Biology, life sciences Books

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Book SynopsisAbout our authors William S. Klug is an Emeritus Professor of Biology at The College of New Jersey (formerly Trenton State College) in Ewing, New Jersey, where he served as Chair of the Biology Department for 17 years. He received his B.A. degree in Biology from Wabash College in Crawfordsville, Indiana, and his Ph.D. from Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. Prior to coming to The College of New Jersey, he was on the faculty of Wabash College, where he first taught genetics, as well as general biology and electron microscopy. His research interests have involved ultrastructural and molecular genetic studies of development, utilizing oogenesis in Drosophila as a model system. He has taught the genetics course as well as the senior capstone seminar course in Human and Molecular Genetics to undergraduate biology majors for over four decades. He was the recipient in 2001 of the first annual teaching award given at The College of New Jersey, granted tTable of Contents1. Introduction to Genetics2. Mitosis and Meiosis3. Mendelian Genetics4. Modification of Mendelian Ratios5. Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes6. Chromosome Mutations: Variation in Number and Arrangement7. Linkage and Chromosome Mapping in Eukaryotes8. Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages9. DNA Structure and Analysis10. DNA Replication11. Chromosome Structure and DNA Sequence Organization12. The Genetic Code and Transcription13. Translation and Proteins14. Gene Mutation, DNA Repair, and Transposition15. Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria16. Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes17. Recombinant DNA Technology18. Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Proteomics19. The Genetics of Cancer20. Quantitative Genetics and Multifactorial Traits21. Population and Evolutionary Genetics Special Topics in Modern Genetics1. Epigenetics2. Genetic Testing3. Gene Therapy4. Advances in Neurogenetics: The Study of Huntington Disease5. DNA Forensics6. Genetically Modified Foods7. Genomics and Precision Medicine

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Book SynopsisWritten primarily for 16-to-19-year-old students, this primer provides a highly accessible overview of key elements of reproduction in humans and a wide range of animals and plants.Reproduction Biology introduces the main approaches and strategies that organisms use to reproduce and ensure the survival of their young, including sexual and asexual reproduction, ways of attracting pollinators or mates, and parenting behaviours. It explains why different species have evolved completely different strategies to ensure their reproductive success by placing these strategies in the context of the specific challenges that they help overcome. The primer also highlights the impact of emerging environmental challenges, such as climate change and plant diseases, and considers cutting-edge research that offers new opportunities in the field of human reproduction, such as the development of new forms of contraception. Key features- Oxford Biology Primers are the only resource to introduce prospective

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Book SynopsisWritten primarily for 16-19 year old students, this primer introduces the key features of the marine environment and explores the great diversity of life which the ocean supports, as well as discussing the threats to this environment and its biodiversity that result from human activity.Trade ReviewA great resource for any student or practitioner with an interest in marine science. * Dr Cecilia Liszka, The Marine Biologist, 26 April 2023 *It is undeniably an ambitious undertaking and strikes a necessary balance between breadth and depth of subject matter. It also does an impressive job of synthesizing this dynamic multidisciplinary field, and the result is a neat review of cross-cutting concepts and considerations any student of marine science will encounter throughout their career. * Dr Cecilia Liszka, The Marine Biologist, 26 April 2023 *The Marine Environment and Biodiversity certainly fulfils its brief: it provides an overview of some of the core branches of oceanographic science, illustrated with interesting case studies and a glossary of terms; it offers the motivated reader 'pause for thought' problems to explore independently; and each chapter ends with a selection of further reading and questions to stimulate discussion. * Dr Cecilia Liszka, The Marine Biologist, 26 April 2023 *Table of Contents1: The marine environment: United and divided 2: The ocean in motion 3: Seawater matters 4: What is marine biodiversity? 5: Measuring marine biodiversity 6: What does marine biodiversity do for us? 7: What are we doing to marine biodiversity?

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Book SynopsisA broad overview of the science of evolution, and why understanding it matters in our everyday lives.Explaining Life through Evolution tells the origin story of life on this planet and how we arrived at the tremendous diversity among organisms that we see around us today. Prosanta Chakrabarty explains evolution in a concise, accessible, and engaging way, emphasizing the importance of understanding evolution in everyday contemporary life. Weaving his own lived experience among discussions of Darwin and the origins of evolutionary thought, Chakrabarty also covers key concepts to our understanding of our current condition, including mutation; the spectrum of race, sex, gender, and sexuality; the limitations of ancestry tests; and the evolution of viruses like SARS-CoV-2, the virus at the heart of the COVID-19 pandemic.Offering a contemporary update to classic popular evolution books by Stephen Jay Gould, Jerry Coyne, and others, Explaining Li

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Book SynopsisAn award-winning professor’s introduction to essential concepts of calculus and mathematical modeling for students in the biosciencesTrade Review“The choice of material is interesting and refreshing, and finds concrete applications for mathematical topics that might not be standard fare in the physics or chemistry curricula. The applications of the Poincaré-Bendixson theorem to locating limit cycles are a remarkable highlight.”—Chay Paterson, zbMATH Open"This is a wonderful book, wise and witty. It would have taught me most of the math I needed for my career in research – if I did all the problems."—Stephen Stearns, author of The Evolution of Life Histories and Evolutionary Medicine “This enlightening book covers not only the essential parts of calculus and dynamical system, but also how one can apply these tools in biological sciences. In addition, the last chapter of this book is a concise introduction to probability theory. Michael Frame motivates students with very well-selected examples.”—Hongyu He, Professor of Mathematics, Louisiana State University“This work is an important step toward a new curriculum model for the nascent field of mathematical biology: different content and authentic applications, geared toward a truly interdisciplinary audience.”—Rebecca Gasper, Assistant Professor of Mathematics, Creighton University

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Book SynopsisThis is the third edition of the highly successful book, Biological Science. The text has been revised and updated to provide comprehensive coverage of the latest syllabuses. New material has been added in the following areas: human health and disease, microbiology and biotechnology, and the applications of genetics. Questions and practical work permeate the text and useful appendices are included covering biological chemistry, biological techniques and statistics. Biological Science is available as two soft cover volumes and as a combined volume hardback.Table of Contents1. Introduction to the subject; 2. Classification; 3. Chemicals of life; 4. Enzymes; 5. Cells; 6. Histology; 7. Autotrophic nutrition; 8. Heterotrophic nutrition; 9. Energy utilisation; 10. Organisms in their environment; 11. Quantitative ecology; 12. Microbiology and biotechnology; Answers and discussion; 13. Transport in plants; 14. Transport in animals; 15. Coordination and control in plants; 16. Coordination and control in animals; 17. Movement and support; 18. Homeostasis; 19. Excretion and osmoregulation; 20. Reproduction; 21. Growth and development; 22. Continuity of life; 23. Variation and genetics; 24. Application of genetics; 25. Evolution - history of life; 26. Mechanisms of speciation; Answers and discussion; Appendix 1. Biological chemistry; Appendix 2. Biological techniques; Appendix 3. Classification; Appendix 4. Nomenclature and units; Appendix 5. The geological time scale

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Book SynopsisImagine beetles ejecting defensive sprays as hot as boiling water; female moths holding their mates for ransom; caterpillars disguising themselves as flowers by fastening petals to their bodies—and you will have entered an insect world once beyond imagining, a world observed and described down to its tiniest astonishing detail by Thomas Eisner.Trade ReviewThe world has eagerly awaited these enchanting tales of insect life, brimming with discovery, insight, and wry humor. They're a master entomologist's masterwork. The photographs are also extraordinary, both illuminating and exquisitely beautiful. -- Diane Ackerman, Cornell UniversityI don't know whether I like the text or the photographs of For Love of Insects better. The former is brilliant, the product of the dean of chemical ecology and a world-renowned expert on insects. The latter are spectacular, the work of an outstanding photographer--once again Tom Eisner. No naturalist or natural scientist will want to be without this book. Indeed, if everyone would take the time to read it and look at the amazing pictures our society would benefit greatly from an enhanced appreciation of the insect world. -- Paul Ehrlich, President, Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford UniversityLove of insects? Hell, that's barely the half of it! Better Tom Eisner had called this book Love of Life and the Lively of progeny and all provenance! With boundless verve and grace and marvel and delight, Tom Eisner proves himself, across these dazzling pages, to be one of the all-time great biophiliacs. Ah, the blessing, for the rest of us, to be alive alongside him! -- Lawrence Weschler, Director of the New York Institute for the Humanities and author of Mr. Wilson's Cabinet of WonderThere are few books which present the fullness of a life in science as powerfully, as modestly, and as enchantingly as this one. The excitement of Tom Eisner's fundamental investigations are mingled with vivid descriptions of his many other loves and enthusiasms--for music and literature no less than for the natural world--in seamless and beautiful prose. For Love of Insects is not only a delight to read, but, with its amazing photographs, a visual feast, too. -- Oliver Sacks, author of The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a HatAlthough insects are not usually the stars of popular-science writing, this engaging look at how one scientist studies their lives may add them to the most-requested lists of science- and animal-loving readers. -- Nancy Bent * Booklist *For Love of Insects is especially valuable because it explains the steps missing from the research reports in Nature and Science: [Eisner] tells the story from first noticing a bug on a walk in the woods, through experiments and analytical chemistry, to a final understanding of each phenomenon...For Love of Insects is a fascinating introduction to a world we poor humans--barely able to detect most chemicals--seldom notice. -- Jonathan Beard * New Scientist *[Eisner's] new book is a personal memoir of a lifetime in science, engagingly written and stunningly illustrated with photographs of insects doing astonishing things...What makes Eisner a world-class entomologist is not access to million-dollar scientific instruments, but a mind that never stops asking 'Why?' -- Chet Raymo * Boston Globe *This is one of the best nature titles in the last several years. -- Kim Long * Bloomsbury Review *Prepare to be amazed. Brimming with enthusiasm, Eisner reveals a world of unbelievable majesty and complexity in the simplest of insects. The photographs alone are worth the price of the book, but the text crackles with the electricity of a brilliant genius at work, as Eisner leads the reader from simple observation to major scientific breakthrough. In fact this book should be required reading for every biology student because it illuminates the basic principle that passion and curiosity are the twin pillars of all great science. -- David Lukas * Los Angeles Times *Have you ever been squirted by a vinegaroon? Spent a night alone outdoors in the Arizona desert? Staged a pitched battle between ants and termites? (The termites took heavy losses, but the ants retreated under fire from their biological weapon, a chemical spray containing complex diterpenes.) If the answer's no, enlarge your horizons by reading Thomas Eisner's For Love of Insects...A fascinating and highly unusual book...These and many more of nature's mysteries are unraveled in Eisner's inimitable style--charmingly modest, brimming with enthusiasm and shot with flashes of endearing naïveté...Anyone fascinated by the endless diversity of nature, who prefers quirky fact to highfalutin theory or who simply likes to share someone else's passion, will find this book a delight. -- Derek Bickerton * New York Times Book Review *In his new book, For Love of Insects, Eisner describes a lifetime of field observations and laboratory experiments on an amazingly broad sampling of the class Insecta, together with the rest of the terrestrial arthropods. Along the way, he is a font of information about the workings of myriad biological adaptations. Together with the book's exquisite and detailed photographs...Eisner's text is the research retrospective of a self-described 'incorrigible entomophile'--one of the world's most visible and admired entomologists. -- Robert L. Smith * Natural History *Not only does [Eisner] describe discoveries with a richness and enthusiasm long absent from contemporary literature (where every word counts and is counted), but he interlaces the chronology of his exploration with relevant personal reflections. The resulting bildungsroman portrays the scientist as hunter in hot pursuit of new findings...With its vivid descriptions and beautiful images of insect life, this book should entice the interest and support of readers from all backgrounds. -- Ian T. Baldwin * Science *The book is well written and beautifully illustrated with colour photographs, the majority taken by the author...Throughout the text one is reminded of the pleasure that the author derives from discovery. Anyone reading this book will themselves embark upon a journey of discovery and come to share, if only at arm's length, Tom's love of insect's and the wonders of nature. -- Jeremy N. McNeil * Nature *The findings [Eisner] describes are intriguing--all the more so in that they provide the scaffolding on which we see at work the mind of one of our most distinguished scientists and naturalists. Exquisitely illustrated with photographs, most taken by Eisner, who is widely admired for his photography, the book is written in a style that is conversational, witty and graphic. Beautiful to look at and beautiful to read. * Scientific American *An absorbing story of Eisner's career as a professor of chemical ecology (a discipline he helped found), interwoven with a passionate celebration of his subject--the lowly insect--and countless did-you-know's from the world of entomology. * New York Times Book Review *This is the sort of book that you want to read out loud to complete strangers. Rarely has the manic curiosity of a naturalist's scientific mind been so clearly revealed as in this journey with Thomas Eisner...As the title suggests, this book reflects sheer enthusiasm and passion for bugs, and the reading of it is like a wild ride with a brilliant researcher...For Love of Insects marvelously captures the spirit of the naturalist mind and suggests how we might view the natural world with renewed curiosity and excitement. If this book could be required reading for biology students, the result would be a new generation of eager, brilliant naturalists. -- David Lukas * Orion *Eisner's work, summarized for the first time in this elegantly written and beautifully illustrated book, presents a coherent picture of a world little known even to many biologists. -- William A. Shear * American Scientist *After 45 years at Cornell [Eisner] has written a fascinating book of stories about some of his most interesting discoveries and how they came about. One can read about bombardier beetles that blast their attackers with hot benzoquinones, millipedes that tie up marauding ants with minute grappling hooks, and sundew plants that capture their insect prey with sticky secretions...This very readable book has a great number of outstanding color and black-and-white photographs that are themselves remarkably interesting. -- R. C. Graves * Choice *Eisner's book compels and fascinates at a variety of levels. It probes the ways in which insects use chemicals, and documents the ways in which an investigator poses the questions and teases out the answers...He tells his stories in the most accessible way...The sheer elegance of his approach is spellbinding. And the photographs that document his explorations are remarkable--every experimental tale here is beautifully illustrated. -- Gaden S. Robinson * Times Literary Supplement *At the start of his career as a professional biologist, Thomas Eisner noticed that hardly anyone had looked at how insects defend themselves against the many animals that want to eat them...Over the next 50 years, his work as a kind of 'chemical biologist' opened up a miniature world brimming with subterfuge and weaponry, some subtle, some simply vicious. This book takes us through his most exciting discoveries and reveals a lot about the man behind one of the more famous names in biology. * BBC Wildlife *If you want to understand what drives a man to spend his entire adult life researching an apparently obscure topic, you should read For Love of Insects. In this inspiring book, Thomas Eisner recalls his colleagues and his insect subjects with genuine affection, and the effect on the reader is equally warming...Fascinating stories of how biological mysteries were unravelled by painstaking observation and experimentation. -- Graham Elmes * Times Higher Education Supplement *This book is simultaneously a fascinating exploration of insect defenses and a personal account of the process of scientific discovery. Eisner relates…intricate stories of arthropod defense. While doing so he also gives the reader an understanding of how scientists go through the process of observing phenomena, developing and testing hypothesis, and finally achieving an understanding of what's going on…Eisner has produced a book that is especially a delight for the insect enthusiast, but also should interest the general naturalist. -- Cliff Fairweather * Audubon Naturalist News *The reviewer is well known for his dislike of the self-congratulatory style of presentation that is a feature of many books from 'across the pond'; he also has little knowledge of, and even less interest in, the New World entomological fauna. How surprising that he actually liked this well-illustrated book by Thomas Eisner! Dr. Eisner is Professor of Chemical Ecology at Cornell University and a great deal of this book reveals this fact. However, the reader should not be put off by this fact and I suggest that the style of the book actually works in the favour of the layman understanding some of the more complex matters presented. * Entomologist's Record *A world-renowned expert on insects takes the reader on a fascinating journey into his world in this lively and engrossing book. Each of the ten chapters tells a different story of entomological mystery and imaginative research, illustrated with stunning photography and spanning much of a productive research career. An entertaining read highly recommended! * Southeastern Naturalist *For Love of Insects contains enough depth and description to engage even the most dedicated entomologist, yet because the material is presented in Eisner's engaging style, the reader never gets lost in a maze of scientific jargon...I think it would be hard for any reader to come away from this book without sharing in the author's sense of wonder at the amazing ways in which insects have evolved to defend, mate, and live. With fewer and fewer people engaged in the study of biology and natural history, this book could serve to explain to nonscientists why insects deserve respect. -- Scott Hoffman Black * BioScience *Apart from being a most enjoyable read for an entomologist, For Love of Insects describes a long list of important discoveries in arthropods' chemical defence systems and other fascinating relationships between insects and plants that would be useful background for students in a number of entomological and ecological fields. Thomas Eisner deserves the epithet "modern Fabre" for his long-lasting investigations of arthropod behaviour, in particular chemical defence mechanisms. -- Barbara May * The Journal of the Entomological Society of New South Wales Inc *Table of Contents* Foreword by Edward O. Wilson * Prologue *1. Bombardier *2. Vinegaroons and Other Wizards *3. Wonders from Wonderland *4. Masters of Deception *5. Ambulatory Spray Guns *6. Tales from the Website *7. The Circumventers *8. The Opportunists *9. The Love Potion *10. The Sweet Smell of Success * Epilogue * Bibliography * Acknowledgments * Illustration Credits

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Book SynopsisIn Ranching, Mining, and the Human Impact of Natural Resource Development, Raymond L. Gold observes and reports on people whose lives have been significantly affected by the industrialization of rural communities in the American West. Such community change research is rarely done, so this classic study is invaluable for its real world groundings applicable to a variety of social science theories. The study evolved out of ethnographic research on Western communities done over a full decade.This was the first work of its kind to examine and account for the rise of local citizens'' groups on the sense of being a community. Its account of this process covers both ordinarily slow and extraordinarily rapid areas of change in the American West. In this regard it is a contribution to basic social theory, showing clearly the interrelation between small-community and large-society elements of the structure and functioning of community life. No other book brings together the stTable of ContentsContentsAcknowledgmentsForewordElizabeth Moen1 Introduction2 The Community Before Development3 Impacts of Anticipated Development4 Impacts Experienced at the Outsetof Development and During Construction5 After Construction: The First Year6 Conceptualization and Analysis7 Toward Socially Enlightened Natural Resource DevelopmentReferencesIndex

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a practical guide to help businesses navigate the complex topics of sustainability in the food industry.The book takes you on a journey along the food value chain, from farm to fork, exploring key opportunities to increase positive impacts and circularity at each step of the journey. Written by a team of authors with decades of experience in the food industry and academia, it provides guidance on how to analyse sustainability across the value chain and life cycle of a food product and how to design, implement and communicate strategies to customers. Furthermore, the book shows that there are not always straightforward solutions, but rather choices and trade-offs that require an understanding of what is best suited to the product, customers and business in question. It demystifies a variety of topics, such as local sourcing, regenerative agriculture, plant-based protein and the environmental impact of meat production, and draws on a wide range of case studieTable of Contents1. Introduction – towards perfect food2. The challenge of feeding the world3. The pathway to a sustainable transition4. Uncovering social and environmental impacts5. Analysing impact across the value chain6. Stakeholder engagement and sustainable marketing7. Sustainability solutions: accelerating your journey 8. Activating the transformation

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Book SynopsisThis practical write-in workbook is the perfect companion for the coursebook. It contains step-by-step guided investigations and practice questions for Cambridge International AS & A Level Biology teachers and students. Through practical investigation, it provides opportunities to develop skills? planning, identifying equipment, creating hypotheses, recording results, analysing data, and evaluating. The workbook is ideal for teachers who find running practical experiments difficult due to lack of time, resources or support. Sample data? if students can''t do the experiments themselves ? and answers to the questions are in the teacher''s resource.Table of ContentsIntroduction; Safety; Skills chapter; 1. Microscopy; 2. Biological molecules; 3. Enzymes; 4. Cell membranes and transport; 5. Cell division and nucleic acids; 6. Plant transport; 7. Mammalian transport and gas exchange; 8. Energy and respiration; 9. Photosynthesis; 10. Homeostasis and coordination; 11. Inheritance, selection and evolution; 12. Ecology.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface ix Introduction: Ecology and its Domain xii 1 Organisms in their Environments: the Evolutionary Backdrop 1 2 Conditions 32 3 Resources 65 4 Matters of Life and Death 102 5 Intraspecific Competition 132 6 Movement and Metapopulations 169 7 Life History Ecology and Evolution 206 8 Interspecific Competition 240 9 The Nature of Predation 284 10 The Population Dynamics of Predation 320 11 Decomposers and Detritivores 357 12 Parasitism and Disease 378 13 Facilitation: Mutualism and Commensalism 416 14 Abundance 453 15 Pest Control Harvesting and Conservation 477 16 Community Modules and the Structure of Ecological Communities 522 17 Food Webs 544 18 Patterns in Community Composition in Space and Time 572 19 Patterns in Biodiversity and their Conservation 603 20 The Flux of Energy through Ecosystems 647 21 The Flux of Matter through Ecosystems 678 22 Ecology in a Changing World 708 References 743 Organism Index 798 Subject Index 812

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Book SynopsisBiology and Ecology of Fishes Immerse yourself in the world of fish ecology with the newest edition of this essential introduction The study of fish ecology has traditionally proceeded along two tracks: the first is more basic, concerned with the anatomy, physiology and theoretical ecology of fish, and the second is more practical, concerning itself with fish populations, management, and habitats. Many fish researchers have come to view this distinction as artificial, and to develop a new study of fish that combines both tracks in a single holistic approach. It has never been more critical for introductory textbooks to represent this combined study in order to prepare the next generation of fish biologists and fishery scientists. Biology and Ecology of Fishes meets this need with a textbook that incorporates both biology and population management. Beginning with a general introduction to aquatic life and ecosystems, this book covers anatomical, environmental, and ethological topics to give a thoroughly rounded view of its subject, promising to serve as the fundamental introduction to multidisciplinary fish studies. Readers of the third edition of Biology and Ecology of Fishes will also find: Detailed coverage of subjects including growth and bioenergetics, feeding and predation, mortality and recruitment and moreIncreased attention to stressors of fish populations and communitiesNew and revised chapters that introduce quantitative methods and present emerging issues facing fish populations and communities Biology and Ecology of Fishes is a useful overview for advanced undergraduate and graduate students studying fish ecology or fishery biology, as well as a reference for researchers and professionals in fish ecology, fish population management, and related fields.Table of ContentsPreface vii Acknowledgments ix Part 1 Introduction 1 1 Introduction to Aquatic Ecosystems 3 2 Fish Diversity 14 3 Morphology and Evolution of Fishes 21 Part 2 Bioenergetics and Growth 33 4 Balanced Energy Equation 35 5 Metabolism and Other Energy Uses 42 6 Patterns of Growth and Reproduction 66 7 Estimating Growth and Condition of Fish 86 8 Bioenergetics Models 99 Part 3 Population Processes 115 9 Abundance and Size Structure of Fish Stocks 117 10 Mortality 131 11 Density- Dependence and Independence 142 12 Recruitment 153 13 Social Behavior 169 14 Competition 186 15 Positive Interactions 201 16 Movement and Habitat Use 210 Part 4 Feeding and Predation 229 17 Predation and Foraging Behavior 231 18 Optimal Foraging and Patch Use 246 19 Diet Composition and Ration in Nature 263 20 Predation Risk and Refuges 276 Part 5 Reproduction and Life Histories 295 21 Reproductive Traits 297 22 Reproductive Behavior and Spawning Migrations 306 23 Life- History Patterns and Reproductive Strategies 318 24 Ontogeny and Early Life of Fishes 332 Part 6 Fish Communities in Aquatic Ecosystems 349 25 Description and Measurement of Fish Communities 351 26 Aquatic Food Webs 364 27 Temperature and Fish Distributions 379 28 Fish Communities in Temperate Streams 391 29 Tropical Rivers 407 30 Fish Communities in Lakes 422 31 Marine Ecosystems 439 Part 7 Human Influences on Fish and Fisheries 453 32 Fisheries Harvest 455 33 Invasive Species 476 34 Aquaculture 489 35 Climate Change and Consequences for Fish 503 36 Conservation of Freshwater Fishes 519 Index 533

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Book SynopsisFOUNDATIONS OF CHEMISTRY A foundation-level guide to chemistry for physical, life sciences and engineering students Foundations of Chemistry: An Introductory Course for Science Students fills a gap in the literature to provide a basic chemistry text aimed at physical sciences, life sciences and engineering students. The authors, noted experts on the topic, offer concise explanations of chemistry theory and the principles that are typically reviewed in most one year foundation chemistry courses and first year degree-level chemistry courses for non-chemists. The authors also include illustrative examples and information on the most recent applications in the field. Foundations of Chemistry is an important text that outlines the basic principles in each area of chemistry - physical, inorganic and organic - building on prior knowledge to quickly expand and develop a student''s knowledge and understanding. Key features include: Table of ContentsChapter 0: Fundamentals 0.1 Measurement in chemistry and science – SI units 0.2 Expressing large and small numbers using scientific notation 0.3 Using metric prefixes 0.4 Significant figures 0.5 Calculations using scientific notation 0.6 Writing chemical formulae and equations Quick Check Summary Chapter 1: Atomic Structure 1.1 Atomic Structure 1.2 Electronic Structure Quick Check Summary Chapter 2: Chemical Bonding 2.1 Bonding 2.2 Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR) 2.3 Polar bonds and polar molecules 2.4 Intermolecular forces Quick Check Summary Chapter 3 Masses of atoms, molecules and reacting substances 3.1 Masses of atoms and molecules 3.2 Amount of substance 3.3 Calculations with moles 3.4 Solutions; concentrations and dilutions 3.5 Titration calculations 3.6 Calculations with gas volumes Quick Check Summary Chapter 4: States of Matter Introduction 4.1 Solids 4.2 Liquids 4.3 Gases Quick Check Summary Chapter 5 Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions 5.1 Redox Reactions 5.2 Disproportionation Reactions 5.3 Redox titrations Quick Check Summary Chapter 6 Energy, Enthalpy and Entropy 6.1 Enthalpy Changes 6.2 Entropy and Gibbs Free Energy Quick Check Summary Chapter 7 Chemical Equilibrium and Acid-Base Equilibria Introduction 7.1 Equilibria and reversible reactions 7.2 Acid – base equilibria Quick Check Summary Chapter 8 Chemical Kinetics – The Rates of Chemical Reactions Introduction 8.1 The rate of reaction 8.2 Determining the rate of a chemical reaction 8.3 The rate expression 8.4 The half-life of a reaction 8.5 Reaction mechanisms 8.6 Effect of temperature on reaction rate Quick Check Summary Chapter 9 Electrochemistry Introduction 9.1 Redox reactions – a reminder 9.2 Redox reactions and electrochemical cells 9.3 Using redox reactions – Galvanic cells 9.4 Using redox reactions – Electrolytic cells Quick Check Summary Chapter 10: Group trends and periodicity 10.1 The Periodic Table: Periods, Groups and Periodicity 10.2 Trends in properties of elements in the same vertical group of the periodic table 10.3 Trends in properties of elements in the same horizontal period Quick Check Summary Chapter 11: The Periodic Table – chemistry of Groups 1, 2, 7 and transition elements Introduction 11.1 Group 1 – The Alkali Metals 11.2 Group 2 – The Alkaline Earth Metals 11.3 Group 7 (17) The Halogens 11.4 The Transition Elements Quick Check Summary Chapter 12: Core Concepts and Ideas Within Organic Chemistry 12.1 Types of molecular formula 12.2 Nomenclature of simple alkanes 12.3 Isomers 12.4 Drawing Reaction Mechanisms 12.5 Types of reaction Quick Check Summary Chapter 13: Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes 13.1 Alkanes: an outline 13.2 Alkenes: an outline 13.3 Alkynes: an outline Quick Check Summary Chapter 14: Reactivity of Selected Homologous Series 14.1 Alcohols 14.2 Aldehydes and ketones 14.3 Carboxylic acids 14.4 Esters 14.5 Amides 14.6 Amines 14.7 Nitriles Quick Check Summary Chapter 15: The Chemistry of Aromatic Compounds 15.1 Benzene 15.2 Reactions of benzene with electrophiles 15.3 Aniline Quick Check Summary Chapter 16: Substitution and elimination reactions 16.1 Substitution reactions 16.2 Elimination reactions 16.3 Comparison of substitution and elimination reactions Quick Check Summary Chapter 17: Bringing it all together 17.1 Functional group interconversion 17.2 Bringing it all together Chapter 18: Polymerisation 18.1 Polymerisation Quick Check Summary Chapter 19: Spectroscopy 19.1 Mass Spectrometry 19.2 Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) 19.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) 19.4 Bringing it all together Quick Check Summary

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Book SynopsisMakes mathematical and statistical analysis understandable to even the least math-minded biology student This unique textbook aims to demystify statistical formulae for the average biology student. Written in a lively and engaging style, Statistics for Terrified Biologists, 2nd Edition draws on the author's 30 years of lecturing experience to teach statistical methods to even the most guarded of biology students. It presents basic methods using straightforward, jargon-free language. Students are taught to use simple formulae and how to interpret what is being measured with each test and statistic, while at the same time learning to recognize overall patterns and guiding principles. Complemented by simple examples and useful case studies, this is an ideal statistics resource tool for undergraduate biology and environmental science students who lack confidence in their mathematical abilities. Statistics for Terrified Biologists presents reTable of ContentsPreface to the second edition xv Preface to the first edition xvii 1 How to use this book 1 Introduction 1 The text of the chapters 1 What should you do if you run into trouble? 2 Elephants 3 The numerical examples in the text 3 Boxes 4 Spare-time activities 4 Executive summaries 5 Why go to all that bother? 5 The bibliography 7 2 Introduction 9 What are statistics? 9 Notation 10 Notation for calculating the mean 12 3 Summarising variation 13 Introduction 13 Different summaries of variation 14 Range 14 Total deviation 14 Mean deviation 15 Variance 16 Why n−1? 17 Why are the deviations squared? 18 The standard deviation 19 The next chapter 21 Spare-time activities 21 4 When are sums of squares NOT sums of squares? 23 Introduction 23 Calculating machines offer a quicker method of calculating the sum of squares 24 Added squares 24 The correction factor 24 Avoid being confused by the term sum of squares 24 Summary of the calculator method for calculations as far as the standard deviation 25 Spare-time activities 26 5 The normal distribution 27 Introduction 27 Frequency distributions 27 The normal distribution 28 What percentage is a standard deviation worth? 30 Are the percentages always the same as these? 30 Other similar scales in everyday life 33 The standard deviation as an estimate of the frequency of a number occurring in a sample 33 From percentage to probability 34 Executive Summary 1 – The standard deviation 36 6 The relevance of the normal distribution to biological data 39 To recap 39 Is our observed distribution normal? 41 Checking for normality 42 What can we do about a distribution that clearly is not normal? 42 Transformation 42 Grouping samples 47 Doing nothing! 47 How many samples are needed? 47 Type 1 and Type 2 errors 48 Calculating how many samples are needed 49 7 Further calculations from the normal distribution 51 Introduction 51 Is A bigger than B? 52 The yardstick for deciding 52 The standard error of a difference between two means of three eggs 53 Derivation of the standard error of a difference between two means 53 Step 1: from variance of single data to variance of means 55 Step 2: From variance of single data to variance of differences 57 Step 3: The combination of Steps 1 and 2: the standard error of difference between means (s.e.d.m.) 58 Recap of the calculation of s.e.d.m. from the variance calculated from the individual values 61 The importance of the standard error of differences between means 61 Summary of this chapter 62 Executive Summary 2 – Standard error of a difference between two means 66 Spare-time activities 67 8 Thet-test 69 Introduction 69 The principle of the t-test 70 The t-test in statistical terms 71 Why t? 71 Tables of the t-distribution 72 The standard t-test 75 The procedure 76 The actual t-test 81 t-test for means associated with unequal variances 81 The s.e.d.m. when variances are unequal 82 A worked example of the t-test for means associated with unequal variances 85 The paired t-test 87 Pair when possible 90 Executive Summary 3 – The t-test 92 Spare-time activities 94 9 One tail or two? 95 Introduction 95 Why is the analysis of variance F-test one-tailed? 95 The two-tailed F-test 96 Howmany tails has the t-test? 98 The final conclusion on number of tails 99 10 Analysis of variance (ANOVA): what is it? How does it work? 101 Introduction 101 Sums of squares in ANOVA 102 Some ‘made-up’ variation to analyse by ANOVA 102 The sum of squares table 104 Using ANOVA to sort out the variation in Table C 104 Phase 1 104 Phase 2 105 SqADS: an important acronym 107 Back to the sum of squares table 108 How well does the analysis reflect the input? 109 End phase 109 Degrees of freedom in ANOVA 110 The completion of the end phase 112 The variance ratio 113 The relationship between t and F 114 Constraints on ANOVA 115 Adequate size of experiment 115 Equality of variance between treatments 117 Testing the homogeneity of variance 117 The element of chance: randomisation 118 Comparison between treatment means in ANOVA 119 The least significant difference 121 A caveat about using the LSD 123 Executive Summary 4 – The principle of ANOVA 124 11 Experimental designs for analysis of variance (ANOVA) 129 Introduction 129 Fully randomised 130 Data for analysis of a fully randomised experiment 131 Prelims 132 Phase 1 132 Phase 2 133 End phase 133 Randomised blocks 135 Data for analysis of a randomised block experiment 137 Prelims 138 Phase 1 139 Phase 2 140 End phase 141 Incomplete blocks 142 Latin square 145 Data for the analysis of a Latin square 145 Prelims 146 Phase 1 150 Phase 2 150 End phase 151 Further comments on the Latin square design 152 Split plot 154 Types of analysis of variance 154 One- and two-way analysis of variance 155 Fixed-, random-, and mixed-effects analysis of variance 156 Executive Summary 5 – Analysis of a one-way randomised block experiment 158 Spare-time activities 159 12 Introduction to factorial experiments 163 What is a factorial experiment? 163 Interaction: what does it mean biologically? 165 If there is no interaction 167 What if there IS interaction? 167 How about a biological example? 168 Measuring any interaction between factors is often the main/only purpose of an experiment 170 How does a factorial experiment change the form of the analysis of variance? 171 Degrees of freedom for interactions 171 The similarity between the residual in Phase 2 and the interaction in Phase 3 172 Sums of squares for interactions 172 13 2-Factor factorial experiments 175 Introduction 175 An example of a 2-factor experiment 175 Analysis of the 2-factor experiment 176 Prelims 176 Phase 1 177 Phase 2 177 End phase (of Phase 2) 178 Phase 3 179 End phase (of Phase 3) 183 Two important things to remember about factorials before tackling the next chapter 185 Analysis of factorial experiments with unequal replication 185 Executive Summary 6 – Analysis of a 2-factor randomised block experiment 188 Spare-time activity 190 14 Factorial experiments with more than two factors – leave this out if you wish! 191 Introduction 191 Different ‘orders’ of interaction 191 Example of a 4-factor experiment 192 Prelims 194 Phase 1 196 Phase 2 196 Phase 3 197 To the end phase 205 Spare-time activity 214 15 Factorial experiments with split plots 217 Introduction 217 Deriving the split plot design from the randomised block design 218 Degrees of freedom in a split plot analysis 221 Main plots 221 Sub-plots 222 Numerical example of a split plot experiment and its analysis 224 Calculating the sums of squares 225 End phase 229 Comparison of split plot and randomised block experiments 229 Uses of split plot designs 233 Spare-time activity 235 16 The t-test in the analysis of variance 237 Introduction 237 Brief recap of relevant earlier sections of this book 238 Least significant difference test 239 Multiple range tests 240 Operating the multiple range test 242 Testing differences between means 246 My rules for testing differences between means 246 Presentation of the results of tests of differences between means 247 The results of the experiments analysed by analysis of variance in Chapters 11–15 249 Fully randomised design (p. 131) 250 Randomised block experiment (p. 137) 251 Latin square design (p. 146) 253 2-Factor experiment (p. 176) 255 4-Factor experiment (p. 195) 257 Split plot experiment (p. 224) 259 Some final advice 261 Spare-time activities 261 17 Linear regression and correlation 263 Introduction 263 Cause and effect 264 Other traps waiting for you to fall into 264 Extrapolating beyond the range of your data 264 Is a straight line appropriate? 265 The distribution of variability 268 Regression 268 Independent and dependent variables 272 The regression coefficient (b) 272 Calculating the regression coefficient (b) 275 The regression equation 281 A worked example on some real data 282 The data 282 Calculating the regression coefficient (b), i.e. the slope of the regression line 282 Calculating the intercept (a) 284 Drawing the regression line 285 Testing the significance of the slope (b) of the regression 286 How well do the points fit the line? The coefficient of determination (r2) 290 Correlation 291 Derivation of the correlation coefficient (r) 291 An example of correlation 292 Is there a correlation line? 293 Extensions of regression analysis 296 Nonlinear regression 297 Multiple linear regression 298 Multiple nonlinear regression 300 Executive Summary – Linear regression 301 Spare time activities 303 18 Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) 305 Introduction 305 A worked example of ANCOVA 307 Data: cholesterol levels of subjects given different diets 307 Data: ages of subjects in experiment 308 Regression of cholesterol level on age 309 The structure of the ANCOVA table 312 Total sum of squares 313 Residual sum of squares 314 Corrected means 316 Test for significant difference between means 316 Executive Summary 8 – Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) 319 Spare-time activity 320 19 Chi-square tests 323 Introduction 323 When not and where not to use 𝜒 2 324 The problem of low frequencies 325 Yates’ correction for continuity 325 The 𝜒 2 test for goodness of fit 326 The case of more than two classes 328 𝜒 2 with heterogeneity 331 Heterogeneity 𝜒 2 Analysis with ‘Covariance’ 333 Association (or contingency) 𝜒 2 335 2 × 2 contingency table 336 Fisher’s exact test for a 2 × 2 table 338 Larger contingency tables 340 Interpretation of contingency tables 341 Spare-time activities 343 20 Nonparametric methods (what are they?) 345 Disclaimer 345 Introduction 346 Advantages and disadvantages of parametric and nonparametric methods 347 Where nonparametric methods score 347 Where parametric methods score 349 Some ways data are organised for nonparametric tests 349 The sign test 350 The Kruskal–Wallis analysis of ranks 350 Kendall’s rank correlation coefficient 352 The main nonparametric methods that are available 353 Analysis of two replicated treatments as in the t-test (Chapter 8) 353 Analysis of more than two replicated treatments as in the analysis of variance (Chapter 11) 354 Correlation of two variables (Chapter 17) 354 Appendix A How many replicates? 355 Appendix B Statistical tables 365 Appendix C Solutions to spare-time activities 373 Appendix D Bibliography 393 Index 397

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents Glossary 1. Foundations: An Introduction to Anatomy 2. Foundations: The Cell 3. Foundations: Tissues and Early Embryology 4. The Integumentary System 5. The Skeletal System: Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure 6. The Skeletal System: Axial Division 7. The Skeletal System: Appendicular Division 8. The Muscular System: Skeletal Muscle Tissue and Muscle Organization 9. The Skeletal System: Articulations 10. The Muscular System: Axial Musculature 11. The Muscular System: Appendicular Musculature 12. Surface Anatomy and Cross-Sectional Anatomy 13. The Nervous System: Neural Tissue 14. The Nervous System: The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 15. The Nervous System: Sensory and Motor Pathways of the Spinal Cord 16. The Nervous System: The Brain and Cranial Nerves 17. The Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous System 18. The Nervous System: General and Special Senses 19. The Endocrine System 20. The Cardiovascular System: Blood 21. The Cardiovascular System: The Heart 22. The Cardiovascular System: Vessels and Circulation 23. The Lymphoid System 24. The Respiratory System 25. The Digestive System 26. The Urinary System 27. The Reproductive System 28. The Reproductive System: Embryology and Human Development

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Book SynopsisMartha R. Taylor has been teaching biology for more than 35 years. She earned her B.A. in biology from Gettysburg Collegeand her M.S. and Ph.D. in science education from Cornell University. At Cornell, Dr. Taylor has served as assistant director of the Office ofInstructional Support and has taught introductory biology for both majors andnonmajors. Most recently, she was a lecturer in the Learning Strategies Center, teaching supplemental biology courses. Her experience working with students inclassrooms, in laboratories, and with tutorials has increased her commitment tohelping students create their own knowledge of and appreciation for biology. She was the author of the Student Study Guide for ten editions of Campbell Biology. Eric J. Simon is a professor in the Department of Biology and Health Science at New England College in Henniker,New Hampshire. He teaches introductory biology to science majors and non rsity, and a Ph.D. in biochemistryTable of ContentsUNIT I: THE LIFE OF THE CELL 1. Biology: The Scientific Study of Life 2. The Chemical Basis of Life 3. The Molecules of Cells 4. A Tour of the Cell 5. The Working Cell 6. How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy 7. Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food UNIT II. CELLULAR REPRODUCTION AND GENETICS 8. The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance 9. Patterns of Inheritance 10. Molecular Biology of the Gene 11. How Genes Are Controlled 12. DNA Technology and Genomics UNIT III. CONCEPTS OF EVOLUTION 13. How Populations Evolve 14. The Origin of Species 15. Tracing Evolutionary History UNIT IV. THE EVOLUTION OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 16. Microbial Life: Prokaryotes and Protists 17. The Evolution of Plant and Fungal Diversity 18. The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity 19. The Evolution of Vertebrate Diversity UNIT V. ANIMALS: FORM AND FUNCTION 20. Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function 21. Nutrition and Digestion 22. Gas Exchange 23. Circulation 24. The Immune System 25. Control of Body Temperature and Water Balance 26. Hormones and the Endocrine System 27. Reproduction and Embryonic Development 28. Nervous Systems 29. The Senses 30. How Animals Move VI. PLANTS: FORM AND FUNCTION 31. Plant Structure, Growth, and Reproduction 32. Plant Nutrition and Transport 33. Control Systems in Plants UNIT VII. ECOLOGY 34. The Biosphere: An Introduction to Earth'sDiverse Environments 35. Behavorial Adaptations to the Environment 36. Population Ecology 37. Communities and Ecosystems 38. Conservation Biology Appendix 1. Metric Conversion Table Appendix 2. The Periodic Table Appendix 3. The Amino Acids of Proteins Appendix 4. Chapter Review Answers Appendix 5. Credits

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Book SynopsisClear, engaging, and visually compelling, Starr and McMillan's HUMAN BIOLOGY teaches you the core concepts of human biology and prepares you to make well-informed decisions in your life. Each chapter opens with an application that highlights the relevance of biology and motivates the study of the topic. You then learn basic concepts which help you think critically about these issues. Useful learning aids, such as section-ending "Take-Home Messages" and a running glossary help you understand key concepts. At the end of the chapter, "Your Future" and "Explore on Your Own" sections demonstrate the impact and personal relevance of the content on your life. Available with InfoTrac Student Collections http://gocengage.com/infotrac.Table of Contents1. Learning about Human Biology. 2. Chemistry of Life. 3. Cells and How They Work. 4. Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems. 5. The Skeletal System. 6. The Muscular System. 7. Circulation: The Heart and Blood Vessels. 8. Blood. 9. Immunity and Disease. 10. The Respiratory System. 11. Digestion and Nutrition. 12. The Urinary System. 13. The Nervous System. 14. Sensory Systems. 15. The Endocrine System. 16. Reproductive Systems. 17. Development and Aging. 18. Cell Reproduction. 19. Introduction to Genetics. 20. Chromosomes and Human Genetics. 21. DNA, Genes, and Biotechnology. 22. Genes and Disease: Cancer. 23. Principles of Evolution. 24. Principles of Ecology. 25. Human Impacts on the Biosphere.

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Book SynopsisHighly praised for its broad, practical coverage, the second edition of this popular text incorporated the major statistical models and issues relevant to epidemiological studies. Epidemiology: Study Design and Data Analysis, Third Edition continues to focus on the quantitative aspects of epidemiological research. Updated and expanded, this edition shows students how statistical principles and techniques can help solve epidemiological problems.New to the Third Edition New chapter on risk scores and clinical decision rules New chapter on computer-intensive methods, including the bootstrap, permutation tests, and missing value imputation New sections on binomial regression models, competing risk, information criteria, propensity scoring, and splines Many more exercises and examples using both Stata and SAS More than 60 new figures After introducing study design and reviewTrade Review"This text, like its predecessors, hits the mark. … The author writes extremely well and the text is resplendent with exercises. It would be a crime if Epidemiology: Study Design and Data Analysis were never used as a text! … I wish a text like this had been available for my coursework. Enhancing its value as a text, it will be extremely useful as a reference book for its intended audience—researchers and applied statisticians. … the only excuse for an epidemiologist or applied statistician not to have it on his or her bookshelf is that he or she has not seen or heard of it. Make this book your next purchase!"—Gregory E. Gilbert, The American Statistician, November 2014Praise for Previous Editions:"As a text in quantitative epidemiology, this book also works nicely as a text in biostatistics…The presentation style is relaxed, the examples are helpful, and the level of technical difficulty makes the material approachable without oversimplification…It is sufficiently broad and deep in coverage to compete with standard texts in the field and has the added bonus of emphasizing study design. Methods and issues related to designs commonly used in a wide variety of health sciences are included…"-Ken Hess, Department of Biomathematics and Biostatistics, Anderson Cancer Center"The second edition of this epidemiology text is strengthened to cater to the two audiences the author has in mind: applied statisticians wishing to learn how their statistical expertise can be used in the epidemiology field and statistic-curious researchers who want to understand how statistical techniques can be used to solve epidemiological problems. …The result is a book that will invariably appeal to the intended audience, one with practical applications of techniques and interpretations of results in an epidemiological context. …The book is most certainly an ambitious attempt at covering a broad array of the most important epidemiologic study designs and analytical methods. This is further enforced by the addition of the meta-analysis chapter. …This book will be valuable to statisticians in applying their discipline to epidemiology. Mark Woodward's excellent second edition will effectively serve post-graduate or advanced undergraduate students studying epidemiology, as well as statisticians or researchers who are regularly confronted with epidemiological questions."-Journal of the American Statistical Association"This book provides very good coverage of major issues in the design of epidemiological studies, and a decent, but very quick, tour of commonly used statistical models for such studies."-Short Book Reviews Publication of the International Statistical Institute, K.S. Brown, University of Waterloo, Canada"Amazingly, Woodward manages to describe quite sophisticated models and analysis with nothing more complicated than summation signs. …I highly recommend it."-Statistics in Medicine, 2006"The second edition of this concisely written book covers all statistical methods being of relevance for the planning and analysis of epidemiological studies where the author avoids unnecessary mathematical details for the sake of comprehensibility. The presented statistical principles are always carefully discussed in the context of epidemiological concepts, for instance depending on the different study designs. Detailed practical examples coming from real studies as far as possible illustrate their application. …The book can be highly recommended to researchers in epidemiology who want to understand better the statistical principles being typically applied in this field and to statisticians who want to understand more about statistics in epidemiology, but also to graduate students in epidemiology, public health, medical research and statistics."-Biometrics, Sept. 2005"I think anyone with an interest in both biostatistics and epidemiology will want a copy this book on their bookshelf … it is a first-rate reference book." "I find Professor Woodward's text the most complete and practical introduction to the design and analysis of epidemiological studies I've encountered… an excellent text for either a course introducing epidemiologists to statistical thought and methods or a course introducing statisticians to epidemiological thought and methods… students appreciate having a readable textbook replete with understandable examples and worked exercises…offers a complete introduction to statistical and epidemiological methods in the study of disease in human populations. All of the standard topics are included, and the second edition even has a chapter on meta-analysis. …This book can be used as a text to introduce epidemiological methods to graduate students in statistics who have no background in epidemiology, or vice versa…Professor Woodward is to be congratulated on a job well done."-Dan McGee, Dept of Statistics, Florida State UniversityTable of ContentsFundamental Issues. Basic Analytical Procedures. Assessing Risk Factors. Confounding and Interaction. Cohort Studies. Case-Control Studies. Intervention Studies. Sample Size Determination. Modeling Quantitative Outcome Data. Modeling Binary Outcome Data. Modeling Follow-Up Data. Meta-Analysis. Risk Scores and Clinical Decision Rules. Computer-Intensive Methods. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisExam Board: EdexcelLevel: AS/A-levelSubject: BiologyFirst Teaching: September 2015First Exam: June 2016Endorsed for Edexcel Supports Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Biology B (9BI0) specification.Build investigative skills, test understanding and apply biological theory to topical examples with this Edexcel Year 2 Student Book. - Supports all 16 required practicals with activities and questions to help students explain procedures, analyse data and evaluate results- Provides clear definitions, as well as explanations, of the meanings of all technical vocabulary needed for the new specification- Helps bring students up to speed with a summary of prior knowledge and diagnostic questions at the start of each chapter- Offers assessment guidance with Exam Practice Questions at the end of each chapter, graded by difficulty to support progression, along with Challenge Questions to stretc

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Book SynopsisExam Board: OCRLevel: A-levelSubject: BiologyFirst Teaching: September 2015First Exam: June 2016This is an OCR endorsed resourceEncourage students to learn independently and build on their knowledge with this textbook that leads students seamlessly from basic biological concepts to more complicated theories.- Develop experimental, analytical and evaluation skills with activities that introduce the practicals required by OCR and other experimental investigations in Biology- Provide assessment guidance with synoptic questions and multiple choice questions throughout the book, and revision tips and skills all in one chapter- Strengthen understanding of key concepts with contemporary and engaging examples, illustrated with accessible diagrams and images - Give students the opportunity to apply their knowledge and understanding of all aspects of practical work with Test Yourself Questions and ExaTrade ReviewThe Dedicated mathematics skills chapter is a wonderful inclusion. All the maths skills a student will need to demonstrate can be found, explained and exemplified in one place. -- A Popperwell, Science Teacher * Abigail Lambert *The book explains transcription and translation really well and better than our other sourceIt is clearly laid outThere are thorough explanations stating the key points which are easy to pick outQuestions are directly related to specification content whereas in our other AS text the questions are vague and not linked directly with contentDiagrams are clear and well labelled and aesthetically pleasing, they are easy to understand and accurateThe key terms and tip boxes contain relevant information to extend our knowledge in a way that is useful to us when we are revising -- A level Students, Gillingham School in Dorset. * Abigail Lambert *

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Book Synopsis'A wise, intimate tale that is by turns joyful, sorrowful and explicit' Observer 'The author delves deep into Lottie’s psyche, shying away from nothing, to create a rounded and gripping portrait of a woman on the edge of change’ Daily Mail Lottie Kristin is independent from the start. Born in the middle of the century to a middle-class family in the very middle of America, Lottie is set apart by her smarts and sensuality. A girl who'd rather carry out dissections on a snowy back porch than join her family for Christmas dinner is a strange and exotic artifact in the town of Sleeping Bay. But by her early twenties, Lottie finds herself trapped in a marriage gone stale, with a daughter she adores but whose existence jeopardizes her place in the lab and her dream of becoming a scientist. How can a young woman make her way in a world determined to contain her brilliance, her will, and her longing to live? Bravely and wisely written, Artifact is an intimate and propulsive portrait of a whole woman, a celebration of her refusal to be defined by others’ imaginations, and a meditation on the glorious chaos of biological life.Trade ReviewA wise, intimate tale that is by turns joyful, sorrowful and explicit * Observer *Lottie … encapsulates the dichotomy of her life. She’s a smartly realised character – bright yet naïve, determined and single-minded ... Heyman handles her subject lightly, lacing it with humour * A Life in Books *The author delves deep into Lottie’s psyche, shying away from nothing, to create a rounded and gripping portrait of a woman on the edge of change * Daily Mail *A heroine for our times * Publishers Weekly *Praise for Scary Old Sex: Lusty, tough and life-affirming -- Elaine Showalter * Guardian *Hits the reader in the psyche, the gut and the groin with the force of a precision-aimed slingshot … Shocking, mesmerising and truthful -- Rowan Pelling * Sunday Telegraph *Both funny and eye-wateringly explicit -- Joan Bakewell * Independent *Rueful and funny and observant ... Heyman is an enlightened observer across many aspects of life ... These men and women are busily and blissfully humanizing themselves, the kind of bliss that lifts right off the page * New York Times *A terrific story collection ... Heyman is frank in her descriptions, but never cruel or unfeeling ... a tender, perceptive work * Wall Street Journal *So stylish, earthy and funny -- Deborah Moggach[An] impressive collection ... Heyman takes on the brutal intimacy of death and aging and provides new ways of seeing and experiencing these stages of life * San Francisco Chronicle *Heyman’s frank tales ... feel paradoxically taboo on the page, all the more so for their fierce candour * New Yorker *Sensual and sometimes shocking … Heyman writes with such intimacy and precision that she frequently makes you feel like a trespasser -- Imogen Lycett-Green * Daily Mail *Bold, hilarious and intelligent ... Heyman is upfront and her characters are richly internal * Irish Times *Delivers a shock of taboo desire that is lusciously sensual -- Michèle Roberts * Independent *Though her characters’ flaws, fears and phobias feel all too real, Heyman’s treatment of them is honest, human and kind * Daily Telegraph *

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Book SynopsisIntroduced by Jim Al-KhaliliCould you surf down an erupting volcano?Why do zebras have stripes?Are you breathing the same air as Leonardo da Vinci?Are there any green mammals?Why do pineapples have spikes?Why do songs get stuck in your head?What happens when black holes collide?Can you extract your DNA?New Scientist has been a treasure trove of fascinating and surprising questions and answers for over a decade. From how to measure the speed of light using chocolate, to why dogs howl at sirens, Eureka! brings together 365 mindblowing questions, fascinating facts and exciting experiments.If you've ever wondered how to escape quicksand, what would happen if the moon vanished, and why cats (nearly) always land on their feet, you've come to the right place.

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Book SynopsisClinical trials have become essential research tools for evaluating the benefits and risks of new interventions for the treatment and prevention of diseases, from cardiovascular disease to cancer to AIDS. Based on the authors’ collective experiences in this field, Introduction to Statistical Methods for Clinical Trials presents various statistical topics relevant to the design, monitoring, and analysis of a clinical trial.After reviewing the history, ethics, protocol, and regulatory issues of clinical trials, the book provides guidelines for formulating primary and secondary questions and translating clinical questions into statistical ones. It examines designs used in clinical trials, presents methods for determining sample size, and introduces constrained randomization procedures. The authors also discuss how various types of data must be collected to answer key questions in a trial. In addition, they explore common analysis methods, describe statistical methods that determine what an emerging trend represents, and present issues that arise in the analysis of data. The book concludes with suggestions for reporting trial results that are consistent with universal guidelines recommended by medical journals. Developed from a course taught at the University of Wisconsin for the past 25 years, this textbook provides a solid understanding of the statistical approaches used in the design, conduct, and analysis of clinical trials.Trade Review… There is much good material in this book. The individual chapters are well written and cover the technical aspects as well. A major strength is the ordering of topics to follow the thought process used in the development and implementation of a protocol from defining the question to reporting results. There are careful discussions on fundamental principles and the pivotal role played by statistics is well brought out. … there is much that practicing pharmaceutical statisticians will find useful in this book. They will find the coverage of fundamental principles useful and the technical content of the book a good reference source. …—Pharmaceutical Statistics, 2010… fits the need for a contemporary text and handbook that is oriented toward the clinical trial statistician. I highly recommend it and look forward to using it as both a primary and supplemental text in our curriculum, as well as a research resource.—James J. Dignam, University of Chicago, JASA, March 2009The (technical) statistical content is the main focus of the book and this is what helps it to stand apart from most others on clinical trials (even the more obviously statistically orientated ones). It takes the reader to quite a technical background that would serve him or her well if moving on to research problems in the various areas covered, yet does not lose sight of practical issues. … For those of us with the interest (and need) to grapple with these more statistical issues, I wholeheartedly recommend it.—Biometrics, December 2008…The book is very well written and clear. … the authors generally strike the right balance for the intended audience. The inclusion of many historically important as well as contemporary examples to illustrate various points throughout the text is a major strength, as is the inclusion of several modern topics not seen in other texts. As a basis for a course in clinical trials for graduate students in biostatistics, this book is outstanding. In addition, statisticians in the pharmaceutical industry, government, or academia … will find this text extremely informative and useful.” —Michael P. McDermott, University of Rochester Medical Center, Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics, 2008Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction to Clinical Trials. Defining the Question. Study Design. Sample Size. Randomization. Data Collection and Quality Control. Survival Analysis. Longitudinal Data. Quality of Life. Data Monitoring and Interim Analysis. Selected Issues in the Analysis. Closeout and Reporting. Special Topics. Appendix. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisFrom a New York Times bestselling nature writer comes a celebration of what goes on outside in the dark, from blooming moon gardens to nocturnal salamanders, from glowing foxfire and synchronous fireflies that blink in unison like an orchestra of light. In this glorious celebration of the night, New York Times bestselling nature writer Leigh Ann Henion invites us to leave our well-lit homes, step outside, and embrace the dark as a profoundly beautiful part of the world we inhabit. Because no matter where we live, we are surrounded by animals that rise with the moon, and blooms that reveal themselves as light fades. Henion explores her home region of Appalachia, where she attends a synchronous firefly event in Tennessee, a bat outing in Alabama, and a moth festival in Ohio. In North Carolina, she finds forests alight with bioluminescent mushrooms, neighborhood trees full of screech owls, and valleys teeming with migratory salamanders. Along the way, Henion encounters naturalists, biologists, primitive-skills experts, and others who?ve dedicated their lives to cultivating relationships with darkness. Every page of this lyrical book feels like an opportunity to ask: How did I not know about this before? For example, we learn that it can take hours, not minutes, for human eyes to reach full night vision capacity. And that there are thousands of firefly species on earth, many with flash patterns as unique as fingerprints. In an age of increasing artificial light, Night Magic focuses on the amazing biodiversity that still surrounds us after sunset. We do not need to stargaze into the distant cosmos or dive into the depths of oceans to find awe in the dark. There are dazzling wonders in our own backyards. And readers of World of Wonders, Entangled Life, and The Hidden Life of Trees will discover joy in Night Magic.

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Book SynopsisWell over 300 freshwater fish species found in the region's rivers; lakes and dams feature in this fully revised third edition of Freshwater Fishes of Southern Africa. Updated and expanded; this definitive guide includes newly described species; the latest taxonomic changes; new photographs and illustrations; and updated distribution maps.

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Book SynopsisComplete course coverage for the best grades in the upcoming mocks and exams!This brilliant Student Book is a comprehensive guide to AQA AS-Level Biology and Year 1 of AQA A-Level Biology! It contains in-depth, accessible notes explaining every topic, supported by clear diagrams, photographs, tips and worked examples. To test students' knowledge and understanding, there are practice questions and exam-style questions throughout the book (with complete answers included at the back). There's also detailed guidance on Maths Skills and Practical Investigations, plus indispensable advice for success in the final exams. What's more, an access-code for a free Online Edition is also printed inside the book - this allows you to read the entire book on a PC, Mac or tablet. Looking for more help with the maths you'll need for A-Level Biology? Try our Essential Maths Skills book (9781847623232)!

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Book SynopsisTHE NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLERRichard Dawkins - author of The Selfish Gene, The Blind Watchmaker, and The God Delusion - is one of science's greatest communicators. This anthology of more than forty pieces is a kaleidoscopic argument for the power and the glory of science. Breathtaking, brilliant and passionate, these essays, journalism, lectures and letters make an unanswerable case for the wonder of scientific discovery and its power to stir the imagination; for the practical necessity of scientific endeavour to society; and for the importance of the scientific way of thinking – particularly in today’s ‘post-truth’ world.With an introduction and new commentary by the author, subjects range from evolution and Darwinian natural selection to the role of scientist as prophet, whether science is itself a religion, the probability of alien life in other worlds, and the beauties, cruelties and oddities of earthly life in this one. Alongside the explications, the celebrations and the controversies are wonderfully funny ventures into satire and parody, and moving personal reflections in memory and honour of others.Science in the Soul is a sparkling showcase for Professor Dawkins' rapier wit, the clarity, precision and vigour he brings to an argument, the beauty of his prose, the depth of his feeling and his capacity for joy.Trade Review[Dawkins] is a thunderously gifted science writer -- Oliver Moody * The Times *One of the best non-fiction writers alive today * Steven Pinker *The illumination of Dawkins’ incisive thinking on the intellectual world extends far beyond biology. What a treat to see so clearly how matter and meaning fit together, from fiction to philosophy to molecular biology, all in one unified vision!’ Daniel C. Dennett * Daniel C. Dennett *In this golden age of enlightened science writing it is stunning that no scientist has ever won the Nobel Prize for Literature. Pulitzer Prizes, yes, but it is time literature's highest award be granted to a scientist whose writings have changed not just science but society. No living scientist is more deserving of such recognition than Richard Dawkins, whose every book reflects his literary genius and scientific substance. Science in the Soul is the perfect embodiment of Nobel quality literature." -- Michael Shermer, Publisher Skeptic magazine, columnist Scientific American, author The Moral Arc and Heavens on EarthI thank Thor and Zeus that in their infinite wisdom they chose to make the great wordsmith of our age a great rationalist and vice versa. -- Matt Ridley, author of The Rational Optimist and The Evolution of EverythingA writer of tremendous clarity and force...in full polemical flight, Dawkins is a marvel. -- Kevin Powers * Sunday Business Post *This Dawkins is a dangerous guy. Like Marx. Or Darwin. * W. Daniel Hillis *The most influential man of reason…intellectually rigorous to a fault. -- Oliver Thring * Sunday Times News Review *With his latest book, ‘Science in the Soul’, Richard Dawkins continues the legacy of Carl Sagan, though of course, in a more combative mode...Richard Dawkins is one of the best science popularisers of our times. He is also an eminent evolutionary biologist...All the articles in this compilation are ultimately soul-elevating in the sense that they emphasise the importance of reason and spirit of science in approaching many of the problems which we may think as being outside the realm of science or domains where inducing a hostility to a scientific approach is possible....Dawkins is an extraordinarily talented author and persuader ...Dawkins also comes across in this collection of essays as a warm rational scientist who is interestingly so open to the innocent human fascination for the grandeur of nature. -- Aravindan Neelakandan * Swarajya Magazine *Dawkins at his most delicious. These are some of the finest treasures of non-fiction you'll find anywhere * Derren Brown *Now, more than ever, public intellectual scientists like Dawkins are needed to counter the forces of faith, fiction, and farce dominating our so-called “post-fact” society.The Oxford University professor is the embodiment of the concept of the public intellectual -- Iain Ellis * www.popmatters.com *

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Book SynopsisAlong with Francis Crick, James Watson was the discoverer of the double helix structure of the DNA molecule, realising both how it was able to reproduce itself and how, through its immense variety, it was able to pass on genetic instructions from one generation to the next. Their discovery paved the way for fifty years of explosive scientific achievement of extraordinary importance, both in strictly scientific terms and in its technological and social significance. From Dolly the sheep to GM foods to designer babies, science-related newspaper headlines have been dominated by the implications of their work. In DNA, now fully updated and revised to include new findings in gene editing, epigenetics and agricultural chemistry, as well as two entirely new chapters on personal genomics and cancer research, Watson tells the story of this pioneering research and its impact on the world in which we live, from its beginnings to the present day. This is the most comprehensive and authoritative exploration of DNA’s impact – practical, social, and ethical – on our society and our world.Trade ReviewAn immediate classic. -- E. O. WilsonMarvellous and comprehensive. * Nature *A wonderful book. * Sunday Telegraph *James Watson is one of the greatest living biologists. His new book is an important event, for he is a scintillating writer. * Sunday Times *James Watson has been an eyewitness to each revolution in molecular biology, from the double helix to the genome. He sees further and clearer than anybody else in the field. Give this fabulously good book to anybody who wants to understand what all the excitement is about. -- Matt Ridley

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Book SynopsisFrom the origins of life to the structure of modern ecosystems, this beautifully illustrated and full-colour book follows the story of life on Earth, stopping along the way to relate how key developments have influenced events in history. It is indispensable both for students of biology and anyone curious about how life works.Trade ReviewA truly wonderful and important book that fizzes with excitement at the extraordinary forces that shape us and all living things. A triumph * Sir Tim Smit KBE, Co-founder of the Eden Project *The best biology text I've ever read . . . I wish I'd had this book as a student, but I am delighted to get my hands on it as an adult * Rowan Hooper, New Scientist *

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Book SynopsisToday the Upper Thames Valley is a region of green pastures and well-managed farmland, interspersed with pretty villages and intersected by a meandering river. The discovery in 1989 of a mammoth tusk in river gravels at Stanton Harcourt, Oxfordshire, revealed the very different ancient past of this landscape. Here, some 200,000 years ago, mammoths, straight-tusked elephants, lions, and other animals roamed across grasslands with scattered trees, occasionally disturbed by small bands of Neanderthals. The pit where the tusk was discovered, destined to become a waste disposal site, provided a rare opportunity to conduct intensive excavations that extended over a period of 10 years. This work resulted in the recording and recovery of more than 1500 vertebrate fossils and an abundance of other biological material, including insects, molluscs, and plant remains, together with 36 stone artefacts attributable to Neanderthals. The well-preserved plant remains include leaves, nuts, twigs and large oak logs. Vertebrate remains notably include the most comprehensive known assemblage of a distinctive small form of the steppe mammoth, Mammuthus trogontherii, that is characteristic of an interglacial period equated with marine isotope stage 7 (MIS 7). Richly illustrated throughout, Mammoths and Neanderthals in the Thames Valley offers a detailed account of all these finds and will be of interest to Quaternary specialists and students alike.Table of ContentsList of Figures ; List of Tables ; Preface ; Introduction ; The excavations ; Geological context of the Stanton Harcourt Channel ; Evidence for the Contemporaneity of Bones, Wood, Molluscs and Artefacts ; Stratigraphy and sedimentology ; Bones assemblages at their death sites ; The context of wood, fresh-water molluscs and other environmental material at the excavation site ; The presence of hominins ; Dating The Stanton Harcourt Channel Deposits ; Absolute dating ; Biostratigraphy ; The Mammoths ; The compostion of the mammoth assemblage ; The sex of the Stanton Harcourt mammoths ; Interpreting the mammoth remains: death, carcass dispersal and the effect of the river ; Population structure of the Stanton Harcourt mammoth assemblage ; Large Vertebrates other than Mammoths at Stanton Harcourt ; The carnivores ; The herbivores ; Small vertebrates ; The Climatic and Environmental Evidence ; Wood and other vegetation as climatic indicators ; Climatic interpretation of the molluscs ; Large vertebrates as climatic indicators ; The local environment - wood and other vegetation ; Insects and the environment ; Molluscs and the local environment ; Vertebrates and the environment ; The Artefacts ; Descriptions of the artefacts ; Artefacts from the wider context near Stanton Harcourt ; The Stanton Harcourt artefacts and other British assemblages ; Neanderthals in the Thames Valley ; References

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Book SynopsisEvery living thing has a life cycle a beginning, a middle and an end to their lives. Learn about the unique life cycles of different living things and what they have in common with each other.

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Book SynopsisWhile there are many publications on the topic written by experts for experts, this text is specifically designed to allow advanced students and researchers with no background in physics to comprehend novel fluorescence microscopy techniques. This second edition features new chapters and a subsequent focus on super-resolution and single-molecule microscopy as well as an expanded introduction. Each chapter is written by a renowned expert in the field, and has been thoroughly revised to reflect the developments in recent years.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xv Preface xix 1 Introduction to Optics 1Rainer Heintzmann and Ulrich Kubitscheck 1.1 A Short History of Theories about Light 1 1.2 Properties of LightWaves 2 1.3 Four Effects of Interference 7 1.4 Optical Elements 13 1.5 Optical Aberrations 20 2 Principles of LightMicroscopy 23Ulrich Kubitscheck 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Construction of Light Microscopes 23 2.3 Wave Optics and Resolution 32 2.4 Apertures, Pupils, and Telecentricity 50 2.5 Microscope Objectives 53 2.6 Contrast 67 2.7 Summary 82 3 Fluorescence Microscopy 85JurekW. Dobrucki and Ulrich Kubitscheck 3.1 Contrast in Optical Microscopy 85 3.2 Physical Foundations of Fluorescence 86 3.3 Features of Fluorescence Microscopy 90 3.4 A Fluorescence Microscope 95 3.5 Types ofNoise in a Digital Microscopy Image 114 3.6 Quantitative Fluorescence Microscopy 119 3.7 Limitations of Fluorescence Microscopy 124 3.8 Summary and Outlook 128 4 Fluorescence Labeling 133Gerd Ulrich Nienhaus and Karin Nienhaus 4.1 Introduction 133 4.2 Key Properties of Fluorescent Labels 133 4.3 Synthetic Fluorophores 138 4.4 Genetically Encoded Labels 149 4.5 Label Selection for Particular Applications 155 5 Confocal Microscopy 165Nikolaus Naredi-Rainer, Jens Prescher, Achim Hartschuh, and Don C. Lamb 5.1 Evolution and Limits of ConventionalWidefield Microscopy 165 5.2 Theory of Confocal Microscopy 166 5.3 Applications of Confocal Microscopy 186 6 Two-Photon Excitation Microscopy for Three-Dimensional Imaging of Living Intact Tissues 203David W. Piston 6.1 Introduction 203 6.2 What is Two-Photon Excitation? 205 6.3 How Does Two-Photon Excitation MicroscopyWork in Practice? 211 6.4 Instrumentation 216 6.5 Limitations of Two-Photon Excitation Microscopy 222 6.6 When is 2PMthe Best Option? 229 6.7 Applications of Two-Photon Microscopy 231 6.8 Other NonlinearMicroscopies 239 6.9 Future Outlook for 2PM 240 7 Light Sheet Microscopy 243Gopi Shah,MichaelWeber, and Jan Huisken 7.1 Principle of Light Sheet Microscopy 244 7.2 Light Sheet Microscopy: Key Advantages 245 7.3 Construction andWorking of a Light Sheet Microscope 246 7.4 Theory of Light Sheet Microscopy 247 7.5 Light Sheet Interaction with Tissue 251 7.6 3D Imaging 253 7.7 Multiview Imaging 255 7.8 Different Lens Configurations 257 7.9 Sample Mounting 258 7.10 Recent Advances in Light Sheet Microscopy 259 7.11 Outlook 260 8 Localization-Based Super-Resolution Microscopy 267Markus Sauer and Mike Heilemann 8.1 Super-Resolution Microscopy: An Introduction 267 8.2 The Principle of Single-Molecule Localization Microscopy 269 8.3 Photoactivatable and Photoconvertible Probes 272 8.4 Intrinsically Photoswitchable Probes 272 8.5 Photoswitching of Organic Fluorophores by Chemical Reactions 273 8.6 Experimental Setup for Localization Microscopy 273 8.7 Optical Resolution and Imaging Artifacts 276 8.8 Fluorescence Labeling for Super-Resolution Microscopy 278 8.9 Measures for Improving Imaging Contrast 283 8.10 SMLM Software 283 8.11 Reference Structures for SMLM 285 8.12 Quantification of SMLM Data 286 9 Super-Resolution Microscopy: Interference and Pattern Techniques 291Udo Birk, Gerrit Best, Roman Amberger, and Christoph Cremer 9.1 Introduction 291 9.2 Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM) 293 9.3 SpatiallyModulated Illumination (SMI) Microscopy 307 9.4 Application of Patterned Techniques 313 10 STEDMicroscopy 321Travis J. Gould, Lena K. Schroeder, Patrina A. Pellett, and Joerg Bewersdorf 10.1 Introduction 321 10.2 The Concepts behind STED Microscopy 322 10.3 Experimental Setup 330 10.4 Applications 334 11 Fluorescence Photobleaching Techniques 339Reiner Peters 11.1 Introduction 339 11.2 Basic Concepts and Procedures 340 11.3 Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching (FRAP) 345 11.4 Continuous Fluorescence Microphotolysis (CFM) 352 11.5 CLSM-Assisted Photobleaching Methods 356 12 Single-Molecule Microscopy in the Life Sciences 365Markus Axmann, JosefMadl, and Gerhard J. Schütz 12.1 Encircling the Problem 365 12.2 What is the Unique Information? 367 12.3 Building a Single-Molecule Microscope 372 12.4 Analyzing Single-Molecule Signals: Position, Orientation, Color, and Brightness 387 12.5 Learning from Single-Molecule Signals 394 13 Förster Resonance Energy Transfer and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging 405Fred S.Wouters 13.1 General Introduction 405 13.2 Förster Resonance Energy Transfer 406 13.3 Measuring FRET 426 13.4 FLIM 439 13.5 Analysis and Pitfalls 444 A Appendix A:What Exactly is a Digital Image? 453Ulrich Kubitscheck A.1 Introduction 453 A.2 Digital Images as Matrices 453 A.3 Look-up Table 457 A.4 Intensity Histograms 457 A.5 Image Processing 458 A.6 Pitfalls 460 B Appendix B: Practical Guide to Optical Alignment 463Rainer Heintzmann B.1 How to Obtain aWidened Parallel Laser Beam? 463 B.2 Mirror Alignment 465 B.3 Lens Alignment 466 B.4 Autocollimation Telescope 466 B.5 Aligning a Single Lens Using a Laser Beam 466 B.6 How to Find the Focal Plane of a Lens? 469 B.7 How to Focus to the Back Focal Plane of an Objective Lens? 470 Index 473

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Book SynopsisA one-stop reference that reviews protein design strategies to applications in industrial and medical biotechnology Protein Engineering: Tools and Applications is a comprehensive resource that offers a systematic and comprehensive review of the most recent advances in the field, and contains detailed information on the methodologies and strategies behind these approaches. The authors—noted experts on the topic—explore the distinctive advantages and disadvantages of the presented methodologies and strategies in a targeted and focused manner that allows for the adaptation and implementation of the strategies for new applications. The book contains information on the directed evolution, rational design, and semi-rational design of proteins and offers a review of the most recent applications in industrial and medical biotechnology. This important book: Covers technologies and methodologies used in protein engineering Includes the strategies behind the approaches, designed to help with the adaptation and implementation of these strategies for new applications Offers a comprehensive and thorough treatment of protein engineering from primary strategies to applications in industrial and medical biotechnology Presents cutting edge advances in the continuously evolving field of protein engineering Written for students and professionals of bioengineering, biotechnology, biochemistry, Protein Engineering: Tools and Applications offers an essential resource to the design strategies in protein engineering and reviews recent applications.Table of ContentsPart I Directed Evolution 1 1 Continuous Evolution of Proteins In Vivo 3Alon Wellner, Arjun Ravikumar, and Chang C. Liu 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Challenges in Achieving In Vivo Continuous Evolution 5 1.3 Phage-Assisted Continuous Evolution (PACE) 10 1.4 Systems That Allow In Vivo Continuous Directed Evolution 13 1.4.1 Targeted Mutagenesis in E. coli with Error-Prone DNA Polymerase I 13 1.4.2 Yeast Systems That Do Not Use Engineered DNA Polymerases for Mutagenesis 16 1.4.3 Somatic Hypermutation as a Means for Targeted Mutagenesis of GOIs 18 1.4.4 Orthogonal DNA Replication (OrthoRep) 20 1.5 Conclusion 22 References 22 2 In Vivo Biosensors for Directed Protein Evolution 29Song Buck Tay and Ee Lui Ang 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Nucleic Acid-Based In Vivo Biosensors for Directed Protein Evolution 32 2.2.1 RNA-Type Biosensors 32 2.2.2 DNA-Type Biosensors 35 2.3 Protein-Based In Vivo Biosensors for Directed Protein Evolution 37 2.3.1 Transcription Factor-Type Biosensors 37 2.3.2 Enzyme-Type Biosensors 41 2.4 Characteristics of Biosensors for In Vivo Directed Protein Evolution 44 2.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 45 Acknowledgments 46 References 46 3 High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry Complements Protein Engineering 57Tong Si, Pu Xue, Kisurb Choe, Huimin Zhao, and Jonathan V. Sweedler 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Procedures and Instrumentation for MS-Based Protein Assays 59 3.3 Technology Advances Focusing on Throughput Improvement 62 3.4 Applications of MS-Based Protein Assays: Summary 63 3.4.1 Applications of MS-Based Assays: Protein Analysis 64 3.4.2 Applications of MS-Based Assays: Protein Engineering 66 3.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 68 Acknowledgments 68 References 69 4 Recent Advances in Cell Surface Display Technologies for Directed Protein Evolution 81Maryam Raeeszadeh-Sarmazdeh and Wilfred Chen 4.1 Cell Display Methods 81 4.1.1 Phage Display 81 4.1.2 Bacterial Display Systems 83 4.1.3 Yeast Surface Display 84 4.1.4 Mammalian Display 85 4.2 Selection Methods and Strategies 86 4.2.1 High-Throughput Cell Screening 86 4.2.1.1 Panning 86 4.2.1.2 FACS 86 4.2.1.3 MACS 87 4.2.2 Selection Strategies 88 4.2.2.1 Competitive Selection (Counter Selection) 88 4.2.2.2 Negative/Positive Selection 89 4.3 Modifications of Cell Surface Display Systems 89 4.3.1 Modification of YSD for Enzyme Engineering 89 4.3.2 Yeast Co-display System 91 4.3.3 Surface Display of Multiple Proteins 91 4.4 Recent Advances to Expand Cell-Display Directed Evolution Techniques 93 4.4.1 μSCALE (Microcapillary Single-Cell Analysis and Laser Extraction) 93 4.4.2 Combining Cell Surface Display and Next-Generation Sequencing 94 4.4.3 PACE (Phage-Assisted Continuous Evolution) 94 4.5 Conclusion and Outlook 96 References 97 5 Iterative Saturation Mutagenesis for Semi-rational Enzyme Design 105Ge Qu, Zhoutong Sun, and Manfred T. Reetz 5.1 Introduction 105 5.2 Recent Methodology Developments in ISM-Based Directed Evolution 108 5.2.1 Choosing Reduced Amino Acid Alphabets Properly 109 5.2.1.1 Limonene Epoxide Hydrolase as the Catalyst in Hydrolytic Desymmetrization 109 5.2.1.2 Alcohol Dehydrogenase TbSADH as the Catalyst in Asymmetric Transformation of Difficult-to-Reduce Ketones 110 5.2.1.3 P450-BM3 as the Chemo- and Stereoselective Catalyst in a Whole-Cell Cascade Sequence 112 5.2.1.4 Multi-parameter Evolution Aided by Mutability Landscaping 115 5.2.2 Further Methodology Developments of CAST/ISM 117 5.2.2.1 Advances Based on Novel Molecular Biological Techniques and Computational Methods 117 5.2.2.2 Advances Based on Solid-Phase Chemical Synthesis of SM Libraries 118 5.3 B-FIT as an ISM Method for Enhancing Protein Thermostability 120 5.4 Learning from CAST/ISM-Based Directed Evolution 121 5.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 121 Acknowledgment 124 References 124 Part II Rational and Semi-Rational Design 133 6 Data-driven Protein Engineering 135Jonathan Greenhalgh, Apoorv Saraogee, and Philip A. Romero 6.1 Introduction 135 6.2 The Data Revolution in Biology 136 6.3 Statistical Representations of Protein Sequence, Structure, and Function 138 6.3.1 Representing Protein Sequences 138 6.3.2 Representing Protein Structures 140 6.4 Learning the Sequence-Function Mapping from Data 141 6.4.1 Supervised Learning (Regression/Classification) 141 6.4.2 Unsupervised/Semisupervised Learning 144 6.5 Applying Statistical Models to Engineer Proteins 145 6.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook 147 References 148 7 Protein Engineering by Efficient Sequence Space Exploration Through Combination of Directed Evolution and Computational Design Methodologies 153Subrata Pramanik, Francisca Contreras, Mehdi D. Davari, and Ulrich Schwaneberg 7.1 Introduction 153 7.2 Protein Engineering Strategies 154 7.2.1 Computer-Aided Rational Design 155 7.2.1.1 FRESCO 155 7.2.1.2 FoldX 157 7.2.1.3 CNA 158 7.2.1.4 PROSS 159 7.2.1.5 ProSAR 160 7.2.2 Knowledge Based Directed Evolution 161 7.2.2.1 Iterative Saturation Mutagenesis (ISM) 161 7.2.2.2 Mutagenic Organized Recombination Process by Homologous In Vivo Grouping (MORPHING) 161 7.2.2.3 Knowledge Gaining Directed Evolution (KnowVolution) 162 7.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 171 Acknowledgments 171 References 171 8 Engineering Artificial Metalloenzymes 177Kevin A. Harnden, Yajie Wang, Lam Vo, Huimin Zhao, and Yi Lu 8.1 Introduction 177 8.2 Rational Design 177 8.2.1 Rational Design of Metalloenzymes Using De Novo Designed Scaffolds 177 8.2.2 Rational Design of Metalloenzymes Using Native Scaffolds 179 8.2.2.1 Redesign of Native Proteins 179 8.2.2.2 Cofactor Replacement in Native Proteins 181 8.2.2.3 Covalent Anchoring in Native Protein 184 8.2.2.4 Supramolecular Anchoring in Native Protein 187 8.3 Engineering Artificial Metalloenzyme by Directed Evolution in Combination with Rational Design 188 8.3.1 Directed Evolution of Metalloenzymes Using De Novo Designed Scaffolds 188 8.3.2 Directed Evolution of Metalloenzymes Using Native Scaffolds 189 8.3.2.1 Cofactor Replacement in Native Proteins 189 8.3.2.2 Covalent Anchoring in Native Protein 192 8.3.2.3 Non-covalent Anchoring in Native Proteins 194 8.4 Summary and Outlook 200 Acknowledgment 201 References 201 9 Engineered Cytochromes P450 for Biocatalysis 207Hanan Alwaseem and Rudi Fasan 9.1 Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases 207 9.2 Engineered Bacterial P450s for Biocatalytic Applications 210 9.2.1 Oxyfunctionalization of Small Organic Substrates 211 9.2.2 Late-Stage Functionalization of Natural Products 220 9.2.3 Synthesis of Drug Metabolites 224 9.3 High-throughput Methods for Screening Engineered P450s 227 9.4 Engineering of Hybrid P450 Systems 229 9.5 Engineered P450s with Improved Thermostability and Solubility 230 9.6 Conclusions 231 Acknowledgments 232 References 232 Part III Applications in Industrial Biotechnology 243 10 Protein Engineering Using Unnatural Amino Acids 245Yang Yu, Xiaohong Liu, and Jiangyun Wang 10.1 Introduction 245 10.2 Methods for Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation 246 10.3 Applications of Unnatural Amino Acids in Protein Engineering 247 10.3.1 Enhancing Stability 248 10.3.2 Mechanistic Study Using Spectroscopic Methods 248 10.3.3 Tuning Catalytic Activity 250 10.3.4 Tuning Selectivity 252 10.3.5 Enzyme Design 252 10.3.6 Protein Engineering Toward a Synthetic Life 255 10.4 Outlook 256 10.5 Conclusions 258 References 258 11 Application of Engineered Biocatalysts for the Synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) 265Juan Mangas-Sanchez, Sebastian C. Cosgrove, and Nicholas J. Turner 11.1 Introduction 265 11.1.1 Transferases 266 11.1.1.1 Transaminases 266 11.1.2 Oxidoreductases 267 11.1.2.1 Ketoreductases 267 11.1.2.2 Amino Acid Dehydrogenases 271 11.1.2.3 Cytochrome P450 Monoxygenases 272 11.1.2.4 Baeyer–Villiger Monoxygenases 273 11.1.2.5 Amine Oxidases 274 11.1.2.6 Hydroxylases 276 11.1.2.7 Imine Reductases 276 11.1.3 Lyases 278 11.1.3.1 Ammonia Lyases 278 11.1.4 Isomerases 278 11.1.5 Hydrolases 279 11.1.5.1 Esterases 279 11.1.5.2 Haloalkane Dehalogenase 279 11.1.6 Multi-enzyme Cascade 281 11.2 Conclusions 282 References 287 12 Directing Evolution of the Fungal Ligninolytic Secretome 295Javier Viña-Gonzalez and Miguel Alcalde 12.1 The Fungal Ligninolytic Secretome 295 12.2 Functional Expression in Yeast 297 12.2.1 The Evolution of Signal Peptides 297 12.2.2 Secretion Mutations in Mature Protein 300 12.2.3 The Importance of Codon Usage 301 12.3 Yeast as a Tool-Box in the Generation of DNA Diversity 302 12.4 Bringing Together Evolutionary Strategies and Computational Tools 305 12.5 High-Throughput Screening (HTS) Assays for Ligninase Evolution 306 12.6 Conclusions and Outlook 309 Acknowledgments 309 References 310 13 Engineering Antibody-Based Therapeutics: Progress and Opportunities 317Annalee W. Nguyen and Jennifer A. Maynard 13.1 Introduction 317 13.2 Antibody Formats 318 13.2.1 Human IgG1 Structure 318 13.2.2 Antibody-Drug Conjugates 319 13.2.3 Bispecific Antibodies 320 13.2.4 Single Domain Antibodies 321 13.2.5 Chimeric Antigen Receptors 321 13.3 Antibody Discovery 322 13.3.1 Antibody Target Identification 322 13.3.1.1 Cancer and Autoimmune Disease Targets 323 13.3.1.2 Infectious Disease Targets 323 13.3.2 Screening for Target-Binding Antibodies 324 13.3.2.1 Synthetic Library Derived Antibodies 324 13.3.2.2 Host-Derived Antibodies 325 13.3.2.3 Immunization 325 13.3.2.4 Pairing the Light and Heavy Variable Regions 326 13.3.2.5 Humanization 327 13.3.2.6 Hybrid Approaches to Antibody Discovery 328 13.4 Therapeutic Optimization of Antibodies 328 13.4.1 Serum Half-Life 328 13.4.1.1 Antibody Half-Life Extension 329 13.4.1.2 Antibody Half-Life Reduction 331 13.4.1.3 Effect of Half-Life Modification on Effector Functions 331 13.4.2 Effector Functions 331 13.4.2.1 Effector Function Considerations for Cancer Therapeutics 332 13.4.2.2 Effector Function Considerations for Infectious Disease Prophylaxis and Therapy 333 13.4.2.3 Effector Function Considerations for Treating Autoimmune Disease 334 13.4.2.4 Approaches to Engineering the Effector Functions of the IgG1 Fc 334 13.4.3 Tissue Localization 335 13.4.4 Immunogenicity 335 13.4.4.1 Reducing T-Cell Recognition 336 13.4.4.2 Reducing Aggregation 336 13.5 Manufacturability of Antibodies 336 13.5.1 Increasing Antibody Yield 337 13.5.1.1 Codon Usage 337 13.5.1.2 Signal Peptide Optimization 337 13.5.1.3 Expression Optimization 338 13.5.2 Alternative Production Methods 338 13.6 Conclusions 339 Acknowledgments 339 References 339 14 Programming Novel Cancer Therapeutics: Design Principles for Chimeric Antigen Receptors 353Andrew J. Hou and Yvonne Y. Chen 14.1 Introduction 353 14.2 Metrics to Evaluate CAR-T Cell Function 354 14.3 Antigen-Recognition Domain 356 14.3.1 Tuning the Antigen-Recognition Domain to Manage Toxicity 356 14.3.2 Incorporation of Multiple Antigen-Recognition Domains to Engineer “Smarter” CARs 356 14.3.3 Novel Antigen-Recognition Domains to Enhance CAR Modularity 359 14.3.4 Engineering CARs that Target Soluble Factors 360 14.4 Extracellular Spacer 360 14.5 Transmembrane Domain 362 14.6 Signaling Domain 362 14.6.1 First- and Second-Generation CARs 362 14.6.2 Combinatorial Co-stimulation 363 14.6.3 Other Co-stimulatory Domains: ICOS, OX40, TLR2 364 14.6.4 Additional Considerations for CAR Signaling Domains 364 14.7 High-Throughput CAR Engineering 366 14.8 Novel Receptor Modalities 367 References 369 Part IV Applications in Medical Biotechnology 377 15 Development of Novel Cellular Imaging Tools Using Protein Engineering 379Praopim Limsakul, Chi-Wei Man, Qin Peng, Shaoying Lu, and Yingxiao Wang 15.1 Introduction 379 15.2 Cellular Imaging Tools Developed by Protein Engineering 380 15.2.1 Fluorescent Proteins 380 15.2.1.1 The FP Color Palette 380 15.2.1.2 Photocontrollable Fluorescent Proteins 381 15.2.1.3 Other Engineered Fluorescent Proteins 383 15.2.2 Antibodies and Protein Scaffolds 383 15.2.2.1 Antibodies 383 15.2.2.2 Antibody-Like Protein Scaffolds 384 15.2.2.3 Directed Evolution 384 15.2.3 Genetically Encoded Non-fluorescent Protein Tags 385 15.3 Application in Cellular Imaging 386 15.3.1 Cell Biology Applications 386 15.3.1.1 Localization 386 15.3.1.2 Cell Signaling 387 15.3.2 Application in Diagnostics and Medicine 390 15.3.2.1 Detection 390 15.3.2.2 Screening for Drugs 392 15.4 Conclusion and Perspectives 393 References 394 Index 403

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Book SynopsisBasic Electrochemistry for Biotechnology Understand the basics of a thriving interdisciplinary research field Microbial electrochemistry is a subfield of bioelectrochemistry which concerns interactions between microbial organisms and electrically active surfaces such as electrodes. Its growth as a subject of research has been rapid in recent years, and its technological applications are many, particularly as the race to find sustainable organic energy sources accelerates. Basic Electrochemistry for Biotechnology offers an accessible overview of this interdisciplinary subject and its potential applications. Moving smoothly from the general to the specific, it offers both fundamental principles and some of the most relevant specific examples, such as biofilm electrodes, microbial fuel cells or microbial electrosynthesis cells, making it the ideal choice for building a working knowledge of this exciting new field. Its solid foundation of microbial electrochemical technologies also serves as a starting point for a wide range of applied research areas. Basic Electrochemistry for Biotechnology readers will also find: Carefully designed artistic illustrations Hands-on exercises throughout to facilitate entry into laboratory work Numerous illustrative examples and calculations designed to demonstrate and reinforce key principles Basic Electrochemistry for Biotechnology is the perfect point of entry into this growing field for both students and researchers.Table of ContentsList of Figures ix List of Boxes xxi Preface xxiii 1 A Reader’s Guide to Basic Electrochemistry for Biotechnology 1 2 A Basic Introduction to Microbial Electrochemical Technologies 3 2.1 Introduction to Microbial Energy Conversion and Microbial Electrochemical Technologies 3 2.1.1 Microbial Conversions 3 2.1.2 Microbial Fuel Cells and Microbial Electrolysis Cells 5 2.2 Electroactive Microorganisms and Mechanisms of Extracellular Electron Transfer 7 2.2.1 Extracellular Electron Transfer Mechanisms: The Role Models of Electroactive Microorganisms 7 2.2.2 A Snapshot on Electroactive Microorganisms 8 2.3 Energetics: The Redox Tower and a Water Analogy 9 2.4 Wastewater Characteristics 13 2.4.1 Physical Wastewater Characteristics 14 2.4.2 Chemical Wastewater Characteristics 14 2.4.3 Organic Constituents in Wastewater 15 2.4.4 Biological Wastewater Characteristics 16 2.5 Microbial Electrochemical Technologies: Systems and Design 17 2.5.1 Main Components and Design 17 2.5.2 Operational Modes 18 2.5.3 Electrodes and Current Collectors 19 2.5.4 Ionic Charge Transport and Membranes 21 2.5.5 Lab Measurements and Criteria for Normalization 22 2.6 Short Alert on Terminology 23 Questions 24 References 25 3 Electrochemical Potential, Electrode Potential, and the Need for Reference Electrodes 27 3.1 Introduction to Electrochemical Potentials 27 3.1.1 A Physical-Chemical Approach Toward Electrochemical Potentials 28 3.2 Electrodes and Electrode Reactions 36 3.2.1 Definition of Electrodes and Electrochemical Half-Cells 36 3.2.2 Scientific Notation of Electrochemical Cells 37 3.2.3 Types of Electrodes 38 3.3 The Relative Electrode Potential and the Need for Reference Electrodes 40 3.3.1 Point of Reference for Electrode Potentials 42 3.3.2 Reference Electrodes Explained via the Water Analogy 45 Questions 46 References 47 4 Reaction Equations and Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Reactions 49 4.1 Introduction to Oxidation and Reduction Reactions and Thermodynamic Limits 49 4.2 How to Write and Balance Reaction Equations of (Bio)electrochemical Reactions 50 4.2.1 Reaction Equations for the Hydrogen Fuel Cell 51 4.2.2 Reaction Equations for a Microbial Electrolysis Cell 53 4.3 Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Conversions 57 4.3.1 Calculations Assuming Standard Conditions 57 4.3.2 The Effect of Actual Concentrations on Gibbs Free Energy Change 62 4.3.3 The Effect of Temperature on Gibbs Free Energy Change 65 Questions 68 References 68 5 Static Electrochemical Methods 69 5.1 Introduction to Static Electrochemical Methods 69 5.2 What Is a Three-Electrode Arrangement, a Potentiostat or Power Supply, and for What Are They Needed? 70 5.3 The Electrochemical Double Layer and Capacitive Current 74 5.4 Potentiometry, Amperometry, Coulometry, and Constant Current Measurements 78 5.5 Chronoamperometry 82 Questions 87 References 88 6 Electrochemical Kinetics 89 6.1 Introduction to Electrochemical Kinetics 89 6.2 Basics of Electrochemical Kinetics 90 6.3 Electrochemical Reversibility 91 6.4 Overpotentials 94 6.5 The Overpotential Due to Mass Transfer 98 6.6 Potential-Current Plots and Electrode Kinetics 101 6.7 The Butler–Volmer Equation 103 6.8 Tafel Equation and Tafel Plots 106 6.9 Electrocatalysis 108 Questions 113 References 114 7 Dynamic Electrochemical Methods 115 7.1 Introduction to Electrochemical Methods with Changing Electrode Potential 115 7.2 Voltammetry 117 7.3 Performing Dynamic Electrochemical Methods Using Potentiostats: Discriminating Capacitive and Faradaic Current 117 7.3.1 The Principles of Linear Sweep Voltammetry 120 7.4 Cyclic Voltammetry 123 7.4.1 General Considerations and Basic Data Analysis 123 7.4.2 Studying Biofilm Electrodes Using Cyclic Voltammetry 131 7.4.3 Experimental Design and Limits of Information from Data 134 7.5 Redox-Active Components in Microorganisms 136 7.6 Acquisition of Polarization and Power Curves Using Stepwise Chronoamperometry and Chronopotentiometry 139 7.7 Acquisition of Polarization Curves Using External Resistance 145 7.8 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 147 Questions 152 References 152 8 Electrochemical Analysis of Reactors 155 8.1 Introduction to Characterization of Microbial Electrochemical Cells 155 8.2 Mass and Electron Balances and Efficiency of Conversions 157 8.2.1 Establishing Balances for Mass and Electrons 157 8.2.2 Removal Efficiency 158 8.2.3 Coulombic Efficiency 159 8.3 Polarization and Power Curves: Analysis of Measured Data 161 8.4 Internal Resistance and Potential Losses 168 8.5 Energy Efficiency and Voltage Efficiency 174 8.6 Ionic Current and Transport Numbers 176 8.6.1 Ionic Current for the Specific Removal and Recovery of Ions 176 8.6.2 Ionic Current and pH Gradients 177 Questions 178 References 179 9 Seizing the Beauty and Acknowledging the Complexity of Basic Electrochemistry for Biotechnology 181 Appendix A Abbreviations 185 Appendix B Symbols with Definition and Unit 187 Appendix C Solutions to Exercises 193 Appendix D Tabulated Values 217 Index 219

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Book SynopsisEnzyme Engineering An authoritative and up-to-date discussion of enzyme engineering and its applications In Enzyme Engineering: Selective Catalysts for Applications in Biotechnology, Organic Chemistry, and Life Science, a team of distinguished researchers deliver a robust treatment of enzyme engineering and its applications in various fields such as biotechnology, life science, and synthesis. The book begins with an introduction to different protein engineering techniques, covers topics like gene mutagenesis methods for directed evolution and rational enzyme design. It includes industrial case studies of enzyme engineering with a focus on selectivity and activity. The authors also discuss new and innovative areas in the field, involving machine learning and artificial intelligence. It offers several insightful perspectives on the future of this work. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to directed evolution and rational design as protein engineering techniques Comprehensive explorations of screening and selection techniques, gene mutagenesis methods in directed evolution, and guidelines for applying gene mutagenesis in organic chemistry, pharmaceutical applications, and biotechnology Practical discussions of protein engineering of enzyme robustness relevant to organic and pharmaceutical chemistry Treatments of artificial enzymes as promiscuous catalysts Various lessons learned from semi-rational and rational directed evolution A transdisciplinary treatise, Enzyme Engineering: Selective Catalysts for Applications in Biotechnology, Organic Chemistry, and Life Science is perfect for protein engineers, theoreticians, organic, and pharmaceutical chemists as well as transition metal researchers in catalysis and biotechnologists.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Directed Evolution and Rational Design as Protein Engineering Techniques -Methods and Aims of Directed Enzyme Evolution -Short History of Directed Enzyme Evolution -Methods and Aims of Rational Design of Enzymes Screening and Selection Techniques Gene Mutagenesis Methods Guidelines for Applying Gene Mutagenesis Methods in Organic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Applications and Biotechnology Case Studies of Protein Engineering of Activity and Selectivity -Epoxide Hydrolase -Transaminase as an Industrial Example with Pharmaceutical Application -Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase for Efficient Carotenoid Production -Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases for Synthesis of Hydroxylation of Steroids Needed in the Preparation of Pharmaceuticals -Lipase for Stereocomplementary Production of Organic Compounds with Two Chirality Centers -Further Examples Using Other Enzyme Types Protein Engineering of Enzyme Robustness -Examples of Relevance to Organic and Pharmaceutical Applications -Examples of Relevance to Biotechnology Artificial Metallo-Enzymes for Promiscuous Transformations Using Known Organic Reaction Types as a Guide Learning Lessons from Protein Engineering Perspectives for Future Work -In Extending Applications in Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry -In Extending Biotechnological Contributions to Ecology

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Book Synopsis

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