Biotechnology Books

Book SynopsisAddresses emerging biotechnologies with prodigious potential to benefit humankind but that are also fraught with ethical consequences. James Bradley guides discussions of the thorny issues resulting from the development of new biotechnologies. He also highlights the responsibilities of scientists to conduct research in an ethical manner.Trade Review“Building further on his remarkable scholarly work, James Bradley once again observes and dissects modern science and modern life in ways that challenge any kind of reader: student, scholar, research scientist, and most especially political decision makers. His interdisciplinary approach to studying the implications of biotechnology is the most accessible and useful, yet profound, of any academic work in this vast field. With characteristic good humor and patience, he confronts the fundamental issues within not only life sciences but moral and political philosophy as well. This is a necessary, although uncomfortable, wake-up call for humankind generally." - Timothy P. Terrel, Emory University School of Law and author of The Dimensions of Legal Reasoning: Developing Analytical Acuity from Law School to Law PracticeTable of Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1: Cells, Molecules, Genes, and Nature Chapter 2: Embryos, Stem Cells, Genetic Enhancement, Genomics, and Synthetic Biology Chapter 3: Genetically Engineered Organisms Chapter 4: CRISPR and Life's Future Chapter 5: Nanotechnology, Life, and Nanoethics Chapter 6: Brains, Minds, and Neuroethics Chapter 7: Robots and Roboethics Chapter 8: Responsibilities and Living Well with Modern Biotechnologies Chapter 9: The Urgency of Now Appendix 1: The Central Dogma of Biology, CRISPR, and Gene Drive Appendix 2: Tools for Neuroscience and Clinical Neurology Appendix 3: Sources of Scientific Information for Non-Scientists References Index

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Book SynopsisA study of the mutually constituitive relations between Western biomedicine and Ango- American literature in the 20th and early 21st centuries, tracing the interwoven processes by which both fields have transformed the course of human life.Trade Review“Liminal Lives offers very strong and important theoretical insights into relationships between scientific knowledge and practice and literary production. Its innovative methodology creates possibilities for better communication and exchange between scientific, literary, and social scientific knowledge in a way that will be very useful to others interested in interdisciplinary science studies.”—Catherine Waldby, author of AIDS and The Body Politic: Biomedicine and Sexual Difference“A brilliant and provocative exploration of how biomedicine and literature, particularly science fiction, are together reconfiguring the very shape of the entire life span, producing adoptable embryos, giant babies, interspecies pregnancies, and regenerated old bodies—all in the context of a new and grim bio-economy in which hearts and kidneys are for sale and earrings are fabricated out of fetal remains.”—Kathleen Woodward, author of Aging and Its Discontents: Freud and Other Fictions“Susan Merrill Squier’s Liminal Lives is compelling, timely, imaginative, and wonderfully provocative.”—Priscilla Wald, author of Constituting Americans: Cultural Anxiety and Narrative FormTable of ContentsList of Illustrations xi Acknowledgments xiii Introduction: Networking Liminality 1 1. The Uses of Literature for Feminist Science Studies: Tracing Liminal Lives 25 2. The Cultured Cell: Life and Death at Strangeways 58 3. The Hybrid Embryo and Xenogenic Desire 89 4. Giant Babies: Graphing Growth in the Early Twentieth Century 112 5. Incubabies and Rejuvenates: The Traffic between Technologies of Reproduction and Age Extension 146 6. Transplant Medicine and Transformative Narrative 168 7. Liminal Performances of Aging: From Replacement to Regeneration 214 Coda: The Pluripotent Discourse of Stem Cells: Liminality, Reflexivity, and Literature 253 Notes 281 Works Cited 315 Index 335

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Book SynopsisExplores the debate on the biological significance and cultural meaning of genes in the development of organisms - the molecular paradigmTrade Review“The rich scientific knowledge about the genetic basis of life and it complex involvement in the life of individuals and populations is highly relevant to our worldview. Genes in Development helps to bring understandings of the conceptual and philosophical implications of molecular genetics up to date.”—Werner Arber, Nobel Laureate in Medicine and Emeritus Professor of Molecular Microbiology, University of Basel“Together the essays in Genes in Development give lively voice to many of the current alternatives to genetic reductionism. Well-known figures from the debates of the past two decades are represented alongside a good number of emerging scholars.”—Hans-Jörg Rheinberger, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, BerlinTable of ContentsIntroduction / Eva M. Neumann-Held and Christoph Rehmann-Sutter 1 I. Empirical Approaches 1. Genome Analysis and Developmental Biology: The Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System / Thomas R. Burglin 15 2. Genes and Form: Inherency in the Evolution of Developmental Mechanisms / Stuart A. Newman and Gerd B. Muller 38 II. Looking Back into History 3. From Genes as Determinants to DNA as Resource: Historical Notes on Development and Genetics / Sahotra Sarkar 77 III. Theorizing Genes 4. The Origin of Species: A Structuralist Approach / Gerry Webster and Brian C. Goodwin 99 5. On the Problem of the Molecular versus the Organismic Approach in Biology / Ulrich Wolf 135 6. Genes, Development, and Semiosis / Jesper Hoffmeyer 152 7. The Fearless Vampire Conservator: Philip Kitcher, Genetic Determinism, and the Informational Gene / Paul E. Griffiths 175 8. Genetics from an Evolutionary Process Perspective / James Griesemer 199 9. Genes-Causes-Codes: Deciphering DNA’s Ontological Privilege / Eva M. Newmann-Held 238 10. Boundaries and (Constructive) Interaction / Susan Oyama 272 11. Beyond the Gene but Beneath the Skin / Evelyn Fox Keller 290 12. Poiesis and Praxis: Two Modes of Understanding Development / Christoph Rehmann-Sutter 313 IV. Social and Ethical Implications 13. Developmental Emergence, Genes, and Responsible Science / Brian C. Goodwin 337 14. Nothing Like a Gene / Jackie Leach Scully 349 Contributors 365 Index 369

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Book SynopsisEthnographic analyses of emerging bioscientific enterprises in Asia, including genetically modified foods in China, clinical trials in India, and stem-cell research in Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan.Trade Review“Asian Biotech is a thoughtful examination of Asia’s biotechnology development. The call to understand this realm in terms of situated ethics and communities of fate is persuasive and invites the analysis of more cases to test the robustness of these concepts.” - Wen-Hua Kuo, The China Quarterly“[W]hat bioethicists could learn from anthropological investigations like those presented in this volume is that one should consider the social and cultural contexts in which the practice to be ethically assessed is embedded in order to understand the the practice more thoroughly. And it is this more thorough understanding which will lead to a more nuanced and better refined ethical judgment.” - Soraj Hongladarom, Genomics, Society, and Policy“I for one would strongly recommend this interesting volume to anyone interested in gaining a better understanding of biotech in Asia.” - Krishna Ravi Srinivas, Asian Biotech and Development Review“[T]his book performs coverage of a region and a complicated sector of the twenty-frst-century economy, and it will certainly prove useful to those interested in globalized medicine and the fast-changing norms regulating research in biomedicine.” - Thomas Cannavino, Cultural Critique“This timely and important collection by science-studies scholars provides fascinating glimpses into the ambitious efforts of several Asian countries to deploy biotechnologies to both generate economic growth and provide biosecurity in this age of global science and technology.” - Doogab Yi, Chemical Heritage“The need in science studies and anthropology for Asian Biotech would be hard to overstate. I was hungry for this book to use in my own teaching and writing, and the meal is as satisfying as I had anticipated. The theoretical framing is astute and generative, and the well-argued and diverse essays are thoroughly fleshed out historically and ethnographically. Nancy N. Chen, Aihwa Ong, and the contributors deserve our thanks. We have just run out of excuses for ongoing Western parochialism in science and technology studies and all of our kindred inquiries into biotechnology.”—Donna Haraway, author of When Species Meet“This exciting collection of ethnographic essays introduces readers to the deployment of specific biotechnologies in Asia, revealing their enmeshment with local and global politics and a situated ethics that extends to the good of families, communities, and nations, and not merely that of individuals. This book, harbinger of impending futures, demands introspection.”—Margaret Lock, author of Twice Dead: Organ Transplants and the Reinvention of Death ”This is the first broad anthropological examination of the biotech movement across Asia. Especially useful are the efforts at understanding how biotechnology affects (and is affected by) major changes in moral experience and ethical imagination that are roiling Asian modernities. A pathbreaking exploration! This collection will be influential.”—Arthur Kleinman, Director, Asia Center, Harvard University“Asian Biotech is a thoughtful examination of Asia’s biotechnology development. The call to understand this realm in terms of situated ethics and communities of fate is persuasive and invites the analysis of more cases to test the robustness of these concepts.” -- Wen-Hua Kuo * The China Quarterly *“[T]his book performs coverage of a region and a complicated sector of the twenty-frst-century economy, and it will certainly prove useful to those interested in globalized medicine and the fast-changing norms regulating research in biomedicine.” -- Thomas Cannavino * Cultural Critique *“What bioethicists could learn from anthropological investigations like those presented in this volume is that one should consider the social and cultural contexts in which the practice to be ethically assessed is embedded in order to understand the the practice more thoroughly. And it is this more thorough understanding which will lead to a more nuanced and better refined ethical judgment.” -- Soraj Hongladarom * Genomics, Society and Policy *“I for one would strongly recommend this interesting volume to anyone interested in gaining a better understanding of biotech in Asia.” -- Krishna Ravi Srinivas * Asian Biotech and Development Review *“This timely and important collection by science-studies scholars provides fascinating glimpses into the ambitious efforts of several Asian countries to deploy biotechnologies to both generate economic growth and provide biosecurity in this age of global science and technology.” -- Doogab Yi * Chemical Heritage *Table of ContentsAcknowledgments Introduction: An Analytics of Ethics and Biotechnology at Multiple Scales / Aihwa Ong 1 Part I. Excess and Opportunity The Experimental Machinery of Global Clinical Trials: Case Studies from India / Kaushik Sunder Rajan 55 Feeding the Nation: Chinese Biotechnology and Genetically Modified Foods / Nancy N. Chen 81 Part II. Bioventures Asian Regeneration? Nationalism and Internationalism in Stem Cell Research in South Korea and Singapore / Charis Thompson 95 Medical Tourism in Thailand / Ara Wilson 118 Near-Liberalism: Global Corporate Citizenship and Pharmaceutical Marketing in India / Stefan Ecks 144 Part III. Communities of Fate Governing through Blood: Biology, Donation, and Exchange in Urban China / Vincanne Adams, Kathleen Erwin, and Phouc V. Le 167 Lifelines: The Ethics of Blood Banking for Family and Beyond / Aihwa Ong 190 Embryo Controversies and Governing Stem Cell Research in Japan: How to Regulate Regenerative Futures / Margaret Sleeboom-Faulkner 215 Part IV. Biosovereignty: Mappings of Chineseness Making Taiwanese (Stem Cells): Identity, Genetics, and Hybridity / Jennifer A. Liu 239 Chinese DNA: Genomics and Bionations / Wen-ching Sung 263 Afterword: Asia's Biotech Bloom / Nancy N. Chen 293 Bibliography 301 Contributors 319 Index 323

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Book Synopsis Lively Capital is an urgent and important collection of essays addressing the reconfigured relations between the life sciences and the market. Exploring the ground where social and cultural anthropology intersect with science and technology studies, prominent scholars investigate the relationship of biotechnology to ethics, governance, and markets, as well as the new legal, social, cultural, and institutional mechanisms emerging to regulate biotechnology. The contributors examine genomics, pharmaceutical marketing, intellectual property, environmental science, clinical trials, patient advocacy, and other such matters as they are playing out in North and South America, Europe, Africa, and Asia. Lively Capital is not only about the commercialization of the life sciences, but their institutional histories, epistemic formations, and systems of valuation. It is also about the lively affects—the emotions and desires—involved when technologies and research impinTrade Review“Lively Capital is a terrific collection of essays, an important endeavor which will garner serious attention not only in anthropology and science technology studies but across the human sciences. It will be as widely read as any anthology I can imagine, because of the sharpness of its essays and the diversity of its approaches to the challenges of rethinking the relations of life, capital, and value more generally.”—Lawrence Cohen, author of No Aging in India: Alzheimer’s, the Bad Family, and Other Modern Things"Lively Capital is a terrific collection of essays, an important endeavor which will garner serious attention not only in anthropology and science and technology studies but across the human sciences. It will be as widely read as any anthology I can imagine, because of the sharpness of its essays and the diversity of its approaches to the challenges of rethinking the relations of life, capital, and value more generally."—Lawrence Cohen, author of No Aging in India: Alzheimer's, the Bad Family, and Other Modern Things"The air we breathe, the dogs with whom we cohabit, the children we breed, and the pharmaceuticals we regulate co-evolve simultaneously with the differential capitalization of life forms, life sciences, and life circumstances. Convincing us that 'lively capital' is, indeed, a living social form, these essays provide a stunningly provocative read!"—Rayna Rapp, author of Testing Women, Testing the Fetus: The Social Impact of Amniocentesis in America“In many ways, Lively Capital reflects both the challenges and the benefits of adopting an interdisciplinary approach to researching an issue. As a result, the book provides a thought-provoking read for those with an interest in the processes of commodification and in the politics of emerging bioeconomies.” -- Brett Edwards * BioScience *“Lively Capital is a challenging, fiercely analytical, and ambitious collection of thirteen essays, tied together by an excellent introduction and epilogue by the editor, Kaushik Sunder Rajan. . . . It is rare to find an edited volume that covers so many diverse and seemingly disparate topics and yet demonstrates such symmetry between its individual contributions.” -- Todd Myers * Bulletin of the History of Medicine *Table of ContentsAcknowledgments vii Introduction: The Capitalization of Life and the Liveliness of Capital / Kaushik Sunder Rajan 1 Part I. Encountering Value 1. Prescription Maximization and the Accumulation of Surplus Health in the Pharmaceutical Industry: The_BioMarx_Experiment / Joseph Dumit 45 2. Value-Added Dogs and Lively Capital / Donna J. Haraway 93 3. Air's Substantiations / Timothy Choy 121 Part II. Property and Dispossession 4. Taking Life: Private Rights in Public Nature / Sheila Jasanoff 155 5. Rice Genomes: Making Hybrid Properties / Elta Smith 184 6. Marx in New Zealand / Travis Tanner 211 7. AIDS Policies for Markets and Warriors: Dispossession, Capital, and Pharmaceuticals in Nigeria / Kristin Peterson 228 Part III. Global Knowledge Formations 8. Diagnostic Liquidity: Mental Illness and the Global Trade in DNA / Andrew Lakoff 251 9. Transforming States in the Era of Global Pharmaceuticals: Visioning Clinical Research in Japan, Taiwan, and Singapore / Wen-Hau Kuo 279 10. Biopolitics and the Informating of Environmentalism / Kim Fortun 306 Part IV. Promissory Experiments and Emergent Forms of Life 11. Genomics Scandals and Other Volatilities of Promising / Mike Fortun 329 12. Desperate and Rational: Of Love, Biomedicine, and Experimental Community / Chloe Silverman 354 13. Lively Biotech and Translational Research / Michael M. J. Fischer 385 Epilogue: Threads and Articulations / Kaushik Sunder Rajan 437 Bibliography 453 About the Contributors 491 Index 495

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Book SynopsisThis collection of anthropology of science essays explores the new forms of capital, markets, ethical, legal, and intellectual property concerns associated with new forms of research in the life sciences.Trade Review“Lively Capital is a terrific collection of essays, an important endeavor which will garner serious attention not only in anthropology and science technology studies but across the human sciences. It will be as widely read as any anthology I can imagine, because of the sharpness of its essays and the diversity of its approaches to the challenges of rethinking the relations of life, capital, and value more generally.”—Lawrence Cohen, author of No Aging in India: Alzheimer’s, the Bad Family, and Other Modern Things"Lively Capital is a terrific collection of essays, an important endeavor which will garner serious attention not only in anthropology and science and technology studies but across the human sciences. It will be as widely read as any anthology I can imagine, because of the sharpness of its essays and the diversity of its approaches to the challenges of rethinking the relations of life, capital, and value more generally."—Lawrence Cohen, author of No Aging in India: Alzheimer's, the Bad Family, and Other Modern Things"The air we breathe, the dogs with whom we cohabit, the children we breed, and the pharmaceuticals we regulate co-evolve simultaneously with the differential capitalization of life forms, life sciences, and life circumstances. Convincing us that 'lively capital' is, indeed, a living social form, these essays provide a stunningly provocative read!"—Rayna Rapp, author of Testing Women, Testing the Fetus: The Social Impact of Amniocentesis in America“In many ways, Lively Capital reflects both the challenges and the benefits of adopting an interdisciplinary approach to researching an issue. As a result, the book provides a thought-provoking read for those with an interest in the processes of commodification and in the politics of emerging bioeconomies.” -- Brett Edwards * BioScience *“Lively Capital is a challenging, fiercely analytical, and ambitious collection of thirteen essays, tied together by an excellent introduction and epilogue by the editor, Kaushik Sunder Rajan. . . . It is rare to find an edited volume that covers so many diverse and seemingly disparate topics and yet demonstrates such symmetry between its individual contributions.” -- Todd Myers * Bulletin of the History of Medicine *Table of ContentsAcknowledgments vii Introduction: The Capitalization of Life and the Liveliness of Capital / Kaushik Sunder Rajan 1 Part I. Encountering Value 1. Prescription Maximization and the Accumulation of Surplus Health in the Pharmaceutical Industry: The_BioMarx_Experiment / Joseph Dumit 45 2. Value-Added Dogs and Lively Capital / Donna J. Haraway 93 3. Air's Substantiations / Timothy Choy 121 Part II. Property and Dispossession 4. Taking Life: Private Rights in Public Nature / Sheila Jasanoff 155 5. Rice Genomes: Making Hybrid Properties / Elta Smith 184 6. Marx in New Zealand / Travis Tanner 211 7. AIDS Policies for Markets and Warriors: Dispossession, Capital, and Pharmaceuticals in Nigeria / Kristin Peterson 228 Part III. Global Knowledge Formations 8. Diagnostic Liquidity: Mental Illness and the Global Trade in DNA / Andrew Lakoff 251 9. Transforming States in the Era of Global Pharmaceuticals: Visioning Clinical Research in Japan, Taiwan, and Singapore / Wen-Hau Kuo 279 10. Biopolitics and the Informating of Environmentalism / Kim Fortun 306 Part IV. Promissory Experiments and Emergent Forms of Life 11. Genomics Scandals and Other Volatilities of Promising / Mike Fortun 329 12. Desperate and Rational: Of Love, Biomedicine, and Experimental Community / Chloe Silverman 354 13. Lively Biotech and Translational Research / Michael M. J. Fischer 385 Epilogue: Threads and Articulations / Kaushik Sunder Rajan 437 Bibliography 453 About the Contributors 491 Index 495

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Book SynopsisFollowing on from earlier titles in this series, this volume presents further material generated by the World Bank/ISNAR/Australian government biotechnology study. It covers the present status and future prospects for the application of biotechnology to solve agricultural and environmental problems in a number of developing countries. Particular focus is given on to developments that have taken place over the last decade.Table of ContentsPart I: Introductory Review 1.1: Agricultural Biotechnology: Global Challenges and Emergin Science,G J Persley Part II: Asia/Pacific China, Qifa Zhang 2.1: India, Manju Sharma 2.2: Indonesia, P J Dart, I H Slamet-Loedin, and E Sukara 2.3: Pakistan, Yusuf Zafar 2.4: Philippines, Reynaldo E de la Cruz 2.5: Thailand,Morakot Tanticharoen Part III: Africa 3.1: Egypt, Magdy A Madkour 3.2: Kenya, N K Olembo 3.3: Zimbabwe, C J Chetsanga Part IV: Latin America 4.1: Brazil, Maria J A Sampaio 4.2: Colombia, R Torres and C Falconi 4.3: Costa Rica, A Sittenfeld, A M Espinoza, M Munoz, and A Zamora

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Book SynopsisThe potato is economically a very important crop in many parts of the world. All improvements through potato breeding or biotechnology must be based on a thorough knowledge of potato genetics. This book fills a major gap in the current literature for an up-to-date account of this topic and its implications for crop improvement. Written by authorities from the UK, USA, Canada, Peru, Netherlands, Germany, Sweden and Poland, this major reference work will be indispensible for workers in plant genetics, breeding and biotechnology.Table of Contents1: Production of monohaploids of Solanum tuberosum L. and their use ingenetics, molecular biology and breeding, E Jacobsen and M S RamannaCellular and molecular genetics 2: Tissue culture, G Wenzel 3: Somaclonal variation, A Kumar 4: Molecular genetics, K N WatanabeEnvironmental stress, morphology and quality 5: Environmental stress and its impact on potato yield, M E Vayda 6: Inheritance of morphological and tuber characteristics, R Ortiz and ZHuaman 7: Inheritance of table and processing quality, M F B Dale and G R MackayInheritance of resistance to pests and diseases 8: Inheritance of resistance to nematodes, M.S. Phillips 9: Inheritance of resistance to viruses, K M Swiezynski 10: Inheritance of resistance to late blight, V Umaerus and M Umaerus 11: Inheritance of resistance to warm-growing-season fungal diseases, J JPavek and D L Corsini 12: Inheritance of resistance to fungal diseases of tubers, R L Wastie 13: Inheritance of resistance to bacterial diseases, J G Elphinstone 14: Inheritance of resistance to insects and mites, K V Raman et al.Potato breeding 15: Breeding strategies for clonally propagated potatoes, J E Bradshaw and GR Mackay 16: Breeding potatoes based on true seed propagation, A M Golmirzaie, PMalagamba and N Pallais 17: Introgression of genes from wild species, including molecular and cellularapproaches, J G Th Hermsen

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Book SynopsisProponents of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) advocate its use to reduce or eliminate the use of chemical pesticides in agriculture, since excessive pesticide use may be a threat to both human health and the environment. Proponents of biotechnology believe that the use of novel products, such as transgenic plants with insect resistance, will reduce the need for chemical pesticides. However the use of such novel products within IPM systems may also create potential risks. This volume reviews such issues and discusses the potential benefits of and constraints to the applications of biotechnology in IPM systems, especially in developing countries. It also considers the related policy issues confronting decision-makers in national agricultural research systems and international development agencies. The book consists of revised versions of papers presented at a conference hosted by the Rockefeller Foundation and held in Bellagio, Italy in October 1993.Table of ContentsSection One: Linking Biotechnology and Integrated Pest Management 1: Needs and opportunities, Max J Whittan, Richard A Jefferson and David Dall 2: Integrated pest management and biotechnology: An analysis of their potential for integration, Jeff Waage 3: Integrated pest management in developing countries, Lim Guan Soon Section Two: Case Studies of IPM Integration and of Using Biocontrol Agents in IPM Systems 4: Integrated pest management: Rice case-study, Peter E Kenmore 5: Soybean in Brazi,l Flavio Moscardi and D R Sosa-Gómez 6: India: An overview, Nandini V Katre 7: Cassava in Africa, Hans R Herren Section Three: Using Biotechnology for New Biocontrol Agents 8: Biological products for IPM, Pamela Marrone 9: Novel biocontrol agents, Marjorie A Hoy Section Four: Biotechnology and Plant Breeding 10: Marker-assisted plant breeding, Rebecca J Nelson 11: Modern plant breeding: an Overview, Ivan W Buddenhagen Section Five: Case Studies: Transgenic Plants in IPM Systems 12: Insect-resistant crop plants, David A Fischhoff 13: Cotton in Australia, W James Peacock, D J Llewellyn and G P Fitt 14: Virus-resistant transgenic plants, Roger Beachy Section Six: Alternative Strategies with Transgenes for Insect Resistance 15: Can we slow adaptation by pests to insect resistant transgenic crops?, Richard T Roush 16: Deploying pesticidal crops in developing countries, Fred Gould Section Seven: Other Components in IPM Systems 17: New diagnostics, Mark E Whalon 18: Virus/vector control, Michael E Irwin and Lowell R Nault Section Eight: New Opportunities 19: Vector control, Elizabeth Evans 20: Insect vectors of human diseases, Christopher F Curtis 21: Molecular genetics Veronica Rodriguêz and K Vijiy Raghavan Section Nine: Investment Implications and Future Directions 22: A view from industry, Ben J Mifflin 23: Future directions for international development agencies, Gabrielle J Persley, Gary Toennisen and Peter Dart

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Book SynopsisThis multi-authored book provides a comprehensive review of citrus breeding, including relevant genetics, molecular biology and biotechnology. Topics discussed include origin and Taxonomy, hybridization and see procedures, triploid breeding, mutation breeding, selection for fruit traits, tree characters and disease resistant, rootstock breeding, soil adaptation, nucellar embryony, cytogenetics, mapping, gene cloning, chromosome transfer technology, haploidy, flow cytometry and somaclonal variation.Table of Contents1: Citrus Breeding: Introduction and Objectives 2: A Comprehesive Citrus Genetic Improvement Program 3: Origin and Taxonomy 4: Germplasm Resource 5: Nuceller Embryony 6: Cytogenetics 7: Haploidy 8: Seedlessness and Ploidy Manipulations 9: Somatic Hybridization 10: Single Chromosome Transfer

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Book SynopsisOrnamental plants include herbaceous plants produced as bedding plants, greenhouse pot plants and cut flowers, as well as bulbs, trees, shrubs and vines. Ornamental plant production is of major and increasing importance worldwide. Basic scientific research in recent years has provided a better understanding of plant regeneration, genetics, growth and development. This has led to the development of technologies which can significantly improve ornamental species. This book reviews recent advances in the biotechnology of ornamentals. For example, genes have recently been identified for flower characteristics and pest resistance and these have been engineered into ornamental species. The book is divided into four main parts and is written by authors from the USA, UK, Canada, Netherlands, Australia and New Zealand. It is aimed primarily at workers in horticulture and plant biotechnology, but will also be of interest to plant physiologists, geneticists and molecular biologists.Table of ContentsPart 1: Supporting Technologies 1: The Commercialization of Biotechnology, K L Giles, Department of Horticulture Science, University of Saskatchewan, Canada and M McLaughlin, Ag-West Biotech, Saskatoon, Canada 2: Somatic Embryogenesis in Ornamentals, S A Merkle, Daniel B Warnell School of Forest Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, USA 3: Axillary Shoot Proliferation, J E Preece, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Southern Illinois University, USA 4: Adventitious Shoot Regeneration, R R Tripepi, Plant Science Division, University of Idaho, USA 5: Approaches to Understanding Maturation or Phase Change, W P Hackett and J R Murray, Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, USA Part 2: Genetics 6: Transformation Protocols for Ornamental Plants, S C Deroles, M R Boase and I Konczak, New Zealand Institute for Crop & Food Research Ltd, New Zealand 7: Reproductive Barriers in Flowering Plants, N Nass, A E Clarke and E Newbiggin, Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Australia 8: Genome Mapping, R Whetten, Department of Forestry, North Carolina State University, USA 9: Cultivar Identification Using Molecular Methods, S Rajapakse, and R E Ballard, Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, USA 10: Somaclonal Variation, H Bouman and G de Klerk, Centre for Plant Tissue Culture Research, The Netherlands 11: T-DNA Insertion Mutagenesis for Improvement of Ornamentals, M A Jenks and K A Feldmann, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, USA Part 3: Plant Growth and Development 12: Biotechnological Approaches to Modifying Plant Form, B H McCown, Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA 13: Molecular Events Associated with Floral Evocation, B R Jordan, New Zealand Institute for Crop & Food Research Ltd, New Zealand and R G Anthony, Department of Biochemistry, Royal Holloway College, University of London, UK 14: Manipulation of Flower Shape, A R Van der Krol and O Vorst, Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural University Wageningen, The Netherlands 15: Flower Colour, K M Davies and K E Schwinn, New Zealand Institute for Crop & Food Research Ltd. Part 4: Abiotic and Biotic Stress 16: Prospects for the Improvement of Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses Using Recombinant DNA Approaches, C L Guy, Department of Environmental Horticulture,University of Florida, USA 17: Engineering for Bacterial and Fungal Disease Resistance, H J M Löffler and D E A Florak, DLO Centre for Plant Breeding and Reproduction Research, The Netherlands 18: Biotechnological Approaches for Virus resistance in Floral Crops, M E Daub, R K Jones and J W Moyer, Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, USA 19: Biotechnological Approaches to Study and Improve Insect Resistance of Woody Plants, NB Klopfenstein, USDA Forest Service, National Agroforestry Centre, University of Nebraska, USA and ER Hart, Dept. of Entomology and Forestry, Iowa State University, USA 20: Genetic Engineering of Horticultural and Forestry Crops for Herbicide Tolerance, D E Riemenschneider, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Wisconsin, USA

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Book SynopsisAdvances in molecular and cell biology have led to the development of a whole range of techniques for manipulating genomes, collectively termed biotechnology. Although much of the focus in the plant sciences has been on the direct manipulation of plant genomes, biotechnology has also catalyzed a renewed emphasis on the importance of biological and genetic diversity and its conservation. The methods of biotechnology now permit a greater understanding of both species and genetic diversity in plants, the mechanisms by which that variation is generated in nature, and the significance of that variation in the adaptation of plants to their environment. They allow the development of rapid methods for screening germplasm for specific characters and promote more effective conservation strategies by defining the extent of genetic diversity. Tissue culture-based techniques are available for conserving germplasm that cannot be maintained by more traditional methods. Also sophisticated informatics Table of Contents1: An Overview J A Callow, B V Ford-Lloyd and H J Newbury 2: Use of molecular marker techniques for description of plant genetic variation A L Westman and S Kresovich 3: Genetic diversity - population structure and conservation M D Hayward and N R Sackville Hamilton 4: Genenomic relationships, conserved synteny and wide-hybrids D A Laurie, G J Bryan and J W Snape 5: Molecular markers and the management of genetic resources in seed genebanks: a case study of rice B V Ford-Lloyd, M T Jackson and H J Newbury 6: In vitro conservation methods F Engelmenn 7: Conservation of DNA: DNA banking R P Adams 8: Genetic resources and plant breeding M J Kearsey 9: Gene identification, isolation and transfer I D Godwin 10: Importance of biotechnology for germplasm health and quarantine H Barker and L Torrance 11: Biodiversity for bioindustries G Tamayo, W F Naider and A Sittenfeld 12: Internet resources for the biologist M L Anderson and S W Cartinhour

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Book SynopsisThe use of inducible gene expression systems is a rapidly developing area of plant molecular biological research. There is considerable interest in the use of these systems as research tools, not only because they allow expression of genes which may be, for example, developmentally lethal, but also because they allow for controlled experiments to be performed in a true isogenic background. They also have the potential to provide a means by which desired characters are expressed in field-based systems in the future.Table of Contents1: Inducible Control of Gene Expression: An Overview, P H S Reynolds 2: Use of the TN10-Encoded Tetracycline Repressor to Control Gene Expression, C Gatz, Universität Göttingen, Germany 3: Ecdysteroid Agonist-inducible Control of Gene Expression in Plants, A Martinez and I Jepson, Zeneca Agrochemicals, Bracknell, UK 4: Glucocorticoid-inducible Gene Expression in Plants, T Aoyama, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Japan 5: Tissue-specific, Copper-controllable Gene Expression in Plants, V L Mett and P H S Reynolds, The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand 6: Nitrate Inducibility of Gene Expression Using the Nitrite Reductase Gene Promoter, S J Rothstein and S Sivasankar, University of Guelph, Canada 7: Use of Heat Shock Promoters to Control Gene Expression in Plants, R T Nagao, University of Georgia, USA and W B Gurley, University of Florida, USA 8: Wound-inducible Genes in Plants, L Zhou and R Thornburg, Iowa State University, USA 9: Developmental Targeting of Gene Expression by the Use of a Senescence-specific Promoter, S Gan, University of Kentucky, USA and R M Amasino, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA 10: Abscisic Acid- and Stress-induced Promoter Switches in the Control of Gene Expression, Q Shen, Monsanto Company, Chesterfield, USA and T-H D Ho, Washington University, St. Louis, USA 11: Potential Use of Hormone Responsive Elements to Control Gene Expression in Plants, T J Guilfoyle and G Hagen, University of Missouri, Columbia

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Book SynopsisObtaining world food security and food self-reliance for the developing nations is a complex and difficult task, but with increased research and education, agricultural production in developing countries can be improved. Biotechnology applications, integrated into traditional systems, hold much promise in this respect. Realizing the positive impact of biotechnology will depend upon the ability of developing countries to access and generate technology which is suitable to their needs. However, government policies may not encourage investment in public sector agricultural research and the private sector is often underdeveloped. This book is the product of a conference, held in California in April 1997, under the auspices of the Agricultural Biotechnology for Sustainable Productivity (ABSP) project. It provides a broad overview of the latest research and applications and policy requirements for biotechnology in developing countries. The issues of food security, capacity building, intellecTable of Contents1: The Agricultural Biotechnology for Sustainable Productivity Project: a New Model in Collaborative Development, C Ives et al. 2: Needs and Potential Uses of Agricultural Biotechnology: Perspectives of Developing Countries 3: Addressing Agricultural Development in Egypt through Genetic Engineering, M Madkour 4: The Release of Transgenic Varieties in Centres of Origin: Effect on Biotechnology Research and Development Priorities in Developing Countries, A Alvarez-Morales 5: Current Status of Agricultural Biotechnology Research in Indonesia, A M Fagi and M Herman 6: Agricultural Needs in Sub-Saharan Africa: the Role of Biotechnology, C G Ndiritu and J S Wafula 7: The Application of Biotechnology to Food Security Crops 8: Development of Insect-resistant Maize and Its Potential Benefits to Developing Countries, P Robeff 9: The Application of Biotechnology to Potato, M Ghislain et al. 10: Development of Virus-resistant Sweetpotato, M Hinchee 11: The Application of Biotechnology to Rice, G S Khush and D S Brar 12: The Application of Biotechnology to Non-Traditional Crops 13: Current Advances in the Biotechnology of Banana, O Arias 14: The Application of Biotechnology to Date Palm, M Aaouine 15: The Use of Coat Protein Technology to Develop Virus-resistant Cucurbits, H Quemada 16: The Biotechnology of Oil Palm, S-C Cheah 17: Issues Surrounding the Development, Transfer, Adaptation, and Utilization of Agricultural Biotechnology for Emerging Nations 18: Making a Difference: Considering Beneficiaries and Sustainability while Undertaking Research in Biotechnology, J I Cohen 19: Rice Biotechnology Capacity Building in Asia, G H Toenniessen 20: International Biosafety Regulations: Benefits and Costs, R J Frederick 21: Cassava Biotechnology Research: Beyond the Toolbox, A M Thro 22: Fundación Perú: a Path to Capacity Building, F Cillóniz 23: Developing and Accessing Agricultural Biotechnologies: International, US and Developing Country Issues, Perspectives and Experiences 24: Transferring Agricultural Biotechnology: US Public/Private Sector Perspectives, F H Erbisch 25: International Intellectual Property and Genetic Resource Issues Affecting Agricultural Biotechnology, J H Barton 26: Developing Capacity and Accessing Biotechnology Research and Development (R&D) for Sustainable Agriculture and Industrial Development in Zimbabwe, J M Gopo 27: The Technology Transfer System in Thailand, L Tanasugarn 28: Trade in Conventional and Biotechnology Agricultural Products, Q B Kubicek 29: Can Developing Countries Turn Biotech into Business? Moving Research Results into Products 30: Wild Biodiversity: the Last Frontier?, N Mateo 31: Developing an Agricultural Biotechnology Business: Perspective from the Front Lines, P G Marrone

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Book SynopsisMajor research is now directed at improving the nutritional quality of eggs, and at using eggs in other products. Due to the decline in the consumption of eggs in the past few decades, researchers from many disciplines have been lead to look at the egg beyond its traditional food value, and to focus on economically viable biomedical, nutraceutical and ovo-biotechnologies. Written by international experts, this book is based on proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Egg Nutrition and Newly Emerging Ovo-Biotechnologies, held in Banff, Canada, in April 1998. It includes 39 chapters, covering food fats and health, egg consumption, egg lipids and nutrition, ovo-technologies, and food food safety.Table of Contents1: Dietary Fat and Disease: What Do We Know and Where Do We Stand?, D. Kritchevsky 2: Food Cholesterol and its Plasma Lipid and Lipoprotein Response: Is Food Cholesterol Still a Problem or Overstated?, W.H. Howell 3: Eggs, Dietary Cholesterol and Heart Disease Risk: An International Perspective, D.J. McNamara 4: Egg Products Around the World: Today and Tomorrow, G. Zeidler 5: Eggs as a Functional Food Alternative to Fish and Supplements for the Consumption of DHA, M.E. Van Elswyk et al. 6: Biological Activities of Conjugated Linoleic Acids and Designer Eggs, B.A. Watkins, A.A. Devitt, L. Yu, and M.A. Latour 7: Safe Use of Microalgae (DHAGOLD™) in Laying Hen Feed for the Production of DHA-Enriched Eggs, J.R. Abril, W.R. Barclay, and P.G. Abril 8: Molecular Modification of Egg Proteins for Functional Improvement, S. Nakai 9: Eggs as a Functional Food: Technology Update, C.M. Hasler 10: Preparation of Antigen Specific IgY for Food Application, H.H. Sunwoo et al. 11: Applications of Egg Immunoglobulins in Immunoaffinity Chromatography, E.C.Y. Li-Chan 12: Using Egg Antibodies to Treat Diseases, M. Coleman 13: Re-evaluation of Liquid Egg Pasteurization Technology: Newly Emerging and Industrial Application, Theory and Practice, G.W. Froning, D.L. Peters, and S.S. Sumner 14: Processing and Cooling Shell Eggs to Enhance Safety and Quality, P.A. Curtis 15: Effects of Cryogenic Cooling of Shell Eggs on Interior Quality and Microbiological Integrity, D.R. Jones, J.B. Tharrington, P.A. Curtis, K.E. Anderson, and F.T. Jones 16: Effect of Feeding Organic Selenium in Diets of Laying Hens on Egg Selenium Content, A.H. Cantor et al. 17: Influence of Eggshell 49 on Shell Quality of Hens Grouped According to Shell Quality, R.D. Miles and C.W. Comer

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Book SynopsisOf special interest to those countries that are relatively new to the biotechnology field, this unique data source describes emerging biotechnology trends in developing countries and in Central and Eastern Europe. It includes information on government policy and legislation, biotechnology programmes, research centres, universities, private companies, and national societies and organisations in each country.Table of Contents1: Policy and Regulation, G T Tzotzos 2: International Initiatives in Agri-Food Biotechnology, J Komen 3: International Initiatives in Medical Biotechnology, T Crompton 4: Country Profiles 4.1: Belarus, 4.2: Brazil, 4.3: Bulgaria, 4.4: Chile, 4.5: China, 4.6: Colombia, 4.7: Cuba, 4.8: Egypt, 4.9: Hungary, 4.10: India, 4.11: Kenya, 4.12: Korea, 4.13: Kuwait, 4.14: Latvia, 4.15: Lithuania, 4.16: Malaysia, 4.17: Mexico, 4.18: Morocco, 4.19: Nigeria, 4.20: Pakistan, 4.21: Philippines, 4.22: Poland, 4.23: Russian Federation, 4.24: South Africa, 4.25: Thailand, 4.26: Ukraine, 4.27: Venezuela, 4.28: Zimbabwe 5: Appendices: 6: Directory of Research Centres 7: International Agricultural Biotechnology Initiatives 8: Acronyms

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Book SynopsisBased on ISNAR seminars, this book provides information and case studies distilling information on policies for development and implementation of new agricultural biotechnologies. It covers key managerial and policy issues that research directors, program managers and policymakers face when building capacity and competency in biotechnology.Table of ContentsSECTION I: Addressing Management and Policy Issues I: Identifying Needs and Priorities: A Decision-Making Framework for Agricultural Biotechnology 2: The Debate on Genetically Modified Organisms: Relevance for the South 3: Agricultural Biotechnology Research Indicators and Managerial Considerations in Four Developing Countries SECTION II: Setting and Implementing Priorities 4: Methods for Priority Setting in Agricultural Biotechnology Research 5: Setting Research Priorities for the Chilean Biotechnology Program 6: Managing Biotechnology in AARD, Indonesia: Priorities, Funding, and Implementation SECTION III: Maximizing Benefits from Resources 7: Issues in Human Resource Management and Development 8: Managing Bioprospecting and Biotechnology for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biological Diversity 9: Managing Genetic Resources and Biotechnology at IRRI's Rice Genebank 10: International Collaboration in Agricultural Biotechnology 11: Public- and Private-Sector Biotechnology Research and the Role of International Collaboration 12: Indo-Swiss Collaboration in Biotechnology: Lessons Learned and Future Strategies SECTION IV: Ensuring Environmental Responsibility 13: Biosafety Management: Key to the Environmentally Responsible Use of Biotechnology 14: Formulating Guidelines for Field-Testing in the Philippines 15: Addressing Public Acceptance Issues for Biotechnology: Experiences from Japan 16: Balancing Needs for Productivity and Sustainability: Genetic Engineering of Rice at IRRI 17: Managing Target Pest Adaptation: The Case of Bt Transgenic Plant Deployment SECTION V: Managing IPR, Proprietary Science, and Technology Transfer 18: Intellectual Property Rights and Agricultural Biotechnology 19: Agricultural Research and the Management of Intellectual Property 20: Managing Intellectual Property in Embrapa: A Question of Policy and a Change of Heart 21: Managing Proprietary Science and Institutional Inventories for Agricultural Biotechnology 22: International Collaboration: Intellectual Property Management and Partner-Country Perspectives 23: Industrial Research and Business Development: Experiences from the Singapore Institute of Molecular Agrobiology 24: Introducing Transgenic Crops in India: A Joint Venture Approach

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the perspectives of policy-makers and economists on a highly topical subject. Plant breeding patents, the ownership of biological innovation and associated intellectual property rights (IPR) are the subject of increased attention worldwide. They are particularly relevant in the field of agricultural biotechnology, but until recently evoked little policy analysis. IPRs are particularly relevant in the field of agricultural biotechnology. They are issues affecting public and private sector organizations and companies, and are significant for developing as well as developed countries.Table of Contents1: Introduction, V Santaniello et al. 2: Patent and Other Private Legal Rights for Biotechnology Inventions (Intellectual Property Rights - IPR), D D Evenson, P.L.L.C., Washington, USA 3: Intellectual Property Rights of Plant Varieties and of Biotechnology in the European Union, V Santaniello 4: Intellectual Property Rights under the Convention on Biological Diversity, W Lesser, Cornell University, USA 5: An Economic Approach to Identifying An ‘Effective Sui Generis System’ for Plant Variety Protection Under TRIPS, W Lesser 6: Recent Intellectual Property Rights Controversies and Issues at the CGIAR, S H Bragdon, IPGRI, Rome, Italy 7: Economics of Intellectual Property Rights for Agricultural Technology, R E Evenson 8: The Market Value of Farmers’ Rights, R Mendelsohn, Yale University, USA 9: International Crop Breeding in a World of Proprietary Technology, B D Wright, University of California, USA 10: Knowledge Management and the Economics of Agricultural Biotechnology, D Zilberman and C Yarkin, University of California, USA and A Heiman, Hebrew University, Israel 11: Comparing Allocation of Resources in Public and Private Research, S Lemarié, Université Pierre-Mendès, Grenoble, France 12: Biotechnology Inventions: What Can We Learn From Patents?, D K N Johnson, Wellesley College, Massachusetts, USA and V Santaniello 13: Biotechnology Inventions: Patent Data Evidence, A Zohrabyan, Yale University, USA and R E Evenson 14: Property Rights and Regulations for Transgenic Crops in North America, G Carlson and M Marra, North Carolina State University, USA 15: Intellectual Property Rights, Canola and Public Research in Canada, P W B Phillips, University of Saskatchewan, Canada

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Book SynopsisPlant genotyping, or DNA fingerprinting of plants, is a technology that has matured and is poised for widespread practical application in the fields of breeding, commerce and research. This book examines the technologies available and their application in the analysis of:Wild plant populationsGermplasm collections Plant breedingContributors include leading research workers in this field from North America, Europe and Australasia.Table of Contents1: Molecular markers available for use in plant genotyping 2: Plant genotyping by analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms, K J Edwards and R Mogg, University of Bristol, UK 3: Plant genotyping by analysis of microsatellites T A Holton, Southern Cross University, Australia 4: Plant genotyping using arbitrarily amplified DNA, G Caetano-Anollés, University of Oslo, Norway 5: Plant genotyping based upon analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms using microarrays, B Lemieux, University ofDelaware, USAGenotyping plant genetic resource collections 6: Genotyping in plant genetic resources, B V Ford-Lloyd, University of Birmingham, UK 7: Applications of molecular marker techniques to the use of international germplasm collections, M Warburton and D Hoisington, Applied Biotechnology Center, CIMMYT, México Genotyping cultivated and wild germplasm 8: Molecular analysis of wild plant germplasm: the case of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), L S Lee, M Rossetto, L Homer, R J Henry, Southern Cross University, Australia 9: Genotyping Pacific Island Taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) germplasm, I D Godwin, E S Mace and Nurzuhairawaty,The University of Queensland, Australia 10: Molecular marker systems for sugarcane germplasm analysis, G M Cordeiro, Southern Cross University, Australia 11: Microsatellite analysis in cultivated hexaploid wheat and wild wheat relatives, A McLauchlan, R J Henry, Southern Cross University, Australia, P G Isaac, Agrogene, France and K J Edwards, University of Bristol, UK 12: Comparison of RFLP & AFLP marker systems for assessing genetic diversity in Australian barley varieties & breeding, K Chalmers, University of Adelaide, South Australia Development of molecular markers for use in plant genotyping 13: Discovery and application of single nucleotide polymorphism markers in plants, D Bhattramakki and A Rafalski, DuPont Agricultural Products, USA 14: Producing and exploiting enriched microsatellite libraries, T L Maguire, University of Queensland, Australia 15: Sourcing of SSR markers from related plant species, M Rossetto, Southern Cross University, Australia 16: Microsatellites derived from ESTs, and their comparison with those derived by other methods, K D Scott, Southern Cross University, AustraliaTechnical developments and issues in plant genotyping 17: Plant DNA Extraction, R J Henry, Southern Cross University, Australia 18: Collection, reporting and storage of microsatellite genotype data, N Harker, Southern Cross University, Australia 19: Commercial applications of plant genotyping, L S Lee and R J Henry, Southern Cross University, Australia 20: Non-gel based techniques for plant genotyping, R Kota, Southern Cross University, Australia 21: Using molecular information for decision support in wheat breeding, H Eagles, CRC for Molecular Plant Breeding, M Cooper, The University of Queensland, R Shorter, CSIRO Tropical Agriculture, P Fox, CIMMYT, 22: Application of DNA profiling to an outbreeding forage species, J Forster, E Jones, R Kölliker, M Drayton, M Dupal, K Guthridge, La Trobe University, Australia & K Smith, Pastoral & Veterinary Institute, Australia

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Book SynopsisThis book contains edited and revised papers from a conference on 'Science and Technology for Managing Plant Genetic Diversity in the 21st Century' held in Malaysia in June 2000, organised by the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI). It includes keynote papers and some 40 additional ones, covering ten themes.The major scientific challenges to developing a global vision for the next century are identified and key research objectives are also discussed.Table of Contents1: The applications of genomic sciences for a better understanding of genepools 2: Technologies and strategies for ex situ conservation 3: The deployment and management of genetic diversity in agroecosystems 4: The role of bioinformatics in conservation and use 5: In situ conservation of wild species 6: Indicators for sustainable management of genetic resources 7: Germplasm enhancement and pre-breeding 8: Exploring underused species - diverse options 9: Implications of gene transformation techniques for ex situ conservation choices 10: GIS applications for genetic resources management 11: The economics of managing genetic resources and the role of private and public sectors

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Book SynopsisThere are currently many controversial socioeconomic issues concerned with the development and implementation of agricultural biotechnology. This book presents selected revised and edited papers from the fourth and fifth meetings of the International Consortium on Agricultural Biotechnology Research, held in Italy in 2000 and 2001.Table of Contents1: Introduction 2: From the Green Revolution to the Gene Revolution, Robert Evenson Part I: Intellectual Property Rights and Technological Exchange 3: Conflicts in Intellectual Property Rights in Genetic Resources: Implications for Agricultural Biotechnology 4: Sui generis Protection of Plant Varieties in Asian Agriculture: a Regional Regime in the Making? 5: Intellectual Property Aspects of Traditional Agricultural Knowledge, 6: Farmers' Rights and Intellectual Property Rights - Reconciling conflicting concepts, Part II: Public-Private Issues 7: Universities, Technology Transfer and Industrial R&D, 8: Mergers and Intellectual Property in Agricultural Biotechnology 9: Cost of Conserving Genetic Resources at ex situ Genebanks: An Example of the ICARDA Genebank Part III: The Role of Methods 10: Impact of Terminator Technologies in Developing Countries: A Framework for Economic Analysis, 11: The Impact of Genetic Use Restriction Technologies on Developing Countries: a Forecast, 12: Managing Proprietary Technology in Agricultural Research, 13: Is Marker-assisted Selection Cost-effective Compared with Conventional Plant Breeding Methods? The Case of Quality Protein Maize, Part IV: Developing Country Biotechnology Experience 14: Can Biotechnology Reach The Poor? The Adequacy Of Information and Seed Delivery 15: Value of Engineered Virus Resistance in Crop Plants and Technology Cooperation with Developing Countries, 16: Institutions and Institutional Capacity for Biotechnology - A Case Study of India, 17: Social and Economic Impact Ex-Ante Evaluation of Embrapa's Biotechnology Research Products, 18: Intellectual Property Protection and the International Marketing of Agricultural Biotechnology: Firm and Host Country Impacts, 19: Efficiency Effects of bt Cotton Adoption by Smallholders in Makhathini Flats, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 20: Income and Employment Effects of Transgenic Herbicide-resistant Cassava in Colombia: A Preliminary Simulation, Part V: International Models 21: Estimating the Economic Effects of GMOs: the Importance of Policy Choices and Preferences 22: Smallholders, Transgenic Varieties and Production Efficiency: The Case of Cotton Farmers in China

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Book SynopsisThis book had its genesis in Alexandria, Egypt in March 2002 at the Bibliotheca Alexandrina, when the new library hosted a conference on Biotechnology and Sustainable Development: Voices of the South and North. Here, a group of modern scholars met to review the state of the art in relation to the applications of biosciences in human health, food and agriculture and the environment, and address the ethical, institutional, regulatory and socio-economic issues that affect their use. The goal was to identify ways and means by which the new life sciences could be mobilized in the service of humanity and especially to improve the livelihoods of poor people.Table of ContentsPart I: Overview 1: Alexandria renaissance: The new life sciences and society Part II: The New Life Science and Sustainable Development 2: Science and the poor 3: Biotechnology and the war on poverty 4: Biotechnology and its application in agriculture and food production: The Egyptian experience 5: Biotechnology: The next wave of innovation technologies for sustainable development 6: Sustainable food security: Role of the private sector 7: Where the biotechnology industry is heading Part III: The New Life Sciences for Food and Agriculture 8: From molecular genetics to plants for the future 9: New biotechnology applications in fish 10: Biotechnology and smallholder agriculture in sub-saharan Africa 11: Biocontrol of potato bacterial wilt in Kenya 12: Arid lands experience: Crop improvement in dry areas 13: Intellectual property rights: Biotechnology and the gene revolution Part IV: The New Life Sciences for Human Health 14: Post-genomic health advances and its implications in developing countries 15: Novel approaches for vaccine development against trypanosomiasis in Africa 16: Developing and marketing of a salmonella-specific DNA diagnostic kit in Southern Africa 17: Globalization and access to biotechnology-derived health care products: A view from Egypt 18: Prevention of human infectious diseases in developing countries 19: International organizations and human health 20: Biotechnology: Perspectives of civil society Part V: The New Life Science for the Conservation of Natural Resources 21: Biotechnology: Driven by profit or searching for a better environment? 22: Adding value to Brazilian biodiversity through biotechnology Part VI: The Safe Use of New Biotechnologies 23: Scientific basis of biosafety risk assessments 24: Emerging regulatory regimes in South Africa 25: International harmonization in biosafety: The OECD experience Part VII: Public Perceptions 26: Regulating agricultural biotechnology: A consumer perspective 27: Public concerns about biotechnology 28: Perception and acceptance of biotechnology in some developing countries Part VIII: Toward New Partnerships 29: New partnerships to raise universal consciousness in the life sciences

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Book SynopsisDuring the past twenty-five years, biotechnology has revolutionized agricultural research. The enormous potential, together with a landmark decision by the US Supreme Court to allow the patenting of genetically-engineered organisms has encouraged private sector companies to invest in agricultural biotechnology research programmes. This has contributed to a rapid growth in interest in intellectual property rights as applied to this subject.The first edition of this book was published in 1998. Now fully revised and updated it presents definitive information on intellectual property law in a simplified form (with a minimum of legal jargon). New chapters have been added which cover plant variety protection and farmers rights, and additional case studies.Table of ContentsPart I: Issues and Principles 1: Introduction to intellectual properties, F H Erbisch and B L Smiler, Hagan & Schaeff, Ohio, USA 2: Acquiring protection for improved germplasm and inbred lines, J H Barton, Stanford University, CA, USA 3: Transferring intellectual properties, F H Erbisch and A J Fischer, US Patent and Trademark Office, Washington, DC, USA 4: Capacity building in intellectual property management in agricultural biotechnology, K M Maredia and F H Erbisch 5: Plant variety protection in the USA, J M Strachan, USDA, Maryland, USA 6: Farmers' rights over plant genetic resources in the South: Challenges and Opportunities, K Patel, University of Guelph, Canada 7: Economic aspects of Intellectual Property Rights in Agricultural Biotechnology, M K Maredia, J F Oehmke, Michigan State University, USA and D Byerlee, The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA Part II: Country and Regional Case Studies 8: Egypt, A El-Azab, Academy of Scientific Research and Technology, Giza, Egypt 9: South Africa, R A Wolson, University of Cape Town, South Africa 10: Australia, M Blakeney, University of London, London, UK 11: China, T Loke-Khoon, Baker & McKenzie, Hong Kong 12: Issues on Intellectual Property Rights associated with agrobiotechnology in Japan, K N Watanabe, University of Tsukuba, Japan and A Komamine, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Tokyo, Japan 13: India, P Ganguli, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India 14: Intellectual Property Rights in the Russian Federation, T A Young, Texas A&M University System, USA and D Shulgin, The Ural State Technical University, Russia 15: Andean Pact countries of Latin America, W R Jaffé, Agroecológica Platom C.A., Venezuela and E Arteaga-Marcano, Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, Venezuela 16: Costa Rica, S Salazar, Costa Rica 17: European Union, R S Crespi, Consultant, UK 18: Indonesia, T Subagyo, UNEP-GEF, Indonesia 19: Exercising Intellectual Property Rights management in Brazil: research, technology transfer and agribusiness after TRIPS, M J Amstalden Sampio, Embrapa, Brazil, M Maia de Rocha, INPI, Brazil and E A B Brito da Cunha, SPRI, Brazil

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Book SynopsisThe regulatory systems in place prior to the development and expansion of agricultural biotechnology are still responding to this new form of technology. Such systems include trade law, intellectual property law, contract law, environmental regulations and biosafety regulations.This book reviews these regulatory changes and consists of 24 chapters developed from papers presented at a conference of the International Consortium on Agricultural Biotechnology Research, held in Italy in July 2002. It primarily considers the relationship between these changes and innovation, market development and international trade.Table of ContentsPart I: Introduction and Overview 1: Regulation of GM Crops: Shaping an International Regime, R L Paarlberg, Harvard University, USA, R F Hopkins and L Ladewski, Swarthmore College, PA, USA Part 2: Evolving Regulation Systems 2: The Evolving GMO Food Trade Policy Debate: Towards a Global Regulatory Regime? P Katz, P Macdonald, Crowell & Moring LLP, Washington DC, USA and G Mackenzie, Crowell & Moring, Brussels, Belgium 3: International Proposals to Regulate Intellectual Property Rights in Plant Genetic Resources, M Blakeney, Queen Mary College, University of London, UK 4: Genetically Engineered Food Labelling: Global Policy Polarization, L Zepeda, University of Wisconsin, USA 5: Conflict and Consensus-building: International Commercial Policy and Agricultural Biotechnology, J E Hobbs, W A Kerr, University of Saskatchewan, Canada, J D Gaisford, University of Calgary, Canada, et al. 6: The Rationale behind WTO Agreements and Agricultural GMO Controversy, A Sorrentino, Universita di Bari, Italy and R Esposti, Universita di Ancona, Italy 7: Trade Restrictions on Genetically Engineered Foods: The Application of the TBT Agreement, D Heumueller and T Josling, Stanford University, USA Part 3: Regulation and Innovation 8: Environmental Liability and Research and Development in Biotechnology: a Real Options Approach, O Knudsen, The World Bank, Washington DC, USA and P L Scandizzo, Roma, Italy 9: Should the Public Sector Conduct Genomics R&D? A Naseem, The State University of New Jersey, USA and J F Oehmke, Michigan State University, USA 10: The Case for Differentiated Appropriability in Intellectual Property Rights for Plant Varieties, F van Tongeren, and D Eaton, Wageningen University and Research Centre, The Netherlands 11: Biotechnology and Developing Countries: the Struggle over Intellectual Property Rights and Implications for Biodiversity Conservation, O Janni, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy 12: Intellectual Property Strategy in the Context of Inter-organizational Relations: the Case of International Agricultural Research, E Binenbaum, Adelaide University, Australia and P G Pardey, University of Minnesota, USA Part 4: Regulations, Market Structures and Innovation 13: R&D Incentives for GM Seeds: Restricted Monopoly, Non-market Effects, and Regulation, R D Weaver, Pennsylvania State University, USA 14: Agricultural Biotech R&D Structure: Cyclical or Not? J F Oehmke, C A Wolf, Michigan State University, USA, et al. 15: The Innovation System in Agro-food Biotechnology - is it European? K Menrad and T Reiss, Fraunhofer Insatitute for Systems and Innovation Research, Germany 16: How Firm Characteristics Influence Innovative Activity in Agricultural Biotechnology, C Klotz-Ingram, D Schimmelpfennig, Economic Research Service, Washington DC, USA, A Naseem, The State University of New Jersey, USA, et al. Part 5: Regulation and Market Development 17: Dynamic Pricing of GM Crop Traits, R Perrin and L Fulginiti, University of Nebraska, USA 18: Identity Preservation, Segregation and Traceability: Marketplace Features and Uses, S Smyth and P W B Phillips, University of Saskatchewan, Canada 19: Segmentation of GMO and non-GMO Soybean Markets under Identity Preservation Costs and Government Price Supports, T G Schmitz, Arizona State University, USA, C B Moss, University of Florida, USA and A Schmitz, Arizona State University, USA 20: EU Traceability and the US Soybean Sector, G K Price, F Kuchler and B Krissoff, Economic Research Centre, Washington DC, USA 21: Segregation of Non-biotech Maize and Soybeans: Who Bears the Cost? W Lin and D D Johnson, Economic Research Centre, Washington DC, USA Part 6: Economic Impacts 22: Future impact of new technologies : three scenarios, their competence gaps and research implications, H Harmsen, A-M Sonne and B B Jensen, MAPP Centre, Denmark 23: Ex Ante Welfare Effects of Agricultural Biotechnology in the European Union: the Case of Transgenic Herbicide Tolerant Sugarbeet, M Demont and E Tollens, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium 24: The Economic Impacts of Agricultural Biotechnology on International Trade, Consumers, and Producers : the Case of Maize and Soybeans in the USA, A P Barkley, Kansas State University, USA

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Book SynopsisThis compilation from the 2015 Beneficiation of Phosphates Conference includes insights from dozens of internationally respected experts on key breakthroughs that will shape the industry in the years ahead. Topics include: recovery of rare earths from phosphate; Uranium recovery from phosphoric acid; and recovery of magnesium from high-dolomite phosphate rock.

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThis fourth edition explores fully up-to-date standardly used cryopreservation, vitrification, and freeze-drying protocols for specimens that are used for research purposes, conservation of genetic reserves, and applications in agriculture and medicine. Beginning with a section on the fundamentals as well as the use of mathematical modeling to solve cryobiological problems, the book continues with sections on technological aspects of freezing and drying, analytical methods to study protectant loading of cells and tissues, cell behavior during freezing and drying, and thermodynamic properties of preservation solutions, as well as cryopreservation, vitrification, and freeze-drying protocols for a wide variety of samples and different applications. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips oTable of ContentsPart I: Fundamental Aspects of Cryopreservation and Freeze-Drying 1. Principles Underlying Cryopreservation and Freeze-Drying of Cells and Tissues Willem F. Wolkers and Harriëtte Oldenhof 2. Principles of Ice-Free Cryopreservation by Vitrification Gregory M. Fahy and Brian Wowk 3. The Principles of Freeze-Drying and Application of Analytical Technologies Kevin R. Ward and Paul Matejtschuk 4. Mathematical Modeling and Optimization of Cryopreservation in Single Cells James D. Benson 5. Mathematical Modeling of Protectant Transport in Tissues Ross M. Warner and Adam Z. Higgins Part II: Technologies and Methods to Study Freezing and Drying 6. Freezing Technology: Control of Freezing, Thawing, and Ice Nucleation Peter Kilbride and Julie Meneghel 7. Microwave- and Laser-Assisted Drying for the Anhydrous Preservation of Biologics Shangping Wang, Susan Trammell, and Gloria D. Elliott 8. High-Speed Video Cryomicroscopy for Measurement of Intracellular Ice Formation Kinetics Jens O.M. Karlsson 9. Use of Ice Recrystallization Inhibition Assays to Screen for Compounds that Inhibit Ice Recrystallization Anna A. Ampaw, August Sibthorpe, and Robert N. Ben 10. DSC Analysis of Thermophysical Properties for Biomaterials and Formulations Wendell Q. Sun 11. Osmometric Measurements of Cryoprotective Agent Permeation into Tissues Kezhou Wu, Leila Laouar, Nadia Shardt, Janet A.W. Elliott, and Nadr M. Jomha 12. Use of X-Ray Computed Tomography for Monitoring Tissue Permeation Processes Ariadna Corral, Alberto Olmo, and Ramón Risco 13. Use of In Situ Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in Cryobiological Research Willem F. Wolkers and Harriëtte Oldenhof 14. Raman Cryomicroscopic Imaging and Sample Holder for Spectroscopic Subzero Temperature Measurements Guanglin Yu, Rui Li, and Allison Hubel Part III: Cryopreservation and Freeze-Drying Protocols 15. Cryopreservation of Semen from Domestic Livestock: Bovine, Equine, and Porcine Sperm Harriëtte Oldenhof, Willem F. Wolkers, and Harald Sieme 16. Cryopreservation of Avian Semen Henri Woelders 17. Cryopreservation of Mouse Sperm for Genome Banking Yuksel Agca and Cansu Agca 18. Cryopreservation of Marine Invertebrates: From Sperm to Complex Larval Stages Estefania Paredes, Pablo Heres, Catarina Anjos, and Elsa Cabrita 19. Aseptic Cryoprotectant-Free Vitrification of Human Spermatozoa by Direct Dropping into a Cooling Agent Mengying Wang, Evgenia Isachenko, Gohar Rahimi, Peter Mallmann, and Vladimir Isachenko 20. Cryopreservation of Mammalian Oocytes: Slow Cooling and Vitrification as Successful Methods for Cryogenic Storage Victoria Keros and Barry J. Fuller 21. Vitrification of Porcine Oocytes and Zygotes in Microdrops on a Solid Metal Surface or Liquid Nitrogen Tamas Somfai and Kazuhiro Kikuchi 22. Cryopreservation and Transplantation of Laboratory Rodent Ovarian Tissue for Genome Banking and Biomedical Research Yuksel Agca and Cansu Agca 23. Cryopreservation and Thawing of Human Ovarian Cortex Tissue Slices Jana Liebenthron and Markus Montag 24. Vitrification: A Simple and Successful Method for Cryostorage of Human Blastocysts Juergen Liebermann 25. Vitrification of Equine In Vivo-Derived Embryos, after Blastocoel Aspiration Carolina Herrera 26. Frozen Blood Reserves Johan W. Lagerberg 27. Isolation, Cryopreservation, and Characterization of iPSC-Derived Megakaryocytes Denys Pogozhykh, Rainer Blasczyk, and Constança Figueiredo 28. Chemically Defined, Clinical-Grade Cryopreservation of Human Adipose Stem Cells Melany López and Ali Eroglu 29. Chemically-Defined and Xeno-Free Cryopreservation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Juliette Seremak and Ali Eroglu 30. Protocol for Cryopreservation of Endothelial Monolayers Leah A. Marquez-Curtis, Nasim Eskandari, Locksley E. McGann, and Janet A.W. Elliott 31. Vitrification of Heart Valve Tissues Kelvin G.M. Brockbank, Zhenzhen Chen, Elizabeth D. Greene, and Lia H. Campbell 32. Cryopreservation of Algae Estefania Paredes, Angela Ward, Ian Probert, Léna Gouhier, and Christine N. Campbell 33. Cryopreservation of Fern Spores and Pollen Anna Nebot, Victoria J. Philpott, Anna Pajdo, and Daniel Ballesteros 34. Cryopreservation of Plant Cell Lines Using Alginate Encapsulation Heinz Martin Schumacher, Martina Westphal, and Elke Heine-Dobbernack 35. Cryopreservation of Plant Shoot Tips of Potato, Mint, Garlic, and Shallot Using Plant Vitrification Solution 3 Angelika Senula and Manuela Nagel 36. Cryopreservation of Seeds and Seed Embryos in Orthodox, Intermediate, and Recalcitrant Seeded Species Daniel Ballesteros, Natalia Fanega-Sleziak, and Rachael Davies 37. Freeze-Drying of Proteins Baolin Liu and Xinli Zhou 38. Freeze-Drying of Lactic Acid Bacteria: A Stepwise Approach for Developing a Freeze-Drying Protocol Based on Physical Properties Fernanda Fonseca, Amélie Girardeau, and Stéphanie Passot 39. Preservation of Mammalian Sperm by Freeze-Drying Levent Keskintepe and Ali Eroglu 40. Freeze-Drying of Decellularized Heart Valves for Off-the-Shelf Availability Willem F. Wolkers and Andres Hilfiker

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Book SynopsisThis second edition volume expands on the previous edition by exploring the latest advancements in high throughput screening (HTS) in toxicity studies by using in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models. This volume also covers the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and data science to curate, manage, and use HTS data. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Cutting-edge and thorough, High Throughput Screening Assays in Modern Toxicology, Second Edition is a valuable resource for scientists pursuing chemical toxicology research. This book will aid scientists and researchers in translating new HTS techniques into standardized chemical toxicology assessment tools that can refine, reTable of ContentsAcknowledgement…Preface…Table of Contents…Contributing Authors…Part I In Vitro Toxicological High Throughput Screening Methods1. Cell-Based Assays to Identify ERR and ERR/PGC ModulatorsCaitlin Lynch, Jinghua Zhao, and Menghang Xia2. Mitochondrial Membrane Potential AssaySrilatha Sakamuru, Jinghua Zhao, Matias S. Attene-Ramos, and Menghang Xia3. Cell-Based hERG Inhibition Assay in a High-Throughput FormatJinghua Zhao, and Menghang Xia 4. Identifying CAR Modulators Utilizing a Reporter Gene AssayCaitlin Lynch, Jinghua Zhao, Hongbing Wang, and Menghang Xia5. Study Liver Cytochrome P450 3A4 Inhibition and Hepatotoxicity Using DMSO-Differentiated HuH-7 CellsYitong Liu6. Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Assays for High-Throughput ScreeningShuaizhang Li, Andrew J. Li, Michael F. Santillo, and Menghang Xia7. Cell-Based Assays to Identify Modulators of Nrf2/ARE PathwayZhengxi Wei, Jinghua Zhao, Li Zhang, and Menghang XiaPart II In Vitro Toxicological High Content Screening Methods8. Cell-Based Imaging Assay for Detection of PhospholipdosisLi Zhang, Shuaizhang Li, and Menghang Xia9. GFP-LC3 High-Content Assay for Screening Autophagy ModulatorsLi Zhang, Jinghua Zhao, Wen-Xing Ding, and Menghang XiaPart III Three-Dimensional Cell System for Toxicological High Throughput Screening10. Generation of iPSC-Derived Brain Organoids for Drug Testing and Toxicological EvaluationHa Nam NguyenPart IV In Vivo Toxicological High Throughput Screening Methods11. Zebrafish Behavioral Assays in ToxicologySubham Dasgupta, Michael T. Simonich, and Robert L. TanguayPart V In Silico High Throughput Screening Toxicity Data Analysis12. High Throughput Screening Assay Profiling for Large Chemical DatabasesDaniel P. Russo and Hao Zhu13. A Quantitative High Throughput Screening Data Analysis Pipeline for Activity ProfilingRuili Huang14. CurveP Method for Rendering High Throughput Screening Dose-Response Data into Digital FingerprintsAlexander Sedykh15. Accounting for Artifacts in High Throughput Toxicity AssaysJui-Hua Hsieh16. Automatic Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Modeling to Fill Data Gaps in High-Throughput ScreeningHeather L. Ciallella, Elena Chung, Daniel P. Russo, and Hao Zhu17. Use In Silico and In Vitro Methods to Screen Hepatotoxic Chemicals and CYP450 Enzyme InhibitorsYitong LiuSubject Index List…

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses principles, methodology, and applications of microbiological laboratory techniques . It lays special emphasis on the use of various automated machines that are essential for medical microbiology and diagnostic labs. The book contains eleven major chapters. The first chapter describes the good lab practices which should be followed by the students in all biological, chemistry or microbiology laboratories. The next chapter describes manual and automated characterization of antibiotic resistant microbes, followed by a chapter on genomics based tools and techniques that are integral to research. Further chapters deal with other important techniques like immunology based techniques, spectrophotometry and its various types, MALDI-TOFF and microarrays, each with illustrations and detailed description of the protocols and applications. The book also gives certain important guidelines to the students about the planning the experiment and interpreting results. Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis volume explores the latest eye-tracking methodologies that help researchers understand the background, methods, and applications involved in these studies. The chapters in this book cover topics such as methods and models of eye-tracking in natural environments; natural gaze informatics (i.e., assisted wheelchair mobility); eye-tracking application to understand the visual control of locomotion; eye movement in neurological disorders; and eye movements in sports research and practice. In the Neuromethods series style, chapters include the kind of detail and key advice from the specialists needed to get successful results in your laboratory. Cutting-edge and practical, Eye Tracking: Background, Methods, and Applications is a valuable resource for experienced and novice researchers interested in learning more about this field and its future developments.Table of ContentsSeries Preface...Preface…Table of Contents…Contributing Authors…1. The Eyes as a Window to the Brain and MindLisa Graham, Julia Das, Jason Moore, Alan Godfrey, and Samuel Stuart2. A Brief History of Eye Movement ResearchAbbey Fletcher, Stephen Dunne, and Joe Butler3. Eye-Tracking Hardware: Past to Present, and BeyondPawel Kasprowski4. Methods and Models of Eye-Tracking in Natural EnvironmentsAlex J. Harston and Aldo A. Faisal5. Definition, Modeling, and Detection of Saccades in the Face of Post-Saccadic OscillationsRichard Schweitzer and Martin Rolfs6. Natural Gaze Informatics: Towards Intelligence Assisted Wheelchair MobilityMahendran Subramanian and Aldo A. Faisal7. Eye-Tracker Outcomes from Static, Mobile, Virtual Reality Eye-Tracking DevicesNicholas P. Murray, Brittany M. Trotter, Gustavo Sandri Heidner, Callie Herman, and Melissa Hunfalvay8. Translational Attentional Control Theory to Applied Psychological Eye Tracking ResearchWilliam R. Young and Toby J. Ellmers9. Eye-Tracking Application to Understand the Visual Control of LocomotionEllen Lirani-Silva and Rodrigo Vitorio10. Eye Movement in User Experience and Human-Computer Interaction ResearchLinden J. Ball and Beth H. Richardson11. Eye Movement in Neurological DisordersJulia Das, Lisa Graham, Rosie Morris, Gill Barry, Alan Godfrey, Richard Walker, and Samuel Stuart12. Eye Movements in Sports Research and Practice: Immersive Technologies as Optimal Environments for the Study of Gaze BehaviorDavid J. Harris, Mark R. Wilson, Tim Holmes, Toby de Burgh, and Samuel J. VineSubject Index List…

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Book SynopsisThis third edition provides new and updated chapters detailing preparation of liposomes, physicochemical characterization of liposomes, lipid analysis, drug encapsulation, surface modification, stimuli response as well as cellular interaction, and biodistribution.  Also included is an updated chapter on the history and evolution of the field of liposomology. Written in the format of the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, each chapter includes an introduction to the topic, lists necessary materials and reagents, includes tips on troubleshooting and known pitfalls, and step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Liposomes: Methods and Protocols, Third Edition aims to serve as a reference for graduate students, post-doctoral researchers as well as established investigators utilizing lipid-based systems.Table of Contents1. From olive oil emulsions to COVID-19 Vaccines - Liposomes Came First Volkmar Weissig 2 Preparation of DRV liposomes Sophia G. Antimisiaris 3 Preparation of small unilamellar vesicles using detergent dialysis method Qingyue Zhong and Hongwei Zhang 4 Thin-film hydration followed by extrusion method for liposome preparation Hongwei Zhang 5 Ethanol injection method for liposome preparation Guangsheng Du and Xun Sun 6 Preparation of giant vesicles with mixed single-tail and double-tail lipids Lauren A Lowe and Anna Wang 7 Scalable Liposome Synthesis by High Aspect Ratio Microfluidic Flow Focusing Jung Yeon Han, Zhu Chen, and Don L. DeVoe 8 Preparation of doxorubicin liposomes by remote loading method Jian Chen 9 Magnetic thermosensitive liposomes loaded with Doxorubicin Mohamad Alawak, Alice Abu Dayyih, Ibrahim Awak, Bernd Gutberlet, Konrad Engelhardt, and Udo Bakowsky 10 Preparation and physical characterization of DNA binding cationic liposomes Vaibhav Saxena 11 Tunable pH sensitive lipoplexes Helene Dhotel, Michel Bessodes and Nathalie Mignet 12 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Wei-Chung Luo and Xiuling Lu 13 Stable Discoidal Bicelles – Formulation, Characterization and Functions Ying Liu, Yan Xia, Armin Tahmasbi Rad, Wafa Aresh, Justin M. Fang, and Mu-Ping Nieh 14 The post-insertion method for the preparation of PEGylated liposomes Sherif E. Emam, Nehal E. Elsadek, Taro Shimizua, and Tatsuhiro Ishidaa 15 Click chemistry for liposome surface modification Maria Vittoria Spanedda, Marcella De Giorgi, Béatrice Heurtault, Antoine Kichler, Line Bourel-Bonnet and Benoît Frisch 16 Surface Modification of Liposomes Using Folic Acid Mengran Guo, Zhongshan He, Xi He and Xiangrong Song 17 Preparation and Characterization of Trastuzumab Fab conjugated liposomes (immunoliposomes) Yuhong Xu 18 Pyrophosphorylated cholesterol modified bone-targeting liposomes formulation procedure Yanzhi Liu, Zhenshan Jia, Luoyang Ma, and Dong Wang 19 Method of simultaneous analysis of liposome components using HPTLC/FID Sophia Hatziantoniou and Costas Demetzos 20 HPLC-MS/MS Method for Identification and Quantification of Lipids in Liposomes Yujie Shi and Xiaona Li 21 DPH probe method for liposome-membrane fluidity determination Wei He 22 Imaging of Liposomes by Negative Staining Transmission Electron Microscopy and Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy Anand S. Ubhe 23 Visualization and characterization of liposomes by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Konrad Engelhardt, Eduard Preis and Udo Bakowsky 24 Determination of the sub-cellular distribution of fluorescently labeled liposomes using confocal microscopy Melani A. Solomon 25 Liposome biodistribution via europium complexes Nathalie Mignet and Daniel Scherman 26 Quantification of a fluorescent lipid DOPE-NBD by an HPLC method in biological tissue: application to study liposome’s uptake by human placenta Louise Fliedel, Nathalie Mignet, Thierry Fournier, Karine Andrieux, and Khair Alhareth

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Book SynopsisIntroduction to Drug Delivery System: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives.- Fundamentals of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery.- Targeted Drug Delivery: Principles and Strategies.- Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery: From Bench to Bedside.- Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Formulation and Applications.- Polymer-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Characterization.- Stimuli Responsive Drug Delivery Systems: From Concept to Clinical Translation.- Biomaterials in Drug Delivery: Design and Applications.- Transdermal Drug Delivery: Technology and Applications.- Drug Delivery to Cancer: Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment.- Biosensor-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Innovations, Applications, and Future Perspectives.- Ocular Drug Delivery: Overcoming Barriers for Effective Treatment.- Drug Delivery to the Gastrointestinal Tract: Challenges and Opportunities.- Drug Delivery to the Respiratory System: Novel Approaches and Therapeutics.- Drug Delivery to the Cardiovascular System: Application and Future Prospects.- Drug Delivery to the Musculoskeletal System: Localized Therapies and Repair.- Drug Delivery to the Reproductive System: Innovations and Therapeutic Advances.- Drug Delivery in Rare Diseases: Orphan Drugs and Therapies.- Drug Delivery to the Immune System: Immunotherapies and Vaccines.- Unlocking the Potential of Gene Therapy: Principles and Therapeutic Applications.- Cell-Based Therapies and Drug Delivery: Advancements and Challenges.- Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Drug Delivery Optimization.- In Vitro Models for Drug Delivery Systems.- Ethical and Safety Considerations in Drug Delivery Systems.- Challenges and Future Directions for Next-Generation Drug Delivery Systems.

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Book SynopsisLearn how to apply rough-fuzzy computing techniques to solve problems in bioinformatics and medical image processing Emphasizing applications in bioinformatics and medical image processing, this text offers a clear framework that enables readers to take advantage of the latest rough-fuzzy computing techniques to build working pattern recognition models. The authors explain step by step how to integrate rough sets with fuzzy sets in order to best manage the uncertainties in mining large data sets. Chapters are logically organized according to the major phases of pattern recognition systems development, making it easier to master such tasks as classification, clustering, and feature selection. Rough-Fuzzy Pattern Recognition examines the important underlying theory as well as algorithms and applications, helping readers see the connections between theory and practice. The first chapter provides an introduction to pattern recognition and data mining, including the Table of ContentsForeword xiii Preface xv About the Authors xix 1 Introduction to Pattern Recognition and Data Mining 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Pattern Recognition 3 1.2.1 Data Acquisition 4 1.2.2 Feature Selection 4 1.2.3 Classification and Clustering 5 1.3 Data Mining 6 1.3.1 Tasks, Tools, and Applications 7 1.3.2 Pattern Recognition Perspective 8 1.4 Relevance of Soft Computing 9 1.5 Scope and Organization of the Book 10 References 14 2 Rough-Fuzzy Hybridization and Granular Computing 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Fuzzy Sets 22 2.3 Rough Sets 23 2.4 Emergence of Rough-Fuzzy Computing 26 2.4.1 Granular Computing 26 2.4.2 Computational Theory of Perception and f -Granulation 26 2.4.3 Rough-Fuzzy Computing 28 2.5 Generalized Rough Sets 29 2.6 Entropy Measures 30 2.7 Conclusion and Discussion 36 References 37 3 Rough-Fuzzy Clustering: Generalized c-Means Algorithm 47 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Existing c-Means Algorithms 49 3.2.1 Hard c-Means 49 3.2.2 Fuzzy c-Means 50 3.2.3 Possibilistic c-Means 51 3.2.4 Rough c-Means 52 3.3 Rough-Fuzzy-Possibilistic c-Means 53 3.3.1 Objective Function 54 3.3.2 Cluster Prototypes 55 3.3.3 Fundamental Properties 56 3.3.4 Convergence Condition 57 3.3.5 Details of the Algorithm 59 3.3.6 Selection of Parameters 60 3.4 Generalization of Existing c-Means Algorithms 61 3.4.1 RFCM: Rough-Fuzzy c-Means 61 3.4.2 RPCM: Rough-Possibilistic c-Means 62 3.4.3 RCM: Rough c-Means 63 3.4.4 FPCM: Fuzzy-Possibilistic c-Means 64 3.4.5 FCM: Fuzzy c-Means 64 3.4.6 PCM: Possibilistic c-Means 64 3.4.7 HCM: Hard c-Means 65 3.5 Quantitative Indices for Rough-Fuzzy Clustering 65 3.5.1 Average Accuracy, α Index 65 3.5.2 Average Roughness, ϱ Index 67 3.5.3 Accuracy of Approximation, α⋆ Index 67 3.5.4 Quality of Approximation, γ Index 68 3.6 Performance Analysis 68 3.6.1 Quantitative Indices 68 3.6.2 Synthetic Data Set: X32 69 3.6.3 Benchmark Data Sets 70 3.7 Conclusion and Discussion 80 References 81 4 Rough-Fuzzy Granulation and Pattern Classification 85 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 Pattern Classification Model 87 4.2.1 Class-Dependent Fuzzy Granulation 88 4.2.2 Rough-Set-Based Feature Selection 90 4.3 Quantitative Measures 95 4.3.1 Dispersion Measure 95 4.3.2 Classification Accuracy, Precision, and Recall 96 4.3.3 κ Coefficient 96 4.3.4 β Index 97 4.4 Description of Data Sets 97 4.4.1 Completely Labeled Data Sets 98 4.4.2 Partially Labeled Data Sets 99 4.5 Experimental Results 100 4.5.1 Statistical Significance Test 102 4.5.2 Class Prediction Methods 103 4.5.3 Performance on Completely Labeled Data 103 4.5.4 Performance on Partially Labeled Data 110 4.6 Conclusion and Discussion 112 References 114 5 Fuzzy-Rough Feature Selection using f -Information Measures 117 5.1 Introduction 117 5.2 Fuzzy-Rough Sets 120 5.3 Information Measure on Fuzzy Approximation Spaces 121 5.3.1 Fuzzy Equivalence Partition Matrix and Entropy 121 5.3.2 Mutual Information 123 5.4 f -Information and Fuzzy Approximation Spaces 125 5.4.1 V -Information 125 5.4.2 Iα-Information 126 5.4.3 Mα-Information 127 5.4.4 χα-Information 127 5.4.5 Hellinger Integral 128 5.4.6 Renyi Distance 128 5.5 f -Information for Feature Selection 129 5.5.1 Feature Selection Using f -Information 129 5.5.2 Computational Complexity 130 5.5.3 Fuzzy Equivalence Classes 131 5.6 Quantitative Measures 133 5.6.1 Fuzzy-Rough-Set-Based Quantitative Indices 133 5.6.2 Existing Feature Evaluation Indices 133 5.7 Experimental Results 135 5.7.1 Description of Data Sets 136 5.7.2 Illustrative Example 137 5.7.3 Effectiveness of the FEPM-Based Method 138 5.7.4 Optimum Value of Weight Parameter β 141 5.7.5 Optimum Value of Multiplicative Parameter η 141 5.7.6 Performance of Different f -Information Measures 145 5.7.7 Comparative Performance of Different Algorithms 152 5.8 Conclusion and Discussion 156 References 156 6 Rough Fuzzy c-Medoids and Amino Acid Sequence Analysis 161 6.1 Introduction 161 6.2 Bio-Basis Function and String Selection Methods 164 6.2.1 Bio-Basis Function 164 6.2.2 Selection of Bio-Basis Strings Using Mutual Information 166 6.2.3 Selection of Bio-Basis Strings Using Fisher Ratio 167 6.3 Fuzzy-Possibilistic c-Medoids Algorithm 168 6.3.1 Hard c-Medoids 168 6.3.2 Fuzzy c-Medoids 169 6.3.3 Possibilistic c-Medoids 170 6.3.4 Fuzzy-Possibilistic c-Medoids 171 6.4 Rough-Fuzzy c-Medoids Algorithm 172 6.4.1 Rough c-Medoids 172 6.4.2 Rough-Fuzzy c-Medoids 174 6.5 Relational Clustering for Bio-Basis String Selection 176 6.6 Quantitative Measures 178 6.6.1 Using Homology Alignment Score 178 6.6.2 Using Mutual Information 179 6.7 Experimental Results 181 6.7.1 Description of Data Sets 181 6.7.2 Illustrative Example 183 6.7.3 Performance Analysis 184 6.8 Conclusion and Discussion 196 References 196 7 Clustering Functionally Similar Genes from Microarray Data 201 7.1 Introduction 201 7.2 Clustering Gene Expression Data 203 7.2.1 k-Means Algorithm 203 7.2.2 Self-Organizing Map 203 7.2.3 Hierarchical Clustering 204 7.2.4 Graph-Theoretical Approach 204 7.2.5 Model-Based Clustering 205 7.2.6 Density-Based Hierarchical Approach 206 7.2.7 Fuzzy Clustering 206 7.2.8 Rough-Fuzzy Clustering 206 7.3 Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis 207 7.3.1 Silhouette Index 207 7.3.2 Eisen and Cluster Profile Plots 207 7.3.3 Z Score 208 7.3.4 Gene-Ontology-Based Analysis 208 7.4 Description of Data Sets 209 7.4.1 Fifteen Yeast Data 209 7.4.2 Yeast Sporulation 211 7.4.3 Auble Data 211 7.4.4 Cho et al. Data 211 7.4.5 Reduced Cell Cycle Data 211 7.5 Experimental Results 212 7.5.1 Performance Analysis of Rough-Fuzzy c-Means 212 7.5.2 Comparative Analysis of Different c-Means 212 7.5.3 Biological Significance Analysis 215 7.5.4 Comparative Analysis of Different Algorithms 215 7.5.5 Performance Analysis of Rough-Fuzzy-Possibilistic c-Means 217 7.6 Conclusion and Discussion 217 References 220 8 Selection of Discriminative Genes from Microarray Data 225 8.1 Introduction 225 8.2 Evaluation Criteria for Gene Selection 227 8.2.1 Statistical Tests 228 8.2.2 Euclidean Distance 228 8.2.3 Pearson’s Correlation 229 8.2.4 Mutual Information 229 8.2.5 f -Information Measures 230 8.3 Approximation of Density Function 230 8.3.1 Discretization 231 8.3.2 Parzen Window Density Estimator 231 8.3.3 Fuzzy Equivalence Partition Matrix 233 8.4 Gene Selection using Information Measures 234 8.5 Experimental Results 235 8.5.1 Support Vector Machine 235 8.5.2 Gene Expression Data Sets 236 8.5.3 Performance Analysis of the FEPM 236 8.5.4 Comparative Performance Analysis 250 8.6 Conclusion and Discussion 250 References 252 9 Segmentation of Brain Magnetic Resonance Images 257 9.1 Introduction 257 9.2 Pixel Classification of Brain MR Images 259 9.2.1 Performance on Real Brain MR Images 260 9.2.2 Performance on Simulated Brain MR Images 263 9.3 Segmentation of Brain MR Images 264 9.3.1 Feature Extraction 265 9.3.2 Selection of Initial Prototypes 274 9.4 Experimental Results 277 9.4.1 Illustrative Example 277 9.4.2 Importance of Homogeneity and Edge Value 278 9.4.3 Importance of Discriminant Analysis-Based Initialization 279 9.4.4 Comparative Performance Analysis 280 9.5 Conclusion and Discussion 283 References 283 Index 287

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive introduction to using modeling and simulation programs in drug discovery and development Biopharmaceutical modeling has become integral to the design and development of new drugs. Influencing key aspects of the development process, including drug substance design, formulation design, and toxicological exposure assessment, biopharmaceutical modeling is now seen as the linchpin to a drug''s future success. And while there are a number of commercially available software programs for drug modeling, there has not been a single resource guiding pharmaceutical professionals to the actual tools and practices needed to design and test safe drugs. A guide to the basics of modeling and simulation programs, Biopharmaceutics Modeling and Simulations offers pharmaceutical scientists the keys to understanding how they work and are applied in creating drugs with desired medicinal properties. Beginning with a focus on the oral absorption of drugs, the bookTrade Review“This book serves as an invaluable source of information for the formulation scientist, the preclinical, translational or clinical pharmacokineticist, as well as the modeling and simulation scientist.” (ChemMedChem, 1 April 2013)Table of ContentsPREFACE xxv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xxix 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 An Illustrative Description of Oral Drug Absorption: The Whole Story 1 1.2 Three Regimes of Oral Drug Absorption 2 1.3 Physiology of the Stomach, Small Intestine, and Colon 5 1.4 Drug and API Form 6 1.4.1 Undissociable and Free Acid Drugs 6 1.4.2 Free Base Drugs 6 1.4.3 Salt Form Cases 6 1.5 The Concept of Mechanistic Modeling 7 References 8 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK I: SOLUBILITY 10 2.1 Definition of Concentration 10 2.1.1 Total Concentration 11 2.1.2 Dissolved Drug Concentration 11 2.1.3 Effective Concentration 12 2.2 Acid–Base and Bile-Micelle-Binding Equilibriums 13 2.2.1 Monoprotic Acid and Base 14 2.2.2 Multivalent Cases 16 2.2.3 Bile-Micelle Partitioning 17 2.2.4 Modified Henderson–Hasselbalch Equation 18 2.2.5 Kbm from Log Poct 19 2.3 Equilibrium Solubility 19 2.3.1 Definition of Equilibrium Solubility 19 2.3.2 pH–Solubility Profile (pH-Controlled Region) 21 2.3.3 Solubility in a Biorelevant Media with Bile Micelles (pH-Controlled Region) 23 2.3.4 Estimation of Unbound Fraction from the Solubilities with and without Bile Micelles 25 2.3.5 Common Ionic Effect 25 2.3.6 Important Conclusion from the pH–Equilibrium Solubility Profile Theory 27 2.3.7 Yalkowsky’s General Solubility Equation 27 2.3.8 Solubility Increase by Converting to an Amorphous Form 29 2.3.9 Solubility Increase by Particle Size Reduction (Nanoparticles) 30 2.3.10 Cocrystal 31 References 31 3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK II: DISSOLUTION 33 3.1 Diffusion Coefficient 34 3.1.1 Monomer 34 3.1.2 Bile Micelles 35 3.1.3 Effective Diffusion Coefficient 36 3.2 Dissolution and Particle Growth 36 3.2.1 Mass Transfer Equations: Pharmaceutical Science Versus Fluid Dynamics 37 3.2.2 Dissolution Equation with a Lump Sum Dissolution Rate Coefficient (kdiss) 38 3.2.3 Particle Size and Surface Area 39 3.2.3.1 Monodispersed Particles 39 3.2.3.2 Polydispersed Particles 41 3.2.4 Diffusion Layer Thickness I: Fluid Dynamic Model 41 3.2.4.1 Reynolds and Sherwood Numbers 42 3.2.4.2 Disk (Levich Equation) 45 3.2.4.3 Tube (Graetz Problem) 45 3.2.4.4 Particle Fixed to Space (Ranz–Marshall Equation) 46 3.2.4.5 Floating Particle 47 3.2.4.6 Nonspherical Particle 49 3.2.4.7 Minimum Agitation Speed for Complete Suspension 51 3.2.4.8 Other Factors 52 3.2.5 Diffusion Layer Thickness II: Empirical Models for Particles 52 3.2.6 Solid Surface pH and Solubility 53 3.3 Nucleation 56 3.3.1 General Description of Nucleation and Precipitation Process 56 3.3.2 Classical Nucleation Theory 57 3.3.2.1 Concept of Classical Nucleation Theory 58 3.3.2.2 Mathematical Expressions 58 3.3.3 Application of a Nucleation Theory for Biopharmaceutical Modeling 61 References 61 4 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK III: BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANE PERMEATION 64 4.1 Overall Scheme 64 4.2 General Permeation Equation 66 4.3 Permeation Rate Constant, Permeation Clearance, and Permeability 66 4.4 Intestinal Tube Flatness and Permeation Parameters 68 4.5 Effective Concentration for Intestinal Membrane Permeability 70 4.5.1 Effective Concentration for Unstirred Water Layer Permeation 70 4.5.2 Effective Concentration for Epithelial Membrane Permeation: the Free Fraction Theory 70 4.6 Surface Area Expansion by Plicate and Villi 71 4.7 Unstirred Water Layer Permeability 73 4.7.1 Basic Case 73 4.7.2 Particles in the UWL (Particle Drifting Effect) 74 4.8 Epithelial Membrane Permeability (Passive Processes) 76 4.8.1 Passive Transcellular Membrane Permeability: pH Partition Theory 76 4.8.2 Intrinsic Passive Transcellular Permeability 77 4.8.2.1 Solubility–Diffusion Model 77 4.8.2.2 Flip-Flop Model 79 4.8.2.3 Relationship between Ptrans,0 and log Poct 80 4.8.3 Paracellular Pathway 83 4.8.4 Relationship between log Doct, MW, and Fa% 84 4.9 Enteric Cell Model 84 4.9.1 Definition of Papp 86 4.9.2 Enzymatic Reaction: Michaelis–Menten Equation 87 4.9.3 First-Order Case 1: No Transporter and Metabolic Enzymes 88 4.9.4 First-Order Case 2: Efflux Transporter in Apical Membrane 91 4.9.5 Apical Efflux Transporter with Km and Vmax 95 4.9.6 Apical Influx Transporter with Km and Vmax 100 4.9.7 UWL and Transporter 100 4.9.7.1 No Transporter 101 4.9.7.2 Influx Transporter and UWL 101 4.9.7.3 Efflux Transporter 101 4.10 Gut Wall Metabolism 103 4.10.1 The Qgut Model 104 4.10.2 Simple Fg Models 104 4.10.3 Theoretical Consideration on Fg 104 4.10.3.1 Derivation of the Fg Models 105 4.10.3.2 Derivation of the Anatomical Fg Model 107 4.10.4 Interplay between CYP3A4 and P-gp 108 4.11 Hepatic Metabolism and Excretion 114 References 115 5 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK IV: GASTROINTESTINAL TRANSIT MODELS AND INTEGRATION 122 5.1 GI Transit Models 122 5.1.1 One-Compartment Model/Plug Flow Model 122 5.1.2 Plug Flow Model 123 5.1.3 Three-Compartment Model 124 5.1.4 S1I7CX (X = 1–4) Compartment Models 124 5.1.5 Convection–Dispersion Model 126 5.1.6 Tapered Tube Model 126 5.2 Time-Dependent Changes of Physiological Parameters 127 5.2.1 Gastric Emptying 127 5.2.2 Water Mass Balance 128 5.2.3 Bile Concentration 129 5.3 Integration 1: Analytical Solutions 129 5.3.1 Dissolution Under Sink Condition 130 5.3.1.1 Monodispersed Particles 130 5.3.1.2 Polydispersed Particles 131 5.3.2 Fraction of a Dose Absorbed (Fa%) 132 5.3.3 Approximate Fa% Analytical Solutions 1: Case-by-Case Solution 133 5.3.3.1 Permeability-Limited Case 134 5.3.3.2 Solubility-Permeability-Limited Case 135 5.3.3.3 Dissolution-Rate-Limited Case 137 5.3.4 Approximate Fa% Analytical Solutions 2: Semi-General Equations 137 5.3.4.1 Sequential First-Order Kinetics of Dissolution and Permeation 137 5.3.4.2 Minimum Fa% Model 138 5.3.5 Approximate Fa% Analytical Solutions 3: FaSS Equation 139 5.3.5.1 Application Range 140 5.3.5.2 Derivation of Fa Number Equation 140 5.3.5.3 Refinement of the FaSS Equation 141 5.3.5.4 Advantage of FaSS Equation 146 5.3.5.5 Limitation of FaSS Equation 146 5.3.6 Interpretations of Fa Equations 146 5.3.7 Approximate Analytical Solution for Oral PK Model 147 5.4 Integration 2: Numerical Integration 147 5.4.1 Virtual Particle Bins 149 5.4.2 The Mass Balance of Dissolved Drug Amount in Each GI Position 149 5.4.3 Controlled Release of Virtual Particle Bin 150 5.5 In Vivo FA From PK Data 150 5.5.1 Absolute Bioavailability and Fa 151 5.5.2 Relative Bioavailability Between Solid and Solution Formulations 151 5.5.3 Relative Bioavailability Between Low and High Dose 152 5.5.4 Convolution and Deconvolution 152 5.5.4.1 Convolution 153 5.5.4.2 Deconvolution 154 5.6 Other Administration Routes 156 5.6.1 Skin 156 References 157 6 PHYSIOLOGY OF GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT AND OTHER ADMINISTRATION SITES IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS 160 6.1 Morphology of Gastrointestinal Tract 160 6.1.1 Length and Tube Radius 160 6.1.2 Surface Area 161 6.1.2.1 Small Intestine 161 6.1.2.2 Colon 163 6.1.3 Degree of Flatness 164 6.1.3.1 Small Intestine 164 6.1.3.2 Colon 164 6.1.4 Epithelial Cells 165 6.1.4.1 Apical and Basolateral Lipid Bilayer Membranes 165 6.1.4.2 Tight Junction 168 6.1.4.3 Mucous Layer 168 6.2 Movement of the Gastrointestinal Tract 170 6.2.1 Transit Time 170 6.2.1.1 Gastric Emptying Time (GET) 170 6.2.1.2 Small Intestinal Transit Time 170 6.2.1.3 Colon Transit Time 171 6.2.2 Migrating Motor Complex 171 6.2.3 Agitation 173 6.2.3.1 Mixing Pattern 173 6.2.3.2 Agitation Strength 175 6.2.3.3 Unstirred Water Layer on the Intestinal Wall 176 6.3 Fluid Character of the Gastrointestinal Tract 178 6.3.1 Volume 178 6.3.1.1 Stomach 178 6.3.1.2 Small Intestine 178 6.3.1.3 Colon 179 6.3.2 Bulk Fluid pH and Buffer Concentration 179 6.3.2.1 Stomach 181 6.3.2.2 Small Intestine 181 6.3.2.3 Colon 181 6.3.3 Microclimate pH 181 6.3.3.1 Small Intestine 181 6.3.3.2 Colon 182 6.3.4 Bile Micelles 182 6.3.4.1 Stomach 183 6.3.4.2 Small Intestine 183 6.3.4.3 Colon 185 6.3.5 Enzymes and Bacteria 185 6.3.6 Viscosity, Osmolality, and Surface Tension 185 6.4 Transporters and Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes in the Intestine 186 6.4.1 Absorptive Drug Transporters 186 6.4.1.1 PEP-T1 186 6.4.1.2 OATP 186 6.4.2 Efflux Drug Transporters 186 6.4.2.1 P-gp 186 6.4.3 Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes 186 6.4.3.1 CYP3A4 186 6.4.3.2 Glucuronyl Transferase and Sulfotransferase 188 6.5 Intestinal and Liver Blood Flow 188 6.5.1 Absorption Sites Connected to Portal Vein 188 6.5.2 Villous Blood Flow (Qvilli) 188 6.5.3 Hepatic Blood Flow (Qh) 188 6.6 Physiology Related to Enterohepatic Recirculation 189 6.6.1 Bile Secretion 189 6.6.2 Mass Transfer into/from the Hepatocyte 190 6.6.2.1 Sinusoidal Membrane (Blood to Hepatocyte) 190 6.6.2.2 Canalicular Membrane (Hepatocyte to Bile Duct) 191 6.7 Nasal 191 6.8 Pulmonary 193 6.8.1 Fluid in the Lung 193 6.8.2 Mucociliary Clearance 193 6.8.3 Absorption into the Circulation 194 6.9 Skin 194 References 196 7 DRUG PARAMETERS 206 7.1 Dissociation Constant (pKa) 206 7.1.1 pH Titration 207 7.1.2 pH–UV Shift 207 7.1.3 Capillary Electrophoresis 207 7.1.4 pH–Solubility Profile 208 7.1.5 Calculation from Chemical Structure 208 7.1.6 Recommendation 208 7.2 Octanol–Water Partition Coefficient 208 7.2.1 Shake Flask Method 209 7.2.2 HPLC Method 210 7.2.3 Two-Phase Titration Method 210 7.2.4 PAMPA-Based Method 210 7.2.5 In Silico Method 210 7.2.6 Recommendation 210 7.3 Bile Micelle Partition Coefficient (Kbm) 211 7.3.1 Calculation from Solubility in Biorelevant Media 211 7.3.2 Spectroscopic Method 212 7.3.3 Recommendations 212 7.4 Particle Size and Shape 212 7.4.1 Microscope 213 7.4.2 Laser Diffraction 215 7.4.3 Dynamic Laser Scattering (DLS) 215 7.4.4 Recommendations 215 7.5 Solid Form 215 7.5.1 Nomenclature 215 7.5.1.1 Crystalline and Amorphous 215 7.5.1.2 Salts, Cocrystals, and Solvates 216 7.5.1.3 Hydrate 217 7.5.2 Crystal Polymorph 217 7.5.2.1 True Polymorph and Pseudopolymorph 217 7.5.2.2 Kinetic Resolution versus Stable Form 217 7.5.2.3 Dissolution Profile Advantages of Less Stable Forms 218 7.5.2.4 Enantiotropy 218 7.5.3 Solid Form Characterization 219 7.5.3.1 Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM) 219 7.5.3.2 Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) 219 7.5.3.3 Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and Thermal Gravity (TG) 220 7.5.3.4 High Throughput Solid Form Screening 221 7.5.4 Wettability and Surface Free Energy 222 7.5.5 True Density 222 7.6 Solubility 223 7.6.1 Terminology 223 7.6.1.1 Definition of Solubility 223 7.6.1.2 Intrinsic Solubility 223 7.6.1.3 Solubility in Media 223 7.6.1.4 Initial pH and Final pH 224 7.6.1.5 Supersaturable API 224 7.6.1.6 Critical Supersaturation Concentration and Induction Time 224 7.6.1.7 Dissolution Rate and Dissolution Profile 225 7.6.2 Media 225 7.6.2.1 Artificial Stomach Fluids 225 7.6.2.2 Artificial Small Intestinal Fluids 225 7.6.3 Solubility Measurement 225 7.6.3.1 Standard Shake Flask Method 225 7.6.3.2 Measurement from DMSO Sample Stock Solution 227 7.6.3.3 Solid Surface Solubility 228 7.6.3.4 Method for Nanoparticles 228 7.6.4 Recommendation 228 7.6.4.1 Early Drug Discovery Stage (HTS to Early Lead Optimization) 229 7.6.4.2 Late Lead Optimization Stage 229 7.6.4.3 Transition Stage between Discovery and Development 229 7.7 Dissolution Rate/Release Rate 230 7.7.1 Intrinsic Dissolution Rate 230 7.7.2 Paddle Method 230 7.7.2.1 Apparatus 231 7.7.2.2 Fluid Condition 231 7.7.2.3 Agitation 232 7.7.3 Flow-Through Method 233 7.7.4 Multicompartment Dissolution System 233 7.7.5 Dissolution Permeation System 233 7.7.6 Recommendation 235 7.8 Precipitation 235 7.8.1 Kinetic pH Titration Method 235 7.8.2 Serial Dilution Method 236 7.8.3 Two-Chamber Transfer System 236 7.8.4 Nonsink Dissolution Test 236 7.9 Epithelial Membrane Permeability 240 7.9.1 Back-Estimation from Fa% 241 7.9.2 In Situ Single-Pass Intestinal Perfusion 241 7.9.3 Cultured Cell Lines (Caco-2, MDCK, etc.) 243 7.9.4 PAMPA 244 7.9.5 Estimation of Ptrans,0 from Experimental Apparent Membrane Permeability 246 7.9.6 Estimation of Ptrans,0 from Experimental log Poct 247 7.9.7 Mechanistic Investigation 247 7.9.8 Limitation of Membrane Permeation Assays 247 7.9.8.1 UWL Adjacent to the Membrane 249 7.9.8.2 Membrane Binding 250 7.9.8.3 Low Solubility 250 7.9.8.4 Differences in Paracellular Pathway 251 7.9.8.5 Laboratory to Laboratory Variation 251 7.9.8.6 Experimental Artifacts in Carrier-Mediated Membrane Transport 251 7.9.9 Recommendation for Pep and Peff Estimation 251 7.9.9.1 Hydrophilic Drugs 251 7.9.9.2 Lipophilic Drugs 252 7.9.9.3 Drugs with Medium Lipophilicity 252 7.10 In Vivo Experiments 252 7.10.1 P.O 252 7.10.2 I.V 253 7.10.3 Animal Species 253 7.10.4 Analysis 254 References 254 8 VALIDATION OF MECHANISTIC MODELS 266 8.1 Concerns Related to Model Validation Using In Vivo Data 267 8.2 Strategy for Transparent and Robust Validation of Biopharmaceutical Modeling 267 8.3 Prediction Steps 268 8.4 Validation for Permeability-Limited Cases 279 8.4.1 Correlation Between Fa% and Peff Data for Humans (Epithelial Membrane Permeability-Limited Cases PL-E) 279 8.4.2 Correlation Between In Vitro Permeability and Peff and/or Fa% (PL-E Cases) 283 8.4.2.1 Caco-2 283 8.4.2.2 PAMPA 285 8.4.2.3 Experimental log Poct and pKa 285 8.4.3 Peff for UWL Limited Cases 287 8.4.4 Chemical Structure to Peff, Fa%, and Caco-2 Permeability 288 8.5 Validation for Dissolution-Rate and Solubility-Permeability-Limited Cases (without the Stomach Effect) 290 8.5.1 Fa% Prediction Using In Vitro Dissolution Data 290 8.5.2 Fa% Prediction Using In Vitro Solubility and Permeability Data 292 8.6 Validation for Dissolution-Rate and Solubility-Permeability-Limited Cases (with the Stomach Effect) 305 8.6.1 Difference Between Free Base and Salts 305 8.6.2 Simulation Model for Free Base 305 8.6.3 Simulation Results 307 8.7 Salts 307 8.8 Reliability of Biopharmaceutical Modeling 311 References 311 9 BIOEQUIVALENCE AND BIOPHARMACEUTICAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 322 9.1 Bioequivalence 322 9.2 The History of BCS 324 9.3 Regulatory Biowaiver Scheme and BCS 326 9.3.1 Elucidation of BCS Criteria in Regulatory Biowaiver Scheme 327 9.3.1.1 Congruent Condition of Bioequivalence 328 9.3.1.2 Equivalence of Dose Number (Do) 329 9.3.1.3 Equivalence of Permeation Number (Pn) 329 9.3.1.4 Equivalence of Dissolution Number (Dn) 329 9.3.2 Possible Extension of the Biowaiver Scheme 331 9.3.2.1 Dose Number Criteria 331 9.3.2.2 Permeability Criteria 332 9.3.3 Another Interpretation of the Theory 332 9.3.3.1 Another Assumption about Dissolution Test 332 9.3.3.2 Assessment of Suitability of Dissolution Test Based on Rate-Limiting Process 333 9.3.4 Validation of Biowaiver Scheme by Clinical BE Data 333 9.3.5 Summary for Regulatory BCS Biowaiver Scheme 334 9.4 Exploratory BCS 335 9.5 In Vitro–In Vivo Correlation 335 9.5.1 Levels of IVIVC 335 9.5.2 Judgment of Similarity Between Two Formulations (f2 Function) 336 9.5.3 Modeling the Relationship Between f2 and Bioequivalence 336 9.5.4 Point-to-Point IVIVC 337 References 338 10 DOSE AND PARTICLE SIZE DEPENDENCY 340 10.1 Definitions and Causes of Dose Nonproportionality 340 10.2 Estimation of the Dose and Particle Size Effects 341 10.2.1 Permeability-Limited Cases (PL) 341 10.2.2 Dissolution-Rate-Limited (DRL) Cases 341 10.2.3 Solubility–Epithelial Membrane Permeability Limited (SL-E) Cases 342 10.2.4 Solubility-UWL-Permeability-Limited Cases 344 10.3 Effect of Transporters 344 10.4 Analysis of In Vivo Data 345 References 346 11 ENABLING FORMULATIONS 347 11.1 Salts and Cocrystals: Supersaturating API 347 11.1.1 Scenarios of Oral Absorption of Salt 349 11.1.2 Examples 350 11.1.2.1 Example 1: Salt of Basic Drugs 350 11.1.2.2 Example 2: Salt of Acid Drugs 352 11.1.2.3 Example 3: Other Supersaturable API Forms 353 11.1.3 Suitable Drug for Salts 353 11.1.3.1 pKa Range 353 11.1.3.2 Supersaturability of Drugs 355 11.1.4 Biopharmaceutical Modeling of Supersaturable API Forms 357 11.2 Nanomilled API Particles 358 11.3 Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (Micelle/Emulsion Solubilization) 360 11.4 Solid Dispersion 363 11.5 Supersaturable Formulations 364 11.6 Prodrugs to Increase Solubility 365 11.7 Prodrugs to Increase Permeability 365 11.7.1 Increasing Passive Permeation 366 11.7.2 Hitchhiking the Carrier 366 11.8 Controlled Release 366 11.8.1 Fundamentals of CR Modeling 367 11.8.2 Simple Convolution Method 368 11.8.3 Advanced Controlled-Release Modeling 368 11.8.4 Controlled-Release Function 368 11.8.5 Sustained Release 368 11.8.5.1 Objectives to Develop a Sustained-Release Formulation 368 11.8.5.2 Suitable Drug Character for Sustained Release 369 11.8.5.3 Gastroretentive Formulation 369 11.8.6 Triggered Release 369 11.8.6.1 Time-Triggered Release 369 11.8.6.2 pH-Triggered Release 369 11.8.6.3 Position-Triggered Release 371 11.9 Communication with Therapeutic Project Team 371 References 373 12 FOOD EFFECT 379 12.1 Physiological Changes Caused by Food 379 12.1.1 Food Component 380 12.1.2 Fruit Juice Components 380 12.1.3 Alcohol 382 12.2 Types of Food Effects and Relevant Parameters in Biopharmaceutical Modeling 382 12.2.1 Delay in Tmax and Decrease in Cmax 382 12.2.2 Positive Food Effect 383 12.2.2.1 Bile Micelle Solubilization 383 12.2.2.2 Increase in Hepatic Blood Flow 388 12.2.2.3 Increase in Intestinal Blood Flow 388 12.2.2.4 Inhibition of Efflux Transporter and Gut Wall Metabolism 389 12.2.2.5 Desaturation of Influx Transporter 391 12.2.3 Negative Food Effect 391 12.2.3.1 Bile Micelle Binding/Food Component Binding 391 12.2.3.2 Inhibition of Uptake Transporter 392 12.2.3.3 Desaturation of First-Pass Metabolism and Efflux Transport 394 12.2.3.4 Viscosity 398 12.2.3.5 pH Change in the Stomach 398 12.2.3.6 pH Change in the Small Intestine 398 12.3 Effect of Food Type 398 12.4 Biopharmaceutical Modeling of Food Effect 401 12.4.1 Simple Flowchart and Semiquantitative Prediction 401 12.4.2 More Complicated Cases 402 References 403 13 BIOPHARMACEUTICAL MODELING FOR MISCELLANEOUS CASES 412 13.1 Stomach pH Effect on Solubility and Dissolution Rate 412 13.1.1 Free Bases 413 13.1.2 Free Acids and Undissociable Drugs 413 13.1.3 Salts 413 13.1.4 Chemical and Enzymatic Degradation in the Stomach and Intestine 413 13.2 Intestinal First-Pass Metabolism 414 13.3 Transit Time Effect 415 13.3.1 Gastric Emptying Time 415 13.3.2 Intestinal Transit Time 415 13.4 Other Chemical and Physical Drug–Drug Interactions 415 13.4.1 Metal Ions 415 13.4.2 Cationic Resins 416 13.5 Species Difference 417 13.5.1 Permeability 417 13.5.2 Solubility/Dissolution 418 13.5.3 First-Pass Metabolism 419 13.6 Validation of GI Site-Specific Absorption Models 421 13.6.1 Stomach 421 13.6.2 Colon 422 13.6.3 Regional Difference in the Small Intestine: Fact or Myth? 422 13.6.3.1 Transporter 422 13.6.3.2 Bile-Micelle Binding and Bimodal Peak Phenomena 422 References 426 14 INTESTINAL TRANSPORTERS 430 14.1 Apical Influx Transporters 431 14.1.1 Case Example 1: Antibiotics 431 14.1.2 Case Example 2: Valacyclovir 433 14.1.3 Case Example: Gabapentin 434 14.2 Efflux Transporters 435 14.2.1 Effect of P-gp 435 14.2.2 Drug–Drug Interaction (DDI) via P-gp 437 14.3 Dual Substrates 438 14.3.1 Talinolol 438 14.3.2 Fexofenadine 441 14.4 Difficulties in Simulating Carrier-Mediated Transport 442 14.4.1 Absorptive Transporters 442 14.4.1.1 Discrepancies Between In Vitro and In Vivo Km Values 442 14.4.1.2 Contribution of Other Pathways 443 14.4.2 Efflux Transporters 443 14.5 Summary 445 References 446 15 STRATEGY IN DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT 452 15.1 Library Design 452 15.2 Lead Optimization 453 15.3 Compound Selection 455 15.4 API Form Selection 455 15.5 Formulation Selection 455 15.6 Strategy to Predict Human Fa% 456 References 457 16 EPISTEMOLOGY OF BIOPHARMACEUTICAL MODELING AND GOOD SIMULATION PRACTICE 459 16.1 Can Simulation be so Perfect? 459 16.2 Parameter Fitting 460 16.3 Good Simulation Practice 461 16.3.1 Completeness 461 16.3.2 Comprehensiveness 462 References 463 APPENDIX A GENERAL TERMINOLOGY 464 A.1 Biopharmaceutic 464 A.2 Bioavailability (BA% or F) 464 A.3 Drug Disposition 465 A.4 Fraction of a Dose Absorbed (Fa) 465 A.5 Modeling/Simulation/In Silico 465 A.6 Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) 465 A.7 Drug Product 465 A.8 Lipophilicity 465 A.9 Acid and Base 466 A.10 Solubility 466 A.11 Molecular Weight (MW) 466 A.12 Permeability of a Drug 466 APPENDIX B FLUID DYNAMICS 468 B.1 Navier–Stokes Equation and Reynolds Number 468 B.2 Boundary Layer Approximation 469 B.3 The Boundary Layer and Mass Transfer 470 B.4 The Thickness of the Boundary Layer 470 B.4.1 99% of Main Flow Speed 471 B.4.2 Displacement Thickness 471 B.4.3 Momentum Thickness 471 B.5 Sherwood Number 471 B.6 Turbulence 473 B.7 Formation of Eddies 474 B.8 Computational Fluid Dynamics 474 References 476 INDEX 477

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Book SynopsisThe functional materials with the most promising outlook have the ability to precisely adjust the biological phenomenon in a controlled mode.Table of ContentsPreface xv Part I: Biomedical Materials 1. Application of the Collagen as Biomaterials 3 Kwangwoo Nam and Akio Kishida 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Structural Aspect of Native Tissue 5 1.3 Processing of Collagen Matrix 8 1.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 14 2. Biological and Medical Significance of Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates 19 Sergey V. Dorozhkin 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 General Information on ?Nano? 21 2.3 Micron- and Submicron-Sized Calcium Orthophosphates versus the Nanodimensional Ones 23 2.4 Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates in Calcified Tissues of Mammals 26 2.5 The Structure of the Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Apatites 28 2.6 Synthesis of the Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates 34 2.7 Biomedical Applications of the Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates 47 2.8 Other Applications of the Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates 58 2.9 Summary and Perspectives 58 2.10 Conclusions 61 3. Layer-by-Layer (LbL) Thin Film: From Conventional To Advanced Biomedical and Bioanalytical Applications 101 Wing Cheung MAK 3.1 State-of-the-art LbL Technology 101 3.2 Principle of Biomaterials Based Lbl Architecture 102 3.3 LbL Thin Film for Biomaterials and Biomedical Implantations 103 3.4 LbL Thin Film for Biosensors and Bioassays 105 3.5 LbL Thin Film Architecture on Colloidal Materials 107 3.6 LbL Thin Film for Drug Encapsulation and Delivery 108 3.7 LbL Thin Film Based Micro/Nanoreactor 110 4. Polycaprolactone based Nanobiomaterials 115 Narendra K. Singh and Pralay Maiti 4.1 Introduction 115 4.2 Preparation of Polycaprolactone Nanocomposites 118 4.3 Characterization of Poly(caprolactone) Nanocomposites 119 4.4 Properties 123 4.5 Biocompatibility and Drug Delivery Application 141 4.6 Conclusion 150 Acknowledgement 150 5. Bone Substitute Materials in Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery ? Properties and Use in Clinic 157 Esther M.M. Van Lieshout 5.1 Introduction 158 5.2 Types of Bone Grafts 159 5.3 Bone Substitute Materials 161 5.4 Combinations with Osteogenic and Osteoinductive Materials 171 5.5 Discussion and Conclusion 173 6. Surface Functionalized Hydrogel Nanoparticles 191 Mehrdad Hamidi, Hajar Ashrafi and Amir Azadi 6.1 Hydrogel Nanoparticles 191 6.2 Hydrogel Nanoparticles Based on Chitosan 193 6.3 Hydrogel Nanoparticles Based on Alginate 194 6.4 Hydrogel Nanoparticles Based on Poly(vinyl Alcohol) 195 6.5 Hydrogel Nanoparticles Based on Poly(ethylene Oxide) and Poly(ethyleneimine) 196 6.6 Hydrogel Nanoparticles Based on Poly(vinyl Pyrrolidone) 198 6.7 Hydrogel Nanoparticles Based on Poly-N-Isopropylacrylamide 198 6.8 Smart Hydrogel Nanoparticles 199 6.9 Self-assembled Hydrogel Nanoparticles 200 6.10 Surface Functionalization 201 6.11 Surface Functionalized Hydrogel Nanoparticles 205 Part II: Diagnostic Devices 7. Utility and Potential Application of Nanomaterials in Medicine 215 Ravindra P. Singh, Jeong -Woo Choi, Ashutosh Tiwari and Avinash Chand Pandey 7.1 Introduction 215 7.2 Nanoparticle Coatings 218 7.3 Cyclic Peptides 220 7.4 Dendrimers 221 7.5 Fullerenes/Carbon Nanotubes/Graphene 227 7.6 Functional Drug Carriers 229 7.7 MRI Scanning Nanoparticles 233 7.8 Nanoemulsions 235 7.9 Nanofibers 236 7.10 Nanoshells 239 7.11 Quantum Dots 240 7.12 Nanoimaging 248 7.13 Inorganic Nanoparticles 248 7.14 Conclusion 250 8. Gold Nanoparticle-based Electrochemical Biosensors for Medical Applications 261 Ülkü Anik 8.1 Introduction 261 8.2 Electrochemical Biosensors 262 8.3 Conclusion 272 9. Impedimetric DNA Sensing Employing Nanomaterials 277 Manel del Valle and Alessandra Bonanni 9.1 Introduction 277 9.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for Genosensing 280 9.3 Nanostructured Carbon Used in Impedimetric Genosensors 286 9.4 Nanostructured Gold Used in Impedimetric Genosensors 290 9.5 Quantum Dots for Impedimetric Genosensing 293 9.6 Impedimetric Genosensors for Point-of-Care Diagnosis 293 9.7 Conclusions (Past, Present and Future Perspectives) 294 10. Bionanocomposite Matrices in Electrochemical Biosensors 301 Ashutosh Tiwari, Atul Tiwari 10.1 Introduction 301 10.2 Fabricationof SiO2-CHIT/CNTs Bionanocomposites 303 10.3 Preparation of Bioelectrodes 304 10.4 Characterizations 305 10.5 Electrocatalytic Properties 307 10.6 Photometric Response 315 10.7 Conclusions 316 11. Biosilica? Nanocomposites - Nanobiomaterials for Biomedical Engineering and Sensing Applications 321 Nikos Chaniotakis, Raluca Buiculescu 11.1 Introduction 321 11.2 Silica Polymerization Process 323 11.3 Biocatalytic Formation of Silica 325 11.4 Biosilica Nanotechnology 327 11.5 Applications 328 11.6 Conclusions 334 12. Molecularly Imprinted Nanomaterial-based Highly Sensitive and Selective Medical Devices 337 Bhim Bali Prasad and Mahavir Prasad Tiwari 12.1 Introduction 337 12.2 Molecular Imprinted Polymer Technology 340 12.3 Molecularly Imprinted Nanomaterials 360 12.4 Molecularly Imprinted Nanomaterial-based Sensing Devices 362 12.5 Conclusion 379 13. Immunosensors for Diagnosis of Cardiac Injury 391 Swapneel R. Deshpande, Aswathi Anto Antony, Ashutosh Tiwari, Emilia Wiechec, Ulf Dahlström, Anthony P.F. Turner 13.1 Immunosensor 391 13.2 Myocardial Infarction and Cardiac Biomarkers 392 13.3 Immunosensors for Troponin 399 13.4 Conclusions 404 Part III: Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 14. Ground-Breaking Changes in Mimetic and Novel Nanostructured Composites for Intelligent-, Adaptive- and In vivo-responsive Drug Delivery Therapies 411 Dipak K. Sarker 14. 1 Introduction 411 14.2 Obstacles to the Clinician 420 14.3 Hurdles for the Pharmaceuticist 428 14.4 Nanostructures 431 14.5 Surface Coating 435 14.7 Formulation Conditions and Parameters 439 14.8 Delivery Systems 440 14.9 Evaluation 443 14.10 Conclusions 447 15. Progress of Nanobiomaterials for Theranostic Systems 451 Dipendra Gyawali, Michael Palmer, Richard T. Tran and Jian Yang 15.1 Introduction 451 15.2 Design Concerns for Theranostic Nanosystems 456 15.3 Designing a Smart and Functional Theranostic System 459 15.4 Materials for Theranostic System 462 15.5 Theranostic Systems and Applications 474 15.6 Future Outlook 481 16. Intelligent Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy 493 Mousa Jafari, Bahram Zargar, M. Soltani, D. Nedra Karunaratne, Brian Ingalls, P. Chen 16.1 Introduction 493 16.2 Peptides for Nucleic Acid and Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy 494 16.3 Lipid Carriers 499 16.4 Polymeric Carriers 506 16.5 Bactria Mediated Cancer Therapy 514 16.6 Conclusion 519 Part IV: Tissue Engineering and Organ Regeneration 531 17. The Evolution of Abdominal Wall Reconstruction and the Role of Nonobiotecnology in the Development of Intelligent Abdominal Wall Mesh 533 Cherif Boutros, Hany F. Sobhi and Nader Hanna 17.1 The Complex Structure of the Abdominal Wall 534 17.2 Need for Abdominal Wall Reconstruction 535 17.3 Failure of Primary Repair 535 17.4 Limitations of the Synthetic Meshes 536 17.5 Introduction of Biomaterials To Overcome Synthetic Mesh Limitations 537 17.6 Ideal Material for Abdominal Wall Reconstruction 538 17.7 Role of Bionanotechnology in Providing the 17.7 Future Directions 542 18. Poly(Polyol Sebacate)-based Elastomeric Nanobiomaterials for Soft Tissue Engineering 545 Qizhi Chen 18.1 Introduction 545 18.2 Poly(polyol sebacate) Elastomers 547 18.3 Elastomeric Nanocomposites 562 18.4 Summary 569 19. Electrospun Nanomatrix for Tissue Regeneration 577 Debasish Mondal and Ashutosh Tiwari 19.1 Introduction 577 19.2 Electrosun Nanomatrix 578 19.3 Polymeric Nanomatrices for Tissue Engineering 580 19.4 Biocompatibility of the Nanomatrix 581 19.5 Electrospun Nanomatrices for Tissue Engineering 583 19.6 Status and Prognosis 592 20. Conducting Polymer Composites for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds 597 Yashpal Sharma, Ashutosh Tiwari and Hisatoshi Kobayashi 20.1 Introduction 598 20.3 Synthesis of Conducting Polymers 599 20.4 Application of Conducting Polymer in Tissue Engineering 600 20.5 Polypyrrole 600 20.6 Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) 602 20.7 Polyaniline 603 20.8 Carbon Nanotube 605 20.9 Future Prospects and Conclusions 607 21. Cell Patterning Technologies for Tissue Engineering 611 Azadeh Seidi and Murugan Ramalingam 21.1 Introduction 611 21.2 Patterned Co-culture Techniques 612 21.3 Applications of Co-cultures in Tissue Engineering 618 21.4 Concluding Remarks 619 Acknowledgements 619 References 620 Index 000

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Book SynopsisMedical Coatings and Deposition Technologies is an important new addition to the libraries of medical device designers and manufacturers. Coatings enable the properties of the surface of a device to be controlled independently from the underlying bulk properties; they are often critical to the performance of the device and their use is rapidly growing. This book provides an introduction to many of the most important types of coatings used on modern medical devices as well as descriptions of the techniques by which they are applied and methods for testing their efficacy. Developers of new medical devices and those responsible for producing them will find it an important reference when deciding if a particular functionality can be provided by a coating and what limitations may apply in a given application. Written as a practical guide and containing many specific coating examples and a large number of references for further reading, the book will also be useful to students in materials science & engineering with an interest in medical devices. Chapters on antimicrobial coatings as well as coatings for biocompatibility, drug delivery, radiopacity and hardness are supported by chapters describing key liquid coating processes, plasma-based processes and chemical vapor deposition. Many types of coatings can be applied by more than one technique and the reader will learn the tradeoffs given the relevant design, manufacturing and economic constraints. The chapter on regulatory considerations provides important perspectives regarding the marketing of these coatings and medical devices.Table of ContentsPreface xxi Part 1 Introduction 1 1 Historical Perspectives on Biomedical Coatings in Medical Devices 3 M. Hendriks and P.T. Cahalan 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Improving Physical Properties of Biomaterials: Hydrophilic, Lubricious Coatings 7 1.3 Modulating Host-Biomaterial Interactions: Biologically Active Coatings 7 1.4 Bioinert Coatings Redressed: Nonfouling Coatings 15 1.5 Future Biomedical Coatings 16 References 18 Part 2 Coating Applications 27 2 Antimicrobial Coatings and Other Surface Modifications for Infection Prevention 29 Marc W. Mittelman and Nimisha Mukherjee 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Genesis of Device-Related Infections 35 2.3 Antimicrobial Coatings 38 2.4 Non-Eluting Antimicrobial Surfaces 49 2.5 Coating and Surface Modification Technologies 53 2.6 Regulatory Considerations 57 2.7 Future Challenges 58 References 61 3 Drug Delivery Coatings for Coronary Stents 75 Shrirang V. Ranade and Kishore Udipi 3.1 Introduction 75 3.2 Polymer Coatings for DES 81 3.3 Biostable (Non-Bioabsorbable) Polymers 86 3.4 Bioabsorbable Polymers 99 3.5 Concluding Remarks 103 References 104 4 Coatings for Radiopacity 115 Scott Schewe and David Glocker 4.1 Principles of Radiography 115 4.2 Use of Radiopaque Materials in Medical Devices 116 4.3 Radiopaque Fillers 117 4.4 Types of Radiopaque Fillers 117 4.5 Other Radiographic Materials and Coating Systems 121 4.6 Radiopaque Coatings by Physical Vapor Deposition 122 4.7 Challenges in Producing Radiopaque Coatings Using PVD 124 4.8 Gold Radiopaque Coatings 125 4.9 Tantalum Radiopaque Coatings 126 4.10 Summary 129 References 130 5 Biocompatibility and Medical Device Coatings 131 Joe McGonigle, Thomas J. Webster, and Garima Bhardwaj 5.1 Introduction 131 5.2 Challenges with Medical Devices 134 5.3 Examples of Products Coated to Improve Biocompatibility 148 5.4 Types of Biocompatible Coatings 157 5.5 Commercialization 170 5.6 Summary 172 References 172 6 Tribological Coatings for Biomedical Devices 181 Peter Martin 6.1 Introduction 181 6.2 Hard Thin Film Coatings for Implants 187 6.3 Binary Carbon-Based Thin Film Materials: Diamond, Hard Carbon and Amorphous Carbon 194 6.4 Progress of DLC, ta-C and a-C:H Films for Hip and Knee Implants 200 6.5 Wear-Resistant Coatings for Stents and Catheters 208 6.6 Wear-Resistant Coatings for Angioplasty Devices 210 6.7 Scalpel Blades and Surgical Instruments 211 6.8 Multifunctional, Nanostructured, Nanolaminate, and Nanocomposite Tribological Materials 211 References 222 Part 3 Coating and Surface Modification Methods 233 7 Dip Coating 235 Donald M. Copenhagen 7.1 Description and Basic Steps 235 7.2 Equipment and Coating Application 236 7.3 Coating Solution Containers 237 7.4 Coating Parameters and Controls 238 7.5 Role of Solution Viscosity 240 7.6 Coating Problems 241 7.7 Process Considerations 244 8 Inkjet Technology and Its Application in Biomedical Coating Bogdan V. Antohe, David B. Wallace, and Patrick W. Cooley 247 8.1 Introduction 247 8.2 Inkjet Background 248 8.3 Equipment Used 260 8.4 Capabilities 268 8.5 Limitations and Ways around Them 280 8.6 Manufacturing Advantages and Future Directions 293 8.7 Conclusions 299 References 300 9 Direct Capillary Printing in Medical Device Manufacture 309 William J. Grande 9.1 Introduction 309 9.2 Fundamental Elements of Direct Capillary Printing 320 9.3 Practical Operational Considerations 337 9.4 Manufacturing Considerations 349 9.5 Medical Device Examples 352 9.6 Conclusions 367 Acknowledgments 369 References 369 10 Sol-Gel Coating Methods in Biomedical Systems 373 Bakul C. Dave 10.1 Introduction 374 10.2 Overview of Sol-Gel Coatings in Biomedical Systems 377 10.3 The Sol-Gel Process 381 10.4 Coating Methods and Processes 385 10.5 Factors influencing Coatings Characteristics/Performance 390 10.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks 394 References 395 11 Chemical Vapor Deposition 403 Kenneth K. S. Lau 11.1 Introduction 403 11.2 Process Description 405 11.3 Process Mechanism 410 11.4 Technology Advances 414 11.5 Future Outlook 442 References 443 12 Introduction to Plasmas Used for Coating Processes 457 David A. Glocker 12.1 Introduction 457 12.2 DC Glow Discharges 459 12.3 RF Glow Discharges 463 12.4 RF Diode Glow Discharges 464 12.5 Ionization in RF Diode Glow Discharges 466 12.6 Inductively Coupled RF Discharges 466 12.7 Mid-Frequency AC Discharges 468 12.8 Pulsed DC Discharges 469 12.9 Comparison of Plasma Properties 470 12.10 Plasma Species 470 12.11 Summary 471 References 472 13 Ion Implantation: Tribological Applications 473 Peter Martin 13.1 Introduction 473 13.2 Applications 474 13.3 Nanocrystalline Diamond 487 Reference 492 14 Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition 495 Kenneth K. S. Lau 14.1 Introduction 495 14.2 Process Description 497 14.3 Plasma Effects on Materials Deposition 501 14.4 Future Outlook 520 References 521 15 Sputter Deposition and Sputtered Coatings for Biomedical Applications 531 David A. Glocker 15.1 Introduction 531 15.2 Overview of Sputter Coating 533 15.3 Characteristics of Sputtered Atoms 536 15.4 Sputtering Cathodes 539 15.5 Relationship between Process Parameters and Coating Properties 541 15.6 Biased Sputtering 544 15.7 Adhesion and Stress in Sputtered Coatings 545 15.8 Sputtering Electrically Insulating Materials 546 15.9 Recent Developments 549 15.10 Summary and Conclusions 549 References 550 16 Cathodic Arc Vapor Deposition 553 Gary Vergason 16.1 Introduction 553 16.2 Medical Uses of Cathodic Arc Titanium Nitride Coatings 556 16.3 Brief History and Commercial Advancement of Cathodic Arcs 557 16.4 Review of Arc Devices 559 16.5 Description of PVD Coating Manufacturing 561 16.6 Macroparticle Generation and Mitigation 567 16.7 Considerations for Coating Success 568 16.8 Materials Used in Biomedical PVD Coatings 576 References 576 Part 4 Functional Tests 581 17 Antimicrobial Coatings Efficacy Evaluation 583 Nimisha Mukherjee and Marc W. Mittelman 17.1 Introduction 583 17.2 In-Vitro Methods 584 17.3 In-Vivo (Animal) Methods 590 17.4 Equipment and Laboratory Resources 590 17.5 Human Clinical Trial Considerations 590 17.6 Regulatory Considerations 590 References 596 18 Mechanical Characterization of Biomaterials: Functional Tests for Hardness 605 Vincent Jardret 18.1 Introduction 605 18.2 Basic Principles of Hardness and Indentation Testing 607 18.3 Depth-Sensing Indentation Testing 611 18.4 Dynamic Indentation Testing: A More Advanced Hardness Measurement Technique for More Complex Material Behavior 617 18.5 Special Case of Coatings Configuration under Indentation Testing 626 18.6 Conclusions 628 References 629 19 Adhesion Measurement of Thin Films and Coatings: Relevance to Biomedical Applications 631 Wei-Sheng Lei, Kash Mittal, and Ajay Kumar 19.1 Introduction 631 19.2 Mechanical Test Methods of Adhesion Measurement 634 19.3 Summary and Remarks 654 Appendix 656 References 665 20 Functional Tests for Biocompatability 671 Joe McConigle and Thomas J. Webster 20.1 Introduction 671 20.2 Inflammation 672 20.3 Blood Compatibility 675 20.4 Wound Healing 685 20.5 Encapsulation 688 20.6 Tissue Integration 691 20.7 Vascularization 692 20.8 Toxicity 699 20.9 Infection 700 20.10 When to Move In Vivo? 701 References 702 21 Analytical Requirements for Drug Eluting Stents 707 Lori Alquier and Shrirang Ranade 21.1 Introduction 707 21.2 Instrumentation 708 21.3 API and Excipient Characterization 709 21.4 Analytical Methods 712 21.5 Conclusion 719 References 719 Part 5 Regulatory Overview 723 22 Regulations for Medical Devices and Coatings 725 Robert J. Klepinski 22.1 Introduction 725 22.2 Types of Regulated Products 726 22.3 Scope of Regulation 732 22.4 Marketing Clearance of Medical Devices 733 22.5 Comparison to EU Regulation 737 22.6 Good Manufacturing Practices 737 Part 6 Future of Coating Technologies 743 23 The Future of Biomedical Coatings Technologies 745 Shrirang Ranade and David Glocker 23.1 Introduction 745 23.2 The Continuing Evolution of Biomaterials 749 23.3 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 749 23.4 Coating Process Development 750 References 751

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Book SynopsisBiogas Production covers the most cutting-edge pretreatment processes being used and studied today for the production of biogas. As an increasingly important piece of the energy pie, biogas and other biofuels are being used more and more around the world in every conceivable area of industry and could be a partial answer to the energy problem and the elimination of global warming. This book will highlight the recent advances in the pretreatment and value addition of lignocellulosic wastes (LCW) with the main focus on domestic and agro-industrial residues. Mechanical, physical, and biological treatment systems are brought into perspective. The main value-added products from lignocellulosic wastes are summarized in a manner that pinpoints the most recent trends and the future directions. Physico-chemical and biological treatment systems seem to be the most favored options while biofuels, biodegradable composites, and biosorbents production paint a brTable of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgements xvii Special Contributor xviii Editor xix List of Contributors xxi 1. Anaerobic Digestion: Pretreatments of Substrates 1 Tanta Forster-Carnetro, Ricardo Isaac, Montserrat Pérez, and Ciarita Schvartz 1.1 Pretreatments in Anaerobic Digestion Process 2 1.2 Physical Pretreatment 6 1.3 Chemical Pretreatment 15 1.4 Biological Pretreatment 17 1.5 Combined Pretreatment 18 1.6 Concluding Note 19 2. Recalcitrance of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Anaerobic Digestion 27 Mohammad J. Taherzadeh and Azam Jeihanipour 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Plant Cell Wall Anatomy 28 2.3 Chemistry of Cell Wall Polymers 30 2.4 Molecular Interactions Between Cell Wall Polymers 39 2.5 Plant Cell Wall Molecular Architecture 40 2.6 Recalcitrance of Plant Cell Wall Cellulose 42 2.7 Reduction of Biomass Recalcitrance 46 2.8 Concluding Note 50 3. The Effect of Physical, Chemical, and Biological Pretreatments of Biomass on its Anaerobic Digestibility and Biogas Production 55 Katerina Stamatelatou, Georgia Antonopoulou, loanna Ntaikou, and Gerasimos Lyberatos 3.1 Introduction 56 3.2 Pretreatment Methods for Lignocellulosic Biomass 57 3.3 Pretreatment Methods for Sewage Sludge 77 3.4 Concluding Note 84 4. Application of Ultrasound Pretreatment for Sludge Digestion 91 Show Kuan Yeow and Wong Lai Peng 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 Anaerobic Digestion 93 4.3 Overview of Pretreatment Methods for Anaerobic Digestion 95 4.4 Fundamental of Ultrasound 100 4.5 Bubbles Dynamic 103 4.6 Effects of Ultrasound 106 4.7 Ultrasound Applications 109 4.8 Ultrasonication for Anaerobic Digesion 116 4.9 Evaluation on Sludge Disintegration 126 4.10 Conclusions 131 5. Microwave Sludge Irradiation 137 Cigdetn Esktctoglu and Giampiero Galvagno 5.1 Introduction 137 5.2 Microwave Theory 139 5.3 Microwave Irradiation for Waste Sludge Treatment 144 5.4 Industrial Microwave Applications 147 5.5 Microwave Absorbing Materials and Ionic Liquids 148 5.6 Sludge Pretreatment Similar to Microwave Irradiation 151 5.7 Concluding Notes 151 6. Hydrolytic Enzymes Enhancing Anaerobic Digestion 157 Teresa Suárez Quiñones, Matthias Plöchl, Katrin Päzolt, Jörn Budde, Robert Kausmann, Edith Nettmann, and Monika Heiermann 6.1 Introduction 158 6.2 Where and How can Enzymes be Applied? 170 6.3 Impact of Enzyme Application 178 6.4 Economic Assessment 191 6.5 Concluding Note 192 7. Oxidizing Agents and Organic Solvents as Pretreatment for Anaerobic Digestion 199 Lise Appels, Jan Van Impe, and Raf Dewil 7.1 Oxidative Pretreatment Methods 199 7.2 Organic Solvents 210 7.3 Concluding Note 212 8. Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Utilization in Greece: Current Status and Perspectives 215 Avraam Karagiannidis, George Perkoultdts, and Apostólos Malamakts 8.1 Assessment of Existing Biogas Installations 215 8.2 Use of Waste Material for Biogas Production 217 8.3 Feedstock Availability and Agricultural Structures 219 8.4 Purification of Biogas for Insertion in the Natural Gas Grid 224 8.5 Biogas Utilization 226 8.6 Concluding Note 227 9. Original Research: Investigating the Potential of Using Biogas in Cooking Stove in Rodrigues 229 Dinesh Surroop and Osman Dina Bégué 9.1 Energy Crisis and Future Challenges 230 9.2 Case Study of Rodrigues 231 9.3 Rationale of Research Study 233 9.4 Research Methodology 234 9.5 Reactor Design Considerations 241 9.6 Results, Findings and Discussions 247 9.7 Conclusions 257 10. Optimizing and Modeling the Anaerobic Digestion of Lignocellulosic Wastes by Rumen Cultures 259 Zhen-Hu Hu and Han-Qing Yu 10.1 Introduction 260 10.2 Materials and Methods 262 10.3 Optimizing the Anaerobic Digestion of Microwave-Pretreated Cattail by Rumen Cultures 266 10.4 Modeling the Anaerobic Digestion of Cattail by Rumen Cultures 275 10.5 Concluding Note 287 11. Pretreatment of Biocatalyst as Viable Option for Sustained Production of Biohydrogen from Wastewater Treatment 291 S. Venkata Mohan and R. Kannatah Goud 11.1 Introduction 292 11.2 Pretreatment of Biocatalyst 294 11.3 Combined Pretreatment 300 11.4 Influence of Pretreatment on Wastewater Treatment 302 11.5 Microbial Diversity 303 11.6 Summary and Future Scope 304 Acknowledgements 305 References 305 Index 313

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Book SynopsisSets the stage for the design and application of new protein cages Featuring contributions from a team of international experts in the coordination chemistry of biological systems, this book enables readers to understand and take advantage of the fascinating internal molecular environment of protein cages. With the aid of modern organic and polymer techniques, the authors explain step by step how to design and construct a variety of protein cages. Moreover, the authors describe current applications of protein cages, setting the foundation for the development of new applications in biology, nanotechnology, synthetic chemistry, and other disciplines. Based on a thorough review of the literature as well as the authors'' own laboratory experience, Coordination Chemistry in Protein Cages Sets forth the principles of coordination reactions in natural protein cages Details the fundamental design of coordination sites of small artificial metTable of ContentsForeword xiii Preface xv Contributors xvii PART I COORDINATION CHEMISTRY IN NATIVE PROTEIN CAGES 1 The Chemistry of Nature’s Iron Biominerals in Ferritin Protein Nanocages 3 Elizabeth C. Theil and Rabindra K. Behera 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Ferritin Ion Channels and Ion Entry 6 1.2.1 Maxi- and Mini-Ferritin 6 1.2.2 Iron Entry 7 1.3 Ferritin Catalysis 8 1.3.1 Spectroscopic Characterization of -1,2 Peroxodiferric Intermediate (DFP) 8 1.3.2 Kinetics of DFP Formation and Decay 12 1.4 Protein-Based Ferritin Mineral Nucleation and Mineral Growth 13 1.5 Iron Exit 16 1.6 Synthetic Uses of Ferritin Protein Nanocages 17 1.6.1 Nanomaterials Synthesized in Ferritins 18 1.6.2 Ferritin Protein Cages in Metalloorganic Catalysis and Nanoelectronics 19 1.6.3 Imaging and Drug Delivery Agents Produced in Ferritins 19 1.7 Summary and Perspectives 20 Acknowledgments 20 References 21 2 Molecular Metal Oxides in Protein Cages/Cavities 25 Achim M¨uller and Dieter Rehder 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Vanadium: Functional Oligovanadates and Storage of VO2+ in Vanabins 26 2.3 Molybdenum and Tungsten: Nucleation Process in a Protein Cavity 28 2.4 Manganese in Photosystem II 33 2.5 Iron: Ferritins, DPS Proteins, Frataxins, and Magnetite 35 2.6 Some General Remarks: Oxides and Sulfides 38 References 38 PART II DESIGN OF METALLOPROTEIN CAGES 3 De Novo Design of Protein Cages to Accommodate Metal Cofactors 45 Flavia Nastri, Rosa Bruni, Ornella Maglio, and Angela Lombardi 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 De Novo-Designed Protein Cages Housing Mononuclear Metal Cofactors 47 3.3 De Novo-Designed Protein Cages Housing Dinuclear Metal Cofactors 59 3.4 De Novo-Designed Protein Cages Housing Heme Cofactor 66 3.5 Summary and Perspectives 79 Acknowledgments 79 References 80 4 Generation of Functionalized Biomolecules Using Hemoprotein Matrices with Small Protein Cavities for Incorporation of Cofactors 87 Takashi Hayashi 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Hemoprotein Reconstitution with an Artificial Metal Complex 89 4.3 Modulation of the O2 Affinity of Myoglobin 90 4.4 Conversion of Myoglobin into Peroxidase 95 4.4.1 Construction of a Substrate-Binding Site Near the Heme Pocket 95 4.4.2 Replacement of Native Heme with Iron Porphyrinoid in Myoglobin 99 4.4.3 Other Systems Used in Enhancement of Peroxidase Activity of Myoglobin 100 4.5 Modulation of Peroxidase Activity of HRP 102 4.6 Myoglobin Reconstituted with a Schiff Base Metal Complex 103 4.7 A Reductase Model Using Reconstituted Myoglobin 106 4.7.1 Hydrogenation Catalyzed by Cobalt Myoglobin 106 4.7.2 A Model of Hydrogenase Using the Heme Pocket of Cytochrome c 107 4.8 Summary and Perspectives 108 Acknowledgments 108 References 108 5 Rational Design of Protein Cages for Alternative Enzymatic Functions 111 Nicholas M. Marshall, Kyle D. Miner, Tiffany D. Wilson, and Yi Lu 5.1 Introduction 111 5.2 Mononuclear Electron Transfer Cupredoxin Proteins 112 5.3 CuA Proteins 116 5.4 Catalytic Copper Proteins 118 5.4.1 Type 2 Red Copper Sites 118 5.4.2 Other T2 Copper Sites 120 5.4.3 Cu, Zn Superoxide Dismutase 121 5.4.4 Multicopper Oxygenases and Oxidases 122 5.5 Heme-Based Enzymes 124 5.5.1 Mb-Based Peroxidase and P450 Mimics 124 5.5.2 Mimicking Oxidases in Mb 125 5.5.3 Mimicking NOR Enzymes in Mb 127 5.5.4 Engineering Peroxidase Proteins 128 5.5.5 Engineering Cytochrome P450s 129 5.6 Non-Heme ET Proteins 131 5.7 Fe and Mn Superoxide Dismutase 132 5.8 Non-Heme Fe Catalysts 133 5.9 Zinc Proteins 134 5.10 Other Metalloproteins 135 5.10.1 Cobalt Proteins 135 5.10.2 Manganese Proteins 136 5.10.3 Molybdenum Proteins 137 5.10.4 Nickel Proteins 137 5.10.5 Uranyl Proteins 138 5.10.6 Vanadium Proteins 138 5.11 Summary and Perspectives 139 References 142 PART III COORDINATION CHEMISTRY OF PROTEIN ASSEMBLY CAGES 6 Metal-Directed and Templated Assembly of Protein Superstructures and Cages 151 F. Akif Tezcan 6.1 Introduction 151 6.2 Metal-Directed Protein Self-Assembly 152 6.2.1 Background 152 6.2.2 Design Considerations for Metal-Directed Protein Self-Assembly 153 6.2.3 Interfacing Non-Natural Chelates with MDPSA 155 6.2.4 Crystallographic Applications of Metal-Directed Protein Self-Assembly 159 6.3 Metal-Templated Interface Redesign 162 6.3.1 Background 162 6.3.2 Construction of a Zn-Selective Tetrameric Protein Complex Through MeTIR 163 6.3.3 Construction of a Zn-Selective Protein Dimerization Motif Through MeTIR 166 6.4 Summary and Perspectives 170 Acknowledgments 171 References 171 7 Catalytic Reactions Promoted in Protein Assembly Cages 175 Takafumi Ueno and Satoshi Abe 7.1 Introduction 175 7.1.1 Incorporation of Metal Compounds 176 7.1.2 Insight into Accumulation Process ofMetal Compounds 177 7.2 Ferritin as a Platform for Coordination Chemistry 177 7.3 Catalytic Reactions in Ferritin 179 7.3.1 Olefin Hydrogenation 179 7.3.2 Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reaction in Protein Cages 182 7.3.3 Polymer Synthesis in Protein Cages 185 7.4 Coordination Processes in Ferritin 188 7.4.1 Accumulation of Metal Ions 188 7.4.2 Accumulation of Metal Complexes 192 7.5 Coordination Arrangements in Designed Ferritin Cages 194 7.6 Summary and Perspectives 197 Acknowledgments 198 References 198 8 Metal-Catalyzed Organic Transformations Inside a Protein Scaffold Using Artificial Metalloenzymes 203 V. K. K. Praneeth and Thomas R. Ward 8.1 Introduction 203 8.2 Enantioselective Reduction Reactions Catalyzed by Artificial Metalloenzymes 204 8.2.1 Asymmetric Hydrogenation 204 8.2.2 Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones 206 8.2.3 Artificial Transfer Hydrogenation of Cyclic Imines 208 8.3 Palladium-Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation 211 8.4 Oxidation Reaction Catalyzed by Artificial Metalloenzymes 212 8.4.1 Artificial Sulfoxidase 212 8.4.2 Asymmetric cis-Dihydroxylation 215 8.5 Summary and Perspectives 216 References 218 PART IV APPLICATIONS IN BIOLOGY 9 Selective Labeling and Imaging of Protein Using Metal Complex 223 Yasutaka Kurishita and Itaru Hamachi 9.1 Introduction 223 9.2 Tag–Probe Pair Method Using Metal-Chelation System 225 9.2.1 Tetracysteine Motif/Arsenical Compounds Pair 225 9.2.2 Oligo-Histidine Tag/Ni(ii)-NTA Pair 227 9.2.3 Oligo-Aspartate Tag/Zn(ii)-DpaTyr Pair 230 9.2.4 Lanthanide-binding Tag 235 9.3 Summary and Perspectives 237 References 237 10 Molecular Bioengineering of Magnetosomes for Biotechnological Applications 241 Atsushi Arakaki, Michiko Nemoto, and Tadashi Matsunaga 10.1 Introduction 241 10.2 Magnetite Biomineralization Mechanism in Magnetosome 242 10.2.1 Diversity of Magnetotactic Bacteria 242 10.2.2 Genome and Proteome Analyses of Magnetotactic Bacteria 244 10.2.3 Magnetosome Formation Mechanism 246 10.2.4 Morphological Control of Magnetite Crystal in Magnetosomes 250 10.3 Functional Design of Magnetosomes 251 10.3.1 Protein Display on Magnetosome by Gene Fusion Technique 252 10.3.2 Magnetosome Surface Modification by In Vitro System 255 10.3.3 Protein-mediated Morphological Control of Magnetite Particles 257 10.4 Application 258 10.4.1 Enzymatic Bioassays 259 10.4.2 Cell Separation 260 10.4.3 DNA Extraction 262 10.4.4 Bioremediation 264 10.5 Summary and Perspectives 266 Acknowledgments 266 References 266 PART V APPLICATIONS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 11 Protein Cage Nanoparticles for Hybrid Inorganic–Organic Materials 275 Shefah Qazi, Janice Lucon, Masaki Uchida, and Trevor Douglas 11.1 Introduction 275 11.2 Biomineral Formation in Protein Cage Architectures 277 11.2.1 Introduction 277 11.2.2 Mineralization 278 11.2.3 Model for Synthetic Nucleation-Driven Mineralization 279 11.2.4 Mineralization in Dps: A 12-Subunit Protein Cage 279 11.2.5 Icosahedral Protein Cages: Viruses 282 11.2.6 Nucleation of Inorganic Nanoparticles Within Icosahedral Viruses 282 11.3 Polymer Formation Inside Protein Cage Nanoparticles 283 11.3.1 Introduction 283 11.3.2 Azide–Alkyne Click Chemistry in sHsp and P22 285 11.3.3 Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization in P22 287 11.3.4 Application as Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents 290 11.4 Coordination Polymers in Protein Cages 292 11.4.1 Introduction 292 11.4.2 Metal–Organic Branched Polymer Synthesis by Preforming Complexes 292 11.4.3 Coordination Polymer Formation from Ditopic Ligands and Metal Ions 295 11.4.4 Altering Protein Dynamics by Coordination: Hsp-Phen-Fe 296 11.5 Summary and Perspectives 298 Acknowledgments 298 References 298 12 Nanoparticles Synthesized and Delivered by Protein in the Field of Nanotechnology Applications 305 Ichiro Yamashita, Kenji Iwahori, Bin Zheng, and Shinya Kumagai 12.1 Nanoparticle Synthesis in a Bio-Template 305 12.1.1 NP Synthesis by Cage-Shaped Proteins for Nanoelectronic Devices and Other Applications 305 12.1.2 Metal Oxide or Hydro-Oxide NP Synthesis in the Apoferritin Cavity 307 12.1.3 Compound Semiconductor NP Synthesis in the Apoferritin Cavity 308 12.1.4 NP Synthesis in the Apoferritin with the Metal-Binding Peptides 311 12.2 Site-Directed Placement of NPs 312 12.2.1 Nanopositioning of Cage-Shaped Proteins 312 12.2.2 Nanopositioning of Au NPs by Porter Proteins 313 12.3 Fabrication of Nanodevices by the NP and Protein Conjugates 317 12.3.1 Fabrication of Floating Nanodot Gate Memory 318 12.3.2 Fabrication of Single-Electron Transistor Using Ferritin 321 References 326 13 Engineered “Cages” for Design of Nanostructured Inorganic Materials 329 Patrick B. Dennis, Joseph M. Slocik, and Rajesh R. Naik 13.1 Introduction 329 13.2 Metal-Binding Peptides 331 13.3 Discrete Protein Cages 332 13.4 Heat-Shock Proteins 334 13.5 Polymeric Protein and Carbohydrate Quasi-Cages 340 13.6 Summary and Perspectives 346 References 347 PART VI COORDINATION CHEMISTRY INSPIRED BY PROTEIN CAGES 14 Metal–Organic Caged Assemblies 353 Sota Sato and Makoto Fujita 14.1 Introduction 353 14.2 Construction of Polyhedral Skeletons by Coordination Bonds 355 14.2.1 Geometrical Effect on Products 356 14.2.2 Structural Extension Based on Rigid, Designable Framework 358 14.2.3 Mechanistic Insight into Self-Assembly 366 14.3 Development of Functions via Chemical Modification 366 14.3.1 Chemistry in the Hollow of Cages 367 14.3.2 Chemistry on the Periphery of Cages 368 14.4 Metal–Organic Cages for Protein Encapsulation 370 14.5 Summary and Perspectives 370 References 371 Index 375

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive and timely review of developments in the field, Cell and Molecular Biology of Stem Cell Imaging features original and review articles written by experts in their fields.Table of ContentsContributors vii Preface xi 1 Cell and Molecular Biology and Imaging of Stem Cells: Stem Cells from the Amniotic Fluid and Placenta 1Amritha Kidiyoor, Sean V. Murphy, and Anthony Atala 2 Biomaterials as Artificial Niches for Pluripotent Stem Cell Engineering 21Kyung Min Park and Sharon Gerecht 3 Low-Intensity Ultrasound in Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering 45Byung Hyune Choi, Kil Hwan Kim, Mrigendra Bir Karmacharya, Byoung-Hyun Min and So Ra Park 4 Mammalian Neo-Oogenesis from Ovarian Stem Cells In Vivo and In Vitro 67Antonin Bukovsky and Michael R. Caudle 5 Oct4-EGFP Transgenic Pigs as a New Tool for Visualization of Pluripotent and Reprogrammed Cells 137Monika Nowak-Imialek and Heiner Niemann 6 Regulation of Adult Intestinal Stem Cells through Thyroid Hormone-Induced Tissue Interactions during Amphibian Metamorphosis 153Atsuko Ishizuya-Oka 7 Stem Cell Therapy for Veterinary Orthopedic Lesions 173Anna Paula Balesdent Barreira and Ana Liz Garcia Alves 8 Sex Steroid Combinations in Regenerative Medicine for Brain and Heart Diseases: The Vascular Stem Cell Niche and a Clinical Proposal 193Antonin Bukovsky and Michael R. Caudle 9 Hair Follicle Stem Cells 211Hilda Amalia Pasolli 10 The Potential of Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Skin Diseases 223Shigeki Ohta, Ophelia Veraitch, Hideyuki Okano, Manabu Ohyama, and Yutaka Kawakami 11 Mitochondrial Differentiation in Early Embryo Cells and Pluripotent Stem Cells 247Heide Schatten, Qing-Yuan Sun, and Randall S. Prather 12 The Role of Centrosomes in Cancer Stem Cell Functions 259Heide Schatten Index 281

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Book SynopsisAn in-depth look at the latest research, methods, and applications in the field of protein bioinformatics This book presents the latest developments in protein bioinformatics, introducing for the first time cutting-edge research results alongside novel algorithmic and AI methods for the analysis of protein data.Table of ContentsPREFACE ix CONTRIBUTORS xv I FROM PROTEIN SEQUENCE TO STRUCTURE 1 EMPHASIZING THE ROLE OF PROTEINS IN CONSTRUCTION OF THE DEVELOPMENTAL GENETIC TOOLKIT IN PLANTS 3 Anamika Basu and Anasua Sarkar 2 PROTEIN SEQUENCE MOTIF INFORMATION DISCOVERY 41 Bernard Chen 3 IDENTIFYING CALCIUM BINDING SITES IN PROTEINS 57 Hui Liu and Hai Deng 4 REVIEW OF IMBALANCED DATA LEARNING FOR PROTEIN METHYLATION PREDICTION 71 Zejin Ding and Yan-Qing Zhang 5 ANALYSIS AND PREDICTION OF PROTEIN POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION SITES 91 Jianjiong Gao, Qiuming Yao, Curtis Harrison Bollinger, and Dong Xu II PROTEIN ANALYSIS AND PREDICTION 6 PROTEIN LOCAL STRUCTURE PREDICTION 109 Wei Zhong, Jieyue He, Robert W. Harrison, Phang C. Tai, and Yi Pan 7 PROTEIN STRUCTURAL BOUNDARY PREDICTION 125 Gulsah Altun 8 PREDICTION OF RNA BINDING SITES IN PROTEINS 153 Zhi-Ping Liu and Luonan Chen 9 ALGORITHMIC FRAMEWORKS FOR PROTEIN DISULFIDE CONNECTIVITY DETERMINATION 171 Rahul Singh, William Murad, and Timothy Lee 10 PROTEIN CONTACT ORDER PREDICTION: UPDATE 205 Yi Shi, Jianjun Zhou, David S. Wishart, and Guohui Lin 11 PROGRESS IN PREDICTION OF OXIDATION STATES OF CYSTEINES VIA COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES 217 Aiguo Du, Hui Liu, Hai Deng, and Yi Pan 12 COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN CRYOELECTRON MICROSCOPY 3D STRUCTURE RECONSTRUCTION 231 Fa Zhang, Xiaohua Wan, and Zhiyong Liu III PROTEIN STRUCTURE ALIGNMENT AND ASSESSMENT 13 FUNDAMENTALS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE ALIGNMENT 255 Mark Brandt, Allen Holder, and Yosi Shibberu 14 DISCOVERING 3D PROTEIN STRUCTURES FOR OPTIMAL STRUCTURE ALIGNMENT 281 Tomáš Novosád, Václav Snášel, Ajith Abraham, and Jack Y. Yang 15 ALGORITHMIC METHODOLOGIES FOR DISCOVERY OF NONSEQUENTIAL PROTEIN STRUCTURE SIMILARITIES 299 Bhaskar DasGupta, Joseph Dundas, and Jie Liang 16 FRACTAL RELATED METHODS FOR PREDICTING PROTEIN STRUCTURE CLASSES AND FUNCTIONS 317 Zu-Guo Yu, Vo Anh, Jian-Yi Yang, and Shao-Ming Zhu 17 PROTEIN TERTIARY MODEL ASSESSMENT 339 Anjum Chida, Robert W. Harrison, and Yan-Qing Zhang IV PROTEIN–PROTEIN ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL NETWORKS 18 NETWORK ALGORITHMS FOR PROTEIN INTERACTIONS 357 Suely Oliveira 19 IDENTIFYING PROTEIN COMPLEXES FROM PROTEIN–PROTEIN INTERACTION NETWORKS 377 Jianxin Wang, Min Li, and Xiaoqing Peng 20 PROTEIN FUNCTIONAL MODULE ANALYSIS WITH PROTEIN–PROTEIN INTERACTION (PPI) NETWORKS 393 Lei Shi, Xiujuan Lei, and Aidong Zhang 21 EFFICIENT ALIGNMENTS OF METABOLIC NETWORKS WITH BOUNDED TREEWIDTH 413 Qiong Cheng, Piotr Berman, Robert W. Harrison, and Alexander Zelikovsky 22 PROTEIN–PROTEIN INTERACTION NETWORK ALIGNMENT: ALGORITHMS AND TOOLS 431 Valeria Fionda V APPLICATION OF PROTEIN BIOINFORMATICS 23 PROTEIN-RELATED DRUG ACTIVITY COMPARISON USING SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINES 451 Wei Zhong and Jieyue He 24 FINDING REPETITIONS IN BIOLOGICAL NETWORKS: CHALLENGES, TRENDS, AND APPLICATIONS 461 Simona E. Rombo 25 MeTaDoR: ONLINE RESOURCE AND PREDICTION SERVER FOR MEMBRANE TARGETING PERIPHERAL PROTEINS 481 Nitin Bhardwaj, Morten Källberg, Wonhwa Cho, and Hui Lu 26 BIOLOGICAL NETWORKS–BASED ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSION SIGNATURES 495 Gang Chen and Jianxin Wang INDEX 507

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Book SynopsisPractical Multiscaling covers fundamental modelling techniques aimed at bridging diverse temporal and spatial scales ranging from the atomic level to a full-scale product level. It focuses on practical multiscale methods that account for fine-scale (material) details but do not require their precise resolution.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xv 1 Introduction to Multiscale Methods 1 1.1 The Rationale for Multiscale Computations 1 1.2 The Hype and the Reality 2 1.3 Examples and Qualification of Multiscale Methods 3 1.4 Nomenclature and definitions 5 1.5 Notation 6 1.5.1 Index and matrix notation 6 1.5.2 M ultiple Spatial Scale Coordinates 8 1.5.3 Domains and boundaries 9 1.5.4 Spatial and Temporal Derivatives 9 1.5.5 Special symbols 10 References 11 2 Upscaling/Downscaling of Continua 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Homogenizaton of Linear Heterogeneous Media 16 2.2.1 Two-Scale Formulation 16 2.2.2 Two-Scale Formulation – Variational Form 23 2.2.3 Hill–Mandel Macrohomogeneity Condition and Hill–Reuss–Voigt Bounds 25 2.2.4 N umerical Implementation 27 2.2.5 B oundary Layers 38 2.2.6 Convergence Estimates 41 2.3 Upscaling Based on Enhanced Kinematics 47 2.3.1 M ultiscale Finite Element Method 48 2.3.2 Variational Multiscale Method 48 2.3.3 M ultiscale Enrichment Based on Partition of Unity 49 2.4 Homogenization of Nonlinear Heterogeneous Media 50 2.4.1 Asymptotic Expansion for Nonlinear Problems 50 2.4.2 Formulation of the Coarse-Scale Problem 54 2.4.3 Formulation of the Unit Cell Problem 58 2.4.4 Example Problems 61 2.5 Higher Order Homogenization 64 2.5.1 Introduction 64 2.5.2 Formulation 65 2.6 Multiple-Scale Homogenization 69 2.7 Going Beyond Upscaling – Homogenization-Based Multigrid 71 2.7.1 Relaxation 73 2.7.2 Coarse-grid Correction 77 2.7.3 Two-grid Convergence for a Model Problem in a Periodic Heterogeneous Medium 79 2.7.4 Upscaling-Based Prolongation and Restriction Operators 81 2.7.5 Homogenization-based Multigrid and Multigrid Acceleration 83 2.7.6 N onlinear Multigrid 84 2.7.7 M ultigrid for Indefinite Systems 86 Problems 87 References 91 3 Upscaling/Downscaling of Atomistic/Continuum Media 95 3.1 Introduction 95 3.2 Governing Equations 96 3.2.1 M olecular Dynamics Equation of Motion 96 3.2.2 M ultiple Spatial and Temporal Scales and Rescaling of the MD Equations 98 3.3 Generalized Mathematical Homogenization 100 3.3.1 M ultiple-Scale Asymptotic Analysis 100 3.3.2 The Dynamic Atomistic Unit Cell Problem 102 3.3.3 The Coarse-Scale Equations of Motion 103 3.3.4 Continuum Description of Equation of Motion 106 3.3.5 The Thermal Equation 107 3.3.6 Extension to Multi-Body Potentials 112 3.4 Finite Element Implementation and Numerical Verification 113 3.4.1 Weak Forms and Semidiscretization of Coarse-Scale Equations 113 3.4.2 The Fine-Scale (Atomistic) Problem 115 3.5 Statistical Ensemble 118 3.6 Verification 120 3.7 Going Beyond Upscaling 126 3.7.1 Spatial Multilevel Method Versus Space–Time Multilevel Method 127 3.7.2 The WR Scheme 129 3.7.3 Space–Time FAS 130 Problems 131 References 133 4 Reduced Order Homogenization 137 4.1 Introduction 137 4.2 Reduced Order Homogenization for Two-Scale Problems 139 4.2.1 Governing Equations 139 4.2.2 Residual-Free Fields and Model Reduction 141 4.2.3 Reduced Order System of Equations 148 4.2.4 One-Dimensional Model Problem 150 4.2.5 Computational Aspects 154 4.3 Lower Order Approximation of Eigenstrains 156 4.3.1 The Pitfalls of a Piecewise Constant One-Partition-Per-Phase Model 157 4.3.2 Impotent Eigenstrain 159 4.3.3 Hybrid Impotent-Incompatible Eigenstrain Mode Estimators 163 4.3.4 Chaboche Modification 164 4.3.5 Analytical Relations for Various Approximations of Eigenstrain Influence Functions 165 4.3.6 Eigenstrain Upwinding 172 4.3.7 Enhancing Constitutive Laws of Phases 175 4.3.8 Validation of the Hybrid Impotent-Incompatible Reduced Order Model with Eigenstrain Upwinding and Enhanced Constitutive Model of Phases 180 4.4 Extension to Nonlocal Heterogeneous Media 184 4.4.1 Staggered Nonlocal Model for Homogeneous Materials 186 4.4.2 Staggered Nonlocal Multiscale Model 188 4.4.3 Validation of the Nonlocal Model 189 4.4.4 Rescaling Constitutive Equations 193 4.5 Extension to Dispersive Heterogeneous Media 197 4.5.1 Dispersive Coarse-Scale Problem 199 4.5.2 The Quasi-Dynamic Unit Cell Problem 201 4.5.3 Linear Model Problem 204 4.5.4 N onlinear Model Problem 205 4.5.5 Implicit and Explicit Formulations 208 4.6 Extension to Multiple Spatial Scales 209 4.6.1 Residual-Free Governing Equations at Multiple Scales 210 4.6.2 M ultiple-Scale Reduced Order Model 211 4.7 Extension to Large Deformations 214 4.8 Extension to Multiple Temporal Scales with Application to Fatigue 219 4.8.1 Temporal Homogenization 220 4.8.2 M ultiple Temporal and Spatial Scales 224 4.8.3 Fatigue Constitutive Equation 225 4.8.4 Verfication of the Multiscale Fatigue Model 226 4.9 Extension to Multiphysics Problems 227 4.9.1 Reduced Order Coupled Vector-Scalar Field Model at Multiple Scales 228 4.9.2 Environmental Degradation of PMC 232 4.9.3 Validation of the Multiphysics Model 235 4.10 Multiscale Characterization 239 4.10.1 Formulation of the Inverse Problem 239 4.10.2 Characterization of Model Parameters in ROH 241 Problems 241 References 243 5 Scale-separation-free Upscaling/Downscaling of Continua 249 5.1 Introduction 249 5.2 Computational Continua (C2) 251 5.2.1 N onlocal Quadrature 251 5.2.2 Coarse-Scale Problem 254 5.2.3 Computational Unit Cell Problem 257 5.2.4 One-dimensional model problem 260 5.3 Reduced Order Computational Continua (RC2) 265 5.3.1 Residual-Free Computational Unit Cell Problem 266 5.3.2 The Coarse-Scale Weak Form 274 5.3.3 Coarse-Scale Consistent Tangent Stiffness Matrix 275 5.4 Nonlocal Quadrature in Multidimensions 278 5.4.1 Tetrahedral Elements 278 5.4.2 Triangular Elements 287 5.4.3 Quadrilateral and Hexahedral Elements 292 5.5 Model Verification 297 5.5.1 The Beam Problem 300 Problems 302 References 303 6 Multiscale Design Software 305 6.1 Introduction 305 6.2 Microanalysis with MDS-Lite 308 6.2.1 Familiarity with the GUI 309 6.2.2 Labeling Data Files 312 6.2.3 The First Walkthrough MDS-Micro Example 312 6.2.4 The Second Walkthrough MDS-Micro Example 318 6.2.5 Parametric Library of Unit Cell Models 331 6.3 Macroanalysis with MDS-Lite 340 6.3.1 First Walkthrough MDS-Macro Example 341 6.3.2 Second Walkthrough MDS-Macro Example 362 6.3.3 Third Walkthrough Example 373 6.3.4 Fourth Walkthrough Example 379 Problems 391 References 393 Index 395

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Book SynopsisThis cutting edge book provides all the important aspects dealing with the basic science involved in materials in biomedical technology, especially structure and properties, techniques and technological innovations in material processing and characterizations, as well as the applications.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1. 1D~3D Nano-engineered Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications 1 Hui Chen, Xiaokang Li and Yanan Du 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 3D Nanomaterials Towards Biomedical Applications 2 1.3 Structural and Functional Modification 6 1.4 Properties of Nanoparticles for Biomedical Application 8 1.5 Applications of NPs 10 1.6 2D Nanomaterials Towards Biomedical Applications 15 1.7 1D Nanomaterial Towards Biomedical Applications 21 1.8 Conclusion 28 References 28 2. Porous Biomaterials 35 Nasim Annabi 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Porosity and Pore Architecture of Biomaterial Scaffolds 36 2.3 Methods to Measure Porosity and Pore Size 38 2.4 Porosity Generation Techniques 39 2.5 Summary 60 References 61 3. Bioactive and Biocompatible Polymeric Composites Based on Amorphous Calcium Phosphate 67 Joseph M. Antonucci and Drago Skrtic 3.1 Introduction 68 3.2 Experimental Approach 75 3.3 Results and Discussion 91 3.4 Concluding Remarks/Future Directions 108 Acknowledgements 109 References 109 Appendix 1. List of Acronyms used Throughout the Proposal 117 4. Calcium Phosphates and Nanocrystalline Apatites for Medical Applications 121 Sunita Prem Victor and Chandra P. Sharma 4.1 Introduction 121 4.2 Chemistry of Calcium Phosphates 123 Contents vii 4.4 Properties of Calcium Orthophosphates 128 4.5 Biomedical Applications of Calcium Phosphates 133 4.6 Conclusion 138 References 138 5. SiO2 Particles with Functional Nanocrystals: Design and Fabrication for Biomedical Applications 145 Ping Yang 5.1 Introduction 145 5.2 Fabrication Methods of SiO2 Particles with NCs 156 5.3 Main Research Results for SiO2 Particles with NCs 170 5.4 Multifunctional SiO2 Particles for Biomedical Applications 229 5.5 Conclusions and Outlook 243 Acknowledgements 244 References 244 6. New Kind of Titanium Alloys for Biomedical Application 253 Yufeng Zheng, Binbin Zhang, Benli Wang and Li Li 6.1 Introduction 253 6.2 Dental Cast Titanium Alloys 254 6.3 Low Modulus Titanium Alloys 262 6.4 Nickel Free Shape Memory Titanium Alloys 266 6.5 Summary 270 References 270 7. BMP-based Bone Tissue Engineering 273 Ziyad S Haidar and Murugan Ramalingam 7.1 Introduction 274 7.2 Challenges in Protein Therapy 277 7.3 BMP Delivery Requirements 279 7.4 BMP-specific Carrier Types and Materials 282 7.5 Summary 289 Acknowledgements 290 References 290 8. Impedance Sensing of Biological Processes in Mammalian Cells 293 Lamya Ghenim, Hirokazu Kaji, Matsuhiko Nishizawa, Xavier Gidrol 8.1 Introduction 293 8.2 Cell Attachment and Spreading Processes 295 8.3 Cell Motility 299 8.4 Apoptosis 302 8.5 Mitosis 303 8.6 Single Cell Analysis 303 8.7 Conclusion 307 References 307 9. Hydrogel Microbeads for Implantable Glucose Sensors 309 Yun Jung Heo and Shoji Takeuchi 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Fabrication Methods of Hydrogel Microbeads 311 9.3 Fluorescence-based Glucose Monitoring 318 9.4 Biocompatibility 325 9.5 Summary 328 References 328 10. Molecular Design of Multifunctional Polymers for Gene Transfection 333 Chao Lin, Bo Lou and Rong Jin 333 10.1 Introduction 333 10.2 Barriers to Non-viral Gene Delivery 335 10.3 Molecular Design of Polymer Vectors for Efficient Gene Delivery 338 10.4 Molecular Design of Polymer Vectors with Low Cytotoxicity 348 10.5 Summary 354 Acknowledgements 355 Appendix: List of Abbreviations 355 References 355 11. Injectable in situ Gelling Hydrogels as Biomaterials 361 Hardeep Singh and Lakshmi S. Nair 11.1 Introduction 362 11.2 Injectable in situ Gelling Hydrogels 365 11.3 Clinical Applications of Hydrogels 369 11.4 Injectable Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications 370 11.5 Conclusions 393 References 393 12. Metal-polymer Hybrid Biomaterials with High Mechanical and Biological Compatibilities 399 Masaaki Nakai and Mitsuo Niinomi 12.1 Introduction 399 12.2 Fabrication Methods of Porous Titanium Filled with Medical Polymer 401 12.3 Mechanical Properties of Porous Titanium Filled with Medical Polymer 403 12.4 Biological Properties of Porous Titanium Filled with Medical Polymer 407 12.5 Summary 409 References 409

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Book SynopsisA full-colour undergraduate textbook, based on a two semester course, that presents the fundamentals of biological physics, introducing essential modern topics that include cells, polymers, polyelectrolytes, membranes, liquid crystals, phase transitions, self-assembly, photonics, fluid mechanics, motility, chemical kinetics, and enzyme kinetics.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgements xvii I Building Blocks 1 1 Molecules 3 1.1 Chemical Bonds and Molecular Interactions 3 1.2 Chirality 7 1.3 Proteins 7 1.4 Lipids 15 1.5 Nucleic Acids 16 1.6 Carbohydrates 21 1.7 Water 24 1.8 Proteoglycans and Glycoproteins 25 1.9 Viruses 26 1.10 Other Molecules 28 Suggested Reading 28 Tutorial Questions 1 29 2 Cells 31 2.1 The First Cell 32 2.2 Metabolism 33 2.3 Central Dogma of Biology 34 2.4 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection 38 2.5 Mutations and Cancer 40 2.6 Prokaryotic Cells 41 2.7 Eukaryotic Cells 41 2.8 Chromosomes 44 2.9 Cell Cycle 45 2.10 Genetic Code 45 2.11 Genetic Networks 45 2.12 Human Genome Project 47 2.13 Genetic Fingerprinting 49 2.14 Genetic Engineering 50 2.15 Tissues 51 2.16 Cells as Experimental Models 51 2.17 Stem Cells 52 Suggested Reading 53 Tutorial Questions 2 54 II Soft Condensed-Matter Techniques in Biology 55 3 Introduction to Statistics in Biology 57 3.1 Statistics 57 3.2 Entropy 60 3.3 Information 61 3.4 Free Energy 62 3.5 Partition Function 63 3.6 Conditional Probability 65 3.7 Networks 66 Suggested Reading 67 Tutorial Questions 3 67 4 Mesoscopic Forces 69 4.1 Cohesive Forces 69 4.2 Hydrogen Bonding 71 4.3 Electrostatics 73 4.3.1 Unscreened Electrostatic Interactions 73 4.3.2 Screened Electrostatic Interactions 74 4.3.3 The Force Between Charged Aqueous Spheres 77 4.4 Steric and Fluctuation Forces 79 4.5 Depletion Forces 82 4.6 Hydrodynamic Interactions 84 4.7 Bell’s Equation 84 4.8 Direct Experimental Measurements 86 Suggested Reading 89 Tutorial Questions 4 89 5 Phase Transitions 91 5.1 The Basics 91 5.2 Helix–Coil Transition 94 5.3 Globule–Coil Transition 98 5.4 Crystallisation 101 5.5 Liquid–Liquid Demixing (Phase Separation) 104 Suggested Reading 108 Tutorial Questions 5 109 6 Liquid Crystallinity 111 6.1 The Basics 111 6.2 Liquid Nematic–Smectic Transitions 123 6.3 Defects 125 6.4 More Exotic Possibilities for Liquid-Crystalline Phases 130 Suggested Reading 132 Tutorial Questions 6 132 7 Motility 135 7.1 Diffusion 135 7.2 Low Reynolds Number Dynamics 142 7.3 Motility of Cells and Micro-Organisms 144 7.4 First-Passage Problem 148 7.5 Rate Theories of Chemical Reactions 152 7.6 Subdiffusion 153 Suggested Reading 155 Tutorial Questions 7 155 8 Aggregating Self-Assembly 157 8.1 Surface-Active Molecules (Surfactants) 160 8.2 Viruses 163 8.3 Self-Assembly of Proteins 167 8.4 Polymerisation of Cytoskeletal Filaments (Motility) 167 Suggested Reading 172 Tutorial Questions 8 172 9 Surface Phenomena 173 9.1 Surface Tension 173 9.2 Adhesion 175 9.3 Wetting 177 9.4 Capillarity 180 9.5 Experimental Techniques 183 9.6 Friction 184 9.7 Adsorption Kinetics 186 9.8 Other Physical Surface Phenomena 188 Suggested Reading 188 Tutorial Questions 9 188 10 Biomacromolecules 189 10.1 Flexibility of Macromolecules 189 10.2 Good/Bad Solvents and the Size of Flexible Polymers 198 10.3 Elasticity 203 10.4 Damped Motion of Soft Molecules 206 10.5 Dynamics of Polymer Chains 209 10.6 Topology of Polymer Chains – Supercoiling 214 Suggested Reading 216 Tutorial Questions 10 217 11 Charged Ions and Polymers 219 11.1 Electrostatics 222 11.2 Deybe–Huckel Theory 226 11.3 Ionic Radius 229 11.4 The Behaviour of Polyelectrolytes 232 11.5 Donnan Equilibria 234 11.6 Titration Curves 236 11.7 Poisson–Boltzmann Theory for Cylindrical Charge Distributions 238 11.8 Charge Condensation 239 11.9 Other Polyelectrolyte Phenomena 243 Suggested Reading 244 Tutorial Questions 11 245 12 Membranes 247 12.1 Undulations 248 12.2 Bending Resistance 250 12.3 Elasticity 253 12.4 Intermembrane Forces 258 12.5 Passive/Active Transport 260 12.6 Vesicles 267 Suggested Reading 268 Tutorial Questions 12 268 13 Continuum Mechanics 269 13.1 Structural Mechanics 270 13.2 Composites 273 13.3 Foams 275 13.4 Fracture 277 13.5 Morphology 278 Suggested Reading 278 Tutorial Questions 13 279 14 Fluid Mechanics 281 14.1 Newton’s Law of Viscosity 282 14.2 Navier–Stokes Equations 282 14.3 Pipe Flow 283 14.4 Vascular Networks 285 14.5 Haemodynamics 285 14.6 Circulatory Systems 289 14.7 Lungs 289 Suggested Reading 291 Tutorial Questions 14 291 15 Rheology 293 15.1 Storage and Loss Moduli 295 15.2 Rheological Functions 298 15.3 Examples from Biology: Neutral Polymer Solutions, Polyelectrolytes, Gels, Colloids, Liquid Crystalline Polymers, Glasses, Microfluidics 299 15.3.1 Neutral Polymer Solutions 299 15.3.2 Polyelectrolytes 303 15.3.3 Gels 305 15.3.4 Colloids 309 15.3.5 Liquid-Crystalline Polymers 310 15.3.6 Glassy Materials 310 15.3.7 Microfluidics in Channels 312 15.4 Viscoelasticity of the Cell 312 Suggested Reading 314 Tutorial Questions 15 314 16 Motors 315 16.1 Self-Assembling Motility – Polymerisation of Actin and Tubulin 317 16.2 Parallelised Linear Stepper Motors – Striated Muscle 320 16.3 Rotatory Motors 325 16.4 Ratchet Models 327 16.5 Other Systems 329 Suggested Reading 329 Tutorial Questions 16 330 17 Structural Biomaterials 331 17.1 Cartilage – Tough Shock Absorbers in Human Joints 331 17.2 Spider Silk 341 17.3 Elastin and Resilin 342 17.4 Bone 343 17.5 Adhesive Proteins 343 17.6 Nacre and Mineral Composites 345 Suggested Reading 346 Tutorial Questions 17 346 18 Phase Behaviour of DNA 347 18.1 Chromatin – Naturally Packaged DNA Chains 347 18.2 DNA Compaction – An Example of Polyelectrolyte Complexation 350 18.3 Facilitated Diffusion 351 Suggested Reading 354 III Experimental Techniques 355 19 Experimental Techniques 357 19.1 Mass Spectroscopy 357 19.2 Thermodynamics 359 19.2.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 360 19.2.2 Isothermal Titration Calorimetry 360 19.2.3 Surface Plasmon Resonance and Interferometry-Based Biosensors 360 19.3 Hydrodynamics 362 19.4 Optical Spectroscopy 363 19.4.1 Rayleigh Scattering 363 19.4.2 Brillouin Scattering 364 19.4.3 Terahertz/Microwave Spectroscopy 364 19.4.4 Infrared Spectroscopy 365 19.4.5 Raman Spectroscopy 366 19.4.6 Nonlinear Spectroscopy 367 19.4.7 Circular Dichroism and UV Spectroscopy 369 19.5 Optical Microscopy 369 19.5.1 Fluorescence Microscopy 376 19.5.2 Super-Resolution Microscopy 378 19.5.3 Nonlinear Microscopy 382 19.5.4 Polarisation Microscopy 382 19.5.5 Optical Coherence Tomography 382 19.5.6 Holographic Microscopy 383 19.5.7 Other Microscopy Techniques 383 19.6 Single-Molecule Detection 384 19.7 Single-Molecule Mechanics and Force Measurements 384 19.8 Electron Microscopy 395 19.9 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 396 19.10 Static Scattering Techniques 397 19.11 Dynamic Scattering Techniques 408 19.12 Osmotic Pressure 412 19.13 Chromatography 415 19.14 Electrophoresis 415 19.15 Sedimentation 420 19.16 Rheology 424 19.17 Tribology 431 19.18 Solid Mechanical Properties 432 Suggested Reading 432 Tutorial Questions 19 433 IV Systems Biology 437 20 Chemical Kinetics 439 20.1 Conservation Laws 440 20.2 Free Energy 440 20.3 Reaction Rates 441 20.4 Consecutive Reactions 449 20.5 Case I and II Reactions 450 20.6 Parallel Reactions 452 20.7 Approach to Chemical Equilibrium 453 20.8 Quasi-Steady-State Approximation 456 20.9 General Kinetic Equation Analysis 459 Suggested Reading 459 Tutorial Questions 20 460 21 Enzyme Kinetics 461 21.1 Michaelis–Menten Kinetics 461 21.2 Lineweaver–Burke Plot 465 21.3 Enzyme Inhibition 466 21.4 Competitive Inhibition 466 21.5 Allosteric Inhibition 467 21.6 Cooperativity 468 21.7 Hill Plot 470 21.8 Single Enzyme Molecules 470 Suggested Reading 472 Tutorial Questions 21 472 22 Introduction to Systems Biology 473 22.1 Integrative Model of the Cell 473 22.2 Transcription Networks 474 22.3 Gene Regulation 474 22.4 Lac Operon 477 22.5 Repressilator 479 22.6 Autoregulation 481 22.7 Network Motifs 483 22.8 Robustness 489 22.9 Morphogenesis 490 22.10 Kinetic Proofreading 492 22.11 Temporal Programs 493 22.12 Nonlinear Models 494 22.13 Population Dynamics 497 Suggested Reading 498 Tutorial Questions 22 499 V Spikes, Brains and the Senses 501 23 Spikes 503 23.1 Structure and Function of a Neuron 503 23.2 Membrane Potential 503 23.3 Ion Channels 506 23.4 Voltage Clamps and Patch Clamps 508 23.5 Nernst Equation 509 23.6 Electrical Circuit Model of a Cell Membrane 511 23.7 Cable Equation 513 23.8 Hodgkin–Huxley Model 515 23.9 Action Potential 518 23.10 Spikes – Travelling Electrical Waves 520 23.11 Cell Signalling 523 Suggested Reading 524 Tutorial Questions 23 525 24 Physiology of Cells and Organisms 527 24.1 Feedback Loops 528 24.2 Nonlinear Behaviour 533 24.3 Potential Outside an Axon 533 24.4 Electromechanical Properties of the Heart 535 24.5 Electrocardiogram 536 24.6 Electroencephalography 537 Suggested Reading 539 Tutorial Questions 24 540 25 The Senses 541 25.1 Biological Senses 541 25.2 Weber’s Law 542 25.3 Information Processing and Hyperacuity 543 25.4 Mechanoreceptors 543 25.5 Chemoreceptors 545 25.6 Photoreceptors 549 25.7 Thermoreceptors 551 25.8 Electroreceptors 552 25.9 Magnetoreceptors 552 Suggested Reading 553 Tutorial Questions 25 554 26 Brains 555 26.1 Neural Encoding Inverse Problem 558 26.2 Memory 560 26.3 Motor Processes 564 26.4 Connectome 565 26.5 Cohesive Properties 566 Suggested Reading 567 Tutorial Questions 26 568 Appendix A: Physical Constants 569 Appendix B: Answers to Tutorial Questions 571 Index 593

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Book SynopsisFeaturing chapters from specialists in endocrinology, physiology, pathology, and nuclear medicine, this book provides a multidisciplinary approach to a wide variety of issues concerning somatostatin and its analogues. The book: Provides the most up-to-date coverage of somatostatin analog use in diagnostic and therapy Integrating the specialties of endocrinology, physiology, pathology, and nuclear medicine, providing the multidisciplinary approach to the topic Focuses on future applications, novel compounds, and areas for further research Covers topics by authors who are renowned experts and researchers in the field Table of ContentsContributors viii Preface xii Acknowledgements xv 1 Somatostatin: The History of Discovery 1Malgorzata Trofimiuk‐Müldner and Alicja Hubalewska‐Dydejczyk 2 Physiology of Endogenous Somatostatin Family: Somatostatin Receptor Subtypes, Secretion, Function and Regulation, and Organ Specific Distribution 6Marily Theodoropoulou 3 Somatostatin Receptors in Malignancies and Other Pathologies 21Marco Volante, Adele Cassenti, Ida Rapa, Luisella Righi, and Mauro Papotti 4 The Use of Radiolabeled Somatostatin Analogue in Medical Diagnosis: Introduction 31Alberto Signore 4.1 Somatostatin Receptor Scintigraphy‐SPECT 35Renata Mikołajczak and Alberto Signore 4.2 Molecular Imaging of Somatostatin Receptor‐Positive Tumors Using PET/CT 55 Richard P. Baum and Harshad R. Kulkarni4.3 Other Radiopharmaceuticals for Imaging GEP‐NET 75Klaas Pieter Koopmans, Rudi A. Dierckx, Philip H. Elsinga, Thera P. Links, Ido P. Kema, Helle-Brit Fiebrich, Annemieke M.E. Walekamp, Elisabeth G.E. de Vries, and Adrienne H. Brouwers 4.4 The Place of Somatostatin Receptor Scintigraphy in Clinical Setting: Introduction 86Alicja Hubalewska‐Dydejczyk 4.4.1 Somatostatin Receptor Scintigraphy in Management of Patients with Neuroendocrine Neoplasms 90Anna Sowa‐Staszczak, Agnieszka Stefańska, Agata Jabrocka‐Hybel, and Alicja Hubalewska‐Dydejczyk 4.4.2 The Place of Somatostatin Receptor Scintigraphy and Other Functional Imaging Modalities in the Setting of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma 112Alicja Hubalewska‐Dydejczyk, Henri J.L.M. Timmers, and Malgorzata Trofimiuk‐Müldner 4.4.3 Somatostatin Receptor Scintigraphy in Medullary Thyroid Cancer 127Anouk N.A. van der Horst‐Schrivers, Adrienne H. Brouwers, and Thera P. Links 4.4.4 Somatostatin Receptor Scintigraphy in Other Tumors Imaging 135Malgorzata Trofimiuk‐Müldner and Alicja Hubalewska‐Dydejczyk 4.4.5 Somatostatin Receptor Scintigraphy in Inflammation and Infection Imaging 153Alberto Signore, Kelly Luz Anzola Fuentes, and Marco Chianelli 5 Somatostatin Analogues in Pharmacotherapy: Introduction 164Wouter W. de Herder 5.1 Somatostatin Analogues in Pharmacotherapy 166Wouter W. de Herder 5.2 Pituitary Tumor Treatment with Somatostatin Analogues 169Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk, Aleksandra Gilis-Januszewska, and Malgorzata Trofimiuk-Müldner 5.3 Somatostatin Analogues in Pharmacotherapy of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors 189Frédérique Maire and Philippe Ruszniewski 5.4 Somatostatin Analogue Use in Other than Endocrine Tumor Indications 198Aleksandra Gilis‐Januszewska, Malgorzata Trofimiuk‐Müldner, Agata Jabrocka‐Hybel,, and Dorota Pach 6 Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy Using Radiolabeled Somatostatin Analogues: An Introduction 207John Buscombe 6.1 Somatostatin Analogues and Radionuclides Used in Therapy 214Esther I. van Vliet, Boen L.R. Kam, Jaap J.M. Teunissen, Marion de Jong, Eric P. Krenning, and Dik J. Kwekkeboom 6.2 PRRT Dosimetry 230Mark Konijnenberg 6.3 Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy (PRRT): Clinical Application 252Lisa Bodei, and Giovanni Paganelli 6.4 Duo‐PRRT of Neuroendocrine Tumors Using Concurrent and Sequential Administration of Y‐90‐ and Lu‐177‐Labeled Somatostatin Analogues 264Richard P. Baum and Harshad R. Kulkarni 6.5 N onsystemic Treatment of Liver Metastases from Neuroendocrine Tumor 273Daniel Putzer, Gerlig Widmann, Dietmar Waitz, Werner Jaschke, and Irene J. Virgolini 6.6 Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy: Other Indications 282Agnieszka Stefańska, Alicja Hubalewska‐Dydejczyk, Agata Jabrocka‐Hybel, and Anna Sowa‐Staszczak 7 Somatostatin Analogs: Future Perspectives and Preclinical Studies—Pansomatostatins 291Aikaterini Tatsi Berthold A. Nock, Theodosia Maina, and Marion de Jong 8 Radiolabeled Somatostatin Receptor Antagonists 305Melpomeni Fani and Helmut R. Maecke 9 Cortistatins and Dopastatins 321Manuela Albertelli and Diego Ferone Index 000

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Book SynopsisThis book explores the structure-property-process relationship of biomaterials from engineering and biomedical perspectives, and the potential of bio-inspired materials and their applications. A large variety of natural materials with outstanding physical and mechanical properties have appeared in the course of evolution.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 General Introduction 1 1.1 Historical Perspectives 1 1.2 Biomimetic Materials Science and Engineering 2 1.2.1 Biomimetic Materials from Biology to Engineering 2 1.2.2 Two Aspects of Biomimetic Materials Science and Engineering 3 1.2.3 Why Use Biomimetic Design of Advanced Engineering Materials? 4 1.2.4 Classification of Biomimetic Materials 7 1.3 Strategies, Methods, and Approaches for the Biomimetic Design of Engineering Materials 7 1.3.1 General Approaches for Biomimetic Engineering Materials 9 1.3.2 Special Approaches for Biomimetic Engineering Materials 10 References 11 Part I Biomimetic Structural Materials and Processing 13 2 Strong, Tough, and Lightweight Materials 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Strengthening and Toughening Principles in Soft Tissues 16 2.2.1 Overview of Spider Silk 16 2.2.2 Microstructure of Spider Silk 17 2.2.3 Mechanical Properties of Spider Silk 19 2.2.4 Strengthening and Toughening Mechanisms of Spider Silk 20 2.3 Strong and Tough Engineering Materials and Processes Mimicking Spider Silk 23 2.3.1 Biomimetic Design Principles for Strong and Tough Materials 23 2.3.2 Bioinspired Carbon Nanotube Yarns Mimicking Spider Silk Structure 24 2.4 Strengthening and Toughening Mechanisms in Hard Tissues 25 2.4.1 Nacre Microstructure 25 2.4.2 Deformation and Fracture Behavior of Nacre 27 2.4.3 Strengthening Mechanism in Nacre 29 2.4.4 Toughening Mechanisms in Nacre 31 2.4.5 Strengthening/Toughening Mechanisms in Other Hard Tissues 34 2.5 Biomimetic Design and Processes for Strong and Tough Ceramic Composites 37 2.5.1 Biomimetic Design Principles for Strong and Tough Materials 37 2.5.2 Layered Ceramic/Polymer Composites 39 2.5.3 Layered Ceramic/Metal Composites 43 2.5.4 Ceramic/Ceramic Laminate Composites 43 References 46 3 Wear-resistant and Impact-resistant Materials 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Hard Tissues with High Wear Resistance 50 3.2.1 Teeth: A Masterpiece of Biological Wear-resistance Materials 50 3.2.2 Microstructures of Enamel, Dentin, and Dentin-enamel Junction 51 3.2.3 Mechanical Properties of Dental Structures 54 3.2.4 Anti-wear Mechanisms of Enamel 56 3.2.5 Toughening Mechanisms of the DEJ 58 3.3 Biomimetic Designs and Processes of Materials for Wear-resistant Materials 59 3.3.1 Bioinspired Design Strategies for Wear-resistant Materials 59 3.3.2 Enamel-mimicking Wear-resistant Restorative Materials 61 3.3.3 Biomimetic Cutting Tools Based on the Sharpening Mechanism of Rat Teeth 62 3.3.4 DEJ-mimicking Functionally Graded Materials 64 3.4 Biological Composites with High Impact and Energy Absorbance 66 3.4.1 Mineral-based Biocomposites: Dactyl Club 67 3.4.2 Protein-based Biocomposites: Horns and Hooves 69 3.4.3 Bioinspired Design Strategies for Highly Impact-resistant Materials 72 3.5 Biomimetic Impact-resistant Materials and Processes 73 3.5.1 Dactyl Club-Biomimicking Highly Impact-resistant Composites 73 3.5.2 Damage-tolerant CNT-reinforced Nanocomposites Mimicking Hooves 74 References 76 4 Adaptive and Self-shaping Materials 79 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2 The Biological Models for Adapting and Morphing Materials 80 4.2.1 Reversible Stiffness Change of Sea Cucumber via Switchable Fiber Interactions 80 4.2.2 Gradient Stiffness of Squid Beak via Gradient Fiber Interactions 82 4.2.3 Shape Change in Plant Growth via Controlled Reinforcement Redistribution 84 4.2.4 Self-shaping by Pre-programed Reinforcement Architectures 86 4.2.5 Biomimetic Design Strategies for Morphing and Adapting 88 4.3 Biomimetic Synthetic Adaptive Materials and Processes 90 4.3.1 Adaptive Nanocomposites with Reversible Stiffness Change Capability 90 4.3.2 Squid-beak-inspired Mechanical Gradient Nanocomposites and Fabrication 93 4.3.3 Biomimetic Helical Fibers and Fabrication 94 4.3.4 Water-activated Self-shaping Materials and Fabrication 95 References 99 5 Materials with Controllable Friction and Reversible Adhesion 101 5.1 Introduction 101 5.2 Dry Adhesion: Biological Reversible Adhesive Systems Based on Fibrillar Structures 102 5.2.1 Gecko and Insect Adhesive Systems 102 5.2.2 Hierarchical Fibrillar Structure of Gecko Toe Pads 103 5.2.3 Adhesive Properties of Gecko Toe Pads 104 5.2.4 Mechanics of Fibrillar Adhesion 107 5.2.5 Bioinspired Strategies for Reversible Dry Adhesion 112 5.3 Gecko-mimicking Design of Fibrillar Dry Adhesives and Processes 112 5.3.1 Biomimetic Design Based on Geometric Replications of the Gecko Adhesive System 115 5.3.2 Biomimetic Design of Hybrid/Smart Fibrillar Adhesives 118 5.4 Wet Adhesion: Biological Reversible Adhesive Systems Based on Soft Film 121 5.4.1 Tree Frog Adhesive System 121 5.4.2 Adhesive Mechanism of Tree Frog Toe Pads 122 5.5 Artificial Adhesive Systems Inspired by Tree Frogs 123 5.6 Slippery Surfaces and Friction/Drag Reduction 125 5.6.1 Pitcher Plant: A Biological Model of a Slippery Surface 125 5.6.2 Shark Skin: A Biological Model for Drag Reduction 126 5.7 Biomimetic Designs and Processes of Slippery Surfaces 128 5.7.1 Pitcher-inspired Design of a Slippery Surface 128 5.7.2 Shark Skin-inspired Design for Drag Reduction 130 References 132 6 Self-healing Materials 135 6.1 Introduction 135 6.2 Wound Healing in Biological Systems 136 6.2.1 Self-healing via Microvascular Networks 136 6.2.2 Self-healing with Microencapsulation/Micropipe Systems in Plants 138 6.2.3 Skeleton/Bone Healing Mechanism 140 6.2.4 Tree Bark Healing Mechanism 141 6.2.5 Bioinspired Self-healing Strategies 142 6.3 Bioinspired Self-healing Materials 144 6.3.1 Self-healing Materials with Vascular Networks 144 6.3.2 Biomimetic Self-healing with Microencapsulation Systems 146 6.3.3 Biomimetic Self-healing with Hollow Fiber Systems 148 6.3.4 Self-healing Brittle Materials Mimicking Bone and Tree Bark Healing 149 6.3.5 Bacteria-mediated Self-healing Concretes 151 References 152 Part II Biomimetic Functional Materials and Processing 155 7 Self-cleaning Materials and Surfaces 157 7.1 Introduction 157 7.2 Fundamentals of Wettability and Self-cleaning 158 7.3 Self-cleaning in Nature 160 7.3.1 Lotus Effect: Superhydrophobicity-induced Self-cleaning 160 7.3.2 Slippery Surfaces: Superhydrophilicity-induced Self-cleaning 162 7.3.3 Self-cleaning in Fibrillar Adhesive Systems 164 7.3.4 Self-cleaning in Soft Film Adhesive Systems 168 7.3.5 Underwater Organisms: Self-cleaning Surfaces 169 7.3.6 Biomimetic Strategies for Self-cleaning 171 7.4 Engineering Self-cleaning Materials and Processes via Bioinspiration 173 7.4.1 Lotus Effect–inspired Self-cleaning Surfaces and Fabrication 174 7.4.2 Superhydrophilically-based Self-cleaning Surfaces and Fabrication 178 7.4.3 Gecko-inspired Self-cleaning Dry Adhesives and Fabrication 180 7.4.4 Underwater Organisms–inspired Self-cleaning Surfaces and Fabrication 183 References 185 8 Stimuli-responsive Materials 188 8.1 Introduction 188 8.2 The Biological Models for Stimuli-responsive Materials 189 8.2.1 Actuation Mechanism in Muscles 189 8.2.2 Mechanically Stimulated Morphing Structures of Venus Flytraps 191 8.2.3 Sun Tracking: Heliotropic Plant Movements Induced by Photo Stimuli 194 8.2.4 Biomimetic Design Strategies for Stimuli-responsive Materials 196 8.3 Biomimetic Synthetic Stimuli-responsive Materials and Processes 198 8.3.1 Motor Molecules as Artificial Muscle: Bottom-up Approach 198 8.3.2 Electroactive Polymers as Artificial Muscle: Top-down Approach 199 8.3.3 Venus Flytrap Mimicking Nastic Materials 202 8.3.4 Biomimetic Light-tracking Materials 203 References 207 9 Photonic Materials 210 9.1 Introduction 210 9.2 Structural Colors in Nature 211 9.2.1 One-dimensional Diffraction Gratings 213 9.2.2 Multilayer Reflectors 214 9.2.3 Two-dimensional Photonic Materials 215 9.2.4 Three-dimensional Photonic Crystals 217 9.2.5 Tunable Structural Color in Organisms 218 9.3 Natural Antireflective Structures and Microlenses 220 9.3.1 Moth-eye Antireflective Structures 220 9.3.2 Brittlestar Microlens with Double-facet Lens 222 9.3.3 Biomimetic Strategies for Structural Colors and Antireflection 224 9.4 Bioinspired Structural Coloring Materials and Processes 224 9.4.1 Grating Nanostructures: Lamellar Ridge Arrays 227 9.4.2 Multilayer Photonic Nanostructures and Fabrication Approaches 229 9.4.3 Three-dimensional Photonic Crystals and Fabrication 230 9.4.4 Tunable Structural Colors of Bioinspired Photonic Materials 232 9.4.5 Electrically and Mechanically Tunable Opals 233 9.5 Bioinspired Antireflective Surfaces and Microlenses 233 References 236 10 Catalysts for Renewable Energy 240 10.1 Introduction 240 10.2 Catalysts for Energy Conversion in Biological Systems 242 10.2.1 Biological Catalysts in Biological “Fuel Cells” 242 10.2.2 Oxygen Evolution Catalyzed by Water-oxidizing Complex 242 10.2.3 Biological Hydrogen Production with Hydrogenase Enzymes 245 10.2.4 Natural Photosynthesis and Enzymes 245 10.2.5 Biomimetic Design Principles for Efficient Catalytic Materials 247 10.3 Bioinspired Catalytic Materials and Processes 248 10.3.1 Bioinspired Catalyst for Hydrogen Fuel Cells 249 10.3.2 WOC-biomimetic Catalysts for Oxygen Evalution Reactions in Water Splitting 255 10.3.3 Hydrogenase-biomimetic Catalysts for Hydrogen Generation 259 10.3.4 Artificial Photosynthesis 261 References 266 Part III Biomimetic Processing 271 11 Biomineralization and Biomimetic Materials Processing 273 11.1 Introduction 273 11.2 Materials Processing in Biological Systems 274 11.2.1 Biomineralization 274 11.2.2 Surface-directed Biomineralization 277 11.2.3 Enzymatic Biomineralization 278 11.2.4 Organic Matrix-templated Biomineralization 279 11.2.5 Homeostasis and Storage of Metallic Nanoparticles 282 11.2.6 Bioinspired Strategies for Synthesizing Processes 282 11.3 Biomimetic Materials Processes 284 11.3.1 Synthesis of Mineralized Collagen Fibrils with Macromolecular Templates 284 11.3.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Films Catalyzed with Silicatein 286 11.3.3 Synthesis of Magnetite using Natural and Synthetic Proteins 288 11.3.4 Nanofabrication of Barium Titanate using Artificial Proteins 290 11.3.5 Protein-assisted Nanofabrication of Metal Nanoparticles 292 References 294 Index 298

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Book SynopsisAs its title suggests, this innovative book has been written for life scientists needing to analyse their data sets, and programmers, wanting a better understanding of the types of experimental images life scientists investigate on a regular basis. Each chapter presents one self-contained biomedical experiment to be analysed. Part I of the book presents its two basic ingredients: essential concepts of image analysis and Matlab. In Part II, algorithms and techniques are shown as series of recipes or solved examples that show how specific techniques are applied to a biomedical experiments like Western Blots, Histology, Scratch Wound Assays and Fluoresence. Each recipe begins with simple techniques that gradually advance in complexity. Part III presents some advanced techniques for the generation of publication quality figures. The book does not assume any computational or mathematical expertise. A practical, clearly-written introduction to biomedical image analysis that provides the tools for life scientists and engineers to use when solving problems in their own laboratories. Presents the basic concepts of MATLAB software and uses it throughout to show how it can execute flexible and powerful image analysis programs tailored to the specific needs of the problem. Within the context of four biomedical cases, it shows algorithms and techniques as series of recipes, or solved examples that show how a particular technique is applied in a specific experiment. Companion website containing example datasets, MATLAB files and figures from the book. Table of ContentsPreface vii Acknowledgements ix About the Companion Website xi 1 The Basic Ingredients 1 1.1 The Matlab Environment 1 1.2 Introduction to Matlab 3 1.3 Operations with Matrices 7 1.4 Combining Matrices 10 1.5 Addressing a Matrix 13 1.6 Mathematical Functions and Graphical Display 17 1.7 Random Numbers 23 1.8 Statistics in Matlab 26 1.9 Displaying Two-Dimensional Matrices 29 1.10 Scripts Functions and Shortcuts 37 1.11 Using Help 43 2 Introduction to Images 45 2.1 An Image as a Matrix 45 2.2 Reading Images 46 2.3 Displaying Images 49 2.4 Colormap 54 2.5 Thresholding and Manipulating Values of Images 59 2.6 Converting Images into Doubles 68 2.7 Save Your Code and Data 69 3 Introduction to Colour 71 3.1 Mixing and Displaying Colours 71 4 Western Blots 79 4.1 Recipe 1: Many Ways to Display a Western Blot 80 4.2 Recipe 2: Investigating the Numbers That Make a Western Blot 93 4.3 Recipe 3: Image Histograms 97 4.4 Recipe 4: Transforming an Image of a Western Blot 104 4.5 Recipe 5: Quantification of the Data 111 4.6 Recipe 6: Investigating Position of Bands 121 5 Scratch Wound Assays 135 5.1 Analysis of Scratch Wound Assays 135 5.2 Recipe 1: Low Pass Filtering ScratchWound Assays in the Spatial Domain 139 5.3 Recipe 2: High Pass Filtering ScratchWound Assays in the Spatial Domain 143 5.4 Recipe 3: Combining Filters and Morphological Operations 154 5.5 Recipe 4: Sensitivy to Thresholds and Hysteresis Thresholding 161 5.6 Recipe 5: Morphological Operators 167 5.7 Recipe 6: Measuring Distances Between Cellular Boundaries 178 5.8 Recipe 7: Introduction to Fourier Analysis 187 5.9 Recipe 8: Filtering Scratch Wound Assays in the Fourier Domain 201 References 213 6 Bright Field Microscopy 215 6.1 Recipe 1: Changing the Brightness and Contrast of an Image 215 6.2 Recipe 2: Shading Correction: Estimation of Shading Component as a Plane 224 6.3 Recipe 3: Estimation of Shading Component with Filters Morphological Operators and Envelopes 235 6.4 Recipe 4: Mosaicking and Stitching 247 6.5 Recipe 5: Pixel Intensity and Histograms in Immunohistochemistry 261 6.6 Recipe 6: Hue-Saturation-Value 271 6.7 Recipe 7: Multidimensional Histograms 278 Reference 289 7 Fluorescence Microscopy 291 7.1 Recipe 1: Separating and Combining Colour Channels 294 7.2 Recipe 2: Investigating the Scaling of Values 298 7.3 Recipe 3: Automatic Threshold Selection 301 7.4 Recipe 4: Measuring Absolute and Relative Areas 304 7.5 Recipe 5: Counting Nuclei 305 7.6 Recipe 6: Quantification of Region Properties Beyond the Area 308 7.7 Recipe 7: Dividing an Image into Regions 310 7.8 Recipe 8: Batch Processing and Montages 316 7.9 Recipe 9: A Myriad of Measurements 327 References 341 8 Creating Publication-Quality Figures from Matlab 343 8.1 Recipe 1: Modifying the Characteristics of the Figures 344 8.2 Recipe 2: Numerous Plots in One Figure 352 8.3 Recipe 3: Three-Dimensional Ribbons with Different Annotations 362 8.4 Recipe 4: Three-Dimensional Graphics 378 8.5 Recipe 5: Projections 388 8.6 Recipe 6: Four-Dimensional Data Set Explored 391 Index 401

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Book SynopsisFeatures a solid foundation of mathematical and computational tools to formulate and solve real-world PDE problems across various fields With a step-by-step approach to solving partial differential equations (PDEs), Differential Equation Analysis in Biomedical Science and Engineering: Partial Differential Equation Applications with R successfully applies computational techniques for solving real-world PDE problems that are found in a variety of fields, including chemistry, physics, biology, and physiology. The book provides readers with the necessary knowledge to reproduce and extend the computed numerical solutions and is a valuable resource for dealing with a broad class of linear and nonlinear partial differential equations. The author's primary focus is on models expressed as systems of PDEs, which generally result from including spatial effects so that the PDE dependent variables are functions of both space and time, unlike ordinary differential equaTable of ContentsPreface ix 1. Introduction to Partial Differentiation Equation Analysis: Chemotaxis 1 2. Pattern Formation 43 3. Belousov–Zhabotinskii Reaction System 103 4. Hodgkin–Huxley and Fitzhugh–Nagumo Models 127 5. Anesthesia Spatiotemporal Distribution 163 6. Influenza with Vaccination and Diffusion 207 7. Drug Release Tracking 243 8. Temperature Distributions in Cryosurgery 287 Index 323

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Book SynopsisEssentials of Machine Olfaction and Taste This book provides a valuable information source for olfaction and taste which includes a comprehensive and timely overview of the current state of knowledge of use for olfaction and taste machines Presents original, latest research in the field, with an emphasis on the recent development of human interfacingCovers the full range of artificial chemical senses including olfaction and taste, from basic through to advanced levelTimely project in that mobile robots, olfactory displays and odour recorders are currently under research, driven by commercial demandTable of ContentsPreface xi About the Contributors xiii 1 Introduction to Essentials of Machine Olfaction and Tastes 1Takamichi Nakamoto 2 Physiology of Chemical Sense and its Biosensor Application 3Ryohei Kanzaki, Kei Nakatani, Takeshi Sakurai, Nobuo Misawa and Hidefumi Mitsuno 2.1 Introduction 3 2.2 Olfaction and Taste of Insects 4 2.2.1 Olfaction 4 2.2.1.1 Anatomy of Olfaction 4 2.2.1.2 Signal Transduction of Odor Signals 6 2.2.1.3 Molecular Biology of Olfaction 7 2.2.2 Taste 8 2.2.2.1 Anatomy of Taste 8 2.2.2.2 Molecular Biology and Signal Transduction of Taste 9 2.3 Olfaction and Taste of Vertebrate 11 2.3.1 Olfaction 11 2.3.1.1 Anatomy of Olfaction 11 2.3.1.2 Transduction of Odor Signals 12 2.3.1.3 Molecular Biology of Olfaction 15 2.3.2 Taste 17 2.3.2.1 Anatomy of Taste 17 2.3.2.2 Transduction of Taste Signals 18 2.3.2.3 Molecular Biology of Taste 20 2.4 Cell‐Based Sensors and Receptor‐Based Sensors 21 2.4.1 Tissue‐Based Sensors 23 2.4.2 Cell‐Based Sensors 26 2.4.3 Receptor‐Based Sensors 30 2.4.3.1 Production of Odorant Receptors 34 2.4.3.2 Immobilization of Odorant Receptors 35 2.4.3.3 Measurement from Odorant Receptors 36 2.4.4 Summary of the Biosensors 41 2.5 Future Prospects 42 References 43 3 Large‐Scale Chemical Sensor Arrays for Machine Olfaction 49Mara Bernabei, Simone Pantalei and Krishna C. Persaud 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Overview of Artificial Olfactory Systems 50 3.3 Common Sensor Technologies Employed in Artificial Olfactory Systems 53 3.3.1 Metal‐Oxide Gas Sensors 53 3.3.2 Piezoelectric Sensors 54 3.3.3 Conducting Polymer Sensors 55 3.4 Typical Application of “Electronic Nose” Technologies 58 3.5 A Comparison between Artificial and the Biological Olfaction Systems 58 3.6 A Large‐Scale Sensor Array 59 3.6.1 Conducting Polymers 60 3.6.2 Sensor Interrogation Strategy 62 3.6.3 Sensor Substrate 64 3.7 Characterization of the Large‐Scale Sensor Array 68 3.7.1 Pure Analyte Study: Classification and Quantification Capability 69 3.7.2 Binary Mixture Study: Segmentation and Background Suppression Capability 75 3.7.3 Polymer Classes: Testing Broad and Overlapping Sensitivity, High Level of Redundancy 76 3.7.4 System Robustness and Long‐Term Stability 77 3.8 Conclusions 79 Acknowledgment80 References 80 4 Taste Sensor: Electronic Tongue with Global Selectivity 87Kiyoshi Toko, Yusuke Tahara, Masaaki Habara, Yoshikazu Kobayashi and Hidekazu Ikezaki 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Electronic Tongues 90 4.3 Taste Sensor 92 4.3.1 Introduction 92 4.3.2 Principle 93 4.3.3 Response Mechanism 93 4.3.4 Measurement Procedure 97 4.3.5 Sensor Design Techniques 98 4.3.6 Basic Characteristics 103 4.3.6.1 Threshold 106 4.3.6.2 Global Selectivity 106 4.3.6.3 High Correlation with Human Sensory Scores 108 4.3.6.4 Definition of Taste Information 109 4.3.6.5 Detection of Interactions between Taste Substances 110 4.3.7 Sample Preparation 111 4.3.8 Analysis 112 4.4 Taste Substances Adsorbed on the Membrane 116 4.5 Miniaturized Taste Sensor 117 4.6 Pungent Sensor 122 4.7 Application to Foods and Beverages 124 4.7.1 Introduction 124 4.7.2 Beer 124 4.7.3 Coffee 127 4.7.4 Meat 132 4.7.5 Combinatorial Optimization Technique for Ingredients and Qualities Using a GA 134 4.7.5.2 Ga 134 4.7.5.3 Constrained Nonlinear Optimization 137 4.7.6 For More Effective Use of “Taste Information” 137 4.7.6.1 Key Concept 138 4.7.6.2 Taste Attributes or Qualities become Understandable and Translatable When They Are Simplified 138 4.7.6.3 Simplification of Large Numbers of Molecules into a Couple of Taste Qualities Allows Mathematical Optimization 140 4.7.6.4 Summary 141 4.8 Application to Medicines 141 4.8.1 Introduction 141 4.8.2 Bitterness Evaluation of APIs and Suppression Effect of Formulations 141 4.8.3 Development of Bitterness Sensor for Pharmaceutical Formulations 143 4.8.3.1 Sensor Design 143 4.8.3.2 Prediction of Bitterness Intensity and Threshold 144 4.8.3.3 Applications to Orally Disintegrating Tablets 146 4.8.3.4 Response Mechanism to APIs 154 4.8.4 Evaluation of Poorly Water‐Soluble Drugs 156 4.9 Perspectives 160 References 163 5 Pattern Recognition 175Saverio De Vito, Matteo Falasconi and Matteo Pardo 5.1 Introduction 175 5.2 Application Frameworks and Their Challenges 176 5.2.1 Common Challenges 176 5.2.2 Static In‐Lab Applications 177 5.2.3 On‐Field Applications 178 5.3 Unsupervised Learning and Data Exploration 180 5.3.1 Feature Extraction: Static and Dynamic Characteristics 180 5.3.2 Exploratory Data Analysis 184 5.3.3 Cluster Analysis 189 5.4 Supervised Learning 190 5.4.1 Classification: Detection and Discrimination of Analytes and Mixtures of Volatiles 192 5.4.2 Regression: Machine Olfaction Quantification Problems and Solutions 196 5.4.3 Feature Selection 200 5.5 Advanced Topics 202 5.5.1 System Instability Compensation 202 5.5.2 Calibration Transfer 208 5.6 Conclusions 210 References 211 6 Using Chemical Sensors as “Noses” for Mobile Robots 219Hiroshi Ishida, Achim J. Lilienthal, Haruka Matsukura, Victor Hernandez Bennetts and Erik Schaffernicht 6.1 Introduction 219 6.2 Task Descriptions 220 6.2.1 Definitions of Tasks 220 6.2.2 Characteristics of Turbulent Chemical Plumes 222 6.3 Robots and Sensors 224 6.3.1 Sensors for Gas Detection 224 6.3.2 Airflow Sensing 225 6.3.3 Robot Platforms 226 6.4 Characterization of Environments 226 6.5 Case Studies 230 6.5.1 Chemical Trail Following 230 6.5.2 Chemotactic Search versus Anemotactic Approach 232 6.5.3 Attempts to Improve Gas Source Localization Robots 236 6.5.4 Flying, Swimming, and Burrowing Robots 238 6.5.5 Gas Distribution Mapping 239 6.6 Future Prospective 241 Acknowledgment242 References 242 7 Olfactory Display and Odor Recorder 247Takamichi Nakamoto 7.1 Introduction 247 7.2 Principle of Olfactory Display 247 7.2.1 Olfactory Display Device 248 7.2.2 Olfactory Display Related to Spatial Distribution of Odor 250 7.2.3 Temporal Intensity Change of Odor 251 7.2.3.1 Problem of Smell Persistence 251 7.2.3.2 Olfactory Display Using Inkjet Device 254 7.2.4 Multicomponent Olfactory Display 256 7.2.4.1 Mass Flow Controller 256 7.2.4.2 Automatic Sampler 256 7.2.4.3 Solenoid Valve 258 7.2.4.4 Micropumps and Surface Acoustic Wave Atomizer 260 7.2.5 Cross Modality Interaction 261 7.3 Application of Olfactory Display 263 7.3.1 Entertainment 263 7.3.2 Olfactory Art 265 7.3.3 Advertisement 266 7.3.4 Medical Field 266 7.4 Odor Recorder 267 7.4.1 Background of Odor Recorder 267 7.4.2 Principle of Odor Recorder 268 7.4.3 Mixture Quantification Method 271 7.5.1 Odor Approximation 274 7.5.2 MIMO Feedback Method 276 7.5.3 Method to Increase Number of Odor Components 278 7.5.3.1 SVD Method 278 7.5.3.2 Two‐Level Quantization Method 280 7.5.4 Dynamic Method 283 7.5.4.1 Real‐Time Reference Method 284 7.5.4.2 Concurrent Method 287 7.5.5 Mixture Quantification Using Huge Number of Odor Candidates 289 7.6 Exploration of Odor Components 292 7.6.1 Introduction of Odor Components 292 7.6.2 Procedure for Odor Approximation 293 7.6.3 Simulation of Odor Approximation 295 7.6.4 Experiment on Essential Oil Approximation 297 7.6.5 Comparison of Distance Measure 301 7.6.6 Improvement of Odor Approximation 303 7.7 Teleolfaction 305 7.7.1 Concept of Teleolfaction 305 7.7.2 Implementation of Teleolfaction System 306 7.7.3 Experiment on Teleolfaction 307 7.8 Summary 308 References 309 8 Summary and Future Perspectives 315Takamichi Nakamoto Index 317

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