1.3.3 Random Forest 11 1.3.4 Logistic Regression 11 1.3.5 Genetic Algorithm 12 1.3.6 Simple Linear Regression 12 1.3.7 KNN Algorithm 13 1.3.8 Naive Bayes Algorithm 14 1.4 System Architecture 15 1.4.1 Data Collection 16 1.4.2 Data Pre-Processing 17 1.4.3 Apply Machine Learning Algorithm and Prediction 18 1.5 Results 21 1.6 Future Enhancement 23 1.7 Conclusion 24 References 24 2 A Survey on Recent Computer-Aided Diagnosis for Detecting Diabetic Retinopathy 27Priyadharsini C., Jagadeesh Kannan R. and Farookh Khadeer Hussain 2.1 Introduction 28 2.2 Diabetic Retinopathy 28 2.2.1 Features of DR 28 2.2.2 Stages of DR 29 2.3 Overview of DL Models 31 2.3.1 Convolution Neural Network 31 2.3.2 Autoencoders 32 2.3.3 Boltzmann Machine and Deep Belief Network 32 2.4 Data Set 33 2.5 Performance Metrics 34 2.6 Literature Survey 36 2.6.1 Segmentation of Blood Vessels 36 2.6.2 Optic Disc Feature 49 2.6.3 Lesion Detections 50 2.6.3.1 Exudate Detection 50 2.6.3.2 MA and HM 51 2.6.4 DR Classification 51 2.7 Discussion and Future Directions 52 2.8 Conclusion 53 References 53 3 A New Improved Cryptography Method-Based e-Health Application in Cloud Computing Environment 59Dipesh Kumar, Nirupama Mandal and Yugal Kumar 3.1 Introduction 60 3.1.1 Contribution 61 3.2 Motivation 62 3.3 Related Works 62 3.4 Challenges 64 3.5 Proposed Work 64 3.6 Proposed Algorithm for Encryption 66 3.6.1 Demonstration of Encryption Algorithm 66 3.6.1.1 When the Number of Columns Selected in the Table is Even 66 3.6.1.2 When the Number of Columns Selected in the Table is Odd 69 3.6.2 Flowchart for Encryption 72 3.7 Algorithm for Decryption 73 3.7.1 Demonstration of Decryption Algorithm 73 3.7.1.1 When the Number of Columns Selected in the Table is Even 73 3.7.1.2 When the Number of Columns Selected in the Table is Odd 75 3.7.2 Flowchart of Decryption Algorithm 78 3.8 Experiment and Result 78 3.9 Conclusion 80 References 80 4 Cutaneous Disease Optimization Using Teledermatology Underresourced Clinics 85Supriya M., Murugan K., Shanmugaraja T. and Venkatesh T. 4.1 Introduction 86 4.2 Materials and Methods 87 4.2.1 Clinical Setting and Teledermatology Workflow 87 4.2.2 Study Design, Data Collection, and Analysis 87 4.3 Proposed System 88 4.3.1 Teledermatology in an Underresourced Clinic 88 4.3.2 Teledermatology Consultations from Uninsured Patients 89 4.3.3 Teledermatology for Patients Lacking Access to Dermatologists 90 4.3.4 Teledermatologist Management from Nonspecialists 92 4.3.5 Segment Factors of Referring PCPs and Their Patients 93 4.3.6 Teledermatology Operational Considerations 94 4.3.7 Instruction of PCPs 94 4.4 Challenges 95 4.5 Results and Discussion 95 4.5.1 Challenges of Referring to Teledermatology Services 96 References 98 5 Cognitive Assessment Based on Eye Tracking Using Device-Embedded Cameras via Tele-Neuropsychology 101Shanmugaraja T., Venkatesh T., Supriya M. and Murugan K. 5.1 Introduction 102 5.2 Materials and Methods 102 5.3 Framework Elements 102 5.3.1 Eye Tracker Camera 102 5.3.2 Test Construction 103 5.3.3 Web Camera 106 5.3.4 Camera for Eye Tracking 106 5.4 Proposed System 106 5.4.1 Camera for Tracking Eye 106 5.4.2 Web Camera 108 5.4.3 Scoring 108 5.4.4 Eye Tracking Camera 108 5.4.5 Web Camera Human-Coded Scoring 108 5.5 Subjects 109 5.5.1 Characteristics of Subject 109 5.6 Methodology 110 5.6.1 Analysis of Data 110 5.7 Results 110 5.8 Discussion 112 5.9 Conclusion 114 References 115 6 Fuzzy-Based Patient Health Monitoring System 117Venkatesh T., Murugan K., Supriya M., Shanmugaraja T. and Rekha Chakravarthi 6.1 Introduction 118 6.1.1 General Problem 119 6.1.2 Existing Patient Monitoring and Diagnosis Systems 119 6.1.3 Fuzzy Logic Systems 120 6.2 System Design 122 6.2.1 Hardware Requirements 122 6.2.1.1 Functional Requirements 123 6.2.1.2 Nonfunctional Specifications 125 6.3 Software Architecture 125 6.3.1 The Data Acquisition Unit (DAQ) Application Programmable Interface (API) 126 6.3.2 Flowchart—API 128 6.3.3 Foreign Tag IDs 129 6.3.4 Database Manager 130 6.3.5 Database Designing 130 6.3.6 The Fuzzy Logic System 131 6.3.6.1 Introduction to Fuzzy Logic 131 6.3.6.2 The Modified Prior Alerting Score (MPAS) 132 6.3.6.3 Structure of the Fuzzy Logic System 134 6.3.7 Designing a System in Fuzzy 135 6.3.7.1 Input Variables 135 6.3.7.2 The Output Variable 138 6.4 Results and Discussion 140 6.4.1 Hardware Sensors Validation 140 6.4.2 Implementations, Testing, and Evaluation of the Fuzzy Logic Engine 141 6.4.3 Normal Group (NRM) 146 6.4.4 Low Risk Group 146 6.4.5 High Risk Group (HRG) 153 6.5 Conclusions and Future Work 155 6.5.1 Summary and Concluding Remarks 155 6.5.2 Future Directions 155 References 155 7 Artificial Intelligence: A Key for Detecting COVID-19 Using Chest Radiography 159C. Vinothini, P. Anitha, Priya J., Abirami A. and Akash S. 7.1 Introduction 160 7.2 Related Work 162 7.2.1 Traditional Approach 162 7.2.2 Deep Learning–Based Approach 163 7.3 Materials and Methods 163 7.3.1 Data Set and Data Pre-Processing 163 7.3.2 Proposed Model 165 7.4 Experiment and Result 171 7.4.1 Experiment Setup 171 7.4.2 Comparison with Other Models 173 7.5 Results 174 7.6 Conclusion 175 References 176 8 An Efficient IoT Framework for Patient Monitoring and Predicting Heart Disease Based on Machine Learning Algorithms 179Shanthi S., Nidhya R., Uma Perumal and Manish Kumar 8.1 Introduction 180 8.2 Literature Survey 182 8.3 Machine Learning Algorithms 183 8.4 Problem Statement 184 8.5 Proposed Work 185 8.5.1 Data Set Description 185 8.5.2 Collection of Values Through Sensor Nodes 186 8.5.3 Storage of Data in Cloud 187 8.5.4 Prediction with Machine Learning Algorithms 188 8.5.4.1 Data Cleaning and Preparation 188 8.5.4.2 Data Splitting 189 8.5.4.3 Training and Testing 189 8.5.5 Machine Learning Algorithms 189 8.5.5.1 Naive Bayes Algorithm 189 8.5.5.2 Decision Tree Algorithm 190 8.5.5.3 K-Neighbors Classifier 191 8.5.5.4 Logistic Regression 192 8.6 Performance Analysis and Evaluation 192 8.7 Conclusion 197 References 197 9 BABW: Biometric-Based Authentication Using DWT and FFNN 201R. Kingsy Grace, M.S. Geetha Devasena and R. Manimegalai 9.1 Introduction 202 9.2 Literature Survey 203 9.3 BABW: Biometric Authentication Using Brain Waves 208 9.4 Results and Discussion 211 9.5 Conclusion 215 References 216 10 Autism Screening Tools With Machine Learning and Deep Learning Methods: A Review 221Pavithra D., Jayanthi A. N., Nidhya R. and Balamurugan S. 10.1 Introduction 222 10.2 Autism Screening Methods 223 10.2.1 Autism Screening Instrument for Educational Planning—3rd Version 224 10.2.2 Quantitative Checklist for Autism in Toddlers 224 10.2.3 Autism Behavior Checklist 224 10.2.4 Developmental Behavior Checklist-Early Screen 225 10.2.5 Childhood Autism Rating Scale Version 2 225 10.2.6 Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ) 226 10.2.7 Early Screening for Autistic Traits 226 10.2.8 Autism Spectrum Quotient 226 10.2.9 Social Communication Questionnaire 227 10.2.10 Child Behavior Check List 227 10.2.11 Indian Scale for Assessment of Autism 227 10.3 Machine Learning in ASD Screening and Diagnosis 228 10.4 DL in ASD Diagnosis 238 10.5 Conclusion 242 References 242 11 Drug Target Module Mining Using Biological Multifunctional Score-Based Coclustering 249R. Gowri and R. Rathipriya 11.1 Introduction 249 11.2 Literature Study 250 11.3 Materials and Methods 253 11.3.1 Biological Terminologies 253 11.3.2 Functional Coherence 256 11.3.3 Biological Significances 257 11.3.4 Existing Approach: MR-CoC 257 11.4 Proposed Approach: MR-CoCmulti 258 11.4.1 Biological Score Measures for DTM 259 11.4.2 Multifunctional Score-Based Co-Clustering Approach 259 11.5 Experimental Analysis 264 11.5.1 Experimental Results 265 11.6 Discussion 280 11.7 Conclusion 280 Acknowledgment 281 References 281 12 The Ascendant Role of Machine Learning Algorithms in the Prediction of Breast Cancer and Treatment Using Telehealth 285Jothi K.R., Oswalt Manoj S., Ananya Singhal and Suruchi Parashar 12.1 Introduction 286 12.1.1 Objective 287 12.1.2 Description and Goals 287 12.1.2.1 Data Exploration 288 12.1.2.2 Data Pre-Processing 288 12.1.2.3 Feature Scaling 288 12.1.2.4 Model Selection and Evaluation 288 12.2 Literature Review 289 12.3 Architecture Design and Implementation 304 12.4 Results and Discussion 310 12.5 Conclusion 312 12.6 Future Work 313 References 314 13 Remote Patient Monitoring: Data Sharing and Prediction Using Machine Learning 317Mohammed Hameed Alhameed, S. Shanthi, Uma Perumal and Fathe Jeribi 13.1 Introduction 318 13.1.1 Patient Monitoring in Healthcare System 318 13.2 Literature Survey 321 13.3 Problem Statement 322 13.4 Machine Learning 322 13.4.1 Introduction 322 13.4.2 Cloud Computing 324 13.4.3 Design and Architecture 325 13.5 Proposed System 326 13.6 Results and Discussions 331 13.7 Privacy and Security Challenges 333 13.8 Conclusions and Future Enhancement 334 References 335 14 Investigations on Machine Learning Models to Envisage Coronavirus in Patients 339R. Sabitha, J. Shanthini, R.M. Bhavadharini and S. Karthik 14.1 Introduction 340 14.2 Categories of ML Algorithms in Healthcare 341 14.3 Why ML to Fight COVID-19? Tools and Techniques 343 14.4 Highlights of ML Algorithms Under Consideration 344 14.5 Experimentation and Investigation 349 14.6 Comparative Analysis of the Algorithms 353 14.7 Scope of Enhancement for Better Investigation 354 References 356 15 Healthcare Informatics: Emerging Trends, Challenges, and Analysis of Medical Imaging 359G. Karthick and N.S. Nithya 15.1 Emerging Trends and Challenges in Healthcare Informatics 360 15.1.1 Advanced Technologies in Healthcare Informatics 360 15.1.2 Intelligent Smart Healthcare Devices Using IoT With DL 361 15.1.3 Cyber Security in Healthcare Informatics 362 15.1.4 Trends, Challenges, and Issues in Healthcare IT Analytics 363 15.2 Performance Analysis of Medical Image Compression Using Wavelet Functions 364 15.2.1 Introduction 364 15.2.2 Materials and Methods 366 15.2.3 Wavelet Basis Functions 367 15.2.3.1 Haar Wavelet 367 15.2.3.2 db Wavelet 368 15.2.3.3 bior Wavelet 368 15.2.3.4 rbio Wavelet 368 15.2.3.5 Symlets Wavelet 369 15.2.3.6 coif Wavelet 369 15.2.3.7 dmey Wavelet 369 15.2.3.8 fk Wavelet 369 15.2.4 Compression Methods 370 15.2.4.1 Embedded Zero-Trees of Wavelet Transform 370 15.2.4.2 Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees 370 15.2.4.3 Adaptively Scanned Wavelet Difference Reduction 370 15.2.4.4 Coefficient Thresholding 371 15.3 Results and Discussion 371 15.3.1 Mean Square Error 371 15.3.2 Peak Signal to Noise Ratio 371 15.4 Conclusion 380 15.4.1 Summary 380 References 380 Index 383

Read more less

Book SynopsisNANOMATERIALS IN CLINICAL THERAPEUTICS In this rapidly developing field, the book focuses on the practical elements of nanomaterial creation, characterization, and development, as well as their usage in clinical research. Nanotechnology-based applications is a rapidly growing field encompassing a diverse range of disciplines that impact our daily lives. Nanotechnology is being used to carry out large-scale reactions in practically every field of biotechnology and healthcare. The incredible progress being made in these applications is particularly true for the healthcare sector, where they are used in cancer detection and treatment, medical implants, tissue engineering, and so forth. Expansions in this discipline are expected to continue in the future, resulting in the creation of a variety of life-saving medical technology and treatment procedures. The primary goal of this book is to disseminate information on nanotechnology's applications in the biological scieTable of ContentsPreface xix Part 1: History and Basic Principles of Nanotechnology 1 1 Introduction to Nanotechnology 3 Rekha Sharma, Kritika S. Sharma and Dinesh Kumar 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Nanoscale Materials: Importance 5 1.3 Nanotechnology: Historical Advances 8 1.4 Nanofabrication Methods in Nanotechnology 9 1.4.1 Top-Down Method 10 1.4.2 Bottom-Up Method 11 1.5 Carbon Nanoallotropes 13 1.5.1 Fullerene 13 1.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes 14 1.5.3 Graphene 15 1.6 Classification of the Nanomaterials 16 1.6.1 Based on Dimensions 16 1.6.2 Based on the Structural Configuration 17 1.7 Applications of Nanotechnology 18 1.7.1 Chip-Based Plasmonic Sensors 18 1.7.2 Nanoparticle-Based Colorimetric Sensors 20 1.7.3 Colloidal Nanoparticle-Based Plasmonic Sensors 21 1.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 23 Acknowledgment 23 References 24 2 Functional Principal of Nanotechnology in Clinical Research 33 Kalyanee Bera, Biva Ghosh and Mainak Mukhopadhyay 2.1 Introduction 34 2.2 Nanoparticles 36 2.3 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles 37 2.4 Metal Nanoparticles 37 2.4.1 Gold Nanoparticles 38 2.4.2 Silver Nanoparticles 39 2.4.3 Zinc Nanoparticles 39 2.5 Magnetic Nanoparticles 40 2.6 Ceramic Nanoparticles 41 2.7 Lipid Nanoparticles 41 2.8 Polymeric Nanoparticles (Nanoparticles Made of Polymers) 42 2.8.1 Synthetic 43 2.8.2 Natural 43 2.9 Hydrogel 44 2.10 Nanofibers 45 2.11 Nanocomposites 45 2.12 Nanotechnologies for Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis 46 2.12.1 Nanotechnology-Based Biochips and Microarrays 46 2.12.2 Protein Microarrays/Chips 47 2.12.3 Nanobiosensors 48 2.12.4 PEBBLE Nanosensors (Probes Encapsulated by Biologically Localized Embedding) 48 2.12.5 Quantum Dots 48 2.12.6 Fluorescence Microscopy for Chromosomal Changes 49 2.12.7 Nanobarcodes 49 2.12.8 Protein Biobarcode Assay 50 2.12.9 Cantilever Arrays 50 2.12.10 DNA-Protein and Nanoparticles Conjugates 51 2.12.11 Resonance Light Scattering Technology 52 2.12.12 Method of Colorimetric DNA Detection 52 2.12.13 Upcoming Phosphor Technology Based on Nanoparticles 53 2.13 Clinical Uses of Nanotechnology 53 2.13.1 Application of Nanocrystals in Immunohistochemistry 54 2.13.2 Detection of Illness Biomarkers 54 2.13.3 Disease Gene Detection 54 2.13.4 Detection of Microorganisms 55 2.13.5 Dental Nanotechnology 55 2.14 Nanofilm Applications 56 2.15 Nanomedicine Implementation 57 2.16 Future Prospects 58 2.17 Conclusion 58 References 59 3 Application of Nanotechnology in Clinical Research: Present and Future Prospects 75 Mansi Sharma, Pragati Chauhan, Rekha Sharma and Dinesh Kumar 3.1 Introduction 76 3.2 Scope of Nanotechnology in Clinical Research 77 3.3 Classification 78 3.3.1 Nanomaterials 78 3.3.1.1 Nanocrystal 80 3.3.1.2 Nanostructures 81 3.3.2 Nanodevices 89 3.4 Applications of Nanotechnology 91 3.4.1 Drug Delivery 93 3.4.2 Cancer Treatment 93 3.4.3 Gene Therapy 95 3.4.4 Tissue Engineering 95 3.4.5 Wound Treatment 96 3.4.6 Visualization 96 3.4.7 Tuberculosis Treatment 97 3.4.8 In Ophthalmology 97 3.4.9 Neurodegenerative Treatment 97 3.4.10 Diabetes Treatment 98 3.4.11 Protein Detection 98 3.4.12 In Surgery 99 3.4.13 Antibiotic Resistance 99 3.4.14 Immune Response 99 3.4.15 Operative Dentistry 101 3.4.16 Diagnostic Techniques 102 3.5 Conclusion 103 Acknowledgment 103 References 104 Part 2: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Nanomaterials 115 4 Fermentation Process Versus Nanotechnology 117 Nabya Nehal, Anushka Mathur, Modhumita Ganguli and Priyanka Singh 4.1 Overview of Microbial Technology 118 4.1.1 Biological Methodologies for Extraction and Purification of Biomolecules 118 4.1.2 Recent Advancements in Bioprocess Technology 119 4.1.2.1 Genetic Engineering and Random Mutagenesis 120 4.1.2.2 Immobilization Techniques 120 4.2 Nanotechnology 123 4.2.1 Classification of Nanostructures 125 4.2.1.1 Organic Nanocarriers 126 4.2.1.2 Inorganic Nanocarriers 127 4.2.2 Self-Assembly 128 4.2.3 Methodology for Synthesis of Nanoparticles 129 4.3 Biogenic Sources 131 4.3.1 From Bacteria 131 4.3.2 Filamentous Fungi 133 4.3.3 Plants 135 4.3.4 Microalgae 135 4.4 The Extent of Biogenic Nanoparticles in Industrial Sectors 139 4.4.1 Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sectors 143 4.4.2 Environmental Remediation 146 4.4.3 Food Sectors 148 References 158 5 Application of Geno-Sensors and Nanoparticles in Gene Therapy: A New Avenue for Gene Delivery 177 Sharmili Roy, Monalisha Ghosh Dastidar, Vivek Sharma, Beom Soo Kim and Rajiv Chandra Rajak 5.1 Introduction 178 5.2 Inorganic Nanomaterials and Their Application in Gene Delivery 179 5.2.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles 180 5.2.2 Quantum Dots 181 5.2.3 Gold, Silver, and Platinum Nanoparticles 182 5.2.4 Graphene-Based Nanoparticles 186 5.3 Carbon-Based Nanotubes and Their Applications in Gene Delivery 187 5.4 Polymer-Based Nanomaterials and Their Applications in Gene Delivery 188 5.5 Protein, Lipid, and Peptide-Based Nanomaterials and Their Advantages for Gene Delivery 192 5.6 Conclusion: Challenges and Outlook 194 References 196 6 Flexuous Plant Viruses as Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications 205 De Swarnalok 6.1 Introduction 205 6.2 Plant Virus Particle Structures 207 6.2.1 Viruses With Icosahedral Symmetry 207 6.2.2 Viruses with Helical Symmetry 208 6.2.2.1 Rigid Rod-Like Viruses 208 6.2.2.2 Flexuous Filament-Like Viruses 209 6.3 Virus Nanoparticles and Virus-Like Particles 209 6.3.1 VNPs 209 6.3.2 VLPs 210 6.4 Production Platforms for VNPs and VLPs 210 6.4.1 VNPs/VLPs in Plants 211 6.4.2 VLPs via In Vitro Assembly 212 6.5 Functionalization of Viruses 212 6.5.1 Genetic Engineering 213 6.5.2 Chemical Conjugation 213 6.5.3 Other Functionalization Strategies 214 6.6 Uses of Flexuous Plant Viruses in Medicine 214 6.6.1 Vaccination and Immunotherapy 214 6.6.2 3D Tissue Engineering 215 6.6.3 Drug Delivery and Targeting 215 6.6.4 Bioimaging 216 6.6.5 Biosensing 217 6.7 Conclusions 217 References 218 7 Role of Plants in Nanoparticle Synthesis 225 Tanya Kapoor, Md Azizur Rahman, Shally Pandit and Anand Prakash 7.1 Introduction 225 7.2 Characterization of Nanoparticles 227 7.3 Classification of Nanoparticles 227 7.4 Biochemical Synthesis of Nanoparticles 228 7.5 Green Synthesis Approach for NPs 232 7.6 Plants’ Role in the Green Synthesis of NPs 232 7.7 Green Synthesis Using Enzymes 234 7.8 Nanoparticles Role in Photosynthesis 235 7.9 Applications of Green Synthesis NPs 235 7.10 Conclusion 237 References 237 8 Static DNA Nanostructures and Their Applications 245 Debalina Bhattacharya 8.1 Introduction 245 8.1.1 DNA Structure 245 8.1.2 Types of DNA Structures 247 8.2 Static DNA Nanostructures 247 8.2.1 DNA Tile Assembly 248 8.2.2 DNA Origami and Brick Assembly 251 8.3 DNA Origami Nanostructure 251 8.4 DNA Polyhedra 252 8.5 DNA-Functionalized Nanoparticles 253 8.6 Stability in Biological Fluid and Cellular Uptake of DNA-NSs and DNA-NPs 254 8.7 Application 255 8.7.1 DNA Nanostructures as Biosensors 255 8.7.2 DNA in Therapeutics 257 8.7.3 Photo Thermal Therapy and Photo Dynamic Therapy 258 8.7.4 DNA-Based Enzyme Reactors 259 8.7.5 DNA-Based Gene Delivery 260 8.7.6 DNA Scaffolds for Nanophotonics 261 8.7.7 Conclusion 261 References 262 9 Protein-Based Nanostructures 269 Ditipriya Hazra and Amlan Roychowdhury 9.1 Introduction 269 9.2 Peptide-Based Nanoparticle 270 9.3 Protein-Based Nanostructure 271 9.3.1 Oligomerization of Protein 272 9.3.2 Repeat Domain Proteins 273 9.3.3 Protein-Based 2D and 3D Lattice Assembly of Nanoparticles 274 9.3.4 Covalently Assembled Single Chain-Based Nanostructure 274 9.4 Application of Protein-Based Nanostructures in Therapeutics 275 9.4.1 Protein Nanoparticle for Drug Delivery 275 9.4.2 Nanoparticle-Based Vaccines 275 9.4.3 Hydrogel 277 References 278 10 Nanocomposites-Based Biodegradable Polymers 285 Pragati Chauhan, Mansi Sharma, Rekha Sharma and Dinesh Kumar 10.1 Introduction 286 10.2 Nanocomposite 287 10.3 Biodegradable Polymer 288 10.4 Biopolymer 289 10.5 Nanofillers 289 10.6 Cellulose and Its Sources 289 10.7 Nanocellulose 291 10.8 Nanocellulose Composite Processing 292 10.8.1 Melt Mixing Method 293 10.8.1.1 Injection Molding Method 294 10.8.1.2 Resin Transfer Molding Method 295 10.8.1.3 Extrusion Method 296 10.8.2 Solution Casting Method 297 10.8.3 Particle Suspensions Method 299 10.8.4 In-Situ Polymerization Method 300 10.8.5 Layer-by-Layer Lamination Method 303 10.9 Nanocomposites Used as Packaging Materials 305 10.10 Future Perspective and Application 306 10.11 Conclusions 307 References 308 11 Instrumentation for the Analysis and Characterization of Nanomaterials 317 Andrea Komesu, Johnatt Oliveira, Débora Kono Taketa Moreira, Yvan Jesus Olortiga Asencios, João Moreira Neto and Luiza Helena da Silva Martins 11.1 Introduction 318 11.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy [SEM] 319 11.3 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis [EDX] 320 11.4 Atomic Force Microscopy [AFM] 322 11.5 Transmission Electron Microscopy [TEM] 323 11.6 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy [STM] 325 11.7 Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy 327 11.8 Raman Spectroscopy 329 11.9 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 330 11.10 X-Ray Diffraction [XRD] 332 11.11 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy [XPS] 333 11.12 Zeta Potential 335 11.13 Conclusions 336 References 337 12 Application of Microbial Nanoparticles 343 Monika Yadav, Sneha Upreti and Priyanka Singh 12.1 Introduction 344 12.2 Categorization of Nanoparticles 346 12.2.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles 346 12.2.1.1 Polymeric Micelles 346 12.2.1.2 Nanosphere 347 12.2.1.3 Nanocapsules 347 12.2.1.4 Polymerosome 347 12.2.1.5 Nanogels 348 12.2.1.6 Dendrimers 348 12.2.1.7 Nanocomplex 349 12.2.2 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles 349 12.2.2.1 Liposomes 349 12.2.2.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles 349 12.2.2.3 Lipoplexes 349 12.2.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles 350 12.2.3.1 Gold Nanoparticles 350 12.2.3.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles 350 12.2.3.3 Silica Nanoparticles 351 12.2.3.4 Quantum Dots 351 12.2.3.5 Nanocarbons 351 12.2.4 Bioinspired Nanoparticles 352 12.2.4.1 Exosomes 352 12.2.4.2 Protein Nanoparticles 352 12.2.4.3 DNA Nanostructures 352 12.2.5 Hybrid Nanoparticles 353 12.2.5.1 Cell Membrane-Coated Nanoparticles 353 12.2.5.2 Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposites 353 12.2.5.3 Lipid-Polymer Nanoparticles (LPNs) 354 12.3 Microbial-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles for Therapeutic and Biomedical Applications 354 12.3.1 Bacteria 355 12.3.2 Molds and Yeast 356 12.3.3 Microalgae 357 12.4 Agriculture and Food Nanotechnology 358 12.4.1 Food Nanotechnology 359 12.4.1.1 Food Processing 359 12.4.1.2 Food Packaging 359 12.4.2 Agriculture Nanotechnology 360 12.4.3 Enzyme Nanotechnology 360 12.5 Role of Nanoparticles in the Medical Field 361 12.5.1 Nanoparticles Drug Delivery Applications 362 12.5.1.1 Drug Loading 362 12.5.1.2 Covalent Bonding (Prodrug) 362 12.5.1.3 Noncovalent Encapsulation 363 12.6 Application of Microbial Nanoparticles 363 12.6.1 Application of NPs in Food Industry 364 12.6.2 Applications of Nanoparticles in the Pharmaceuticals Industry 368 12.6.2.1 Biopolymeric Nanoparticles in Detection, Diagnosis and Imaging 369 12.6.2.2 In Drug Liberation 370 12.6.2.3 In Magnetic Partition and Recognition 372 12.6.3 Application of Nanoparticles in Cosmetic Sector 373 12.6.4 Nanoparticles in Bioremediation 375 12.6.4.1 Dendrimers in the Process of Bioremediation 376 12.6.4.2 Carbon Nanoparticles in Bioremediation 377 12.6.4.3 Biogenic Uraninite NMs in Bioremediation 378 12.7 Conclusion 378 References 379 13 Bio-Nanostructures: Applications and Perspectives 393 Tanya Kapoor, Shally Pandit and Anand Prakash 13.1 Introduction 393 13.2 Classification of Nanostructures 394 13.2.1 Self-Assembled Nanostructures 394 13.2.2 Carbon-Based Nanostructures 394 13.2.3 Nanocellulose Nanostructures 395 13.2.4 Graphene Oxide-Based Nanostructures 395 13.2.5 Silica-Based Nanostructures 396 13.3 Characterization Method of Nanostructures 396 13.4 Applications of Bio-Nanoparticles 401 13.5 Conclusion 404 References 405 Part 3: Application of Nanomaterials in Clinical Research 411 14 Nanomaterials for Tissue Grafting 413 Paramjeet Singh, Atanu Kotal and Avik Acharya Chowdhury 14.1 Introduction 414 14.2 Tissue Engineering 415 14.2.1 Bone Tissue Engineering 416 14.2.2 Cartilage Tissue Engineering 418 14.2.3 Tissue Grafting 420 14.3 What is Nanotechnology? 422 14.4 Nanomaterials and Nanoparticles 423 14.4.1 Nanomaterials 423 14.4.1.1 Organic Nanomaterials 423 14.4.1.2 Inorganic Nanomaterials 424 14.4.1.3 Composite Nanomaterials 424 14.4.2 Nanoparticles 425 14.4.2.1 Nanoparticles as Bioactive Agents 431 14.4.2.2 Scaffolds and Nanoparticles 431 14.5 Future Prospects 433 14.6 Conclusion 435 References 436 15 Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy 441 Kaliyaperumal Rekha, Nalok Dutta, Muthu Thiruvengadam, Mohammad Ali Shariati, Muhammad Usman Khan, Muhammad Usman, Mihir Bhatta, Kunal Ghosh, Shaheer Arif and Muhammad Naeem 15.1 Introduction 442 15.2 Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery in Cancer Treatment 442 15.3 Drug Nanocarriers Classification 444 15.4 Organic Nanocarriers 444 15.4.1 Liposomes 444 15.4.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles 445 15.4.3 Polymer Nanoparticles 446 15.4.4 Polymer Micelles 446 15.4.5 Dendrimers 446 15.4.6 Polymersomes 447 15.4.7 Hydrogel Nanoparticles 447 15.4.8 Mineral Nanoparticles 448 15.5 Tumor Targeting by Nanoparticles 448 15.6 Utilization of Nanoparticles in Imaging and Treatment for Cancer 449 15.7 Use of Nanoparticles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer 450 15.8 The Use of Nanoparticles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Cancer 451 15.9 Conclusion 452 References 452 16 Nanoantibiotics 459 Rituparna Saha and Mainak Mukhopadhyay 16.1 Introduction 460 16.2 Nanoantibiotics—A Potent Alternative to Antibiotics? 461 16.3 Developmental Strategy of Nanoantibiotics Over Antibiotics 462 16.4 Mechanism of Action of Nanoantibiotics 463 16.5 Common Functions of Nanoantibiotics 463 16.6 Nanomaterials—A Suitable Source of Nanoantibiotics 464 16.7 Types of Nanoantibiotics 465 16.7.1 Through Direct Formulations 465 16.7.1.1 Metal-Based Nanoparticles 465 16.7.1.2 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 466 16.7.1.3 Nanoemulsions 466 16.7.1.4 Nanocomposites 466 16.7.2 Through Indirect Formulations 467 16.7.2.1 Polymers 467 16.7.2.2 Dendrimers 467 16.7.2.3 Hydrogels 468 16.7.2.4 Liposomes 468 16.8 Advantages of Nanoantibiotics 468 16.9 Disadvantages of Nanoantibiotics 469 16.10 Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria with Nanoantibiotics 469 16.11 Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus with Nanoantibiotics 470 16.12 Development of Targeted Therapy Using Nanoantibiotics 470 16.13 Future Prospects of Nanoantibiotics 471 16.14 Conclusion 471 References 472 17 Theranostic Nanomaterials and Its Use in Biomedicine 479 Arka Mukhopadhyay 17.1 Introduction 480 17.2 Biomedical Payloads 482 17.2.1 Imaging 482 17.2.1.1 Optical Imaging 482 17.2.1.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 486 17.2.1.3 Computed Tomography 486 17.2.1.4 Positron Emission Tomography 486 17.2.1.5 Photo Acoustic Tomography 486 17.2.1.6 Ultrasound 488 17.2.1.7 Multimodal Image Therapy 488 17.2.2 Photodynamic Therapy 488 17.2.3 Targeted Gene Therapy 489 17.2.4 Photothermal Therapy 489 17.3 Carrier 490 17.3.1 Polymers 491 17.3.2 Lipids 491 17.3.3 Dendrimers 491 17.3.4 Inorganic Nanocarriers 492 17.4 Theranostic Nanomaterials and Applications 492 17.4.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles 492 17.4.2 Quantum Dots 493 17.4.3 Anisotropic Nanoparticles 494 17.4.4 Upconverting Nanoparticles 494 17.4.5 Carbon Nanotubes 495 17.4.6 Dendrimers 496 17.4.7 Other Nanomaterials 496 17.4.7.1 Gold (Au) Nanoparticles (GNPs) 496 17.4.7.2 Conjugated Polymers 498 17.5 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics 499 17.6 Conclusions: Challenges and Future Perspectives 501 References 503 Appendix 509 Index 511

Read more less

Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAcknowledgments xvii List of Abbreviations xix Introduction 1 Chapter 1 The Basic Physics of Ultrasound 5 Sound Waves 5 Describing Waves 9 Energy in a Sound Wave 11 Ultrasound Pulses 12 Energy Spectrum of a Pulse 13 Bandwidth 14 Speed of Sound (C) 16 Characteristic Acoustic Impedance, Z0 20 Energy in a Sound Wave 22 Decibels 23 Chapter 2 The Interaction of Ultrasound with Tissue 25 Reflection and Transmission at a Plane Interface 25 Poor Visualisation 29 Scattering 30 Attenuation 34 The Journey of the Ultrasound Pulse 37 User Control 37 References 38 Chapter 3 Beam Shapes 39 Simple Beam Shape Model 40 Huygen’s Wavelet Model and Diffraction 43 Focusing 44 Beam Forming with Transducer Arrays 47 Beam Steering 50 Electronic Focusing 52 Resolution 54 Clutter 58 Reference 58 Chapter 4 The Ultrasound Probe 59 The Transducer 59 Backing Layer 62 Matching Layer 63 Front Face Lens 65 Wide Band Transducers 65 Construction of an Array 66 CMUT Technology 66 1-D, 1.5-D, and 2-D Arrays 68 References 72 Chapter 5 Image Formation 73 Image Modes 74 Linear Image Formation 76 3D Imaging 80 Cine Loop 82 Endoprobes 82 Choosing A Probe 84 Focusing 84 Increasing Frame Rate 86 User Control 86 Ultrasound Harmonics 89 Coded Excitation 92 References 94 Chapter 6 The B-Mode Scanner 95 Transmission Side of a Scanner 95 User Controls 96 Receive Side of a Scanner (Rx) 97 Advantages of Digitising 101 Dynamic Range and Transfer Function (Greyscale Mapping) 102 Contrast Resolution 106 User Controls 106 Image Memory 106 Frame Freeze 106 Read and Write Zoom 107 Image Processing 108 User Control 108 Chapter 7 Image Quality and Artefacts 111 Acoustic Window 111 Frame Rate: Frames Per Second (fps) 112 Interlacing Scan Lines 113 Interpolation – Writing in ‘Extra Lines’ 114 Speckle 115 Frame Averaging or Persistence 116 User Control 117 Spatial Compound Imaging 117 Adaptive Filtering 118 Artefacts 122 Speed of Sound Artefacts 122 Attenuation Artefacts 127 Reflection Artefacts 130 Anisotropy 134 Beam Shape Artefacts 135 Temporal Artefacts 137 Final Example 139 References 140 Chapter 8 Principles of Doppler Ultrasound 141 The Doppler Effect 141 The Doppler Equation 143 Duplex Ultrasound 144 CW Doppler 145 CW Doppler Summary 152 Pulsed Wave Doppler (PW Doppler) and Range Gating 152 Intrinsic Spectral Broadening (ISB) 160 Question: What Doppler Angle Should We Use? 162 User Controls 163 Peak Velocity Envelope 165 Average Velocity 167 Doppler Artefacts 170 References 173 Chapter 9 Principles of Colour Doppler Ultrasound 175 Autocorrelation 177 Colour Scale 180 Frame Rate 181 User Controls 181 CDU and the Doppler Angle 183 Colour Aliasing 183 User Controls 185 Discrimination of Stationary Targets 187 User Controls 188 Power Doppler (PD) 188 CDU Artefacts 190 Colour Sensitivity 192 Presets 194 Colour M-Mode 194 Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI) 194 Myocardial Strain Imaging 197 Speckle Tracking Echocardiography STE 199 References 202 Chapter 10 Making Measurements 203 Accuracy 204 Precision 204 How Accurate or Precise Do We Need To Be? 205 Reproducibility 205 Systematic and Random Errors 206 Ultrasound Measurements in Practice 206 Physical Constraints 207 Sonographer-Based Constraints 209 Principles for Making Reliable Measurements 209 Measurement of Circumference, Area, and Volume 213 Doppler Waveform Measurements 216 Waveform Indices 219 Colour Doppler Ultrasound 221 Measurement of Volume Flow Q 221 References 224 Chapter 11 Safety and Quality Assurance 225 Energy, Power, and Intensity 226 Measuring Intensity 227 Intensity 227 Factors Affecting Damage Potential 230 Thermal Effects 231 Thermal Index (TI) 232 Transducer Self-Heating 234 Nonthermal Effects 235 Radiation Force 235 Streaming 235 Cavitation 236 Mechanical Index (MI) 239 Alara 239 Contrast Agents 240 Quality Assurance and Routine Checks 241 Suggested Routine User Checks 241 The Use of Test Objects 244 Personal Risk Management 245 New Techniques in Ultrasound 246 References 247 Chapter 12 Advanced Topics 249 Contrast Agents (CA) 249 Behaviour of Bubbles in the Ultrasound Field 251 Contrast Agent Harmonics 252 Flashing 254 Advanced Micro-Bubble Techniques 255 B-Flow Blood Vessel Imaging 256 Doppler Measurement of Pressure Gradients 260 Advanced Image Processing 261 Artificial Intelligence 261 Segmentation 262 Examples (1–3) 262 Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) 263 Diagnosis with Cad 268 Fusion Imaging 269 Needle Visualisation and Guidance 271 References 274 Chapter 13 Ultrafast Ultrasound 277 Synthetic Aperture Imaging (SA) 278 Plane-Wave Beamforming 279 Summary 283 Speed of Sound Correction 283 Ultrafast Doppler 286 Vector Flow Imaging (VFI) 291 References 298 Chapter 14 Elastography 301 Background Theory 302 Elastography 303 Methods of Applying The Distorting Force 303 Strain Elastography (SE) 303 User Controls 307 SE Artefacts 310 Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Imaging (ARFI Imaging) 314 Strain Ratio 316 Shear Wave Elastography (SWE) 316 Point SWE (PSWE) 320 Supersonic Shear Imaging (SSI) 322 Shear Wave Compounding 323 SWE Artefacts 325 References 326 Appendix 1: Knobology 329 Appendix 2: Handling Equations and Decibels 335 Appendix 3: The Unfocused Transducer Beam Shape 345 Index 349

Read more less

Book SynopsisFUNCTIONALIZED CARBON NANOTUBES FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS The book highlights established research and technology on current and emerging trends and biomedical applications of functionalized carbon nanotubes by providing academic researchers and scientists in industry, as well as high-tech start-ups, with knowledge of the modern practices that will revolutionize using functionalized carbon nanotubes. Nanotechnology suggests fascinating opportunities for a variety of applications in biomedical fields, including bioimaging and targeted delivery of biomacromolecules into cells. Numerous strategies have been recommended to functionalize carbon nanotubes with raised solubility for efficient use in biomedical applications. Functionalized carbon nanotubes have unique arrangements and extravagant mechanical, thermal, magnetic, optical, electrical, surface, and chemical properties, and the combination of these features gives them widespread biomedical applications. Functionalized carbon nanotTable of ContentsPreface xv Part 1: Overview of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes 1 1 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes: An Introduction 3 Sheerin Masroor 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Carbon Nanotube’s Classification 6 1.3 Structural and Morphological Analysis of Carbon Nanotubes 7 1.4 Synthetic Techniques of Carbon Nanotubes 8 1.5 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 9 1.6 Commercial Scale Use of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes 12 1.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects 14 References 15 2 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis and Characterization 21 Neelam Sharma, Shubhra Pareek, Rahul Shrivastava and Debasis Behera 2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 Synthesis Methods 24 2.2.1 Arc Discharge 24 2.2.2 Laser Ablation 25 2.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition 26 2.3 Characterization 27 2.3.1 Raman Spectroscopy 27 2.3.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) 28 2.3.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 29 2.3.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 29 2.3.5 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 30 2.3.6 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 31 2.3.7 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 32 2.4 Functionalized Routes of CNTs 33 2.4.1 Surface Oxidation 33 2.4.2 Doping Heteroatoms 33 2.4.3 Alkali Activation 33 2.4.4 Sulfonation 34 2.4.5 Halogenation 34 2.4.6 Grafting 34 2.4.6.1 Grafting via Oxygen-Containing Groups 35 2.4.6.2 Grafting via Diazonium Compounds 36 2.4.6.3 Other Grafting Methods 37 2.4.7 Non-Covalent Functionalization of CNTs 37 2.4.8 Deposition on Functionalized CNTs 37 2.4.9 Physiochemical Approaches 38 2.4.10 Electrochemical Deposition 38 2.4.11 Electroless Deposition 39 2.5 Conclusion 39 References 40 3 Carbon Nanotubes: Types of Functionalization 49 Manilal Murmu, Debanjan Dey, Naresh Chandra Murmu and Priyabrata Banerjee 3.1 Introduction 50 3.2 Carbon Nanotubes 50 3.3 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 52 3.3.1 Covalent Functionalization 52 3.3.2 Non-Covalent Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 58 3.3.2.1 Reversibility in Non-Covalent Functionalization 63 3.3.2.2 Solvent Variation in Non-Covalent Functionalization 64 3.3.3.3 pH of the System in Non-Covalent Functionalization 64 3.3.3.4 Temperature Responsive System in Non-Covalent Functionalization 65 3.4 Conclusion and Future Outlook 65 Acknowledgements 65 Web Links 66 References 66 4 Functionalization Carbon Nanotubes Innovate on Medical Technology 75 Afroz Aslam, Jeenat Aslam, Hilal Ahmad Parray and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain 4.1 Introduction 75 4.2 Functionalization CNTs for Biomedical Applications 78 4.3 Potential Applications of CNTs in Cancer Therapy 79 4.3.1 Anti-Tumor Immunotherapy 80 4.3.2 Anti-Tumor Hyperthermia Therapy 80 4.3.3 Anti-Tumor Chemotherapy 81 4.3.4 Other Cancer Treatment Strategies 82 4.4 Treatment of Central Nervous System Disorders 82 4.5 Treatment of Infectious Diseases 84 4.6 CNTs-Based Transdermal Drug Delivery 85 4.7 f-CNTs for Vaccination 86 4.8 Application of f-CNTs in Tissue Engineering 86 4.9 Conclusion 88 Important Websites 89 References 89 Part 2: Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes: Current and Emerging Biomedical Applications 95 5 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes: Applications in Biosensing 97 N. Palaniappan, Nidhi Vashistha and Ruby Aslam 5.1 Introduction 97 5.2 CNTs-Based Biosensors 99 5.2.1 Electrochemical Biosensors 100 5.2.1.1 Electrochemical Enzyme Sensors 100 5.2.1.2 Electrochemical Immunosensors 101 5.2.1.3 Electrochemical DNA Sensors 102 5.2.1.4 Non-Biomolecule Based Electrochemical Sensors 104 5.2.2 Optical CNT Sensors 105 5.2.3 Field-Effect CNTs Sensors 106 5.2.4 CNT Human Strain Sensor 107 5.3 Conclusion 108 References 108 6 Applications of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes in Drug Delivery Systems 117 N. Palaniappan, Małgorzata Kujawska and Kader Poturcu 6.1 Introduction 118 6.2 Nanoparticles-Doped Carbon Nanotubes 121 6.3 Brain-Targeted Delivery 123 6.4 The Organic Molecules Functionalized CNTs as Drug Delivery Vehicles 125 6.5 Functionalized CNTs with Nanoparticles for Drug Active Molecular Mechanism 126 6.5.1 Future of Scope of Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Drug Delivery Application 126 6.6 Conclusion 127 References 127 7 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Gene Therapy 139 Tejas Agnihotri, Tanuja Shinde, Manoj Gitte, Pankaj Kumar Paradia, Rakesh Kumar Tekade and Aakanchha Jain 7.1 Introduction 140 7.2 Functionalized CNTs and Gene Therapy 141 7.3 Cellular Uptake of CNT 146 7.4 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes and Cancer 147 7.5 Miscellaneous Diseases and Gene Delivery Through Functionalized CNT 150 7.6 Toxicology and Environmental Aspects of Functionalized CNT 158 7.6.1 Cellular Toxicity 159 7.6.2 Liver Toxicity 159 7.6.3 Central Nervous System Toxicity 160 7.6.4 Cardiovascular Toxicity 161 7.7 Regulatory Concerns Over Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes 162 7.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects 164 Important Website 165 References 165 8 Applications of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis 171 Irshad Ahmad, Talat Parween, Lina Khandare, Aafaq Tantray and Weqar Ahmad Siddiqi 8.1 Introduction 172 8.2 Characteristic Properties of CNTs and Their Performance 175 8.2.1 Physicochemical Properties of CNTs 176 8.3 The Techniques of CNTs Functionalization 177 8.4 Application of Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Therapy and Diagnostic 180 8.4.1 The Use of Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Treatment 180 8.4.2 Intracellular Targeting Using Carbon Nanotubes 180 8.4.2.1 Nucleus Targeting 181 8.4.2.2 Cytoplasm Targeting 181 8.4.2.3 Mitochondria Targeting 181 8.4.3 CNTs for Immunotherapy 182 8.4.4 Cancer Stem Cell Inhibition 183 8.5 Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Diagnosis 183 8.5.1 CNTs in Cancer Imaging 184 8.5.1.1 Raman Imaging 184 8.5.1.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging 184 8.5.1.3 Ultrasonography 184 8.5.1.4 Photoacoustic Imaging 185 8.5.1.5 Near‐Infrared Fluorescence Imaging 185 8.6 Future Prospects 186 8.7 Conclusion 186 Important Websites 187 References 188 9 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Biomedical Imaging: The Recent Advances 197 Alina Abbas, Saman Zehra, Ruby Aslam, Mohammad Mobin and Shahidul Islam bhat 9.1 Introduction 198 9.2 CNT-Based Imaging Methods 199 9.2.1 Fluorescence Imaging 200 9.2.2 Raman Imaging 204 9.2.3 Photoacoustic Imaging 207 9.2.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 209 9.2.5 Nuclear Imaging 212 9.3 Prospects and Challenges 212 9.4 Conclusion 214 References 214 10 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Artificial Bone Tissue Engineering 225 Sougata Ghosh and Ebrahim Mostafavi 10.1 Introduction 226 10.2 CNT-Based Scaffolds and Implants 230 10.2.1 Hydroxyapatite 231 10.2.2 Polymers 234 10.2.2.1 Poly(ε-Caprolactone) 235 10.2.2.2 Polymethyl-Methacrylate 237 10.2.2.3 Poly(Lactide-Co-Glycolide) 238 10.2.2.4 Poly-L-Lactic Acid 240 10.2.2.5 Polyvinyl Alcohol 241 10.2.2.6 Others 242 10.2.3 Biopolymers 242 10.2.3.1 Chitosan 244 10.2.3.2 Collagen 244 10.2.3.3 Others 247 10.3 Intellectual Property Rights and Commercialization Aspects 248 10.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 251 References 252 11 Application of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes in Biomimetic/Bioinspired Systems 257 Mohammad Mobin, Ruby Aslam, Saman Zehra, Jeenat Aslam and Shahidul Islam bhat 11.1 Introduction 258 11.2 Naturally Occurring Materials 259 11.2.1 Nacre and Bone 259 11.2.2 Petal Effect and Gecko Feet 259 11.2.3 Lotus Effect 260 11.2.4 Structural Colors, Antireflection, and Light Collection 261 11.3 Bioinspired Functionalized CNTs Material 261 11.4 Challenges and Solutions in Using CNTs 272 11.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 272 References 274 12 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes: Applications in Tissue Engineering 281 Ajahar Khan, Khalid A. Alamry and Raed H. Althomali 12.1 Introduction 282 12.2 Structural, Physical, and Chemical Properties 284 12.3 Interactions and Biodegradation of CNTs with Biomolecule 287 12.4 Bio-Security of CNT-Based Scaffolds Toward In Vivo Analyses 288 12.5 CNTs Towards the Bone Compatibility 293 12.6 Applications of Functionalized CNTs in Tissue Engineering 294 12.6.1 Functionalized CNTs for Cardiac Tissue Engineering 294 12.6.2 Functionalized CNTs for Neuronal Tissue Regeneration 297 12.6.3 Functionalized CNT for Cartilage Tissue Engineering 298 12.6.4 CNT for Bone Tissue Regeneration 300 12.7 Future Perspectives and Challenges 303 12.8 Conclusion 304 Important Websites 305 References 305 13 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Cell Tracking 319 Sagar Salave, Dhwani Rana, Jyotsna Vitore and Aakanchha Jain Abbreviations 319 13.1 Introduction 320 13.2 Carbon Nanotubes 321 13.2.1 Cellular Interaction of CNTs 325 13.3 Cellular Tracking via CNT 325 13.3.1 Effect of the Surface Coating of CNTs in Single-Particle Tracking 328 13.4 3D Tracking Using CNTs 328 13.4.1 Detection of Single Protein Molecules Through CNTs 329 13.4.2 Stem Cell Labeling and Tracking Through CNTs 330 13.4.3 Labelling and Tracking of Human Pancreatic Cells Through CNTs 330 13.4.4 CNT as Macrophage Carrying Microdevices 331 13.4.4.1 Intracellular Fluctuations and CNT 331 13.4.5 Limitations of CNTs 332 13.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspective 332 Important Links 333 Acknowledgment 333 References 333 14 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Treatment of Various Diseases 339 Ajahar Khan, Khalid A. Alamry and Raed H. Althomali 14.1 Introduction 340 14.2 CNTs: Basic Structure, and Synthesis Methods 342 14.2.1 Structure and Synthesis of CNTs 342 14.2.2 Arc Discharge Technique 342 14.2.3 Laser Ablation Technique 342 14.2.4 Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition Technique 343 14.3 Functionalization of CNTs 343 14.3.1 Covalent Functionalization 344 14.3.2 Non-Covalent Functionalization 344 14.4 Toxicity/Bio-Safety Profile of Carbon Nanotubes 346 14.5 Investigating the Promising Biomedical Effects of Functionalized CNTs 349 14.5.1 Functionalized CNTs-Based Remediation of Infectious Diseases 350 14.5.2 Functionalized CNTs for the Treatment of Central Nervous System Disorders (CNS) 350 14.5.3 Functionalized CNTs for Gene Delivery 351 14.5.4 Implication of Functionalized CNTs in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment 354 14.5.5 Functionalized CNTs for Drug Targeting and Release 357 14.6 Future Prospective 362 14.7 Conclusion 363 Important Websites 364 References 365 15 Role of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes in Antimicrobial Activity: A Review 377 Monika Aggarwal, Samina Husain and Basant Kumar 15.1 Introduction 378 15.2 Introduction to CNTs 378 15.2.1 Classification of CNTs 379 15.2.2 Structure of CNTs 381 15.3 Overview on CNTs Functionalization 382 15.3.1 Types of Functionalization 384 15.4 Anti-Microbial Activity of f-CNTs: Interaction and Action 387 15.5 Antifungal Activity of f-CNTs 388 15.6 Antibacterial Activity of f-CNTs 390 15.6.1 For SWNTs 390 15.6.2 For MWCNTs 392 15.7 Commercial Application of Antimicrobial Activity of f-CNTs 400 15.8 Overview on Antimicrobial Activity of f-CNTs 401 15.9 Future Scope 405 15.10 Conclusion 405 Acknowledgement 406 References 406 Index 413

Read more less

Book SynopsisBioelectronics is a rich field of research involving the application of electronics engineering principles to biology, medicine, and the health sciences. With its interdisciplinary nature, bioelectronics spans state-of-the-art research at the interface between the life sciences, engineering and physical sciences.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors xiii Foreword xv Preface xvii Acknowledgements xix 1 Basic Chemical and Biochemical Concepts 1 1.1 Chapter Overview 1 1.2 Energy and Chemical Reactions 1 1.3 Water and Hydrogen Bonds 15 1.4 Acids, Bases and pH 18 1.5 Summary of Key Concepts 25 2 Cells and their Basic Building Blocks 29 2.1 Chapter Overview 29 2.2 Lipids and Biomembranes 29 2.3 Carbohydrates and Sugars 32 2.4 Amino Acids, Polypeptides and Proteins 34 2.5 Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids, DNA, RNA and Genes 43 2.6 Cells and Pathogenic Bioparticles 51 2.7 Summary of Key Concepts 70 3 Basic Biophysical Concepts and Methods 73 3.1 Chapter Overview 73 3.2 Electrostatic Interactions 74 3.3 Hydrophobic and Hydration Forces 90 3.4 Osmolarity, Tonicity and Osmotic Pressure 91 3.5 Transport of Ions and Molecules across Cell Membranes 94 3.6 Electrochemical Gradients and Ion Distributions Across Membranes 99 3.7 Osmotic Properties of Cells 103 3.8 Probing the Electrical Properties of Cells 105 3.9 Membrane Equilibrium Potentials 111 3.10 Nernst Potential and Nernst Equation 112 3.11 The Equilibrium (Resting) Membrane Potential 114 3.12 Membrane Action Potential 116 3.13 Channel Conductance 120 3.14 The Voltage Clamp 121 3.15 Patch-Clamp Recording 122 3.16 Electrokinetic Effects 124 4 Spectroscopic Techniques 147 4.1 Chapter Overview 147 4.2 Introduction 148 4.3 Classes of Spectroscopy 151 4.4 The Beer-Lambert Law 165 4.5 Impedance Spectroscopy 170 5 Electrochemical Principles and Electrode Reactions 177 5.1 Chapter Overview 177 5.2 Introduction 178 5.3 Electrochemical Cells and Electrode Reactions 180 5.4 Electrical Control of Electron Transfer Reactions 194 5.5 Reference Electrodes 203 5.6 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) 208 6 Biosensors 215 6.1 Chapter Overview 215 6.2 Introduction 215 6.3 Immobilisation of the Biosensing Agent 217 6.4 Biosensor Parameters 218 6.5 Amperometric Biosensors 228 6.6 Potentiometric Biosensors 233 6.7 Conductometric and Impedimetric Biosensors 237 6.8 Sensors Based on Antibody–Antigen Interaction 240 6.9 Photometric Biosensors 242 6.10 Biomimetic Sensors 245 6.11 Glucose Sensors 247 6.12 Biocompatibility of Implantable Sensors 252 7 Basic Sensor Instrumentation and Electrochemical Sensor Interfaces 259 7.1 Chapter Overview 259 7.2 Transducer Basics 260 7.3 Sensor Amplification 262 7.4 The Operational Amplifier 264 7.5 Limitations of Operational Amplifiers 269 7.6 Instrumentation for Electrochemical Sensors 271 7.7 Impedance Based Biosensors 278 7.8 FET Based Biosensors 284 8 Instrumentation for Other Sensor Technologies 297 8.1 Chapter Overview 297 8.2 Temperature Sensors and Instrumentation 298 8.3 Mechanical Sensor Interfaces 304 8.4 Optical Biosensor Technology 325 8.5 Transducer Technology for Neuroscience and Medicine 335 9 Microfluidics: Basic Physics and Concepts 343 9.1 Chapter Overview 343 9.2 Liquids and Gases 343 9.3 Fluids Treated as a Continuum 346 9.4 Basic Fluidics 354 9.5 Fluid Dynamics 356 9.6 Navier-Stokes Equations 365 9.7 Continuum versus Molecular Model 369 9.8 Diffusion 378 9.9 Surface Tension 383 10 Microfluidics: Dimensional Analysis and Scaling 391 10.1 Chapter Overview 391 10.2 Dimensional Analysis 391 10.3 Dimensionless Parameters 400 10.4 Applying Nondimensional Parameters to Practical Flow Problems 411 10.5 Characteristic Time Scales 412 10.6 Applying Micro- and Nano-Physics to the Design of Microdevices 413 Problems 415 References 416 Appendix A: SI Prefixes 417 Appendix B: Values of Fundamental Physical Constants 419 Appendix C: Model Answers for Self-study Problems 421 Index 435

Read more less

Book SynopsisCOMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN BIOPRINTING The book provides a comprehensive exploration of the evolving field of bioprinting in regenerative medicine and is an essential guide for professionals seeking a thorough understanding of the field. Computational Intelligence in Bioprinting provides a comprehensive overview of the evolving field of bioprinting in reformative medicine, defining the process of printing structures using viable cells, biomaterials, and living molecules. The primary goal is to provide substitutes for tissue implants, which might lead to eliminating the requirement for organ donors, as well as to transform animal testing for the learning and analysis of disease and the growth of treatments. The book offers a comprehensive overview of bioprinting technologies and their applications, emphasizing the integration of computation intelligence, artificial intelligence, and other computer science advancements in the field. By harnessing the power

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book is a comprehensive exploration of bio-inspired optimization techniques and their potential applications in healthcare. Bio-Inspired Optimization for Medical Data Mining is a groundbreaking book that delves into the convergence of nature's ingenious algorithms and cutting-edge healthcare technology. Through a comprehensive exploration of state-of-the-art algorithms and practical case studies, readers gain unparalleled insights into optimizing medical data processing, enabling more precise diagnosis, optimizing treatment plans, and ultimately advancing the field of healthcare. Organized into 15 chapters, readers learn about the theoretical foundation of pragmatic implementation strategies and actionable advice. In addition, it addresses current developments in molecular subtyping and how they can enhance clinical care. By bridging the gap between cutting-edge technology and critical healthcare challenges, this book is a pivotal contribution, providing a r

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive exploration of the exciting intersection between technology and biology and delves into the principles, applications, and future directions of IoT in the realm of bioelectronics; it serves as both an introduction for those new to the field and as a detailed reference for experienced professionals seeking to deepen their knowledge. The rapid convergence of technology and biology heralds a new era of evolution in the Internet of Things (IoT), a transformative force enabling interconnected devices to communicate and operate with unparalleled synergy. This is particularly true in the groundbreaking field of bioelectronics, where the fusion of biological systems with electronic devices and IoT is reshaping the landscape of bioelectronics, promising to open up new frontiers in healthcare, diagnostics, and personalized medicine. This timely book explores the numerous ways in which IoT-enabled bioelectronic devices are used to monitor and enhance human health

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book covers a wide range of advanced techniques and approaches for designing and implementing computationally intelligent methods in different application domains which is of great use to not only researchers but also academicians and industry experts. Optimized Computational Intelligence (OCI) is a new, cutting-edge, and multidisciplinary research area that tackles the fundamental problems shared by modern informatics, biologically-inspired computation, software engineering, AI, cybernetics, cognitive science, medical science, systems science, philosophy, linguistics, economics, management science, and life sciences. OCI aims to apply modern computationally intelligent methods to generate optimum outcomes in various application domains. This book presents the latest technologies-driven material to explore optimized various computational intelligence domains. includes real-life case studies highlighting different advanced technologies in computational intellig

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisBiotechnology has become one of the most important issues in public policy and governance, altering the boundaries between the public and the private, the economic and the social, and further complicating the divide between what is scientifically possible and ethically preferred. Given the importance of biotechnology in shaping relations between the state, science, the economy, and the citizenry, a book that explores the Canadian biotechnology regime and its place in our democracy is timelier than ever.Three Bio-Realms provides the first integrated examination of the thirty-year story of the democratic governance of biotechnology in Canada. G. Bruce Doern and Michael J. Prince, two recognized specialists in governance innovation and social policy, look at particular ‘network-based’ factors that seek to promote and to regulate biotechnology inside the state as well as at broader levels. Unmatched by any other book in its historical scope and range, ThrTable of ContentsPreface Abbreviations List of Tables INTRODUCTION: THREE REALMS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Purposes and Contribution The Three Bio-Realms and Related Products and Processes Main Arguments Foundational Concepts and Analytical Framework Structure of the Book PART I: ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK AND HISTORICAL POLICY CONTEXT CHAPTER 1- THE STATE, NETWORKED DEMOCRACY AND SCIENCE-BASED GOVERNANCE Introduction Conceptual Foundations * Governance and Regulation* Networked Democracy and Interests* The Nature of Biotechnology and Science-based Governance The Analytical Framework: Three Core Elements * The State as Biotech Supporter and Biotech Regulator* Networked Biotech Governance Interests and Democracy* Science-based and Precautionary Governance Conclusions CHAPTER 2- NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL BIOTECHNOLOGY POLICY IN LIBERAL AND CONSERVATIVE GOVERNMENT ERAS Introduction Biotech Policy in the Trudeau and Mulroney Eras: Early Support and Major Trade and Patent Policy Impacts Biotech Policy in the Chretien Liberal Era: Towards Better Balance amidst Extended Trade and Precautionary Norms Biotech Policy in the Chretien, Martin and Harper Eras Since 2000: Towards a Genome-Centred Bio-Economy? The Core Politics Underlying International Biotech Policy Conclusions PART II: EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CHANGING BIOTECH-GOVERNANCE REGIME CHAPTER 3: SCIENCE AND SUPPORTIVE GOVERNANCE Introduction Federal and Related Biotech Research Agencies: Networked Governance, Support and Research Conduct * National Research Council (NRC)* The Granting Councils' Networks of Centres of Excellence* Canada Foundation for Innovation* The Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)* Genome Canada Biotech Policy and Advisory Bodies and Arenas of Partial Support, Debate, Criticism and Engagement * Industry Canada and Its Innovation and Related Intellectual Policy Agenda* Engaging Ministers in The Interdepartmental Bio-Policy and Bio-Governance Structure* CBAC, External Advice and Governance Through Citizen Engagement* Periodic Parliamentary and Opposition Party Involvement, Criticism and Inquiries. Biotech Policy and the Search for Technology Assessment Arenas Conclusions CHAPTER 4 - THE BIO-FOOD REALM: BUSINESS DOMINATED PLURALISTC POWER Introduction Bio-Food Regulation Making: Initial Design and Congealment under Institutionalized Pluralistic Power Pre-Market Bio-Food Product Assessment and Approvals under Novel Food Concepts and Regulations Product Regulation on Research on Plants with Novel Traits (PNT) and Potential Unconfined Environmental Release Bio-Food Post Market Regulatory Monitoring Conclusions CHAPTER 5- THE BIO-HEALTH REALM: NETWORKED POWER AND GOVERANCE Introduction Changing Bio-Health Regulation and Related Policy Development Pre-Market Assessment and Approvals of Biologics and Genetic Therapies Post Market Regulatory Monitoring and Assessment for Funding under Medicare and Health Care Plans Conclusions CHAPTER 6- THE BIO-LIFE REALM: PLAYING CATCH-UP WITH SELF-DISCIPLINED POWER RELATIONS Introduction Bio-life Civic Regulation, Bio-Power and Bio-Politics Bio-life Regulation and Rule-Making Regulating Bio-life Products and Activities: The Case of Assisted Human Reproduction Inspection, Enforcement and Post- Monitoring Bio-life Activities Outstanding Issues, Genetic Testing, AHRA Inertia and the Politics of Implementation Conclusions CHAPTER 7- POWER, CHANGING BIOTECH GOVERNANCE AND EXTENDING DEMOCRACY Introduction Key Arguments and Related Explanations of Biotechnology Governance Regime Change Biotechnology Governance Challenges and Extending Democracy REFERENCES

Read more less

Book SynopsisBiotechnology has become one of the most important issues in public policy and governance, altering the boundaries between the public and the private, the economic and the social, and further complicating the divide between what is scientifically possible and ethically preferred. Given the importance of biotechnology in shaping relations between the state, science, the economy, and the citizenry, a book that explores the Canadian biotechnology regime and its place in our democracy is timelier than ever.Three Bio-Realms provides the first integrated examination of the thirty-year story of the democratic governance of biotechnology in Canada. G. Bruce Doern and Michael J. Prince, two recognized specialists in governance innovation and social policy, look at particular ‘network-based’ factors that seek to promote and to regulate biotechnology inside the state as well as at broader levels. Unmatched by any other book in its historical scope and range, ThrTable of ContentsPreface Abbreviations List of Tables INTRODUCTION: THREE REALMS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Purposes and Contribution The Three Bio-Realms and Related Products and Processes Main Arguments Foundational Concepts and Analytical Framework Structure of the Book PART I: ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK AND HISTORICAL POLICY CONTEXT CHAPTER 1- THE STATE, NETWORKED DEMOCRACY AND SCIENCE-BASED GOVERNANCE Introduction Conceptual Foundations * Governance and Regulation* Networked Democracy and Interests* The Nature of Biotechnology and Science-based Governance The Analytical Framework: Three Core Elements * The State as Biotech Supporter and Biotech Regulator* Networked Biotech Governance Interests and Democracy* Science-based and Precautionary Governance Conclusions CHAPTER 2- NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL BIOTECHNOLOGY POLICY IN LIBERAL AND CONSERVATIVE GOVERNMENT ERAS Introduction Biotech Policy in the Trudeau and Mulroney Eras: Early Support and Major Trade and Patent Policy Impacts Biotech Policy in the Chretien Liberal Era: Towards Better Balance amidst Extended Trade and Precautionary Norms Biotech Policy in the Chretien, Martin and Harper Eras Since 2000: Towards a Genome-Centred Bio-Economy? The Core Politics Underlying International Biotech Policy Conclusions PART II: EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CHANGING BIOTECH-GOVERNANCE REGIME CHAPTER 3: SCIENCE AND SUPPORTIVE GOVERNANCE Introduction Federal and Related Biotech Research Agencies: Networked Governance, Support and Research Conduct * National Research Council (NRC)* The Granting Councils' Networks of Centres of Excellence* Canada Foundation for Innovation* The Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)* Genome Canada Biotech Policy and Advisory Bodies and Arenas of Partial Support, Debate, Criticism and Engagement * Industry Canada and Its Innovation and Related Intellectual Policy Agenda* Engaging Ministers in The Interdepartmental Bio-Policy and Bio-Governance Structure* CBAC, External Advice and Governance Through Citizen Engagement* Periodic Parliamentary and Opposition Party Involvement, Criticism and Inquiries. Biotech Policy and the Search for Technology Assessment Arenas Conclusions CHAPTER 4 - THE BIO-FOOD REALM: BUSINESS DOMINATED PLURALISTC POWER Introduction Bio-Food Regulation Making: Initial Design and Congealment under Institutionalized Pluralistic Power Pre-Market Bio-Food Product Assessment and Approvals under Novel Food Concepts and Regulations Product Regulation on Research on Plants with Novel Traits (PNT) and Potential Unconfined Environmental Release Bio-Food Post Market Regulatory Monitoring Conclusions CHAPTER 5- THE BIO-HEALTH REALM: NETWORKED POWER AND GOVERANCE Introduction Changing Bio-Health Regulation and Related Policy Development Pre-Market Assessment and Approvals of Biologics and Genetic Therapies Post Market Regulatory Monitoring and Assessment for Funding under Medicare and Health Care Plans Conclusions CHAPTER 6- THE BIO-LIFE REALM: PLAYING CATCH-UP WITH SELF-DISCIPLINED POWER RELATIONS Introduction Bio-life Civic Regulation, Bio-Power and Bio-Politics Bio-life Regulation and Rule-Making Regulating Bio-life Products and Activities: The Case of Assisted Human Reproduction Inspection, Enforcement and Post- Monitoring Bio-life Activities Outstanding Issues, Genetic Testing, AHRA Inertia and the Politics of Implementation Conclusions CHAPTER 7- POWER, CHANGING BIOTECH GOVERNANCE AND EXTENDING DEMOCRACY Introduction Key Arguments and Related Explanations of Biotechnology Governance Regime Change Biotechnology Governance Challenges and Extending Democracy REFERENCES

Read more less

Book SynopsisBioCoder is a quarterly newsletter for DIYbio, synthetic bio, and anything related. You'll discover: Articles about interesting projects and experiments, such as the glowing plantArticles about tools, both those you buy and those you buildVisits to DIYbio laboratoriesProfiles of key people in the communityAnnouncements of events and other items of interestSafety pointers and tips about good laboratory practiceAnything that's interesting or useful: you tell us!And BioCoder is free (for the time being), unless you want a dead-tree version. We'd like BioCoder to become self supporting (maybe even profitable), but we'll worry about that after we've got a few issues under our belt.If you'd like to contribute, send email to BioCoder@oreilly.com. Tell us what you'd like to do, and we'll get you started.

Read more less

Book SynopsisLab Manual for Biomedical Engineering: Devices and Systems examines key concepts in biomedical systems and signals in a laboratory setting. The book gives students the opportunity to complete both measurement and math modeling exercises, thus demonstrating that the experimental real-world setting directly corresponds with classroom theory.All the experiments in the lab manual have been extensively class-tested and cover concepts such as wave math, Fourier transformation, electronic and random noise, transfer functions, and systems modeling. Each experiment builds on knowledge acquired in previous experiments, allowing the level of difficulty to increase at an appropriate pace. In completing the lab work, students enhance their understanding of the lecture course.The third edition features expanded exercises, additional sample data and measurements, and lab modifications for increased ease and simple adaptation to the online teaching and learning environment. Individual activities have also been added to aid with independent learning.Lab Manual for Biomedical Engineering is ideal for undergraduate courses in biomedical engineering comprised of students who have completed introductory electrical and mechanical physics courses. A two-semester background in calculus is recommended.

Read more less

Book SynopsisResveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is a phenol phytoalexin derived from grapes, berries, and other plants possessing a spectrum of pharmacologic properties. Resveratrol has been shown to modulate LDL levels, a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, to interfere with or inhibit oncogenesis and tumor proliferation in in vivo animal cancer models and in human tumor cells in vitro, to significantly extend the lifespan of the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, and to produce wide-ranging benefits in animal models of obsesity and diabetes.Resveratrol has gained mainstream attention as “the red wine pill,” with widespread claims made of human health benefits that have outpaced the existing evidence. Over the past few years, many clinical trials have been conducted to evaluate the health effects of resveratrol in humans, in the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, osteopenia and osteoporosis, and others. Considerable work is also underway exploring the optimization of resveratrol delivery and bioavailability in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical paradigms. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For more information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit: http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&doi=10.111/(ISSN)1749-6632 ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information on becoming a member.

Read more less

Book SynopsisWorld populations are increasing, as are pathogens capable of causing human disease. These infectious diseases contribute to global "wicked problems". As infection numbers rise, and dangerous pathogens evolve, the complexity of these problems increase. Current biotechnological advances can be used to design more effective methods of combatting infectious diseases, and this book documents a core set of infectious agents, as a method of describing ways to update diagnostic and therapeutic tools. The book begins with an introduction to the pathogenic mechanisms displayed by various diseases. Pathogen descriptions of are followed up by such topics as use assays for low-level detection, application of nanosized agents for drug delivery, and design of vaccines for emerging infections, including Ebola and Zika. New technologies are being developed as fast as infectious evolve. The key to taming these wicked pathogens will be in finding commonalities between organisms and applying biotechnological advances.

Read more less

Book SynopsisBiotechnology is a fascinating interdisciplinary field uniquely poised to take on some of the world's most complex problems. With this thesis at its core, Modern Biotechnology takes a refreshing problems-based approach to exploring the field. The novice will come away with a broad appreciation for the significance of current and emerging biotechnologies - from regenerative medicine, to genetically enhanced crops, to biofuels. Experts will benefit from the concise review of timely game-changing technologies such as DNA sequence-by-synthesis and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein-9 nuclease-mediated genome editing technologies. Despite being set within a conceptual framework of "wicked" problems (i.e., disease, food production, environmental spoilage), insights into the current state and future potential of biotechnologies make this book both optimistic and forward thinking. This is not just an informative text, it's a jumping off point for engaging with a discipline that has the potential to change the world.

Read more less

Book SynopsisConcise, yet comprehensive, coverage of various endoscopic forms as provided in this book will help the reader generate new knowledge in this field. Endoscopy has been in practice for many years in diagnostic medicine. From a simple image collection device, the endoscope has grown into an instrument that incorporates multiple imaging modalities to extract structural and functional information from different parts of the human body. Multimodality endoscopes are discussed in detail in this book, along with their clinical applications. The book is intended for graduate-level students as a quick reference to understand the evolving trends in endoscopic design research. The challenges that remain unaddressed could potentially be explored by biomedical researchers to advance this technology to realize the concept of optical biopsy during routine endoscopic examinations. The book portrays the endoscope as a purely optical instrument, and hence hybrid modes of endoscopic imaging are not covered.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe past five decades have witnessed a rapid growth of computer models for simulating ecosystem functions and dynamics. This has been fuelled by the availability of remote sensing data, computation capability, and cross-disciplinary knowledge. These models contain many submodules for simulating different processes and forcing mechanisms, albeit it has become challenging to truly understand the details due to their complexity. Most ecosystem models, fortunately, are rooted in a few core biophysical foundations, such as the widely recognized Farquhar model, Ball-Berry-Leuning and Medlyn family models, Penman-Monteith equation, Priestley-Taylor model, and Michaelis-Menten kinetics.an introduction of biophysical essentials, four chapters present the core algorithms and their behaviors in modeling ecosystem production, respiration, evapotranspiration, and global warming potentials. Each chapter is composed of a brief introduction of the literature, in which model algorithms, their assumptions, and performances are described in detail. Spreadsheet (or Python codes) templates are included in each chapter for modeling exercises with different input parameters as online materials, which include datasets, parameter estimation, and real-world applications (e.g., calculations of global warming potentials). Users can also apply their own datasets. The materials included in this volume serve as effective tools for users to understand model behaviours and uses with specified conditions and in situ applications.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisOver the course of the last few decades, the incorporation of genetics, genomics, proteomics, and statistics into the field of bioinformatics has had a significant impact on both the field of biology and the field of medicine. The primary application for it is in assisting with the modeling, forecasting, and analysis of enormous amounts of multidimensional biological data utilizing the most recent and cutting-edge computational technologies. The majority of life science students and researchers do not have the skills necessary to make effective use of this sophisticated technology, which is why bioinformatics is not yet widely incorporated in academic courses despite the fact that it holds enormous promise. This book was written after realizing that there was a void in the market for a resource that could provide students and researchers with prior knowledge of the biosciences with a place to begin their studies. The book is an excellent resource that students and young professionals can use in their pursuit of knowledge on this ever-changing topic.Table of Contents Chapter 1 Elements of Biology Chapter 2 History of Bioinformatics Chapter 3 Integral Component of Bioinformatics Chapter 4 Types of Biological Data? Chapter 5 Tools for DNA Analysis Chapter 6 Tools for RNA Analysis Chapter 7 Tools for Protein Analysis Chapter 8 Bioinformatics Databases and Tools for Whole Genome Analysis Chapter 9 Main Challenges in the Field of Bioinformatics Chapter 10 Applications of Bioinformatics

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis comprehensive book covers the underlying scientific principles, state-of-the-art technologies and methodologies of plant mutagenesis. It covers historical development and commonly used terminologies, chemical and physical mutagenesis, mutation induction, mutation breeding and mutations in functional genomics research. Suitable both as a manual for professionals and a resource for students in plant breeding and research, the book includes exemplary cases of practical applications and an appendix of recommended doses of gamma and fast neutron irradiation for almost 200 plant species.Table of ContentsSECTION I: Concepts, Historical Development and Genetic Basis 1: Plant Mutagenesis in Crop Improvement: Basic Terms and Applications 2: A Brief History of Plant Mutagenesis 3: The Structure and Regulation of Genes and Consequences of Genetic Mutations 4: Mutation Categories 5: DNA Repair Pathways and Genes in Plant 6: Double-Stranded DNA Break, Repair and Associated Mutations SECTION II: Mutagens and Induced Mutagenesis 7: Mutagenic Radiations: X-Rays, Ionizing Particles and Ultra Violet 8: Gamma Irradiation 9: Ion Beam Radiation Mutagenesis 10: Ion Implantation Mutagenesis 11: Effects of Radiation on Living Cells and Plants 12: Chemical Mutagenesis 13: Sodium Azide as a Mutagen SECTION III: Mutation Induction and Mutant Development 14: Methodology for Physical and Chemical Mutagenic Treatments 15: Chimeras and Mutant Gene Transmission 16: Chimeras: Properties and Dissociation in Vegetatively Propagated Plants 17: Mutation Induction in Cytoplasmic Genomes 18: Strategies and Approaches in Mutant Population Development for Mutant Selection in Seed Propagated Crops 19: Irradiation - Facilitated Chromosomal Translocation: Wheat As An Example 20: Molecular Techniques and Methods for Mutation Detection and Screening in Plants 21: Discovery of Chemically Induced Mutations by TILLING 22: A Protocol for TILLING and EcoTILLING 23: Applications of DNA Marker Techniques in Plant Mutation Research SECTION IV: Mutation Breeding 24: Principles and Applications of Plant Mutation Breeding 25: Mutant Phenotyping and Pre-Breeding in Barley 26: Mutation Breeding of Vegetatively Propagated Crops 27: Uses of TILLING® For Crop Improvement 28: Applications of in vitro Techniques in Mutation Breeding of Vegetatively Propagated Crops 29: Haploid Mutagenesis 30: Use of Irradiated Pollen to Induce Parthenogenesis and Haploid Production in Fruit Crops 31: Herbicide - Tolerant Crops Developed from Mutations 32: Mutation Breeding for Fatty Acid Composition in Soybean 33: Genetic Improvement of Basmati RiceThrough Mutation Breeding 34: Mutation Breeding of Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.) var. 0900 Ziraat SECTION V: Mutations in Functional Genomics 35: Cloning Genes for Mineral Uptake: Examples Using Rice Mutants 36: Molecular Genetics of Symbiotic Plant-Microbe Interactions in a Model Legume, Lotus Japonicus 37: Mutational Dissection of the Phytochrome Genetic Systems in Rice 38: T-DNA Insertion Mutagenesis 39: Transposon Mutagenesis for Functional Genomics 40: Site-Directed Mutagenesis in Higher Plants 41: Phenomics in Plant Biological Research and Mutation Breeding"

Read more less

Book SynopsisDescribing recent developments in the engineering and generation of plants as production platforms for biopharmaceuticals, this book includes both vaccines and monoclonal antibodies. It has a particular emphasis on targeting diseases which predominate in less developed countries, encompassing the current state of technologies and describing expression systems and applications. This book also includes a variety of vaccine case studies, protecting against pervasive infectious diseases such as rabies, influenza and HIV.Table of Contents1: Introduction, and the Promise of a Plant-derived Vaccine for Hepatitis B Virus 2: Protein Body-inducing Fusions for Recombinant Protein Production in Plants 3: Expression of Recombinant Proteins in Plant Cell Culture 4: Plant-derived Monoclonal Antibodies as Human Biologics for Infectious Disease and Cancer 5: Plant-produced Virus-like Particles 6: Expression of the Capsid Protein of Human Papillomavirus in Plants as an Alternative for the Production of Vaccines 7: Patenting of Plant-made Recombinant Pharmaceuticals and Access in the Developing World 8: Case Study 1: Rabies 9: Case Study 2: Plant-made HIV Vaccines and Neutralizing Antibodies 10: Case Study 3: The Search for a Plant-made Vaccine for Pandemic Influenza Virus

Read more less

Book SynopsisBiotechnology of Major Cereals focuses on the recent advances and future prospects in cereal biotechnology. The first part of the book covers the world's major cereals and focus on new developments and trends. The second part is technology rather than species-led, detailing fundamental developments in technologies and significant target traits.Table of Contents1: Biotechnology of Major Cereals 2: Genetic Transformation of Maize: Conventional Methods and Precision Genome Modification 3: Biotech Maize: Industry Development & Impact 4: Sorghum Genetic Transformation: Current Status and Future Target Traits 5: Barley as a Cereal Model for Biotechnology Applications 6: Wheat Biotechnology; Recent Developments and Future Trends 7: The Long and Winding Road of Rice Genetic Modification Technology and its Potential 8: Setaria Viridis; A Model for C4 Crop Biotechnology 9: Genome Editing in Cereals 10: Anther Culture for Doubled Haploids 11: Chloroplast Transformation in Cereals 12: Cross-species Silencing: Plant-mediated RNAi for Insect Control 13: Acrylamide in Cereals: The Problem and Potential Genetic and Agronomic Solutions 14: Engineering Cereal Endosperm 15: Key molecular and Metabolic Processes used for Genetic Engineering to Improve Freezing 16: Mergers and Acquisitions in Global Ag-Biotech

Read more less

Book SynopsisMicrobial technology plays an integral role in the biotechnology, bioengineering, biomedicine/biopharmaceuticals and agriculture sector. This book provides a detailed compendium of the methods, biotechnological routes, and processes used to investigate different aspects of microbial resources and applications. It covers the fundamental and applied aspects of microorganisms in the health, industry, agriculture and environmental sectors, reviewing subjects as varied and topical as pest control, health and industrial developments and animal feed.Trade ReviewEdited by one of the most renowned experts in bioprocesses, [this book] is extremely opportune not just to meet a growing demand in the sector, but also for its comprehensiveness and indisputable competence. --Professor Helen Treichel"Table of Contents-: Foreword 1: Microbial Resources for Improved Crop Productivity 2: The contributions of mycorrhizal fungi 3: Trichoderma: Utilization for Agriculture Management and Biotechnology 4: The Role of Bacillus Bacterium in Formation of Plant Defence: Mechanism and Reaction 5: Biofilm Formation on Plant Surface by Rhizobacteria: Impact on Plant Growth and Ecological Significance 6: Biofilmed Biofertilizers Application in Agroecosystems 7: Microbial nanoformulation: Exploring potential for coherent nano-farming 8: Bacillus thuringiensis: A Natural Tool in the Insect Pest Control 9: Pleurotus as an Exclusive Eco-Friendly Modular Bio-Tool 10: Use of Biotechnology in Promoting Novel Food and Agriculture Important Microorganisms 11: Endophytes: An Emerging Microbial Tool for Plant Diseases Management 12: Role of L: monocytogenes in Human Health: Disadvantages and Advantages 13: Natural Weapons against Cancer From Bacteria 14: Giardia and Giardiasis: An Overview On Recent Developments 15: Power of Bifidobacteria in Food Applications for the Health Promotion 16: Probiotic and Dental Carries: A Recent Outlook on Conventional Therapy 17: Human Microbiota for Human Health 18: Biotechnological Production of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 19: Functional Enzymes for Animal Feed Applications 20: Microbial Xylanases: Production, Applications and Challenges 21: Microbial Chitinase: Production and Potential Applications 22: Characteristics of microbial inulinases: physical and chemical bases of their activity 23: Microbial Resources for Biopolymer Production 24: Microbial Metabolites in Cosmetic Industries 25: Fungi of the Genus Pleurotus: Importance and Applications 26: Useful Microorganisms for Environmental Sustainability: Application of Heavy Metal Tolerant Consortia for Surface Water Decontamination in Natural and Artificial Wetlands 27: Exopolysaccharide (EPS) producing bacteria: an ideal source of biopolymers 28: Microbial Process Development for Fermentation Based Biosurfactant Production 29: Recent Developments on Algal Biofuel Technology 30: Microbial lipases: Emerging Biocatalyst 31: Bioremediation of Gaseous and Liquid Hydrogen Sulfide Pollutants by Microbial Oxidation 32: Archaea, A Useful Group for Energy Unconventional Production: Methane Production from Sugarcane Secondary Distillation Effluents Using Thermotolerant Strains 33: Industrial Additives Obtained Through Microbial Biotechnology: Biosurfactants and Prebiotics Carbohydrates 34: Industrial Additives Obtained Through Microbial Biotechnology: Bioflavors and Biocolorants 35: Actinomycetes in Biodiscovery: Genomic Advances and New Horizons 36: Molecular Strategies for the Studies of the Expression of Gene Variation by Real-time PCR 37: Whole Genome Sequence Typing Strategies for Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli of the O157:H7 Serotype 38: Microbial Keratinases: Characteristics, Biotechnological Applications and Potential 39: Philippine Fungal Diversity: Benefits and Threats to Food Security

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book integrates a science and business approach to provide an introduction and an insider view of intellectual property issues within the biotech industry, with case studies and examples from developing economy markets. Broad in scope, this book covers key principles in pharmaceutical, industrial, and agricultural biotechnology within four parts. Part 1 details the principles of intellectual property and biotechnology. Part 2 covers plant biotechnology, including biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, GM foods in sustainable agriculture, microbial biodiversity and bioprospecting for improving crop health and productivity, and production and regulatory requirements of biopesticides and biofertilizers. The third part describes recent advances in industrial biotechnology, such as DNA patenting, and commercial viability of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in genome editing. The final part describes intellectual property issues in drug discovery and development of personalized medicine, and vaccines in biodefence. This book is an ideal resource for all postgraduates and researchers working in any branch of biotechnology that requires an overview of the recent developments of intellectual property frameworks in the biotech sector.Table of ContentsPart 1: Biotechnology and Intellectual Property Issues 1: Biotechnology in Agriculture, Medicine and Industry: An Overview 2: Biotechnology and its Development in Developing Countries: Can IPR’s Foster Innovation in the Field? 3: Patent Eligibility Issues in Life Science Innovations: Contentious Court Cases 4: Checks and Balances in Biotechnology Related Patents: In Agreement to the Indian Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005 5: Intellectual Property in Biotechnology Sector. The Importance of “Star Scientists” in the Entrepreneurship and Universities Environment Part 2: Intellectual Property Issues in Agricultural Biotechnology 6: Intellectual Property in Agricultural Biotechnology: From Patent Thickets to Generics 7: Bioprospecting for Improving Soil Health and Crop Productivity: Indian Patent Landscape 8: Seeds of Change: Genetically Modified Crops, Canada’s Agricultural Growth Act and the Erosion of Farmers’ Privilege 9: Recent Innovations in Agricultural Biotechnology: Challenging the Status Quo 10: Chinese Innovation System: The Case of Agricultural Knowledge Sharing 11: IPR Regime for Agricultural Biotechnology in India Part 3: Intellectual Property Issues in Industrial Biotechnology 12: DNA Patenting 13: The Development of Patentability of Genetic Patent in Mainland China and Taiwan 14: Bioprospecting Microbial Diversity: IPR Issues 15: CRISPR/Cas9 system, A Revolutionary Technology for Genome Editing: Applications and IP Disputes Part 4: Intellectual Property Issues in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 16: Healthcare Innovation, Personalization, and the Patent System: Where is the Public Interest? 17: Patentability of Human Embryo Stem Cell: A Comparative Analyse of Case WARF in United States and Europe 18: Innovation and Intellectual Property Issues in the “Decade of Vaccines”: a Brazilian Perspective 19: Promoting Access To Health Care Through Biosimilars: Addressing Intellectual Property Rights And Regulatory Barriers 20: Changing Paradigm for IPR Protection in Drug Discovery Research: Where India Stands 21: Intellectual Property Rights in Drug Development and Biotechnology 22: Leishmaniasis: Drug Development and IP Issues

Read more less

Book SynopsisPlant gene silencing is a crucially important phenomenon in gene expression and epigenetics. This book describes the way small RNA is produced and acts to silence genes, its likely origins in defence against viruses, and also its potential to improve plants. Plant gene silencing can be used to improve industrial traits, make plants more nutritious or more valuable to consumers, to remove allergens, and to improve resistance to weeds and pathogens.Table of Contents1: Diversity of RNA Silencing Pathways in Plants 2: Induction and Suppression of Silencing by Plant Viruses 3: Artificial Induction and Maintenance of Epigenetic Variations in Plants 4: Gene Silencing in Archaeplastida Algae 5: Gene Silencing in Fungi: A Diversity of Pathways and Functions 6: Artificial Small RNA-based Strategies for Effective and Specific Gene Silencing in Plants 7: Application of RNA Silencing in Improving Plant Traits for Industrial Use 8: Increasing Nutritional Value by RNA Silencing 9: RNA-based Control of Plant Diseases: A Case Study with Fusarium graminearum 10: Targeting Nematode Genes by RNA Silencing 11: Gene Silencing Provides Efficient Protection against Plant Viruses

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book covers the biotechnology of all the major perennial fruit and nut species. Since the publication of the first edition of this book in 2005, there has been significant progress in cell culture, genomics and genetic transformation for many of these species. This book covers these biotechnologies and also traditional ones, such as regeneration pathways, protoplast culture, in vitro mutagenesis, and ploidy manipulation that have been applied to many of these species. Three species, Diospyros kaki (persimmon), Punica granatum (pomegranate) and Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) are included for the first time, and several Prunus species now receive separate coverage. The species are organized by plant family to facilitate comparisons among related ones. Each species is discussed in relation to its family and its related wild forms, and most are accompanied by full colour illustrations. This book is a vital resource for those working on the improvement of perennial fruit, nut and plantation crops. The book features: Detailed coverage of major perennial fruit and crop species. Coverage of traditional and new biotechnologies. Full colour illustrations to aid identification This book is an essential resource for scientists and postgraduate students who are engaged in the improvement of perennial fruit, nut and plantation crops and will also be an important accession for university and agricultural research libraries.Table of Contents1: Actinidiaceae 1.1: Actinidia deliciosa Kiwifruit 2: Anacardiaceae 2.1: Anacardium occidentale Cashew 2.2: Mangifera indica L. Mango 2.3: Pistacia vera L. Pistachio 3: Annonaceae 3.1: Annona squamosa Sugar Apple, Annona cherimola Cherimoya and Annona muricata Soursop 4: Arecaceae 4.1: Cocos nucifera L. Coconut 4.2: Elaeis guineensis Oil Palm 4.3: Phoenix dactylifera L. Date Palm 5: Bromeliaceae 5.1: Ananas comosus Pineapple 6: Caricaceae 6.1: Carica papaya L. Papaya 7: Clusiaceae 7.1: Garcinia mangostana Mangosteen 8: Ebenaceae 8.1: Diospyros kaki Persimmon 9: Ericaceae 9.1: Vaccinium spp. Blueberry and Cranberry 10: Fagaceae 10.1: Castanea spp. Chestnut 11: Juglandaceae 11.1: Carya illinoensis Pecan 11.2: Juglans regia L. Walnut 12: Lauraceae 12.1: Persea americana Avocado 13: Malvaceae 13.1: Theobroma cacao L. Cacao 14: Musaceae 14.1: Musa Banana and Plantain 15: Myrtaceae 15.1: Psidium guajaba L. Guava 16: Oleaceae 16.1: Olea europaea Olive 17: Oxalidaceae 17.1: Averrhoa carambola L. Carambola 18: Passifloraceae 18.1: Passiflora edulis Passionfruit 19: Rosaceae 19.1: Eriobotrya japonica Loquat 19.2: Fragaria × ananassa Strawberry 19.3: Malus × domestica Apple 19.4: Prunus sp. Peach and Nectarine 19.5: Prunus sp. Apricot 19.6: Prunus sp. Plum 19.7: Prunus Cherry 19.8: Prunus sp. Almond 19.9: Pyrus Pear and Quince 19.10: Rubus spp. Cane Fruit 20: Rutaceae 20.1: Citrus 21: Sapindaceae 21.1: Dimocarpus longan Longan and Litchi chinensis Litchi 22: Vitaceae 22.1: Vitis spp. Grape

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book explores how policies targeting public research institutions, such as universities, contribute to the appropriation of biotechnology through national innovation systems. Around the world, biotechnology has become a driving force for dramatic change in systems and policies intended to spur innovation. The leading contributors expertly construct a detailed picture of policy approaches that support biotechnology and how such approaches work under different economic and social conditions. They also provide an insight into the role of universities in this process. Researchers, academics, students, policy advisors, decision makers and other professionals involved in the fields of biotechnology, innovation systems, higher education and development will find this book an invaluable resource.Contributors: A. Adamsone-Fiskovica, S.G. Antunes de Souza, I. Bortagaray, T.N. Ca, J.E. Cassiolato, L.V. Chuong, A.M. da Graça Mondjana, B.D. Diyamett, B. Göransson, B. Gregersen, J. Kristapsons, R. Lindner, A. Lulle, P. Macucule, N.P. Mai, E. Mneney, L.F. Montalvo Arriete, B.L.M. Mwamila, L. Neves, J. Núñez Jover, C.M. Palsson, I. Pérez Ones, T.T. Phuong, M.S. Rapini, T. Reiss, C.M. Ribeiro, G. Sagieva, U. Schmoch, J. Sutz, E. Tjunina, L. Van Chuong, H. Wang, Z. Yuan, G.F. ZucolotoTable of ContentsContents: 1. Strategies for Appropriation of Biotechnology Bo Göransson and Carl Magnus Pålsson PART I: LATIN AMERICA 2. The Recent Evolution of the Biotech Local Innovation System of Minas Gerais: University, Local Firms and Transnational Corporations José Eduardo Cassiolato, Graziela Ferrero Zucoloto, Márcia Siqueira Rapini and Sara Gonçalves Antunes de Souza 3. Linkages between Bio-Innovation, Knowledge Production and Policy in Uruguay Isabel Bortagaray, Isarelis Pérez Ones and Judith Sutz 4. Biotechnology, University and Scientific and Technological Policy in Cuba: A Look at Progress and Challenges Jorge Núñez Jover, Isarelis Pérez Ones and Luis Félix Montalvo Arriete PART II: AFRICA 5. The Role of Product Development Partnerships for the Appropriation of Knowledge and Innovation in Biotechnology in Tanzania Emmarold Mneney, Bitrina D. Diyamett and Burton L.M. Mwamila 6. Biotechnology in Mozambique: Present Situation and Future Trends Luis Neves, Paula Macucule, Carlos Miguel Ribeiro and Ana Maria da Graça Mondjana PART III: ASIA 7. Appropriation of Technology in Universities: The Case of Biotechnology Transfer in Vietnam Tran Ngoc Ca, Nguyen Phuong Mai, Tran Thi Phuong and Le Van Chuong 8. Biotechnology Transfer and Application in China: Background and Case Study Wang Haiyan and Zhou Yuan PART IV: EUROPE 9. Biotechnology in Europe: Background Information on Biotechnology Industry Characteristics and Policy Environment in Denmark, Germany, Latvia, Russia and Sweden Thomas Reiss, Ralf Lindner and Ulrich Schmoch 10. Biotechnology in Denmark and Sweden Carl Magnus Pålsson and Birgitte Gregersen 11. Biotechnology Appropriation in a Small Country: From Historical Legacies to Contemporary Challenges in Latvia Anda Adamsone-Fiskovica, Janis Kristapsons, Aija Lulle and Erika Tjunina 12. Biotechnology in Germany Thomas Reiss, Ralf Lindner and Ulrich Schmoch 13. Biotechnology: National Policy and Development Priorities in Russia Galina Sagieva PART V: IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC POLICY AND INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT 14. Implications for Public Policy and Industry Development Bo Göransson and Carl-Magnus Pålsson Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisOn the heels of his earlier work Medical Patent Law - The Challenges of Medical Treatment, Ventose makes another significant contribution to the literature. In his earlier work, he devoted a chapter to medical patents under US law. In Patenting Medical and Genetic Diagnostic Methods he expands that chapter into an entire text. No easy feat, to be sure. Nonetheless, his 'treatment' of the jurisprudential terrain is sophisticated and rigorous. Scholars, practitioners and students seriously interested in the evolution of medical patents under US law will find Ventose's latest work to be invaluable.'- Emir Crowne, University of Windsor, Canada, Law Society of Upper Canada and Harold G. Fox Intellectual Property Moot'This work provides a timely exploration of patent battles over biotechnology, medicine, diagnostic testing, and pharmacogenomics. Such conflicts are critically important at the dawn of a new era of personalised medicine.'- Matthew Rimmer, The Australian National University College of Law and ACIPA, Australia'The debate on the patent eligibility of diagnostic and medical methods has raged recently in the United States and there seemed to be far less certainty about the outcome than in Europe. Gene patents for diagnostic methods clearly stirred the debate, but this is not a new debate. It goes back a century. This book gets to the bottom of the debate and provides an in depth insight, both of the history and of the recent developments. A fascinating tale.'- Paul Torremans, University of Nottingham, UKThis well-researched book explores in detail the issue of patenting medical and genetic diagnostic methods in the United States.It examines decisions of the Patent Office Boards of Appeal and the early courts on the question of whether medical treatments were eligible for patent protection under section 101 of the Patents Act. It then traces the legislative history of the Medical Procedures and Affordability Act that provided immunity for physicians from patent infringement suits. After considering the Supreme Court's jurisprudence on patent eligibility, the book then comprehensively sets out how the Federal Circuit and the Supreme Court have dealt with the issue, paying close attention to the Supreme Court's recent decision in Bilski and Prometheus.Being the first book to comprehensively cover patenting medical methods, it will appeal to patent agents, patent attorneys, solicitors and barristers working in patent and medical law worldwide, medical practitioners and healthcare professionals, in-house legal and regulatory departments of pharmaceutical companies. Researchers and managers in the chemical, medical, pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, as well as academics specializing in medical law or patent law, will also find much to interest them in this book.Contents: Preface 1. Introduction 2. Initial Determination 3. Legislative Intervention 4. Patent-Eligibility 5. Consideration by the Federal Circuit 6. Consideration by the Supreme Court 7. Conclusions Bibliography IndexTrade Review‘On the heels of his earlier work Medical Patent Law – The Challenges of Medical Treatment, Ventose makes another significant contribution to the literature. In his earlier work, he devoted a chapter to medical patents under US law. In Patenting Medical and Genetic Diagnostic Methods he expands that chapter into an entire text. No easy feat, to be sure. Nonetheless, his “treatment” of the jurisprudential terrain is sophisticated and rigorous. Scholars, practitioners and students seriously interested in the evolution of medical patents under US law will find Ventose’s latest work to be invaluable.’ -- Emir Crowne, University of Windsor, Canada, Law Society of Upper Canada and Harold G. Fox Intellectual Property Moot‘This work provides a timely exploration of patent battles over biotechnology, medicine, diagnostic testing, and pharmacogenomics. Such conflicts are critically important at the dawn of a new era of personalised medicine.’ -- Matthew Rimmer, The Australian National University College of Law and ACIPA, Australia‘The debate on the patent eligibility of diagnostic and medical methods has raged recently in the United States and there seemed to be far less certainty about the outcome than in Europe. Gene patents for diagnostic methods clearly stirred the debate, but this is not a new debate. It goes back a century. This book gets to the bottom of the debate and provides an in depth insight, both of the history and of the recent developments. A fascinating tale. . .’ -- Paul Torremans, University of Nottingham, UK‘For researchers, the tables of cases and of national and international legislation are particularly useful and of course, there’s a host of handy references to be gleaned from the bibliography and the footnotes throughout. For anyone involved in intellectual property, medical law or patents, this book should be considered an essential purchase.’ -- Phillip Taylor MBE and Elizabeth Taylor, The Barrister MagazineTable of ContentsContents: Preface 1. Introduction 2. Initial Determination 3. Legislative Intervention 4. Patent-Eligibility 5. Consideration by the Federal Circuit 6. Consideration by the Supreme Court 7. Conclusions Bibliography Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisRecent innovations in agriculture and food technologies have brought benefits to many countries, particularly in developing regions, but information about the extent of these has often been sparse. This research review examines the best papers on the subject to form a comprehensive, global perspective on the impacts of agricultural biotechnology around the world. With an emphasis on the economic, environmental, health and food security aspects of agbiotech, Biotechnology, Agriculture and Development will prove to be an invaluable resource for academics, students and researchers alike.Table of ContentsContents: Acknowledgements Introduction Peter W.B. Phillips, Stuart J. Smyth and David Castle 1. Philipp Aerni (2011), ‘Do Political Attitudes Affect Consumer Choice? Evidence from a Large-Scale Field Study with Genetically Modified Bread in Switzerland’, Sustainability, 3 (9), September, 1555–72 2. Akhter Ali and Awudu Abdulai (2010), ‘The Adoption of Genetically Modified Cotton and Poverty Reduction in Pakistan’, Journal of Agricultural Economics, 61 (1), February, 175–92 3. Julian M. Alston, Michele C. Marra, Philip G. Pardey and T.J. Wyatt (2000), ‘Research Returns Redux: A Meta-Analysis of the Returns to Agricultural R&D’, Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 44 (2), June, 185–215 4. Klaus Ammann (2007), ‘Reconciling Traditional Knowledge with Modern Agriculture: A Guide for Building Bridges’, in Anatole Krattiger, Richard T. Mahoney, Lita Nelsen, Jennifer A. Thomson, Alan B. Bennett, Kanikaram Satyanarayana, Gregory D. Graff, Carlos Fernandez and Stanley P. Kowalski (eds), Intellectual Property Management in Health and Agricultural Innovation: A Handbook of Best Practices, Chapter 16.7, Oxford, UK: MIHR (Centre for the Management of Intellectual Property in Health Research and Development) and Davis, CA: PIPRA (Public Intellectual Property Resource for Agriculture), 1539–62 5. Kym Anderson (2010), ‘Economic Impacts of Policies Affecting Crop Biotechnology and Trade’, New Biotechnology, 27 (5), November, 558–64 6. Arnab K. Basu and Matin Qaim (2007), ‘On The Adoption of Genetically Modified Seeds in Developing Countries and the Optimal Types of Government Intervention’, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 89 (3), August, 784–804 7. Volker Beckmann, Claudio Soregaroli and Justus Wesseler (2006), ‘Coexistence Rules and Regulations in the European Union’, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 88 (5), December, 1193–9 8. Richard Bennett, Stephen Morse and Yousouf Ismael (2006), ‘The Economic Impact of Genetically Modified Cotton on South African Smallholders: Yield, Profit and Health Effects’, Journal of Development Studies, 42 (4), May, 662–77 9. Graham Brookes and Peter Barfoot (2012), ‘Global Impact of Biotech Crops: Environmental Effects, 1996–2010’, GM Crops and Food: Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain, 3 (2), April/May/June, 129–37 10. Derek Byerlee and Ken Fischer (2002), ‘Accessing Modern Science: Policy and Institutional Options for Agricultural Biotechnology in Developing Countries’, World Development, 30 (6), June, 931–48 11. Carl Pray, Danmeng Ma, Jikun Huang and Fangbin Qiao (2001), ‘Impact of Bt Cotton in China’, World Development, 29 (5), May, 813–25 12. Carl K. Eicher, Karim Maredia and Idah Sithole-Niang (2006), ‘Crop Biotechnology and the African Farmer’, Food Policy, 31 (6), December, 504–27 13. José Benjamin Falck-Zepeda, Greg Traxler and Robert G. Nelson (2000), ‘Surplus Distribution from the Introduction of a Biotechnology Innovation’, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 82 (2), May, 360–9 14. Jose Falck-Zepeda, Jose Yorobe, Jr., Bahagiawati Amir Husin, Abraham Manalo, Erna Lokollo, Godfrey Ramon, Patricia Zambrano (2012), ‘Estimates and Implications of the Costs of Compliance with Biosafety Regulations in Developing Countries’, GM Crops and Food: Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain, 3 (1), January/February/March, 52–9 15. Jorge Fernandez-Cornejo and Margriet Caswell, with contributions from Lorraine Mitchell, Elise Golan and Fred Kuchler (2006), ‘The First Decade of Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States’, United States Department of Agriculture Economic Information Bulletin Number 11 (EIB-11), April, 1–36 16. George B. Frisvold and Jeanne M. Reeves (2010), ‘Resistance Management and Sustainable Use of Agricultural Biotechnology’, AgBioForum: The Journal of Agrobiotechnology Management and Economics, 13 (4), 343–59 17. Guillaume Gruère and Debdatta Sengupta (2011), ‘Bt Cotton and Farmer Suicides in India: An Evidence-Based Assessment’, Journal of Development Studies, 47 (2), February, 316–37 18. Ronald J. Herring (2007), ‘Stealth Seeds: Bioproperty, Biosafety, Biopolitics’, Journal of Development Studies, 43 (1), January, 130–57 19. Jikun Huang, Scott Rozelle, Carl Pray and Qinfang Wang (2002), ‘Plant Biotechnology in China’, Science, 295 (5555), January, 674–7 20. Jikun Huang, Deliang Zhang, Jun Yang, Scott Rozelle and Nicholas Kalaitzandonakes (2008), ‘Will the Biosafety Protocol Hinder or Protect the Developing World: Learning from China’s Experience’, Food Policy, 33 (1), February, 1–12 21. Jikun Huang, Ruifa Hu, Scott Rozelle and Carl Pray (2008), ‘Genetically Modified Rice, Yields, and Pesticides: Assessing Farm-Level Productivity Effects in China’, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 56 (2), January, 241–63 22. W.D. Hutchison, E.C. Burkness, P.D. Mitchell, R.D. Moon, T.W. Leslie, S.J. Fleischer, M. Abrahamson, K.L. Hamilton, K.L. Steffey, M.E. Gray, R.L. Hellmich, L.V. Kaster, T.E. Hunt, R.J. Wright, K. Pecinovsky, T.L. Rabaey, B.R. Flood and E.S. Raun (2010), ‘Areawide Suppression of European Corn Borer with Bt Maize Reaps Savings to Non-Bt Maize Growers’, Science, 330 (6001), October, 222–5 23. Calestous Juma (2011), ‘Science Meets Farming in Africa’, Science, 334 (6061), December, 1323 24. Nicholas Kalaitzandonakes, Richard Maltsbarger and James Barnes (2001), ‘Global Identity Preservation Costs in Agricultural Supply Chains’, Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 49 (4), December, 605–15 25. Michael Lipton (2001), ‘Reviving Global Poverty Reduction: What Role for Genetically Modified Plants?’, Journal of International Development, 13 (7), October, 823–46 26. GianCarlo Moschini (2001), ‘Biotech—Who Wins? Economic Benefits and Costs of Biotechnology Innovations in Agriculture’, Estey Centre Journal of International Law and Trade Policy, 2 (1), Spring, 93–117 27. Giancarlo Moschini and Harvey Lapan (1997), ‘Intellectual Property Rights and the Welfare Effects of Agricultural R&D’, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 79 (4), November, 1229–42 28. Carl E. Pray, Jikun Huang, Ruifa Hu and Scott Rozelle (2002), ‘Five Years of Bt Cotton in China – The Benefits Continue’, Plant Journal, 31 (4), August, 423–30 29. Carl E. Pray (2001), ‘Public-Private Sector Linkages in Research and Development: Biotechnology and the Seed Industry in Brazil, China and India’, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 83 (3), August, 742–7 30. Carl E. Pray and Anwar Naseem (2007), ‘Supplying Crop Biotechnology to the Poor: Opportunities and Constraints’, Journal of Development Studies, 43 (1), January, 192–217 31. Matin Qaim and Greg Traxler (2005), ‘Roundup Ready Soybeans in Argentina: Farm Level and Aggregate Welfare Effects’, Agricultural Economics, 32 (1), January, 73–86 32. Matin Qaim (2009), ‘The Economics of Genetically Modified Crops’, Annual Review of Resource Economics, 1, June, 665–93 33. Matin Qaim (2003), ‘Bt Cotton in India: Field Trial Results and Economic Projections’, World Development, 31 (12), December, 2115–27 34. Matin Qaim and Alain de Janvry (2003), ‘Genetically Modified Crops, Corporate Pricing Strategies, and Farmers’ Adoption: The Case of Bt Cotton in Argentina’, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 85 (4), November, 814–28 35. Melinda Smale, Patricia Zambrano and Mélodie Cartel (2006), ‘Bales and Balance: A Review of the Methods Used to Assess the Economic Impact of Bt Cotton on Farmers in Developing Economies’, AgBioForum: The Journal of Agrobiotechnology Management and Economics, 9 (3), 195–212 36. Stuart J. Smyth and Drew L. Kershen (2006), ‘Agricultural Biotechnology: Legal Liability Regimes from Comparative and International Perspectives’, Global Jurist, 6 (2), October, i, 1–80 37. Stuart J. Smyth, George G. Khachatourians and Peter W.B. Phillips (2002), ‘Liabilities and Economics of Transgenic Crops’, Nature Biotechnology, 20 (6), June, 537–41 38. Stuart J. Smyth, William A. Kerr and Peter W.B. Phillips (2011), ‘Recent Trends in the Scientific Basis of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Trade Rules and their Potential Impact on Investment’, Journal of World Investment and Trade, 12 (1), 5–26 39. Arjunan Subramanian and Matin Qaim (2010), ‘The Impact of Bt Cotton on Poor Households in Rural India’, Journal of Development Studies, 46 (2), February, 295–311 40. Felicia Wu (2006), ‘Mycotoxin Reduction in Bt Corn: Potential Economic, Health, and Regulatory Impacts’, Transgenic Research, 15 (3), June, 277–89 41. David Zilberman, Holly Ameden and Matin Qiam (2007), ‘The Impact of Agricultural Biotechnology on Yields, Risks, and Biodiversity in Low-Income Countries’, Journal of Development Studies, 43 (1), January, 63–78 42. David Zilberman, Holly Ameden, Gregory D. Graff and Matin Qaim (2004), ‘Agricultural Biotechnology: Productivity, Biodiversity, and Intellectual Property Rights’, Journal of Agricultural and Food Industrial Organization, 2 (2), May, i, 1–16 43. Roukayatou Zimmermann and Matin Qaim (2004), ‘Potential Health Benefits of Golden Rice: A Philippine Case Study’, Food Policy, 29 (2), April, 147–68 Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisRapid advances in the life sciences means that there is now a far more detailed understanding of biological systems on the cellular, molecular and genetic levels. Sited at the intersection between the life sciences, the engineering sciences and the design sciences, innovations in the biomaterials industry are expected to garner increasing attention and play a key role in future development. This book examines the biomaterials innovations taking place in corporations and in academic research settings today.Biomaterials Innovation offers a comprehensive overview of life science innovation and presents empirical research in the field of biomaterials innovation. Alexander Styhre examines innovation management practices in the field of biomaterials development and explains institutional changes in the biomaterials industry. The demand for accomplishing biocompatibility between the human body and the materials developed is highlighted, as is the relationship between financial markets and biomaterials companies. Finally, the author discusses the therapeutic, regulatory and managerial implications of biomaterials innovation.Biomaterials Innovation will be required reading for any researcher, policy-maker or student interested in innovation management, the life sciences and the development of health care therapies.Contents: 1. Life and Materiality, Nature and Artifice: Transgressing the Divide 2. Bios, Materiality, and Biomateriality 3. Innovation Management and Innovation in the Life Sciences 4. Shifting Institutional Logics in Biomaterial Companies 5. The Epistemology of Biomaterials: How Biomaterials Become Embodied 6. Financing Biomaterials Innovation: Selling Science in Venture Capital Markets 7. Biomaterials Innovation: Re-creating the Human Body Appendix: Methodology of the Studies Bibliography IndexTable of ContentsContents: 1. Life and Materiality, Nature and Artifice: Transgressing the Divide 2. Bios, Materiality, and Biomateriality 3. Innovation Management and Innovation in the Life Sciences 4. Shifting Institutional Logics in Biomaterial Companies 5. The Epistemology of Biomaterials: How Biomaterials Become Embodied 6. Financing Biomaterials Innovation: Selling Science in Venture Capital Markets 7. Biomaterials Innovation: Re-creating the Human Body Appendix: Methodology of the Studies Bibliography Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisRapid advances in the life sciences means that there is now a far more detailed understanding of biological systems on the cellular, molecular and genetic levels. Sited at the intersection between the life sciences, the engineering sciences and the design sciences, innovations in the biomaterials industry are expected to garner increasing attention and play a key role in future development. This book examines the biomaterials innovations taking place in corporations and in academic research settings today.Biomaterials Innovation offers a comprehensive overview of life science innovation and presents empirical research in the field of biomaterials innovation. Alexander Styhre examines innovation management practices in the field of biomaterials development and explains institutional changes in the biomaterials industry. The demand for accomplishing biocompatibility between the human body and the materials developed is highlighted, as is the relationship between financial markets and biomaterials companies. Finally, the author discusses the therapeutic, regulatory and managerial implications of biomaterials innovation.Biomaterials Innovation will be required reading for any researcher, policy-maker or student interested in innovation management, the life sciences and the development of health care therapies.Contents: 1. Life and Materiality, Nature and Artifice: Transgressing the Divide 2. Bios, Materiality, and Biomateriality 3. Innovation Management and Innovation in the Life Sciences 4. Shifting Institutional Logics in Biomaterial Companies 5. The Epistemology of Biomaterials: How Biomaterials Become Embodied 6. Financing Biomaterials Innovation: Selling Science in Venture Capital Markets 7. Biomaterials Innovation: Re-creating the Human Body Appendix: Methodology of the Studies Bibliography IndexTable of ContentsContents: 1. Life and Materiality, Nature and Artifice: Transgressing the Divide 2. Bios, Materiality, and Biomateriality 3. Innovation Management and Innovation in the Life Sciences 4. Shifting Institutional Logics in Biomaterial Companies 5. The Epistemology of Biomaterials: How Biomaterials Become Embodied 6. Financing Biomaterials Innovation: Selling Science in Venture Capital Markets 7. Biomaterials Innovation: Re-creating the Human Body Appendix: Methodology of the Studies Bibliography Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn this book, the authors present in detail several recent methodologies and algorithms that we have developed during the last fifteen years. The deterministic methods account for uncertainties through empirical safety factors, which implies that the actual uncertainties in materials, geometry and loading are not truly considered. This problem becomes much more complicated when considering biomechanical applications where a number of uncertainties are encountered in the design of prosthesis systems. This book implements improved numerical strategies and algorithms that can be applied only in biomechanical studies.Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xi Chapter 1. Basic Tools for Reliability Analysis 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Advantages of numerical simulation and optimization 2 1.3. Numerical simulation by finite elements 3 1.3.1. Use 3 1.3.2. Principle 4 1.3.3. General approach 5 1.4. Optimization process 6 1.4.1. Basic concepts 7 1.4.2. Problem classification 10 1.4.3. Optimization methods 22 1.4.4. Unconstrained methods 23 1.4.5. Constrained methods 43 1.5. Sensitivity analysis 56 1.5.1. Importance of sensitivity 56 1.5.2. Sensitivity methods 57 1.6. Conclusion 61 Chapter 2. Reliability Concept 63 2.1. Introduction 63 2.1.1. Preamble 63 2.1.2. Reliability history 63 2.1.3. Reliability definition 65 2.1.4. Importance of reliability 66 2.2. Basic functions and concepts for reliability analysis 66 2.2.1. Failure concept 67 2.2.2. Uncertainty concept 67 2.2.3. Random variables 68 2.2.4. Probability density function 69 2.2.5. Cumulative distribution function 69 2.2.6. Reliability function 70 2.3. System reliability 71 2.3.1. Series conjunction 71 2.3.2. Parallel conjunction 72 2.3.3. Mixed conjunction 73 2.3.4. Delta-star conjunction 74 2.4. Statistical measures 77 2.5. Probability distributions 81 2.5.1. Uniform distribution 82 2.5.2. Normal distribution 86 2.5.3. Lognormal distribution 91 2.6. Reliability analysis 97 2.6.1. Definitions 97 2.6.2. Algorithms 105 2.6.3. Reliability analysis methods 106 2.6.4. Optimality criteria 110 2.7. Conclusion 112 Chapter 3. Integration of Reliability Concept into Biomechanics 113 3.1. Introduction 113 3.2. Origin and categories of uncertainties 115 3.3. Uncertainties in biomechanics 116 3.3.1. Uncertainty in loading 117 3.3.2. Uncertainty in geometry 118 3.3.3. Uncertainty in materials 118 3.4. Bone-related uncertainty 119 3.4.1. Bone behavior law 120 3.4.2. Contribution to the characterization of the bone’s mechanical properties 125 3.5. Bone developments and formulations 126 3.5.1. Current formulation 126 3.5.2. Generalized formulation 127 3.5.3. Optimized formulation 128 3.5.4. Extension to orthotropic behavior formulation 130 3.6. Characterization by experimentation of the bone’s mechanical properties 133 3.6.1. Characterization by bending test 134 3.6.2. Characterization by compression test 135 3.7. Conclusion 136 Chapter 4. Reliability Analysis of Orthopedic Prostheses 137 4.1. Introduction to orthopedic prostheses 137 4.1.1. History of prostheses 139 4.1.2. Evolution of prostheses 139 4.1.3. Examples of orthopedic prostheses 140 4.2. Reliability analysis of the intervertebral disk 140 4.2.1. Functional anatomy 140 4.2.2. The lumbar functional spinal unit 141 4.2.3. Intervertebral disk prosthesis 145 4.2.4. Numerical application on the intervertebral disk 147 4.3. Reliability analysis of the hip prosthesis 154 4.3.1. Anatomy 154 4.3.2. Presentation of the total hip prosthesis 158 4.3.3. Numerical application of the hip prosthesis 161 4.3.4. Boundary conditions 164 4.3.5. Direct simulation 164 4.3.6. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis 166 4.3.7. Integration of reliability analysis 167 4.4. Conclusion 173 Chapter 5. Reliability Analysis of Orthodontic Prostheses 175 5.1. Introduction to orthodontic prostheses 175 5.2. Anatomy of the temporomandibular joint 176 5.2.1. Articular bone regions and meniscus 177 5.2.2. Ligaments 179 5.2.3. Myology, elevator muscles and depressor muscles 179 5.3. Numerical simulation of a non-fractured mandible 183 5.3.1. Description of the studied mandible 183 5.3.2. Numerical results 185 5.4. Reliability analysis of the fixation system of the fractured mandible 188 5.4.1. Description of a fractured mandible 188 5.4.2. Fixation strategy using mini-plates 189 5.4.3. Study of a homogeneous and isotropic structure 190 5.4.4. Study of a composite and orthotropic structure 198 5.4.5. Result discussion 207 5.5. Conclusion 208 Appendices 209 Appendix 1: Matrix Calculation 211 Appendix 2: ANSYS Code for the Disk Implant 217 Appendix 3: ANSYS Code for the Stem Implant 221 Appendix 4: Probability of Failure/Reliability Index 235 Bibliography 237 Index 245

Read more less

Book SynopsisInvented by J. Monod, and independently by A. Novick and L. Szilard, in 1950, the chemostat is both a micro-organism culturing device and an abstracted ecosystem managed by a controlled nutrient flow. This book studies mathematical models of single species growth as well as competition models of multiple species by integrating recent work in theoretical ecology and population dynamics. Through a modeling approach, the hypotheses and conclusions drawn from the main mathematical results are analyzed and interpreted from a critical perspective. A large emphasis is placed on numerical simulations of which prudent use is advocated. The Chemostat is aimed at readers possessing degree-level mathematical knowledge and includes a detailed appendix of differential equations relating to specific notions and results used throughout this book. Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1 Bioreactors 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.1.1. What is a bioreactor? 1 1.1.2. Classification of biological reactors 2 1.1.3. A brief reminder of microbiology 3 1.2. Modeling of biological reactions 4 1.2.1. Regarding the state variables of the model 4 1.2.2. Biological processes and reaction scheme 8 1.2.3. Chemostat equations 11 1.2.4. Biological kinetics 14 1.2.5. The benefits of the chemostat 16 1.3. Toward “a little more” realism 17 1.3.1. Extensions 17 1.3.2. pH and physicochemical equilibria 20 1.3.3. Spatialization 22 1.3.4. Recent developments 23 Chapter 2 The Growth of a Single Species 25 2.1. Mathematical properties of the “minimal model” 26 2.1.1. General properties 26 2.1.2. The function μ is monotonic and bounded 29 2.1.3. The function μ is not monotonic 35 2.1.4. Interpretations 38 2.2. Simulations 40 2.2.1. Simulations in the phase space 41 2.2.2. Transients 43 2.3. Some extensions of the minimal model 45 2.3.1. Presence of biomass in the feed 46 2.3.2. Different dilutions 49 2.3.3. Density-dependent growth rate and characteristic at equilibrium 52 2.3.4. Yield depending on the density of the substrate 58 2.4. Bibliographic notes 61 Chapter 3 Competitive Exclusion 63 3.1. The case of monotonic growth functions 64 3.1.1. Steady states 64 3.1.2. Possible steady-states 65 3.1.3. Local stability of washout steady-state 66 3.2. Competitive exclusion at steady-state 67 3.2.1. Statement 68 3.2.2. Species at steady-state according to the dilution rate 68 3.2.3. Dynamics of proportions between species 69 3.2.4. Conclusion 73 3.3. Global stability 73 3.3.1. A “graphical” proof for two species 75 3.3.2. A proof for the general case 76 3.4. The case of non-monotonic growth functions 80 3.4.1. Growth set 81 3.4.2. Study of steady-states 82 3.4.3. Competitive exclusion 82 3.4.4. Competition between two species 83 3.4.5. Illustration and effect of a “bio-augmentation” 84 3.5. Bibliographic notes 88 Chapter 4 Competition: the Density-Dependent Model 93 4.1. Chapter orientation 93 4.2. Two-species competition 96 4.2.1. Behavior of an isolated species 97 4.2.2. Steady-state of two species in interaction 98 4.2.3. Steady-state stability 102 4.2.4. Simulations 103 4.3. N-species competition: exclusive intraspecific competition 104 4.3.1. Characteristic at equilibrium and coexistence 106 4.3.2. Simulations 110 4.4. N-species competition: the general case 111 4.4.1. A particular density-dependent model 112 4.4.2. Exclusive intraspecific competition 113 4.4.3. Dominant intraspecific competition 113 4.4.4. Undifferentiated competition 114 4.4.5. Dominant intraspecific competition 117 4.5. Bibliographic notes 123 Chapter 5 More Complex Models 125 5.1. Introduction 125 5.2. Models with aggregated biomass 126 5.2.1. Planktonic biomass versus aggregate biomass 127 5.2.2. Coexistence between the two forms 128 5.2.3. Coexistence steady-state 129 5.2.4. Stability study 133 5.2.5. The case of fast attachments/detachments 134 5.2.6. Consideration of several species 138 5.3. The “predator-prey” relationship in the chemostat 139 5.3.1. Introduction 139 5.3.2. The substrate-bacteria-predator “chain” 140 5.3.3. The substrate-bacteria-predators trophic network 143 5.3.4. Comparison to experimental data 146 5.4. Bibliographic notes 148 Appendices 151 Appendix 1 Differential Equations 153 Appendix 2 Indications for the Exercises 195 Bibliography 217 Index 225

Read more less

Book SynopsisOptimal control is a branch of applied mathematics that engineers need in order to optimize the operation of systems and production processes. Its application to concrete examples is often considered to be difficult because it requires a large investment to master its subtleties. The purpose of Optimal Control in Bioprocesses is to provide a pedagogical perspective on the foundations of the theory and to support the reader in its application, first by using academic examples and then by using concrete examples in biotechnology. The book is thus divided into two parts, the first of which outlines the essential definitions and concepts necessary for the understanding of Pontryagin’s maximum principle – or PMP – while the second exposes applications specific to the world of bioprocesses. This book is unique in that it focuses on the arguments and geometric interpretations of the trajectories provided by the application of PMP. Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Part 1 Learning to use Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle 1 Chapter 1 The Classical Calculus of Variations 3 1.1 Introduction: notations 3 1.2 Minimizing a function 4 1.2.1 Minimum of a function of one variable 4 1.2.2 Minimum of a function of two variables 6 1.3 Minimization of a functional: Euler–Lagrange equations 10 1.3.1 The problem 10 1.3.2 The differential of J 11 1.3.3 Examples 14 1.4 Hamilton’s equations 20 1.4.1 Hamilton’s classical equations 20 1.4.2 The limitations of classical calculus of variations and small steps toward the control theory 23 1.5 Historical and bibliographic observations 25 Chapter 2 Optimal Control 27 2.1 The vocabulary of optimal control theory 27 2.1.1 Controls and responses 27 2.1.2 Class of regular controls 28 2.1.3 Reachable states 31 2.1.4 Controllability 34 2.1.5 Optimal control 37 2.1.6 Existence of a minimum 38 2.1.7 Optimization and reachable states 42 2.2 Statement of Pontryagin’s maximum principle 44 2.2.1 PMP for the “canonical” problem 44 2.2.2 PMP for an integral cost 47 2.2.3 The PMP for the minimum-time problem 50 2.2.4 PMP in fixed terminal time and integral cost 52 2.2.5 PMP for a non-punctual target 56 2.3 PMP without terminal constraint 57 2.3.1 Statement 57 2.3.2 Corollary 59 2.3.3 Dynamic programming and interpretation of the adjoint vector 59 Chapter 3 Applications 65 3.1 Academic examples (to facilitate understanding) 65 3.1.1 The driver in a hurry 65 3.1.2 Profile of a road 67 3.1.3 Controlling the harmonic oscillator: the swing (problem) 70 3.1.4 The Fuller phenomenon 75 3.2 Regular problems 77 3.2.1 A regular Hamiltonian and the associated shooting method 77 3.2.2 The geodesic problem (seen as a minimum-time problem) 80 3.2.3 Regularization of the problem of the driver in a hurry 90 3.3 Non-regular problems and singular arcs 92 3.3.1 Optimal fishing problem 92 3.3.2 Discontinuous value function: the Zermelo navigation problem 102 3.4 Synthesis of the optimal control, discontinuity of the value function, singular arcs and feedback 118 3.5 Historical and bibliographic observations 125 Part 2 Applications in Process Engineering 127 Chapter 4 Optimal Filling of a Batch Reactor 129 4.1 Reducing the problem 130 4.2 Comparison with Bang–Bang policies 131 4.3 Optimal synthesis in the case of Monod 135 4.4 Optimal synthesis in the case of Haldane 135 4.4.1 Existence of an arc that (partially) separates Θ+ and Θ− 136 4.4.2 Using PMP 138 4.5 Historical and bibliographic observations 141 Chapter 5 Optimizing Biogas Production 143 5.1 The problem 143 5.2 Optimal solution in a well-dimensioned case 146 5.3 The Hamiltonian system 148 5.4 Optimal solutions in the underdimensioned case 156 5.5 Optimal solutions in the overdimensioned case 163 5.6 Inhibition by the substrate 167 5.7 Singular arcs 170 5.8 Historical and bibliographic observations 176 Chapter 6 Optimization of a Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) 177 6.1 Overview of the problem 177 6.2 The model proposed by Benyahia et al 185 6.3 The model proposed by Cogan and Chellamb 186 6.4 Historical and bibliographic observations 188 Appendices 191 Appendix 1 Notations and Terminology 193 Appendix 2 Differential Equations and Vector Fields 197 Appendix 3 Outline of the PMP Demonstration 205 Appendix 4 Demonstration of PMP without a Terminal Target 215 Appendix 5 Problems that are Linear in the Control 221 Appendix 6 Calculating Singular Arcs 231 References 237 Index 243

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe introduction of new technologies can be controversial, especially when they create ethical tensions as well as winners and losers among stakeholders and interest groups. While ethical tensions resulting from the genetic modification of crops and plants and their supportive gene technologies have been apparent for decades, persistent challenges remain. This book explores the contemporary nature, type, extent and implications of ethical tensions resulting from agricultural biotechnology specifically and technology generally. There are four main arenas of ethical tensions: public opinion, policy and regulation, technology as solutions to problems, and older versus new technologies. Contributions focus on one or more of these arenas by identifying the ethical tensions technology creates and articulating emerging fault lines and, where possible, viable solutions. Key features include: Focusing on contemporary challenges created by new and emerging technologies, especially agricultural biotechnology. Identifying a unique perspective by considering the problem of ethical tensions created or enhanced by new technologies. Providing an interdisciplinary perspective by including perspectives from sociologists, economists, philosophers and other social scientists. This book will be of interest to academics in agricultural economics, sociology and philosophy and policymakers concerned with introducing new technology into agriculture.Table of ContentsIntroduction: Ethical Tensions and New Technology: An Overview in the Context of Agricultural Biotechnology PART 1: PUBLIC OPINION AND INTEREST 1: Ethical Tensions from a ‘Science Alone’ Approach in Communicating Genetic Engineering Science to Consumers 2: Against the (GM) Grain: Ethical Tensions and Agrobiotechnology Activism in the USA 3: The Use and Abuse of the Term ‘GMO’ in the ‘Common Weal Rhetoric’ Against the Application of Modern Biotechnology in Agriculture 4: Collaborating with the Enemy? A View from Down Under on GM Research Partnerships PART 2: POLICY AND REGULATION 5: Three Models of Public Opinion and Public Interest for Agricultural Biotechnology: Precautionary, Conventional and Accommodative 6: Genetically Modified Organisms in Food: Ethical Tensions and the Labeling Initiative 7: Ethical Tensions in Regulation of Agricultural Biotechnology and their Impact on Policy Outcomes: Evidence from the USA and India PART 3: TECHNOLOGICAL FIX CRITICISM 8: Technological Pragmatism: Navigating the Ethical Tensions Created by Agricultural Biotechnology 9: Absolute Hogwash: Assemblage and the New Breed of Animal Biotechnology PART 4: NEW VERSUS OLD TECHNOLOGY 10: Nature-identical Outcomes, Artificial Processes: Governance of CRISPR/Cas Genome Editing as an Ethical Challenge 11: New Technology, Cognitive Bias and Ethical Tensions in Entrepreneurial Commercialization: The Case of CRISPR PART 5: MEDIATING ETHICAL TENSIONS 12: New Technology, Ethical Tensions and the Mediating Role of Translational Research

Read more less

Book SynopsisDescribing recent developments in the engineering and generation of plants as production platforms for biopharmaceuticals, this book includes both vaccines and monoclonal antibodies. It has a particular emphasis on targeting diseases which predominate in less developed countries, encompassing the current state of technologies and describing expression systems and applications. This book also includes a variety of vaccine case studies, protecting against pervasive infectious diseases such as rabies, influenza and HIV.Table of Contents1: Introduction, and the Promise of a Plant-derived Vaccine for Hepatitis B Virus 2: Protein Body-inducing Fusions for Recombinant Protein Production in Plants 3: Expression of Recombinant Proteins in Plant Cell Culture 4: Plant-derived Monoclonal Antibodies as Human Biologics for Infectious Disease and Cancer 5: Plant-produced Virus-like Particles 6: Expression of the Capsid Protein of Human Papillomavirus in Plants as an Alternative for the Production of Vaccines 7: Patenting of Plant-made Recombinant Pharmaceuticals and Access in the Developing World 8: Case Study 1: Rabies 9: Case Study 2: Plant-made HIV Vaccines and Neutralizing Antibodies 10: Case Study 3: The Search for a Plant-made Vaccine for Pandemic Influenza Virus

Read more less

Book SynopsisOil palm is the world's most important oil crop and crossing is used extensively in the production of commercial seed, breeding and genetic studies. This book illustrates crossing techniques to maximise success and safeguard purity, enabling the production of high quality seeds to grow-on as planting material and in breeding superior cultivars. Presenting sound practices based on scientific innovation in plant breeding, this guide provides techniques integrated with expertise and application of sustainable aspects of agronomy and crop protection, alongside information and imaging technology. Promoting green, eco-friendly agriculture, this book covers: biology and genetics, germplasm, target traits and commercial crossing; health and safety considerations in the field and laboratory; pollen collection and storage, pollen viability testing, and pollination; isolation of the female inflorescence; and commercial tenera production. Based on experience and protocols, this is an invaluable manual for students and researchers in agriculture, plant breeders, growers and end users interested in the practicalities of oil palm crossing for breeding and commercial seed productionTable of Contents1: Introduction 2: Health and Safety Considerations 3: Pollen Collection and Storage 4: Pollen Viability Testing 5: Isolation of the Female Inflorescence 6: Pollination 7: Commercial Tenera Production

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis is a practical guide to mutation breeding in oil palm, representing completely novel work supported by the Plant Breeding and Genetics Section of the Joint FAO/IAEA Division (Vienna, Austria). Oil palm is the top oil crop and the only major crop and only oil crop not to have been improved by plant mutation breeding. The manual is hands-on, providing step-by-step illustrated methods in mutation induction, mutation detection and mutant line development for oil palm improvement. Presenting sound practices based on scientific innovation and knowledge, this guide provides techniques integrated with expertise and is authored by practitioners actively engaged in oil palm seed production and breeding. Promoting green, eco-friendly agriculture, this book features coverage of: Radio-sensitivity testing Challenges and opportunities for mutation breeding Protocol for developing mutant generations for mutant screening Services in irradiation treatments The only available resource containing protocols and guidelines on how oil palm can be manipulated for mutation breeding, this book is essential reading for oil palm breeders, seed producers and plantation companies, oil palm traders, students and research institutes across the world. It provides a resource for training, a knowledge base for people new to oil palm and a reference guide for managers, to ensure best practices in maximising sustainability and production of this important crop. .Table of Contents1: Introduction 2: Health and Safety Considerations and Guidelines 3: Radio-sensitivity Testing 4: Options for Mutation Breeding in Oil Palm 5: Protocol for Developing Mutant Generations for Mutant Selection 6: Services in Irradiation Treatments

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis is a hands-on, practical guide covering seedling screening for disease response in oil palm for pathology, breeding and genetics. Oil palm is the top oil crop in the world and Ganoderma is the most devastating disease of oil palm. The authors are all actively engaged in oil palm seed production and breeding and bring together the many aspects of seedling disease testing in to one integrated manual. Presenting sound practices based on scientific innovation and knowledge, this guide provides techniques integrated with expertise and also looks towards future possibilities. Promoting green, eco-friendly agriculture, this book covers: Health and safety considerations Media preparation for in vitro culture Collecting isolates and culture preparation Preparation of Ganoderma inoculum Nursery inoculation Scoring response Based on experience and protocols, this is an invaluable manual for students and researchers in agriculture, plant breeders, growers, traders and production companies interested in the practicalities of oil palm pathology. It provides a resource for training, a knowledge base for people new to oil palm and a reference guide for managers, to ensure best practices in maximising sustainability and production of this important crop.Table of Contents1: Introduction 2: Health and Safety Considerations 3: Media Preparation for In Vitro Culture of Ganoderma 4: Collecting Ganoderma Isolates and Culture Preparation 5: Preparation of Ganoderma Inoculum 6: Nursery Inoculation 7: Scoring Response to Ganoderma 8: Future Possibilities

Read more less

Book SynopsisEndophytes are bacterial and fungal microorganisms that colonize plants without usually eliciting visible disease symptoms but establishing intricate and mutually beneficial interactions with their host plant. This can lead to an increase in plant vigour, growth, development, and changes in plant metabolism. Endophytes may assist in the development of more productive and sustainable agricultural practices or discoveries of novel pharmacologicals. These elusive organisms are often overlooked and their benefits underrated. Endophytes can support plants in a variety of ways to cope with biotic and abiotic stress factors, such as drought, heat, pest and diseases. They can produce particular metabolites, facilitate access to nutrients, change the plant's chemistry, physiology and responses, or by a combination of these factors. The biosynthetic pathways present in endophytes alone or in combinations with the plant's, can lead to novel chemicals, with yet undiscovered pharmacological characteristics. With state-of-the-art knowledge on their discovery and roles, this book describes the diversity of endophytes, their value, exploitation and future challenges. Key features: Provides an overview of the endophytes that are encountered in nature. Demonstrates the beneficial effects of endophytes together with their practical applications in agriculture. Explores how endophytes are valuable candidates for research on future drugs and biopesticides. This title is a valuable resource for students and researchers in plant science and plant pathology as well as those working in the pharmaceutical and pesticide industries.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Introduction. Chapter 2: Endophytic fungi: Definitions, diversity, distribution and their significance in plant life. Chapter 3: Sources, niches and routes of colonization by beneficial bacterial endophytes. Chapter 4: Analysing seed endophytes for biotechnology. Chapter 5: Mitigating Climate Impacts on Crop Production via Symbiosis. Chapter 6: Endophytes as novel pest control agents: myth or reality? Chapter 7: Improved adaptation of temperate grasses through mutualism with fungal endophytes. Chapter 8: Interactive effects of co-occurring epichloid endophytes, rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi modulating their benefits to grasses and legumes. Chapter 9: Saving resources: The exploitation of endophytes by plants for the biosynthesis of multifunctional defense compounds. Chapter 10: Bioprospecting of endophytes. Chapter 11: Prospects for biotechnological exploitation of endophytes using functional metagenomics. Chapter 12: Interplay between endophyte and host plant in the synthesis and modification of metabolites.

Read more less

Book SynopsisSince the first edition of this book was published in 2002, the field of quantitative genetics, genomics and breeding has changed markedly. In response, only four chapters have been updated for this new edition, and the remaining 16 chapters are entirely new. This book presents state-of-the-art, authoritative chapters on contemporary issues in the broad areas of quantitative genetics, genomics and plant breeding. Section 1 (Chapters 2 to 12) emphasizes the application of genomics, and genome and epigenome editing techniques, in plant breeding; bioinformatics; quantitative trait loci mapping; and the latest approaches of examining and exploiting genotype-environment interactions. Section 2 (Chapters 13 to 20) represents the intersection of breeding, genetics and genomics. This section describes the use of cutting-edge molecular breeding and quantitative genetics techniques in wheat, rice, maize, root and tuber crops and pearl millet. Overall, the book focuses on using genomic information to help evaluate traits that can combat biotic/abiotic stresses, genome-wide association mapping, high-throughput genotyping/phenotyping, biofortification, use of big data, orphan crops, and gene editing techniques. The examples featured are taken from across crop science research and cover a wide geographical base. This book contains: chapters by expert authors from six continents; state-of-the-art information on topical areas relative to crop improvement; coverage of genome-editing techniques.Table of Contents1: Vignettes of the History of Genetics Section I: Quantitative Genetics: Plant Breeding, Bioinformatics, Genome Editing and G × E Interaction 2: Food and Health: The Role of Plant Breeding 3: The Importance of Plant Pan-genomes in Breeding 4: Genome Editing Technologies for Crop Improvement 5: Epigenome Editing in Crop Improvement 6: Bioinformatics and Plant Breeding 7: Bioinformatics Approaches for Pathway Reconstruction in Orphan Crops — A New Paradigm 8: Advances in QTL Mapping and Cloning 9: Genotype–Environment Interaction and Stability Analyses: An Update 10: Biplot Analysis of Multi-environment Trial Data 11: Design and Analysis of Multi-year Field Trials for Annual Crops 12: Advances in the Definition of Adaptation Strategies and Yield-stability Targets in Plant Breeding Section II: Intersection of Breeding, Genetics and Genomics: Crop Examples 13: Prediction with Big Data in the Genomic and High-throughput Phenotyping Era: A Case Study with Wheat Data 14: Quantitative Genetics in Improving Root and Tuber Crops 15: Genomic Selection in Rice: Empirical Results and Implications for Breeding 16: Novel Breeding Approaches for Developing Climate-resilient Rice 17: Quantitative Genetics, Molecular Techniques and Agronomic Performance of Provitamin-A Maize in Sub-Saharan Africa 18: Developments in Genomics Relative to Abiotic Stress-tolerance Breeding in Maize During the Past Decade 19: Exploiting Alien Genetic Variation for Germplasm Enhancement in Brassica Oilseeds 20: Biofortified Pearl Millet Cultivars Offer Potential Solution to Tackle Malnutrition in India

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis is a hands-on, practical guide to describe physical bunch and oil analysis of oil palm. Bunch and oil analysis laboratories are set up at oil mills to assess production, yield potential of plantations and oil extraction rates relative to targets. The higher the oil yields produced by the planting material, the less land that is needed to achieve a specific level of production, hence helping in the sustainability of the crop. Practical, illustrated steps are given in determining bunch and oil characteristics of oil palm. Promoting green, eco-friendly agriculture, this book covers: An introduction to bunch and oil analysis Health and safety considerations Bunch sampling Physical bunch analysis of stalks, spikelets, fruits and nuts Fruit sampling Nut analysis and measurements of components Oil analysis, oil extraction and measurement Calculation of bunch components and reporting. This is an invaluable manual for oil palm mill managers, oil palm plantation managers, palm oil producers, oil palm breeders, agronomists, oil chemists, oil palm seed producing companies and research institutes across the world (especially tropical zones). It is useful for those starting a career in oil palm production, as a reference guide for managers and for training purposes.Table of Contents1: Introduction 2: Health and Safety Considerations 3: Bunch Sampling 4: Bunch Physical Analysis 5: Fruit Sampling 6: Nut Analysis 7: Oil Analysis 8: Recording, Calculations and Data Checks

Read more less